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-9024255482680594867 | List of countries and territories with the Union Jack displayed on their flag | List of countries and territories with the Union Jack displayed on their flag - wikipedia List of countries and territories with the Union Jack displayed on their flag This is a list of countries and territories with a flag that incorporates the Union Jack . Six Commonwealth nations have the Union Jack on their national flag . The first Commonwealth country to drop the Union Jack was Canada in 1965 , after adopting a new national flag . The most recent country to drop the Union Jack from its flag was South Africa in 1994 , after adopting a new national flag . The only overseas territory without the Union Jack on its current flag is Gibraltar . The list also includes overseas territories , provinces and states . Contents 1 Current 1.1 Commonwealth nations 1.2 Overseas territories 1.3 Federal , provinces , territories and states 1.4 Cities 2 Former 2.1 Commonwealth realms 2.2 Dominion Current ( edit ) Commonwealth nations ( edit ) Country Flag Adopted Form of Government Australia 1908 Commonwealth realm Fiji 1970 Republic New Zealand 1902 Commonwealth realm Tuvalu United Kingdom 1801 Overseas territories ( edit ) Overseas Territory Flag Adopted Type Sovereign country Akrotiri and Dhekelia 1801 British Overseas Territory United Kingdom Anguilla 1990 Ascension Island 2013 Bermuda 1910 British Antarctic Territory 1963 British Indian Ocean Territory 1990 British Virgin Islands 1960 Cayman Islands 1958 Cook Islands 1979 Realm of New Zealand New Zealand Falkland Islands 1999 British Overseas Territory United Kingdom Niue Realm of New Zealand New Zealand Montserrat 1909 British Overseas Territory United Kingdom Pitcairn Islands 1984 Ross Dependency Realm of New Zealand New Zealand Saint Helena 1984 British Overseas Territory United Kingdom South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 1985 Tristan da Cunha 2002 Turks and Caicos Islands 1968 Federal , provinces , territories and states ( edit ) Federal subject Flag Adopted Status Sovereign country British Columbia 1960 Province of Canada Canada Hawaii 1845 U.S. state United States Manitoba 1966 Province of Canada Canada New South Wales 1876 State of Australia Australia Ontario 1965 Province of Canada Canada Queensland 1876 State of Australia Australia South Australia 1904 Tasmania 1876 Victoria 1870 Western Australia 1953 Cities ( edit ) Federal subject Flag Adopted Sovereign country Baton Rouge 1995 United States Coquimbo Chile Mobile 1961 United States Taunton United States Former ( edit ) Commonwealth realms ( edit ) Sovereign country Flag ( last ) Years Flag ( new ) Canada 1957 -- 1965 Union of South Africa 1928 -- 1994 Dominion ( edit ) Dominion Flag ( last ) Years Flag ( new ) Australia 1903 -- 1908 Canada 1921 -- 1957 South Africa 1912 -- 1928 Newfoundland 1907 -- 1931 National and regional flags incorporating the Union Jack Sovereign states Australia Fiji New Zealand Tuvalu United Kingdom Dependent territories United Kingdom Anguilla Ascension Island Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Tristan da Cunha Turks and Caicos Islands New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Ross Dependency States , provinces and other administrative divisions Australia New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Canada British Columbia Manitoba Ontario United States Hawaii Cities Chile Coquimbo United States Baton Rouge , Louisiana Mobile , Alabama Taunton , Massachusetts Miscellaneous Flags based on British ensigns Mosquito Kingdom ( 1844 -- 1860 ) List of British flags Historical flags of the British Empire George Rex Flag Flags inspired by the Union Jack Basque Country St. Pierre & Miquelon Newfoundland & Labrador Historical Canada South Africa Newfoundland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_and_territories_with_the_Union_Jack_displayed_on_their_flag&oldid=851994774 '' Categories : National symbols of the United Kingdom Lists and galleries of flags National symbols of Fiji National symbols of Australia National symbols of New Zealand National symbols of Tuvalu Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 22 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many flags have the british flag on them | [
"This is a list of countries and territories with a flag that incorporates the Union Jack. Six Commonwealth nations have the Union Jack on their national flag. The first Commonwealth country to drop the Union Jack was Canada in 1965, after adopting a new national flag. The most recent country to drop the Union Jack from its flag was South Africa in 1994, after adopting a new national flag. The only overseas territory without the Union Jack on its current flag is Gibraltar.\n"
] | [
"Six"
] |
-1370432670933408391 | List of Game of Thrones episodes | List of Game of Thrones episodes - wikipedia List of Game of Thrones episodes Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The series is based on the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by author George R.R. Martin . The series takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms . The series starts when House Stark , led by Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark ( Sean Bean ) is drawn into schemes against King Robert Baratheon ( Mark Addy ) when the Hand of the King Jon Arryn ( Robert 's chief advisor ) dies mysteriously . The series premiered on April 17 , 2011 , on HBO . David Benioff and D.B. Weiss both serve as executive producers along with Carolyn Strauss , Frank Doelger , Bernadette Caulfield and George R.R. Martin . Filming for the series has taken place in a number of locations , including Croatia , Northern Ireland , Iceland and Spain . Episodes are broadcast on Sunday at 9 : 00 pm Eastern Time , and the episodes are between 50 and 81 minutes in length . The first six seasons are available on DVD and Blu - ray . The series was renewed for a seventh season in April 2016 , which premiered on July 16 , 2017 and consisted of seven episodes . The series will conclude with its eighth season , which will consist of six episodes . As of August 27 , 2017 , 67 episodes of Game of Thrones have aired , concluding the seventh season . The show 's episodes have won numerous awards including two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2011 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2013 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2014 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2015 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2016 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2017 ) 3 Home media releases 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) First aired Last aired 10 April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) 2.52 10 April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) June 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 03 ) 3.80 10 March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) 4.97 10 April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) 6.84 5 10 April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) 6.88 6 10 April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 7.69 7 7 July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 10.26 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Winter Is Coming '' Tim Van Patten David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) 2.22 `` The Kingsroad '' Tim Van Patten David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 24 ) 2.20 `` Lord Snow '' Brian Kirk David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 01 ) 2.44 `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' Brian Kirk Bryan Cogman May 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 08 ) 2.45 5 5 `` The Wolf and the Lion '' Brian Kirk David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 15 ) 2.58 6 6 `` A Golden Crown '' Daniel Minahan Story by : David Benioff & D.B. Weiss Teleplay by : Jane Espenson and David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 22 ) 2.44 7 7 `` You Win or You Die '' Daniel Minahan David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 29 ) 2.40 8 8 `` The Pointy End '' Daniel Minahan George R.R. Martin June 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 05 ) 2.72 9 9 `` Baelor '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 12 ) 2.66 10 10 `` Fire and Blood '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) 3.04 Season 2 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` The North Remembers '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) 3.86 12 `` The Night Lands '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 08 ) 3.76 13 `` What Is Dead May Never Die '' Alik Sakharov Bryan Cogman April 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 15 ) 3.77 14 `` Garden of Bones '' David Petrarca Vanessa Taylor April 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 22 ) 3.65 15 5 `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' David Petrarca David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 29 ) 3.90 16 6 `` The Old Gods and the New '' David Nutter Vanessa Taylor May 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 06 ) 3.88 17 7 `` A Man Without Honor '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 13 ) 3.69 18 8 `` The Prince of Winterfell '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) 3.86 19 9 `` Blackwater '' Neil Marshall George R.R. Martin May 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 27 ) 3.38 20 10 `` Valar Morghulis '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 03 ) 4.20 Season 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Valar Dohaeris '' Daniel Minahan David Benioff & D.B. Weiss March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) 4.37 22 `` Dark Wings , Dark Words '' Daniel Minahan Vanessa Taylor April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) 4.27 23 `` Walk of Punishment '' David Benioff David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) 4.72 24 `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) 4.87 25 5 `` Kissed by Fire '' Alex Graves Bryan Cogman April 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) 5.35 26 6 `` The Climb '' Alik Sakharov David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 05 ) 5.50 27 7 `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' Michelle MacLaren George R.R. Martin May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) 4.84 28 8 `` Second Sons '' Michelle MacLaren David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 19 ) 5.13 29 9 `` The Rains of Castamere '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) 5.22 30 10 `` Mhysa '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) 5.39 Season 4 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 31 `` Two Swords '' D.B. Weiss David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) 6.64 32 `` The Lion and the Rose '' Alex Graves George R.R. Martin April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) 6.31 33 `` Breaker of Chains '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 20 ) 6.59 34 `` Oathkeeper '' Michelle MacLaren Bryan Cogman April 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 27 ) 6.95 35 5 `` First of His Name '' Michelle MacLaren David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 04 ) 7.16 36 6 `` The Laws of Gods and Men '' Alik Sakharov Bryan Cogman May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 6.40 37 7 `` Mockingbird '' Alik Sakharov David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) 7.20 38 8 `` The Mountain and the Viper '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) 7.17 39 9 `` The Watchers on the Wall '' Neil Marshall David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 08 ) 6.95 40 10 `` The Children '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) 7.09 Season 5 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 41 `` The Wars to Come '' Michael Slovis David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) 8.00 42 `` The House of Black and White '' Michael Slovis David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) 6.81 43 `` High Sparrow '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) 6.71 44 `` Sons of the Harpy '' Mark Mylod Dave Hill May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) 6.82 45 5 `` Kill the Boy '' Jeremy Podeswa Bryan Cogman May 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) 6.56 46 6 `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' Jeremy Podeswa Bryan Cogman May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 6.24 47 7 `` The Gift '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 24 ) 5.40 48 8 `` Hardhome '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 31 ) 7.01 49 9 `` The Dance of Dragons '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 07 ) 7.14 50 10 `` Mother 's Mercy '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) 8.11 Season 6 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 51 `` The Red Woman '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 7.94 52 `` Home '' Jeremy Podeswa Dave Hill May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 7.29 53 `` Oathbreaker '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 7.28 54 `` Book of the Stranger '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 7.82 55 5 `` The Door '' Jack Bender David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 7.89 56 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' Jack Bender Bryan Cogman May 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 29 ) 6.71 57 7 `` The Broken Man '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 7.80 58 8 `` No One '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) 7.60 59 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 7.66 60 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 8.89 Season 7 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 Home media releases ( edit ) Season Episodes DVD and Blu - ray release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 10 March 6 , 2012 March 5 , 2012 August 10 , 2012 10 February 19 , 2013 March 4 , 2013 March 6 , 2013 10 February 18 , 2014 February 17 , 2014 February 19 , 2014 10 February 17 , 2015 February 16 , 2015 February 18 , 2015 5 10 March 15 , 2016 March 14 , 2016 March 16 , 2016 6 10 November 15 , 2016 November 14 , 2016 November 16 , 2016 7 7 December 12 , 2017 December 11 , 2017 December 11 , 2017 Ratings ( edit ) Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones : `` Winter is Coming '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( January 16 , 2007 ) . `` HBO turns Fire into fantasy series '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Josh ( April 1 , 2012 ) . `` Where HBO 's hit ' Game of Thrones ' was filmed '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' casts a bear and shoots in Los Angeles for major Season 3 scene '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burgen , Stephen ( July 6 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones fifth series : more than 10,000 Spaniards apply to be extras '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , June ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` How Much Gold Is Game of Thrones Worth '' . Slate . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dwilson , Stephanie Dube ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Episode 9 : What Time & Channel Does It Air Tonight ? '' . Heavy.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones '' . HBO . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Picked Up For Season 7 , ' Veep ' & ' Silicon Valley ' Also Renewed By HBO '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO confirms season 8 will be last '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : 10 Behind - the - Scenes Secrets We Learned From the SXSW Panel '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 finale smashes more records for HBO '' . TV Series Finale . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Storage Wars , ' ' Ax Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar ' + ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Sam Axe , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More ' Death of Bin Laden ' Ratings ; ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Bulls / Hawks Tops + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Slam Dunks + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Scores Big + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding , ' ' Game of Thrones , ' ' The Killing ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' MTV Movie Awards ' Leads Night , ' Game of Thrones ' Series High , ' Real Housewives , ' ' ABDC ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Real Housewives , ' ' Kardashians , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Falling Skies , ' ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Killing , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' The Glades ' and Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Returns To Series High ; + ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing ' , ' Mad Men , ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Leads + Atlanta ' Housewives , ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' The Client List ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Rises , Ties NBA Playoffs + ' Real Housewives , ' ' The Client List , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Army Wives , ' ' Khloe & Lamar ' , ' Mad Men ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game Of Thrones ' Tops , ' Real Housewives NJ , ' ' The Client List , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs , + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Sister Wives ' , + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Girls ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Game of Thrones ' Finale , MTV Movie Awards , ' Sister Wives ' , ' The Glades ' , ' Longmire ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Bible ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Shameless ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Kourtney & Kim Take Miami ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' NBA Playoffs ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Vikings ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Vikings ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Ax Men ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Long Island Medium ' , ' River Monsters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' North America ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Devious Maids ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Bar Rescue ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' River Monsters ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + NHL Conference Finals , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta : Kandi 's Wedding ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & Moreh '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Veep ' , ' Turn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Keeping up with the Kardashians ' , NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Royals ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta , ' ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' The Royals ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Conference Finals Win Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked & Afraid ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Silicon Valley ' , NASCAR , ' Botched ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' opens slightly lower , still dominant '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' slips , ' Kardashians ' premiere steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' ( very ) steady with episode 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' rises , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Preacher ' has decent debut , ' Game of Thrones ' ties season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' hits season low on Memorial Day weekend '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' back to usual numbers , ' Preacher ' holds up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Silicon Valley ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' holds up opposite NBA Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series high with Season 6 finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series - best audience with Season 7 premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( December 5 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- HBO 's Official Press Release with Full Details of The Complete 1st Season on DVD , Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 1 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- Winter is Coming , with The Complete 2nd Season : Date , Extras , Boxes ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 2 ( DVD ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 2 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- 2014 Release Date , Package Art for The Complete 3rd Season , on DVD , Blu '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 3 ( DVD ) ( 2014 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 3 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- ' The Complete 4th Season ' Press Release : Date , Art , Cost , Extras '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 4 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 5 ( Blu - ray + Digital HD ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 5 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 6 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 6 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 7 ( Blu - ray + Amazon Exclusive Bonus Disc ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 7 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ External links ( edit ) Official website Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com Game of Thrones at Rotten Tomatoes George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 Season 1 `` Winter Is Coming '' `` The Kingsroad '' `` Lord Snow '' `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' `` The Wolf and the Lion '' `` A Golden Crown '' `` You Win or You Die '' `` The Pointy End '' `` Baelor '' `` Fire and Blood '' Season 2 `` The North Remembers '' `` The Night Lands '' `` What Is Dead May Never Die '' `` Garden of Bones '' `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' `` The Old Gods and the New '' `` A Man Without Honor '' `` The Prince of Winterfell '' `` Blackwater '' `` Valar Morghulis '' Season 3 `` Valar Dohaeris '' `` Dark Wings , Dark Words '' `` Walk of Punishment '' `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' `` Kissed by Fire '' `` The Climb '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Second Sons '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` Mhysa '' Season 4 `` Two Swords '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' `` Breaker of Chains '' `` Oathkeeper '' `` First of His Name '' `` The Laws of Gods and Men '' `` Mockingbird '' `` The Mountain and the Viper '' `` The Watchers on the Wall '' `` The Children '' Season 5 `` The Wars to Come '' `` The House of Black and White '' `` High Sparrow '' `` Sons of the Harpy '' `` Kill the Boy '' `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' `` The Gift '' `` Hardhome '' `` The Dance of Dragons '' `` Mother 's Mercy '' Season 6 `` The Red Woman '' `` Home '' `` Oathbreaker '' `` Book of the Stranger '' `` The Door '' `` Blood of My Blood '' `` The Broken Man '' `` No One '' `` Battle of the Bastards '' `` The Winds of Winter '' Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Game_of_Thrones_episodes&oldid=804558263 '' Categories : Game of Thrones episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of fantasy television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Magyar Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 19 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which is the latest game of thrones season | [
"The series was renewed for a seventh season in April 2016,[10] which premiered on July 16, 2017 and consisted of seven episodes.[11] The series will conclude with its eighth season, which will consist of six episodes.[12][13] As of August 27, 2017,[update] 67 episodes of Game of Thrones have aired, concluding the seventh season. The show's episodes have won numerous awards including two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series.[3]"
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"seventh"
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4656760506265389069 | KwaZulu | KwaZulu - wikipedia KwaZulu Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the former bantustan in South Africa . For other uses , see Zululand ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) KwaZulu Bantustan 1981 -- 1994 Flag Coat of arms Motto `` Sonqoba Simunye '' ( Zulu : Together we shall surmount ) Location of KwaZulu ( red ) within South Africa ( yellow ) . Capital Nongoma ( to 1980 ) Ulundi ( 1980 -- 1994 ) Languages Zulu Political structure Bantustan Chief Minister Mangosuthu Buthelezi History Self - government 1981 Re-integrated into South Africa 27 April 1994 Area 1980 32,130 km ( 12,410 sq mi ) Population 1980 est . 3,400,000 Density 106 / km ( 274 / sq mi ) 1991 est . 5,524,774 Currency South African rand Preceded by Succeeded by Republic of South Africa Republic of South Africa KwaZulu was a bantustan in South Africa , intended by the apartheid government as a semi-independent homeland for the Zulu people . The capital was moved from Nongoma to Ulundi in 1980 . It was led until its abolition in 1994 by Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi of the Zulu tribe and head of the Inkatha Freedom Party ( IFP ) . It was merged with the surrounding South African province of Natal to form the new province of KwaZulu - Natal . The name kwaZulu translates roughly as Place of Zulus , or more formally Zululand . In March 1996 , two years after South Africa 's transition to majority rule , the trial of The State v. Peter Msane & Others was held due to the accusation against thirteen retired white generals , including Magnus Malan ( who served as defence minister at the height of emergency rule in the mid-1980s ) and seven Zulus , partisans of Buthelezi 's Inkatha Freedom Party of complicity in a massacre of thirteen people , ten years earlier , in a rural village in the KwaZulu homeland known as KwaMakhutha . The trial was an attempt by Nelson Mandela 's new government to bring to justice those at the top of apartheid 's security forces , who were alleged to have purposefully fanned violence among blacks by arming and training one faction -- Inkatha -- as a proxy force , in the tradition of divide and rule . Districts in 1991 ( edit ) Districts of the province and population at the 1991 census . Ezingolweni : 215,224 Emzumbe : 217,399 Vulamehlo : 125,179 Embumbulu : 271,215 Umlazi : 299,275 Hlanganani : 186,712 Ndwedwe : 318,093 Vulindlela : 223,706 Empumalanga : 314,440 Ntuzuma : 458,529 Kwa Mapumulu : 231,503 Ongoye : 175,993 Inkanyezi : 170,628 Nkandla : 132,578 Nqutu : 213,636 Msinga ( main town Tugela Ferry ) : 154,623 Emnambithi : 205,639 Enseleni : 241,005 Hlabisa : 169,719 Mahlabatini : 141,284 Nongoma : 169,153 Ubombo : 113,409 Ingwavuma : 144,613 Simdlangentsha : 120,368 Madadeni : 313,888 Okhahlamba : 196,963 See also ( edit ) Chief Ministers of KwaZulu References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sally Frankental ; Owen Sichone ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . South Africa 's Diverse Peoples : A Reference Sourcebook . ABC - CLIO . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 674 - 3 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Census > 1991 > RSA > Variable Description > Person file > District code '' . Statistics South Africa - Nesstar WebView . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Berkeley , Bill ( 2001 ) . The Graves are Not Yet Full . Jump up ^ `` Dictionary of Southern African Place Names ( Public Domain ) '' . Human Science Research Council . p. 319 . Apartheid Bantustans in South Africa and South West Africa South Africa Nominal independence Bophuthatswana Ciskei Transkei Venda Self - governance Gazankulu KaNgwane KwaNdebele KwaZulu Lebowa QwaQwa South West Africa Self - governance East Caprivi Hereroland Kavangoland Ovamboland No self - governance Bushmanland Damaraland Kaokoland Namaland Rehoboth Tswanaland Leaders and Administrators After Nominal Independence Bophuthatswana Head of State : Lucas Mangope ( 1968 -- 94 ) Rocky Malebane - Metsing ( Feb 1988 ) Administrator : Tjaart Van der Walt and Job Mokgoro ( Mar -- Apr 1994 ) Bushmanland No central government established Ciskei Head of State : Lennox Sebe ( 1981 -- 90 ) Oupa Gqozo ( 1990 -- 94 ) Administrator : Pieter van Rensburg Goosen and Bongani Blessing Finca ( Mar -- Apr 1994 ) Damaraland Head of State : Justus ǁGaroëb ( 1980 -- 89 ) Kaokoland No central government established Namaland Head of State : Cornelius Cloete ( 1980 -- 85 ) Daniel Luipert ( 1985 -- 89 ) Rehoboth Head of State : Johannes `` Hans '' Diergaardt ( 1979 -- 89 ) Transkei Head of State : Botha Sigcau ( 1976 -- 78 ) Zwelibanzi Maneli Mabandla ( 1978 -- 79 ) Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima ( 1979 -- 86 ) Tutor Nyangelizwe Vulindlela Ndamase ( 1986 -- 94 ) Administrator : Bantu Holomisa ( 1987 -- 94 ) ( Head of Military Council ) Tswanaland Head of State : Constance Kgosiemang ( 1980 -- 89 ) Venda Head of State : Patrick Mphephu ( 1978 -- 88 ) Frank N. Ravele ( 1988 -- 90 ) Gabriel Ramushwana ( 1990 -- 94 ) Tshamano G. Ramabulana ( Jan -- Apr 1994 ) After Self - Governance East Caprivi Chief Minister : Josiah Moraliswane ( Mar -- Sept 1976 ) Richard Muhinda Mamili ( 1976 -- 81 ) Chairman : Josiah Moraliswane ( 1981 -- 84 ) H.J. Becker ( Jul -- Aug 1984 ) F.P.J. Visagie ( 1984 -- 86 ) I.J. van der Merwe ( Mar -- Aug 1986 ) A.G. Visser ( 1986 -- 89 ) Gazankulu Chief Minister : Hudson William Edison Ntsanwisi ( 1973 -- 93 ) Edward Mhinga ( Mar - Apr 1993 ) Samuel Dickenson Nxumalo ( 1993 -- 94 ) Hereroland Chairman : Hosea Kutako ( 1968 -- 70 ) Clemens Kapuuo ( 1970 -- 78 ) Kuaima Riruako ( 1978 -- 80 ) Thimoteus Tjamuaha ( 1980 -- 84 ) Erastus Tjejamba ( 1987 -- 88 ) Gottlob Mbaukua ( 1984 -- 89 ) KaNgwane Chief Minister : Enos John Mabuza ( 1970 -- 81 , 1984 - 91 ) Mangisi Cephas Zitha ( 1991 -- 94 ) Administrator : N.J. Badenhorst ( June - Dec 1982 ) Enos John Mabuza ( 1982 -- 84 ) Kavangoland Chief Minister : Linus Shashipapo ( 1973 -- 77 ) Alfons Shashipapo ( 1977 -- 81 ) Sebastiaan Kamwanga ( 1981 -- 89 ) KwaNdebele Chief Minister : Simon Skosana ( 1981 -- 86 ) Klaas Mtshiweni ( Nov 1986 ) George Majozi Mahlangu ( 1986 -- 89 ) Jonas Masana Mabena ( 1989 -- 90 ) James Mahlangu ( 1990 -- 94 ) KwaZulu Chief Minister : Mangosuthu Buthelezi ( 1977 -- 94 ) Lebowa Chief Minister : Mokgama Maurice Matlala ( 1972 -- 73 ) Cedric Namedi Phatudi ( 1973 -- 87 ) Z.T. Seleka ( Oct 1987 ) Mogoboya Nelson Ramodike ( 1987 -- 94 ) Ovamboland Chief Minister : Filemon Elifas ( 1973 -- 75 ) Cornelius Thuhageni Njoba ( 1975 -- 81 ) Peter Kalangula ( 1981 -- 89 ) QwaQwa Chief Minister : Wessel Motha ( 1974 -- 75 ) Tsiame Kenneth Mopeli ( 1975 -- 94 ) Other South African Governments Kingdoms Colonies Boer States Bantustans National Kingdom of Mapungubwe ( c. 1075 -- c. 1220 ) Mthethwa Paramountcy ( c. 1780 -- 1817 ) Ndwandwe Kingdom ( c. 1780 -- 1819 ) Zulu Kingdom ( 1816 -- 97 ) Dutch Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1806 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 -- 1910 ) Natal Colony ( 1843 -- 1910 ) Orange River Colony ( 1902 -- 10 ) Transvaal Colony ( 1902 -- 10 ) Natalia Republic ( 1839 -- 43 ) Orange Free State ( 1854 -- 1902 ) Griqualand East ( 1861 -- 79 ) Griqualand West ( 1870 -- 73 ) Goshen ( 1882 -- 83 ) Stellaland ( 1882 -- 85 ) Nieuwe Republiek ( 1884 -- 88 ) Upingtonia ( 1885 -- 87 ) Klein Vrystaat ( 1886 -- 91 ) Gazankulu ( 1971 -- 94 ) Lebowa ( 1972 -- 94 ) QwaQwa ( 1974 -- 94 ) Transkei ( 1976 -- 94 ) Bophuthatswana ( 1977 -- 94 ) Venda ( 1979 -- 94 ) Ciskei ( 1981 -- 94 ) KaNgwane ( 1981 -- 94 ) KwaNdebele ( 1981 -- 94 ) KwaZulu ( 1981 -- 94 ) Cape Qualified Franchise ( 1853 -- 1910 ) South African Republic ( 1856 -- 1902 ) Union of South Africa ( 1910 -- 61 ) Republic of South Africa ( 1961 -- Present ) Current Government Coordinates : 28 ° 19 ′ 00 '' S 31 ° 25 ′ 00 '' E / 28.3167 ° S 31.4167 ° E / - 28.3167 ; 31.4167 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KwaZulu&oldid=742373896 '' Categories : Former countries in Africa States and territories established in 1981 States and territories disestablished in 1994 1994 disestablishments in South Africa Bantustans in South Africa Geography of KwaZulu - Natal 1981 establishments in South Africa Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters Coordinates on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2016 , at 09 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | former name of the south african province prefixed with kwa zulu in 1994 | [
"KwaZulu was a bantustan in South Africa, intended by the apartheid government as a semi-independent homeland for the Zulu people. The capital was moved from Nongoma to Ulundi in 1980."
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"KwaZulu"
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6905164417500650298 | Fake it 'til you make it | Fake it ' til you make it - wikipedia Fake it ' til you make it Jump to : navigation , search `` Act as if '' redirects here . For the band , see Act As If ( band ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Fake it ' til you make it '' is a common English idiom , which suggests that by imitating confidence , competence , and an optimistic mindset , a person can realize those qualities in their real life . It echoes the underlying principles of cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) as a means to enable a change in one 's behavior . The phrase `` fake it ' til you make it '' is similar in meaning to the idiom `` act as if '' , and is also similar to Aristotle 's idea that to be virtuous , one must act as a virtuous person would act . In the 1920s , Alfred Adler , a disciple of Sigmund Freud , developed a therapeutic technique that he called `` acting as if '' . This strategy gave his clients an opportunity to practice alternatives to dysfunctional behaviors . Adler 's method is still used today and is often described as `` role play '' . See also ( edit ) Faking It References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fake_it_%27til_you_make_it&oldid=801933089 '' Categories : Catchphrases Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 21 : 24 . About Wikipedia | where did fake it till you make it come from | [
"\"Fake it 'til you make it\" is a common English idiom, which suggests that by imitating confidence, competence, and an optimistic mindset, a person can realize those qualities in their real life. It echoes the underlying principles of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as a means to enable a change in one's behavior."
] | [
"cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)"
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-1989966083308827161 | Billy Williams | Billy Williams - wikipedia Billy Williams For other uses , see Billy Williams ( disambiguation ) . Billy Williams Williams in 2013 Left fielder Born : ( 1938 - 06 - 15 ) June 15 , 1938 ( age 80 ) Whistler , Alabama Batted : Left Threw : Right MLB debut August 6 , 1959 , for the Chicago Cubs Last MLB appearance October 2 , 1976 , for the Oakland Athletics MLB statistics Batting average . 290 Hits 2,711 Home runs 426 Runs batted in 1,475 Teams Chicago Cubs ( 1959 -- 1974 ) Oakland Athletics ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Career highlights and awards 6 × All - Star ( 19622 , 1964 , 1965 , 1968 , 1972 , 1973 ) NL Rookie of the Year ( 1961 ) NL batting champion ( 1972 ) Chicago Cubs # 26 retired Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Induction Vote 85.71 % ( sixth ballot ) Billy Leo Williams ( born June 15 , 1938 ) is a retired American baseball left fielder who played sixteen seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Chicago Cubs and two seasons for the Oakland Athletics . Williams was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1987 . In 1999 , he was named a finalist for the Major League Baseball All - Century Team . Williams was one of the best Cubs players . He was the 1961 National League ( NL ) Rookie of the Year and was an NL All - Star for six seasons with the Cubs . In 1970 , he had a . 322 batting average with 42 home runs and 129 runs batted in ( RBIs ) , led the NL with 205 hits , and was the NL Most Valuable Player runner - up . In 1972 , he won the NL batting title , hitting . 333 . Williams hit over 400 home runs in his career , including 30 or more in five seasons . He also hit over . 300 in five seasons and had over 100 RBIs in three seasons . Williams was a highly competitive player on Cubs teams that never reached the postseason . When he finally played in the postseason during the second to the last year of his career with the Athletics , the `` A 's '' did not get to the World Series . In 1999 , he was selected as a member of the Cubs All - Century Team . Contents 1 Early life 2 MLB career 2.1 Chicago Cubs 2.2 Oakland Athletics 3 Later years 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Billy Williams was born in Whistler , Alabama . His father Frank was a stevedore who had also played first base for the semipro Whistler Stars . Williams grew up in a segregated neighborhood . He attended Whistler High School . Entering professional baseball in 1956 , Williams started his minor league career with the Ponca City Cubs of the Sooner State League . After returning to Ponca City in 1957 and hitting 17 home runs , Williams split 1958 between the Burlington Bees and Pueblo Bruins . In his autobiography , Williams recalled that had never experienced overt racial discrimination until his 1959 promotion to the Class AA San Antonio Missions in San Antonio , Texas . He was so discouraged that he left the team and went home . Buck O'Neil , the Cubs scout who had originally discovered Williams , was dispatched to Whistler and he persuaded Williams to return to the team . During the 1959 season , he advanced to the Class AAA Fort Worth Cats and even played 18 games for the Cubs . In 1960 , he hit 26 home runs for the Class AAA Houston Buffs and played in 12 major league games . MLB career ( edit ) Chicago Cubs ( edit ) Williams joined a Chicago Cubs team that would feature stars such as Ernie Banks , Ferguson Jenkins , and Ron Santo by the early 1960s . Rogers Hornsby ( seven NL batting titles ) , who by 1960 was serving as a scout and coach in the Cubs organization , predicted Williams would someday win a batting title . Williams debuted with the Cubs late in the 1959 season , and played in a total of 30 games in both the 1959 and 1960 seasons . In 1961 , he played in 146 games and was selected as the NL Rookie of the Year . That year he hit 25 home runs and drove in 86 runs . In 1962 , 1964 and 1965 , he was named an NL All - Star . He won the NL Player of the Month Award in May 1964 with a . 455 average , 8 HR , and 22 RBI . Williams struggled defensively in the first few years of his career , leading NL outfielders in errors as a rookie . By the mid-1960s , his defense was no longer seen as a serious weakness . He would return to the All - Star Game in 1968 , 1972 , and 1973 . Williams in 1961 In each season from 1961 to 1973 , Williams hit at least 20 home runs and drove in 84 or more runs . His batting swing was smooth and efficient , with quick wrist action that allowed him to hit for both average and power despite his slender frame . Early in his career , this earned him the nickname `` Sweet - Swinging Billy Williams '' , sometimes shortened to `` Sweet Williams '' or `` Sweet Billy '' ( perhaps suggested by the flowers known as sweet williams ) . His nickname was later referenced in the subtitle of his autobiography . He was also nicknamed `` Sweet - Swinging Billy from Whistler '' , suggesting his birthplace in Alabama . His home run feats included 3 homers in one game and 5 homers in two consecutive games . Twice in one season , Williams belted 4 extra-base hits in a game . In 1970 , Williams batted . 322 with 42 homers and 129 RBIs and finished second in National League Most Valuable Player voting ; surprisingly , despite batting . 319 with 26 HR and 80 RBI at the All Star break , he was left off the All Star team . Williams set a National League record for consecutive games played with 1,117 from 1963 to 1970 ( eclipsed by Steve Garvey with 1,207 from 1975 to 1983 ) . As his consecutive games streak began to accumulate , he was dubbed `` Iron Man '' by some writers . He co-authored a 1970 book called Iron Man. ( 4 ) In 1972 , he was the National League batting champion and named the major league Player of the Year by The Sporting News . He paced the league in batting average with a . 333 mark , also posting a . 606 slugging percentage while collecting 37 home runs and 122 runs batted in ( RBI ) . In August , he won his second and final NL Player of the Month Award (. 438 BA , 9 HR , 29 RBI ) . For the second time , he was the NL MVP runner - up to Johnny Bench of the Cincinnati Reds ; Williams never won the award . Oakland Athletics ( edit ) Williams was traded to the American League 's Oakland Athletics after the 1974 season for second baseman Manny Trillo and two pitchers . He helped lead Oakland get to the 1975 American League West championship as a designated hitter , hitting 23 homers with 81 RBI . In 1976 , Williams played in 120 games and hit only . 211 . He retired that year . Williams accumulated a lifetime . 290 batting average with 426 home runs and 1475 RBI . Later years ( edit ) Billy Williams 's number 26 was retired by the Chicago Cubs in 1987 . Williams credited a grade school teacher with encouraging him to always try to improve , citing the old saying , `` Good , better , best / Never let it rest / Until the good is better / And the better is best . '' Williams was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1987 . On August 13 , 1987 , Williams ' uniform number 26 was retired at Wrigley Field . His was the second number to be retired by the Cubs , the first being Ernie Banks ' number 14 . Following his departure from the Cubs , the number was reassigned to other players from time to time , most notably Larry Biittner , although Williams reclaimed it during several intervals of coaching with the Cubs after his playing days had ended . In 1999 , he was selected to the Cubs All - Century Team and was named as one of the one hundred finalists to the Major League Baseball All - Century Team . During the 2010 season , the Cubs honored Williams with a statue outside of Wrigley Field in Chicago . The statue was unveiled in a pre-game ceremony before their home game on September 7 against the Houston Astros . Retired number 26 at Wrigley Field In 2011 , Williams was appointed as a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame 's 16 - member Golden Era Committee ( replaced the Veterans Committee ) which considers ten Golden Era candidates every three years for the Hall of Fame . The ten candidates from the 1947 to 1972 era are first identified by the Baseball Writers ' Association of America ( BBWAA ) appointed Historical Overview Committee ( 10 - 12 BBWAA members ) every three years . Former Cubs third baseman Ron Santo was the only Golden Era candidate elected to the Hall of Fame by `` The Committee '' ( includes 8 members of the Hall of Fame ) during their winter meetings in December 2011 ( and 2014 ) . See also ( edit ) List of Major League Baseball home run records List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders List of Major League Baseball batting champions List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle Major League Baseball consecutive games played streaks Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Baseball Hall of Fame ( 1 ) Retrieved May 5 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Armour , Mark . `` Billy Williams '' . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billy Williams Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billy Williams Minor League Statistics & History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , p. 8 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Cooperstown : Where the Legends Live Forever , by Lowell Reidenbaugh , edited by Joe Hoppel , and compiled by the Editors of The Sporting News . New York , Gramercy Books , 1999 . Jump up ^ A 's get Billy Williams in trade with Chicago Jump up ^ Williams , p. 210 . Jump up ^ http://archive.chicagobreakingsports.com/2010/09/billy-williams-statue-unveiled-during-ceremonies.html Jump up ^ National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum , December 5 , 2011 : `` Ron Santo Elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame by Golden Era Committee '' ( 3 ) References ( edit ) Williams , Billy ; Mitchell , Fred ( 2008 ) . Billy Williams : My Sweet - swinging Lifetime with the Cubs . Triumph Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60078 - 050 - 9 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Armour , Mark . `` Billy Williams '' . SABR . Treder , Steve ( February 8 , 2005 ) . `` The Williams - Santo Cubs : 1961 - 1965 '' . The Hardball Times . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2005 -- via Wayback Machine . Career highlights at BaseballLibrary.com via Wayback Machine `` Its all about R-e-s-p-e-c-t for ' Sweet Swingin ' Billy Williams External links ( edit ) Billy Williams at the Baseball Hall of Fame Career statistics and player information from Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) , or Baseball Almanac , or Retrosheet Preceded by Willie Mays César Cedeño Major League Player of the Month May 1964 July 1972 Succeeded by Jim Bunning Ken Henderson Preceded by Carl Yastrzemski Hitting for the cycle July 17 , 1966 Succeeded by Randy Hundley National League Rookie of the Year Award 1947 : J. Robinson 1948 : Dark 1949 : Newcombe 1950 : Jethroe 1951 : Mays 1952 : Black 1953 : Gilliam 1954 : Moon 1955 : Virdon 1956 : F. Robinson 1957 : Sanford 1958 : Cepeda 1959 : McCovey 1960 : F. Howard 1961 : B. Williams 1962 : Hubbs 1963 : Rose 1964 : Allen 1965 : Lefebvre 1966 : Helms 1967 : Seaver 1968 : Bench 1969 : Sizemore 1970 : Morton 1971 : E. Williams 1972 : Matlack 1973 : Matthews 1974 : McBride 1975 : Montefusco 1976 : Metzger & Zachry 1977 : Dawson 1978 : Horner 1979 : Sutcliffe 1980 : Howe 1981 : Valenzuela 1982 : Sax 1983 : Strawberry 1984 : Gooden 1985 : Coleman 1986 : Worrell 1987 : Santiago 1988 : Sabo 1989 : Walton 1990 : Justice 1991 : Bagwell 1992 : Karros 1993 : Piazza 1994 : Mondesi 1995 : Nomo 1996 : Hollandsworth 1997 : Rolen 1998 : Wood 1999 : Williamson 2000 : Furcal 2001 : Pujols 2002 : Jennings 2003 : Willis 2004 : Bay 2005 : R. Howard 2006 : Ramírez 2007 : Braun 2008 : Soto 2009 : Coghlan 2010 : Posey 2011 : Kimbrel 2012 : Harper 2013 : Fernández 2014 : deGrom 2015 : Bryant 2016 : Seager 2017 : Bellinger National League batting champions 1876 : Barnes 1877 : White 1878 : Hines 1879 : Hines 1880 : Gore 1881 : Anson 1882 : Brouthers 1883 : Brouthers 1884 : Kelly 1885 : Connor 1886 : Kelly 1887 : Thompson 1888 : Anson 1889 : Brouthers 1890 : Glasscock 1891 : Hamilton 1892 : Brouthers 1893 : Hamilton 1894 : Duffy 1895 : Burkett 1896 : Burkett 1897 : Keeler 1898 : Keeler 1899 : Delahanty 1900 : Wagner 1901 : Burkett 1902 : Beaumont 1903 : Wagner 1904 : Wagner 1905 : Seymour 1906 : Wagner 1907 : Wagner 1908 : Wagner 1909 : Wagner 1910 : Magee 1911 : Wagner 1912 : Zimmerman 1913 : Daubert 1914 : Daubert 1915 : Doyle 1916 : Chase 1917 : Roush 1918 : Wheat 1919 : Roush 1920 : Hornsby 1921 : Hornsby 1922 : Hornsby 1923 : Hornsby 1924 : Hornsby 1925 : Hornsby 1926 : Hargrave 1927 : Waner 1928 : Hornsby 1929 : O'Doul 1930 : Terry 1931 : Hafey 1932 : O'Doul 1933 : Klein 1934 : Waner 1935 : Vaughan 1936 : Waner 1937 : Medwick 1938 : Lombardi 1939 : Mize 1940 : Garms 1941 : Reiser 1942 : Lombardi 1943 : Musial 1944 : D. Walker 1945 : Cavarretta 1946 : Musial 1947 : H. Walker 1948 : Musial 1949 : Robinson 1950 : Musial 1951 : Musial 1952 : Musial 1953 : Furillo 1954 : Mays 1955 : Ashburn 1956 : Aaron 1957 : Musial 1958 : Ashburn 1959 : Aaron 1960 : Groat 1961 : Clemente 1962 : Davis 1963 : Davis 1964 : Clemente 1965 : Clemente 1966 : Alou 1967 : Clemente 1968 : Rose 1969 : Rose 1970 : Carty 1971 : Torre 1972 : Williams 1973 : Rose 1974 : Garr 1975 : Madlock 1976 : Madlock 1977 : Parker 1978 : Parker 1979 : Hernandez 1980 : Buckner 1981 : Madlock 1982 : Oliver 1983 : Madlock 1984 : Gwynn 1985 : McGee 1986 : Raines 1987 : Gwynn 1988 : Gwynn 1989 : Gwynn 1990 : McGee 1991 : Pendleton 1992 : Sheffield 1993 : Galarraga 1994 : Gwynn 1995 : Gwynn 1996 : Gwynn 1997 : Gwynn 1998 : L. Walker 1999 : L. Walker 2000 : Helton 2001 : L. Walker 2002 : Bonds 2003 : Pujols 2004 : Bonds 2005 : Lee 2006 : Sanchez 2007 : Holliday 2008 : Jones 2009 : Ramírez 2010 : González 2011 : Reyes 2012 : Posey 2013 : Cuddyer 2014 : Morneau 2015 : Gordon 2016 : LeMahieu 2017 : Blackmon Sporting News MLB Player of the Year Award 1936 : Hubbell 1937 : Allen 1938 : Vander Meer 1939 : DiMaggio 1940 : Feller 1941 : T. Williams 1942 : T. Williams 1943 : Chandler 1944 : Marion 1945 : Newhouser 1946 : Musial 1947 : T. Williams 1948 : Boudreau 1949 : T. Williams 1950 : Rizzuto 1951 : Musial 1952 : Roberts 1953 : Rosen 1954 : Mays 1955 : Snider 1956 : Mantle 1957 : T. Williams 1958 : Turley 1959 : Wynn 1960 : Mazeroski 1961 : Maris 1962 : Wills & Drysdale 1963 : Koufax 1964 : Boyer 1965 : Koufax 1966 : Robinson 1967 : Yastrzemski 1968 : McLain 1969 : McCovey 1970 : Bench 1971 : Torre 1972 : B. Williams 1973 : Jackson 1974 : Brock 1975 : Morgan 1976 : Morgan 1977 : Carew 1978 : Guidry 1979 : Stargell 1980 : Brett 1981 : Valenzuela 1982 : Yount 1983 : Ripken Jr . 1984 : Sandberg 1985 : Mattingly 1986 : Clemens 1987 : Bell 1988 : Hershiser 1989 : Mitchell 1990 : Bonds 1991 : Ripken Jr . 1992 : Sheffield 1993 : Thomas 1994 : Bagwell 1995 : Belle 1996 : Rodriguez 1997 : Griffey Jr . 1998 : Sosa 1999 : Palmeiro 2000 : Delgado 2001 : Bonds 2002 : Rodriguez 2003 : Pujols 2004 : Bonds 2005 : Jones 2006 : Howard 2007 : Rodriguez 2008 : Pujols 2009 : Pujols 2010 : Hamilton 2011 : Verlander 2012 : Cabrera 2013 : Cabrera 2014 : Kershaw 2015 : Donaldson 2016 : Altuve 2017 : Altuve Chicago Cubs retired numbers 10 Ron Santo 14 Ernie Banks 23 Ryne Sandberg 26 Billy Williams 31 Ferguson Jenkins & Greg Maddux Baseball Hall of Fame Class of 1987 BBWAA Vote Catfish Hunter ( 76.3 % ) Billy Williams ( 85.7 % ) Veterans Committee Ray Dandridge J.G. Taylor Spink Award Jack Lang Ford C. Frick Award Jack Buck Members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Pitchers Alexander Bender Blyleven M. Brown R. Brown Bunning Carlton Chesbro Clarkson Cooper Coveleski Cummings Day Dean Dihigo Drysdale Eckersley Faber Feller Fingers Ford B. Foster Galvin B. Gibson Glavine Gomez Gossage Grimes Grove Haines Hoffman Hoyt Hubbell Hunter Jenkins R. Johnson W. Johnson Joss Keefe Koufax Lemon Lyons Maddux Marichal Marquard Martínez Mathewson McGinnity Méndez Morris Newhouser Nichols Niekro Paige Palmer Pennock Perry Plank Radbourn Rixey Roberts Rogan Ruffing Rusie Ryan Seaver H. Smith Smoltz Spahn Sutter Sutton Vance Waddell Walsh Welch Wilhelm J. Williams Willis Wynn Young Catchers Bench Berra Bresnahan Campanella Carter Cochrane Dickey Ewing Ferrell Fisk J. Gibson Hartnett Lombardi Mackey Piazza Rodríguez Santop Schalk First basemen Anson Bagwell Beckley Bottomley Brouthers Cepeda Chance Connor Foxx Gehrig Greenberg G. Kelly Killebrew Leonard McCovey Mize Murray Pérez Sisler Suttles Taylor Terry Thomas Thome Second basemen Alomar Biggio Carew E. Collins Doerr Evers Fox Frisch Gehringer Gordon Grant Herman Hornsby Lajoie Lazzeri Mazeroski McPhee Morgan J. Robinson Sandberg Schoendienst Third basemen Baker Boggs Brett J. Collins Dandridge J. Johnson Jones Kell Lindstrom Mathews Molitor B. Robinson Santo Schmidt Traynor J. Wilson D. White Shortstops Aparicio Appling Bancroft Banks Boudreau Cronin Davis T. Jackson Jennings Larkin Lloyd Maranville Reese Ripken Jr . Rizzuto Sewell O. Smith Tinker Trammell Vaughan Wagner Wallace Ward Wells Yount Outfielders Aaron Ashburn Averill Bell Brock W. Brown Burkett Carey Charleston Clarke Clemente Cobb Combs Crawford Cuyler Dawson Delahanty DiMaggio Doby Duffy Flick Goslin Griffey Jr . Guerrero Gwynn Hafey Hamilton Heilmann Henderson Hill Hooper Irvin R. Jackson Kaline Keeler Kelley K. Kelly Kiner Klein Mantle Manush Mays T. McCarthy Medwick Musial O'Rourke Ott Puckett Raines J. Rice S. Rice F. Robinson Roush Ruth Simmons Slaughter Snider Speaker Stargell Stearnes Thompson Torriente L. Waner P. Waner Wheat B. Williams T. Williams H. Wilson Winfield Yastrzemski Youngs Managers Alston Anderson Cox Durocher Hanlon Harris Herzog Huggins La Russa Lasorda López Mack J. McCarthy McGraw McKechnie W. Robinson Selee Southworth Stengel Torre Weaver D. Williams Executives / pioneers Barrow Bulkeley Cartwright Chadwick Chandler Comiskey Dreyfuss R. Foster Frick Giles Gillick Griffith Harridge Hulbert B. Johnson Kuhn Landis La . MacPhail Le . MacPhail Manley O'Malley Pompez Posey Rickey Ruppert Schuerholz Selig Spalding Veeck Weiss S. White Wilkinson G. Wright H. Wright Yawkey Umpires Barlick Chylak Conlan Connolly Evans Harvey Hubbard Klem McGowan O'Day ISNI : 0000 0000 4582 9075 LCCN : no97067974 SNAC : w61k2h73 VIAF : 24210043 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Williams&oldid=853584320 '' Categories : National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Major League Baseball left fielders Chicago Cubs players Oakland Athletics players Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners Major League Baseball players with retired numbers National League batting champions National League All - Stars Major League Baseball bench coaches Major League Baseball first base coaches Major League Baseball hitting coaches Chicago Cubs coaches Oakland Athletics coaches Chicago Cubs executives Ponca City Cubs players Pueblo Bruins players Burlington Bees players San Antonio Missions players Fort Worth Cats players Houston Buffs players Baseball players from Alabama People from Prichard , Alabama Sportspeople from Chicago 1938 births Living people African - American baseball players African - American baseball coaches Seattle Mariners coaches American sportsmen Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 20 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did billy williams play for the cubs | [
"Billy Williams\nWilliams in 2013\nLeft fielder\nBorn: (1938-06-15) June 15, 1938 (age 80)Whistler, Alabama\n\nBatted: Left\nThrew: Right\nMLB debut\nAugust 6, 1959, for the Chicago CubsLast MLB appearance\nOctober 2, 1976, for the Oakland AthleticsMLB statisticsBatting average\n.290Hits\n2,711Home runs\n426Runs batted in\n1,475\nTeams\nChicago Cubs (1959–1974)\nOakland Athletics (1975–1976)\nCareer highlights and awards\n6× All-Star (1962², 1964, 1965, 1968, 1972, 1973)\nNL Rookie of the Year (1961)\nNL batting champion (1972)\nChicago Cubs #26 retired\nMember of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Induction\n1987Vote\n85.71% (sixth ballot)\n"
] | [
"1959–1974"
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584190650767593996 | Nobody to Blame | Nobody to Blame - wikipedia Nobody to Blame Jump to : navigation , search `` Nobody to Blame '' Single by Chris Stapleton from the album Traveller Released November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) Format Digital download Genre Country Length 4 : 04 Label Mercury Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Chris Stapleton Barry Bales Ronnie Bowman Producer ( s ) Dave Cobb Chris Stapleton Chris Stapleton singles chronology `` Traveller '' ( 2015 ) `` Nobody to Blame '' ( 2015 ) `` Parachute '' ( 2016 ) `` Traveller '' ( 2015 ) `` Nobody to Blame '' ( 2015 ) `` Parachute '' ( 2016 ) `` Nobody to Blame '' is a song recorded by American country music artist Chris Stapleton . The song was released in November 2015 as the singer 's third single overall . Stapleton co-wrote the song with Barry Bales and Ronnie Bowman . It became Stapleton 's first top 10 single on the US Country Airplay chart . `` Nobody to Blame '' won Song of the Year at the ACM Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Critical reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year end charts 5 Certifications 6 References 7 External links Composition ( edit ) The country rock song is a mid-tempo composition about a man looking back on the events following a break - up . His ex has kicked him out of the house and destroyed all of his belongings , often in sadistic fashion ( dumping out his whiskey , breaking his fishing rods , burning his guitar in a bonfire , running his hot rod car into a pond and putting sugar in the gas tank of his lawnmower ) . Despite her behavior , he admits there is `` nobody to blame '' but himself for his situation . Critical reception ( edit ) Billy Dukes of Taste of Country gave the song a favorable review , saying that it `` is a 200 - proof country song that 'd fit neatly into any generation 's best of catalog . The second single from Traveller is full of steel guitar , fiddle and pain . It rambles along like the best from Waylon while providing a de facto education to the 21st century boy . Stapleton does n't deviate from what he does best : simple , honest story songs that lean heavy on his once - in - a-lifetime voice . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) The song first entered the Country Airplay chart at number 46 and the Hot Country Songs chart at number 50 for the chart dated November 21 , 2015 . The song peaked at number 10 on the Country Airplay chart , making it Stapleton 's first single to reach the top 10 . The song has sold 423,000 copies in the US as of November 2016 . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 83 Canada Country ( Billboard ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 68 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 10 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 13 Year end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 55 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 36 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard Country Update , November 9 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Now , with a fresh radio single , Traveller 's `` Nobody to Blame '' -- new at No. 46 on Country Airplay ( with 2.2 million in audience ) -- will Stapleton 's CMA wins translate to significant airplay ? `` I have no doubt that Chris will be on the radio , '' says UMG Nashville president Cindy Mabe . `` Will it be with this single ? That will be determined . But whether it 's this one or the next one or the one after , he will be a factor at country radio . Chris ' CMA performance undoubtedly moved people who will be calling their radio stations now . '' Jump up ^ Greenwald , Morgan ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` 13 Things to Know About the Billboard Charts This Week : Chris Stapleton Scores First Top 10 Hit & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Billboard staff ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` ACM Awards 2016 : See the Full List of Winners '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smit , Owen R. ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Stapleton brings back introspective , old - school country music '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dukes , Billy ( 10 November 2015 ) . `` ToC Critic 's Pick : Chris Stapleton , ' Nobody to Blame ' ( Listen ) '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard . November 21 , 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report : November 8 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Chris Stapleton -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Chris Stapleton . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search '' . Billboard Canada Country for Chris Stapleton . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Stapleton -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Chris Stapleton . Jump up ^ `` Chris Stapleton -- Chart history '' Billboard Country Airplay for Chris Stapleton . Jump up ^ `` Chris Stapleton -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Chris Stapleton . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Chris Stapleton -- Nobody to Blame '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Chris Stapleton Awards and nominations Discography Studio albums and songs Traveller `` Traveller '' `` Fire Away '' `` Tennessee Whiskey '' `` Parachute '' `` Nobody to Blame '' From A Room : Volume 1 `` Broken Halos '' `` Last Thing I Needed , First Thing This Morning '' `` Either Way '' Related articles The SteelDrivers The Jompson Brothers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobody_to_Blame&oldid=796042871 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2015 singles Chris Stapleton songs Mercury Nashville singles Songs written by Chris Stapleton Song recordings produced by Dave Cobb Country rock songs Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 03 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the song nobody to blame but me | [
"\"Nobody to Blame\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Chris Stapleton. The song was released in November 2015 as the singer's third single overall. Stapleton co-wrote the song with Barry Bales and Ronnie Bowman. It became Stapleton's first top 10 single on the US Country Airplay chart.[2] \"Nobody to Blame\" won Song of the Year at the ACM Awards.[3]"
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"Chris Stapleton"
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-6685570725808002414 | Alcoholic beverages in Oregon | Alcoholic beverages in Oregon - wikipedia Alcoholic beverages in Oregon Jump to : navigation , search 1914 Executive Order by Governor Oswald West , announcing the passage of prohibition by ballot initiative . The U.S. state of Oregon has an extensive history of laws regulating the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages , dating back to 1844 . It has been an alcoholic beverage control state , with the Oregon Liquor Control Commission holding a monopoly over the sale of all distilled beverages , since Prohibition . Today , there are thriving industries producing beer , wine , and liquor in the state . Alcohol may be purchased between 7 a.m. and 2 : 30 a.m. As of 2007 , consumption of spirits is on the rise , while beer consumption is holding steady . Also , 11 % of beer sold in Oregon was brewed in - state , the highest figure in the United States . Oregon wine production began in the mid-19th century , before it was a state . By 1919 , the industry had collapsed due to prohibition , and after prohibition ended fruit wines dominated the industry . The modern era of Oregon wine began in 1961 , and the industry cemented its reputation in 1975 by winning a French award . In 2007 , wine making was a $207.8 million business . Beer production began in 1852 with Henry Saxer 's liberty brewing in Portland . In 1862 Henry Weinhard 's bought the Liberty brewery . The company is now a part of the Miller Brewing Company , but it helped Portland to become the microbrewing capital of the world . Portland hosts North America 's largest beerfest , and Oregon has produced a number of national and international award winning beers . In 1844 , the Oregon territories voted to prohibit alcoholic beverages . This was repealed in 1845 , but prohibition was reinstated in a 1915 , four years before the national alcohol prohibition . When national prohibition was repealed in 1933 , the Oregon Liquor Control Commission ( OLCC ) was created . Unlike states that allow liquor sales in grocery stores , liquor in Oregon is sold only in OLCC run liquor stores and establishments that have liquor licenses , and the OLCC has strict guidelines and training to ensure that all licensed venues understand how to safely sell and serve alcoholic beverages . Alcohol and alcoholism are also studied by the state at the Portland Alcohol Research Center . Contents ( hide ) 1 Consumption 1.1 Beer consumption 2 Production 2.1 Wine 2.2 Beer 2.3 Spirits 3 Legislative history 3.1 Ballot measures relating to alcohol 4 Research 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Consumption ( edit ) Alcohol laws in Oregon permit the sale of beer , wine , and liquor , for on - or off - premises consumption , between 7 a.m. and 2 : 30 a.m. In 2004 , Oregonians consumed 5,103,000 US gallons ( 19,320,000 L ) of distilled spirits , 11,132,000 US gallons ( 42,140,000 L ) of wine , and 80,415,000 US gallons ( 304,400,000 L ) of beer , ranking it 27th , 19th , and 27th respectively of US states . Oregon had an estimated population of 3,594,586 in 2004 , ranking it 27th among US states . In 2007 , sales of spirits increased 9 % over the previous year . Whiskey and vodka were the top sellers , while tequila had the largest percentage increase . Oregonian 's top buy was Jack Daniel 's , with 412,000 bottles sold . This was during a national spirits trend where manufacturers introduced new products and advertising aimed at young drinkers . Again in 2007 , Oregon 's 2.6 million adults on average drank 32 gallons of beer each , versus 4 gallons of wine and 2 gallons of spirits , but sales of beer had n't increased like sales of spirits . The Oregon Department of Human Services reported that while drinking among 8th -- 11th graders has fallen nationally , it has increased in Oregon . The number of DUI offenses dropped between 2002 and 2005 , from 25,342 to 23,455 . Beer consumption ( edit ) Salem Beer label from 1904 . The following table lists the amount of beer consumed in Oregon for the years 1997 -- 2004 as reported in the 2005 Beer Handbook . The scale is in 1,000 s of cases of beer . A case of beer is 24 12 - ounce beers , for a total of 2.25 gallons per case . Year Oregon United States 31,822 2,632,184 1998 32,242 2,667,752 1999 32,947 2,727,195 2000 33,398 2,765,670 34,400 2,788,820 2002 34,650 2,824,710 2003 35,000 2,817,400 35,740 2,838,400 Production ( edit ) Wine ( edit ) Main article : Oregon wine Wine grapes were planted in Oregon in the Willamette Valley starting in 1847 . A census in 1860 revealed that Oregon 's wine production was 2,600 gallons . In the 1880s and 1890s , German immigrants began planting wine grapes in Southern Oregon . In the 1880s , Ernest Reuter garnered a reputation for his Klevner wines , grown in the Willamette Valley , west of Forest Grove . By 1919 , the Oregon wine industry had collapsed due to the temperance movement and resulting prohibition . Fruit wines dominated Oregon 's wine industry post-prohibition , and by 1938 there were 28 bonded wineries , producing wines based on berries , Concord grapes , and other American hybrids . Oregon 's modern wine industry dates to 1961 when Hillcrest Vineyard in Roseburg began planting Riesling and small amounts of other grapes . In 1965 , Oregon pinot noir was established when The Eyrie Vineyards planted grapes near Corvallis . Oregon 's wine reputation was made in 1979 when a French magazine ranked The Eyrie 's 1975 Pinot noir third among 330 wines of the world . By 2007 , Oregon wineries were producing 1.7 million cases of wine for a total of $207.8 million in sales . There are several official American Viticultural Areas entirely within the state , including the Willamette Valley , Southern Oregon , Umpqua Valley , and Rogue Valley AVAs . Parts of the Columbia Gorge , Walla Walla Valley , and Snake River Valley AVAs lie within Oregon . Pinot noir and Pinot gris are the top two grapes grown . Beer ( edit ) Main article : Brewing in Oregon In 1862 , German immigrant Henry Weinhard founded a brewery in Portland . By the early 1880s it had become the Northwest 's largest brewery . Weinhard once attempted to pump free beer through Portland 's Skidmore Fountain . He died in 1904 , but the company continued to do well , making it through prohibition by brewing soft drinks and merging with Arnold Blitz , a local competitor . Blitz - Weinhard was sold to the Pabst Brewing Company in 1979 , and then again to the Miller Brewing Company in 1999 . The company helped prepare Oregon beer drinkers for the arrival of microbrewing . Portland , Oregon is considered to be the nation 's microbrew capital . A microbrewery is defined as one that produces less than 15,000 barrels a year . Portland hosts the Oregon Brewers Festival , North America 's largest beer festival . The microbrewery industry began in 1979 when President Jimmy Carter legalized home brewing . In 2006 , 14 beers from eight Oregon breweries won medals at the Great American Beer Festival , out of 2,800 entries . Also in 2006 , Oregon won 11 times at the World Beer Cup , in a field of 2,200 beers . In 2007 , 11 % of beer sold in Oregon was brewed in - state , the highest figure in the United States . According to the Oregon Hop Commission , in 2007 , Oregon was also the second largest U.S. hops producer , after Washington . Spirits ( edit ) Main article : List of distilleries in Portland , Oregon As of 2008 , Oregon contains 12 of the nation 's 142 craft distilleries , up from six in 2006 . In 2007 , a law was approved allowing tasting rooms and direct sales to the public . Jim Dodge , purchasing manager for the OLCC , believes that the distilleries are an outgrowth of the microbrew industry , instead of the wine industry , as well as a societal change . Dodge explained that `` there 's been a recent shift from beer , and to some degree wine , to distilled spirits as the alcohol of choice . '' In 2008 , the U.S. Food and Drug Administration determined that absinthe was legal , though it had been understood to be illegal for about 80 years . Portland distillery Integrity Spirits responded by releasing the second American - made absinthe , which was in high demand immediately upon its release . Legislative history ( edit ) Oregon has been regulating alcohol through its laws for over 150 years . In 1844 , the Oregon Territory voted to prohibit alcoholic beverages . This is often referred to as the first prohibition in the United States . The law was repealed in 1845 . From 1845 to 1915 , various local laws governing alcohol were passed . In 1915 , Oregonians voted to ban all alcohol , preceding national alcohol prohibition by four years . In 1933 , national prohibition ended with a repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . Oregon 's governor , Julius Meier , appointed Dr. William S. Knox to study the situation . Knox recommended adopting the Canadian system of sales of alcohol by the state . The reasoning was that this would provide revenue and lower alcohol abuse . The Oregon Legislative Assembly held a special session and the OLCC was created days after the repeal of national prohibition . Eighteen states in total chose to regulate alcohol . Oregon Revised Statutes Chapters 471 , 472 , 473 and 474 were the commission 's enabling statutes . OAR Chapter 845 governed its administrative rules . The OLCC 's mission is `` to effectively regulate the sale , distribution , and responsible use of alcoholic beverages in order to protect Oregon 's public health , safety and community livability . '' However , under these laws bootlegging in Oregon was rife and Portland became infamous as a center of corruption . In 1939 , the advertising of hard liquor on billboards and in newspapers was voluntarily discontinued . Also , in 1939 , a `` club bill '' was passed by the Legislative Assembly . The bill gave regulatory power to the OLCC over hotels , restaurants and private clubs where liquor was served . Lobbyists then succeeded in having the bill referred to the voters in 1940 . Voters passed the bill in 1940 . In 1944 , the `` Burke Bill '' became law : wines with more than 14 % alcohol could only be sold by Commission stores and agencies . Also in the 1940s , a `` service bars '' license was established . This restricted liquor licenses to establishments serving food . In 1949 , the Legislative Assembly approved a method where establishments that sold liquor could ask for proof of age from patrons they thought were under the age of 21 . Measure 15 -- passed in 1952 -- amended the Constitution ( Article I , section 39 ) to regulate the sale of liquor by the individual glass . Five more types of licenses were created in the 1950s , dealing with liquor - by - the - drink operations , industry agents , salesmen , out - of - state manufacturers of malt beverages , and conventions , group meetings , etc . In 1960 , establishments were required to have food sales equal to 25 % of their total sales . In the 1970s , the OLCC began enforcing the Oregon Bottle Bill and wines of up to 20 % alcohol became allowed with certain licenses . In the 1980s , the number of OLCC commissioners was changed from three to five , to reflect the number of congressional districts . The 1990s saw a flurry of laws passed governing the OLCC 's oversight of the newly numerous Oregon wineries and microbreweries . House Bill 4028 -- passed in 2002 -- allowed liquor stores to operate on Sunday ; they had previously been restricted to six days a week . This sort of licensing is very important for maintaining safe production and sales of alcoholic beverages in Oregon . Under Oregon law , specifically ORS 471.565 , bars and restaurants can be held legally responsible for any damages to property or injuries incurred when an intoxicated person is served alcohol and causes a car crash . Ballot measures relating to alcohol ( edit ) The following ballot measures changed state policy on alcohol : Measure 3 ( 1904 ) , a `` local option '' law , passed . Measure 17 ( 1914 ) , Prohibition Constitutional Amendment : passed 57.7 % Measure 9 ( 1916 ) , Prohibition Amendment Forbidding Importation of Intoxicating Liquors for Beverage Purposes : passed with 51.2 % . Measure 7 ( 1932 ) , Bill to Repeal State Prohibition Law of Oregon : passed 59.8 % Measure 7 ( 1944 ) , Burke Bill ; Only State Selling Liquor over 14 Hundredths Alcohol : passed 55.95 % Measure 15 ( 1952 ) , Constitutional Amendment Authorizing Alcoholic Liquor Sale by Individual Glass : passed 56.4 % The following alcohol - related ballot measures have failed : Measure 3 ( 1906 ) , Amendment to local option law giving anti-prohibitionists and prohibitionists equal privileges : failed with 43.9 % support . Measure 22 ( 1910 ) , Prohibiting Liquor Traffic : failed 41.6 % . Measure 23 ( 1910 ) , Prohibiting the Sale of Liquors and Regulating Shipments of Same , and Providing for Search for Liquor : failed 40.2 % . Measure 8 ( 1916 ) , Permitting Manufacture and Regulating Sale 4 Percent Malt Liquors : failed with 38 % support . Measure 11 ( 1938 ) , Bill Regulating Sale of Alcoholic Liquor for Beverage Purposes : failed 34.7 % Measure 6 ( 1940 ) , Bill to Further Regulate Sale and Use of Alcoholic Liquor : failed 40.2 % Measure 9 ( 1950 ) , Making Sale of Promotively Advertised Alcoholic Beverage Unlawful : failed 23.1 % Measure 5 ( 1988 ) , Finances Intercollegiate Athletic Fund by Increasing Malt Beverage , Cigarette Taxes Research ( edit ) The Portland Alcohol Research Center is a NIH - established effort funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism . About 20 scientists and 60 people , mostly at OHSU , are investigating science organized around ten components : Dependency using mice . Molecular genetics responses affecting alcohol withdrawal and preference . Quantitative trait locus which relates gene expression to genotypes . Genetic analysis of gene expression . Characterization of ethanol response on chromosome 11 . Massive search strategy for ethanol - related genes . Genetic models of variation in impulsivity and alcoholism . Genetics of alcohol - associated traits in monkeys . A dedicated section ( Pilot projects ) launches 2 to 4 projects annually . Educational outreach with three aims : K - 12 schools , scientific education , and publication . Additional themes and focuses include : Genetic contributions to alcohol sensitivity Permit is needed to make Alcohol . Behavioral predispositions to the drug , such as impulse effects and dependency . The center has trained medical students in alcohol - related issues for more than 30 years and has published more than 380 papers and articles since 1996 . See also ( edit ) Alcohol laws of the United States by state Drug policy of Oregon Cannabis in Oregon Fern Hobbs , West 's personal secretary Oregon Bottle Bill Oswald West , former Governor and noted prohibitionist Woman 's Christian Temperance Union References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How to Get a Liquor License ? '' . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` OLCC Law Orientation Booklet for Retailers '' ( PDF ) . OLCC . August 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top metropolitan areas for beer , 2004 '' . Beer Handbook . Bev - AL Communications , Inc. 2005 - 01 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon '' . City-Data.com . Archived from the original on 3 January 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Har , Janie ; Ryan Kost ( July 19 , 2007 ) . `` Cocktails push up liquor sales '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Lisa Shara ( 2001 ) . Wines of the Pacific Northwest . Mitchell Beazley . Jump up ^ Hale , Sally Carpenter ( December 14 , 1997 ) . `` A Taste of Success '' . Los Angeles Times . pp. Metro , Part B , p. 1 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Sarah Skidmore ( March 18 , 2008 ) . `` Oregon wine grape production hits record '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` American Viticultural Areas of Oregon '' ( PDF ) . Oregon Wine Board . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Oregon Vineyard and Winery Report '' ( PDF ) . Oregn Wine Board . February 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Alworth , Jeff ( February 24 , 1999 ) . `` Goodbye Blitz - Weinhard '' . Willamette Week . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Portland '' . New York Times . Frommer 's . 2006 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Heim , Joe ; Greg Kitsock ( April 7 , 2008 ) . `` Beer Madness Crowns a Winner '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Greif , Andrew ( September 17 , 2007 ) . `` Good beer : what Oregon does best '' . Oregon Daily Emerald . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dininny , Shannon ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` Wash. entrepreneurs getting into the distillery business '' . Seattle Times . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Watts , Joe ( July 14 , 2008 ) . `` Happy Daze Are Here Again : Integrity Spirits Releases Trillium Absinthe Supérieure '' . Willamette Week . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Liquor Control Commission ( OLCC ) Administrative Overview August 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Oregon Secretary of State . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` OLCC celebrates 75 years of responsible sales and service '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Oregon Liquor Control Commission . December 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Initiative , Referendum and Recall : 1948 - 1952 '' . Oregon Blue Book . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Rebecca ( April 15 , 2002 ) . `` Liquor Remains Scarce on Sundays in Eugene , Ore. , Area . '' . The Register - Guard . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Initiative , Referendum and Recall : 1912 - 1914 '' . Oregon Blue Book . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Initiative , Referendum and Recall : 1916 - 1921 '' . Oregon Blue Book . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Initiative , Referendum and Recall : 1930 - 1936 '' . Oregon Blue Book . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Initiative , Referendum and Recall : 1938 - 1947 '' . Oregon Blue Book . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Initiative , Referendum and Recall : 1902 - 1906 '' . Oregon Blue Book . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ellensburg Daily Record - Google News Archive Search ^ Jump up to : `` About PARK Overview : Uncovering the genetics of how the brain adapts to alcohol '' . OHSU . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Research component & core structure '' . OHSU . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` PARC Publications '' . OHSU . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Oregon Liquor Control Commission National Alcohol Beverage Control Association Prohibition in Oregon : The Vision and the Reality , from the Oregon State Archives Portland Beer Wiki Topics in Oregon legislation Crime and sentencing Capital punishment Measure 11 ( 1994 ) ( mandatory minimum sentencing ) Measure 40 ( 1996 ) etc. ( victims ' rights ) Elections and voting Direct Legislation League Vote - by - mail Term limits List of Oregon ballot measures Gay rights Same - sex marriage Oregon Citizens Alliance Measure 9 ( 1992 ) ( homosexuality and education ) Environment Bottle bill Nuclear power Wind power Solar power Coal power Land use O&C Lands Beach Bill ( 1967 ) Land Conservation and Development Act ( 1973 ) Measure 37 ( 2004 ) & 49 ( 2008 ) Health care Death with Dignity Act Oregon Health Plan Minimum wage Measures 36 ( 1996 ) , 25 ( 2002 ) Taxation Tax revolt Measure 5 ( 1990 ) ( landmark tax law ) Measures 47 ( 1996 ) and 50 ( 1997 ) ( adjusted Measure 5 ) Kicker tax rebate Measure 97 ( 2016 ) Miscellaneous Compulsory Education Act Adoption rights Alcoholic beverages in Oregon Bicycle Bill Cannabis in Oregon Influential people Loren Parks Bill Sizemore Background , further reading Oregon legislature Direct democracy in Oregon Oregon government Oregon history Oregon ballot measures Alcohol laws of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa The Marianas Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverages_in_Oregon&oldid=801582620 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United States by state Controlled substances in Oregon History of Oregon Oregon law Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2012 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 15 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what time can you buy beer in oregon | [
"The U.S. state of Oregon has an extensive history of laws regulating the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages, dating back to 1844. It has been an alcoholic beverage control state, with the Oregon Liquor Control Commission holding a monopoly over the sale of all distilled beverages, since Prohibition. Today, there are thriving industries producing beer, wine, and liquor in the state. Alcohol may be purchased between 7 a.m. and 2:30 a.m. As of 2007, consumption of spirits is on the rise, while beer consumption is holding steady. Also, 11% of beer sold in Oregon was brewed in-state, the highest figure in the United States."
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"between 7 a.m. and 2:30 a.m."
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8386737101778992071 | Theia | Theia - wikipedia Theia For other uses , see Theia ( disambiguation ) . Theia Titaness of sight and the shining light of the clear blue sky Member of the Titans In the frieze of the Great Altar of Pergamon ( Berlin ) , the goddess who fights at Helios ' back is conjectured to be Theia Other names Euryphaessa , Aethra ( probably ) Consort Hyperion Offspring Helios , Selene , Eos Parents Gaia and Uranus Siblings Titans ( show ) Crius Cronus Coeus Hyperion Iapetus Mnemosyne Oceanus Phoebe Rhea Tethys Themis Hekatonkheires ( show ) Briareos Cottus Gyges Cyclops ( show ) Arges Brontes Steropes Other siblings ( show ) Gigantes Erinyes ( the Furies ) Meliae Half - siblings ( show ) Aphrodite Typhon Python Uranus In Greek mythology , Theia ( / ˈθiːə / ; Ancient Greek : Θεία , translit . Theía , also rendered Thea or Thia ) , also called Euryphaessa `` wide - shining '' , is a Titaness . Her brother / consort is Hyperion , a Titan and god of the sun , and together they are the parents of Helios ( the Sun ) , Selene ( the Moon ) , and Eos ( the Dawn ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Mythology 2.1 Earliest account 2.2 Later myths 3 Genealogy 4 Theia in the sciences 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Etymology ( edit ) The name Theia alone means simply `` goddess '' or `` divine '' ; Theia Euryphaessa ( Θεία Εὐρυφάεσσα ) brings overtones of extent ( εὐρύς , eurys , `` wide '' , root : εὐρυ - / εὐρε - ) and brightness ( φάος , phaos , `` light '' , root : φαεσ - ) . Mythology ( edit ) Earliest account ( edit ) Hesiod 's Theogony gives her an equally primal origin , said to be the eldest daughter of Gaia ( Earth ) and Uranus ( Sky ) . Robert Graves also relates that later Theia is referred to as the cow - eyed Euryphaessa who gave birth to Helios in myths dating to Classical Antiquity . Later myths ( edit ) Once paired in later myths with her Titan brother Hyperion as her husband , `` mild - eyed Euryphaessa , the far - shining one '' of the Homeric Hymn to Helios , was said to be the mother of Helios ( the Sun ) , Selene ( the Moon ) , and Eos ( the Dawn ) . Pindar praises Theia in his Fifth Isthmian ode : `` Mother of the Sun , Theia of many names , for your sake men honor gold as more powerful than anything else ; and through the value you bestow on them , o queen , ships contending on the sea and yoked teams of horses in swift - whirling contests become marvels . '' She seems here a goddess of glittering in particular and of glory in general , but Pindar 's allusion to her as `` Theia of many names '' is telling , since it suggests assimilation , referring not only to similar mother - of - the - sun goddesses such as Phoebe and Leto , but perhaps also to more universalizing mother - figures such as Rhea and Cybele . Genealogy ( edit ) hide Hyperion 's family tree Uranus Gaia Pontus Oceanus Tethys Hyperion THEIA Crius Eurybia The Rivers The Oceanids Helios Selene Eos Astraeus Pallas Perses Cronus Rhea Coeus Phoebe Hestia Hera Poseidon Zeus Leto Asteria Demeter Hades Apollo Artemis Hecate Iapetus Clymene ( or Asia ) Themis ( Zeus ) Mnemosyne Atlas Menoetius Prometheus Epimetheus The Horae The Muses Theia in the sciences ( edit ) Main article : Giant impact hypothesis Theia 's mythological role as the mother of the Moon goddess Selene is alluded to in the application of the name to a hypothetical planet which , according to the giant impact hypothesis , collided with the Earth , resulting in the Moon 's creation . Theia 's alternate name Euryphaessa has been adopted for a species of Australian leafhoppers Dayus euryphaessa ( Kirkaldy , 1907 ) . A Theia figure has been found at the Necropolis of Cyrene . See also ( edit ) Greek mythology in popular culture Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ M.M. Honan , Guide to the Pergamon Museum , Berlin 1904 , etc . Jump up ^ Hesiod , Theogony , 132 . Jump up ^ Graves , Robert , The Greek Myths , 42. a Jump up ^ Hesiod , Theogony 371 ; of `` cow - eyed , Karl Kerenyi observes that `` these names recall such names as Europa and Pasiphae , or Pasiphaessa -- names of moon - goddesses who were associated with bulls . In the mother of Helios we can recognize the moon - goddess , just as in his father Hyperion we can recognise the sun - god himself '' ( Kerenyi , The Gods of the Greeks , 1951 , p. 192 ) . Jump up ^ Hesiod , Theogony 132 -- 138 , 337 -- 411 , 453 -- 520 , 901 -- 906 , 915 -- 920 ; Caldwell , pp. 8 -- 11 , tables 11 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Although usually the daughter of Hyperion and Theia , as in Hesiod , Theogony 371 -- 374 , in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes ( 4 ) , 99 -- 100 , Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes . Jump up ^ According to Hesiod , Theogony 507 -- 511 , Clymene , one of the Oceanids , the daughters of Oceanus and Tethys , at Hesiod , Theogony 351 , was the mother by Iapetus of Atlas , Menoetius , Prometheus , and Epimetheus , while according to Apollodorus , 1.2. 3 , another Oceanid , Asia was their mother by Iapetus . Jump up ^ According to Plato , Critias , 113d -- 114a , Atlas was the son of Poseidon and the mortal Cleito . Jump up ^ In Aeschylus , Prometheus Bound 18 , 211 , 873 ( Sommerstein , pp. 444 -- 445 n . 2 , 446 -- 447 n . 24 , 538 -- 539 n . 113 ) Prometheus is made to be the son of Themis . Jump up ^ Joyce Reynolds and James Copland Thorn ( 2005 ) . `` Cyrene 's Thea figure discovered in the Necropolis '' . Libyan Studies . doi : 10.1017 / S0263718900005525 . References ( edit ) Smith , William ; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , London ( 1873 ) . `` Theia '' Ancient Greek deities by affiliation Primordial deities Achlys Aether Aion / Chronos Ananke Chaos Erebus Eros / Phanes Gaia Hemera Nyx The Ourea Pontus / Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Fates Atropos Clotho Lachesis Titan deities Titanes ( male ) Coeus Crius Cronus Hyperion Iapetus Oceanus Ophion Titanides ( female ) Dione Eurybia Mnemosyne Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Hyperionides Eos Helios Selene Koionides Asteria Leto Lelantos Krionides Astraeus Pallas Perses Iapetionides Atlas Epimetheus Menoetius Prometheus Mousai ( Muses ) Aoide Arche Melete Mneme Olympian deities Dodekatheon Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Theoi Olympioi Asclepius Deimos Ganymede Eileithyia Enyo Eris Iris Harmonia Hebe Heracles Paean Pan Phobos Mousai ( Muses ) Daughters of Zeus Calliope Clio Euterpe Erato Melpomene Polyhymnia Terpsichore Thalia Urania Daughters of Apollo Apollonis Borysthenis Cephisso Muses of the Lyre Hypate Mese Nete Muses at Sicyon Polymatheia Charites ( Graces ) Aglaea Antheia Euphrosyne Hegemone Pasithea Thalia Horae ( Hours ) Dike Eirene Eunomia Styktides Bia Kratos Nike Zelos Aquatic deities Theoi Halioi Amphitrite Benthesikyme Brizo Calypso Ceto Glaucus The Ichthyocentaurs Kymopoleia Leucothea Melicertes Nereus Nerites The Nesoi Oceanus Phorcys Pontus / Thalassa Poseidon Proteus Rhodos Tethys Thaumas Thetis Triton Oceanids Acaste Admete Adrasteia Amalthea Asia Callirrhoe Ceto Clytie Dione Dodone Doris Electra Eurynome Idyia Melia Metis Nemesis Perse Pleione Plouto Styx Telesto Zeuxo Nereides Amphitrite Arethusa Dynamene Galatea Galene Psamathe Thetis Potamoi Achelous Almo Alpheus Anapos Asopus Asterion Axius Caanthus Cebren Cephissus Clitumnus Enipeus Kladeos Meander Nilus Numicus Phyllis Peneus Rivers of the Underworld Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Sangarius Scamander Simoeis Strymon Naiads Aegina Achiroe Aganippe The Anigrides Argyra Bistonis Bolbe Caliadne Cassotis Castalia Cleocharia Creusa Daphne Drosera Harpina The Ionides Ismenis Larunda Lilaea Liriope Melite Metope Minthe Moria Nana Nicaea Orseis Pallas Pirene Salmacis Stilbe The Thriae Corycia Kleodora Melaina Tiasa Chthonic deities Theoi Chthonioi Angelos Demeter Gaia Hades Hecate The Lampads Macaria Melinoë Persephone Zagreus Erinyes ( Furies ) Alecto Megaera Tisiphone Earthborn Cyclopes Gigantes Hecatonchires Kouretes Meliae Telchines Typhon Apotheothenai Trophonius Triptolemus Orpheus Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus Personifications Children of Nyx Achlys Apate Dolos Eleos Elpis Epiphron Eris Geras Hesperides Hybris Hypnos Ker The Keres The Moirai Aisa Clotho Lachesis Momus Moros Oizys The Oneiroi Epiales Morpheus Phantasos Phobetor Nemesis Philotes Sophrosyne Thanatos Children of Eris Algos Amphillogiai Ate The Androktasiai Dysnomia Horkos Hysminai Lethe Limos Machai Phonoi Ponos Neikea Pseudea Logoi Children of other gods Aergia Aidos Alala Aletheia Angelia Arete Bia Caerus The Younger Charites Eucleia Eupheme Euthenia Philophrosyne Corus Deimos The Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Hymen Eupraxia Hedone Homonoia Iacchus Kratos The Litae Homonoia Nike Peitho Phobos Tyche Zelos Others Adephagia Alala Alke Amechania Anaideia Alastor Apheleia Aporia The Arae Dikaiosyne Dyssebeia Ekecheiria Eulabeia Eusebeia Gelos Heimarmene Homados Horme Ioke Kakia Kalokagathia Koalemos Kydoimos Lyssa The Maniae Methe Nomos Palioxis Peitharchia Penia Penthus Pepromene Pheme Philotes Phrike Phthonus Pistis Poine Polemos Poros Praxidike Proioxis Prophasis Roma Soter Soteria Techne Thrasos Other deities Sky deities The Anemoi The Astra Planeti Stilbon Eosphorus Hesperus Pyroeis Phaethon Phaenon Aura Chione The Hesperides The Hyades Nephele The Pleiades Alcyone Sterope Celaeno Electra Maia Merope Taygete Agricultural deities Aphaea Ariadne Carmanor Demeter Despoina Eunostus Philomelus Plutus Health deities Asclepius Aceso Epione Iaso Hygieia Panacea Telesphorus Rustic deities Aetna The Alseids The Auloniads Amphictyonis The Anthousai Aristaeus Attis Britomartis The Cabeiri Comus The Dryades Erato Eurydice The Hamadryades Chrysopeleia The Epimeliades Hecaterus Leuce Ma The Maenades The Meliae The Napaeae The Nymphai Hyperboreioi The Oreads Adrasteia Echo Helike Iynx Nomia Oenone Pitys The Pegasides Priapus Rhapso Silenus Telete Others Acratopotes Adrasteia Agdistis Alexiares and Anicetus Aphroditus Astraea Circe Eiresione Enyalius Harpocrates Ichnaea Palaestra Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theia&oldid=811141079 '' Categories : Greek goddesses Titans Offspring of Gaia Hidden categories : Pages using infobox deity with unknown parameters Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 November 2017 , at 19 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which two titans became the parents of the sun and the moon | [
"In Greek mythology, Theia (/ˈθiːə/; Ancient Greek: Θεία, translit. Theía, also rendered Thea or Thia), also called Euryphaessa \"wide-shining\", is a Titaness. Her brother/consort is Hyperion, a Titan and god of the sun, and together they are the parents of Helios (the Sun), Selene (the Moon), and Eos (the Dawn).\n",
"In Greek mythology, Theia (/ˈθiːə/; Ancient Greek: Θεία, translit. Theía, also rendered Thea or Thia), also called Euryphaessa \"wide-shining\", is a Titaness. Her brother/consort is Hyperion, a Titan and god of the sun, and together they are the parents of Helios (the Sun), Selene (the Moon), and Eos (the Dawn).\n"
] | [
"Theia",
"Hyperion"
] |
-1950373873398588705 | Star-Spangled Banner (flag) | Star - Spangled Banner ( flag ) - wikipedia Star - Spangled Banner ( flag ) Jump to : navigation , search Flag that flew over Fort McHenry in 1814 , photographed in 1873 in the Boston Navy Yard by George Henry Preble . The Star - Spangled Banner , or the Great Garrison Flag , was the garrison flag that flew over Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor during the naval portion of the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812 . Seeing the flag during the battle inspired Francis Scott Key to write the poem `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , which , retitled with the flag 's name from the closing lines of the first stanza and set to the tune of `` To Anacreon in Heaven '' by John Stafford Smith , later became the national anthem of the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Design 1.2 Battle 1.3 Scrap sold at auction , November 2011 2 Smithsonian National Museum of American History 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) In Baltimore 's preparation for an expected attack on the city , Fort McHenry was made ready to defend the city 's harbor . When Major George Armistead expressed desire for a very large flag to fly over the fort , General John S. Stricker and Commodore Joshua Barney placed an order with a prominent Baltimorean flagmaker for two oversized American Flags . The larger of the two flags would be the Great Garrison Flag , the largest battle flag ever flown at the time . The smaller of the two flags would be the Storm Flag , to be more durable and less prone to fouling in inclement weather . Available documentation shows that this flag was sewn by local flagmaker Mary Young Pickersgill under a government commission in 1813 at a cost of $405.90 ( equivalent to $5,037 in 2016 ) . George Armistead , the commander of Fort McHenry , specified `` a flag so large that the British would have no difficulty seeing it from a distance '' . Design ( edit ) Mary Pickersgill stitched the flag from a combination of cotton and dyed English wool bunting , assisted by her daughter , two nieces , and an African American indentured servant . ( Her elderly mother may also have helped . ) The flag has fifteen horizontal red and white stripes , as well as fifteen white stars in the blue field . The two additional stars and stripes , approved by the United States Congress 's Flag Act of 1794 , represent Vermont and Kentucky 's entrance into the Union . The stars are arranged in vertical rows , with five horizontal rows of stars , offset , each containing three stars . At the time , the practice of adding stripes ( in addition to stars ) with the induction of a new state had not yet been discontinued . The flag originally measured 30 by 42 feet ( 9.1 by 12.8 m ) . Each of the fifteen stripes is 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) wide , and each of the stars measures about 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) in diameter . After the battle , the Armistead family occasionally gave away pieces of the flag as souvenirs and gifts ; this cutting , along with deterioration from continued use , removed several feet of fabric from the flag 's fly end , and it now measures 30 by 34 feet ( 9.1 by 10.4 m ) . The flag currently has only fourteen stars -- the fifteenth star was similarly given as a gift , but its recipient and current whereabouts are unknown . Battle ( edit ) The Flag was flown over the fort when 5,000 British soldiers and a fleet of 19 ships attacked Baltimore on September 12 , 1814 . The bombardment turned to Fort McHenry on the evening of September 13 , and continuous shelling occurred for 25 hours under heavy rain . When the British ships were unable to pass the fort and penetrate the harbor , the attack was ended , and on the morning of September 14 , when the battered flag still flew above the ramparts , it was clear that Fort McHenry remained in American hands . This revelation was famously captured in poetry by Key , an American lawyer and amateur poet . Being held by the British on a truce ship in the Patapsco River , Key observed the battle from afar . When he saw the Garrison Flag still flying at dawn of the morning of the 14th , he composed a poem he originally titled `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . The poem would be put to the music of a common tune , retitled `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , and a portion of it would later be adopted as the United States National Anthem . Since its arrival at the Smithsonian , the flag has undergone multiple preservation efforts . Scrap sold at auction , November 2011 ( edit ) A 2 - inch by 5 - inch scrap of the flag - white and red , with a seam down the middle - was sold at auction in Dallas , TX on November 30 , 2011 , for $38,837 : the snippet was , presumably , cut from the famous flag as a souvenir in the mid-19th century . The framed remnant came with a faded , hand - written note attesting it was `` A piece of the Flag which floated over Fort McHenry at the time of the bombardment when Key 's ( sic ) composed the Song of the Star Spangled Banner , presented by Sam Beth Cohen . '' Smithsonian National Museum of American History ( edit ) In addition to the original flag on display , the Smithsonian also features pieces from the flag that had been snipped off over the years as patriotic mementos The flag that flew during that episode in history became a significant artifact . It remained in the possession of Major Armistead , who was promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel , and his family for many years . Eben Appleton , Colonel Armistead 's grandson , inherited the flag in 1878 . In 1907 , he lent it to the Smithsonian Institution , and in 1912 it was made a formal gift . Today it is permanently housed in the National Museum of American History , one of the Smithsonian Institution museums on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. The flag was given to the museum in 1912 , and has undergone multiple restoration efforts after being originally restored by Amelia Fowler in 1914 . Due to environmental and light damage a four phase restoration project began in May 1999 . In the first phase , the team removed the linen support backing that was attached to the flag during the 1914 restoration . The second phase consisted of the most comprehensive , detailed examination of the condition and construction of the Star - Spangled Banner to date , which provided critical information for later work . This included scientific studies with infrared spectrometry , electron microscopy , mechanical testing , and determination of amino acid content by a New Zealand scientist , and infrared imaging by a NASA scientist . Planning and executing a cleaning treatment for the flag following scientific analysis was the third phase . In the fourth and final phase of the project , curators , scientists and conservators developed a long - term preservation plan . The restoration was completed in 2008 at a total cost in excess of $21 million . Following the reopening of the National Museum of American History on November 21 , 2008 , the flag is now on display in a two - story display chamber that allows it to lie at a 10 - degree angle in dim light . The Smithsonian has created a permanent exhibition to document the flag 's history and significance , called `` The Star - Spangled Banner : The Flag that Inspired the National Anthem '' . Visitors are allowed a clear view of the flag , while it remains protected in a controlled environment . The National Museum of American History produced an online exhibition in conjunction with the reopening of Flag Hall in 2008 . An interactive component allows site visitors to closely explore features of the flag in detail , download an audiodescriptive tour of the exhibition for the visually - impaired , and hear the song performed on original instruments from the National Museum of American History 's collection . See also ( edit ) Flags of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Keim , Kevin P. & Keim , Peter ( 2007 ) . A Grand Old Flag . New York : DK Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 2847 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Garrison Flag '' . National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . Jump up ^ Poole , Robert M. ( November 2008 ) . `` Star - Spangled Banner Back on Display '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davenport , Misha A Nations History Chicago - Sun Times 2002 - 06 - 02 Jump up ^ Fort McHenry lesson guide retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 Jump up ^ `` The Star - Spangled Banner : Making the Flag '' . National Museum of American History . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Star - Spangled Banner : Family Keepsake '' . National Museum of American History . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Star - Spangled Banner : Congratulations '' . National Museum of American History . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Old Glory 2 '' X 5 '' snippet sold at an auction 30 November 2011 ; shown in Maine Antiques Digest , March 2012 , page 21 - C , `` Heritage Auctions , Dallas , Texas : Brady Camera and Kennedy Rocker Take Top Bids in Americana Auction '' ; accessed 26 FEB 2012 . Jump up ^ Heritage Auctions , Dallas , Texas ; catalogue `` Political & Americana Auction , November 30 , 2011 ; ( www.ha.com/common/auction/frontmatter/6066_catalogpdf.pdf `` A Piece of Old Glory '' ) ; catalogue page 118 , item # 38311 ; accessed 26 FEB 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Star - Spangled Banner and the War of 1812 '' . Smithsonian Institution . Jump up ^ Science News `` Old Glory , New Glory , The Star - Spangled Banner gets some tender loving care '' Jump up ^ Bowley , Graham ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Smithsonian Seeks $300,000 to Save Dorothy 's Ruby Slippers '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Preserving the Star - Spangled Banner Jump up ^ Washington POST `` Reopening , in All Its Old Glory '' Jump up ^ `` Visit the Star - Spangled Banner '' . National Museum of American History . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . National Museum of American History . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 08 . Further reading ( edit ) Lonn Taylor ( 2000 ) . The Star - Spangled Banner : The Flag that Inspired the National Anthem . Harry N. Abrams , Inc . Scott S. Sheads ( 1989 ) . Fort McHenry . Sequoia Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star - Spangled Banner ( flag ) . Interactive image of original flag which includes a zoom to view detail Research project to preserve the flag 's fabric using LED technology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star-Spangled_Banner_(flag)&oldid=812171510 '' Categories : Flags of the United States Military flags of the United States National symbols of the United States War of 1812 History of Baltimore Artifacts in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution Tourist attractions in Washington , D.C. The Star - Spangled Banner Historical flags Hidden categories : Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 11 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the original star spangled banner on display | [
"Following the reopening of the National Museum of American History on November 21, 2008, the flag is now on display in a two-story display chamber that allows it to lie at a 10-degree angle in dim light. The Smithsonian has created a permanent exhibition to document the flag's history and significance, called \"The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag that Inspired the National Anthem\". Visitors are allowed a clear view of the flag, while it remains protected in a controlled environment.[15][16][17]"
] | [
"November 21, 2008"
] |
5607680827669553168 | Reactive oxygen species | Reactive oxygen species - wikipedia Reactive oxygen species Jump to : navigation , search Play media An explanation of cellular injury caused by reactive oxygen species . Major cellular sources of ROS in living non-photosynthetic cells . From a review by Novo and Parola , 2008 . Reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) are chemically reactive chemical species containing oxygen . Examples include peroxides , superoxide , hydroxyl radical , and singlet oxygen . In a biological context , ROS are formed as a natural byproduct of the normal metabolism of oxygen and have important roles in cell signaling and homeostasis . However , during times of environmental stress ( e.g. , UV or heat exposure ) , ROS levels can increase dramatically . This may result in significant damage to cell structures . Cumulatively , this is known as oxidative stress . The production of ROS is strongly influenced by stress factor responses in plants , these factors that increase ROS production include , drought , salinity , chilling , nutrient deficiency , metal toxicity and UV - B radiation . ROS are also generated by exogenous sources such as ionizing radiation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Formation and decomposition 1.1 Exogenous ROS 1.2 Endogenous ROS 1.3 Superoxide dismutase 1.4 Singlet oxygen 2 Damaging effects 2.1 Pathogen response 2.2 Oxidative damage 3 Cause of aging 4 Cancer 4.1 Carcinogenesis 4.2 Cell proliferation 4.3 Cell death 4.4 Tumor cell invasion , angiogenesis and metastasis 4.5 Chronic inflammation and cancer 4.6 Cancer therapy 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Formation and decomposition ( edit ) Free Radical Mechanisms in Tissue Injury . Free radical toxicity induced by xenobiotics and the subsequent detoxification by cellular enzymes ( termination ) . The reduction of molecular oxygen ( O ) produces superoxide ( O ) and is the precursor of most other reactive oxygen species : O + e → O Dismutation of superoxide produces hydrogen peroxide ( H O ) : 2 H + O + O → H O + O Hydrogen peroxide in turn may be partially reduced to hydroxyl radical ( OH ) or fully reduced to water : H O + e → HO + OH 2 H + 2 e + H O → 2 H O Exogenous ROS ( edit ) Exogenous ROS can be produced from pollutants , tobacco , smoke , drugs , xenobiotics , or radiation . Ionizing radiation can generate damaging intermediates through the interaction with water , a process termed radiolysis . Since water comprises 55 -- 60 % of the human body , the probability of radiolysis is quite high under the presence of ionizing radiation . In the process , water loses an electron and becomes highly reactive . Then through a three - step chain reaction , water is sequentially converted to hydroxyl radical ( OH ) , hydrogen peroxide ( H O ) , superoxide radical ( O ) and ultimately oxygen ( O ) . The hydroxyl radical is extremely reactive and immediately removes electrons from any molecule in its path , turning that molecule into a free radical and thus propagating a chain reaction . However , hydrogen peroxide is actually more damaging to DNA than the hydroxyl radical , since the lower reactivity of hydrogen peroxide provides enough time for the molecule to travel into the nucleus of the cell , subsequently reacting with macromolecules such as DNA . Endogenous ROS ( edit ) ROS are produced intracellularly through multiple mechanisms and depending on the cell and tissue types , the major sources being the `` professional '' producers of ROS : NADPH oxidase ( NOX ) complexes ( 7 distinct isoforms ) in cell membranes , mitochondria , peroxisomes , and endoplasmic reticulum . Mitochondria convert energy for the cell into a usable form , adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) . The process in which ATP is produced , called oxidative phosphorylation , involves the transport of protons ( hydrogen ions ) across the inner mitochondrial membrane by means of the electron transport chain . In the electron transport chain , electrons are passed through a series of proteins via oxidation - reduction reactions , with each acceptor protein along the chain having a greater reduction potential than the previous . The last destination for an electron along this chain is an oxygen molecule . In normal conditions , the oxygen is reduced to produce water ; however , in about 0.1 -- 2 % of electrons passing through the chain ( this number derives from studies in isolated mitochondria , though the exact rate in live organisms is yet to be fully agreed upon ) , oxygen is instead prematurely and incompletely reduced to give the superoxide radical ( O ) , most well documented for Complex I and Complex III . Superoxide is not particularly reactive by itself , but can inactivate specific enzymes or initiate lipid peroxidation in its protonated form , hydroperoxyl HO . The pK of hydroperoxyl is 4.8 . Thus , at physiological pH , the majority will exist as superoxide anion . If too much damage is present in mitochondria , a cell undergoes apoptosis or programmed cell death . Bcl - 2 proteins are layered on the surface of the mitochondria , detect damage , and activate a class of proteins called Bax , which punch holes in the mitochondrial membrane , causing cytochrome C to leak out . This cytochrome C binds to Apaf - 1 , or apoptotic protease activating factor - 1 , which is free - floating in the cell 's cytoplasm . Using energy from the ATPs in the mitochondrion , the Apaf - 1 and cytochrome C bind together to form apoptosomes . The apoptosomes bind to and activate caspase - 9 , another free - floating protein . The caspase - 9 then cleaves the proteins of the mitochondrial membrane , causing it to break down and start a chain reaction of protein denaturation and eventually phagocytosis of the cell . Superoxide dismutase ( edit ) Main article : Superoxide dismutase Superoxide dismutases ( SOD ) are a class of enzymes that catalyze the dismutation of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide . As such , they are an important antioxidant defense in nearly all cells exposed to oxygen . In mammals and most chordates , three forms of superoxide dismutase are present . SOD1 is located primarily in the cytoplasm , SOD2 in the mitochondria and SOD3 is extracellular . The first is a dimer ( consists of two units ) , while the others are tetramers ( four subunits ) . SOD1 and SOD3 contain copper and zinc ions , while SOD2 has a manganese ion in its reactive centre . The genes are located on chromosomes 21 , 6 , and 4 , respectively ( 21q22. 1 , 6q25. 3 and 4p15. 3 - p15. 1 ) . The SOD - catalysed dismutation of superoxide may be written with the following half - reactions : M − SOD + O → M − SOD + O M − SOD + O + 2H → M − SOD + H O . where M = Cu ( n = 1 ) ; Mn ( n = 2 ) ; Fe ( n = 2 ) ; Ni ( n = 2 ) . In this reaction the oxidation state of the metal cation oscillates between n and n + 1 . Catalase , which is concentrated in peroxisomes located next to mitochondria , reacts with the hydrogen peroxide to catalyze the formation of water and oxygen . Glutathione peroxidase reduces hydrogen peroxide by transferring the energy of the reactive peroxides to a very small sulfur - containing protein called glutathione . The sulfur contained in these enzymes acts as the reactive center , carrying reactive electrons from the peroxide to the glutathione . Peroxiredoxins also degrade H O , within the mitochondria , cytosol , and nucleus . 2 H O → 2 H O + O ( catalase ) 2GSH + H O → GS -- SG + 2H O ( glutathione peroxidase ) Singlet oxygen ( edit ) Another type of reactive oxygen species is singlet oxygen ( O ) which is produced for example as byproduct of photosynthesis in plants . In the presence of light and oxygen , photosensitizers such as chlorophyll may convert triplet ( O ) to singlet oxygen : O 2 3 → photosensitizer light O 2 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( ^ ( 3 ) O2 ) - > ( ( \ ce ( light ) ) ) ( ( \ ce ( photosensitizer ) ) ) ( ^ ( 1 ) O2 ) ) ) ) Singlet oxygen is highly reactive , especially with organic compounds that contain double bonds . The resulting damage caused by singlet oxygen reduces the photosynthetic efficiency of chloroplasts . In plants exposed to excess light , the increased production of singlet oxygen can result in cell death . Various substances such as carotenoids , tocopherols and plastoquinones contained in chloroplasts quench singlet oxygen and protect against its toxic effects . In addition to direct toxicity , singlet oxygen acts a signaling molecule . Oxidized products of β - carotene arising from the presence of singlet oxygen act as second messengers that can either protect against singlet oxygen induced toxicity or initiate programmed cell death . Levels of jasmonate play a key role in the decision between cell acclimation or cell death in response to elevated levels of this reactive oxygen species . Damaging effects ( edit ) Effects of ROS on cell metabolism are well documented in a variety of species . These include not only roles in apoptosis ( programmed cell death ) but also positive effects such as the induction of host defence genes and mobilization of ion transport systems . This implicates them in control of cellular function . In particular , platelets involved in wound repair and blood homeostasis release ROS to recruit additional platelets to sites of injury . These also provide a link to the adaptive immune system via the recruitment of leukocytes . Reactive oxygen species are implicated in cellular activity to a variety of inflammatory responses including cardiovascular disease . They may also be involved in hearing impairment via cochlear damage induced by elevated sound levels , in ototoxicity of drugs such as cisplatin , and in congenital deafness in both animals and humans . ROS are also implicated in mediation of apoptosis or programmed cell death and ischaemic injury . Specific examples include stroke and heart attack . In general , harmful effects of reactive oxygen species on the cell are most often : damage of DNA or RNA oxidations of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids ( lipid peroxidation ) oxidations of amino acids in proteins oxidative deactivation of specific enzymes by oxidation of co-factors Pathogen response ( edit ) When a plant recognizes an attacking pathogen , one of the first induced reactions is to rapidly produce superoxide ( O ) or hydrogen peroxide ( H O ) to strengthen the cell wall . This prevents the spread of the pathogen to other parts of the plant , essentially forming a net around the pathogen to restrict movement and reproduction . In the mammalian host , ROS is induced as an antimicrobial defense . To highlight the importance of this defense , individuals with chronic granulomatous disease who have deficiencies in generating ROS , are highly susceptible to infection by a broad range of microbes including Salmonella enterica , Staphylococcus aureus , Serratia marcescens , and Aspergillus spp . The exact manner in which ROS defends the host from invading microbe is not fully understood . One of the more likely modes of defense is damage to microbial DNA . Studies using Salmonella demonstrated that DNA repair mechanisms were required to resist killing by ROS . More recently , a role for ROS in antiviral defense mechanisms has been demonstrated via Rig - like helicase - 1 and mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein . Increased levels of ROS potentiate signaling through this mitochondria - associated antiviral receptor to activate interferon regulatory factor ( IRF ) - 3 , IRF - 7 , and nuclear factor kappa B ( NF - κB ) , resulting in an antiviral state . Respiratory epithelial cells were recently demonstrated to induce mitrochondrial ROS in response to influenza infection . This induction of ROS led to the induction of type III interferon and the induction of an antiviral state , limiting viral replication . In host defense against mycobacteria , ROS play a role , although direct killing is likely not the key mechanism ; rather , ROS likely affect ROS - dependent signalling controls , such as cytokine production , autophagy , and granuloma formation . Reactive oxygen species are also implicated in activation , anergy and apoptosis of T cells . Oxidative damage ( edit ) In aerobic organisms the energy needed to fuel biological functions is produced in the mitochondria via the electron transport chain . In addition to energy , reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) with the potential to cause cellular damage are produced . ROS can damage lipid , DNA , RNA , and proteins , which , in theory , contributes to the physiology of aging . ROS are produced as a normal product of cellular metabolism . In particular , one major contributor to oxidative damage is hydrogen peroxide ( H O ) , which is converted from superoxide that leaks from the mitochondria . Catalase and superoxide dismutase ameliorate the damaging effects of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide , respectively , by converting these compounds into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide ( which is later converted to water ) , resulting in the production of benign molecules . However , this conversion is not 100 % efficient , and residual peroxides persist in the cell . While ROS are produced as a product of normal cellular functioning , excessive amounts can cause deleterious effects . Memory capabilities decline with age , evident in human degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer 's disease , which is accompanied by an accumulation of oxidative damage . Current studies demonstrate that the accumulation of ROS can decrease an organism 's fitness because oxidative damage is a contributor to senescence . In particular , the accumulation of oxidative damage may lead to cognitive dysfunction , as demonstrated in a study in which old rats were given mitochondrial metabolites and then given cognitive tests . Results showed that the rats performed better after receiving the metabolites , suggesting that the metabolites reduced oxidative damage and improved mitochondrial function . Accumulating oxidative damage can then affect the efficiency of mitochondria and further increase the rate of ROS production . The accumulation of oxidative damage and its implications for aging depends on the particular tissue type where the damage is occurring . Additional experimental results suggest that oxidative damage is responsible for age - related decline in brain functioning . Older gerbils were found to have higher levels of oxidized protein in comparison to younger gerbils . Treatment of old and young mice with a spin trapping compound caused a decrease in the level of oxidized proteins in older gerbils but did not have an effect on younger gerbils . In addition , older gerbils performed cognitive tasks better during treatment but ceased functional capacity when treatment was discontinued , causing oxidized protein levels to increase . This led researchers to conclude that oxidation of cellular proteins is potentially important for brain function . Cause of aging ( edit ) According to the Free - radical theory , oxidative damage initiated by reactive oxygen species is a major contributor to the functional decline that is characteristic of aging . While studies in invertebrate models indicate that animals genetically engineered to lack specific antioxidant enzymes ( such as SOD ) , in general , show a shortened lifespan ( as one would expect from the theory ) , the converse manipulation , increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes , has yielded inconsistent effects on lifespan ( though some studies in Drosophila do show that lifespan can be increased by the overexpression of MnSOD or glutathione biosynthesizing enzymes ) . Also contrary to this theory , deletion of mitochondrial SOD2 can extend lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans . In mice , the story is somewhat similar . Deleting antioxidant enzymes , in general , yields shorter lifespan , though overexpression studies have not ( with some recent exceptions ) consistently extended lifespan . Cancer ( edit ) ROS are constantly generated and eliminated in the biological system and are required to drive regulatory pathways . Under normal physiological conditions , cells control ROS levels by balancing the generation of ROS with their elimination by scavenging system . But under oxidative stress conditions , excessive ROS can damage cellular proteins , lipids and DNA , leading to fatal lesions in cell that contribute to carcinogenesis . Cancer cells exhibit greater ROS stress than normal cells do , partly due to oncogenic stimulation , increased metabolic activity and mitochondrial malfunction . ROS is a double - edged sword . On one hand , at low levels , ROS facilitates cancer cell survival since cell - cycle progression driven by growth factors and receptor tyrosine kinases ( RTK ) require ROS for activation and chronic inflammation , a major mediator of cancer , is regulated by ROS . On the other hand , a high level of ROS can suppress tumor growth through the sustained activation of cell - cycle inhibitor and induction of cell death as well as senescence by damaging macromolecules . In fact , most of the chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic agents kill cancer cells by augmenting ROS stress . The ability of cancer cells to distinguish between ROS as a survival or apoptotic signal is controlled by the dosage , duration , type , and site of ROS production . Modest levels of ROS are required for cancer cells to survive , whereas excessive levels kill them . Metabolic adaptation in tumours balances the cells ' need for energy with equally important need for macromolecular building blocks and tighter control of redox balance . As a result , production of NADPH is greatly enhanced , which functions as a cofactor to provide reducing power in many enzymatic reactions for macromolecular biosynthesis and at the same time rescuing the cells from excessive ROS produced during rapid proliferation . Cells counterbalance the detrimental effects of ROS by producing antioxidant molecules , such as reduced glutathione ( GSH ) and thioredoxin ( TRX ) , which rely on the reducing power of NADPH to maintain their activities . Most risk factors associated with cancer interact with cells through the generation of ROS . ROS then activate various transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa - light - chain - enhancer of activated B cells ( NF - κB ) , activator protein - 1 ( AP - 1 ) , hypoxia - inducible factor - 1α and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ( STAT3 ) , leading to expression of proteins that control inflammation ; cellular transformation ; tumor cell survival ; tumor cell proliferation ; and invasion , agiogenesis as well as metastasis . And ROS also control the expression of various tumor suppressor genes such as p53 , retinoblastoma gene ( Rb ) , and phosphatase and tensin homolog ( PTEN ) . Carcinogenesis ( edit ) ROS - related oxidation of DNA is one of the main causes of mutations , which can produce several types of DNA damage , including non-bulky ( 8 - oxoguanine and formamidopyrimidine ) and bulky ( cyclopurine and etheno adducts ) base modifications , abasic sites , non-conventional single - strand breaks , protein - DNA adducts , and intra / interstrand DNA crosslinks . It has been estimated that endogenous ROS produced via normal cell metabolism modify approximately 20,000 bases of DNA per day in a single cell . 8 - oxoguanine is the most abundant among various oxidized nitrogeneous bases observed . During DNA replication , DNA polymerase mispairs 8 - oxoguanine with adenine , leading to a G → T transversion mutation . The resulting genomic instability directly contributes to carcinogenesis . Cellular transformation leads to cancer and interaction of atypical PKC - ζ isoform with p47phox controls ROS production and transformation from apoptotic cancer stem cells through blebbishield emergency program , . Cell proliferation ( edit ) Uncontrolled proliferation is a hallmark of cancer cells . Both exogenous and endogenous ROS have been shown to enhance proliferation of cancer cells . The role of ROS in promoting tumor proliferation is further supported by the observation that agents with potential to inhibit ROS generation can also inhibit cancer cell proliferation . Although ROS can promote tumor cell proliferation , a great increase in ROS has been associated with reduced cancer cell proliferation by induction of G2 / M cell cycle arrest ; increased phosphorylation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated ( ATM ) , checkpoint kinase 1 ( Chk 1 ) , Chk 2 ; and reduced cell division cycle 25 homolog c ( CDC25 ) . Cell death ( edit ) A cancer cell can die in three ways : apoptosis , necrosis and autophagy . Excessive ROS can induce apoptosis through both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways . In the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis , ROS are generated by Fas ligand as an upstream event for Fas activation via phosphorylation , which is necessary for subsequent recruitment of Fas - associated protein with death domain and caspase 8 as well as apoptosis induction . In the intrinsic pathway , ROS function to facilitate cytochrome c release by activating pore - stabilizing proteins ( Bcl - 2 and Bcl - xL ) as well as inhibiting pore - destabilizing proteins ( Bcl - 2 - associated X protein , Bcl - 2 homologous antagonist / killer ) . The intrinsic pathway is also known as the caspase cascade and is induced through mitochondrial damage which triggers the release of cytochrome c . DNA damage , oxidative stress , and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential lead to the release of the pro-apoptotic proteins mentioned above stimulating apoptosis . Mitochondrial damage is closely linked to apoptosis and since mitochondria are easily targeted there is potential for cancer therapy . The cytotoxic nature of ROS is a driving force behind apoptosis , but in even higher amounts , ROS can result in both apoptosis and necrosis , a form of uncontrolled cell death , in cancer cells . Numerous studies have shown the pathways and associations between ROS levels and apoptosis , but a newer line of study has connected ROS levels and autophagy . ROS can also induce cell death through autophagy , which is a self - catabolic process involving sequestration of cytoplasmic contents ( exhausted or damaged organelles and protein aggregates ) for degradation in lysosomes . Therefore , autophagy can also regulate the cell 's health in times of oxidative stress . Autophagy can be induced by ROS levels through many different pathways in the cell in an attempt to dispose of harmful organelles and prevent damage , such as carcinogens , without inducing apoptosis . Autophagic cell death can be prompted by the over expression of autophagy where the cell digests too much of itself in an attempt to minimize the damage and can no longer survive . When this type of cell death occurs , an increase or loss of control of autophagy regulating genes is commonly co-observed . Thus , once a more in - depth understanding of autophagic cell death is attained and its relation to ROS , this form of programmed cell death may serve as a future cancer therapy . Autophagy and apoptosis are two different cell death mechanisms brought on by high levels of ROS in the cells , however ; autophagy and apoptosis rarely act through strictly independent pathways . There is a clear connection between ROS and autophagy and a correlation seen between excessive amounts of ROS leading to apoptosis . The depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane is also characteristic of the initiation of autophagy . When mitochondria are damaged and begin to release ROS , autophagy is initiated to dispose of the damaging organelle . If a drug targets mitochondria and creates ROS , autophagy may dispose of so many mitochondria and other damaged organelles that the cell is no longer viable . The extensive amount of ROS and mitochondrial damage may also signal for apoptosis . The balance of autophagy within the cell and the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis mediated by ROS is crucial for a cell 's survival . This crosstalk and connection between autophagy and apoptosis could be a mechanism targeted by cancer therapies or used in combination therapies for highly resistant cancers . Tumor cell invasion , angiogenesis and metastasis ( edit ) After growth factor stimulation of RTKs , ROS can trigger activation of signaling pathways involved in cell migration and invasion such as members of the mitogen activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) family -- extracellular regulated kinase ( ERK ) , c - jun NH - 2 terminal kinase ( JNK ) and p38 MAPK . ROS can also promote migration by augmenting phosphorylation of the focal adhesion kinase ( FAK ) p130Cas and paxilin . Both in vitro and in vivo , ROS have been shown to induce transcription factors and modulate signaling molecules involved in angiogenesis ( MMP , VEGF ) and metastasis ( upregulation of AP - 1 , CXCR4 , AKT and downregulation of PTEN ) . Chronic inflammation and cancer ( edit ) Experimental and epidemiologic research over the past several years has indicated close associations among ROS , chronic inflammation , and cancer . ROS induces chronic inflammation by the induction of COX - 2 , inflammatory cytokines ( TNFα , interleukin 1 ( IL - 1 ) , IL - 6 ) , chemokines ( IL - 8 , CXCR4 ) and pro-inflammatory transcription factors ( NF - κB ) . These chemokines and chemokine receptors , in turn , promote invasion and metastasis of various tumor types . Cancer therapy ( edit ) Both ROS - elevating and ROS - eliminating strategies have been developed with the former being predominantly used . Cancer cells with elevated ROS levels depend heavily on the antioxidant defense system . ROS - elevating drugs further increase cellular ROS stress level , either by direct ROS - generation ( e.g. motexafin gadolinium , elesclomol ) or by agents that abrogate the inherent antioxidant system such as SOD inhibitor ( e.g. ATN - 224 , 2 - methoxyestradiol ) and GSH inhibitor ( e.g. PEITC , buthionine sulfoximine ( BSO ) ) . The result is an overall increase in endogenous ROS , which when above a cellular tolerability threshold , may induce cell death . On the other hand , normal cells appear to have , under lower basal stress and reserve , a higher capacity to cope with additional ROS - generating insults than cancer cells do . Therefore , the elevation of ROS in all cells can be used to achieve the selective killing of cancer cells . Radiotherapy also relies on ROS toxicity to eradicate tumor cells . Radiotherapy uses X-rays , γ - rays as well as heavy particle radiation such as protons and neutrons to induce ROS - mediated cell death and mitotic failure . Due to the dual role of ROS , both prooxidant and antioxidant - based anticancer agents have been developed . However , modulation of ROS signaling alone seems not to be an ideal approach due to adaptation of cancer cells to ROS stress , redundant pathways for supporting cancer growth and toxicity from ROS - generating anticancer drugs . Combinations of ROS - generating drugs with pharmaceuticals that can break the redox adaptation could be a better strategy for enhancing cancer cell cytotoxicity . James Watson and others have proposed that lack of intracellular ROS due to a lack of physical exercise may contribute to the malignant progression of cancer , because spikes of ROS are needed to correctly fold proteins in the endoplasmatic reticulum and low ROS levels may thus aspecifically hamper the formation of tumor suppressor proteins . Since physical exercise induces temporary spikes of ROS , this may explain why physical exercise is beneficial for cancer patient prognosis . Moreover , high inducers of ROS such as 2 - deoxy - D - glucose and carbohydrate - based inducers of cellular stress induce cancer cell death more potently because they exploit cancer cell high avidity for sugars . 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Lancet . 384 ( 9946 ) : 853 . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 14 ) 61485 - 9 . PMID 25209484 . Jump up ^ Irwin ML , Smith AW , McTiernan A , Ballard - Barbash R , Cronin K , Gilliland FD , Baumgartner RN , Baumgartner KB , Bernstein L ( Aug 2008 ) . `` Influence of pre - and postdiagnosis physical activity on mortality in breast cancer survivors : the health , eating , activity , and lifestyle study '' . Journal of Clinical Oncology. 26 ( 24 ) : 3958 -- 64 . doi : 10.1200 / jco. 2007.15. 9822 . PMC 2654316 . PMID 18711185 . Jump up ^ Ndombera , Fidelis T. ; VanHecke , Garrett C. ; Nagi , Shima ; Ahn , Young - Hoon . `` Carbohydrate - based inducers of cellular stress for targeting cancer cells '' . Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 26 : 1452 -- 1456 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bmcl. 2016.01. 063 . PMID 26832785 . Further reading ( edit ) Sen CK ( 2003 ) . `` The general case for redox control of wound repair '' . Wound Repair and Regeneration. 11 ( 6 ) : 431 -- 8 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1524 - 475X. 2003.11607. x . PMID 14617282 . Krötz F , Sohn HY , Gloe T , Zahler S , Riexinger T , Schiele TM , Becker BF , Theisen K , Klauss V , Pohl U ( Aug 2002 ) . `` NAD ( P ) H oxidase - dependent platelet superoxide anion release increases platelet recruitment '' . Blood . 100 ( 3 ) : 917 -- 24 . doi : 10.1182 / blood. V100. 3.917 . PMID 12130503 . Pignatelli P , Pulcinelli FM , Lenti L , Gazzaniga PP , Violi F ( Jan 1998 ) . `` Hydrogen peroxide is involved in collagen - induced platelet activation '' . Blood . 91 ( 2 ) : 484 -- 90 . PMID 9427701 . Guzik TJ , Korbut R , Adamek - Guzik T ( Dec 2003 ) . `` Nitric oxide and superoxide in inflammation and immune regulation '' . Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology . 54 ( 4 ) : 469 -- 87 . PMID 14726604 . External links ( edit ) Nobel laureate James Watson 's novel hypothesis Antioxidants do n't work , but no one wants to hear it . http://ncrc.appstate.edu/research-focus/current-and-upcoming-research NDL : 00576850 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reactive_oxygen_species&oldid=826568034 '' Categories : Free radicals Oxygen Senescence Carcinogenesis Cancer Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 21 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where are reactive oxygen species produced in the body | [
"In aerobic organisms the energy needed to fuel biological functions is produced in the mitochondria via the electron transport chain. In addition to energy, reactive oxygen species (ROS) with the potential to cause cellular damage are produced. ROS can damage lipid, DNA, RNA, and proteins, which, in theory, contributes to the physiology of aging."
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"in the mitochondria"
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935758919823648582 | Harry Potter (character) | Harry Potter ( character ) - wikipedia Harry Potter ( character ) Harry Potter Harry Potter character Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 First appearance Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Last appearance Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Created by J.K. Rowling Portrayed by Daniel Radcliffe House Gryffindor Information Family James Potter ( father ) Lily Potter ( mother ) Spouse ( s ) Ginny Weasley Children James Potter ( son ) Albus Potter ( son ) Lily Potter ( daughter ) Relatives Fleamont Potter ( grandfather ) Euphemia Potter ( grandmother ) Petunia Dursley ( aunt ) Vernon Dursley ( uncle ) Dudley Dursley ( cousin ) Harry James Potter is the title character and protagonist of J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter series . The majority of the books ' plot covers seven years in the life of the orphan Potter , who , on his eleventh birthday , learns he is a wizard . Thus , he attends Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry to practice magic under the guidance of the kindly headmaster Albus Dumbledore and other school professors . Harry also discovers that he is already famous throughout the novel 's magical community , and that his fate is tied with that of Lord Voldemort , the internationally feared Dark Wizard and murderer of his parents , Lily and James . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept and creation 2 Harry Potter books 2.1 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 2.2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 2.3 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 2.4 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 2.5 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 2.6 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 2.7 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 2.7. 1 Epilogue 3 Film appearances 4 Characterisation 4.1 Outward appearance 4.2 Personality 4.3 Magical abilities and skills 4.4 Possessions 4.5 Family tree 5 Reception 6 In popular culture 6.1 Parodies 7 References 8 External links Concept and creation According to Rowling , the idea for both the Harry Potter books and its eponymous character came while waiting for a delayed train from Manchester , England to London in 1990 . She stated that her idea for `` this scrawny , black - haired , bespectacled boy who did n't know he was a wizard became more and more real to me '' . While developing the ideas for her book , she also decided to make Harry an orphan who attended a boarding school called Hogwarts . She explained in a 1999 interview with The Guardian : `` Harry had to be an orphan -- so that he 's a free agent , with no fear of letting down his parents , disappointing them ... Hogwarts has to be a boarding school -- half the important stuff happens at night ! Then there 's the security . Having a child of my own reinforces my belief that children above all want security , and that 's what Hogwarts offers Harry . '' Her own mother 's death on 30 December 1990 inspired Rowling to write Harry as a boy longing for his dead parents , his anguish becoming `` much deeper , much more real '' than in earlier drafts because she related to it herself . In a 2000 interview with The Guardian , Rowling also established that the character of Wart in T.H. White 's novel The Once and Future King is `` Harry 's spiritual ancestor . '' Finally , she established Harry 's birth date as 31 July , the same as her own . However , she maintained that Harry was not directly based on any real - life person : `` he came just out of a part of me '' . Rowling has also maintained that Harry is a suitable real - life role model for children . `` The advantage of a fictional hero or heroine is that you can know them better than you can know a living hero , many of whom you would never meet ( ... ) if people like Harry and identify with him , I am pleased , because I think he is very likeable . '' Harry Potter books Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Harry first appears in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ) . Starting in 1981 , when Harry was just one year old , his parents , James and Lily , were murdered by the most powerful Dark Wizard , Lord Voldemort ( subsequently called `` You - Know - Who '' and `` He - Who - Must - Not - Be-Named '' by those too superstitious to use his actual name ) . He attempted to kill Harry too , but was unsuccessful and only left a lightning bolt shaped scar on Harry 's forehead . Voldemort 's body was destroyed , but his soul was not . Harry later learns that the reason why he survived was because his mother sacrificed herself for him , and her love was something that Voldemort could not destroy . According to Rowling , fleshing out this back story was a matter of reverse planning : `` The basic idea ( is that ) Harry ... did n't know he was a wizard ... and so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be , that he would n't know what he was ... That 's ... When he was one year old , the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him . He killed Harry 's parents , and then he tried to kill Harry -- he tried to curse him ... Harry has to find out , before we find out . And for some mysterious reason , the curse did n't work on Harry . So he 's left with this lightning - bolt shaped scar on his forehead , and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard who has been in hiding ever since '' . As a result , Harry is written as an orphan living with his only remaining family , the Dursleys , who are neglectful and abusive . On his eleventh birthday in 1991 , Harry learns he is a wizard when Rubeus Hagrid arrives to tell him that he is to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . There he learns about the wizarding world , his parents , and his connection to the Dark Lord . When he is sorted into Gryffindor House , he becomes fast friends with classmates Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger , and foils Voldemort 's attempt to steal the Philosopher 's Stone . He also forms a rivalry with characters Draco Malfoy , a classmate from an elitist wizarding family , and the cold , condescending Potions master , Severus Snape , Draco 's mentor and the head of Slytherin House . Both feuds continue throughout the series and are settled at the series 's end ( Draco 's in the West End play Harry Potter and the Cursed Child and Snape 's on his deathbed in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . In a 1999 interview , Rowling stated that Draco is based on several prototypical schoolyard bullies she encountered and Snape on a sadistic teacher of hers who abused his power . Rowling has stated that the `` Mirror of Erised '' chapter in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone is her favourite ; the mirror reflects Harry 's deepest desire , namely to see his dead parents and family . Her favourite funny scene is when Harry inadvertently sets a boa constrictor free from the zoo in the horrified Dursleys ' presence . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets In the second book , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , Rowling pits Harry against Tom Riddle , Lord Voldemort 's `` memory '' within a secret diary which has possessed Ron 's younger sister Ginny . When Muggle - born students are suddenly being Petrified , many suspect that Harry may be behind the attacks , further alienating him from his peers . Furthermore , Harry begins to doubt his worthiness for House of Gryffindor , particularly considering he discovers he shares Lord Voldemort 's ability to communicate with snakes via Parseltongue . In the climax , Ginny disappears . To rescue her , Harry battles Riddle and the monster he controls that is hidden in the Chamber of Secrets . To defeat the monster , Harry summons the Sword of Godric Gryffindor from the Sorting Hat supplied by Dumbledore 's pet phoenix , Fawkes . In doing so , Dumbledore later restores Harry 's self - esteem by explaining that that feat is clear proof of his worthiness of his present house . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban In the third book , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , Rowling uses a time travel premise . Harry learns that his parents were betrayed to Voldemort by their friend Peter Pettigrew , who framed Harry 's godfather Sirius Black for the crimes , condemning him to Azkaban , the wizard prison . When Sirius escapes to find Harry , Harry and Hermione use a Time Turner to save him and a hippogriff named Buckbeak . When Pettigrew escapes , an innocent Sirius becomes a hunted fugitive once again . Harry learns how to create a Patronus , which takes the form of a stag , the same as his late father 's . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire In the previous books , Harry is written as a child , but Rowling states that in the fourth novel , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , `` Harry 's horizons are literally and metaphorically widening as he grows older . '' Harry 's developing maturity becomes apparent when he becomes romantically interested in Cho Chang , a student in Ravenclaw house . Tension mounts , however , when Harry is mysteriously chosen by the Goblet of Fire to compete in the dangerous Triwizard Tournament , even though another Hogwarts champion , Cedric Diggory , has already been selected. Voldemort uses the Tournament for an elaborate scheme to lure Harry into a deadly trap . During the Tournament 's final challenge , Harry and Cedric are transported to a graveyard , using a portkey , where Cedric is killed by Peter Pettigrew , and Voldemort , aided by Pettigrew , uses Harry 's blood in a gruesome ritual to resurrect his body . When Harry duels Voldemort , their wands ' magical streams connect , forcing the spirit echoes of Voldemort 's victims , including Cedric and James and Lily Potter , to be expelled from his wand . The spirits briefly protect Harry as he escapes to Hogwarts with Cedric 's body . For Rowling , this scene is important because it shows Harry 's bravery , and by retrieving Cedric 's corpse , he demonstrates selflessness and compassion . Says Rowling , `` He wants to save Cedric 's parents additional pain . '' She added that preventing Cedric 's body from falling into Voldemort 's hands is based on the classic scene in the Iliad where Achilles retrieves the body of his best friend Patroclus from the hands of Hector . Rowling also mentioned that book four rounds off an era in Harry 's life , and the remaining three books are another , `` He 's no longer protected . He 's been very protected until now . But he 's very young to have that experience . Most of us do n't get that until a bit later in life . He 's only just coming up to 15 and that 's it now . '' Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix In the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , the Ministry of Magic has been waging a smear campaign against Harry and Dumbledore , disputing their claims that Voldemort has returned . Harry is made to look like an attention - seeking liar , and Dumbledore a trouble - maker . A new character is introduced when the Ministry of Magic appoints Dolores Umbridge as the latest Hogwarts ' Defence Against the Dark Arts instructor ( and Ministry spy ) . Because the paranoid Ministry suspects that Dumbledore is building a wizard army to overthrow them , Umbridge refuses to teach students real defensive magic . She gradually gains more power , eventually ousting Dumbledore and seizing control of the school . As a result , Harry 's increasingly angry and erratic behaviour nearly estranges him from Ron and Hermione . Rowling says she put Harry through extreme emotional stress to show his emotional vulnerability and humanity -- a contrast to his nemesis , Voldemort . `` ( Harry is ) a very human hero , and this is , obviously , a contrast , between him , as a very human hero , and Voldemort , who has deliberately dehumanised himself . And Harry , therefore , did have to reach a point where he did almost break down , and say he did n't want to play any more , he did n't want to be the hero any more -- and he 'd lost too much . And he did n't want to lose anything else . So that -- Phoenix was the point at which I decided he would have his breakdown . '' At Hermione 's urging , Harry forms a secret student organisation called Dumbledore 's Army to teach more meaningful defence against the dark arts as Professor Umbridge is making them read off a textbook . Their plan is thwarted , however , when a Dumbledore 's Army member , Marietta Edgecombe , betrays them and informs Umbridge about the D.A. , causing Dumbledore to be ousted as Headmaster . Harry suffers another emotional blow , when his beloved godfather , Sirius , is killed during a duel with Sirius ' cousin , the Death Eater Bellatrix Lestrange , at the Department of Mysteries , but Harry ultimately defeats Voldemort 's plan to steal an important prophecy . Rowling stated : `` And now he ( Harry ) will rise from the ashes strengthened . '' A side plot of Order of the Phoenix involves Harry 's romance with Cho Chang , but the relationship quickly unravels . Says Rowling : `` They were never going to be happy , it was better that it ended early ! '' Harry Potter and the Half - blood Prince In the sixth book , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Harry enters a tumultuous puberty that , Rowling says , is based on her and her younger sister 's own difficult teenage years . Rowling also made an intimate statement about Harry 's personal life : `` Because of the demands of the adventure that Harry is following , he has had less sexual experience than boys of his age might have had . '' This inexperience with romance was a factor in Harry 's failed relationship with Cho . Now his thoughts concern Ginny , and a vital plot point in the last chapter includes Harry ending their budding romance to protect her from Voldemort . A new character appears when former Hogwarts Potions master Horace Slughorn replaces Snape , who assumes the Defence Against the Dark Arts post . Harry suddenly excels in Potions , using an old textbook once belonging to a talented student known only as `` The Half - Blood Prince . '' The book contains many handwritten notes , revisions , and new spells ; Hermione , however , believes Harry 's use of it is cheating . Through private meetings with Dumbledore , Harry learns about Voldemort 's orphaned youth , his rise to power , and how he splintered his soul into Horcruxes to achieve immortality . Two Horcruxes have been destroyed -- the diary and a ring ; and Harry and Dumbledore locate another , although it is a fake . When Death Eaters invade Hogwarts , Snape kills Dumbledore . As Snape escapes , he proclaims that he is the Half - Blood Prince ( being the son of a muggle father and the pure - blood Eileen Prince ) . It now falls upon Harry to find and destroy Voldemort 's remaining Horcruxes and to avenge Dumbledore 's death . In a 2005 interview , Rowling stated that ( after the events in the sixth book ) Harry has , `` taken the view that they are now at war . He does become more battle - hardened . He 's now ready to go out fighting . And he 's after revenge ( against Voldemort and Snape ) . '' This book also focuses on the mysterious activities of Harry 's rival Draco Malfoy . Voldemort has coerced a frightened Malfoy into attempting to kill Dumbledore . During a duel in Moaning Myrtle 's bathroom , Harry uses the Half - Blood Prince 's spell , Sectumsempra , on Malfoy , who suffers near - fatal injuries as a result . Harry is horrified by what he has done and also comes to feel sympathy for Draco , after learning he was forced to do Voldemort 's bidding under the threat of his and his parents ' deaths . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Harry , Ron , and Hermione leave Hogwarts to complete Dumbledore 's task : to search for and destroy Voldemort 's remaining four Horcruxes , then find and kill the Dark Lord . The three pit themselves against Voldemort 's newly formed totalitarian police state , an action that tests Harry 's courage and moral character . Voldemort 's seizure of the Ministry of Magic leads to discriminatory and genocidal policies against Muggle - borns , fuelled by propaganda and fear . According to J.K. Rowling , telling scenes are when Harry uses Cruciatus Curse and Imperius Curse , unforgivable curses for torture and mind - control , on Voldemort 's servants , and also when he casts Sectumsempra on Draco Malfoy during the bathroom fight in the sixth book . Each time shows a `` flawed and mortal '' side to Harry . However , she explains , `` He is also in an extreme situation and attempting to defend somebody very good against a violent and murderous opponent . '' Harry experiences occasional disturbing visions of Draco being forced to perform the Death Eaters ' bidding and feels `` ... sickened ... by the use to which Draco was now being put by Voldemort , '' again showing his compassion for an enemy . Each Horcrux Harry must defeat can not be destroyed easily . They must be destroyed with basilisk venom , Godric Gryffindor 's sword , or some other destructive substance . In Book Two , Harry destroys the first horcrux , Tom Riddle 's diary , with a basilisk fang , and in Book Six Dumbledore destroys the ring with Gryffindor 's sword . Ron destroys Slytherin 's locket with the sword , Hermione destroys Hufflepuff 's cup with a basilisk fang , and Crabbe destroys Ravenclaw 's diadem with Fiendfyre ( cursed flame ) . Neville kills the snake Nagini with the sword , and Voldemort destroys the final accidental Horcrux : a fragment of soul embedded in Harry 's scar . Harry comes to recognise that his own single - mindedness makes him predictable to his enemies and often clouds his perceptions . When Voldemort kills Snape later in the story , Harry discovers that Snape was not the traitorous murderer he believed him to be , but a tragic antihero who was loyal to Dumbledore . In Chapter 33 ( ' The Prince 's Tale ' ) Snape 's memories reveal that he loved Harry 's mother Lily , but their friendship ended over his association with future Death Eaters and his `` blood purity '' beliefs . When Voldemort murdered the Potters , a grieving Snape vowed to protect Lily 's child , although he loathed young Harry for being James Potter 's son . The memories also reveal that Snape did not murder Dumbledore , but carried out Dumbledore 's prearranged plan . Dumbledore , dying from a slow - spreading curse , wanted to protect Snape 's position within the Death Eaters and to spare Draco from completing Voldemort 's task of murdering him . To defeat Harry , Voldemort steals the most powerful wand ever created , the Elder Wand , from Dumbledore 's tomb and twice casts the Killing Curse on Harry with it . The first attempt merely stuns Harry into a deathlike state ; the murder attempt fails because Voldemort used Harry 's blood in his resurrection during book four . The protection that his mother gave Harry with her sacrifice tethers Harry to life , as long as his blood and her sacrifice run in the veins of Voldemort . In the chapter `` King 's Cross , '' Dumbledore 's spirit talks to Harry whilst in this deathlike state . Dumbledore informs Harry that when Voldemort disembodied himself during his failed attempt to kill Harry as a baby , Harry became an unintentional Horcrux ; Harry could not kill Voldemort while the Dark Lord 's soul shard remained within Harry 's body . The piece of Voldemort 's soul within Harry was destroyed through Voldemort 's first killing curse with the Elder Wand because Harry willingly faced death , which cast a sacrificial protection on the defenders of Hogwarts . In the book 's climax , Voldemort 's second Killing Curse hurled at Harry also fails and rebounds upon Voldemort , finally killing him . The spell fails because Harry , not Voldemort , had become the Elder Wand 's true master and the wand could not harm its own master . Harry has each of the Hallows ( the Invisibility Cloak , the Resurrection Stone , and the Elder Wand ) at some point in the story but never unites them . However , J.K. Rowling said the difference between Harry and Voldemort is that Harry willingly accepts mortality , making him stronger than his nemesis . `` The real master of Death accepts that he must die , and that there are much worse things in the world of the living . '' At the very end , Harry decides to leave the Elder Wand in Dumbledore 's tomb and the Resurrection Stone hidden in the forest , but he keeps the Invisibility Cloak because it had belonged to his father . Epilogue In the epilogue of Deathly Hallows , which is set 19 years after Voldemort 's death , Harry and Ginny are a couple and have three children : James Sirius Potter , who has already been at Hogwarts for at least one year , Albus Severus Potter , who is starting his first year there , and Lily Luna Potter , who is two years away from her first year at the school . According to Rowling , after Voldemort 's defeat , Harry joins the `` reshuffled '' Auror Department under Kingsley Shacklebolt 's mentoring , and ends up eventually rising to become Head of said department in 2007 . Rowling said that his old rival Draco has a grudging gratitude towards Harry for saving his life in the final battle , but the two are not friends . Film appearances In the eight Harry Potter films screened from 2001 to 2011 , Harry Potter has been portrayed by British actor Daniel Radcliffe . Radcliffe was asked to audition for the role of Harry in 2000 by producer David Heyman , while in attendance at a play titled Stones in His Pockets in London . The role has been highly lucrative for Radcliffe ; as of 2015 , he had an estimated wealth of $110 million and was paid a collective $53 million for the last two films . In a 2007 interview with MTV , Radcliffe stated that , for him , Harry is a classic coming of age character : `` That 's what the films are about for me : a loss of innocence , going from being a young kid in awe of the world around him , to someone who is more battle - hardened by the end of it . '' He also said that for him , important factors in Harry 's psyche are his survivor 's guilt in regard to his dead parents and his lingering loneliness . Because of this , Radcliffe talked to a bereavement counsellor to help him prepare for the role . Radcliffe was quoted as saying that he wished for Harry to die in the books , but he clarified that he `` ca n't imagine any other way they can be concluded . '' After reading the last book , where Harry and his friends do indeed survive and have children , Radcliffe stated he was glad about the ending and lauded Rowling for the conclusion of the story . Radcliffe stated that the most repeated question he has been asked is how Harry Potter has influenced his own life , to which he regularly answers it has been `` fine , '' and that he did not feel pigeonholed by the role , but rather sees it as a huge privilege to portray Harry . Radcliffe 's Harry was named the 36th greatest movie character of all time by Empire . Characterisation Outward appearance Throughout the series , Harry is described as having his father 's perpetually untidy black hair , his mother 's bright green eyes , and a lightning bolt - shaped scar on his forehead . He is further described as `` small and skinny for his age '' with `` a thin face '' and `` knobbly knees '' , and he wears round eyeglasses . In the first book , his scar is described as `` the only thing Harry liked about his own appearance '' . When asked about the meaning behind Harry 's lightning bolt scar , Rowling said , `` I wanted him to be physically marked by what he has been through . It was an outward expression of what he has been through inside ... It is almost like being the chosen one or the cursed one , in a sense . '' Rowling has also stated that Harry inherited his parents ' good looks . In the later part of the series Harry grows taller , and by the seventh book is said to be ' almost ' the height of his father , and ' tall ' by other characters . Rowling explained that Harry 's image came to her when she first thought up Harry Potter , seeing him as a `` scrawny , black - haired , bespectacled boy '' . She also mentioned that she thinks Harry 's glasses are the clue to his vulnerability . Personality According to Rowling , Harry is strongly guided by his own conscience , and has a keen feeling of what is right and wrong . Having `` very limited access to truly caring adults '' , Rowling said , Harry `` is forced to make his own decisions from an early age on . '' He `` does make mistakes '' , she conceded , but in the end , he does what his conscience tells him to do . According to Rowling , one of Harry 's pivotal scenes came in the fourth book when he protects his dead schoolmate Cedric Diggory 's body from Voldemort , because it shows he is brave and selfless . Rowling has stated that Harry 's character flaws include anger and impulsiveness ; however , Harry is also innately honourable . `` He 's not a cruel boy . He 's competitive , and he 's a fighter . He does n't just lie down and take abuse . But he does have native integrity , which makes him a hero to me . He 's a normal boy but with those qualities most of us really admire . '' For the most part , Harry shows humility and modesty , often downplaying his achievements ; though he uses a litany of his adventures as examples of his maturity early in the fifth book . However , these very same accomplishments are later employed to explain why he should lead Dumbledore 's Army , at which point he asserts them as having just been luck , and denies that they make him worthy of authority . After the seventh book , Rowling commented that Harry has the ultimate character strength , which not even Voldemort possesses : the acceptance of the inevitability of death . Magical abilities and skills Throughout the series , Harry Potter is described as a gifted wizard apprentice . He has a particular talent for flying , which manifests itself in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone the first time he tries it , and gets him a place on a Quidditch team one year before the normal minimum joining age . He captains it in his sixth year . In his fourth year ( Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ) , Harry is able to confront a dragon on his broomstick . Harry is also gifted in Defence Against the Dark Arts , in which he becomes proficient due to his repeated encounters with Voldemort and various monsters . In his third year , Harry becomes able to cast the very advanced Patronus Charm , and by his fifth year he has become so talented at the subject that he is able to teach his fellow students in Dumbledore 's Army , some even older than him how to defend themselves against Dark Magic . At the end of that year , he achieves an ' Outstanding ' Defence Against the Dark Arts O.W.L. , something that not even Hermione achieved . He is a skilled duellist , the only one of the six Dumbledore 's Army members to be neither injured nor incapacitated during the battle with Death Eaters in the Department of Mysteries in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . He also fends off numerous Death Eaters during his flight to the Burrow at the beginning of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Harry also had the unusual ability to speak and understand `` Parseltongue '' , a language associated with Dark Magic . This , it transpires , is because he harbours a piece of Voldemort 's soul . He loses this ability after the part of Voldemort 's soul inside him is destroyed at the end of The Deathly Hallows . Possessions Harry 's parents left behind a somewhat large pile of wizard 's gold , used as currency in the world of magic , in a vault in the wizarding bank , Gringotts . After Sirius ' death later in the series , all of his remaining possessions are also passed along to Harry , including Number Twelve , Grimmauld Place , and Sirius 's vast amount of gold were transferred into Harry 's account at Gringotts . Rowling noted that `` Harry 's money never really is that important in the books , except that he can afford his books and uniforms and so on . '' Among the school items Harry purchases in Diagon Alley after discovering his gold inheritance is his first wand , an 11 - inch - long holly and phoenix feather model that he learns is the twin of Voldemort 's wand , as the feathers that both wands contain as their cores both comes from Fawkes , the phoenix that Dumbledore keeps as a pet in his office until his death in Half - Blood Prince . Harry 's wand is broken in Deathly Hallows . For a time , he borrows Hermione 's wand , and later steals Draco 's . With his defeat of Voldemort at the end of the series , he comes into the possession of the Elder Wand , but uses it only to repair his holly wand , before returning it to Dumbledore 's tomb , from which Voldemort had stolen it . In the film version of Deathly Hallows Part 2 , Harry destroys the Elder Wand . Harry also inherits indirectly two of his father 's prized possessions . One is the Marauder 's Map , given to him by interim owners Fred and George Weasley , which endows Harry with comprehensive knowledge of Hogwarts ' facilities , grounds , and occupants . The other is his father 's Invisibility Cloak , given to him by Dumbledore , which eventually proves Harry 's descent from the Peverell family . Harry uses these tools both to aid in excursions at school and to protect those he cares about ; the Invisibility Cloak , in particular , can hide two full - grown people . If three fully - grown people hide under the cloak their feet will be visible . When Harry reaches his age of maturity at seventeen , Molly Weasley gives him a pocket watch which had once belonged to her brother Fabian Prewett , as it is traditional to give a boy a watch when he turns seventeen . Throughout the majority of the books , Harry also has a pet owl named Hedwig , used to deliver and receive messages and packages . Hedwig is killed in the seventh book , about which Rowling says : `` The loss of Hedwig represented a loss of innocence and security . She has been almost like a cuddly toy to Harry at times . I know that death upset a lot of people ! '' As a Quidditch player , Harry has owned two high - quality brooms . The first , a Nimbus Two Thousand , was procured for him by Professor Minerva Mcgonagall when Harry was added to Gryffindor 's Quidditch team despite being a first - year student . This broom was destroyed by the Whomping Willow during a match in Harry 's third year . It was replaced by a Firebolt , an even faster ( and more expensive ) broom , purchased for Harry by Sirius ; however , as Sirius was believed to be trying to murder Harry at the time , the broom was subjected to stringent security inspections before Harry was allowed to ride it . Harry used it throughout his Hogwarts career until it , along with Hedwig , was lost during the July escape from Privet Drive in the final book . Harry also owns a mokeskin pouch , or small ' bag ' that is used for storing items , which no one but the owner can get out . He receives this from Hagrid as a 17th birthday present . Harry uses the pouch throughout the course of Deathly Hallows to keep several sentimental ( yet , as he himself admits , otherwise worthless ) objects such as the Marauder 's Map , a shard of the magical mirror given to him by his god - father Sirius , the fake Horcrux locket that had belonged to Sirius 's brother R.A.B. ( Regulus Arcturus Black ) , the Snitch bequeathed to him by Dumbledore , containing the Resurrection Stone that had previously been set into Voldemort 's grandfather Marvolo Gaunt 's signet ring , which Harry discovers is actually the second Hallow , a letter from his mother to Sirius with part of a photo ( of him and his father , James ) , and eventually , his own broken wand ( which Harry later repairs with the Elder Wand ) . Family tree In the novels , Harry is the only child of James and Lily Potter , orphaned as an infant . Rowling made Harry an orphan from the early drafts of her first book . She felt an orphan would be the most interesting character to write about . However , after her mother 's death , Rowling wrote Harry as a child longing to see his dead parents again , incorporating her own anguish into him . Harry is categorised as a `` half - blood '' wizard in the series , because although both his parents were magical , Lily was `` Muggle - born '' , and James was a pure - blood . Harry 's aunt and uncle kept the truth about his parents ' deaths from Harry , telling him that they had died in a car crash . James Potter is a descendant of Ignotus Peverell , the third of the three original owners of the Deathly Hallows , and thus so is Harry , a realisation he makes during the course of the final book . The lineage continues at the end of the saga through his three children with Ginny : James Sirius Potter , Albus Severus Potter and Lily Luna Potter . In an original piece published on the Pottermore website in September 2015 , Rowling described the history of the Potter family in greater detail , beginning with the 12th - century wizard Linfred of Stinchcombe , `` a locally well - beloved and eccentric man , whose nickname , ' the Potterer ' , became corrupted in time to ' Potter ' '' . Linfred was the inventor of a number of remedies that evolved into potions still used in the modern day , including Skele - Gro and Pepperup Potion . These successful products garnered Linfred the earnings that formed the basis of the family 's wealth , which grew with the work of successive generations . Linfred 's oldest son , Hardwin , married a beautiful young witch from Godric 's Hollow named Iolanthe Peverell , the granddaughter of Ignotus Peverell , who continued the tradition of passing down Ignotus ' Invisibility Cloak through the generations . Two of Harry Potter 's ancestors have sat on the Wizengamot : Ralston Potter and Henry Potter . Ralston was a member from 1612 - 1652 , and an ardent supporter of the Statute of Secrecy . Henry Potter , known as `` Harry '' to his closest loved ones , was a direct descendant of Hardwin and Iolanthe , and a paternal great - grandfather of Harry Potter . Henry served on the Wizengamot from 1913 - 1921 , and caused a minor controversy when he publicly condemned then Minister for Magic , Archer Evermonde , for prohibiting the magical community from helping Muggles waging the First World War . Henry 's son , Fleamont Potter , who was given his grandmother 's surname as his given name in order to grant the dying wish of Henry 's mother to continue her family name , garnered a reputation for his duels at Hogwarts , which were provoked when others mocked him for his name . Fleamont quadrupled the family gold by creating magical Sleekeazy 's Hair Potion , selling his company at a vast profit when he retired . Fleamont and his wife , Euphemia , had given up hope of having a child when she became pregnant with their son , James , who would go on to marry Lily Evans and bear a son of their own , Harry Potter . Fleamont and Euphemia lived to see James and Lily marry , but they would never meet their famous grandson , as they both died of dragon pox , stemming from their advanced age . Reception In 2002 , Harry Potter was voted No. 85 among the `` 100 Best Fictional Characters '' by Book magazine and also voted the 35th `` Worst Briton '' in Channel 4 's `` 100 Worst Britons We Love to Hate '' programme . Entertainment Weekly ranked Harry Potter number two on its 2010 `` 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years '' list , saying `` Long after we 've turned the last page and watched the last end credit , Harry still feels like someone we know . And that 's the most magical thing about him . '' UGO Networks listed Harry as one of their best heroes of all time , who said that `` Harry is a hero to the often oppressed and downtrodden young fan boys and girls out there , who finally have an icon that is respected and revered by those who might otherwise look down on robe - wearing and wand waving as dork fodder '' . Harry Potter was also ranked number thirty - six on Empire 's 2008 list of `` 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time '' . IGN said that Harry Potter was their favourite Harry Potter character , calling him a `` sympathetic figure '' and saying in response to his fights against Voldemort that `` everybody loves an underdog story of good vs. evil '' . Despite being the main character , Watchmojo.com ranked him # 2 on their `` Top 10 Harry Potter Characters '' list in 2014 ( Severus Snape was ranked # 1 on the list ) . In popular culture Harry and the Potters perform at the Horace Mann School in Riverdale , Bronx , New York . Note the artists ' black hair and spectacles . According to halloweenonline.com , Harry Potter sets were the fifth - best selling Halloween costume of 2005 . In addition , wizard rock bands like Harry and the Potters and others regularly dress up in the style of Harry Potter , sporting painted forehead scars , black wigs , and round bottle top glasses . Wizard rock is a musical movement dating from 2002 that consists of at least 200 bands made up of young musicians , playing songs about Harry Potter . The movement started in Massachusetts with the band Harry and the Potters , who cosplay as Harry during live performances . Parodies Main article : Parodies of Harry Potter In April 2009 , a group of University of Michigan students eventually known as StarKid Productions performed Harry Potter : The Musical , a two - act musical parody that featured major elements from all seven books and an original score . They posted the entire musical on their YouTube channel but removed it in late June , to edit some more mature elements from the videos . The musical , re-titled A Very Potter Musical , was reposted on 5 July 2009 , starring Darren Criss as Harry Potter . A sequel was premiered at the 2010 HPEF Harry Potter Conference Infinitus , and released on YouTube on 22 July at 8 pm EST . The sequel was called A Very Potter Sequel and featured the Death Eaters using the Time - Turner to go back in time to Harry 's first year in Hogwarts . Harry Potter is spoofed in the Barry Trotter series by American writer Michael Gerber , where a `` Barry Trotter '' appears as the eponymous antihero . On his homepage , Gerber describes Trotter as an unpleasant character who `` drinks too much , eats like a pig , sleeps until noon , and owes everybody money . '' The author stated `` ( s ) ince I really liked Rowling 's books ( ... ) I felt obligated to try to write a spoof worthy of the originals '' . References ^ Jump up to : `` J.K. Rowling Official Site -- Section Biography '' . Archived from the original on 17 December 2008 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carey , Joanna . `` Who has n't met Harry ? '' . The Guardian . 16 February 1999 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` JK ( JOANNE KATHLEEN ) ROWLING ( 1966 -- ) '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Raincoast Books interview transcript , Raincoast Books ( Canada ) '' . March 2001 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Barnes and Noble interview '' . 19 March 1999 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( when Harry Potter is 12 years old ) , chapter 8 , partly focusing on the celebration of 500 years since the death of Nearly Headless Nick , J.K. Rowling describes Nearly Headless Nick 's birthday cake , which indicate Nick died in 1492 , showing that this part of the book happen in the fall of 1992 . As Harry is 12 years in the year of 1992 , he must have been at the age of 1 in 1981 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling on The Diane Rehm Show '' . WAMU Radio Washington , D.C. ,. 20 October 1999 . Archived from the original on 30 July 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lydon , Christopher . J.K. Rowling interview transcript , '' . The Connection ( WBUR Radio ) . 12 October 1999 . Archived from the original on 6 August 2012 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Jeff ( 7 September 2000 ) . `` ' Fire ' Storm , '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling Interview , '' . CBCNewsWorld : Hot Type. 13 July 2000 . Archived from the original on 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 9 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Living With Harry Potter '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling 's World Book Day Chat '' . 4 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Richard & Judy Show '' . Archived from the original on 4 September 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Grossman , Lev . `` J.K. Rowling Hogwarts And All '' . Time Magazine . 17 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Couric , Katie. : ' J.K. Rowling , the author with the magic touch : ' It 's going to be really emotional to say goodbye , ' says Rowling as she writes the last book in the Harry Potter saga , ' '' . Dateline NBC ,. 17 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' J.K. Rowling Web Chat Transcript '' . Archived from the original on 30 December 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard of the Month for October '' . J.K. Rowling. 20 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2007 . Jump up ^ McLean , Craig ( 15 July 2007 ) . `` Hobnobs & broomsticks '' . Sunday Herald . Archived from the original on 18 July 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Koltnow , Barry ( 8 July 2007 ) . `` One enchanted night at theatre , Radcliffe became Harry Potter '' . East Valley Tribune . Retrieved 15 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe Net Worth '' . Archived from the original on 20 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Vineyard , Jennifer . `` Daniel Radcliffe Talks Harry Potter 's First Kiss '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 11 September 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe : My Take on Deathly Hallows '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Terry . `` Daniel Radcliffe Talks Harry Potter '' . Archived from the original on 16 August 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time : 36 . Harry Potter '' . Empire . Archived from the original on 14 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Interview of J.K. Rowling , Detroit News , 19 March 2001 Archived 28 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , W. Frederick ( 2005 ) . Unauthorized Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows News : Harry Potter Book Seven and Half - Blood Prince Analysis . Nimble Books . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 9765406 - 0 - 6 . Jump up ^ Boquet , Tim . ( December 2000 ) . `` J.K. Rowling : The Wizard Behind Harry Potter , '' . Reader 's Digest . Archived from the original on 4 April 2008 . Retrieved 9 April 2008 . Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling interview transcript , The Connection ( WBUR Radio ) , 12 October 1999 Archived 7 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling at Carnegie Hall Reveals Dumbledore is Gay ; Neville Marries Hannah Abbott , and Much More Archived 11 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Judy . ( July 1999 ) . `` '' Talking With ... J.K. Rowling , '' Book Links `` . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter author dreading closing final chapter ( interview by Owen Jones ) , '' Ireland On - line , 17 July 2005 Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Wands '' Archived 30 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... The Harry Potter Lexicon . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ( September 2015 ) . `` The Potter Family '' Archived 23 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Pottermore . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 22 September 2015 ) . `` JK Rowling traces Harry Potter 's family tree back to the middle ages '' Archived 17 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... The Guardian . Jump up ^ Book Magazine Harry Potter among best characters in fiction since 1900 Archived 16 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine. , npr.com . Jump up ^ Channel 4 -- 100 Worst Britons Archived 25 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine . channel4.com . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ; Jensen , Jeff ; Jordan , Tina ; Lyons , Margaret ; Markovitz , Adam ; Nashawaty , Chris ; Pastorek , Whitney ; Rice , Lynette ; Rottenberg , Josh ; Schwartz , Missy ; Slezak , Michael ; Snierson , Dan ; Stack , Tim ; Stroup , Kate ; Tucker , Ken ; Vary , Adam B. ; Vozick - Levinson , Simon ; Ward , Kate ( 11 December 2009 ) , `` THE 100 Greatest MOVIES , TV SHOWS , ALBUMS , BOOKS , CHARACTERS , SCENES , EPISODES , SONGS , DRESSES , MUSIC VIDEOS , AND TRENDS THAT ENTERTAINED US OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS '' . Entertainment Weekly . ( 1079 / 1080 ) : 74 - 84 Jump up ^ UGO Team ( 21 January 2010 ) . `` Best Heroes of All Time '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time '' . Empire . Archived from the original on 6 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ; Phil Pirrello ; Eric Goldman ; Matt Fowler ( 14 July 2009 ) . `` Top 25 Harry Potter Characters '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 19 July 2009 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Online Resource Center '' . Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Brady , Shaun ( 28 November 2006 ) . `` Yule Ball rolls into Philly '' . The Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved 27 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Humphries , Rachel ( 13 July 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter ' Wrockers ' Conjure Musical Magic '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 18 July 2007 . Retrieved 31 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Davies , Shaun ( 20 July 2007 ) . `` The unexpected wizards of rock and roll '' . MSN . Archived from the original on 25 May 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Emily ( 16 September 2004 ) . `` Sibling musicians bring out the ' punk ' in Harry Potter '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Milam , Whitney ( 24 July 2010 ) . Team StarKid tops Glee and Gaga on iTunes , talks new projects . Hollywood Movie News . Archived from the original on 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Trotter -- Glossary '' . Archived from the original on 16 July 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Trotter -- Frequently Asked Questions '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . External links Harry Potter portal Fictional characters portal Book : Harry Potter Harry Potter on Harry Potter Wiki , an external wiki Harry Potter : Quick facts from the Harry Potter lexicon Harry Potter quotes from Mugglenet Harry Potter Bibliography : Research and Criticism Harry Potter biography at The Harry Potter Encyclopedia Harry Potter on IMDb Harry Potter images from The Movie on Leaky . Dan Radcliffe as Harry Potter Images on Leaky . Works by or about Harry Potter in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) hide The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Ginny Weasley Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Lego Creator : Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Exhibitions Harry Potter : The Exhibition Harry Potter : A History of Magic Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Wizarding World Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Book Portal GND : 122613139 LCCN : n2014027906 NKC : jo2016908846 VIAF : 308752753 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_(character)&oldid=846353463 '' Categories : Child characters in film Child characters in literature Fictional characters introduced in 1997 Fictional characters who can turn invisible Fictional English people Fictional members of secret societies Fictional orphans Fictional police officers Fictional victims of bullies Fictional victims of child abuse Harry Potter characters Male characters in film Male characters in literature Teenage characters in film Teenage characters in literature Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from June 2010 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English from January 2013 Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Use dmy dates from January 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 64 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 06 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does harry potter have a baby with | [
"In the epilogue of Deathly Hallows, which is set 19 years after Voldemort's death, Harry and Ginny are a couple and have three children: James Sirius Potter, who has already been at Hogwarts for at least one year, Albus Severus Potter, who is starting his first year there, and Lily Luna Potter, who is two years away from her first year at the school."
] | [
"Ginny"
] |
800358696722175141 | Queen of the South (TV series) | Queen of the South ( tv series ) - wikipedia Queen of the South ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Queen of the South ( disambiguation ) . Queen of the South Genre Action Crime Drama Thriller Created by M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Based on La Reina del Sur by Arturo Pérez - Reverte Written by Scott Rosenbaum M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Arturo Pérez - Reverte Starring Alice Braga Veronica Falcon Justina Machado Peter Gadiot Hemky Madera Gerardo Taracena Joaquim de Almeida Jon - Michael Ecker Nick Sagar Theme music composer Giorgio Moroder Raney Shockne Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 26 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Friendly Scott Rosenbaum M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Producer ( s ) Robert J. Wilson Lorenzo O'Brien Cinematography Cameron Duncan Alejandro Martinez Production company ( s ) Frequency Films Friendly Films Skeeter Rosenbaum Productions Fox 21 Television Studios Universal Cable Productions Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ( MOD releases ) Release Original network USA Network Original release June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) -- present External links Website www.usanetwork.com/queenofthesouth/ Queen of the South is an American television crime drama - thriller series . It premiered June 23 , 2016 , on USA Network and is an adaptation of the successful telenovela La Reina del Sur , which airs on USA 's sister network Telemundo , which in turn is an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Spanish author Arturo Pérez - Reverte . On September 6 , 2016 , USA Network renewed the series for a second season which premiered June 8 , 2017 . On August 10 , 2017 , USA renewed the series for a third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main cast 1.1 Recurring cast 2 Critical reception 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Broadcast 5 References 6 External links Main cast ( edit ) The cast and crew of the TV show Queen of the South at the ATX Television Festival presentation of the show . From left : Moderator Jarett Wieselman , David T. Friendly , Alice Braga , Veronica Falcón , Joaquim De Almeida , Jon - Michael Ecker , Justina Machado , Peter Gadiot , Gerardo Taracena , Hemky Madera and Gerardo Taracena Alice Braga as Teresa Mendoza Veronica Falcon as Doña Camila Vargas , Don Epifanio 's estranged wife and head of the American chapter of the Vargas Cartel in Dallas , Texas Justina Machado as Brenda Parra , Teresa 's best friend , Chino 's wife , and Tony 's mother ( Season 1 ) Peter Gadiot as James Valdez , Camila 's right - hand man Hemky Madera as Pote Galvez , a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel Gerardo Taracena as Cesar `` Batman '' Guemes , Don Epifanio Vargas ' right - hand man ( Season 1 - 2 ) Joaquim de Almeida as Don Epifanio Vargas , Camilla Vargas ' husband , head of the Vargas Cartel ( see : Sinaloa Cartel ) , and a candidate for the governor of the Mexican state of Sinaloa ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Jon - Michael Ecker as Raymundo `` El Güero '' Davila ( Season 2 , recurring season 1 ) Nick Sagar as DEA agent Alonzo Loya Recurring cast ( edit ) Mark Consuelos as Teo Aljarafe James Martinez as Gato Fierros , a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel Carlos Gomez as Javier Acosta Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas Ximena Duque as Eva Buemeros ( season 2 ) Michel Duval as Enrique `` Kique '' Jiménez ( season 2 ) Critical reception ( edit ) Queen of the South 's first season received mixed to positive feedback from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 69 % , based on 16 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : `` Queen of the South enlivens an overdone premise with action and narrative vigor -- and shows hints of intriguing potential . '' On Metacritic , the first season scored 59 out of 100 , based on 15 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 13 June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Piloto '' Charlotte Sieling M.A. Fortin & Joshua John Miller June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) 101 1.39 `` Cuarenta Minutos '' Matthew Penn Scott Rosenbaum June 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 30 ) 102 1.35 `` Estrategia de Entrada '' Scott Peters Scott Rosenbaum July 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 07 ) 103 1.26 `` Lirio de los Valles '' Zetna Fuentes Scott Rosenbaum July 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) 104 1.26 5 5 `` Un Alma . Un Mapa . Dos Futuros . '' T.J. Scott Scott Rosenbaum July 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) 105 1.22 6 6 `` El Engaño Como la Regla '' Dave Rodriguez Scott Rosenbaum July 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 28 ) 106 1.22 7 7 `` El Hombre Pájaro '' David Platt Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) 107 1.21 8 8 `` Billete de Magia '' David Boyd Gregg Hurwitz August 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) 108 1.06 9 9 `` Coge Todo lo Que Puede Llevar '' Jamie Payne Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 18 ) 109 1.05 10 10 `` Esta Cosa Que Es Nuestra '' Scott Peters Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) 110 1.20 11 11 `` Punto sin Retorno '' Constantine Makris Kyle Lierman September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) 111 1.16 12 12 `` Quinientos Mil '' David Rodriguez Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) 112 1.12 13 13 `` Cicatriz '' Matthew Penn Scott Rosenbaum September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 113 1.35 Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` El Cuerpo de Cristo '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) 201 1.25 15 `` Dios y el Abogado '' Nick Gomez Jason Ganzel June 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) 202 1.27 16 `` Un Pacto Con el Diablo '' Eduardo Sanchez Dailyn Rodriguez June 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) 203 1.08 17 `` El Beso de Judas '' Ami Canaan Mann Benjamin Daniel Lobato June 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) 204 0.90 18 5 `` El Nacimiento de Bolivia '' Nick Copus Joe Loya July 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) 205 1.11 19 6 `` El Camino de la Muerte '' David Boyd Ryan O'Nan July 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) 206 1.10 20 7 `` El Precio de la Fe '' Joe Menendez Jorge A. Reyes July 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) 207 1.18 21 8 `` Sacar Con Sifón el Mar '' Bronwen Hughes Tina Mabry July 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) 208 1.16 22 9 `` Sólo el Amor de Una Madre '' David Rodriguez Tina Mabry & Dailyn Rodriguez August 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) 209 1.02 23 10 `` Que Manden los Payasos '' Loni Peristere Jason Ganzel & Jorge A. Reyes August 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) 210 1.18 24 11 `` La Noche Oscura del Alma '' Tina Mabry Benjamin Daniel Lobato August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) 211 1.24 25 12 `` Todas las Horas Hieren '' Eduardo Sanchez Ryan O'Nan August 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) 212 1.24 26 13 `` La Última Hora Mata '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez & Ryan O'Nan August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) 213 1.33 Broadcast ( edit ) Internationally , the series premiered in Australia on Showcase on August 4 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. `` ' Queen of The South ' Composers Giorgio Moroder & Raney Shockne -- Interview '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South '' . NBCUniversal Media Village . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Queen of the South - DVDs Are Coming Soon for the First Season of the USA Network Series ! '' . TVShowsonTV.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` Queen Of The South EP & Cast Talk Female Empowerment And The Importance of Keeping It Real '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 23 September 2014 ) . `` La Reina Del Sur Adaptation Picked Up By USA Network As Drama Pilot '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 24 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Queen Of The South ' Renewed For Season 3 By USA '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Justina Machado Joins ' Queen Of The South ' ; Kyle Gallner In ' Outsiders ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 9 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Peter Gadiot Joins USA Drama Series ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` Loretta Devine Joins Jerrod Carmichael Comedy Pilot ; Hemky Madera In ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Kyle Dean Massey Cast In ' Nashville ' , Joaquim De Almeida In ' Queen Of The South '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 22 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` James Martinez Cast In ' Queen Of The South ' ; Luis Guzman & Finesse Mitchell Tour With ' Roadies ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Carlos Gomez Joins USA Drama Series ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 29 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Lena . `` Rafael Amaya habla sobre su papel en la serie Queen of the South '' . People en Español ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 16 April 2016 . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trejos , Carolina . `` Ximena Duque y Michel Duval se unen a Queen of the South '' . People en Español ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 2 April 2017 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : NBA Draft wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : CNN wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Republican National Convention dominates the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Democratic National Convention lands on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' ticks up , NFL Preseason dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Mountain Men ' and ' Ice Road Truckers ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' ticks back up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Welch ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Thursday Night Football scores top spot '' . Tvbythenumbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Charles ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` New This Week ( Aug 1 ) : Sharknado 4 , Shades Of Blue , Queen Of The South , Super Rugby and live sport '' . The Green Room . Archived from the original on 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . 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About Wikipedia | who plays camilla vargas in queen of the south | [
"Veronica Falcon as Doña Camila Vargas, Don Epifanio's estranged wife and head of the American chapter of the Vargas Cartel in Dallas, Texas"
] | [
"Veronica Falcon"
] |
8304553963444618965 | Social model of disability | Social model of disability - wikipedia Social model of disability Jump to : navigation , search For specific activity related to implementation of certain aspects of this model , see the article Inclusion ( disability rights ) and the other articles and links there . Disability Theory and models ( show ) Disability theory Ableism / Disablism Medical model Social model Education ( show ) Mainstreaming Individualized Education Program ( IEP ) Special needs Special school Special education Learning disability Therapy ( show ) Physical Occupational Speech Societal implications ( show ) Disability rights movement Inclusion Normalization People - first language Pejorative terms Personal assistance ( show ) Unlicensed assistive personnel ( ADLs ) Orthotics and braces Prosthetics Assistive technology Assisted living Mobility aid Physical accessibility Universal design Web accessibility Socioeconomic assistance ( show ) Social Security Disability Insurance Supplemental Security Income Ticket to Work Disability Living Allowance Disabled students allowance Disabled Persons Railcard Freedom Pass Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped Groups Organizations ( show ) National Telecommuting Institute Society for Disability Studies Disabled Peoples ' International ( DPI ) Visitability Disabled sports ( show ) Special Olympics Paralympic Games Deaflympics Invictus Games Culture ( show ) Disability in the arts Disability art Disability in the media Disability portal Disability Lists The social model of disability is a reaction to the dominant medical model of disability which in itself is a functional analysis of the body as machine to be fixed in order to conform with normative values . The social model of disability identifies systemic barriers , negative attitudes and exclusion by society ( purposely or inadvertently ) that mean society is the main contributory factor in disabling people . While physical , sensory , intellectual , or psychological variations may cause individual functional limitation or impairments , these do not have to lead to disability unless society fails to take account of and include people regardless of their individual differences . The origins of the approach can be traced to the 1960s ; the specific term emerged from the United Kingdom in the 1980s . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Components and usage 3 Law and public policy 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) In 1975 , the UK organization Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation ( UPIAS ) claimed : `` In our view it is society which disables physically impaired people . Disability is something imposed on top of our impairments by the way we are unnecessarily isolated and excluded from full participation in society . '' In 1983 , the disabled academic Mike Oliver coined the phrase `` social model of disability '' in reference to these ideological developments . Oliver focused on the idea of an individual model ( of which the medical was a part ) versus a social model , derived from the distinction originally made between impairment and disability by the UPIAS . The `` social model '' was extended and developed by academics and activists in Australia , the UK , US and other countries , and extended to include all disabled people , including those who have learning difficulties / learning disabilities / or who are mentally handicapped , or people with emotional , mental health or behavioural problems . Oliver did not intend the `` social model of disability '' to be an all encompassing theory of disability , rather a starting point in reframing how society views disability . Components and usage ( edit ) A fundamental aspect of the social model concerns equality . The struggle for equality is often compared to the struggles of other socially marginalized groups . Equal rights are said to give empowerment and the `` ability '' to make decisions and the opportunity to live life to the fullest . A related phrase often used by disability rights campaigners , as with other social activism , is `` Nothing About Us Without Us . '' The social model of disability focuses on changes required in society . These might be in terms of : Attitudes , for example a more positive attitude toward certain mental traits or behaviors , or not underestimating the potential quality of life of those with impairments , Social support , for example help dealing with barriers ; resources , aids or positive discrimination to overcome them , for example providing a buddy to explain work culture for an autistic employee , Information , for example using suitable formats ( e.g. braille ) or levels ( e.g. simplicity of language ) or coverage ( e.g. explaining issues others may take for granted ) , Physical structures , for example buildings with sloped access and elevators , or Flexible work hours for people with circadian rhythm sleep disorders or , for example , for people who experience anxiety / panic attacks in rush hour traffic . The social model of disability implies that attempts to change , `` fix '' or `` cure '' individuals , especially when used against the wishes of the patient , can be discriminatory and prejudiced . This attitude , which may be seen as stemming from a medical model and a subjective value system , can harm the self - esteem and social inclusion of those constantly subjected to it ( e.g. being told they are not as good or valuable , in an overall and core sense , as others ) . Some communities have actively resisted `` treatments '' , while , for example , defending a unique culture or set of abilities . In the deaf community , sign language is valued even if most people do not know it and some parents argue against cochlear implants for deaf infants who can not consent to them . People diagnosed as being on the autism spectrum may argue against efforts to change them to be more like others . They argue instead for acceptance of neurodiversity and accommodation to different needs and goals . Some people diagnosed with a mental disorder argue that they are just different and do n't necessarily conform . The biopsychosocial model of disease / disability is a holistic attempt by practitioners to address this . The social model implies that practices such as eugenics are founded on social values and a prejudiced understanding of the potential and value of those labeled disabled . `` Over 200,000 disabled people were the first victims of the Holocaust . '' A 1986 article stated : `` It is important that we do not allow ourselves to be dismissed as if we all come under this one great metaphysical category ' the disabled ' . The effect of this is a depersonalization , a sweeping dismissal of our individuality , and a denial of our right to be seen as people with our own uniqueness , rather than as the anonymous constituents of a category or group . These words that lump us all together - ' the disabled ' , ' spina bifida ' , ' tetraplegic ' , ' muscular dystrophy ' , - are nothing more than terminological rubbish bins into which all the important things about us as people get thrown away . '' The social model of disability is based on a distinction between the terms `` impairment '' and `` disability . '' Impairment is used to refer to the actual attributes ( or lack of attributes ) , the abnormality , of a person , whether in terms of limbs , organs or mechanisms , including psychological . Disability is used to refer to the restrictions caused by society when it does not give equivalent attention and accommodation to the needs of individuals with impairments . The social model also relates to economics . It proposes that people can be disabled by a lack of resources to meet their needs . It addresses issues such as the under - estimation of the potential of people to contribute to society and add economic value to society , if given equal rights and equally suitable facilities and opportunities as others . Economic research on companies that attempt to accommodate disability in their workforce suggest they outperform competitors . In Autumn 2001 , the UK Office for National Statistics identified that approximately one fifth of the working age population was disabled - 7.1 million disabled people as opposed to 29.8 million able people - and in this analysis also provided insight into some of the reasons why disabled people were unwilling to enter the labour market , such as that the reduction in disability benefits in entering the labour market would not make it worthwhile to enter into employment . A three - pronged approach was suggested : `` incentives to work via the tax and benefit system , for example through the Disabled Person 's Tax Credit ; helping people back into work , for example via the New Deal for Disabled People ; and tackling discrimination in the workplace via anti-discrimination policy . Underpinning this are the Disability Discrimination Act ( DDA ) 1995 and the Disability Rights Commission . '' Law and public policy ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the Disability Discrimination Act defines disability using the medical model - disabled people are defined as people with certain conditions , or certain limitations on their ability to carry out `` normal day - to - day activities . '' But the requirement of employers and service providers to make `` reasonable adjustments '' to their policies or practices , or physical aspects of their premises , follows the social model . By making adjustments , employers and service providers are removing the barriers that disable - according to the social model , they are effectively removing the person 's disability . In 2006 , amendments to the act called for local authorities and others to actively promote disability equality . This enforcement came in the shape of the Disability Equality Duty in December 2006 . In 2010 , The Disability Discrimination Act ( 1995 ) was amalgamated into the Equality Act 2010 along with other pertinent discrimination legislation . It extends the law on discrimination to indirect discrimination . For example , if a carer of a person with a disability is discriminated against , this is now also unlawful . Since October 2010 , when it came into effect , employers may not legally ask questions about illness or disability at interview for a job or for a referee to comment on such in a reference , except where there is a need to make reasonable adjustments for an interview to proceed . Following an offer of a job , an employer can lawfully ask such questions . In the United States , the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ( ADA ) , revision of 2008 effective in January 2009 , is a wide - ranging civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability . It affords similar protections against discrimination to Americans with disabilities as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , which made discrimination based on race , religion , sex , national origin , and other characteristics illegal . Certain specific conditions are excluded , such as alcoholism and transsexualism . In 2007 , the European Court of Justice in the Chacon Navas v Eurest Colectividades SA court case , defined disability narrowly according to a medical definition that excluded temporary illness , when considering the Directive establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation ( Council Directive 2000 / 78 / EC ) . The directive did not provide for any definition of disability , despite discourse in policy documents previously in the EU about endorsing the social model of disability . This allowed the Court of Justice to take a narrow medical definition . See also ( edit ) Ableism Models of deafness Equality Act References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paley , John ( 1 October 2002 ) . `` The Cartesian melodrama in nursing '' . Nursing Philosophy. 3 ( 3 ) : 189 -- 192 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1466 - 769X. 2002.00113. x . Jump up ^ `` THE UNION OF THE PHYSICALLY IMPAIRED AGAINST SEGREGATION and THE DISABILITY ALLIANCE discuss Fundamental Principles of Disability '' ( PDF ) . UPIAS . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Fundamental Principles of Disability - Comments on the discussion held between the Union and the Disability Alliance on 22nd November , 1975 '' ( PDF ) . UPIAS . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Michael Oliver ; Bob Sapey ( 27 April 2006 ) . Social work with disabled people . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 1838 - 3 . Retrieved 23 October 2010 . Jump up ^ MIKE OLIVER ( 23 July 1990 ) . `` THE INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL MODELS OF DISABILITY '' ( PDF ) . leeds.ac.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Disabling Imagery ? Ways of thinking about disability : ' Medical Model ' vs ' Social Model ' Learning resources BFI '' . Old.bfi.org.uk. 2010 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Goodley , Dan ( 1 March 2001 ) . `` ' Learning Difficulties ' , the Social Model of Disability and Impairment : Challenging epistemologies '' . Disability & Society . 16 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 231 . doi : 10.1080 / 09687590120035816 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Mike . `` The social model of disability : thirty years on '' . Disability & Society . 28 ( 7 ) : 1024 -- 1026 . doi : 10.1080 / 09687599.2013. 818773 . Jump up ^ James I. Charlton ( 2000 ) . Nothing about us without us : disability oppression and empowerment . University of California Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22481 - 0 . Retrieved 23 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` EHRC - Examples of reasonable adjustments in the workplace '' . Equalityhumanrights.com. 1 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ NASEO . `` Sound from Silence - Sidebar - Cochlear Implan '' . Beyonddiscovery.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Seidel , Kathleen ( 2004 - 08 - 20 ) . `` the autistic distinction '' . neurodiversity.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Engel , G. ( 8 April 1977 ) . `` The need for a new medical model : a challenge for biomedicine '' . Science . 196 ( 4286 ) : 129 -- 136 . Bibcode : 1977Sci ... 196 ... 129E . doi : 10.1126 / science. 847460 . PMID 847460 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 17 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Brisenden , Simon ( 1 January 1986 ) . `` Independent Living and the Medical Model of Disability '' . Disability , Handicap & Society . 1 ( 2 ) : 173 -- 178 . doi : 10.1080 / 02674648666780171 . Jump up ^ Pam Thomas ; Lorraine Gradwell ; Natalie Markham . `` Defining Impairment within the Social Model of Disability '' ( PDF ) . leeds.ac.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Disability and business : The new green '' . The Economist. 8 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 10 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Definition of disability under the Equality Act 2010 - GOV.UK '' . Direct.gov.uk. 2012 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` コア サーバー dotheduty.org '' . Dotheduty.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Home Office '' . Equalities . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Issues of The Bottom Line Online '' . Thebottomlineonline.co.uk . Archived from the original on 20 March 2012 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT OF 1990 , AS AMENDED '' ( PDF ) . Ada.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 14 . External links ( edit ) UK Disability Rights Commission : The Social Model of Disability . Accessed 2009 - 10 - 15 . Article on Disability Perspectives and Data Sources from Government of Canada . Chapireau F , Colvez A ; Colvez ( July 1998 ) . `` Social disadvantage in the international classification of impairments , disabilities , and handicap '' . Soc Sci Med. 47 ( 1 ) : 59 -- 66 . doi : 10.1016 / S0277 - 9536 ( 98 ) 00033 - 1 . PMID 9683379 . Kearney , PM ; Pryor , J ( April 2004 ) . `` The International Classification of Functioning , Disability and Health ( ICF ) and nursing '' . J Adv Nurs. 46 ( 2 ) : 162 -- 70 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2648.2003. 02976. x . PMID 15056329 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_model_of_disability&oldid=842427110 '' Categories : Disability Disability rights Disability studies Accessibility Medical sociology Medical models Political theories Sociological theories Social theories Social constructionism Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français עברית Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 11 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who came up with the social model of disability | [
"In 1983, the disabled academic Mike Oliver coined the phrase \"social model of disability\" in reference to these ideological developments.[4] Oliver focused on the idea of an individual model (of which the medical was a part) versus a social model, derived from the distinction originally made between impairment and disability by the UPIAS.[5]"
] | [
"Mike Oliver"
] |
3282846972677187617 | The Originals (season 5) | The Originals ( season 5 ) - wikipedia The Originals ( season 5 ) The Originals ( season 5 ) Promotional poster Starring Joseph Morgan Daniel Gillies Phoebe Tonkin Charles Michael Davis Yusuf Gatewood Riley Voelkel Danielle Rose Russell Steven Krueger Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network The CW Original release April 18 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) -- August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of The Originals episodes The Originals , a one - hour American supernatural drama , was renewed for a fifth season by The CW on May 10 , 2017 . The 2016 -- 17 United States television season debut of The Originals was pushed to midseason , as with the fourth season premiere . On July 20 , 2017 , Julie Plec announced via Twitter that the upcoming season would be the series ' last . The fifth season consists of 13 episodes and debuted on April 18 , 2018 . The series finale aired on August 1 , 2018 . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special guest 1.4 Guest 1.5 Notes 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Originals characters Main ( edit ) Joseph Morgan as Niklaus `` Klaus '' Mikaelson Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley Marshall Charles Michael Davis as Marcellus `` Marcel '' Gerard Yusuf Gatewood as Vincent Griffith Riley Voelkel as Freya Mikaelson Danielle Rose Russell as Hope Mikaelson Steven Krueger as Joshua `` Josh '' Rosza Recurring ( edit ) Nathaniel Buzolic as Kol Mikaelson Torrance Coombs as Declan O'Connell Jedidiah Goodacre as Roman Sienna Christina Moses as Keelin Alexis Louder as Lisina Nadine Lewington as Greta Sienna Nicholas Alexander as Henry Benoit Shiva Kalaiselvan as Ivy Jaime Murray as Antoinette Sienna Robert Baker as Emmett Special guest ( edit ) Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson Candice King as Caroline Forbes Danielle Campbell as Davina Claire Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman Leah Pipes as Camille `` Cami '' O'Connell Guest ( edit ) Demetrius Bridges as Dorian Williams Katie Jane Cook as Poppy Summer Fontana as young Hope Mikaelson Rick Espaillat as Pierre Malone Thomas as Colette Jason Burkey as David Jamie Thomas King as August Muller Colin Woodell as Aiden Ian Pala as Max Jimmy Ray Pickens as Bill Allison Gobuzzi as Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Saltzman Bella Samman as Josette `` Josie '' Saltzman Aria Shahghasemi as Landon Kirby Nathan Parsons as Jackson Kenner Sam Ashby as Connor Sebastian Roché as Mikael Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tonkin is credited as a series regular in episodes 1 , 6 , 8 , 11 , 12 , and 13 . In all other episodes , she is not credited and does not appear . Jump up ^ Krueger is credited as a series regular from episode 1 to 10 . From episode 11 to 13 , he is not credited and does not appear . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Originals episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 80 `` Where You Left Your Heart '' Lance Anderson Marguerite MacIntyre April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) T46. 10001 0.97 Desperate to see by her father Klaus after seven years , Hope resorts to drastic measures to bring her father back to New Orleans . Hayley attempts to minimize the fallout from Hope 's actions , but not before news of what she has done ripples through the city . Meanwhile , Freya 's guilt over not being able to reunite her family gets in the way of her happiness with Keelin , while Rebekah struggles with her inability to fully commit to Marcel . Finally , struggling without Elijah by his side , Klaus 's murderous rampage throughout Europe leads to an unexpected encounter with Caroline Forbes . 81 `` One Wrong Turn on Bourbon '' Carol Banker Carina Adly MacKenzie April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) T46. 10002 1.03 When a mysterious disappearance brings Klaus back to New Orleans , Hope looks forward to the prospect of seeing her father again . However , when the dark magic that had been keeping them apart begins to manifest in dangerous ways across the city , Vincent turns to Ivy for guidance about what it may mean . Elsewhere , Marcel returns to New Orleans amidst increased tensions between the supernatural factions , while Freya makes a decision about her future with Keelin . Finally , Roman 's surprise visit to the Mikaelson compound forces Hope to reveal some dark truths about her family . Josh also appears . 82 `` Ne Me Quitte Pas '' Joseph Morgan K.C. Perry & Michelle Paradise May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) T46. 10003 0.90 With no memories , Elijah moves to New York and meets Antoinette , a female vampire who does not own a daylight ring . In New York , Elijah runs into Marcel who warns him to stay away from New York , due to Rebekah also living there . However , Elijah 's obsession with his past leads to Antoinette breaking things off with him . Elijah decides to move to France to look for her . Flash forward seven years , Elijah has found happiness with his simple life in France and proposes to Antoinette . Just as they are about to celebrate , Klaus arrives and announces his plans to take his brother back . 83 `` Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea '' Michael Grossman Beau DeMayo & Kyle Arrington May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) T46. 10004 0.76 Klaus ends up threatening the werewolves , witches , and vampires following Hayley 's disappearence . When his attempts to find her fail , he decides to take hostages , including Josh . Although Marcel attempts to calm him down , Klaus 's hostage situation takes a turn for the worse . Meanwhile , Freya visits Hope at the Salvatore School to give her advice about life as a firstborn Mikaelson witch . 84 5 `` Do n't It Just Break Your Heart '' Jeffrey W. Byrd Story by : Bianca Sams & Jeffrey Lieber Teleplay by : Jeffrey Lieber May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) T46. 10005 0.80 Marcel and Klaus stampede the vampire 's household , killing everyone , except Greta , who admits to being the one who kidnapped Hayley . As they bleed her of vervain , she confesses that her husband was killed by Klaus and that Hayley will be delivered to them safely if Hope undergoes the same spell Klaus did to suppress his werewolf side . Marcel contacts Freya , who attempts the spell reluctantly , but Klaus stops it . In France , Antoinette tells Elijah that she had met him before their encounter in New York . Their relationship is strained as Antoinette talks about her father , Auguste , a vampire zealot who slaughtered werewolves , an artist who Elijah and Klaus had threatened in the 1930s . During that time , Klaus ultimately murdered Auguste along with his villagers , claiming that anyone who could pick up a coin laying next to his body would be shown mercy . Auguste 's wife scrambles out of their house and picks up the coin , begging Klaus to show mercy on her , her daughter , and her son -- respectively Greta , Antoinette , and Roman . In the present , Roman and Hope sneak out of the Salvatore School . 85 6 `` What , Will , I , Have , Left '' Charles Michael Davis Marguerite MacIntyre May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) T46. 10006 0.82 With the two of them being cloaked , Roman eventually leads Hope to Hayley where he chains up Hope and defends his mother 's action . Caroline and Klaus also team up to search for her , and on the way reflect on their past . Meanwhile , Freya and Vincent argue about whether they should tell Declan about Hayley 's life , with Vincent being afraid of Declan suffering the same fate as Cami . Vincent keeps quiet after seeing that Declan is related to Cami . Greta visits Antoinette where she convinces Elijah to try to stop Klaus from killing Roman . Hayley eventually agrees to having her werewolf side suppressed , which will cause a beacon so Freya and Vincent can track her . Greta , Elijah , Klaus , and Caroline arrive . Caroline is quickly subdued , Hope ends up passing out from Greta , and Roman stands by and watches as Greta and Hayley duel . Elijah and Klaus manage to take their fight inside the house right as Hayley sacrifices herself to kill Greta . 86 7 `` God 's Gonna Trouble the Water '' Carl Seaton Bianca Sams & Julie Plec June 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) T46. 10007 0.77 Elijah and Antoinette visit the army Greta has created . There , Klaus shows up , bites Antoinette and imprisons them both . When Elijah spots her wound , he decides to make an offer to Klaus : Elijah will restore his memory if Klaus gives Antoinette his blood . When Klaus refuses , Elijah asks Marcel and Vincent , who agree . They conduct the spell which ends up failing . Meanwhile , Hope struggles with her mother 's death , blaming herself . Klaus tries to comfort her , via astral projection done by Ivy , but Hope ends up pushing him away . Ivy manages to convince him to stay away from Hope , noting predictions of natural disasters made by a seer in the 1700s , which have all come true . The prediction states that if all of the disasters occur , all of the firstborns in New Orleans will die . Eventually , Hayley 's funeral occurs , with another prediction happening . Klaus briefly stays with Hope before running off to prevent her from harm . On his path , he ends up trapped in a spell that transports him back to the Mikaelson residence where Elijah is also trapped . 87 8 `` The Kindness of Strangers '' Kellie Cyrus Beau DeMayo & Carina Adly MacKenzie June 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) T46. 10008 0.86 All of the Mikaelson siblings end up trapped in the Chambre de Chasse as well as Marcel . It is there that they find out they are trapped in a spell with representational magic , each one of them having to find a key to unlock a door . Marcel tells them that Hope is planning to draw The Hollow out of all of their bodies . Kol and Marcel then discover a room that had been gone for over a century , meaning Hope could not have known about its existence . They deduce that it was Freya who cast the spell . She ends up vanishing after advising Klaus to let Hope do the spell . Everyone ends up unlocking the door only to enter Elijah 's consciousness . There , everyone escapes and Elijah retains his memories . This results in him leaving Antoinette to mourn Hayley . 88 9 `` We Have Not Long to Love '' Bethany Rooney K.C. Perry & Michelle Paradise June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) T46. 10009 0.77 Hope blames Elijah for Hayley 's death , disregarding the fact that Elijah had lost his memories then . When the whispers in Hope 's head grow stronger , Hope visits Declan . Elijah is also there . Hope proceeds to release her anger onto Elijah . Hope confesses to Klaus that by hurting Elijah , the whispers in her voice stopped . Meanwhile , the vampires post flyers around the city , warning the werewolves that if they do not evacuate New Orleans , they will be forced out . This threat results in a faceoff between the werewolves and the vampires . When Vincent attempts to burn them , he finally realizes that they have a witch on their side . He realizes that Ivy is in danger and rushes to protect her ; however , it is too late and she dies . 89 10 `` There in the Disappearing Light '' Daniel Gillies Eva McKenna & Jeffrey Lieber July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) T46. 10010 0.77 After many failed attempts to rid Hope of the voices in her head , Klaus tracks down Roman and takes him . Antionette finds out about his abduction and asks Elijah to try to reason with Klaus . Hope ends up torturing Roman but is unwilling to kill him . Elijah comes up with a plan that will help Hope in ridding of the voices . Meanwhile , Marcel manages to track down the extremists but ends up getting captured and drained of his venom . Josh arrives to rescue him and in the process ends up dying . Antoinette gathers up the extremists in a church and Marcel , Hope , Klaus , and Elijah show up . There , Hope releases her anger , quieting the voices . Unbeknownst to them , Declan and Bill , who was finding documents for Declan , were up in the attic , with both of them getting affected by Hope 's magic . Bill has died , causing Hope to trigger her curse . 90 11 `` ' Til the Day I Die '' Geoff Shotz Kyle Arrington & Marguerite MacIntyre July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) T46. 10011 0.68 After Bill 's death , Klaus notices a strange symptom present on Hope . He asks Davina for assistance , who conducts a spell but ends up finding out that Hope 's condition will only worsen and will eventually kill her . Freya takes advantage of the Mikaelson reuniting and decides to have her wedding . Freya ends up asking Rebekah to be the maid of honor , Vincent to be the best man , Kol to officiate , and Elijah to walk her down the aisle . Elijah and Vincent turn down the offer . Elijah reminisces about Andrea , a woman he met in France , who was actually Hayley . After reading a letter from her , Elijah and Klaus decide to ask Freya down the aisle together . Meanwhile , Declan finds out about Marcel and threatens him , saying that he will gather the humans in retaliation . Marcel and Declan eventually come to a truce . 91 12 `` The Tale of Two Wolves '' Rudy Persico Carina Adly MacKenzie & Julie Plec July 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) T46. 10012 0.85 To save Hope 's life , Klaus takes her to Mystic Falls with Elijah . There he asks Caroline to help him with the power of her daughters . His plan is to carry out the magic from Hope and to put it in his body . Caroline is not happy about Klaus ' decision but she accepts to help him , but Alaric disagrees , and he only accepts too when Klaus tells them he wants to kill himself after the spell . Hope faints and meets her mother , who shows her she has found peace . Hope wakes up in her father 's arms . At midnight , while Hope is in transition for her first transformation in werewolf , Caroline 's daughters complete the spell . 92 13 `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' Lance Anderson Story by : Julie Plec Teleplay by : Jeffrey Lieber August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) T46. 10013 0.86 Klaus ' attempt to kill himself is interrupted by Hope and he is chained up . He hallucinates Mikael which causes him to break free , and Cami who stops him from killing Hope in time for Elijah to snap his neck . Freya asks Vincent to be a surrogate to start a family , but he declines and intends to leave the city . Kol leaves town , to Rebekah 's displeasure . Klaus awakes to find that Elijah has absorbed some of the magic so he can say goodbyes , though he does not want to . Caroline holds Klaus to his promise to tour New Orleans then share a parting kiss . Marcel , Rebekah , Elijah , Freya , Keelin reminisce on memories of Klaus as they are join by Kol , then Klaus himself . They have dinner and have a wish burning ceremony where Klaus says his goodbyes to everyone , then to Hope separately . Rebekah is promised the cure to vampirism to live her life , then says goodbye to Klaus and Elijah at park bench where Klaus intends to stake himself . Vincent changes his mind to accepting a family with Freya and Keelin , and Marcel tells the vampires to leave the city . Rebekah finally accepts Marcel 's marriage proposal . Elijah reveals his plan to die by Klaus ' side , having already said his goodbyes , as his life 's purpose to redeem Klaus is fulfilled , and he also tells Klaus that whatever lay ahead , they would face it together . They stake each other and begin to turn to ash . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Where You Left Your Heart '' April 18 , 2018 0.4 / 2 0.97 0.3 0.67 0.7 1.64 `` One Wrong Turn on Bourbon '' April 25 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.03 0.4 0.79 0.8 1.82 `` Ne Me Quitte Pas '' May 2 , 2018 0.4 / 2 0.90 0.4 0.91 0.8 1.80 `` Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea '' May 9 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.76 0.4 0.85 0.7 1.61 5 `` Do n't It Just Break Your Heart '' May 16 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.80 0.4 0.81 0.7 1.61 6 `` What , Will , I , Have , Left '' May 30 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.82 0.3 0.80 0.6 1.62 7 `` God 's Gonna Trouble the Water '' June 6 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.77 0.4 0.79 0.6 1.56 8 `` The Kindness of Strangers '' June 13 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.86 0.4 0.93 0.7 1.79 9 `` We Have Not Long to Love '' June 20 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.77 0.4 0.84 0.7 1.61 10 `` There in the Disappearing Light '' July 11 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.77 0.3 0.81 0.6 1.57 11 `` ' Til the Day I Die '' July 18 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.68 0.3 0.72 0.5 1.40 12 `` The Tale of Two Wolves '' July 25 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.85 TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' August 1 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.86 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The CW Renews 11 Shows '' . spoilertv.com . May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andy Swift . `` The Originals to End After Season 5 '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ @ julieplec ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` An announcement ... # TheOriginals '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The CW Midseason Schedule Update '' . The Futon Critic . March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Originals casts Danielle Rose Russell as teenage Hope for season 5 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anop , Nirat ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Originals -- Season 5 -- Steven Krueger Promoted to Series Regular '' . SpoilerTV.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Plec , Julie ( @ julieplec ) ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` We will see them together . Episode 511 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The Originals : Candice King to Appear as TVD 's Caroline in Season Premiere '' . TVLine . February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Psych , Lucifer , Originals , Bold Type , Suits , Handmaid 's , Younger , Casual , Killjoys and More ! '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Pipes , Leah ( @ leahmariepipes ) ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Jig is up ... 😊 `` Leah Pipes Will Return For ' The Originals ' Series Finale www.justjaredjr.com/2017/12/06/leah-pipes-will-return-for-the-originals-series-finale/ ... via @ JustJaredJr '' '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Originals Final Season Scoop : Meet the Human Who Catches Hope 's Eye '' . TVLine . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Empire ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts down to series low : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' The Blacklist ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals and ' American Ninja Warrior ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' rerun adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Originals ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' The ESPY Awards ' stay low , all shows hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' encore adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' reruns adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Season Premiere on NBC Leads in Raw Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Originals ' triples in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for June 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' Tops Scripted Telecasts in Gains Among Total Viewers and Adults 18 - 49 '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' Gains Nearly 3 Million More Viewers to Again Dominate Scripted Telecasts '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' Earns Third Straight Week of Broadcast Network Scripted Leadership in Delayed Viewing Boosts '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' Concludes its CBS Series Run as Broadcast Network Scripted Leader in Gains for Four Consecutive Weeks '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Legacies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Originals_(season_5)&oldid=854190386 '' Categories : The Originals Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 15 : 26 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | how many episodes are in the originals last season | [
"The Originals, a one-hour American supernatural drama, was renewed for a fifth season by The CW on May 10, 2017.[1] The 2016–17 United States television season debut of The Originals was pushed to midseason, as with the fourth season premiere. On July 20, 2017, Julie Plec announced via Twitter that the upcoming season would be the series' last. The fifth season consists of 13 episodes and debuted on April 18, 2018.[2][3][4] The series finale aired on August 1, 2018.\n"
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70074528409369125 | Surface tension | Surface tension - Wikipedia Surface tension Jump to : navigation , search For the short story by James Blish , see Surface Tension ( short story ) . Play media Surface tension and hydrophobicity interact in this attempt to cut a water droplet . Play media Surface tension experimental demonstration with soap Surface tension is the elastic tendency of a fluid surface which makes it acquire the least surface area possible . Surface tension allows insects ( e.g. water striders ) , usually denser than water , to float and stride on a water surface . At liquid -- air interfaces , surface tension results from the greater attraction of liquid molecules to each other ( due to cohesion ) than to the molecules in the air ( due to adhesion ) . The net effect is an inward force at its surface that causes the liquid to behave as if its surface were covered with a stretched elastic membrane . Thus , the surface becomes under tension from the imbalanced forces , which is probably where the term `` surface tension '' came from . Because of the relatively high attraction of water molecules for each other through a web of hydrogen bonds , water has a higher surface tension ( 72.8 millinewtons per meter at 20 ° C ) compared to that of most other liquids . Surface tension is an important factor in the phenomenon of capillarity . Surface tension has the dimension of force per unit length , or of energy per unit area . The two are equivalent , but when referring to energy per unit of area , it is common to use the term surface energy , which is a more general term in the sense that it applies also to solids . In materials science , surface tension is used for either surface stress or surface free energy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Causes 2 Effects of surface tension 2.1 Water 2.2 Surfactants 3 Physics 3.1 Physical units 3.2 Surface area growth 3.3 Surface curvature and pressure 3.4 Floating objects 3.5 Liquid surface 3.6 Contact angles 3.6. 1 Special contact angles 4 Methods of measurement 5 Effects 5.1 Liquid in a vertical tube 5.2 Puddles on a surface 5.3 The breakup of streams into drops 6 Thermodynamics 6.1 Thermodynamic theories of surface tension 6.2 Thermodynamics of soap bubbles 6.2. 1 Influence of temperature 6.2. 2 Influence of solute concentration 6.2. 3 Influence of particle size on vapor pressure 7 Surface tension of water and of seawater 7.1 Surface tension of water 7.2 Surface tension of seawater 8 Data table 9 Gallery of effects 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Causes ( edit ) Diagram of the forces on molecules of a liquid The cohesive forces among liquid molecules are responsible for the phenomenon of surface tension . In the bulk of the liquid , each molecule is pulled equally in every direction by neighboring liquid molecules , resulting in a net force of zero . The molecules at the surface do not have the same molecules on all sides of them and therefore are pulled inwards . This creates some internal pressure and forces liquid surfaces to contract to the minimal area . The forces of attraction acting between the molecules of same type are called cohesive forces while those acting between the molecules of different types are called adhesive forces . When cohesive forces are stronger than adhesives forces , the liquid acquires a convex meniscus ( as mercury in a glass container ) . On the other hand , when adhesive forces are stronger , the surface of the liquid curves up ( as water in a glass ) Surface tension is responsible for the shape of liquid droplets . Although easily deformed , droplets of water tend to be pulled into a spherical shape by the imbalance in cohesive forces of the surface layer . In the absence of other forces , including gravity , drops of virtually all liquids would be approximately spherical . The spherical shape minimizes the necessary `` wall tension '' of the surface layer according to Laplace 's law . Water droplet lying on a damask . Surface tension is high enough to prevent floating below the textile Another way to view surface tension is in terms of energy . A molecule in contact with a neighbor is in a lower state of energy than if it were alone ( not in contact with a neighbor ) . The interior molecules have as many neighbors as they can possibly have , but the boundary molecules are missing neighbors ( compared to interior molecules ) and therefore have a higher energy . For the liquid to minimize its energy state , the number of higher energy boundary molecules must be minimized . The minimized number of boundary molecules results in a minimal surface area . As a result of surface area minimization , a surface will assume the smoothest shape it can ( mathematical proof that `` smooth '' shapes minimize surface area relies on use of the Euler -- Lagrange equation ) . Since any curvature in the surface shape results in greater area , a higher energy will also result . Consequently , the surface will push back against any curvature in much the same way as a ball pushed uphill will push back to minimize its gravitational potential energy . Effects of surface tension ( edit ) Water ( edit ) Several effects of surface tension can be seen with ordinary water : Beading of rain water on a waxy surface , such as a leaf . Water adheres weakly to wax and strongly to itself , so water clusters into drops . Surface tension gives them their near - spherical shape , because a sphere has the smallest possible surface area to volume ratio . Formation of drops occurs when a mass of liquid is stretched . The animation shows water adhering to the faucet gaining mass until it is stretched to a point where the surface tension can no longer keep the drop linked to the faucet . It then separates and surface tension forms the drop into a sphere . If a stream of water was running from the faucet , the stream would break up into drops during its fall . Gravity stretches the stream , then surface tension pinches it into spheres . Flotation of objects denser than water occurs when the object is nonwettable and its weight is small enough to be borne by the forces arising from surface tension . For example , water striders use surface tension to walk on the surface of a pond in the following way . The nonwettability of the water strider 's leg means there is no attraction between molecules of the leg and molecules of the water , so when the leg pushes down on the water , the surface tension of the water only tries to recover its flatness from its deformation due to the leg . This behavior of the water pushes the water strider upward so it can stand on the surface of the water as long as its mass is small enough that the water can support it . The surface of the water behaves like an elastic film : the insect 's feet cause indentations in the water 's surface , increasing its surface area and tendency of minimization of surface curvature ( so area ) of the water pushes the insect 's feet upward . Separation of oil and water ( in this case , water and liquid wax ) is caused by a tension in the surface between dissimilar liquids . This type of surface tension is called `` interface tension '' , but its chemistry is the same . Tears of wine is the formation of drops and rivulets on the side of a glass containing an alcoholic beverage . Its cause is a complex interaction between the differing surface tensions of water and ethanol ; it is induced by a combination of surface tension modification of water by ethanol together with ethanol evaporating faster than water . A. Water beading on a leaf B. Water dripping from a tap C. Water striders stay atop the liquid because of surface tension D. Lava lamp with interaction between dissimilar liquids : water and liquid wax E. Photo showing the `` tears of wine '' phenomenon . Surfactants ( edit ) Surface tension is visible in other common phenomena , especially when surfactants are used to decrease it : Soap bubbles have very large surface areas with very little mass . Bubbles in pure water are unstable . The addition of surfactants , however , can have a stabilizing effect on the bubbles ( see Marangoni effect ) . Note that surfactants actually reduce the surface tension of water by a factor of three or more . Emulsions are a type of colloid in which surface tension plays a role . Tiny fragments of oil suspended in pure water will spontaneously assemble themselves into much larger masses . But the presence of a surfactant provides a decrease in surface tension , which permits stability of minute droplets of oil in the bulk of water ( or vice versa ) . Physics ( edit ) Physical units ( edit ) Surface tension , usually represented by the symbol γ , is measured in force per unit length . Its SI unit is newton per meter but the cgs unit of dyne per centimeter is also used . γ = 1 d y n c m = 1 e r g c m 2 = 1 m N m = 0.001 N m = 0.001 J m 2 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma = 1 ~ \ mathrm ( \ frac ( dyn ) ( cm ) ) = 1 ~ \ mathrm ( \ frac ( erg ) ( cm ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = 1 ~ \ mathrm ( \ frac ( mN ) ( m ) ) = 0.001 ~ \ mathrm ( \ frac ( N ) ( m ) ) = 0.001 ~ \ mathrm ( \ frac ( J ) ( m ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) Surface area growth ( edit ) This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . In particular , this whole section is not clear . Please help us clarify the section . There might be a discussion about this on the talk page . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This diagram illustrates the force necessary to increase the surface area . This force is proportional to the surface tension . Surface tension can be defined in terms of force or energy . In terms of force : surface tension γ of a liquid is the force per unit length . In the illustration on the right , the rectangular frame , composed of three unmovable sides ( black ) that form a `` U '' shape , and a fourth movable side ( blue ) that can slide to the right . Surface tension will pull the blue bar to the left ; the force F required to hold the immobile side is proportional to the length L of the movable side . Thus the ratio F / L depends only on the intrinsic properties of the liquid ( composition , temperature , etc . ) , not on its geometry . For example , if the frame had a more complicated shape , the ratio F / L , with L the length of the movable side and F the force required to stop it from sliding , is found to be the same for all shapes . We therefore define the surface tension as γ = 1 2 F L . ( \ displaystyle \ gamma = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ frac ( F ) ( L ) ) . ) The reason for the 1 / 2 is that the film has two sides , each of which contributes equally to the force ; so the force contributed by a single side is γL = F / 2 . In terms of energy : surface tension γ of a liquid is the ratio of the change in the energy of the liquid , and the change in the surface area of the liquid ( that led to the change in energy ) . This can be easily related to the previous definition in terms of force : if F is the force required to stop the side from starting to slide , then this is also the force that would keep the side in the state of sliding at a constant speed ( by Newton 's Second Law ) . But if the side is moving to the right ( in the direction the force is applied ) , then the surface area of the stretched liquid is increasing while the applied force is doing work on the liquid . This means that increasing the surface area increases the energy of the film . The work done by the force F in moving the side by distance Δx is W = FΔx ; at the same time the total area of the film increases by ΔA = 2LΔx ( the factor of 2 is here because the liquid has two sides , two surfaces ) . Thus , multiplying both the numerator and the denominator of γ = 1 / 2F / L by Δx , we get γ = F 2 L = F Δ x 2 L Δ x = W Δ A ( \ displaystyle \ gamma = ( \ frac ( F ) ( 2L ) ) = ( \ frac ( F \ Delta x ) ( 2L \ Delta x ) ) = ( \ frac ( W ) ( \ Delta A ) ) ) . This work W is , by the usual arguments , interpreted as being stored as potential energy . Consequently , surface tension can be also measured in SI system as joules per square meter and in the cgs system as ergs per cm . Since mechanical systems try to find a state of minimum potential energy , a free droplet of liquid naturally assumes a spherical shape , which has the minimum surface area for a given volume . The equivalence of measurement of energy per unit area to force per unit length can be proven by dimensional analysis . Surface curvature and pressure ( edit ) Surface tension forces acting on a tiny ( differential ) patch of surface . δθ and δθ indicate the amount of bend over the dimensions of the patch . Balancing the tension forces with pressure leads to the Young -- Laplace equation If no force acts normal to a tensioned surface , the surface must remain flat . But if the pressure on one side of the surface differs from pressure on the other side , the pressure difference times surface area results in a normal force . In order for the surface tension forces to cancel the force due to pressure , the surface must be curved . The diagram shows how surface curvature of a tiny patch of surface leads to a net component of surface tension forces acting normal to the center of the patch . When all the forces are balanced , the resulting equation is known as the Young -- Laplace equation : Δ p = γ ( 1 R x + 1 R y ) ( \ displaystyle \ Delta p = \ gamma \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( R_ ( x ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( R_ ( y ) ) ) \ right ) ) where : Δp is the pressure difference , known as the Laplace pressure . γ is surface tension . R and R are radii of curvature in each of the axes that are parallel to the surface . The quantity in parentheses on the right hand side is in fact ( twice ) the mean curvature of the surface ( depending on normalisation ) . Solutions to this equation determine the shape of water drops , puddles , menisci , soap bubbles , and all other shapes determined by surface tension ( such as the shape of the impressions that a water strider 's feet make on the surface of a pond ) . The table below shows how the internal pressure of a water droplet increases with decreasing radius . For not very small drops the effect is subtle , but the pressure difference becomes enormous when the drop sizes approach the molecular size . ( In the limit of a single molecule the concept becomes meaningless . ) Δp for water drops of different radii at STP Droplet radius 1 mm 0.1 mm 1 μm 10 nm Δp ( atm ) 0.0014 0.0144 1.436 143.6 Floating objects ( edit ) Cross-section of a needle floating on the surface of water . F is the weight and F are surface tension resultant forces . When an object is placed on a liquid , its weight F depresses the surface , and if surface tension and downward force becomes equal than is balanced by the surface tension forces on either side F , which are each parallel to the water 's surface at the points where it contacts the object . Notice that small moment in the body may cause the object sink as the angle of contact decreases surface tension decreases the horizontal components of the two F arrows point in opposite directions , so they cancel each other , but the vertical components point in the same direction and therefore add up to balance F. The object 's surface must not be wettable for this to happen , and its weight must be low enough for the surface tension to support it . F w = 2 F s cos θ ⇔ ρ w A w L g = 2 γ L cos θ ( \ displaystyle F_ ( \ mathrm ( w ) ) = 2F_ ( \ mathrm ( s ) ) \ cos \ theta \ quad \ Leftrightarrow \ quad \ rho _ ( \ mathrm ( w ) ) A_ ( \ mathrm ( w ) ) Lg = 2 \ gamma L \ cos \ theta ) Liquid surface ( edit ) Minimal surface To find the shape of the minimal surface bounded by some arbitrary shaped frame using strictly mathematical means can be a daunting task . Yet by fashioning the frame out of wire and dipping it in soap - solution , a locally minimal surface will appear in the resulting soap - film within seconds . The reason for this is that the pressure difference across a fluid interface is proportional to the mean curvature , as seen in the Young -- Laplace equation . For an open soap film , the pressure difference is zero , hence the mean curvature is zero , and minimal surfaces have the property of zero mean curvature . Contact angles ( edit ) Main article : Contact angle The surface of any liquid is an interface between that liquid and some other medium . The top surface of a pond , for example , is an interface between the pond water and the air . Surface tension , then , is not a property of the liquid alone , but a property of the liquid 's interface with another medium . If a liquid is in a container , then besides the liquid / air interface at its top surface , there is also an interface between the liquid and the walls of the container . The surface tension between the liquid and air is usually different ( greater than ) its surface tension with the walls of a container . And where the two surfaces meet , their geometry must be such that all forces balance . Forces at contact point shown for contact angle greater than 90 ° ( left ) and less than 90 ° ( right ) Where the two surfaces meet , they form a contact angle , θ , which is the angle the tangent to the surface makes with the solid surface . Note that the angle is measured through the liquid , as shown in the diagrams above . The diagram to the right shows two examples . Tension forces are shown for the liquid -- air interface , the liquid -- solid interface , and the solid -- air interface . The example on the left is where the difference between the liquid -- solid and solid -- air surface tension , γ − γ , is less than the liquid -- air surface tension , γ , but is nevertheless positive , that is γ l a > γ l s − γ s a > 0 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( \ mathrm ( la ) ) > \ gamma _ ( \ mathrm ( ls ) ) - \ gamma _ ( \ mathrm ( sa ) ) > 0 ) In the diagram , both the vertical and horizontal forces must cancel exactly at the contact point , known as equilibrium . The horizontal component of f is canceled by the adhesive force , f . f A = f l a sin θ ( \ displaystyle f_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) = f_ ( \ mathrm ( la ) ) \ sin \ theta ) The more telling balance of forces , though , is in the vertical direction . The vertical component of f must exactly cancel the force , f . f l s − f s a = − f l a cos θ ( \ displaystyle f_ ( \ mathrm ( ls ) ) - f_ ( \ mathrm ( sa ) ) = - f_ ( \ mathrm ( la ) ) \ cos \ theta ) Liquid Solid Contact angle water soda - lime glass lead glass fused quartz 0 ° ethanol diethyl ether carbon tetrachloride glycerol acetic acid water paraffin wax 107 ° silver 90 ° methyl iodide soda - lime glass 29 ° lead glass 30 ° fused quartz 33 ° mercury soda - lime glass 140 ° Some liquid -- solid contact angles Since the forces are in direct proportion to their respective surface tensions , we also have : γ l s − γ s a = − γ l a cos θ ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( \ mathrm ( ls ) ) - \ gamma _ ( \ mathrm ( sa ) ) = - \ gamma _ ( \ mathrm ( la ) ) \ cos \ theta ) where γ is the liquid -- solid surface tension , γ is the liquid -- air surface tension , γ is the solid -- air surface tension , θ is the contact angle , where a concave meniscus has contact angle less than 90 ° and a convex meniscus has contact angle of greater than 90 ° . This means that although the difference between the liquid -- solid and solid -- air surface tension , γ − γ , is difficult to measure directly , it can be inferred from the liquid -- air surface tension , γ , and the equilibrium contact angle , θ , which is a function of the easily measurable advancing and receding contact angles ( see main article contact angle ) . This same relationship exists in the diagram on the right . But in this case we see that because the contact angle is less than 90 ° , the liquid -- solid / solid -- air surface tension difference must be negative : γ l a > 0 > γ l s − γ s a ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( \ mathrm ( la ) ) > 0 > \ gamma _ ( \ mathrm ( ls ) ) - \ gamma _ ( \ mathrm ( sa ) ) ) Special contact angles ( edit ) Observe that in the special case of a water -- silver interface where the contact angle is equal to 90 ° , the liquid -- solid / solid -- air surface tension difference is exactly zero . Another special case is where the contact angle is exactly 180 ° . Water with specially prepared Teflon approaches this . Contact angle of 180 ° occurs when the liquid -- solid surface tension is exactly equal to the liquid -- air surface tension . γ l a = γ l s − γ s a > 0 θ = 180 ∘ ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( \ mathrm ( la ) ) = \ gamma _ ( \ mathrm ( ls ) ) - \ gamma _ ( \ mathrm ( sa ) ) > 0 \ qquad \ theta = 180 ^ ( \ circ ) ) Methods of measurement ( edit ) Surface tension can be measured using the pendant drop method on a goniometer . Because surface tension manifests itself in various effects , it offers a number of paths to its measurement . Which method is optimal depends upon the nature of the liquid being measured , the conditions under which its tension is to be measured , and the stability of its surface when it is deformed . Du Noüy ring method : The traditional method used to measure surface or interfacial tension . Wetting properties of the surface or interface have little influence on this measuring technique . Maximum pull exerted on the ring by the surface is measured . Du Noüy -- Padday method : A minimized version of Du Noüy method uses a small diameter metal needle instead of a ring , in combination with a high sensitivity microbalance to record maximum pull . The advantage of this method is that very small sample volumes ( down to few tens of microliters ) can be measured with very high precision , without the need to correct for buoyancy ( for a needle or rather , rod , with proper geometry ) . Further , the measurement can be performed very quickly , minimally in about 20 seconds . First commercial multichannel tensiometers ( CMCeeker ) were recently built based on this principle . Wilhelmy plate method : A universal method especially suited to check surface tension over long time intervals . A vertical plate of known perimeter is attached to a balance , and the force due to wetting is measured . Spinning drop method : This technique is ideal for measuring low interfacial tensions . The diameter of a drop within a heavy phase is measured while both are rotated . Pendant drop method : Surface and interfacial tension can be measured by this technique , even at elevated temperatures and pressures . Geometry of a drop is analyzed optically . For pendant drops the maximum diameter and the ratio between this parameter and the diameter at the distance of the maximum diameter from the drop apex has been used to evaluate the size and shape parameters in order to determine surface tension . Bubble pressure method ( Jaeger 's method ) : A measurement technique for determining surface tension at short surface ages . Maximum pressure of each bubble is measured . Drop volume method : A method for determining interfacial tension as a function of interface age . Liquid of one density is pumped into a second liquid of a different density and time between drops produced is measured . Capillary rise method : The end of a capillary is immersed into the solution . The height at which the solution reaches inside the capillary is related to the surface tension by the equation discussed below . Stalagmometric method : A method of weighting and reading a drop of liquid . Sessile drop method : A method for determining surface tension and density by placing a drop on a substrate and measuring the contact angle ( see Sessile drop technique ) . Vibrational frequency of levitated drops : The natural frequency of vibrational oscillations of magnetically levitated drops has been used to measure the surface tension of superfluid He . This value is estimated to be 0.375 dyn / cm at T = 0 K . Resonant oscillations of spherical and hemispherical liquid drop : The technique is based on measuring the resonant frequency of spherical and hemispherical pendant droplets driven in oscillations by a modulated electric field . The surface tension and viscosity can be evaluated from the obtained resonant curves . Effects ( edit ) Liquid in a vertical tube ( edit ) Main article : Capillary action Diagram of a mercury barometer An old style mercury barometer consists of a vertical glass tube about 1 cm in diameter partially filled with mercury , and with a vacuum ( called Torricelli 's vacuum ) in the unfilled volume ( see diagram to the right ) . Notice that the mercury level at the center of the tube is higher than at the edges , making the upper surface of the mercury dome - shaped . The center of mass of the entire column of mercury would be slightly lower if the top surface of the mercury were flat over the entire cross-section of the tube . But the dome - shaped top gives slightly less surface area to the entire mass of mercury . Again the two effects combine to minimize the total potential energy . Such a surface shape is known as a convex meniscus . We consider the surface area of the entire mass of mercury , including the part of the surface that is in contact with the glass , because mercury does not adhere to glass at all . So the surface tension of the mercury acts over its entire surface area , including where it is in contact with the glass . If instead of glass , the tube was made out of copper , the situation would be very different . Mercury aggressively adheres to copper . So in a copper tube , the level of mercury at the center of the tube will be lower than at the edges ( that is , it would be a concave meniscus ) . In a situation where the liquid adheres to the walls of its container , we consider the part of the fluid 's surface area that is in contact with the container to have negative surface tension . The fluid then works to maximize the contact surface area . So in this case increasing the area in contact with the container decreases rather than increases the potential energy . That decrease is enough to compensate for the increased potential energy associated with lifting the fluid near the walls of the container . Illustration of capillary rise and fall . Red = contact angle less than 90 ° ; blue = contact angle greater than 90 ° If a tube is sufficiently narrow and the liquid adhesion to its walls is sufficiently strong , surface tension can draw liquid up the tube in a phenomenon known as capillary action . The height to which the column is lifted is given by : h = 2 γ l a cos θ ρ g r ( \ displaystyle h = ( \ frac ( 2 \ gamma _ ( \ mathrm ( la ) ) \ cos \ theta ) ( \ rho gr ) ) ) where h is the height the liquid is lifted , γ is the liquid -- air surface tension , ρ is the density of the liquid , r is the radius of the capillary , g is the acceleration due to gravity , θ is the angle of contact described above . If θ is greater than 90 ° , as with mercury in a glass container , the liquid will be depressed rather than lifted . Puddles on a surface ( edit ) Profile curve of the edge of a puddle where the contact angle is 180 ° . The curve is given by the formula : x − x 0 = 1 2 H cosh − 1 ( H h ) − H 1 − h 2 H 2 ( \ displaystyle x-x_ ( 0 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) H \ cosh ^ ( - 1 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( H ) ( h ) ) \ right ) - H ( \ sqrt ( 1 - ( \ frac ( h ^ ( 2 ) ) ( H ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) where H = 2 γ g ρ ( \ displaystyle H = 2 ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( \ gamma ) ( g \ rho ) ) ) ) Small puddles of water on a smooth clean surface have perceptible thickness . Pouring mercury onto a horizontal flat sheet of glass results in a puddle that has a perceptible thickness . The puddle will spread out only to the point where it is a little under half a centimetre thick , and no thinner . Again this is due to the action of mercury 's strong surface tension . The liquid mass flattens out because that brings as much of the mercury to as low a level as possible , but the surface tension , at the same time , is acting to reduce the total surface area . The result of the compromise is a puddle of a nearly fixed thickness . The same surface tension demonstration can be done with water , lime water or even saline , but only on a surface made of a substance to which water does not adhere . Wax is such a substance . Water poured onto a smooth , flat , horizontal wax surface , say a waxed sheet of glass , will behave similarly to the mercury poured onto glass . The thickness of a puddle of liquid on a surface whose contact angle is 180 ° is given by : h = 2 γ g ρ ( \ displaystyle h = 2 ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( \ gamma ) ( g \ rho ) ) ) ) where h is the depth of the puddle in centimeters or meters . γ is the surface tension of the liquid in dynes per centimeter or newtons per meter . g is the acceleration due to gravity and is equal to 980 cm / s or 9.8 m / s ρ is the density of the liquid in grams per cubic centimeter or kilograms per cubic meter Illustration of how lower contact angle leads to reduction of puddle depth In reality , the thicknesses of the puddles will be slightly less than what is predicted by the above formula because very few surfaces have a contact angle of 180 ° with any liquid . When the contact angle is less than 180 ° , the thickness is given by : h = 2 γ l a ( 1 − cos θ ) g ρ . ( \ displaystyle h = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 2 \ gamma _ ( \ mathrm ( la ) ) \ left ( 1 - \ cos \ theta \ right ) ) ( g \ rho ) ) ) . ) For mercury on glass , γ = 487 dyn / cm , ρ = 13.5 g / cm and θ = 140 ° , which gives h = 0.36 cm . For water on paraffin at 25 ° C , γ = 72 dyn / cm , ρ = 1.0 g / cm , and θ = 107 ° which gives h = 0.44 cm . The formula also predicts that when the contact angle is 0 ° , the liquid will spread out into a micro-thin layer over the surface . Such a surface is said to be fully wettable by the liquid . The breakup of streams into drops ( edit ) Intermediate stage of a jet breaking into drops . Radii of curvature in the axial direction are shown . Equation for the radius of the stream is R ( z ) = R + A cos ( kz ) , where R is the radius of the unperturbed stream , A is the amplitude of the perturbation , z is distance along the axis of the stream , and k is the wave number Main article : Plateau -- Rayleigh instability In day - to - day life all of us observe that a stream of water emerging from a faucet will break up into droplets , no matter how smoothly the stream is emitted from the faucet . This is due to a phenomenon called the Plateau -- Rayleigh instability , which is entirely a consequence of the effects of surface tension . The explanation of this instability begins with the existence of tiny perturbations in the stream . These are always present , no matter how smooth the stream is . If the perturbations are resolved into sinusoidal components , we find that some components grow with time while others decay with time . Among those that grow with time , some grow at faster rates than others . Whether a component decays or grows , and how fast it grows is entirely a function of its wave number ( a measure of how many peaks and troughs per centimeter ) and the radii of the original cylindrical stream . Thermodynamics ( edit ) Thermodynamic theories of surface tension ( edit ) J.W. Gibbs developed the thermodynamic theory of capillarity based on the idea of surfaces of discontinuity . He introduced and studied thermodynamics of two - dimensional objects -- surfaces . These surfaces have area , mass , entropy , energy and free energy . As stated above , the mechanical work needed to increase a surface area A is dW = γ dA . Hence at constant temperature and pressure , surface tension equals Gibbs free energy per surface area : γ = ( ∂ G ∂ A ) T , P , n ( \ displaystyle \ gamma = \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial G ) ( \ partial A ) ) \ right ) _ ( T , P , n ) ) where G is Gibbs free energy and A is the area . Thermodynamics requires that all spontaneous changes of state are accompanied by a decrease in Gibbs free energy . From this it is easy to understand why decreasing the surface area of a mass of liquid is always spontaneous ( G < 0 ) , provided it is not coupled to any other energy changes . It follows that in order to increase surface area , a certain amount of energy must be added . Gibbs free energy is defined by the equation G = H − TS , where H is enthalpy and S is entropy . Based upon this and the fact that surface tension is Gibbs free energy per unit area , it is possible to obtain the following expression for entropy per unit area : ( ∂ γ ∂ T ) A , P = − S A ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial \ gamma ) ( \ partial T ) ) \ right ) _ ( A , P ) = - S ^ ( A ) ) Kelvin 's equation for surfaces arises by rearranging the previous equations . It states that surface enthalpy or surface energy ( different from surface free energy ) depends both on surface tension and its derivative with temperature at constant pressure by the relationship . H A = γ − T ( ∂ γ ∂ T ) P ( \ displaystyle H ^ ( A ) = \ gamma - T \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial \ gamma ) ( \ partial T ) ) \ right ) _ ( P ) ) Fifteen years after Gibbs , J.D. van der Waals developed the theory of capillarity effects based on the hypothesis of a continuous variation of density . He added to the energy density the term c ( ∇ ρ ) 2 , ( \ displaystyle c ( \ nabla \ rho ) ^ ( 2 ) , ) where c is the capillarity coefficient and ρ is the density . For the multiphase equilibria , the results of the van der Waals approach practically coincide with the Gibbs formulae , but for modelling of the dynamics of phase transitions the van der Waals approach is much more convenient . The van der Waals capillarity energy is now widely used in the phase field models of multiphase flows . Such terms are also discovered in the dynamics of non-equilibrium gases . Thermodynamics of soap bubbles ( edit ) The pressure inside an ideal ( one surface ) soap bubble can be derived from thermodynamic free energy considerations . At constant temperature and particle number , dT = dN = 0 , the differential Helmholtz energy is given by d F = − P d V + γ d A ( \ displaystyle dF = - P \ , dV+ \ gamma \ , dA ) where P is the difference in pressure inside and outside of the bubble , and γ is the surface tension . In equilibrium , dF = 0 , and so , P d V = γ d A ( \ displaystyle P \ , dV = \ gamma \ , dA ) . For a spherical bubble , the volume and surface area are given simply by V = 4 3 π R 3 → d V ≈ 4 π R 2 d R , ( \ displaystyle V = ( \ tfrac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) \ pi R ^ ( 3 ) \ quad \ rightarrow \ quad dV \ approx 4 \ pi R ^ ( 2 ) \ , dR , ) and A = 4 π R 2 → d A ≈ 8 π R d R . ( \ displaystyle A = 4 \ pi R ^ ( 2 ) \ quad \ rightarrow \ quad dA \ approx 8 \ pi R \ , dR . ) Substituting these relations into the previous expression , we find P = 2 R γ , ( \ displaystyle P = ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( R ) ) \ gamma , ) which is equivalent to the Young -- Laplace equation when R = R. For real soap bubbles , the pressure is doubled due to the presence of two interfaces , one inside and one outside . Influence of temperature ( edit ) Temperature dependence of the surface tension between the liquid and vapor phases of pure water Temperature dependency of the surface tension of benzene Surface tension is dependent on temperature . For that reason , when a value is given for the surface tension of an interface , temperature must be explicitly stated . The general trend is that surface tension decreases with the increase of temperature , reaching a value of 0 at the critical temperature . For further details see Eötvös rule . There are only empirical equations to relate surface tension and temperature : Eötvös : γ V 2 3 = k ( T C − T ) . ( \ displaystyle \ gamma V ^ ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) = k ( T_ ( \ mathrm ( C ) ) - T ) . ) Here V is the molar volume of a substance , T is the critical temperature and k is a constant valid for almost all substances . A typical value is k = 6993210000000000000 ♠ 2.1 × 10 JK mol . For water one can further use V = 18 ml / mol and T = 647 K ( 374 ° C ) . A variant on Eötvös is described by Ramay and Shields : γ V 2 3 = k ( T C − T − 6 ) ( \ displaystyle \ gamma V ^ ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) = k \ left ( T_ ( \ mathrm ( C ) ) - T - 6 \ right ) ) where the temperature offset of 6 kelvins provides the formula with a better fit to reality at lower temperatures . Guggenheim -- Katayama : γ = γ ∘ ( 1 − T T C ) n ( \ displaystyle \ gamma = \ gamma ^ ( \ circ ) \ left ( 1 - ( \ frac ( T ) ( T_ ( \ mathrm ( C ) ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( n ) ) γ ° is a constant for each liquid and n is an empirical factor , whose value is 11 / 9 for organic liquids . This equation was also proposed by van der Waals , who further proposed that γ ° could be given by the expression K 2 T C 1 3 P C 2 3 , ( \ displaystyle K_ ( 2 ) T_ ( \ mathrm ( C ) ) ^ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) P_ ( \ mathrm ( C ) ) ^ ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) , ) where K is a universal constant for all liquids , and P is the critical pressure of the liquid ( although later experiments found K to vary to some degree from one liquid to another ) . Both Guggenheim -- Katayama and Eötvös take into account the fact that surface tension reaches 0 at the critical temperature , whereas Ramay and Shields fails to match reality at this endpoint . Influence of solute concentration ( edit ) Solutes can have different effects on surface tension depending on the nature of the surface and the solute : Little or no effect , for example sugar at water air , most organic compounds at oil air Increase surface tension , most inorganic salts at water air Non-monotonic change , most inorganic acids at water air Decrease surface tension progressively , as with most amphiphiles , e.g. , alcohols at water air Decrease surface tension until certain critical concentration , and no effect afterwards : surfactants that form micelles What complicates the effect is that a solute can exist in a different concentration at the surface of a solvent than in its bulk . This difference varies from one solute -- solvent combination to another . Gibbs isotherm states that : Γ = − 1 R T ( ∂ γ ∂ ln C ) T , P ( \ displaystyle \ Gamma = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( RT ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial \ gamma ) ( \ partial \ ln C ) ) \ right ) _ ( T , P ) ) Γ is known as surface concentration , it represents excess of solute per unit area of the surface over what would be present if the bulk concentration prevailed all the way to the surface . It has units of mol / m C is the concentration of the substance in the bulk solution . R is the gas constant and T the temperature Certain assumptions are taken in its deduction , therefore Gibbs isotherm can only be applied to ideal ( very dilute ) solutions with two components . Influence of particle size on vapor pressure ( edit ) See also : Gibbs -- Thomson effect The Clausius -- Clapeyron relation leads to another equation also attributed to Kelvin , as the Kelvin equation . It explains why , because of surface tension , the vapor pressure for small droplets of liquid in suspension is greater than standard vapor pressure of that same liquid when the interface is flat . That is to say that when a liquid is forming small droplets , the equilibrium concentration of its vapor in its surroundings is greater . This arises because the pressure inside the droplet is greater than outside . P v f o g = P v ∘ e V 2 γ R T r k ( \ displaystyle P_ ( \ mathrm ( v ) ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( fog ) ) = P_ ( \ mathrm ( v ) ) ^ ( \ circ ) e ^ ( \ frac ( V2 \ gamma ) ( RTr_ ( \ mathrm ( k ) ) ) ) ) Molecules on the surface of a tiny droplet ( left ) have , on average , fewer neighbors than those on a flat surface ( right ) . Hence they are bound more weakly to the droplet than are flat - surface molecules . P ° is the standard vapor pressure for that liquid at that temperature and pressure . V is the molar volume . R is the gas constant r is the Kelvin radius , the radius of the droplets . The effect explains supersaturation of vapors . In the absence of nucleation sites , tiny droplets must form before they can evolve into larger droplets . This requires a vapor pressure many times the vapor pressure at the phase transition point . This equation is also used in catalyst chemistry to assess mesoporosity for solids . The effect can be viewed in terms of the average number of molecular neighbors of surface molecules ( see diagram ) . The table shows some calculated values of this effect for water at different drop sizes : P / P for water drops of different radii at STP Droplet radius ( nm ) 1000 100 10 P / P 1.001 1.011 1.114 2.95 The effect becomes clear for very small drop sizes , as a drop of 1 nm radius has about 100 molecules inside , which is a quantity small enough to require a quantum mechanics analysis . Surface tension of water and of seawater ( edit ) The two most abundant liquids on Earth are fresh water and seawater . This section gives correlations of reference data for the surface tension of both . Surface tension of water ( edit ) The surface tension of pure liquid water in contact with its vapor has been given by IAPWS as γ w = 235.8 ( 1 − T T C ) 1.256 ( 1 − 0.625 ( 1 − T T C ) ) mN / m , ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( \ text ( w ) ) = 235.8 \ left ( 1 - ( \ frac ( T ) ( T_ ( \ text ( C ) ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 1.256 ) \ left ( 1 - 0.625 \ left ( 1 - ( \ frac ( T ) ( T_ ( \ text ( C ) ) ) ) \ right ) \ right ) ~ ( \ text ( mN / m ) ) , ) where both T and the critical temperature T = 647.096 K are expressed in kelvins . The region of validity the entire vapor -- liquid saturation curve , from the triple point ( 0.01 ° C ) to the critical point . It also provides reasonable results when extrapolated to metastable ( supercooled ) conditions , down to at least − 25 ° C . This formulation was originally adopted by IAPWS in 1976 and was adjusted in 1994 to conform to the International Temperature Scale of 1990 . The uncertainty of this formulation is given over the full range of temperature by IAPWS . For temperatures below 100 ° C , the uncertainty is ± 0.5 % . Surface tension of seawater ( edit ) Nayar et al. published reference data for the surface tension of seawater over the salinity range of 20 ≤ S ≤ 131 g / kg and a temperature range of 1 ≤ t ≤ 92 ° C at atmospheric pressure . The uncertainty of the measurements varied from 0.18 to 0.37 mN / m with the average uncertainty being 0.22 mN / m . This data is correlated by the following equation γ s w = γ w ( 1 + 3.766 × 10 − 4 S + 2.347 × 10 − 6 S t ) ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( \ mathrm ( sw ) ) = \ gamma _ ( \ mathrm ( w ) ) \ left ( 1 + 3.766 \ times 10 ^ ( - 4 ) S + 2.347 \ times 10 ^ ( - 6 ) St \ right ) ) where γ is the surface tension of seawater in mN / m , γ is the surface tension of water in mN / m , S is the reference salinity in g / kg , and t is temperature in degrees Celsius . The average absolute percentage deviation between measurements and the correlation was 0.19 % while the maximum deviation is 0.60 % . The range of temperature and salinity encompasses both the oceanographic range and the range of conditions encountered in thermal desalination technologies . Data table ( edit ) Surface tension of various liquids in dyn / cm against air Mixture compositions denoted `` % '' are by mass dyn / cm is equivalent to the SI units of mN / m ( millinewton per meter ) Liquid Temperature ( ° C ) Surface tension , γ Acetic acid 20 27.60 Acetic acid ( 40.1 % ) + Water 30 40.68 Acetic acid ( 10.0 % ) + Water 30 54.56 Acetone 20 23.70 Diethyl ether 20 17.00 Ethanol 20 22.27 Ethanol ( 40 % ) + Water 25 29.63 Ethanol ( 11.1 % ) + Water 25 46.03 Glycerol 20 63.00 n - Hexane 20 18.40 Hydrochloric acid 17.7 M aqueous solution 20 65.95 Isopropanol 20 21.70 Liquid helium II − 273 0.37 Liquid nitrogen − 196 8.85 Mercury 15 487.00 Methanol 20 22.60 n - Octane 20 21.80 Sodium chloride 6.0 M aqueous solution 20 82.55 Sucrose ( 55 % ) + water 20 76.45 Water 0 75.64 Water 25 71.97 Water 50 67.91 Water 100 58.85 Toluene 25 27.73 Gallery of effects ( edit ) Breakup of a moving sheet of water bouncing off of a spoon . Photo of flowing water adhering to a hand . Surface tension creates the sheet of water between the flow and the hand . A soap bubble balances surface tension forces against internal pneumatic pressure . Surface tension prevents a coin from sinking : the coin is indisputably denser than water , so it must be displacing a volume greater than its own for buoyancy to balance mass . A daisy . The entirety of the flower lies below the level of the ( undisturbed ) free surface . The water rises smoothly around its edge . Surface tension prevents water filling the air between the petals and possibly submerging the flower . A metal paper clip floats on water . Several can usually be carefully added without overflow of water . An aluminium coin floats on the surface of the water at 10 ° C. Any extra weight would drop the coin to the bottom . A metal paperclip floating on water . A grill in front of the light has created the ' contour lines ' which show the deformation in the water surface caused by the metal paper clip . See also ( edit ) Underwater diving portal Anti-fog Capillary wave -- short waves on a water surface , governed by surface tension and inertia Cheerio effect -- the tendency for small wettable floating objects to attract one another . Cohesion Dimensionless numbers Bond number or Eötvös number Capillary number Marangoni number Weber number Dortmund Data Bank -- contains experimental temperature - dependent surface tensions Electrodipping force Electrowetting Electrocapillarity Eötvös rule -- a rule for predicting surface tension dependent on temperature Fluid pipe Hydrostatic equilibrium -- the effect of gravity pulling matter into a round shape Interface ( chemistry ) Meniscus -- surface curvature formed by a liquid in a container Mercury beating heart -- a consequence of inhomogeneous surface tension Microfluidics Sessile drop technique Sow - Hsin Chen Specific surface energy -- same as surface tension in isotropic materials . Spinning drop method Stalagmometric method Surface pressure Surface science Surface tension biomimetics Surface tension values Surfactants -- substances which reduce surface tension . Szyszkowski equation -- Calculating surface tension of aqueous solutions Tears of wine -- the surface tension induced phenomenon seen on the sides of glasses containing alcoholic beverages . Tolman length -- leading term in correcting the surface tension for curved surfaces . Wetting and dewetting Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In a mercury barometer , the upper liquid surface is an interface between the liquid and a vacuum containing some molecules of evaporated liquid . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ US Geological Survey ( July 2015 ) . `` Surface Tension ( Water Properties ) -- USGS Water Science School '' . US Geological Survey . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : White , Harvey E. ( 1948 ) . Modern College Physics . van Nostrand . ISBN 0 - 442 - 29401 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bush , John W.M. ( May 2004 ) . `` MIT Lecture Notes on Surface Tension , lecture 5 '' ( PDF ) . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bush , John W.M. ( May 2004 ) . `` MIT Lecture Notes on Surface Tension , lecture 3 '' ( PDF ) . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bush , John W.M. ( April 2004 ) . `` MIT Lecture Notes on Surface Tension , lecture 1 '' ( PDF ) . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mechanical definition of surface tension '' . Retrieved Dec 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sears , Francis Weston ; Zemanski , Mark W. University Physics 2nd ed . Addison Wesley 1955 ^ Jump up to : Pierre - Gilles de Gennes ; Françoise Brochard - Wyart ; David Quéré ( 2002 ) . Capillarity and Wetting Phenomena -- Drops , Bubbles , Pearls , Waves . Alex Reisinger . Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 00592 - 7 . Jump up ^ Butt , Hans - Jürgen ; Graf , Karlheinz ; Kappl , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces '' : 9 . Jump up ^ Aaronson , Scott ( March 2005 ) NP - complete Problems and Physical Reality . ACM SIGACT News ^ Jump up to : `` Surface Tension by the Ring Method ( Du Nouy Method ) '' ( PDF ) . PHYWE . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Surface and Interfacial Tension '' . Langmuir - Blodgett Instruments . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Surfacants at interfaces '' ( PDF ) . lauda.de . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Calvert , James B. `` Surface Tension ( physics lecture notes ) '' . University of Denver . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Sessile Drop Method '' . Dataphysics . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Vicente , C. ; Yao , W. ; Maris , H. ; Seidel , G. ( 2002 ) . `` Surface tension of liquid 4He as measured using the vibration modes of a levitated drop '' . Physical Review B. 66 ( 21 ) . Bibcode : 2002PhRvB ... 66u4504V . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevB. 66.214504 . Jump up ^ `` Droplet oscillations driven by an electric field '' . Colloids and Surfaces A : Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 460 : 351 -- 354 . doi : 10.1016 / j. colsurfa. 2013.12. 013 . Jump up ^ `` Electrically Driven Resonant Oscillations of Pendant Hemispherical Liquid Droplet and Possibility to Evaluate the Surface Tension in Real Time '' . Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie. 227 . doi : 10.1524 / zpch. 2013.0420 . Jump up ^ `` Oscillations of a Hanging Liquid Drop , Driven by Interfacial Dielectric Force '' . Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie. 225 : 405 -- 411 . doi : 10.1524 / zpch. 2011.0074 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , J.W. ( 2002 ) ( 1876 -- 1878 ) , `` On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances '' , in Bumstead , H.A. ; Van Nameeds , R.G. , The Scientific Papers of J. Willard Gibbs , 1 , Woodbridge , CT : Ox Bow Press , pp. 55 -- 354 , ISBN 0918024773 ^ Jump up to : Moore , Walter J. ( 1962 ) . Physical Chemistry , 3rd ed . Prentice Hall . ^ Jump up to : Adam , Neil Kensington ( 1941 ) . The Physics and Chemistry of Surfaces , 3rd ed . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ van der Waals , J.D. ( 1979 ) ( 1893 ) , translated by Rowlinson , J.S. , `` The thermodynamic theory of capillarity under the hypothesis of a continuous variation of density '' , J. Stat . Phys. , 20 ( 2 ) : 197 -- 200 , Bibcode : 1979JSP ... 20 ... 197R , doi : 10.1007 / BF01011513 Jump up ^ Cahn , J.W. ; Hilliard , J.E. ( 1958 ) , `` Free energy of a nonuniform system . I. Interfacial free energy '' , J. Chem. Phys. : 258 -- 266 , Bibcode : 1958JChPh ... 28 ... 258C , doi : 10.1063 / 1.1744102 Jump up ^ Langer , J.S. ; Bar - On , M. ; Miller , H.D. ( 1975 ) , `` New computational method in the theory of spinodal decomposition '' , Phys. Rev. A : 1417 -- 1429. , Bibcode : 1975PhRvA ... 11.1417 L , doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevA. 11.1417 Jump up ^ Gorban , A.N. ; Karlin , I.V. ( 2016 ) , `` Beyond Navier -- Stokes equations : capillarity of ideal gas '' , Contemporary Physics ( Review article ) , Bibcode : 2017ConPh ... 58 ... 70G , arXiv : 1702.00831 , doi : 10.1080 / 00107514.2016. 1256123 ^ Jump up to : `` Physical Properties Sources Index : Eötvös Constant '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Vargaftik , N.B. ; Volkov , B.N. ; Voljak , L.D. ( 1983 ) . `` International Tables of the Surface Tension of Water '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data . 12 ( 3 ) : 817 . Bibcode : 1983JPCRD ... 12 ... 817V . doi : 10.1063 / 1.555688 . Jump up ^ G. Ertl , H. Knözinger and J. Weitkamp ; Handbook of heterogeneous catalysis , Vol. 2 , page 430 ; Wiley - VCH ; Weinheim ; 1997 ISBN 3 - 527 - 31241 - 2 ^ Jump up to : International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam ( June 2014 ) . `` Revised Release on Surface Tension of Ordinary Water Substance '' . Jump up ^ K.G. Nayar ; D. Panchanathan ; G.H. McKinley & J.H. Lienhard V ( November 2014 ) . `` Surface tension of seawater '' . J. Phys . Chem. Ref . Data . 43 ( 4 ) : 43103 . Bibcode : 2014JPCRD ... 43d3103N . doi : 10.1063 / 1.4899037 . Jump up ^ F.J. Millero ; R. Feistel ; D.G. Wright & T.J. McDougall ( January 2008 ) . `` The composition of Standard Seawater and the definition of the Reference - Composition Salinity Scale '' . Deep - Sea Research Part I. 55 : 50 . Bibcode : 2008DSRI ... 55 ... 50M . doi : 10.1016 / j. dsr. 2007.10. 001 . Jump up ^ Lange 's Handbook of Chemistry ( 1967 ) 10th ed . pp 1661 -- 1665 ISBN 0 - 07 - 016190 - 9 ( 11th ed . ) Jump up ^ On the Surface Tension of Liquid Helium II External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Surface tension . On surface tension and interesting real - world cases Surface Tensions of Various Liquids Calculation of temperature - dependent surface tensions for some common components Surface tension calculator for aqueous solutions containing the ions H , NH + 4 , Na , K , Mg , Ca , SO 2 − 4 , NO − 3 , Cl , CO 2 − 3 , Br and OH . T. Proctor Hall ( 1893 ) New methods of measuring surface tension in liquids , Philosophical Magazine ( series 5 , 36 : 385 -- 415 ) , link from Biodiversity Heritage Library . The Bubble Wall ( Audio slideshow from the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory explaining cohesion , surface tension and hydrogen bonds ) C. Pfister : Interface Free Energy . Scholarpedia 2010 ( from first principles of statistical mechanics ) Fundamentals of surface and interfacial tension Surface and Interfacial Tension Branches of physics Divisions Applied Experimental Theoretical Energy Motion Thermodynamics Mechanics Classical Ballistics Lagrangian Hamiltonian Continuum Celestial Statistical Solid Fluid Quantum Waves Fields Gravitation Electromagnetism Optics Geometrical Physical Nonlinear Quantum Quantum field theory Relativity Special General By speciality Accelerator Acoustics Astrophysics Nuclear Stellar Heliophysics Solar Space Astroparticle Atomic -- molecular -- optical ( AMO ) Communication Computational Condensed matter Mesoscopic Solid - state Soft Digital Engineering Material Mathematical Molecular Nuclear Particle Phenomenology Plasma Polymer Statistical Physics in life science Biophysics Virophysics Biomechanics Medical physics Cardiophysics Health physics Laser medicine Medical imaging Nuclear medicine Neurophysics Psychophysics Physics with other sciences Agrophysics Soil Atmospheric Cloud Chemical Econophysics Geophysics Diving medicine , physiology , physics and environment Diving medicine Injuries and disorders Pressure Oxygen Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia ( medical ) Oxygen toxicity Inert gases Atrial septal defect Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Dysbaric osteonecrosis High - pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Isobaric counterdiffusion Nitrogen narcosis Taravana Uncontrolled decompression Carbon dioxide Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Aerosinusitis Air embolism Alternobaric vertigo Barodontalgia Barostriction Barotrauma Compression arthralgia Decompression illness Dental barotrauma Dysbarism Ear clearing Frenzel maneuver Valsalva maneuver Immersion Asphyxia Drowning Hypothermia Immersion diuresis Instinctive drowning response Salt water aspiration syndrome Swimming - induced pulmonary edema List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders Cramps Diving disorders Motion sickness Surfer 's ear Treatments Diving chamber Diving medicine Hyperbaric medicine Hyperbaric treatment schedules In - water recompression Oxygen therapy Diving physiology Artificial gills ( human ) Blood -- air barrier Blood shift Breathing Circulatory system CO2 retention Cold shock response Dead space ( physiology ) Decompression ( diving ) Decompression theory Diving reflex Gas exchange History of decompression research and development Lipid Maximum operating depth Metabolism Normocapnia Oxygen window in diving decompression Perfusion Physiological response to water immersion Physiology of decompression Pulmonary circulation Respiratory exchange ratio Respiratory quotient Respiratory system Systemic circulation Tissue ( biology ) Diving physics Ambient pressure Amontons ' law Anti-fog Archimedes ' principle Atmospheric pressure Boyle 's law Breathing performance of regulators Buoyancy Charles 's law Combined gas law Dalton 's law Diffusion Force Gay - Lussac 's law Henry 's law Hydrophobe Hydrostatic pressure Ideal gas law Molecular diffusion Neutral buoyancy Oxygen fraction Partial pressure Permeation Pressure Psychrometric constant Snell 's law Solubility Solution Supersaturation Surface tension Surfactant Torricellian chamber Underwater vision Weight Diving environment Algal bloom Breaking wave Ocean current Current ( stream ) Ekman transport Halocline Longshore drift Rip current Stratification Surf Surge ( wave action ) Thermocline Tides Turbidity Undertow ( water waves ) Upwelling Researchers in diving medicine , and physiology Arthur J. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the high surface tension of water due to | [
"At liquid–air interfaces, surface tension results from the greater attraction of liquid molecules to each other (due to cohesion) than to the molecules in the air (due to adhesion). The net effect is an inward force at its surface that causes the liquid to behave as if its surface were covered with a stretched elastic membrane. Thus, the surface becomes under tension from the imbalanced forces, which is probably where the term \"surface tension\" came from.[1] Because of the relatively high attraction of water molecules for each other through a web of hydrogen bonds, water has a higher surface tension (72.8 millinewtons per meter at 20 °C) compared to that of most other liquids. Surface tension is an important factor in the phenomenon of capillarity."
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"the greater attraction of liquid molecules to each other (due to cohesion) than to the molecules in the air (due to adhesion)"
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-1002902094564759908 | Emergency contraception | Emergency contraception - wikipedia Emergency contraception Jump to : navigation , search Background Type Hormonal ( progestin or others ) or intrauterine First use 1970s Failure rates ( per use ) Perfect use ECP : see article text IUD : under 1 % Typical use % ( please see Effectiveness of ECPs below ) Usage User reminders Pregnancy test required if no period seen after 3 weeks Advantages and disadvantages STI protection No Periods ECP may disrupt next menstrual period by couple days . IUDs may make menstruation heavier and more painful Benefits IUDs may be subsequently left in place for ongoing contraception Risks As per methods Medical notes Combined estrogrogen / progestin pills of Yuzpe regimen now superseded by better - tolerated and more effective progestin - only pill . Progestin only ECP licensed for use within 3 days of unprotected intercourse , Ulipristal acetate and IUDs within 5 days . Take 2 times normal dosage birth control pill . Emergency contraception ( EC ) , or emergency postcoital contraception , are birth control measures that may be used after sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy . Forms of EC include : Emergency contraceptive pills ( ECPs ) -- sometimes simply referred to as emergency contraceptives ( ECs ) or the `` morning - after pill '' -- are medications intended to disrupt or delay ovulation or fertilization , which are necessary for pregnancy . ECPs and abortion pills are not the same . ECPs work by preventing or delaying ovulation and therefore preventing pregnancy , not by abortion . Intrauterine devices ( IUDs ) -- usually used as a primary contraceptive method , but sometimes used as emergency contraception . Contents ( hide ) 1 Emergency contraceptive pills 1.1 Types 1.2 Effectiveness 1.3 Safety 1.3. 1 Interactions 2 Intrauterine device 3 As regular contraception 4 Relationship to high risk sex and abortion 5 EC and sexual assault 6 Mechanism of action 7 History 7.1 Calculating effectiveness 7.2 United States 7.2. 1 DES 7.2. 2 Preven 7.2. 3 Plan B 8 Availability 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Emergency contraceptive pills ( edit ) Emergency contraceptive pills ( ECPs ) ( sometimes referred to as emergency hormonal contraception , EHC ) may contain higher doses of the same hormones ( estrogens , progestins , or both ) found in regular combined oral contraceptive pills . Taken after unprotected sexual intercourse or contraceptive failure , such higher doses may prevent pregnancy from occurring . Types ( edit ) Three types of emergency contraceptive pills are available : combined estrogen and progestin pills , progestin - only ( levonorgestrel , LNG ) pills , and antiprogestin ( ulipristal acetate or mifepristone ) pills . Progestin - only and antiprogestin pills are available as dedicated ( specifically packaged for use as ) emergency contraceptive pills . Combined estrogen and progestin pills are no longer available as dedicated emergency contraceptive pills , but certain regular combined oral contraceptive pills may be used as emergency contraceptive pills . Progestin - only emergency contraceptive pills contain levonorgestrel , either as a single tablet or as a split dose of two tablets taken 12 hours apart , effective up to 72 hours after intercourse . Progestin - only ECPs are sold under many different brand names . Progestin - only ECPs are available over-the - counter ( OTC ) in several countries ( e.g. Bangladesh , Bulgaria , Canada , Cyprus , Czech Republic , Denmark , Estonia , India , Malta , Netherlands , Norway , Portugal , Romania , Slovakia , South Africa , Sweden , United States ) , from a pharmacist without a prescription , and available with a prescription in some other countries . The antiprogestin ulipristal acetate is available as a micronized emergency contraceptive tablet , effective up to 120 hours after intercourse . Ulipristal acetate ECPs developed by HRA Pharma are available by prescription in over 50 countries under the brand names ellaOne , ella ( marketed by Watson Pharmaceuticals in the United States ) , Duprisal 30 , Ulipristal 30 , and UPRIS . The antiprogestin mifepristone ( also known as RU - 486 ) is available in five countries as a low - dose or mid-dose emergency contraceptive tablet , effective up to 120 hours after intercourse . Low - dose mifepristone ECPs are available by prescription in Armenia , Russia , Ukraine , and Vietnam and from a pharmacist without a prescription in China . Mid-dose mifepristone ECPs are available by prescription in China and Vietnam . Combined estrogen ( ethinylestradiol ) and progestin ( levonorgestrel or norgestrel ) pills used to be available as dedicated emergency contraceptive pills under several brand names : Schering PC4 , Tetragynon , Neoprimavlar , and Preven ( in the United States ) but were withdrawn after more effective dedicated progestin - only ( levonorgestrel ) emergency contraceptive pills with fewer side effects became available . If other more effective dedicated emergency contraceptive pills ( levonorgestrel , ulipristal acetate , or mifepristone ) are not available , specific combinations of regular combined oral contraceptive pills can be taken in split doses 12 hours apart ( the Yuzpe regimen ) , effective up to 72 hours after intercourse . The U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) approved this off - label use of certain brands of regular combined oral contraceptive pills in 1997 . As of 2014 , there are 26 brands of regular combined oral contraceptive pills containing levonorgestrel or norgestrel available in the United States that can be used in the emergency contraceptive Yuzpe regimen . Effectiveness ( edit ) Ulipristal acetate , and mid-dose mifepristone is more effective than levonorgestrel , which is more effective than the Yupse method . The effectiveness of emergency contraception is expressed as a percentage reduction in pregnancy rate for a single use of EC . Using an example of `` 75 % effective '' , the effectiveness calculation thus : ... these numbers do not translate into a pregnancy rate of 25 percent . Rather , they mean that if 1,000 women have unprotected intercourse in the middle two weeks of their menstrual cycles , approximately 80 will become pregnant . Use of emergency contraceptive pills would reduce this number by 75 percent , to 20 women . The progestin - only regimen ( using levonorgestrel ) has an 89 % effectiveness . As of 2006 , the labeling on the U.S. brand Plan B explained this effectiveness rate by stating , `` Seven out of every eight women who would have gotten pregnant will not become pregnant . '' In 1999 , a meta - analysis of eight studies of the combined ( Yuzpe ) regimen concluded that the best point estimate of effectiveness was 74 % . A 2003 analysis of two of the largest combined ( Yuzpe ) regimen studies , using a different calculation method , found effectiveness estimates of 47 % and 53 % . For both the progestin - only and Yuzpe regimens , the effectiveness of emergency contraception is highest when taken within 12 hours of intercourse and declines over time . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) suggested that reasonable effectiveness may continue for up to 120 hours ( 5 days ) after intercourse . For 10 mg of mifepristone taken up to 120 hours ( 5 days ) after intercourse , the combined estimate from three trials was an effectiveness of 83 % . A review found that a moderate dose of mifepristone is better than LNG or Yuzpe . HRA Pharma changed its packaging information for Norlevo ( which has dosage and chemical makeup identical to many other EHCs ) in November 2013 warning that the drug loses effectiveness in women who weigh more than 165 pounds and is completely ineffective for women who weigh over 176 pounds . Safety ( edit ) The most common side effect reported by users of emergency contraceptive pills was nausea ( 50.5 % of 979 Yuzpe regimen users and 23.1 % of 977 levonorgestrel - only users in the 1998 WHO trial ; 14.3 % of 2,720 levonorgestrel - only users in the 2002 WHO trial ) ; vomiting is much less common and unusual with levonorgestrel - only ECPs ( 18.8 % of 979 Yuzpe regimen users and 5.6 % of levonorgestrel - only users in the 1998 WHO trial ; 1.4 % of 2,720 levonorgestrel - only users in the 2002 WHO trial ) . Anti-emetics are not routinely recommended with levonorgestrel - only ECPs . If a woman vomits within 2 hours of taking a levonorgestrel - only ECP , she should take a further dose as soon as possible . Other common side effects ( each reported by less than 20 % of levonorgestrel - only users in both the 1998 and 2002 WHO trials ) were abdominal pain , fatigue , headache , dizziness , and breast tenderness . Side effects usually do not occur for more than a few days after treatment , and they generally resolve within 24 hours . Temporary disruption of the menstrual cycle is also commonly experienced . If taken before ovulation , the high doses of progestogen in levonorgestrel treatments may induce progestogen withdrawal bleeding a few days after the pills are taken . One study found that about half of women who used levonorgestrel ECPs experienced bleeding within 7 days of taking the pills . If levonorgestrel is taken after ovulation , it may increase the length of the luteal phase , thus delaying menstruation by a few days . Mifepristone , if taken before ovulation , may delay ovulation by 3 -- 4 days ( delayed ovulation may result in a delayed menstruation ) . These disruptions only occur in the cycle in which ECPs were taken ; subsequent cycle length is not significantly affected . If a woman 's menstrual period is delayed by two weeks or more , it is advised that she take a pregnancy test . ( Earlier testing may not give accurate results . ) Existing pregnancy is not a contraindication in terms of safety , as there is no known harm to the woman , the course of her pregnancy , or the fetus if progestin - only or combined emergency contraception pills are accidentally used , but EC is not indicated for a woman with a known or suspected pregnancy because it is not effective in women who are already pregnant . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) lists no medical condition for which the risks of emergency contraceptive pills outweigh the benefits . The American Academy of Pediatrics ( AAP ) and experts on emergency contraception have concluded that progestin - only ECPs may be preferable to combined ECPs containing estrogen in women with a history of blood clots , stroke , or migraine . There are no medical conditions in which progestin - only ECPs are contraindicated . Current venous thromboembolism , current or past history of breast cancer , inflammatory bowel disease , and acute intermittent porphyria are conditions where the advantages of using emergency contraceptive pills generally outweigh the theoretical or proven risks . ECPs , like all other contraceptives , reduce the absolute risk of ectopic pregnancy by preventing pregnancies and there is no increase in the relative risk of ectopic pregnancy in women who become pregnant after using progestin - only ECPs . Interactions ( edit ) The herbal preparation of St John 's wort and some enzyme - inducing drugs ( e.g. anticonvulsants or rifampicin ) may reduce the effectiveness of ECP , and a larger dose may be required . Intrauterine device ( edit ) An alternative to emergency contraceptive pills is the copper - T intrauterine device ( IUD ) which can be used up to 5 days after unprotected intercourse to prevent pregnancy . Insertion of an IUD is more effective than use of Emergency Contraceptive Pills - pregnancy rates when used as emergency contraception are the same as with normal IUD use . IUDs may be left in place following the subsequent menstruation to provide ongoing contraception ( 3 -- 10 years depending upon type ) . As regular contraception ( edit ) One brand of levonorgestrel pills was marketed as an ongoing method of postcoital contraception . However , there are serious drawbacks to such use of postcoital high - dose progestin - only oral contraceptive pills , especially if they are not used according to their package directions , but are instead used according to the package directions of emergency contraceptive pills : Due to the increasing severity of side effects with frequent use , Postinor is only recommended for women who have intercourse four or fewer times per month . If not used according to their package directions , but instead used according to the directions of levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pills ( up to 72 hours after intercourse ) , they would be estimated to have a `` perfect - use '' ( when not used according to their package directions but used as directed on the package directions for levonorgestrel emergency contraception pills ) pregnancy rate of 20 % per year when used as the sole means of contraception ( as compared to a 40 % annual pregnancy rate for the Yuzpe regimen ) . These failure rates would be higher than those of almost all other birth control methods , including the rhythm method and withdrawal . Like all hormonal methods , postcoital high - dose progestin - only oral contraceptive pills do not protect against sexually transmitted infections . ECPs are generally recommended for backup or `` emergency '' use , rather than as the primary means of contraception . They are intended for use when other means of contraception have failed -- for example , if a woman has forgotten to take a birth control pill or when a condom is torn during sex . Relationship to high risk sex and abortion ( edit ) The current ( December 2012 ) American Academy of Pediatrics ( AAP ) Policy Statement on Emergency Contraception says : `` Despite multiple studies showing no increased risk behavior and evidence that hormonal emergency contraception will not disrupt an established pregnancy , public and medical discourse reflects that personal values of physicians and pharmacists continue to affect emergency - contraception access , particularly for adolescents . '' The latest ( December 2013 ) review by emergency contraception experts Trussell and Raymond says : `` Published evidence would seem to demonstrate convincingly that making ECPs more widely available does not increase risk - taking or adversely affect regular contraceptive use '' ... `` However , reanalysis of one of the randomized trials suggests that easier access to ECPs may have increased the frequency of coital acts with the potential to lead to pregnancy . '' and notes that four randomized controlled trials have found that advanced provision of emergency contraceptive pills did not increase rates of sexually transmitted infections or sexual risk taking . Trussell and Raymond noted that after one of the four studies had been reanalysed later , the data did show higher sexual risk - taking , specifically substituting in some cases emergency contraceptives for contraceptives such as condoms that are more effective . In France , Sweden , and Britain -- where Yuzpe - regimen EC had been available by prescription for more than a decade and progestin - only EC has been available without a prescription for 8 , 6 , and 2 years respectively -- the abortion rate was stable or higher during that time period . Another study concluded that distribution of free , advance supplies of EC to large numbers of women in Scotland did not reduce abortion rates . A randomized controlled trial of 2000 women in China compared women with advance access to EC to women without access , and noted that the pregnancy rate was the same between the two groups . The study observed that `` ... providing EC in advance increases use , but there is no direct evidence that it reduces unintended pregnancy '' and concluded that EC may not lower abortion rates . In September 2006 , emergency contraception expert Anna Glasier wrote a BMJ editorial entitled `` Emergency Contraception . Is it worth all the fuss ? '' that said in closing : `` So is emergency contraception worth the fuss ? If you are a woman who has had unprotected sex then of course it is , because emergency contraception will prevent pregnancy in some women some of the time -- and if you do n't want to get pregnant anything is better than nothing . If you are the CMAJ 's editor or FDA commissioner then yes , because scientific freedom is worth the fight . If you are looking for an intervention that will reduce abortion rates , emergency contraception may not be the solution , and perhaps you should concentrate most on encouraging people to use contraception before or during sex , not after it . '' EC and sexual assault ( edit ) Before EC was used in the general population or defined as `` emergency contraception , '' it was used , beginning in the 1960s and 70s , specifically for women who had been sexually assaulted . Pregnancy rates among rape victims of child - bearing age are around 5 % ; in the U.S. , about half of rape victims who become pregnant have abortions . Although EC is commonly used as an option for victims of sexual assault , some researchers believe such use is a public health measure that is not sufficiently widespread . Mechanism of action ( edit ) The primary mechanism of action of progestogen - only emergency contraceptive pills is to prevent fertilization by inhibition of ovulation . The best available evidence is that they do not have any post-fertilization effects such as the prevention of implantation . The U.S. FDA - approved labels and European EMA - approved labels ( except for HRA Pharma 's NorLevo ) levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pills ( based on labels for regular oral contraceptive pills ) say they may cause endometrial changes that discourage implantation . Daily use of regular oral contraceptive pills can alter the endometrium ( although this has not been proven to interfere with implantation ) , but the isolated use of a levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pill does not have time to alter the endometrium . In March 2011 , the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics ( FIGO ) issued a statement that : `` review of the evidence suggests that LNG ( levonorgestreol ) ECPs can not prevent implantation of a fertilized egg . Language on implantation should not be included in LNG ECP product labeling . '' In June 2012 , a New York Times editorial called on the FDA to remove from the label the unsupported suggestion that levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pills inhibit implantation . In November 2013 , the European Medicines Agency ( EMA ) approved a change to the label for HRA Pharma 's NorLevo saying it can not prevent implantation of a fertilized egg . Progestogen - only emergency contraceptive does not appear to affect the function of the Fallopian tubes or increase the rate of ectopic pregnancies . The primary mechanism of action of progesterone receptor modulator emergency contraceptive pills like low - dose and mid-dose mifepristone and ulipristal acetate is to prevent fertilization by inhibition or delay of ovulation . One clinical study found that post-ovulatory administration of ulipristal acetate altered the endometrium , but whether the changes would inhibit implantation is unknown . The European EMA - approved labels for ulipristal acetate emergency contraceptive pills do not mention an effect on implantation , but the U.S. FDA - approved label says : `` alterations to the endometrium that may affect implantation may also contribute to efficacy . '' The primary mechanism of action of copper - releasing intrauterine devices ( IUDs ) as emergency contraceptives is to prevent fertilization because of copper toxicity to sperm and ova . The very high effectiveness of copper - releasing IUDs as emergency contraceptives implies that they must also prevent some pregnancies by post-fertilization effects such as prevention of implantation . History ( edit ) In 1966 , gynecologist John McLean Morris and biologist Gertrude Van Wagenen at the Yale School of Medicine reported the successful use of oral high - dose estrogen pills as post-coital contraceptives in women and rhesus macaque monkeys , respectively . A few different drugs were studied , with a focus on high - dose estrogens , and it was originally hoped that postcoital contraception would prove viable as an ongoing contraceptive method . The first widely used methods were five - day treatments with high - dose estrogens , using diethylstilbestrol ( DES ) in the US and ethinylestradiol in the Netherlands by Dr. Haspels . In the early 1970s , the Yuzpe regimen was developed by A. Albert Yuzpe in 1974 ; progestin - only postcoital contraception was investigated ( 1975 ) ; and the copper IUD was first studied for use as emergency contraception ( 1975 ) . Danazol was tested in the early 1980s in the hopes that it would have fewer side effects than Yuzpe , but was found to be ineffective . The Yuzpe regimen became the standard course of treatment for postcoital contraception in many countries in the 1980s . The first prescription - only combined estrogen - progestin dedicated product , Schering PC4 ( ethinylestradiol and norgestrel ) , was approved in the UK in January 1984 and first marketed in October 1984 . Schering introduced a second prescription - only combined product , Tetragynon ( ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel ) in Germany in 1985. ( 1 ) By 1997 , Schering AG dedicated prescription - only combined products had been approved in only 9 countries : the UK ( Schering PC4 ) , New Zealand ( Schering PC4 ) , South Africa ( E-Gen - C ) , Germany ( Tetragynon ) , Switzerland ( Tetragynon ) , Denmark ( Tetragynon ) , Norway ( Tetragynon ) , Sweden ( Tetragynon ) and Finland ( Neoprimavlar ) ; and had been withdrawn from marketing in New Zealand in 1997 to prevent it being sold over-the - counter. ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) Regular combined oral contraceptive pills ( which were less expensive and more widely available ) were more commonly used for the Yuzpe regimen even in countries where dedicated products were available . Over time , interest in progestin - only treatments increased . The Special Program on Human Reproduction ( HRP ) , an international organization whose members include the World Bank and World Health Organization , `` played a pioneering role in emergency contraception '' by `` confirming the effectiveness of levonorgestrel . '' After the WHO conducted a large trial comparing Yuzpe and levonorgestrel in 1998 , combined estrogen - progestin products were gradually withdrawn from some markets ( Preven in the United States discontinued May 2004 , Schering PC4 in the UK discontinued October 2001 , and Tetragynon in France ) in favor of progestin - only EC , although prescription - only dedicated Yuzpe regimen products are still available in some countries . In 2002 , China became the first country in which mifepristone was registered for use as EC . Calculating effectiveness ( edit ) Early studies of emergency contraceptives did not attempt to calculate a failure rate ; they simply reported the number of women who became pregnant after using an emergency contraceptive . Since 1980 , clinical trials of emergency contraception have first calculated probable pregnancies in the study group if no treatment were given . The effectiveness is calculated by dividing observed pregnancies by the estimated number of pregnancies without treatment . Placebo - controlled trials that could give a precise measure of the pregnancy rate without treatment would be unethical , so the effectiveness percentage is based on estimated pregnancy rates . These are currently estimated using variants of the calendar method . Women with irregular cycles for any reason ( including recent hormone use such as oral contraceptives and breastfeeding ) must be excluded from such calculations . Even for women included in the calculation , the limitations of calendar methods of fertility determination have long been recognized . In their February 2014 emergency review article , Trussell and Raymond note : Calculation of effectiveness , and particularly the denominator of the fraction , involves many assumptions that are difficult to validate ... The risk of pregnancy for women requesting ECPs appears to be lower than assumed in the estimates of ECP efficacy , which are consequently likely to be overestimates . Yet , precise estimates of efficacy may not be highly relevant to many women who have had unprotected intercourse , since ECPs are often the only available treatment . In 1999 , hormonal assay was suggested as a more accurate method of estimating fertility for EC studies . United States ( edit ) DES ( edit ) In 1971 , a New England Journal of Medicine editorial calling attention to previously published studies on the use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive at Yale University , and a large study published in JAMA on the use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive at the University of Michigan , led to off - label use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive becoming prevalent at many university health services . In May 1973 , in an attempt to restrict off - label use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive to emergency situations such as rape , a FDA Drug Bulletin was sent to all U.S. physicians and pharmacists that said the FDA had approved , under restricted conditions , postcoital contraceptive use of DES . ( In February 1975 , the FDA Commissioner testified that the only error in the May 1973 FDA Drug Bulletin was that the FDA had not approved postcoital contraceptive use of DES . ) In September 1973 , the FDA published a proposed rule specifying patient labeling and special packaging requirements for any manufacturer seeking FDA approval to market DES as a postcoital contraceptive , inviting manufacturers to submit abbreviated new drug applications ( ANDAs ) for that indication , and notifying manufacturers that the FDA intended to order the withdrawal of DES 25 mg tablets ( which were being used off - label as postcoital contraceptives ) . In late 1973 , Eli Lilly , the largest U.S. manufacturer of DES , discontinued its DES 25 mg tablets and in March 1974 sent a letter to all U.S. physicians and pharmacists telling them it did not recommend use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive . Only one pharmaceutical company , Tablicaps , Inc. , a small manufacturer of generic drugs , ever submitted ( in January 1974 ) an ANDA for use of DES as an emergency postcoital contraceptive , and the FDA never approved it . In February 1975 , the FDA said it had not yet approved DES as a postcoital contraceptive , but would after March 8 , 1975 permit marketing of DES for that indication in emergency situations such as rape or incest if a manufacturer obtained an approved ANDA that provided patient labeling and special packaging as set out in a FDA final rule published in February 1975 . To discourage off - label use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive , in February 1975 the FDA ordered DES 25 mg ( and higher ) tablets removed from the market and ordered the labeling of lower doses ( 5 mg and lower ) of DES still approved for other indications be changed to state : `` THIS DRUG PRODUCT SHOULD NOT BE USED AS A POSTCOITAL CONTRACEPTIVE '' in block capital letters on the first line of the physician prescribing information package insert and in a prominent and conspicuous location of the container and carton label . In March 1978 , a FDA Drug Bulletin was sent to all U.S. physicians and pharmacists which said : `` FDA has not yet given approval for any manufacturer to market DES as a postcoital contraceptive . The Agency , however , will approve this indication for emergency situations such as rape or incest if a manufacturer provides patient labeling and special packaging . To discourage ' morning after ' use of DES without patient labeling , FDA has removed from the market the 25 mg tablets of DES , formerly used for this purpose . '' In the 1980s , off - label use of the Yuzpe regimen superseded off - label use of DES for postcoital contraception . DES is no longer commercially available in the U.S. ; Eli Lilly , the last U.S. manufacturer , ceased production in spring 1997 . Preven ( edit ) On February 25 , 1997 , the FDA posted a notice in the Federal Register saying it had concluded that the Yuzpe regimen was safe and effective for off - label use as postcoital EC , was prepared to accept NDAs for COCPs labeled as ECPs , and listed 6 then available COCPs ( there are now 22 ) that could be used as ECPs . On September 1 , 1998 , the FDA approved the prescription Yuzpe regimen Preven Emergency Contraception Kit ( which contained a urine pregnancy test and 4 COCPs ) . Preven was discontinued in May 2004 . Plan B ( edit ) On July 28 , 1999 , the FDA approved the prescription progestin - only Plan B ( two 750 μg levonorgestrel pills ) emergency contraceptive . On August 24 , 2006 , the FDA approved nonprescription behind - the - counter access to Plan B from pharmacies staffed by a licensed pharmacist for women 18 or older ; a prescription - only form of Plan B was made available for younger females aged 17 and younger . On November 6 , 2006 , Barr Pharmaceuticals announced that its subsidiary , Duramed Pharmaceuticals , had initiated shipment of dual - label Plan B OTC / Rx and it would be available in pharmacies across the U.S. by mid-November 2006 . On March 23 , 2009 , a US judge ordered the FDA to allow 17 - year - olds to acquire Plan B without a prescription . This now changes the August 24 , 2006 ruling and Plan B is now available `` behind the counter '' for men and women . There is a prescription method available for girls under 17 . On April 30 , 2013 , the FDA approved ( with three - year marketing exclusivity ) Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Plan B One - Step for sale without a prescription to anyone age 15 or over who can show proof of age such as a driver 's license , birth certificate , or passport to a drug store retail clerk . Generic one - pill levonorgestrel emergency contraceptives and all two - pill levonorgestrel emergency contraceptives will remain restricted to sale from a pharmacist -- without a prescription to anyone age 17 or over who can show proof of age . On June 10 , 2013 , the Obama administration ceased trying to block the over-the - counter availability the pill for all women and girls . With this reversal it means that any woman or girl will be able to purchase the Plan B One - Step without a prescription . Availability ( edit ) Main article : Emergency contraceptive availability by country See also ( edit ) Rape crisis center Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leung , Vivian W.Y. ; Levine , Marc ; Soon , Judith A. ( February 2010 ) . `` Mechanisms of action of hormonal emergency contraceptives '' . Pharmacotherapy. 30 ( 2 ) : 158 -- 168 . doi : 10.1592 / phco. 30.2. 158 . PMID 20099990 . Jump up ^ Gemzell - Danielsson , Kristina ( November 2010 ) . `` Mechanism of action of emergency contraception '' . Contraception. 82 ( 5 ) : 404 -- 409 . doi : 10.1016 / j. contraception. 2010.05. 004 . PMID 20933113 . ^ Jump up to : Trussell , James ; Schwarz , Eleanor Bimla ( 2011 ) . `` Emergency contraception '' . In Hatcher , Robert A. ; Trussell , James ; Nelson , Anita L. ; Cates , Willard Jr. ; Kowal , Deborah ; Policar , Michael S. Contraceptive technology ( 20th revised ed . ) . New York : Ardent Media . pp. 113 -- 145 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59708 - 004 - 0 . ISSN 0091 - 9721 . OCLC 781956734 . p. 121 : Mechanism of action Copper - releasing IUCs When used as a regular or emergency method of contraception , copper - releasing IUCs act primarily to prevent fertilization . Emergency insertion of a copper IUC is significantly more effective than the use of ECPs , reducing the risk of pregnancy following unprotected intercourse by more than 99 % . This very high level of effectiveness implies that emergency insertion of a copper IUC must prevent some pregnancies after fertilization . Emergency contraceptive pills To make an informed choice , women must know that ECPs -- like the birth control pill , patch , ring , shot , and implant , and even like breastfeeding -- prevent pregnancy primarily by delaying or inhibiting ovulation and inhibiting fertilization , but may at times inhibit implantation of a fertilized egg in the endometrium . However , women should also be informed that the best available evidence indicates that ECPs prevent pregnancy by mechanisms that do not involve interference with post-fertilization events . ECPs do not cause abortion or harm an established pregnancy . Pregnancy begins with implantation according to medical authorities such as the US FDA , the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ( ACOG ) . Ulipristal acetate ( UPA ) . One study has demonstrated that UP can delay ovulation. ... Another study found that UPA altered the endometrium , but whether this change would inhibit implantation is unknown . p. 122 : Progestin - only emergency contraceptive pills . Early treatment with ECPs containing only the progestin levonorgestrel has been show to impair the ovulatory process and luteal function . p. 123 : Combined emergency contraceptive pills . Several clinical studies have shown that combined ECPs containing ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel can inhibit or delay ovulation . Jump up ^ `` Emergency contraception : Morning after pill and day after pill '' . ec.princeton.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) ( February 25 , 1997 ) . `` Certain combined oral contraceptives for use as postcoital emergency contraception '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register . 62 ( 37 ) : 8610 -- 8612 . ^ Jump up to : Trussell , James ; Raymond , Elizabeth G. ; Cleland , Kelly ( February 2014 ) . `` Emergency contraception : a last chance to prevent unintended pregnancy '' ( PDF ) . Princeton : Office of Population Research at Princeton University , Association of Reproductive Health Professionals . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gemzell - Danielsson , Kristina ; Rabe , Thomas ; Cheng , Linan ( March 2013 ) . `` Emergency contraception -- an update '' . Gynecological Endocrinology. 29 ( Supplement 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.3109 / 09513590.2013. 774591 . PMID 23437846 . ^ Jump up to : Trussell , James ; Cleland , Kelly ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Dedicated emergency contraceptive pills worldwide '' ( PDF ) . Princeton : Office of Population Research at Princeton University , Association of Reproductive Health Professionals . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : ICEC ( 2014 ) . `` EC pill types and countries of availability , by brand '' . New York : International Consortium for Emergency Contraception ( ICEC ) . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : ECEC ( 2014 ) . `` Emergency contraception availability in Europe '' . New York : European Consortium for Emergency Contraception ( ECEC ) . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ HRA Pharma ( March 2013 ) . `` Countries where ellaOne was launched '' . Paris : HRA Pharma . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shen , J ; Che , Y ; Showell , E ; Chen , K ; Cheng , L ( 2 August 2017 ) . `` Interventions for emergency contraception '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 8 : CD001324 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD001324. pub5 . PMID 28766313 . Jump up ^ Weismiller D ( 2004 ) . `` Emergency contraception '' . Am Fam Physician. 70 ( 4 ) : 707 -- 14 . PMID 15338783 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Plan B label information '' ( PDF ) . Food and Drug Administration . August 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Trussell J , Rodriguez G , Ellertson C ( 1999 ) . `` Updated estimates of the effectiveness of the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception '' . Contraception. 59 ( 3 ) : 147 -- 51 . doi : 10.1016 / S0010 - 7824 ( 99 ) 00018 - 9 . PMID 10382076 . Jump up ^ Trussell J , Ellertson C , von Hertzen H , Bigrigg A , Webb A , Evans M , Ferden S , Leadbetter C ( 2003 ) . `` Estimating the effectiveness of emergency contraceptive pills '' . Contraception. 67 ( 4 ) : 259 -- 65 . doi : 10.1016 / S0010 - 7824 ( 02 ) 00535 - 8 . PMID 12684144 . ^ Jump up to : WHO Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation ( August 8 , 1998 ) . `` Randomised controlled trial of levonorgestrel versus the Yuzpe regimen of combined oral contraceptives for emergency contraception '' . Lancet . 352 ( 9126 ) : 428 -- 433 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 98 ) 05145 - 9 . PMID 9708750 . Jump up ^ Please add first missing authors to populate metadata. ( 1999 ) . `` Counsel women to take ECPs as soon as possible '' . Contracept Technol Update. 20 ( 7 ) : 75 -- 7 . PMID 12295381 . Jump up ^ WHO / HRP ( 1999 ) . `` Levonorgestrel is more effective , has fewer side - effects , than Yuzpe regimen '' . Prog Hum Reprod Res ( 51 ) : 3 -- 5 . PMID 12349416 . ^ Jump up to : von Hertzen , Helena ; Piaggio , Gilda ; Peregoudov , Alexandre ; Ding , Juhong ; Chen , Junling ; Song , Si ; Bártfai , György ; Ng , Ernest ; Gemzell - Danielsson , Kristina ; Oyunbileg , Amindavaa ; Wu , Shangchun ; Cheng , Weiyu ; Lüdicke , Frank ; Pretnar - Darovec , Alenka ; Kirkman , Rosemary ; Mittal , Suneeta ; Khomassuridze , Archil ; Apter , Dan ; WHO Research Group on Post-ovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation ( December 7 , 2002 ) . `` Low dose mifepristone and two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception : a WHO multicentre randomised trial '' . Lancet . 360 ( 9348 ) : 1803 -- 1810 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 02 ) 11767 - 3 . PMID 12480356 . Jump up ^ Piaggio G , Heng Z , von Hertzen H , Bilian X , Linan C ( 2003 ) . `` Combined estimates of effectiveness of mifepristone 10 mg in emergency contraception '' . Contraception. 68 ( 6 ) : 439 -- 46 . doi : 10.1016 / S0010 - 7824 ( 03 ) 00110 - 0 . PMID 14698074 . Jump up ^ Cheng , L ; Che , Y ; Gülmezoglu , AM ( Aug 15 , 2012 ) . `` Interventions for emergency contraception '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 8 : CD001324 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD001324. pub4 . PMID 22895920 . Jump up ^ http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2013/11/plan-b-morning-after-pill-weight-limit-pounds Jump up ^ http://www.popsci.com/article/science/fyi-why-doesnt-plan-b-work-heavier-women?src=SOC&dom=fb ^ Jump up to : RCOG Faculty of Sexual ; Reproductive Healthcare ; Clinical Effectiveness Unit ( January 2012 ) . Clinical guidance : emergency contraception ( PDF ) . London : Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists . ISSN 1755 - 103X . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . p. 3 : How does EC work ? In 2002 , a judicial review ruled that pregnancy begins at implantation , not fertilisation . The possible mechanisms of action should be explained to the patient as some methods may not be acceptable , depending on individual beliefs about the onset of pregnancy and abortion . Copper - bearing intrauterine device ( Cu - IUD ) . Copper is toxic to the ovum and sperm and thus the copper - bearing intrauterine device ( Cu - IUD ) is effective immediately after insertion and works primarily by inhibiting fertilisation . A systematic review on mechanisms of action of IUDs showed that both pre - and postfertilisation effects contribute to efficacy . If fertilisation has already occurred , it is accepted that there is an anti-implantation effect , Levonorgestrel ( LNG ) . The precise mode of action of levonorgestrel ( LNG ) is incompletely understood but it is thought to work primarily by inhibition of ovulation . Ulipristal acetate ( UPA ) . UPA 's primary mechanism of action is thought to be inhibition or delay of ovulation . Jump up ^ WHO Department of Reproductive Health and Research ( December 31 , 2004 ) . `` Question 20 . What can a woman do to prevent nausea and vomiting when taking emergency contraceptive pills ( ECPs ) ? '' . Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use ( 2nd ed . ) . Geneva : World Health Organization . ISBN 92 - 4 - 156284 - 6 . Jump up ^ WHO Department of Reproductive Health and Research ( December 31 , 2004 ) . `` Question 21 . What can a woman do if she vomits after taking emergency contraceptive pills ( ECPs ) ? '' . Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use ( 2nd ed . ) . Geneva : World Health Organization . ISBN 92 - 4 - 156284 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Raymond , Elizabeth G. ; Goldberg , Alisa ; Trussell , James ; Hays , Melissa ; Roach , Elizabeth ; Taylor , Douglas ( April 2006 ) . `` Bleeding patterns after use of levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pills '' . Contraception. 73 ( 4 ) : 376 -- 381 . doi : 10.1016 / j. contraception. 2005.10. 006 . PMID 16531171 . Jump up ^ Gainer , Erin ; Kenfack , Bruno ; Mboudou , Emile ; Doh , Anderson Sama ; Bouyer , Jean ( August 2006 ) . `` Menstrual bleeding patterns following levonorgestrel emergency contraception '' . Contraception. 74 ( 2 ) : 118 -- 124 . doi : 10.1016 / j. contraception. 2006.02. 009 . PMC 1934349 . PMID 16860049 . Jump up ^ Gemzell - Danielsson , Kristina ; Marions , Lena ( July -- August 2004 ) . `` Mechanisms of action of mifepristone and levonorgestrel when used for emergency contraception '' . Hum Reprod Update. 10 ( 4 ) : 341 -- 348 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmh027 . PMID 15192056 . ^ Jump up to : American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ( May 2010 ) . `` ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 112 : Emergency contraception '' . Obstet Gynecol. 115 ( 5 ) : 1100 -- 1109 . doi : 10.1097 / AOG. 0b013e3181deff2a . PMID 20410799 . ^ Jump up to : American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence ( October 2005 ) . `` Emergency contraception '' . Pediatrics. 116 ( 4 ) : 1026 -- 1035 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2005 - 1877 . PMID 16147972 . ^ Jump up to : Grimes , David A. ; Raymond , Elizabeth G. ( August 6 , 2002 ) . `` Emergency contraception '' . Ann Intern Med. 137 ( 3 ) : 180 -- 189 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 137 - 3 - 200208060 - 00010 . PMID 12160366 . ^ Jump up to : FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research ( August 22 , 2006 ) . `` Plan B Rx to OTC switch Medical Reviews '' ( PDF ) . Beltsville , Md. : Food and Drug Administration . pp. 32 -- 7 , 133 -- 77 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : WHO Department of Reproductive Health and Research ( 2009 ) . `` Emergency contraceptive pills ( ECPs ) '' . Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use ( PDF ) ( 4th ed . ) . Geneva : World Health Organization . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 4 - 156388 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : RCOG Faculty of Sexual ; Reproductive Healthcare ( 2009 ) . `` UK medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use : Emergency contraception '' ( PDF ) . London : Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists . pp. 107 -- 115 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ CDC Division of Reproductive Health ( June 18 , 2010 ) . `` U.S. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . MMWR Recomm Rep. 59 ( RR - 4 ) : 1 -- 86 . PMID 20559203 . Jump up ^ Davidoff , Frank ; Trussell , James ( October 11 , 2006 ) . `` Plan B and the politics of doubt ( commentary ) '' . JAMA. 296 ( 14 ) : 1775 -- 1778 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 296.14. 1775 . PMID 17032991 . ^ Jump up to : UNDP / UNFPA / WHO / World Bank Special Programme of Research , Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction ( HRP ) ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` Fact sheet on the safety of levonorgestrel - alone emergency contraceptive pills ( LNG ECPs ) '' ( PDF ) . Geneva : World Health Organization . Can LNG ECPs cause an abortion ? LNG ECPs do not interrupt an established pregnancy or harm a developing embryo . The evidence available to date shows that LNG ECP use does not prevent a fertilized egg from attaching to the uterine lining . The primary mechanism of action is to stop or disrupt ovulation ; LNG ECP use may also prevent the sperm and egg from meeting . Jump up ^ Cleland , Kelly ; Raymond , Elizabeth ; Trussell , James ; Cheng , Linan ; Zhu , Haoping ( June 2010 ) . `` Ectopic pregnancy and emergency contraceptive pills : a systematic review '' . Obstet Gynecol. 115 ( 6 ) : 1263 -- 1266 . doi : 10.1097 / AOG. 0b013e3181dd22ef . PMC 3903002 . PMID 20502299 . Jump up ^ RCOG Faculty of Sexual ; Reproductive Healthcare ; Clinical Effectiveness Unit ( January 2012 ) . Clinical guidance : drug interactions with hormonal contraception ( PDF ) . London : Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists . ISSN 1755 - 103X . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gottardi G , Spreafico A , de Orchi L ( 1986 ) . `` The postcoital IUD as an effective continuing contraceptive method '' . Contraception. 34 ( 6 ) : 549 -- 58 . doi : 10.1016 / S0010 - 7824 ( 86 ) 80011 - 7 . PMID 3549140 . ^ Jump up to : Ellertson , Charlotte ( March -- April 1996 ) . `` History and Efficacy of Emergency Contraception : Beyond Coca - Cola '' . Family Planning Perspectives . Guttmacher Institute . 28 ( 2 ) : 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 2136122 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Chernev T , Ivanov S , Dikov I , Stamenkova R ( 1995 ) . `` Prospective study of contraception with levonorgestrel '' . 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Jump up ^ Gold , Melanie A. ; Wolford , Jennifer E. ; Smith , Kym A. ; Parker , Andrew M. ( April 2004 ) . `` The effects of advance provision of emergency contraception on adolescent women 's sexual and contraceptive behaviors '' . Journal of Pediatric & Adolescent Gynecology. 17 ( 2 ) : 87 -- 96 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpag. 2003.11. 018 . PMID 15050984 . Jump up ^ Raine , Tina R. ; Harper , Cynthia C. ; Rocca , Corinne H. ; Fischer , Richard ; Padian , Nancy ; Klausner , Jeffrey D. ; Darney , Philip D. ( January 5 , 2005 ) . `` Direct access to emergency contraception through pharmacies and effect on unintended pregnancy and STIs : a randomized controlled trial '' . JAMA. 293 ( 1 ) : 54 -- 62 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 293.1. 54 . PMID 15632336 . Jump up ^ Raymond , Elizabeth G. ; Stewart , Felicia ; Weaver , Mark ; Monteith , Charles ; Van Der Pol , Barbara ( November 2006 ) . `` Impact of increased access to emergency contraceptive pills : a randomized controlled trial '' . Obstetrics & Gynecology. 108 ( 5 ) : 1098 -- 1106 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. AOG. 0000235708.91572. db . PMID 17077230 . Jump up ^ Ekstrand , Maria ; Larsson , Margareta ; Darj , Elisabeth ; Tydén , Tanja ( March 2008 ) . `` Advance provision of emergency contraceptive pills reduces treatment delay : a randomised controlled trial among Swedish teenage girls '' . Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 87 ( 3 ) : 354 -- 359 . doi : 10.1080 / 00016340801936024 . PMID 18307077 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency Contraception Does n't Lower Abortion Rates '' . Forbes . September 15 , 2006 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Glasier A , Fairhurst K , Wyke S , Zieblad S , Seaman P , Walker J , Lakha F ( 2004 ) . `` Advanced provision of emergency contraception does not reduce abortion rates '' . Contraception. 69 ( 5 ) : 361 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. contraception. 2004.01. 002 . PMID 15105057 . Jump up ^ Hu X ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Advanced provision of emergency contraception to postnatal women in China makes no difference in abortion rates : a randomized controlled trial '' . Contraception. 72 ( 2 ) : 111 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. contraception. 2005.02. 004 . PMID 16022849 . Jump up ^ Glasier , A ( 2006 ) . `` Emergency contraception : Is it worth all the fuss ? '' . BMJ. 333 ( 7568 ) : 560 -- 1 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 38960.672998. 80 . PMC 1569992 . PMID 16973989 . Jump up ^ Glover D eta al ( 1976 ) . `` Diethylstilbestrol in the Treatment of Rape Victims '' . The Western journal of medicine . West J Med. 125 ( 4 ) : 331 -- 4 . PMC 1237330 . PMID 1032235 . Jump up ^ Diamond EF ( 1978 ) . `` Physician notes hazards of DES use to prevent pregnancy '' . Hosp Prog. 59 ( 3 ) : 6 -- 10 . PMID 631811 . Jump up ^ Holmes MM ; et al. ( 1996 ) . `` Rape - related pregnancy : estimates and descriptive characteristics from a national sample of women '' . Am J Obstet Gynecol. 175 ( 2 ) : 320 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / S0002 - 9378 ( 96 ) 70141 - 2 . PMID 8765248 Jump up ^ Stewart , Felicia H. ; James Trussell . ( November 2000 ) . `` Prevention of pregnancy resulting from rape : A neglected preventive health measure '' . American Journal of Preventive Medicine . 19 ( 4 ) : 228 -- 229 . doi : 10.1016 / S0749 - 3797 ( 00 ) 00243 - 9 . PMID 11064225 . ^ Jump up to : Speroff , Leon ; Darney , Philip D. ( 2011 ) . `` Special uses of oral contraception : emergency contraception , the progestin - only minipill '' . A clinical guide for contraception ( 5th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 153 -- 166 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60831 - 610 - 6 . p. 155 : Emergency postcoital contraception Levonorgestrel Mechanism and efficacy There is strong evidence that treatment with emergency contraception acts primarily by preventing or delaying ovulation and by preventing fertilization . Studies have indicated that emergency contraception does not prevent implantation . Experiments in monkeys and rats could detect no effect of a high dose of levonorgesterel administered postcoitally once fertilization had occurred . The evidence indicates that a postfertilization effect does not contribute to the efficacy of emergency contraception . Clinicians , pharmacists , and patients can be reassured that treatment with emergency contraception is not an abortifacient . p. 157 : The use of progesterone receptor modulators for emergency contraception Mifepristone . In randomized trials , 10 mg mifepristone was as effective as 25 , 50 , or 600 mg . preventing about 80 - 85 % of expected pregnancies ( the same efficacy and side effects as with the levonorgestrel method ) , with a slight decrease in efficacy when treatment was delayed to 5 days after intercourse . Ulipristal Acetate . Ulipristal acetate ( ellaOne ) has similar biologic effects as mifepristone and is approved for emergency contraception in Europe and is expected to become available in the U.S. in a single oral dose of 30 mg . Randomized trials demonstrated that ulipristal acetate is slightly more effective than the single 1.5 mg dose of levonorgestrel when used within 72 h after sexual intercourse and even between 72 h and 120h. ... Progesterone receptor modulators like ulipristal acetate and mifepristone suppress ovarian follicular growth and also delay endometrial maturation , manifested in a delay in menstruation after treatment . Ovulation can be temporarily postponed . Other methods Another method of emergency contraception is the insertion of a copper IUD , anytime during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle and up to 5 days after ovulation . The failure rate ( in a small number of studies ) is very low , 0.1 % . This method definitely prevents implantation , but it is not suitable for women who are not candidates for intrauterine contraception , e.g. , multiple sexual partners or a rape victim . The use of a copper IUD for emergency contraception is expensive , but not if it is retained as an ongoing method of contraception . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Jeffrey T. ; Mishell , Daniel R. Jr. ( 2012 ) . `` Family planning : contraception , sterilization , and pregnancy termination '' . In Lentz , Gretchen M. ; Lobo , Rogerio A. ; Gershenson , David M. ; et al. Comprehensive gynecology ( 6th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Mosby Elsevier . pp. 215 -- 272 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 06986 - 1 . p. 257 : Emergency contraception It is believed that the main mechanism of action of high - dose progestin emergency contraception is inhibition of ovulation , but other mechanisms may be involved ... Taken together , these data are highly supportive of the concept that levonorgestrel emergency contraception has little or no effect on postovulation events but is highly effective when taken before ovulation . Levonorgestrel emergency contraception does not affect implantation and is not abortifacient . Intrauterine insertion of a copper IUD within 5 to 10 days of midcycle coitus is a very effective method of preventing continuation of the pregnancy ... The LNG - IUS should not be used for emergency contraception . A study by the WHO reported that use of a single tablet of 10 mg of mifepristone was an effective emergency contraceptive with a pregnancy rate of 1.2 % . Ulipristal , also known as CDB - 2914 , has been studied as an emergency contraceptive pill ... In 2009 , European regulatory approval was granted for a 30 - mg tablet of ulipristal ( under the brand name of EllaOne ) as an emergency contraceptive pill for use up to 5 days after unprotected intercourse . An application for approval in the United States is under review . ^ Jump up to : Flatow , Ira ( June 15 , 2012 ) . `` How the morning - after pill works ( interview with Kristina Gemzell - Danielsson , MD , Professor and Chair , Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden ) '' . Talk of the Nation Science Friday . New York : NPR . ^ Jump up to : Belluck , Pam ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` No abortion role seen for morning - after pill '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Belluck , Pam ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Drug 's nickname may have aided politicization '' . The New York Times . p . A14 . Jump up ^ Bayer ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` Summary of Product Characteristics : Levonelle One Step 1500 mcg ; 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties '' . London : electronic Medicines Compendium ( eMC ) , Datapharm . The precise mode of action of Levonelle One Step is not known . At the recommended regimen , levonorgestrel is thought to work mainly by preventing ovulation and fertilisation if intercourse has taken place in the preovulatory phase , when the likelihood of fertilisation is the highest . It may also cause endometrial changes that discourage implantation . Levonelle One Step is not effective once the process of implantation has begun . HRA Pharma ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` Summary of Product Characteristics : NorLevo 1.5 mg ; 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties '' . Dublin : Irish Pharmaceutical Healthcare Association . The precise mode of action of Norlevo 1.5 mg is not known . At the used regimen , levonorgestrel is believed to suppress ovulation thus preventing fertilization if the intercourse has taken place in the preovulatory phase when the likelihood of fertilization is the highest . It could also prevent implantation . It is not effective once the process of implantation has begun . Jump up ^ Duramed Pharmaceuticals / Barr Pharmaceuticals ( now Teva Women 's Health ) ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` Prescribing information : Plan B One - Step ; 12.1 Mechanism of action '' ( PDF ) . Silver Spring , Md. : FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research ( CDER ) . p. 4 . Emergency contraceptive pills are not effective if a woman is already pregnant . Plan B One - Step is believed to act as an emergency contraceptive principally by preventing ovulation or fertilization ( by altering tubal transport of sperm and / or ova ) . In addition , it may inhibit implantation ( by altering the endometrium ) . It is not effective once the process of implantation has begun . Jump up ^ International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics ( FIGO ) and International Consortium for Emergency Contraception ( ICEC ) ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` Mechanism of action : How do levonorgestrel - only emergency contraceptive pills ( LNG ECPs ) prevent pregnancy ? '' ( PDF ) . London : International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics . Levonorgestrel - only emergency contraceptive pills : Interfere with the process of ovulation ; May possibly prevent the sperm and the egg from meeting . Implications of the research : Inhibition or delay of ovulation is LNG ECPs principal and possibly only mechanism of action . Review of the evidence suggests that LNG ECPs can not prevent implantation of a fertilized egg . Language on implantation should not be included in LNG ECP product labeling . The fact that LNG ECPs have no demonstrated effect on implantation explains why they are not 100 % effective in preventing pregnancy , and are less effective the later they are taken . Women should be given a clear message that LNG ECPs are more effective the sooner they are taken . LNG ECPs do not interrupt a pregnancy ( by any definition of the beginning of pregnancy ) . However , LNG ECPs can prevent abortions by reducing unwanted pregnancies . Jump up ^ editorial ( June 9 , 2012 ) . `` How morning - after pills really work '' . The New York Times . p . A20 . The F.D.A. now acknowledges that the emerging data suggest the morning - after pill , often called Plan B , does not inhibit implantation . It should remove that unsupported suggestion from the label . Jump up ^ Belluck , Pam ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` New birth control label counters lawsuit claim ; European authorities found that a drug like Plan B One - Step can not prevent fertilized eggs from implanting in the womb '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . HRA Pharma ( November 2013 ) . `` NorLevo 1.5 mg tablet Patient Information Leaflet ( PIL ) '' ( PDF ) . Dublin : Irish Medicines Board . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . NorLevo works by stopping your ovaries from releasing an egg . It can not stop a fertilized egg from attaching to the womb . HRA Pharma ( November 2013 ) . `` NorLevo 1.5 mg tablet Summary of Product Characteristics : 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties ( SPC ) '' . Dublin : Irish Pharmaceutical Healthcare Association . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . European Medicines Agency ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Review of emergency contraceptives started '' . London : European Medicines Agency . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Davidoff , F ; Trussell , J ( 11 October 2006 ) . `` Plan B and the politics of doubt '' . JAMA. 296 ( 14 ) : 1775 -- 8 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 296.14. 1775 . PMID 17032991 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Linan ; Che , Yan ; Gülmezoglu , A. Metin ( August 15 , 2012 ) . `` Interventions for emergency contraception '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 8 : CD001324 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD001324. pub4 . PMID 22895920 . Jump up ^ Stratton , Pamela ; Levens , Eric D. ; Hartog , Beth ; Piquion , Johann ; Wei , Qingxiang ; Merino , Maria ; Nieman , Lynnette K. ( April 2010 ) . `` Endometrial effects of a single early luteal dose of the selective progesterone receptor modulator CDB - 2914 '' . Fertility and Sterility. 93 ( 6 ) : 2035 -- 2041 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fertnstert. 2008.12. 057 . PMC 2911236 . PMID 19200989 . Post-ovulatory early luteal phase administration of 10 -- 100 mg of ulipristal acetate resulted in a statistically significant dose - dependent 0.6 ± 2.2 mm decrease in endometrial thickness from a baseline of 10.3 ± 2.3 mm to 9.7 ± 1.8 mm ( vs. a 1.3 ± 2.3 mm increase in endometrial thickness from a baseline of 10.2 ± 3.2 mm to 11.5 ± 4.1 mm with placebo administration ) which the authors hypothesized could hamper implantation . Jump up ^ HRA Pharma ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Summary of Product Characteristics : ellaOne 30 mg ; 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties '' ( PDF ) . London : European Medicines Agency . p. 7 . Ulipristal acetate is an orally - active synthetic selective progesterone receptor modulator which acts via high - affinity binding to the human progesterone receptor . The primary mechanism of action is inhibition or delay of ovulation . Pharmacodynamic data show that even when taken immediately before ovulation is scheduled to occur , ulipristal acetate is able to postpone follicular rupture in some women . Jump up ^ Watson Pharma ( under license from HRA Pharma ) ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` Prescribing information : Ella ; 12.1 Mechanism of action '' ( PDF ) . Silver Spring , Md. : FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research ( CDER ) . pp. 4 -- 5 . When taken immediately before ovulation is to occur , ella postpones follicular rupture . The likely primary mechanism of action of ulipristal acetate for emergency contraception is therefore inhibition or delay of ovulation ; however , alterations to the endometrium that may affect implantation may also contribute to efficacy ... The pharmacodynamics of ulipristal acetate depends on the timing of administration in the menstrual cycle . Administration in the mid-follicular phase causes inhibition of folliculogenesis and reduction of estradiol concentration . Administration at the time of the luteinizing hormone peak delays follicular rupture by 5 to 9 days . Dosing in the early luteal phase does not significantly delay endometrial maturation but decreases endometrial thickness by 0.6 ± 2.2 mm ( mean ± SD ) . Jump up ^ `` Birth Control : The Morning - After Pill '' . Time . 1966 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ < Please add first missing authors to populate metadata. > ( 1967 ) . `` Postcoital contraception '' . IPPF Med Bull . 1 ( 4 ) : 3 . PMID 12254703 . Jump up ^ Demers L ( 1971 ) . `` The morning - after pill '' . N Engl J Med. 284 ( 18 ) : 1034 -- 6 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM197105062841813 . PMID 5553470 . Jump up ^ < Please add first missing authors to populate metadata. > ( 1973 ) . `` FDA considers DES safe as ' morning - after ' pill '' . JAMA. 224 ( 12 ) : 1581 -- 2 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 1973.03220260003002 . PMID 12257949 . Jump up ^ Johnson JH ( 1984 ) . `` Contraception -- the morning after '' . Fam Plann Perspect. 16 ( 6 ) : 266 -- 270 . doi : 10.2307 / 2134916 . JSTOR 2134916 . PMID 6519238 . Jump up ^ Yuzpe A , Thurlow H , Ramzy I , Leyshon J ( 1974 ) . `` Post coital contraception -- A pilot study '' . J Reprod Med. 13 ( 2 ) : 53 -- 8 . PMID 4844513 . Jump up ^ Valle G ( 1975 ) . `` The problem of postcoital contraception using oral progestins '' . Aggiorn Ostet Ginecol. 8 ( 3 ) : 127 -- 8 . PMID 12334868 . Jump up ^ < Please add first missing authors to populate metadata. > ( 1975 ) . `` Copper IUD , inserted after coitus averts pregnancy and provides continuing contraceptive protection '' . Int Fam Plann Dig. 1 ( 3 ) : 11 -- 2 . doi : 10.2307 / 2948217 . JSTOR 2948217 . PMID 12307393 . Jump up ^ `` Danazol '' . Medscape. 2002 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Contraception : past , present and future '' . UK Family Planning Association . April 2006 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ FDA ( February 25 , 1997 ) . `` Certain combined oral contraceptives for use as postcoital emergency contraception '' . Fed Regist. 62 ( 37 ) : 8610 . `` Since the United Kingdom approved emergency contraceptive pills in 1984 , more than 4 million prescriptions have been recorded . However , the actual use is much greater because providers have found it less expensive to provide tablets of identical drugs taken from products packaged as combined oral contraceptives . '' Jump up ^ `` Sponsors '' . Fertility. 2002 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation ( 1998 ) . `` Randomised controlled trial of levonorgestrel versus the Yuzpe regimen of combined oral contraception for emergency contraception '' . Lancet . 352 ( 9126 ) : 428 -- 433 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 98 ) 05145 - 9 . PMID 9708750 . Jump up ^ Guillebaud J ( 1998 ) . `` Time for emergency contraception with levonorgestrel alone '' . Lancet . 352 ( 9126 ) : 416 -- 417 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 98 ) 22032 - 0 . PMID 9708743 . Jump up ^ Dixon GW , Schlesselman JJ , Ory HW , Blye RP ( 1980 ) . `` Ethinyl estradiol and conjugated estrogens as postcoital contraceptives '' . JAMA. 244 ( 12 ) : 1336 -- 9 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 244.12. 1336 . PMID 6251288 . Jump up ^ Trussell J , Ellertson C , Stewart F ( 1996 ) . `` The effectiveness of the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception '' . Fam Plann Perspect. 28 ( 2 ) : 58 -- 64 , 87 . doi : 10.2307 / 2136125 . JSTOR 2136125 . PMID 8777940 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Espinos JJ , Rodriguez - Espinosa J , Senosiain R , Aura M , Vanrell C , Gispert M , Vega C , Calaf J ( 1999 ) . `` The role of matching menstrual data with hormonal measurements in evaluating effectiveness of postcoital contraception '' . Contraception. 60 ( 4 ) : 243 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / S0010 - 7824 ( 99 ) 00090 - 6 . PMID 10640171 . Jump up ^ Demers LM ( 1971 ) . `` The morning - after pill '' . N Engl J Med. 284 ( 18 ) : 1034 -- 6 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM197105062841813 . PMID 5553470 . Jump up ^ Kuchera LK ( 1971 ) . `` Postcoital contraception with diethylstilbestrol '' . JAMA. 218 ( 4 ) : 562 -- 3 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 218.4. 562 . PMID 5171004 . Jump up ^ FDA ( May 1973 ) . `` Postcoital diethylstilbestrol '' . FDA Drug Bull . 119 ( 2 ) : 87 -- 8 . PMC 1455105 . PMID 18730987 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Senate ( 1975 ) . Regulation of diethylstilbestrol ( DES ) , 1975 : Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health and the Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure , 94th Congress , 1st Session on S. 963 , February 27 , 1975 . Washington : U.S. Govt . Print . Off . Jump up ^ FDA ( September 26 , 1973 ) . `` Diethylstilbestrol . Use as postcoital contraceptive ; patient labeling '' . Fed Regist. 38 ( 186 ) : 26809 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : FDA ( February 26 , 1975 ) . `` Estrogens for oral or parenteral use . Drugs for human use ; drug efficacy study ; amended notice '' . Fed Regist. 40 ( 39 ) : 8242 . Jump up ^ FDA ( September 26 , 1973 ) . `` Certain estrogens for oral use . Notice of withdrawal of approval of new drug applications '' . Fed Regist. 38 ( 186 ) : 26824 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Dutton , Diana B. ( 1988 ) . Worse than the disease : pitfalls of medical progress . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 34023 - 3 . Jump up ^ FDA ( February 5 , 1975 ) . `` Diethylstilbestrol as postcoital oral contraceptive ; patient labeling '' . Fed Regist. 40 ( 25 ) : 5351 -- 5 . Jump up ^ FDA ( February 5 , 1975 ) . `` Certain estrogens for oral use or parenteral use . Drugs for human use ; drug efficacy study implementation ; follow - up notice '' . Fed Regist. 40 ( 25 ) : 5384 . Jump up ^ FDA ( March -- April 1978 ) . `` DES and Breast Cancer '' . FDA Drug Bull . 8 ( 2 ) : 10 . Jump up ^ Hatcher , Robert A. ; Stewart , Gary K. , Stewart , Felicia ; Guest , Felicia ; Schwartz , David W. ; Jones , Stephanie A. ( 1980 ) . Contraceptive Technology 1980 -- 1981 ( 10th ed . ) . New York : Irvington Publishers . pp. 128 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 8290 - 0084 - 4 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hatcher , Robert A. ; Stewart , Gary K. , Stewart , Felicia ; Guest , Felicia ; Josephs , Nancy ; Dale , Janet ( 1982 ) . Contraceptive Technology 1982 -- 1983 ( 11th ed . ) . New York : Irvington Publishers . pp. 152 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 8290 - 0705 - 9 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ibarreta , Dolores ; Swain , Shanna H. ( 2001 ) . `` The DES story : long - term consequences of prenatal use '' . In in Harremoës , Poul ; Gee , David ; Vaz , Sofia Guedes . Late lessons from early warnings : the precautionary principle 1896 -- 2000 ( PDF ) . Copenhagen : European Environmental Agency . pp. 84 -- 92 . ISBN 92 - 9167 - 323 - 4 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ FDA ( September 1 , 1998 ) . `` Preven approval package '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ California Board of Pharmacy ( December 22 , 2004 ) . `` Pharmacists protocol for dispensing emergency contraception '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 11 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ FDA ( July 28 , 1999 ) . `` Plan B approval package '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ FDA ( August 24 , 2006 ) . `` Plan B information page '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Barr Pharmaceuticals ( November 6 , 2006 ) . `` Barr Launches Plan B OTC / Rx Dual - Label Product ; Awarded 3 Years New Product Exclusivity '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Harris , Gardiner ( April 22 , 2009 ) . `` F.D.A. Easing Access to ' Morning After ' Pill '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Kliff , Sarah ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Plan B will be available to 15 - year - olds , but they might need a passport to get it '' . Wonkblog . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 02 . . ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` FDA approves Plan B One - Step emergency contraceptive without a prescription for women 15 years of age and older '' . Silver Spring , Md. : U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Drops Bid to Limit Sales of Morning - After Pill '' . NY Times . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) The Emergency Contraception Website ( not-2-late.com ) -- by the Office of Population Research at Princeton University and the Association of Reproductive Health Professionals . Information for women who need emergency contraception now . Planned Parenthood web site . Educational web site with information for women who need emergency contraception now . International Consortium for Emergency Contraception Policy - oriented web site directed at professionals . Emergency contraception by the Adolescent Medicine Committee , Canadian Pediatric Society ( CPS ) , Paediatrics and Child Health ACSA - CAAH Use of Emergency Contraception Among Women Aged 15 - 44 , United States , 2006 - 2010 National Center for Health Statistics Birth control methods ( G02B , G03A ) Comparison Comparison of birth control methods Long - acting reversible contraception ( LARC ) Behavioral Avoiding vaginal intercourse : Abstinence Anal sex Masturbation Non-penetrative sex Oral sex Including vaginal intercourse : Breastfeeding infertility ( LAM ) Calendar - based methods ( rhythm , etc . ) Fertility awareness ( Billings ovulation method Creighton Model , etc . ) Withdrawal Barrier and / or spermicidal Cervical cap Condom Contraceptive sponge Diaphragm Female condom Spermicide Hormonal ( formulations ) Combined estrogen - progestogen Contraceptive patch Extended cycle Injectable Combined vaginal ring Pill Progestogen - only Depo - Provera Etonogestrel implant ( Nexplanon ) Levonorgestrel implant ( Norplant ) Progestogen - only pill Progesterone vaginal ring Anti-estrogen Ormeloxifene ( Centchroman ) Post-intercourse Emergency contraception ( Ulipristal acetate Yuzpe regimen Levonorgestrel ) Intrauterine device Copper IUDs Hormonal IUDs ( progestogens ) Sterilization Female : Essure Tubal ligation Male : Vasectomy Experimental Reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance ( Vasalgel ) Long - acting reversible contraception ( LARC ) Intrauterine device ( Hormonal IUD Copper IUD ) Contraceptive implant ( Etonogestrel implant , Levonorgestrel implant ) Hormonal contraception ( G02B , G03A ) Androgens Male - only : Dimethandrolone Testosterone buciclate Testosterone undecanoate Trestolone Estrogens Diethylstilbestrol Estradiol Estradiol benzoate Estradiol cypionate Estradiol enanthate Estradiol valerate Ethinylestradiol Mestranol Ormeloxifene Progestogens First generation ( estranes ) Ethisterone Etynodiol diacetate Lynestrenol Norethisterone ( norethindrone ) Norethisterone acetate Norethisterone enanthate Noretynodrel Quingestanol Second generation Estranes : Norethisterone enanthate Norgestrienone Gonanes : Levonorgestrel Norelgestromin Norgestrel Third generation ( gonanes ) Desogestrel Etonogestrel Gestodene Norgestimate Fourth generation Estranes : Dienogest Norpregnanes : Demegestone Nomegestrol acetate Promegestone Trimegestone Spironolactone derivatives : Drospirenone Pregnanes Chlormadinone acetate Medrogestone Medroxyprogesterone acetate Megestrol acetate Miscellaneous Mifepristone Ulipristal acetate Algestone acetophenide Dydrogesterone Gestrinone Progesterone Proligestone Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergency_contraception&oldid=822610701 '' Categories : Hormonal contraception Intrauterine contraception Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 12 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did plan b one step come out | [
"On April 30, 2013, the FDA approved (with three-year marketing exclusivity) Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Plan B One-Step for sale without a prescription to anyone age 15 or over who can show proof of age such as a driver's license, birth certificate, or passport to a drug store retail clerk.[112] Generic one-pill levonorgestrel emergency contraceptives and all two-pill levonorgestrel emergency contraceptives will remain restricted to sale from a pharmacist—without a prescription to anyone age 17 or over who can show proof of age.[112]"
] | [
"April 30, 2013"
] |
3452174637681811719 | Mercedes-AMG | Mercedes - AMG - Wikipedia Mercedes - AMG Jump to : navigation , search Mercedes - AMG GmbH Type Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Industry Automobile manufacturing Engine manufacturing Fate acquired by DaimlerChrysler ( 1999 ) , and operating under Daimler AG Predecessor AMG Motorenbau und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH Founded Burgstall a.d. Murr , Germany ( 1967 ( 1967 ) ) Founder Hans Werner Aufrecht Erhard Melcher Headquarters Affalterbach , Germany Area served Worldwide Key people Tobias Moers ( CEO ) Products AMG A AMG C AMG CLA AMG CLK AMG CLS AMG E AMG ML AMG G AMG GLA AMG GLC AMG GLE AMG GLS AMG GT AMG R AMG S AMG SL AMG SLC Services Research and development Owner Daimler AG Number of employees ~ 1400 Parent Daimler AG Website www.mercedes-amg.com Mercedes - AMG GmbH , commonly known as AMG , is the high performance division of Mercedes - Benz . AMG independently hires engineers , manufactures and customizes Mercedes - Benz AMG vehicles . Mercedes - AMG is headquartered in Affalterbach , Baden - Württemberg , Germany . AMG was originally an independent engineering firm specializing in performance improvements for Mercedes - Benz vehicles ; Daimler - Benz AG took a controlling interest in 1999 , then became sole owner of AMG in 2005 . Mercedes - AMG GmbH is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Daimler AG . AMG models typically have more aggressive looks , a higher level of performance , better handling , better stability and more extensive use of carbon fibre than their regular Mercedes - Benz counterparts . AMG models are typically the most expensive and highest - performing variant of each Mercedes - Benz class . AMG variants are usually badged with two numerals , as opposed to regular Mercedes - Benz vehicles , which have three ( e.g. , C 63 as opposed to C 350 ) . Traditionally , the two numerical digits signified the engine 's displacement size , however , recent models have deviated from such correlation . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Development of the product range 1.2 Motor racing 1.3 Relationship with Pagani 1.4 Relationship with Aston Martin 2 Current AMG models 2.1 `` 45 '' M133 2.0 L Inline - 4 Turbo 2.2 `` 43 '' M276 3.0 L V6 Bi-Turbo 2.3 `` 63 '' M157 5.5 L V8 Bi-Turbo 2.4 `` 65 '' M275 6.0 L V12 Bi-Turbo 2.5 M178 4.0 L V8 Bi-Turbo 3 Previous AMG models 3.1 `` 55 '' M152 5.5 L V8 3.2 `` 63 '' M156 6.2 L V8 3.3 `` 30 '' 3.0 L I5 diesel 3.4 `` 32 '' 3.2 L V6 KOMPRESSOR 3.5 `` 55 '' 5.4 L V8 KOMPRESSOR 3.5. 1 Previous 55 AMG models 3.6 `` 63 '' M137 6.3 L V12 3.7 `` 60 '' , `` 73 '' , `` 70 '' , `` 55 '' 3.8 `` 63 '' M156 6.2 L V8 3.9 Black Series 3.10 Electric Drive 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Notes 5.2 Bibliography 6 External links History ( edit ) AMG logo on a Mercedes C63 AMG ( W204 ) AMG was founded as a racing engine forge in 1967 under the name AMG Motorenbau und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH ( AMG Engine Production and Development , Ltd . ) , by former Mercedes - Benz engineers Hans Werner Aufrecht and Erhard Melcher in Burgstall an der Murr , near Stuttgart . The letters `` AMG '' stand for Aufrecht , Melcher and Großaspach ( Aufrecht 's birth town ) . In 1976 most of AMG moved to Affalterbach , with the racing - engine development remaining at the old location in Burgstall . At this time Erhard Melcher ceased to be a partner , but continued to be an employee at the Burgstall location . In 1993 , with AMG having become a high - profile purveyor of modified Mercedes - Benz cars , Daimler - Benz AG and AMG signed a contract of cooperation , allowing AMG to leverage Daimler - Benz 's extensive dealer network and leading to commonly developed vehicles ( the first one being the Mercedes - Benz C36 AMG , in 1993 ) . On 1 January 1999 DaimlerChrysler , as it was called between 1998 and 2007 , acquired 51 percent of AMG shares , and AMG was renamed to Mercedes - AMG GmbH . Racing engine development was divested and continues to exist in Burgstall under the name HWA ( Aufrecht 's initials ) . On 1 January 2005 Aufrecht sold his remaining shares to DaimlerChrysler , and since then Mercedes - AMG GmbH has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Daimler AG . Development of the product range ( edit ) AMG Five Spoke Road Wheel 8JX16 Version 1 AMG started off by designing and testing racing engines . It expanded its business into building custom road cars based upon standard Mercedes cars . AMG initially produced a range of unofficial upgrade and accessories packages mainly for the Mercedes - Benz R107 and C107 ( 1971 - 1989 SL roadster ) , Mercedes - Benz W116 ( 1972 - 1980 S - class ) , Mercedes - Benz W123 ( 1976 - 1985 E-class ) , Mercedes - Benz W124 ( 1984 - 1997 E-class ) , Mercedes - Benz W126 ( 1979 - 1992 S - class ) , Mercedes - Benz R129 ( 1989 - 2001 SL roadster ) , and Mercedes - Benz W201 ( 1982 - 1993 C - class ) models . During the early 1980s and up until 1990 , AMG offered a variety of engine performance packages , alloy wheels and styling products as an entirely independent company from Daimler - Benz . In 1990 , AMG signed a co-operation agreement with Daimler - Benz , and AMG options and cars were then offered in Mercedes - Benz showrooms ; in 1999 Daimler AG , then known as DaimlerChrysler AG , bought the controlling share of AMG and made them part of the official Mercedes - Benz line - up . Typical AMG performance enhancements , which the buyer could custom order , included increased engine displacements ( 5.2 litre , 5.4 litre ) , performance top ends with port and polished heads and intake , lightened valve train , and more aggressive cams . The DOHC 32V engine had also just been developed and was the pinnacle of AMG performance . A Getrag five - speed manual transmission could be ordered from AMG , and Mercedes had not offered a manual transmission V8 since the early 1970s . The performance wheels offered during the same period were 15 - inch or 16 - inch ATS AMG Five Spoke Road Wheels , commonly referred to as Pentas . Penta was actually a UK - based company that supplemented the high demand for the AMG wheel at the time with a replica and only a very slight styling difference , but they were not made or endorsed by AMG . The genuine AMG wheels were often coupled with an AMG performance suspension package that included uprated and lowered springs , and re-valved shock absorbers . Another popular cosmetic upgrade were the AMG body kits . These ranged from subtle front spoilers , to an aggressive Wide Body kits for the W126 coupes . Other options included Recaro seats , smaller diameter steering wheels , instrument clusters , chrome delete option ( all brightworks colour - coded or painted satin black ) , refrigerators , shift knobs , hi - fi stereo systems , custom upholstery and enhanced interior wood packages . The release of the AMG Hammer sedan in 1986 , based on the W124 E-Class , took AMG 's performance modifications for a fast midsized sedan to a new level . AMG made the world 's fastest passenger sedan at the time , nicknamed the Hammer , by squeezing Mercedes 5.6 - litre V8 tuned by AMG to 360 hp into a midsized sedan . It was very aggressive for the era , with 32 - valve cylinder heads and twin camshafts , and said to be faster than the Lamborghini Countach from 60 to 120 mph . Later models were even more powerful and introduced the 17 - inch AMG Aero 1 Hammer wheels . 1986 was also the year Mercedes introduced the 560 M117 engine . This provided yet another opportunity for customers to order the largest AMG displacement available at the time , the 6L 100 mm bore SOHC or DOHC engines available for both the W126 coupe and sedans . Through the early 2000s , AMG focused principally on supercharged V8 and V6 engines , but the company officially abandoned this technology in 2006 with the introduction of the naturally aspirated 6.2 L M156 V8 . On 16 January 2006 , Mercedes - AMG Chairman Volker Mornhinweg told AutoWeek that the company would use turbocharging for higher output rather than supercharging . For 2011 , AMG released the M157 5.5 L biturbo V8 , which has supplanted the M156 in its full - sized cars such as the S - Class and CL - Class ( and is trickling down to the CLS , E-Class and ML - class ) . In 2012 , Mercedes - AMG Chairman Olla Kallenius said that Mercedes - AMG will not produce diesel engines to compete with BMW 's tri-turbo diesels ( BMW M Performance range ) . Mercedes AMG DTM car ( 2003 ) Although there were some AMG models in the 1980s with manual transmissions , almost all recent models have used automatics ( 5G - Tronic and later 7G - Tronic with Speedshift ) , in contrast to BMW M , which used manuals and recently semi-automatic transmissions ( the current type being a dual clutch transmission ) . Starting in 2009 , however , AMG began adopting the seven - speed AMG SpeedShift MCT automatic transmission . Although these are considered the most well known in - house tuning divisions , Mercedes - AMG has a considerably different philosophy than BMW M. Mercedes - AMG has created high - performance versions of many of its nameplates , including flagship sedans and SUVs , while BMW M has emphasized tuning only vehicles with `` Lateral agility '' ( which has long been only their 3 Series , 5 Series , and roadsters ) . Compared to BMW M , Mercedes - AMG is `` less narrow in its sporting focus , yet still combining sledgehammer performance with relaxed handling , cultured comfort , and practicality '' . While founders Hans Werner Aufrecht and Erhard Melcher had emphasized proper racing cars , Mercedes - AMG had diverged considerably from this philosophy in recent years , with their offerings being well known for straight - line acceleration but poor handling dynamics . However , current Mercedes - AMG chairman Volker Mornhinweg has urged the division to return to its roots of building sports cars . Motor racing ( edit ) In the late 1960s and early 1970s , AMG entered the big Mercedes - Benz 300SEL 6.3 V8 saloon , affectionately named the `` Red Sow '' , in the 1971 Spa 24 Hours , and the European Touring Car Championship . AMG and Mercedes worked together on Mercedes - Benz W201 cars for the 1988 Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft ( DTM , German Touring Car Championship ) . AMG was made the official partner . When DaimlerChrysler acquired a majority share of AMG in 1999 , the motor racing department was divested into HWA AG . Their first car was the ill - fated Mercedes - Benz CLR . Since 2000 , HWA builds and runs the cars for Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) , as well as the M271 engine tuned for use in Formula 3 . AMG engine display at the Pagani factory Six successive lightly modified Mercedes - Benz AMG models ( including , most recently , an SL 63 AMG ) have acted as the safety cars for the FIA Formula One World Championship . Since 2010 , the Mercedes - Benz SLS AMG GT3s has been competing in GT competitions around the world , such as the FIA GT3 European Championship , Blancpain Endurance Series , Blancpain Sprint Series , VLN , 24 Hours of Nurburgring , British GT Championship , Super GT , Australian GT Championship , Bathurst 12 Hour , Dubai 24 Hour , Macau GT Cup and Pirelli World Challenge . In late 2011 , after the end of the Formula One season , Mercedes GP Petronas announced that it would be using the AMG branding for its F1 efforts , changing its name to Mercedes AMG Petronas for the 2012 season onwards . Three AMG E Class V8 Supercars began competing Australian V8 Supercars Championship from 2013 , with the newly formed partnership of Erebus Motorsport and Stone Brothers Racing Teams operating under a Customer Sports Program of AMG . Relationship with Pagani ( edit ) AMG also provides engines for the Zonda and Huayra cars . The engines used are variants of the M120 7,291 cc displacement V12 engine originally used in the 1995 SL73 AMG . The M120 is the largest displacement naturally aspirated engine provided by AMG and is now exclusively used by Pagani . Relationship with Aston Martin ( edit ) On July 25 , 2013 , Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd and Daimler AG announced moves towards a technical partnership with Mercedes - AMG GmbH . The deal will see Aston Martin access significant Mercedes - AMG GmbH and Mercedes - Benz Cars ' resources , allowing the development of bespoke V8 powertrains and the use of certain components of electric / electronic architecture . Daimler AG now owns a stake of 5 % of non-voting shares in Aston Martin , joining existing shareholders Investment DAR , Adeem Investment and Investindustrial . The technical partnership will support Aston Martin 's launch of a new generation of models and newly developed bespoke V8 powertrains . Current AMG models ( edit ) AMG carbon fibre engine cover All AMG engines - with the exception of the `` 43 '' M276 3.0 L V6 Bi-Turbo engine - are hand built using a `` one man , one engine '' philosophy at the current AMG plant in Affalterbach , Germany . To signify this , each AMG engine builder stamps the engines they produce with an engraved plaque depicting their signature . According to Mercedes - Benz , there are only about 50 AMG engine builders . As part of the official Mercedes product line , the AMG models are sold side - by - side with regular production models , unlike those offered by other Mercedes tuning firms such as Brabus . E63 AMG carbon ceramic brake Geneva auto show 2011 `` 45 '' M133 20 L inline - 4 Turbo ( edit ) Mercedes - AMG A 45 Mercedes - AMG CLA 45 Mercedes - AMG GLA 45 The 2.0 L Turbo I4 was created for use in the smaller , 45 AMG models , such as the A-Class , CLA - Class , and GLA - Class , which all share the same platform . The M133 produces 360 PS and 332 ft - lb , making it the most powerful turbo 4 - cylinder in production , and with a 190.5 - horsepower per liter , one of the most power dense engines in production . Models with the M133 Turbo 4 are paired with a 7 - speed AMG SPEEDSHIFT Dual - Clutch Transmission . The CLA45 AMG can accelerate from 0 - 60 in 4.2 seconds , according to Motor Trend 's first test of the vehicle . `` 43 '' M276 3.0 L V6 Bi-Turbo ( edit ) Mercedes - AMG SLC 43 Mercedes - AMG C 43 Mercedes - AMG GLC 43 Mercedes - AMG E 43 Mercedes - AMG GLE 43 `` 63 '' M157 5.5 L V8 Bi-Turbo ( edit ) M157 L 5.5 V8 models ( Twin - turbo ) Mercedes - AMG CLS 63 Mercedes - AMG E 63 Mercedes - AMG G 63 Mercedes - AMG GLE 63 Mercedes - AMG GLS 63 Mercedes - AMG S 63 Mercedes - AMG SL 63 Rumoured in 2009 and confirmed in 2010 , AMG developed the M157 , a 5.5 - litre V8 with direct fuel injection and twin turbochargers. Power is rated at up to 577 bhp ( 430 kW ; 585 PS ) at 5,250 - 5,750 rpm with a peak torque of 664 lb ft ( 900 N m ) made between 2,000 rpm and 4,500 rpm ( the amount of power and torque depends on model , but these are the maximum ratings ) . Both engines are mated to Mercedes - Benz 's 7 - speed MCT transmission . Mercedes - Benz CLS63 AMG E63 AMG 4MATIC T Unlike the M156 naturally aspirated 6.2 L V8 , which was developed entirely within AMG , the M157 is based upon the M278 used in the regular Mercedes - Benz S - Class and CL - Class . The M157 boasts 25 % better fuel economy ( 10.5 litres per 100 kilometres versus 14.4 L / 100 km in the European driving cycle ) over the M156 , meaning it avoids the US Gas Guzzler Tax for the first time ever , despite having up to 47 horsepower more . The M157 's increased torque from both the regular version and performance package means the engine can be shifted into a taller gear sooner , keeping engine revs and fuel consumption to a minimum . The new M157 has an engine start / stop mode and is lightweight at 204 kg . The M157 is said to be ideal for powering full - size sedans such as the S - Class , but the older M156 remains in production , as its more precise throttle response is still well suited to smaller sportier models ( the C - Class ) , until the 2015 model arrives , which is powered by a 4.0 liter V8 . 5.5 L V8 BiTurbo models carry the `` 63 '' model designation , shared with the 6.2 L V8 models . Visually , the 2011 S63 AMG is differentiated from the 2010 model ( itself face - lifted over the 2009 S63 ) by the more angular design of the chromed dual exhaust tips , which also sport embossed AMG logos , as well as new forged wheels . For the CL63 AMG , the new M157 engine coincides with the facelift of the CL - Class for the 2011 model year . Despite common belief , 63 AMG models are typically faster than their 65 AMG counterparts . An S63 AMG accelerates faster and handles better than an S65 AMG ( due to 4 - wheel drive and decreased weight ) , and an SL63 AMG accelerates faster than an SL65 AMG due to decreased torque , lower weight , and better balance by use of the V8 . Since 2013 , AMG models with the S - Model package feature all - wheel drive , which allows for better handling and better acceleration . The Mercedes - Benz CLS63 AMG S has been tested to accelerate to 60 mph in just 3.2 seconds , with a quarter mile time of 11.6 seconds . This made it the quickest production sedan at the time . MotorTrend tested the 2014 E63 AMG S with the M157 engine to produce an estimated 676 bhp ( 504 kW ; 685 PS ) and 631 lb ft ( 856 N m ) . `` 65 '' M275 60 L V12 Bi-Turbo ( edit ) Mercedes - Benz SL65 AMG ( 2012 ) The models listed below are powered by a variant of the Mercedes - Benz M275 engine . AMG G 65 AMG S 65 AMG SL 65 The AMG power - plant has an all - new design of the bi-turbo system , which features larger turbochargers and a new , more powerful charge - air cooling system , and the increase in the engine displacement ( to 5980 cc ) as well as many other engine design measures . This allows it to produce a claimed 621 horsepower and 738 lb - ft of torque . `` 65 '' models used a 5 - speed automatic transmission for a long time , as the newer 7G - Tronic was n't able to handle the torque from the V12 engines . This was changed with the introduction of 2012 SL65 AMG , which uses the same AMG SpeedShift MCT transmission as the rest of the AMG line - up . Coinciding with the facelift of the CL - Class for the 2011 model year , the 2011 CL65 AMG had an enhanced engine . AMG redesigned the exhaust gas turbochargers and added new engine electronics . It produced 621 horsepower , pushing the car from 0 to 60 mph in 4.2 seconds ( 0.2 seconds faster than the 2011 CL63 ) , with an electronically limited top speed of 186 mph . The update also improved fuel economy and reduced carbon emissions by 3.5 % over the outgoing model . M178 4.0 L V8 Bi-Turbo ( edit ) AMG C 63 AMG E 63 AMG GT AMG S63 AMG GLC 63 AMG GLC 63 Coupe Mercedes - AMG GT Launched to the UK market in April 2015 , the 4 - liter M178 V8 uses an unusual configuration where the position of the intake and exhaust are reversed , to create a more compact engine and hence vehicle design . This `` hot inside v '' configuration , as AMG calls it , has the exhaust gasses exiting into the central v area of the engine block where the engine 's twin turbochargers are also mounted . Previous AMG models ( edit ) In addition to the models listed below , there were also predecessors to the current AMG models . `` 55 '' M152 5.5 L V8 ( edit ) AMG SLK 55 The M152 is a naturally aspirated , detuned version of the M157 Biturbo V8 . This V8 will be used for the 2012 SLK55 AMG , and it produces 415 hp and 398 lb - ft . This engine was discontinued in 2016 with the introduction of the SLC43 AMG `` 63 '' M156 6.2 L V8 ( edit ) M156 L 6.2 V8 models currently in production 2008 C63 AMG ( Sedan and Wagon ) ( facelifted for the 2012 model year ) 2010 SLS AMG ( M159 ) AMG developed its own V8 engine ( dubbed M156 in development ) for the DTM series . The M156 produces 451 horsepower and 443 ft - lbs of torque . The M156 , in various states of tune , was used in models such as the SL63 , E63 , CLS63 , and S63 until it was replaced by the M157 5.5 L Biturbo V8 . In 2009 , AMG developed the M159 engine , which is based on the M156 engine , to use in SLS AMG . The M159 produces 583 horsepower and 489 lb - ft of torque in the Mercedes - Benz SLS AMG GT , and 622 horsepower and 468 lb - ft in the SLS AMG Black Series . There are also other AMG nameplates no longer in production : 1988 -- 1993 190E AMG 3.2 1988 -- 1993 300E AMG 3.4 E , AMG 3.4 CE , AMG 3.4 TE 1992 `` The Hammer '' AMG Widebody Coupe 1993 -- 1994 E60 AMG 1994 -- 1995 E36 AMG 1995 , 1997 S70 AMG 1995 , 1998 -- 2001 SL73 AMG 1996 -- 1998 SL60 AMG 1995 -- 1997 C36 AMG 1997 -- 2000 C43 AMG 1996 -- 1998 E36 AMG 1996 -- 1997 E50 AMG 1999 -- 2002 E55 AMG 1998 -- 2002 CLK - GTR AMG 2001 -- 2004 SLK32 AMG 2002 - 2004 C32 AMG 2005 -- 2006 C55 AMG 2005 -- 2006 CLK DTM AMG 2007 R63 AMG 2009 CLK63 AMG and CLK63 AMG Black Series `` 30 '' 3.0 L I5 diesel ( edit ) OM612 3.0 L `` 30 '' I5 Diesel models C30 CDI AMG ( sedan , wagon , and Sportcoupé ) `` 3.2 '' 3.2 L V6 Kompressor ( edit ) 2003 UK version of C32 Estate ( S203 ) in Brilliant Silver . Powertrain consists of AMG Speedshift 5 - speed automatic transmission mated to an AMG 3.2 - litre V6 Kompressor engine with an output of 260 kW / 349 hp and 332 lb ft ( 450 N m ) @ 4,400 rpm . The engine is a special version of the 3.2 L ( 3199 cc ) M112 E32 , fitted with a helical twin - screw supercharger and water - to - air intercooler . The supercharger was developed in conjunction with IHI and features Teflon - coated rotors producing overall boost of 14.5 psi ( 1 bar ) . Compared to the standard M112 engine , the AMG version also has a new crankshaft , new connecting rods and pistons , an oil pump with a 70 - percent increased capacity , lightweight camshafts , and harder valve springs for a redline of 6200 rpm , an increase of 200 rpm . While rival BMW M developed the SMG II semi-automatic for the BMW M3 , the C32 and SLK32 have a 5 - speed automatic transmission 's `` Speedshift '' system , which now has quicker response ( up to 35 percent ) to accelerator and shift selector movements . Interestingly , the C32 had a smaller engine than its predecessors , the C36 AMG with the M104 3.6 L I6 engine , and the C43 AMG powered by the M113 4.3 L V8 engine . The C32 AMG can do 0 -- 60 mph in 5.2 sec 0 -- 100 in 12.6 with a 1 / 4 mile of 13.6@106 mph ( C&D comparison test May 2003 ) 3.2 L Supercharged M112 V6 AMG 2002 -- 2004 C32 AMG ( sedan , wagon ( S203 ) , and Sportcoupé ) 2001 -- 2004 SLK32 AMG 2005 -- 2006 Chrysler Crossfire SRT - 6 `` 5.5 '' 5.4 L V8 Kompressor ( edit ) 2004 AMG CL55 Kompressor . This model was nicknamed the `` Hammer '' after the original 1986 AMG Hammer ( a W124 E-Class sedan with an AMG - tuned 360 hp 5.6 - litre V8 ) . The 2003 E55 AMG could do 0 -- 60 mph in 4.4 seconds . The main engine is a 5.4 L V8 engine This engine comes in two configurations . The first configuration is a naturally aspirated V8 with 354.12 PS ( 260.45 kW ; 349.28 hp ) that is used in the C55 AMG , CLK55 AMG , SLK55 AMG , and ML55 AMG . The C43 AMG ( model years 1998 -- 2000 ) was powered by a naturally aspirated V8 engine from the M113 family , but at a reduced displacement of 4.3 L , hence the ' 43 ' designation . The other configuration is a similar unit but with a highly efficient Lysholm type twin screw supercharger . manufactured by Eaton , is in the rest of the AMG 55 models , which are typically midsized or larger vehicles . The published output according to Mercedes varies from 476 PS ( 350 kW ; 469 hp ) to 517 PS ( 380 kW ; 510 hp ) and 700 N m ( 520 lb ft ) to 720 N m ( 530 lb ft ) , depending on various methods of power measurements and different ECU programming for national legislations . For instance , the E55 AMG 's engine was at the low end , nonetheless it was still Mercedes - Benz 's fastest sedan at the time , while the SL55 AMG 's engine had the top output . Mercedes has claimed that a more restrictive exhaust system was responsible for cutting output on the E55 AMG , however some enthusiasts have managed to bump up horsepower to 505 on the E55 by incorporating some parts from the SL55 . The supercharged 5.4 L 32 valve V8 engine was mated to the Speedshift 5 - speed automatic transmission , which has a torque capacity of 796 lb ft ( 1,079 N m ) , as the newer 7G - Tronic introduced in 2003 is limited to 542 lb ft ( 735 N m ) , not enough to handle the torque from the supercharged V8 . The V8 S55 AMG had comparable output to the V12 - powered S600 throughout their production . The S55 AMG ( 2001 -- 02 ) was outfitted with a 5.4 L 354 hp ( 264 kW ) V8 motor while the later versions ( 2003 -- 06 ) sported the same motor , but supercharged to a rated 493 hp ( 368 kW ) . The S600 ( 2001 -- 02 ) was outfitted with a 5.8 L 362 hp ( 270 kW ) V12 engine while the later versions ( 2003 -- 06 ) sported a twin - turbocharged ( or Bi-Turbo ) 493 hp ( 368 kW ) 5.5 L V12 . The justification for having two models with the same power is that the S55 AMG is sportier and more responsive , while the costlier S600 is more luxurious with a smoother ride . AMG phased out both the naturally aspirated and supercharged 5.4 L engines in favor of the new M156 V8 beginning in 2006 , which was paired with 7G - Tronic . However , some enthusiasts were disappointed because the M156 produces less torque than the M113K ( which is supercharged ) . For the Model Year 2009 : M113 5.4 L `` 55 '' V8 models ( naturally aspirated ) SLK55 AMG M113 5.4 L `` 55 '' V8 models ( supercharged ) G55 AMG Previous 55 AMG models ( edit ) 1999 -- 2002 E55 AMG 2003 -- 2006 E55 AMG 2000 -- 2003 ML55 AMG 2003 -- 2005 C55 AMG 2001 -- 2002 CLK55 AMG 2003 -- 2006 CLK55 AMG 2004 -- 2007 CLS55 AMG 2001 -- 2008 SL55 AMG 2001 -- 2006 S55 AMG 2001 -- 2006 CL55 AMG 2005 -- 2006 C55 AMG 2001 -- 2009 G55 AMG `` 63 '' M137 63 L V12 ( edit ) The `` 63 '' badging was used on the short - lived 2001 S63 AMG , 2001 CL63 AMG and 2002 G63 AMG . These were produced in limited quantities for one month and only offered through AMG to select customers in Europe and Asia , purportedly state leaders . The CL63 AMG was the rarest W215 CL of all , and just 26 examples were built in November 2001 ( 51 plate ) , with some UK being registered in March 2002 . These had a base price of £ 110,000 ( ~ US $ 200,000 ) . The G63 AMG was the rarest W463 of all with just 5 examples built in September 2002 and sold in Germany at over EURO 250,000 each . These are powered by a naturally aspirated 6.3 L V12 producing 444 PS ( 438 hp / 327 kW ) . This engine is based on the M137 5.8 L V12 used in the S600 and CL600 , but the AMG variants have a larger displacement , a new management system , a new crank case and cooling system , weight - optimized pistons , and a new camshaft with greater valve lift and modified valves . 390 lb ft ( 530 N m ) of torque are available between 2500 -- 5800rpm with a peak of 457 at 4400 rpm while horsepower grows by almost 80 over the 5.8 L V12 . It is mated to a 5 - speed automatic transmission . The 2001 S63 AMG V12 had 100 hp more than the 2001 S55 AMG , and was a few tenths faster . `` 60 '' , `` 73 '' , `` 70 '' , `` 5.5 '' ( edit ) The Mercedes - Benz SL - Class ( R129 ) had several AMG variants during its production run from 1989 to 2001 . The SL 60 AMG was the most numerous of these rare cars . Sold from 1993 to 1998 , it used a 6.0 litre V8 engine producing 381 PS ( 280 kW ; 376 hp ) at 5500 rpm . AMG claimed a 0 -- 62 mph ( 100 km / h ) speed of 5.6 seconds . Its top speed was limited to 250 km / h ( 155 mph ) , but with the limiter removed , it was capable of approximately 185 mph ( 298 km / h ) . AMG later unofficially conceded that 0 -- 60 mph was more like 5.0 seconds and the engine produced between 405 -- 410 bhp . Extremely rare was the SL 73 AMG , sold through Mercedes - AMG in 1995 , and offering the most powerful V12 engine ever put into an SL up to that time . After a brief hiatus , the SL73 was offered again from 1998 to 2001 . The same 7.3 L V12 was later used by Pagani in the Zonda . Even rarer is the SL 70 AMG ( 7.0 L ( 7055 cc ) V12 engine ) . The SL 55 AMG was sold in the R129 bodystyle from 1998 to 2001 in limited numbers ( 5.4 L V8 , 354 PS ( 260 kW ; 349 hp ) at 5500 rpm ) . It was the predecessor of the production R230 SL55 AMG sold later , albeit was normally aspirated in the R129 and not supercharged as in its R230 successor . `` 63 '' M156 6.2 L V8 ( edit ) The `` 63 '' M156 is currently in production in the C63 AMG , and tuned as the M159 in the SLS AMG , although there were many models that were previously in production . This naturally aspirated V8 will also be used to replace most of the `` 55 '' models . The published output according to Mercedes varies from 457 PS ( 336 kW ; 451 hp ) on the C63 AMG , to 525 PS ( 386 kW ; 518 hp ) on the C / CLK / R / ML / GL / S / SL / CL / E 63 AMG . The 2008 S63 / CL63 / SL63s that used the M156 engine at 518 horsepower edged out that of the S600 / CL600 / SL600 , the latter powered by the 510 horsepower 5.5 - liter twin - turbo V12 , while also having a higher redline . However , the S600 / CL600 / SL600 are more expensive and have more torque at 612 pound - feet ( 830 N m ) . The S63 / CL63 / SL63 however do have quicker acceleration times than their S600 / CL600 / SL600 counterparts and are the fastest in the lineup in 2014 , due to the added weight and torque of the 65s , thus decreasing the 0 - 60 times and the handling limits . Compared to the `` 55 '' supercharged 5.4 L V8 engine -- which was restricted to the Speedshift 5G - Tronic five - speed automatic transmission , as it had a torque capacity of 796 lb ft ( 1,079 N m ) -- the reduced torque of the `` 63 '' M156 6.2 L V8 means it can be mated with the more efficient 7G - Tronic , which can withstand a limit of 542 lb ft ( 735 N m ) . Despite the reduction in torque , the increased horsepower and more efficient transmission enables the `` 63 '' models to match or surpass the acceleration of the `` 55 '' models . Most of the M156 - engined models used the 7G - Tronic automatic transmission , however the more recent 2009 SL63 , 2010 E63 , and 2012 C63 use the 7 - speed MCT transmission . Previous M156 Models 2007 - 2010 S63 AMG 2007 - 2010 CL63 AMG 2007 - 2011 ML63 AMG 2007 R63 AMG 2007 - 2009 CLK63 AMG ( introduced at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show ) ( used as Safety Car for the 2006 and 2007 F1 World Championship ) 2007 - 2011 CLS63 AMG ( introduced at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show ) 2007 - 2009 E63 AMG ( Sedan and Wagon ) 2009 - 2012 SL63 AMG 2010 - 2012 E63 AMG ( Sedan and Wagon ) Black Series ( edit ) SLK55 AMG Black Series CLK63 AMG Black Series SL65 AMG Black Series C63 AMG Black Series SLS AMG Black Series The AMG Performance Studio in Affalterbach is responsible for the upgrades that make an AMG into an AMG Black Series model . The Black Series treatment is only available on 2 door vehicles , which includes weight reduction , bucket seats , exterior alterations , interior alterations , higher power , greater traction , handling , and significantly greater overall performance . Black Series models are known as street legal race cars . The SLS AMG Black Series was tested by Motor Trend to have a 0 - 60 time of 3.2 seconds , and a quarter mile time of 11.1 seconds at 129.8 mph . The SLS AMG Black Series `` demolished '' the Motor Trend figure eight in just 23.1 seconds , beating the McLaren MP4 - 12C , Ferrari 458 Italia , Audi R8 V10 Plus , and the SRT Viper . The SLS AMG Black Series is currently the 22nd fastest car to lap the Nürburgring . The SLS AMG Black Series had the same 1 : 19 time as the Lamborghini Murciélago LP670 - 4 SuperVeloce , the Ferrari Enzo , and beat the Ferrari 458 Italia , Lamborghini Gallardo LP 560 - 4 , Porsche 997 GT2 , and Nissan GT - R around the Top Gear test track . Electric Drive ( edit ) In 2013 , Mercedes - AMG announced the SLS AMG Coupe Electric Drive , which was to be the first zero emissions vehicle from AMG . The vehicle used technology derived from Formula 1 , and was the fastest electric car . The SLS AMG Electric Drive has 740 horsepower and 738 lb - ft of torque , and Mercedes - AMG claims a 0 - 60 time of 3.9 seconds . See also ( edit ) List of German cars Audi S and RS models BMW M Opel Performance Center Street and Racing Technology Special Vehicle Team Super Sport Gran Turismo References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Statement of Investments pursuant to Sections 285 and 313 of the German Commercial Code ( HGB ) for the Company and Consolidated Financial Statements of Daimler AG as of December 31 , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . daimler.com . Daimler AG . 2012 - 02 - 09 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2012 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercedes - Benz AMG '' . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Mercedes - Benz C32 AMG Road Test '' . Edmunds . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Newhardt , David . `` Behind the Scenes : Mercedez - Benz AMG '' . MotorTrend . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jim . `` Rhapsody in Red : 500SL AMG '' Motor Trend Magazine , October , 1983 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - AMG : The AMG Story beginning '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AMG 's Hammer '' Auto Week , June 23 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Setright , LJK . `` Firebrand : AMG Hammer Sedan '' Car Magazine , December , 1986 . Pp. 149 - 155 Jump up ^ `` AMG 's new chief has big plans for 2006 - AutoWeek Magazine '' . Autoweek.com. 2006 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 BMW M5 vs. 2005 Mercedes - Benz e55 AMG - Full Metal Rockets - Luxury Road Test '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ June 2001 BY PETER ROBINSON. `` 2002 Mercedes - Benz C32 AMG and SLK32 AMG - First Drive Review - Page 2 '' . Caranddriver.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Mercedes - Benz SL - Class '' . Autoblog.com . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes adds AMG moniker to Formula 1 team name '' . Autosport. 2011 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Erebus Motorsport on the V8 Supercar Grid in 2013 name '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Aston Martin in technical partnership with Mercedes - AMG GmbH '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - AMG GmbH and Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd. to enter technical partnership '' . 25 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aston Martin signs Letter of Intent for technical partnership with AMG '' . Autoblog. 2013 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercedes - AMG : A High Performance Driving Experience '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` All - New 2014 CLA45 AMG 4 - Door Coupe '' . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes A 45 AMG : The most powerful 4 - cylinder turbo engine in the world - Car Engineer '' . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Mercedes - Benz CLA45 AMG First Test - Motor Trend '' . 2013 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` CLS63 4 - Door Coupe Mercedes - Benz '' . mbusa.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` SL63 AMG Convertible Roadster Mercedes - Benz '' . mbusa.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Engines : 5.5 L - V8 '' . Mercedes - AMG. 2009 - 10 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercedes AMG New Twin - Turbo 5.5 Litre V8 Engine Revealed '' . Worldcarfans.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMG Replacing 6.3 V8 with 5.5 L Twin Turbo V8 '' . Carthrottle.com. 2010 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Mercedes - Benz S63 AMG - 2010 Geneva Auto Show Coverage , New Car Reviews , Concept Cars - Automobile Magazine '' . Automobilemag.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Mercedes - Benz S63 AMG '' . Canada.com. 2010 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Mercedes - Benz E63 AMG First Drive '' . Motor Trend . 2011 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` First Drive : 2011 Mercedes - Benz S63 AMG '' . Nationalpost.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Mercedes - Benz S65 AMG Photos and Info -- News -- Car and Driver '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz SL63 / SL65 AMG Reviews - Mercedes - Benz SL63 / SL65 AMG Price , Photos , and Specs - CAR and DRIVER '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Mercedes - Benz CLS63 AMG S Track Sheet '' ( PDF ) . caranddriver.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Luxury Super Sports Sedan Comparison - Audi RS7 , Mercedes - Benz CLS63 AMG S , Porsche Panamera Turbo - Motor Trend '' . motortrend.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ PeterH ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Mercedes - Benz CL 65 AMG and S 65 AMG Mercedes '' . 500sec.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercedes - Benz AMG 6.3 - liter V8 '' . Insideline.com. 2005 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes ' new CL65 AMG will now pack 621 horses - Drive On : A conversation about the cars and trucks we drive - USATODAY.com '' . Content.usatoday.com. 2010 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Mercedes CL63 & CL65 AMG revealed '' . Worldcarfans.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes AMG GT 2015 '' . askaprice.com. 2014 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz details new variable - displacement V8 for SLK55 AMG '' . Autoblog. 2011 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Mercedes - Benz SLS AMG Electric Drive Photos and Info -- News -- Car and Driver '' . 2014 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Mercedes - Benz SLS AMG Black Series Test -- Review -- Car and Driver '' . December 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ June 2001 BY PETER ROBINSON. `` 2002 Mercedes - Benz C32 AMG and SLK32 AMG - First Drive Review - Car Reviews '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz C32 AMG First Drive -- Full Review of the New Mercedes - Benz C32 AMG at '' . Roadandtrack.com. 2001 - 07 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Audi S4 vs. BMW M3 , M-B C32 AMG '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` C / D Test Results '' ( PDF ) . caranddriver.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kim Wolfkill ( January 2003 ) . `` First Drives - Mercedes - Benz E55 AMG ( 1 / 2003 ) '' ( PDF ) . RoadandTrack.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ December 2002 BY PETER ROBINSON . `` Mercedes - Benz E55 AMG - First Drive Review - Car Reviews '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Test Drive : 2004 Mercedes - Benz E55 AMG - Autos.ca '' . Canadiandriver.com. 2003 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Mercedes Benz E55 AMG '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes E55 AMG '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercedes - Benz S63 AMG ( W220 ) - World 's Fastest Sedans '' . Fantasycars.com. 2006 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` MERCEDES BENZ S 63 AMG ( W220 ) 2001 - 2001 '' . autoevolution . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.supercars.net/garages/marcusmv3/126v2.html Jump up ^ Automobil Revue , catalogue edition 1995 , p. 380 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Mercedes - Benz CL63 AMG and S63 AMG - First Drive Review - Auto Reviews '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Mercedes - Benz SLS AMG Black Series First Test - Motor Trend '' . 2013 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Lap Records Nürburgring Lap Times '' . Jump up ^ List of Top Gear test track Power Lap Times Bibliography ( edit ) Becker , Clauspeter ; Bolsinger , Markus ; Clauss , Michael ( 2013 ) . AMG 45 : The Story - The Cars . Bielefeld , Germany : Delius Klasing . ISBN 9783768834940 . Bolsinger , Markus ( 2013 ) . Mercedes - Benz SLS AMG . Bielefeld , Germany : Delius Klasing . ISBN 9783768833707 . Clarke , R.M. , ed. ( 2007 ) . Mercedes AMG Gold Portfolio 1983 - 1999 . Road Test Portfolio Series . Cobham , Surrey , UK : Brooklands Books . ISBN 9781855207455 . Clarke , R.M. , ed. ( 2007 ) . Mercedes AMG Ultimate Portfolio 2000 - 2006 . Road Test Portfolio Series . Cobham , Surrey , UK : Brooklands Books . ISBN 9781855207486 . Mühling , Frank ; Bolsinger , Markus ( 2006 ) . AMG : Reaching for the Stars . Bielefeld , Germany : Delius Klasing . ISBN 3768818098 . Rigatto , Alessandro ( 2011 ) . Typenkompass Mercedes - AMG Serien - und Rennsportwagen seit 1967 ( Typenkompass Mercedes - AMG Production and Racing Cars since 1967 ) . Typenkompass series ; Basiswissen für Auto - Freunde series ( in German ) . Stuttgart : Motorbuch Verlag . ISBN 9783613032736 . External links ( edit ) Official website Daimler AG Divisions and subsidiaries Cars Current Mercedes - Benz Mercedes - AMG Mercedes - Maybach Smart Trucks and vans Current BharatBenz Freightliner Manufacturing Commercial Vehicles Master Motors ( 80 % ) Mercedes - Benz Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus ( 85 % ) Western Star Defunct American LaFrance Sterling Trucks Buses Current BharatBenz Freightliner Manufacturing Commercial Vehicles Master Motors Mercedes Benz Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Setra / EvoBus Thomas Defunct Orion Motorsport Mercedes AMG Petronas Motorsport Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains Other Alliance Truck Parts car2Go Daimler Financial Services Mercedes - Benz Bank Detroit Diesel Mercedes - Benz India Mercedes - Benz Mexico Shareholdings and joint ventures Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation ( 50.1 % ) Beijing Benz ( 50 % ) Denza ( 50 % ) Tognum AG ( 50 % ) Fujian Benz ( 50 % ) Here ( 33 % ) EADS ( 22.41 % ) Kamaz ( 10 % ) MV Agusta ( 25 % ) Tesla Motors ( 10 % ) Tata Motors ( 7 % ) Aston Martin ( 5 % ) Predecessors Benz & Company ( 1883 -- 1926 ) Daimler - Motoren - Gesellschaft AG ( 1890 -- 1926 ) Daimler - Benz AG ( 1926 -- 98 ) DaimlerChrysler AG ( 1998 -- 2007 ) Technologies Active Cylinder Control BlueTec People Wolfgang Bernhard Karlfried Nordmann Andreas Renschler Hans Scherenberg Jürgen E. Schrempp Karl Wilfert Joachim Zahn Dieter Zetsche Other DaimlerChrysler -- Mitsubishi alliance BeiBen Truck Commons Automotive industry in Germany Automotive industry Economy of Germany Transport in Germany Companies Active vehicle producers BMW BMW i BMW Motorrad Borgward Daimler Mercedes - Benz Setra / EvoBus Smart Maybach Apollo Automobil Krauss - Maffei Rheinmetall RMMV Volkswagen Group Audi MAN RMMV Porsche Volkswagen Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Foreign owned Ford of Europe Ford - Werke Iveco Magirus Opel Hyundai Europe Defunct vehicle producers Auto Union DKW Horch NSU Wanderer Trabant Hansa Goliath North German Automobile and Engine Artega Automobile Fuldamobil Goggomobil Components ATR Behr Bosch Blaupunkt ETAS Group BBS Bühler Motor Continental Dräxlmaier Group Dürr AG Getrag Hella Hermann Peters KSPG Löwe Automobil Mahle Mann + Hummel Petri Schaeffler Voith ZF Friedrichshafen ZF Sachs Motorsport and tuners Abt Sportsline AC Schnitzer Alpina Audi Sport AMG Bitter Brabus BMW M Carlsson G - Power Gemballa Hamann Motorsport Hartge Je Design Koenig Specials Mansory Opel Performance Center PPI Automotive Design Rieger Tuning Ruf Automobile Steinmetz Opel Tuning Services Daimler Financial Services Mercedes - Benz Bank Sixt Related topics ADAC AMI Leipzig ASAM DTM Frankfurt Motor Show German Association of the Automotive Industry Nürburgring Defunct companies and marques above are shown in italics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-AMG&oldid=807769768 '' Categories : Daimler AG subsidiaries Official motorsports and performance division of automakers Mercedes - Benz Auto parts suppliers of Germany Wheel manufacturers Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1967 1967 establishments in West Germany German brands Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters teams FIA GT Championship teams 24 Hours of Le Mans teams Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2010 Pages using deprecated image syntax CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 01 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does the amg stand for in mercedes benz | [
"AMG was founded as a racing engine forge in 1967 under the name AMG Motorenbau und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH (AMG Engine Production and Development, Ltd.), by former Mercedes-Benz engineers Hans Werner Aufrecht and Erhard Melcher in Burgstall an der Murr, near Stuttgart. The letters \"AMG\" stand for Aufrecht, Melcher and Großaspach (Aufrecht's birth town). In 1976 most of AMG moved to Affalterbach, with the racing-engine development remaining at the old location in Burgstall. At this time Erhard Melcher ceased to be a partner, but continued to be an employee at the Burgstall location."
] | [
"Aufrecht, Melcher and Großaspach"
] |
-8897785746760923208 | List of superhero debuts | List of superhero debuts - wikipedia List of superhero debuts Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of the first known appearances of various superhero fictional characters and teams . A superhero ( also known as a super hero or super-hero ) is a fictional character `` of unprecedented physical prowess dedicated to acts of derring - do in the public interest . '' Since the debut of Superman in 1938 by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster , stories of superheroes -- ranging from brief episodic adventures to continuing years - long sagas -- have dominated American comic books and crossed over into other media . A female superhero is sometimes called a superheroine or super heroine . By most definitions , characters need not have actual superhuman powers to be deemed superheroes , although sometimes terms such as costumed crimefighters are used to refer to those without such powers who have many other common traits of superheroes . For a list of comic book supervillain debuts , see List of comic book supervillain debuts . This literature - related list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This film , television or video - related list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it with reliably sourced additions . Contents ( hide ) 1 1850 -- 1900 2 1900 -- 1909 2.1 Newspaper comics 2.2 Play 3 1910s 3.1 Magazine 4 1920s 4.1 Notable non-superhero characters that influenced the superhero genre 5 1930s 5.1 Radio 5.2 Pulp fiction 5.3 Newspaper comics 5.4 Other media 5.5 Notable non-superhero characters that influenced the superhero genre 5.6 Comic book 6 1940s 6.1 Newspaper comics 6.2 Comic book 6.3 Other media 7 1950s 7.1 Comic book 7.2 Television 8 1960s 8.1 Comic book 8.2 Television 9 1970s 9.1 Comic book 9.2 Television 10 1980s 10.1 Comic book 10.2 Television 11 1990s 11.1 Comic book 11.2 Movies 11.3 Television 12 2000s 12.1 Comic book 12.2 Movies 12.3 Television 13 2010s 13.1 Comic book 13.2 Movies 13.3 Television 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links 1850 -- 1900 ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance Spring Heeled Jack 1878 George Augustus Sala or Alfred Burrage as `` Charlton Lea '' Spring - Heeled Jack , the Terror of London The folkloric Spring - heeled Jack came to be featured in a series of Penny Dreadfuls as a villain . However , in the late 1970s and early 1980s , he was reinvented as a crime - fighter with a disguise , secret lair , and gadgets , hallmarks of superheroes . 1900 -- 1909 ( edit ) Newspaper Comics ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance Hugo Hercules 1902 Wilhelm Heinrich Detlev Körner Chicago Tribune Despite its short run , it 's widely seen as the earliest superhero fiction comic . Play ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance The Scarlet Pimpernel 1903 Baroness Emmuska Orczy The Scarlet Pimpernel Often cited as perhaps the earliest superhero akin to those to become popularized through American comic books . 1910s ( edit ) Magazine ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance John Carter of Mars 1911 Edgar Rice Burroughs A Princess of Mars Tarzan the Apeman 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs Tarzan of the Apes The Night Wind 1913 Varick Vanardy ( Frederick Van Rensselaer Dey ) Alias the Night Wind The Gray Seal 1914 Frank L. Packard `` The Adventures of Jimmie Dale '' 1917 book version of 1914 and 1915 stories in People 's Magazine The Scarecrow 1915 Russell Thorndike Doctor Syn : A Tale of the Romney Marsh Zorro 1919 Johnston McCulley `` The Curse of Capistrano '' All Weekly Story 1920s ( edit ) Notable non-superhero characters that influenced the superhero genre ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Creator / s Media First appearance The Red Shadow 1926 Oscar Hammerstein II , Otto Harbach , and Frank Mandel Play The Desert Song Buck Rogers January 7 , 1929 Philip Francis Nowlan Newspaper Comic Buck Rogers in the 25th Century A.D adapted from the story `` Armageddon 2419 A.D. '' ( Amazing Stories , August , 1928 ) . 1930s ( edit ) Radio ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance The Shadow ( as announcer voice ) 1930 ( July 31 ) Maxwell Grant ( Walter B. Gibson ) Detective Stories The Lone Ranger 1933 ( January 30 ) George W. Trendle The Lone Ranger Tonto 1933 ( February 25 ) Fran Striker The Lone Ranger The Green Hornet and Kato 1936 ( January 31 ) George W. Trendle and Fran Striker The Green Hornet Pulp fiction ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance The Shadow ( as character ) 1931 ( April ) Maxwell Grant ( Walter B. Gibson ) `` The Living Shadow '' The Shadow Magazine # 1 Conan the Barbarian 1932 ( December ) Robert E. Howard `` The Phoenix on the Sword '' Weird Tales Doc Savage 1933 ( March ) Kenneth Robeson ( Lester Dent ) The Man of Bronze The Avenger 1939 ( September ) Kenneth Robeson ( Paul Ernst ) `` Justice , Inc . '' The Avenger Magazine # 1 Newspaper comics ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s Series Mandrake the Magician 1934 ( June 11 ) Lee Falk Mandrake the Magician The Phantom Magician 1935 ( April 15 ) Mel Graff ( fr ) The Adventures of Patsy The Phantom 1936 ( February 17 ) Lee Falk The Phantom Other media ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Creator / s Media Ôgon Batto ( the Golden Bat ) 1930 Takeo Nagamatsu Kamishibai ( Japanese scroll show ) Hugo Danner 1930 Philip Wylie Gladiator ( novel ) Notable non-superhero characters that influenced the superhero genre ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Creator / s Media Dan Dunn 1933 Norman Marsh Original Comic Book Character Dick Tracy 1931 ( October 4 ) Chester Gould Newspaper Comic Flash Gordon 1934 ( January 7 ) Alex Raymond Newspaper Comic Comic book ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Doctor Occult ( Doctor Mystic ) 1935 ( October ) DC Jerry Siegel , Joe Shuster New Fun Comics # 6 The Clock 1936 ( November ) Comics Magazine Co George Brenner Funny Pages # 6 or Funny Picture Stories # 1 Sheena , Queen of the Jungle 1937 Fiction House Will Eisner and S.M. `` Jerry '' Iger Wags # 1 Superman ( Clark Kent ) 1938 ( June ) DC Jerry Siegel , Joe Shuster Action Comics # 1 Zatara 1938 ( June ) DC Fred Guardineer Action Comics # 1 Americommando ( Harold Thompson ) 1938 ( June ) DC Ken Fitch , Bernard Baily Action Comics # 1 Fatman ( Bob Daley ) 1938 ( July ) DC Ken Fitch , Bernard Baily Action Comics # 2 Arrow 1938 ( September ) Centaur Publications Paul Gustavson Funny Pages vol. 2 # 10 ( or # 21 ) Crimson Avenger ( Lee Travis ) 1938 ( October ) DC Jim Chambers Detective Comics # 20 Batman ( Bruce Wayne ) 1939 ( March ) DC Bob Kane , Bill Finger Detective Comics # 27 Namor the Sub-Mariner 1939 ( April ) Marvel / Timely Bill Everett Motion Picture Funnies Weekly # 1 Wonder Man ( Fox ) 1939 ( May ) Fox Publications Will Eisner Wonder Comics # 1 The Flame ( Gary Preston ) 1939 ( June ) Fox Publications Will Eisner Wonderworld Comics # 3 The Sandman ( Wesley Dodds ) 1939 ( July ) DC Gardner Fox , Bert Christman World 's Fair Comics # 1 Blue Beetle ( Dan Garret ) 1939 ( August ) Fox Publications Charles Nicholas Mystery Men Comics # 1 Bozo the Iron Man 1939 ( August ) Quality Comics George Brenner Smash Comics # 1 Amazing Man ( Centaur Publications ) 1939 ( September ) Centaur Publications Bill Everett Amazing - Man Comics # 5 The Human Torch ( Jim Hammond , original ) 1939 ( October ) Marvel / Timely Carl Burgos Marvel Comics # 1 The Angel ( Thomas Halloway ) 1939 ( October ) Marvel / Timely Paul Gustavson Marvel Comics # 1 Shock Gibson 1939 ( October ) Brookwood Publications Maurice Scott Speed Comics # 1 The Ultra-Man ( Gary Concord , Jr . ) 1939 ( November ) DC Jon L. Blummer All - American Comics # 8 Doll Man 1939 ( December ) Quality Comics Will Eisner Feature Comics # 27 1940s ( edit ) Newspaper comics ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s Series The Spirit 1940 ( June 2 ) Will Eisner The Spirit Invisible Scarlet O'Neil 1940 ( June 3 ) Russell Stamm Invisible Scarlet O'Neil Comic book ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Flash ( comics ) ( Jay Garrick , original ) 1940 ( January ) DC Gardner Fox , Harry Lampert Flash Comics # 1 Hawkman ( Carter Hall , original ) 1940 ( January ) DC Gardner Fox Flash Comics # 1 Johnny Thunder 1940 ( January ) DC John W. Wentworth , Stan Asch Flash Comics # 1 Whip ( Rodney Gaynor ) 1940 ( January ) DC John B. Wentworth , George Storm Flash Comics # 1 The Shield ( Archie ) 1940 ( January ) MLJ / Archie Harry Shorten , Irv Novick Pep Comics # 1 Captain Marvel ( DC Comics ) 1940 ( February ) Fawcett Comics / DC C.C. Beck , Bill Parker ( comics ) Whiz Comics # 2 Electro ( comics ) 1940 ( February ) Marvel / Timely Steve Dahlman Marvel Mystery # 4 Spectre ( comics ) ( Jim Corrigan ) 1940 ( February ) DC Jerry Siegel More Fun Comics # 52 Doc Strange 1940 ( February ) Nedor Comics Richard E. Hughes , Alexander Kostuk Thrilling Comics # 1 Hourman ( Rex Tyler ) 1940 ( March ) DC Ken Fitch , Bernard Bailey Adventure Comics # 48 Black Marvel ( Daniel Lyons ) 1940 ( March ) Marvel / Timely Al Gabriele and unknown writer Mystic Comics # 5 Blazing Skull ( Mark Todd ) 1940 ( March ) Marvel / Timely Mystic Comics # 5 Robin ( comics ) ( Dick Grayson , original ) 1940 ( April ) DC Bob Kane , Bill Finger , Jerry Robinson Detective Comics # 38 Catwoman ( Selina Kyle ) 1940 ( April ) DC Bob Kane , Bill Finger Batman # 1 Bulletman and Bulletgirl 1940 ( May ) Fawcett Comics / DC Bill Parker ( comics ) Nickel Comics # 1 Doctor Fate ( Kent Nelson & Nabu ) 1940 ( May ) DC Gardner Fox , Howard Sherman More Fun Comics # 55 Scarlet Avenger 1940 ( June ) Harry Shorten , Irv Novick Zip Comics # 1 Uncle Sam ( comics ) 1940 ( July ) Quality Comics / DC Will Eisner National Comics # 1 Green Lantern ( Alan Scott , original ) 1940 ( July ) DC Martin Nodell , Bill Finger All - American Comics # 16 The Red Bee 1940 ( July ) Quality Comics / DC Toni Blum , Charles Nicholas Hit Comics # 1 Daredevil ( Gleason Publications ) 1940 ( September ) Gleason Publications Jack Binder ( comics ) Silver Streak # 6 Atom ( Al Pratt ) 1940 ( October ) DC Ben Flinton , Bill O'Conner All - American Comics # 19 Vision ( Timely Comics ) 1940 ( November ) Marvel / Timely Joe Simon , Jack Kirby Marvel Mystery Comics # 13 Red Tornado ( Ma Hunkel ) 1940 ( November ) DC Sheldon Mayer All - American Comics # 20 Quicksilver ( Max Mercury ) 1940 ( November ) Quality Comics / DC Jack Cole ( artist ) , Chuck Mazoujian National Comics # 5 Justice Society of America 1940 ( Winter ) DC Gardner Fox All Star Comics # 3 Black Terror 1941 ( January ) Nedor Comics Richard E. Hughes , Don Gabrielson Exciting Comics # 9 Professor Supermind and Son 1941 ( February ) Dell Comics Popular Comics # 60 Captain America ( Steve Rogers ) 1941 ( March ) Marvel / Timely Joe Simon , Jack Kirby Captain America Comics # 1 Starman ( Ted Knight ) ( Ted Knight ) 1941 ( April ) DC Gardner Fox , Jack Burnley Adventure Comics # 61 Doctor Mid-Nite ( Charles McNider ) 1941 ( April ) DC Charles Reizenstein , Stanley Aschmeier All - American Comics # 25 Sargon the Sorcerer 1941 ( May ) DC John B. Wentworth , Howard Purcell All American Comics # 26 Hawkgirl ( Shiera Sanders Hall ) 1941 ( July ) DC Gardner Fox Evelyn Gaines All - Star Comics # 5 Whizzer ( Robert Frank ) 1941 ( August ) Marvel / Timely Al Avison , Al Gabriele USA Comics # 1 American Crusader 1941 ( August ) Nedor Comics Writer and artist unknown Thrilling Comics # 19 Blackhawk ( DC Comics ) 1941 ( August ) Quality Comics / DC Will Eisner , Chuck Cuidera Military Comics # 1 Miss America ( DC Comics ) 1941 ( August ) Quality Comics / DC Military Comics # 1 711 ( Quality Comics ) 1941 ( August ) Quality Comics / DC George Brenner Police Comics # 1 Human Bomb 1941 ( August ) Quality Comics / DC Paul Gustavson Police Comics # 1 Plastic Man 1941 ( August ) Quality Comics / DC Jack Cole ( artist ) Police Comics # 1 Phantom Lady 1941 ( August ) Quality Comics / DC Arthur Peddy Police Comics # 1 Nelvana of the Northern Lights 1941 ( August ) Hillborough Studios ( Canada ) Adrian Dingle Triumph Comics # 1 Johnny Quick ( Johnny Chambers ) 1941 ( September ) DC Mort Weisinger , Chad Grothkopf More Fun Comics # 71 Captain Flag 1941 ( September ) MLJ / Archie Joe Blair , Lin Streeter Blue Ribbon Comics # 16 Fighting Yank 1941 ( September ) Nedor Comics Richard Hughes , Jon Blummer Startling Comics # 10 Aquaman 1941 ( November ) DC Mort Weisinger , Paul Norris More Fun Comics # 73 Green Arrow ( Oliver Queen ) and Speedy ( comics ) 1941 ( November ) DC Mort Weisinger , Greg Papp More Fun Comics # 73 Sandy the Golden Boy 1941 ( December ) DC Joe Simon and Jack Kirby Adventure Comics # 69 Seven Soldiers of Victory 1941 ( December ) DC Mort Weisinger Leading Comics # 1 Wonder Woman ( Diana Prince ) 1941 ( December ) DC William Moulton Marston , H.G. Peter All Star Comics # 8 / Sensation Comics # 1 Liberator ( Nedor ) 1941 ( December ) Nedor Comics Writer and artist unknown Exciting Comics # 15 Captain Marvel , Jr . 1941 ( December ) Fawcett Comics / DC Ed Herron , Mac Raboy Whiz Comics # 25 Wildcat ( comics ) 1942 ( January ) DC Bill Finger , Irwin Hasen Sensation Comics # 1 Mister Terrific ( comics ) ( Terry Sloane ) 1942 ( January ) DC Chuck Reizenstein , Hal Sharp Sensation Comics # 1 Air Wave 1942 ( February ) DC Murray Boltinoff or Mort Weisinger , and Lee Harris ( illustrator ) Detective Comics # 60 Johnny Canuck ( as superhero ) 1942 ( February ) ( Canada ) Leo Bachle Dime Comics # 1 Manhunter ( comics ) ( Paul Kirk ) 1942 ( April ) DC Jack Kirby , Joe Simon Adventure Comics # 73 Manhunter ( comics ) ( Dan Richards ) 1942 ( March ) Quality Comics / DC Police Comics # 8 Robotman ( Robert Crane ) 1942 ( April ) DC Jerry Siegel , Leo Nowak Star - Spangled Comics # 7 Commando Yank 1942 ( July ) Fawcett Comics / DC Wow Comics # 6 Captain Commando 1942 ( August ) S.M. `` Jerry '' Iger , Alex Blum Pep Comics # 30 Kid Eternity 1942 ( December ) Quality Comics / DC Otto Binder , Sheldon Moldoff Hit Comics # 25 Mary Marvel 1942 ( December ) Fawcett Comics / DC Otto Binder , Marc Swayze Captain Marvel Adventures # 18 Canada Jack 1943 ( March ) George Menendez Rae Canadian Heroes Vol. 1 , # 5 Miss America ( Marvel Comics ) 1943 ( November ) Marvel / Timely Otto Binder , Al Gabriele Marvel Mystery Comics # 49 Grim Reaper ( Nedor ) 1944 ( May ) Nedor Comics Author unknown , artist Al Camy Fighting Yank # 7 Superboy ( Clark Kent ) 1945 ( January ) DC Don Cameron , Jerry Siegel , Joe Shuster More Fun Comics # 101 All - Winners Squad 1946 ( Fall ) Marvel / Timely Martin Goodman ( publisher ) , Bill Finger All Winners Comics # 19 Black Canary 1947 ( August ) DC Robert Kanigher , Carmine Infantino Flash Comics # 86 Moon Girl 1947 ( Fall ) Gardner Fox , Sheldon Moldoff The Happy Houligans # 1 Golden Girl ( Betsy Ross ) 1947 ( December ) Marvel / Timely Captain America # 1 ( As Betsy Ross ) ; Captain America # 66 ( As Golden Girl ) Other media ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance Maximo 1940 Russell Winterbotham Maximo , the Amazing Superman ( Big Little Book ) 1950s ( edit ) Comic book ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Captain Comet 1951 ( June ) DC John Broome , Carmine Infantino Strange Adventures # 9 Phantom Stranger 1952 ( August ) DC John Broome , Carmine Infantino , Sy Barry Phantom Stranger # 1 Marvelman ( later Miracleman ) 1954 ( February ) ( U.K. ) Mick Anglo Marvelman # 25 Captain Flash 1954 ( November ) Mike Sekowsky ( artist , writer unknown ) Captain Flash # 1 Martian Manhunter 1955 ( November ) DC Joseph Samachson , Joe Certa Detective Comics # 225 Batwoman ( Kathy Kane , 1st ver ) 1956 ( July ) DC Edmond Hamilton , Sheldon Moldoff Detective Comics # 233 Flash ( Barry Allen , 2nd ver ) 1956 ( October ) DC Robert Kanigher , Carmine Infantino Showcase # 4 Challengers of the Unknown 1957 ( February ) DC Jack Kirby Showcase # 6 Legion of Super-Heroes 1958 ( April ) DC Mort Weisinger , Otto Binder Adventure Comics # 247 Super Girl ( tryout version ) 1958 ( August ) DC Otto Binder , Al Plastino Superman # 123 Adam Strange 1958 ( November ) DC Gardner Fox , Mike Sekowsky Showcase Comics # 17 Herbie Popnecker 1958 ( December ) Richard E. Hughes , Ogden Whitney Forbidden Worlds # 73 Lady Blackhawk 1959 ( February ) DC Jack Schiff and Dick Dillin Blackhawks # 133 Supergirl ( Kara Zor - El ) 1959 ( May ) DC Otto Binder , Al Plastino Action Comics # 252 The Fly ( Archie Comics ) 1959 ( June ) Archie Comics Joe Simon , Jack Kirby The Double Life of Private Strong # 1 Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) ( Hal Jordan , 2nd ver ) 1959 ( October ) DC Julius Schwartz , John Broome , Gil Kane Showcase # 22 Kid Flash 1959 ( December ) DC John Broome , Carmine Infantino The Flash # 110 Television ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance Captain Video 1955 ( April 1 ) Captain Video Gekko Kamen ( Moonlight Mask ) 1958 Kōhan Kawauchi Moonlight Mask 1960s ( edit ) Comic book ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Justice League 1960 ( February ) DC Gardner Fox The Brave and the Bold # 28 Captain Atom 1960 ( March ) Charlton Comics / DC Joe Gill , Steve Ditko Space Adventures # 33 Elongated Man 1960 ( May ) DC John Broome , Carmine Infantino The Flash vol. 1 # 112 Groot 1960 ( November ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby Tales to Astonish # 13 Hawkman ( Katar Hol , 2nd ver ) 1961 ( February ) DC Gardner Fox , Joe Kubert The Brave and the Bold # 34 Flygirl 1961 ( July ) Archie Comics Robert Bernstein , John Rosenberger Adventures of the Fly # 13 The Jaguar 1961 ( September ) Archie Comics Robert Bernstein The Adventures of the Jaguar # 1 The Atom ( Ray Palmer , 2nd ver ) 1961 ( October ) DC Julius Schwartz , Gardner Fox , Gil Kane Showcase # 34 Fantastic Four ( Mister Fantastic , Invisible Girl , Human Torch ( Johnny Storm ) , The Thing ) 1961 ( November ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby The Fantastic Four # 1 Ant - Man ( Henry Pym ) 1962 ( January ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby Tales to Astonish # 27 The Hulk ( Bruce Banner ) 1962 ( May ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby The Incredible Hulk # 1 Spider - Man ( Peter Parker ) 1962 ( August ) Marvel Stan Lee , Steve Ditko Amazing Fantasy # 15 Thor ( Thor Odinson ) 1962 ( August ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby Journey into Mystery # 83 Doctor Solar 1962 ( October ) Gold Key Comics Paul S. Newman , Matt Murphy Doctor Solar , Man of the Atom # 1 Wonder Wart - Hog 1962 Underground Gilbert Shelton Bacchanal Magnus , Robot Fighter 1963 ( February ) Gold Key Comics Chase Craig , Russ Manning Magnus Robot Fighter 4000 A.D. # 1 Iron Man ( Tony Stark ) 1963 ( March ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby , Don Heck Tales of Suspense # 39 Doom Patrol ( The Chief , Robotman ( Cliff Steele ) , Elasti - Girl ( Rita Farr ) , Negative Man ) 1963 ( June ) DC Bob Haney , Arnold Drake , Bruno Premiani My Greatest Adventure # 80 Wasp 1963 ( June ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby Tales to Astonish # 44 Doctor Strange ( Stephen Strange ) 1963 ( July ) Marvel Stan Lee , Steve Ditko Strange Tales # 110 X-Men ( Professor X , Cyclops , Angel ( Warren Worthington ) , Beast , Iceman , Marvel Girl ) 1963 ( September ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby X-Men # 1 The Avengers 1963 ( September ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby , Dick Ayers Avengers # 1 Quicksilver 1964 ( March ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby X-Men # 4 Scarlet Witch 1964 ( March ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby X-Men # 4 Black Widow 1964 ( April ) Marvel Stan Lee , Don Rico , Don Heck Tales of Suspense # 52 Daredevil ( Matt Murdock ) 1964 ( April ) Marvel Stan Lee , Bill Everett Daredevil # 1 Hawkeye ( Clint Barton ) 1964 ( July ) Marvel Stan Lee , Don Heck Tales of Suspense # 57 Teen Titans 1964 ( July ) DC Robert Haney , Bruno Premiani The Brave and the Bold # 54 Wonder Man 1964 ( October ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby Avengers # 9 Zatanna 1964 ( November ) DC Gardner Fox , Murphy Anderson Hawkman # 4 Metamorpho 1965 ( January ) DC Bob Haney , Ramona Fradon The Brave and the Bold # 57 Hercules 1965 ( June ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby Journey into Mystery Annual # 1 Animal Man 1965 ( September ) DC Dave Wood , Carmine Infantino Strange Adventures # 180 Mighty Crusaders 1965 Archie Comics Jerry Siegel , Paul Reinman Fly - Man # 31 Silver Surfer 1966 ( March ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby Fantastic Four # 48 Black Panther 1966 ( July ) Marvel Stan Lee , Jack Kirby Fantastic Four # 52 Nightshade 1966 ( September ) Charlton Comics / DC Joe Gill , Steve Ditko Captain Atom # 82 Blue Beetle ( Ted Kord , 2nd ver ) 1966 ( November ) Charlton Comics / DC Steve Ditko Captain Atom # 83 Batgirl ( Barbara Gordon ) 1967 ( January ) DC Gardner Fox , Carmine Infantino Detective Comics # 359 Banshee 1967 ( January ) Marvel Roy Thomas , Werner Roth X-Men # 28 Question 1967 ( June ) Charlton Comics / DC Steve Ditko Blue Beetle # 1 Black Knight 1967 ( December ) Marvel Roy Thomas , John Buscema Avengers # 47 Captain Marvel ( Mar - Vell ) 1967 ( December ) Marvel Stan Lee , Gene Colan Marvel Super Heroes # 12 Carol Danvers ( a.k.a. Ms. Marvel , Binary , Warbird ) 1968 ( March ) Marvel Roy Thomas , Gene Colan Marvel Super Heroes # 13 The Creeper 1968 ( March ) DC Steve Ditko Showcase # 73 Vision 1968 ( October ) Marvel Roy Thomas , John Buscema Avengers # 57 Polaris 1968 ( October ) Marvel Arnold Drake , Don Heck , Werner Roth , Jim Steranko X-Men # 49 Guardians of the Galaxy ( 1st version ) 1969 ( January ) Marvel Arnold Drake , Gene Colan Marvel Super-Heroes # 18 Havok 1969 ( March ) Marvel Arnold Drake , Don Heck , Neal Adams X-Men # 54 Falcon ( Sam Wilson ) 1969 ( September ) Marvel Stan Lee , Gene Colan Captain America # 117 Television ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance Ultraman 1966 Eiji Tsuburaya Ultraman Captain Nice 1967 ( January ) Buck Henry Captain Nice Mister Terrific ( Stanley Beamish ) 1967 ( January ) Mr. Terrific The Mighty Heroes ( Strong Man , Cuckoo Man , Tornado Man , Rope Man , Diaper Man ) 1966 Ralph Bakshi Mighty Mouse Playhouse Space Ghost 1966 Alex Toth William Hanna & Joseph Barbera Space Ghost and Dino Boy Birdman 1967 Alex Toth William Hanna & Joseph Barbera Birdman and the Galaxy Trio Ultra Seven 1967 Eiji Tsuburaya Ultra Seven 1970s ( edit ) Comic book ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Sunfire 1970 ( January ) Marvel Roy Thomas , Don Heck X-Men # 64 Valkyrie 1970 ( December ) Marvel Roy Thomas , John Buscema The Avengers # 83 Squadron Supreme 1971 ( February ) Marvel Roy Thomas , Sal Buscema The Avengers # 85 - 86 The Forever People 1971 ( February ) DC Jack Kirby The Forever People # 1 New Gods 1971 ( February ) DC Jack Kirby New Gods # 1 Mister Miracle 1971 ( March ) DC Jack Kirby Mister Miracle # 1 Big Barda 1971 ( March ) DC Jack Kirby Mister Miracle # 1 Man - Thing 1971 ( May ) Marvel Roy Thomas , Gerry Conway , Gray Morrow Savage Tales # 1 Swamp Thing 1971 ( July ) DC Len Wein , Bernie Wrightson House of Secrets # 92 The Defenders 1971 ( December ) Marvel Roy Thomas Marvel Feature # 1 Luke Cage a.k.a. Power Man 1972 ( June ) Marvel Archie Goodwin , George Tuska Luke Cage , Hero for Hire # 1 Ghost Rider ( Johnny Blaze ) 1972 ( August ) Marvel Roy Thomas , Gary Friedrich , Mike Ploog Marvel Spotlight # 5 Drax The Destroyer 1973 ( February ) Marvel Mike Friedrich , Jim Starlin Iron Man # 55 Brother Voodoo 1973 ( September ) Marvel Len Wein , Gene Colan Strange Tales # 169 Shang - Chi 1973 ( December ) Marvel Steve Englehart , Jim Starlin Special Marvel Edition # 15 Punisher ( Frank Castle ) 1974 ( February ) Marvel Gerry Conway , Ross Andru The Amazing Spider - Man # 129 Iron Fist 1974 ( May ) Marvel Roy Thomas , Gil Kane Marvel Premiere # 15 Deathlok 1974 ( August ) Marvel Rich Buckler , Doug Moench Astonishing Tales # 25 Wolverine 1974 ( October ) Marvel Len Wein , Herb Trimpe Incredible Hulk # 180 ( cameo last panel ) , # 181 first full appearance Captain Canuck Richard Comely , Ron Leishman Captain Canuck # 1 All - New , All - Different X-Men ( Storm , Nightcrawler , Colossus , Thunderbird ) 1975 ( May ) Marvel Len Wein , Dave Cockrum Giant - Size X-Men # 1 Gamora 1975 ( June ) Marvel Jim Starlin Strange Tales # 180 Moon Knight 1975 ( August ) Marvel Doug Moench , Don Perlin Werewolf by Night # 32 Power Girl 1976 ( January ) DC Gerry Conway All - Star Comics # 58 Star - Lord 1976 ( January ) Marvel Steve Englehart , Steve Gan Marvel Preview # 4 Captain Britain 1976 Marvel Chris Claremont , Herb Trimpe Captain Britain Weekly # 1 Spider - Woman 1977 ( February ) Marvel Archie Goodwin , Jim Mooney Marvel Spotlight # 32 Black Lightning 1977 ( April ) DC Tony Isabella , Trevor Von Eeden Black Lightning # 1 3 - D Man 1977 ( April ) Marvel Roy Thomas Marvel Premiere # 35 Firestorm 1978 ( March ) DC Gerry Conway , Allen Milgrom Firestorm , The Nuclear Man # 1 Alpha Flight 1979 ( April ) Marvel Chris Claremont , John Byrne Uncanny X-Men # 120 Black Cat 1979 ( July ) Marvel Marv Wolfman , Keith Pollard The Amazing Spider - Man # 194 Television ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance El Chapulín Colorado 1970 Roberto Gomez Bolaños Chespirito ( segment : El Chapulín Colorado ) Kamen Rider 1971 Shotaro Ishinomori Kamen Rider G - Force 1972 Kagaku ninja tai Gatchaman ( Battle of the Planets ) Six Million Dollar Man 1973 ( March 7 ) Martin Caiden The Six Million Dollar Man movie ( based on 1972 novel Cyborg ) The Bionic Woman 1975 ( March 16 ) Kenneth Johnson The Six Million Dollar Man ( episode : `` The Bionic Woman '' ) 1980s ( edit ) Comic book ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Kitty Pryde 1980 ( January ) Marvel Chris Claremont , John Byrne Uncanny X-Men # 129 Emma Frost 1980 ( January ) Marvel Chris Claremont , John Byrne Uncanny X-Men # 129 Dazzler 1980 ( February ) Marvel Tom DeFalco , Louise Simonson , Roger Stern Uncanny X-Men # 130 She - Hulk 1980 ( February ) Marvel Stan Lee , John Buscema Savage She - Hulk # 1 Elektra 1981 ( January ) Marvel Frank Miller Daredevil # 168 Omega Men 1981 ( January ) DC Marv Wolfman , Joe Staton Green Lantern # 136 Rogue 1981 ( August ) Marvel Chris Claremont , Michael Golden Avengers Annual # 10 Rocket Raccoon 1982 ( May ) Marvel Bill Mantlo , Keith Giffen Incredible Hulk # 271 Monica Rambeau ( a.k.a. Captain Marvel , Photon , Pulsar ) 1982 ( December ) Marvel Roger Stern , John Romita , Jr . The Amazing Spider - Man Annual # 16 New Mutants 1982 ( December ) Marvel Chris Claremont The New Mutants , Marvel Graphic Novel # 4 The Maxx 1982 Comico Sam Kieth Primer # 5 ( as Max the Hare ) , The Maxx # 1 ( as The Maxx ) Robin ( Jason Todd ) 1983 ( March ) DC Comics Jim Starlin , Max Collins `` Batman '' # 357 Lobo ( DC Comics ) 1983 ( June ) DC Roger Slifer , Keith Giffen Omega Men # 3 Outsiders 1983 ( July ) DC Mike Barr , Jim Aparo The Brave and the Bold # 200 American Flagg 1983 ( October ) First Comics Howard Chaykin American Flagg # 1 Atari Force 1984 ( January ) DC Gerry Conway , Roy Thomas , Ross Andru Atari Force # 1 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 1984 ( May ) Mirage Kevin Eastman , Peter Laird Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles # 1 Power Pack 1984 ( August ) Marvel Louise Simonson , June Brigman Power Pack ( Vol. 1 ) # 1 West Coast Avengers 1984 ( September ) Marvel Roger Stern , Bob Hall West Coast Avengers ( Vol. 1 ) # 1 Femforce 1984 ( September ) AC Comics Bill Black , Stephanie Sanderson , Mark Heike Femforce Special Julia Carpenter ( a.k.a. Spider - Woman , Arachne ) 1984 ( October ) Marvel Jim Shooter , Mike Zeck Secret Wars # 6 - 7 Northguard 1984 ( Canada ) Mark Shainblum , Gabriel Morrissette New Triumph featuring Northguard # 1 Zot 1984 Eclipse Comics Scott McCloud Zot ! # 1 Mr. Monster 1984 Michael T. Gilbert Vanguard Illustrated # 7 Fleur de Lys 1985 ( Canada ) Mark Shainblum , Gabriel Morrissette New Triumph featuring Northguard # 5 X-Factor 1986 ( February ) Marvel Bob Layton , Jackson Guice , Josef Rubinstein X-Factor # 1 Booster Gold 1986 ( February ) DC Dan Jurgens Booster Gold # 1 Savage Dragon 1986 ( February ) Erik Larsen Megaton # 3 Watchmen 1986 ( September ) DC Alan Moore , Dave Gibbons Watchmen # 1 Excalibur Marvel Chris Claremont , Alan Davis Excalibur : The Sword is Drawn The Crow 1989 ( January ) Caliber James O'Barr Caliber Presents # 1 Robin ( Tim Drake ) 1989 ( August ) DC Comics Marv Wolfman Batman # 436 New Warriors 1989 ( December ) Marvel Tom DeFalco , Ron Frenz Thor # 411 Dawn 1989 ( December ) Sirius Entertainment Joseph Michael Linsner Cry for Dawn # 1 Television ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance Ralph Hinkley 1981 ( March ) The Greatest American Hero Thundercats 1985 Tobin `` Ted '' Wolf & Rankin / Bass Productions Silverhawks 1986 Rankin / Bass Productions Tigersharks Rankin / Bass Productions 1990s ( edit ) Comic book ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Cable ( comics ) 1990 ( March ) Marvel Louise Simonson , Rob Liefeld The New Mutants # 87 X-Men # 201 ( January 1986 , as Nathan Summers ) Gambit ( comics ) 1990 ( August ) Marvel Chris Claremont , Jim Lee X-Men # 266 Darkhawk 1991 ( February ) Marvel Tom Defalco , Mike Manley Marvel Age # 97 Deadpool 1991 ( February ) Marvel Rob Liefeld , Fabian Nicieza The New Mutants # 98 X-Force 1991 ( April ) Marvel Rob Liefeld The New Mutants # 100 Jesse Quick ( daughter of Johnny Quick and Liberty Belle ) 1991 ( April ) DC Len Strazewski , Mike Parobeck Justice Society of America ( vol. 2 ) # 1 Next Men 1991 ( September ) Dark Horse John Byrne Dark Horse Presents # 54 Bishop ( comics ) 1991 ( November ) Marvel Whilce Portacio Jim Lee X-Men # 282 Spawn 1992 ( May ) Image Todd McFarlane Spawn # 1 War Machine 1992 ( June ) Marvel Len Kaminski , Kev Hopgood Iron Man # 281 Eternal Warrior 1992 ( June ) Valiant Comics Solar : Man of the Atom # 10 Supreme 1992 ( August ) Image Rob Liefeld Youngblood # 3 Stormwatch 1993 ( March ) Image Jim Lee Stormwatch # 1 Gen13 1993 ( September ) Image Jim Lee , Brandon Choi Deathmate # Black Hellboy 1993 ( December ) Dark Horse Mike Mignola Next Men # 21 Prime 1993 Malibu Comics Gerard Jones , Len Strazewski , Norm Breyfogle Prime # 1 Static 1993 DC Dwayne McDuffie , John Paul Leon Static # 1 Purgatori 1994 Chaos ! Comics Brian Pulido , Steven Hughes Lady Death # 3 Generation X 1994 Marvel Scott Lobdell , Chris Bachalo X-Men # 318 Starman ( Jack Knight ) 1994 DC James Robinson , Tony Harris Starman # 0 Astro City 1995 Image Kurt Busiek , Brent Anderson Astro City # 1 Mr. Hero the Newmatic Man 1995 Neil Gaiman , James Vance , Ted Slampyak Neil Gaiman 's Mr. Hero , The Newmatic Man # 1 X-Man 1995 Marvel Jeph Loeb , Steve Skroce X-Man # 1 The Thunderbolts 1997 Marvel Kurt Busiek , Mark Bagley The Incredible Hulk # 449 The Authority 1999 Warren Ellis , Bryan Hitch The Authority vol. 1 # 1 Movies ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance The Rocketeer 1991 Dave Stevens Meteor Man 1993 Television ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance The Adventures of T - Rex Lee Gunther & Michael Wehl Power Rangers 1993 Haim Saban Mighty Morphin Power Rangers VR Troopers 1994 Haim Saban VR Troopers Masked Rider 1995 Haim Saban Masked Rider Beetleborgs Haim Saban Big Bad Beetleborgs Astralborgs 1997 Haim Saban Beetleborgs Metallix Shaktimaan 1997 Mukesh Khanna Shaktimaan 2000s ( edit ) Comic book ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Black Fox ( Dr. Robert William Paine ) 2000 Roger Stern , John Byrne Marvel : The Lost Generation # 12 Buzz 2000 Marvel Tom DeFalco , Ron Frenz Spider - Girl # 18 Night Eagle 2000 DC J.M. DeMatteis , Mike Miller The Adventures of Superman # 586 Sentry 2000 Marvel Paul Jenkins , Jae Lee , Rick Veitch The Sentry # 1 Typeface 2000 Marvel Paul Jenkins , Mark Buckingham Peter Parker : Spider - Man v2 # 23 Orpheus 2001 DC Alex Simmons , Dwayne Turner Batman : Orpheus Rising # 1 Spike 2001 Marvel Peter Milligan , Mike Allred X-Force # 121 Ultimate Marvel characters 2001 Marvel various Ultimate Spider - Man # 1 X-Statix 2001 Marvel Peter Milligan , Mike Allred X-Force # 116 X-Treme X-Men 2001 Marvel Chris Claremont X-Treme X-Men # 1 Runaways 2002 Marvel Brian K. Vaughan , Adrian Alphona Runaways vol. 1 # 1 Invincible 2002 Robert Kirkman , Cory Walker Noble Causes : Family Secrets # 3 Super Buddies 2003 DC Keith Giffen , J.M. DeMatteis , Kevin Maguire , Joe Rubinstein Formerly Known as the Justice League # 1 X-23 2003 Marvel Craig Kyle NYX # 3 Anya Corazon Marvel Fiona Avery , Mark Brooks Amazing Fantasy vol. 2 # 1 Doc Frankenstein Geof Darrow , Steve Skroce , Wachowski Brothers Doc Frankenstein # 1 Freakshow Chris Claremont Excalibur vol. 3 # 1 Young Avengers 2005 Marvel Allan Heinberg , Jim Cheung Young Avengers # 1 Blue Beetle ( Jamie Reyes , 3rd ver ) 2006 DC Keith Giffen , John Rogers , Cully Hamner Infinite Crisis # 5 Crimson Chin 2006 Butch Hartman The Fairly OddParents # 1 Miss Martian 2006 DC Geoff Johns , Tony Daniel Teen Titans vol. 3 , # 37 Atomic Robo 2007 Brian Clevinger , Scott Wegener Atomic Robo # 46 Bob , Agent of HYDRA 2007 Marvel Fabian Nicieza Cable & Deadpool # 38 Forerunner 2007 Jimmy Palmiotti , Justin Gray , Jesus Saiz . Countdown # 46 Anna Mercury 2008 Warren Ellis Anna Mercury # 1 Blue Marvel 2008 Kevin Grevioux Adam : Legend of the Blue Marvel # 1 Kick - Ass 2008 Mark Millar Kick - Ass # 1 She - Hulk ( Lyra ) 2008 Marvel Jeff Parker , Mitch Breitweiser Hulk : Raging Thunder # 1 Guardians of the Galaxy 2nd version 2008 ( April ) Marvel Dan Abnett , Andy Lanning Annhiliation Conquest # 6 Achilles Warkiller 2009 Gail Simone , Aaron Lopresti Wonder Woman ( vol. 3 ) # 30 Haunt 2009 Robert Kirkman , Todd McFarlane Haunt # 1 King Chimera 2009 DC Matthew Sturges , Fernando Pasarin Justice Society of America ( vol. 3 ) # 24 Mot 2009 Nick Simmons Incarnate # 1 Movies ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance David Dunn 2000 M. Night Shyamalan Unbreakable ( film ) The Incredibles , Frozone Brad Bird The Incredibles Catwoman ( Patience Phillips , 2nd ver ) Catwoman Sky High students and graduates 2005 Paul Hernandez , Robert Schooley , Mark McCorkle Sky High Krrish 2006 Rakesh Roshan Krrish Zenith Team ( Captain Zoom , Concussion , Mega-Boy , Wonder , Houdini , Princess , Marsha Holloway ) 2006 Adam Rifkin Zoom John Hancock 2008 Vincent Ngo Hancock Television ( edit ) Character / Team / Series Year Debuted Creator / s First Appearance Danny Phantom Butch Hartman Danny Phantom Ben Tennyson 2005 Man of Action ( Duncan Rouleau , Joe Casey , Joe Kelly , and Steven T. Seagle ) Ben 10 Heroes 2006 Tim Kring Heroes Kamen Rider Dragon Knight 2009 Steve Wang Kamen Rider : Dragon Knight 2010s ( edit ) Comic book ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Soundman 2012 Brian Bondurant `` Power Couple ! '' ( part of Kumate Works anthology ) Spider - Gwen 2014 Marvel Jason Latour and Robbi Rodriguez Edge of Spider - Verse # 2 Gwenpool 2016 Marvel Chris Bachalo Howard the Duck Vol 6 # 1 Movies ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Cutthroat , Charge , Shadow , The Wall 2011 Jason Trost Vs Andrew Detmer , Matt Garetty , Steve Montgomery 2012 Max Landis , Josh Trank Chronicle Television ( edit ) Character / Team Year Debuted Company Creator / s First Appearance Powell family Greg Berlanti , Jon Harmon Feldman No Ordinary Family The Cape 2011 Tom Wheeler The Cape Alphas 2011 Zak Penn , Michael Karnow Alphas See also ( edit ) List of years in comics List of comic book supervillain debuts Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Periodical Publications v. Empire Comics , New York Court of Appeals , April 21 , 1954 . Jump up ^ Per Lawrence Journal - World ( March 17 , 2006 ) : `` ' V for Vendetta ' is S for Subversive '' , by Jon Niccum , `` The Dark Knight : Batman -- A NonSuper Superhero '' , GameSpot : PS2 Games : Batman Begins , Spotlight Comics Annual # 2 ( May 2002 ) ; `` The Religious Affiliation of Comic Book Characters : Rev. Dr. Christopher Syn , the Scarecrow of Romney Marsh ( one of the world 's first masked crime - fighters ) '' ( no date ) , and other sources . Jump up ^ The Complete Spring Heeled Jack Page Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ ( 7 ) References ( edit ) Daniels , Les . The Golden Age of DC Comics : 365 Days . New York : H.N. Abrams , 2004 . External links ( edit ) Comic Book Timeline Guardians of the North `` The Comic Book Villain , Dr. Fredric Wertham , M.D. '' The Silver Age and the Marvel Age at Web Cite The Bronze Age at Web Cite The Gimmick Age at Web Cite Coville , Jamie . `` The History of Superhero Comic Books '' , `` Part 1 : Comic Strips Lead to a New Form '' Evanier , Mark . `` News from Me '' , POV Online , August 26 , 2001 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_superhero_debuts&oldid=800624350 '' Categories : Comics - related lists Comic book publication histories Superhero fiction Hidden categories : Incomplete literature lists Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 18 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the first dc superhero ever created | [
"\nDoctor Occult (Doctor Mystic)\n1935 (October)\nDC\nJerry Siegel, Joe Shuster\nNew Fun Comics #6\n"
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"Doctor Occult (Doctor Mystic)"
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-1172853205079518280 | Hook (film) | Hook ( film ) - wikipedia Hook ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Hook Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Frank Marshall Gerald R. Molen Screenplay by Jim V. Hart Malia Scotch Marmo Story by Jim V. Hart Nick Castle Based on Peter and Wendy by J.M. Barrie Starring Dustin Hoffman Robin Williams Julia Roberts Bob Hoskins Maggie Smith Charlie Korsmo Music by John Williams Cinematography Dean Cundey Edited by Michael Kahn Production company Amblin Entertainment Distributed by TriStar Pictures Release date December 11 , 1991 ( 1991 - 12 - 11 ) Running time 144 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $70 million Box office $300.9 million Hook is a 1991 American fantasy adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by James V. Hart and Malia Scotch Marmo . It stars Robin Williams as Peter Banning / Peter Pan , Dustin Hoffman as Captain Hook , Julia Roberts as Tinker Bell , Bob Hoskins as Smee , Maggie Smith as Wendy , Caroline Goodall as Moira Banning , and Charlie Korsmo as Jack Banning . It acts as a sequel to J.M. Barrie 's 1911 novel Peter and Wendy focusing on an adult Peter Pan who has forgotten all about his childhood . In his new life , he is known as Peter Banning , a successful but unimaginative and workaholic corporate lawyer with a wife ( Wendy 's granddaughter ) and two children . However , when Captain Hook , the enemy of his past , kidnaps his children , he returns to Neverland in order to save them . Along the journey he reclaims the memories of his past . Spielberg began developing the film in the early 1980s with Walt Disney Productions and Paramount Pictures , which would have followed the story line seen in the 1924 silent film and 1953 animated film . It entered pre-production in 1985 , but Spielberg abandoned the project . James V. Hart developed the script with director Nick Castle and TriStar Pictures before Spielberg decided to direct in 1989 . It was shot almost entirely on sound stages at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City , California . It received mixed reviews from critics , and while it was a commercial success , its box office take was lower than expected . It was nominated in five categories at the 64th Academy Awards . It also spawned merchandise , including video games , action figures , and comic book adaptations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Inspiration 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 4 Soundtrack 5 Video games 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Peter Banning is a successful corporate lawyer living in San Francisco . As a workaholic , he spends little time with his wife , Moira , and children , 12 - year - old Jack and 7 - year - old Maggie , and even misses Jack 's Little League Baseball game , which is straining his relationships with them . They fly to London to visit Moira 's grandmother , Wendy Darling . Wendy is ostensibly the true creator of the Peter Pan stories , with J.M. Barrie , her childhood neighbor merely having transcribed the tales . During their stay , Peter angrily yells at the children while their playing disturbs his important call , leading to an audacious argument with Moira , who throws out his cellphone . Peter , Moira and Wendy go out to a charity dinner honoring Wendy 's long life of charitable service to orphans . Upon their return , they discover the house has been ransacked and the children have been abducted . A cryptic ransom note , signed Captain James Hook , has been pinned to the playroom door with a dagger . Wendy confesses to Peter that the stories of Peter Pan are true and that Peter himself is Pan , having lost all of his childhood memories when he fell in love with Moira . In disbelief , he gets drunk up in the playroom , but Tinker Bell appears and takes him to Neverland to rescue his children from Hook . Hook and his pirates confront Peter but become depressed when they realize he does not remember his former life and identity . Tinker Bell makes a deal with Hook that Peter will regain his memories in three days for a climactic battle . He is reacquainted with the Mermaids and meets the new generation of Lost Boys , led by Rufio , who refuses to believe that he is the real Peter Pan . They help him train , and in the process he regains his imagination and lost youth . One of them , Thud Butt , gives him marbles that were left behind by Tootles , who is now an old man living with Wendy . Elsewhere , Smee talks Hook into manipulating Jack and Maggie into loving him to break Peter 's will . While Maggie is not taken in , Jack comes to view Hook as a father figure . Hook arranges a makeshift baseball game for Jack , which Peter watches as Hook treats Jack like his own son . Horrified , Peter runs off and tries to fly , but is led to the old treehouse of the Lost Boys by his own shadow . Tinker Bell helps him remember his childhood and how he fell in love with Moira , and he realizes his happy thought is being a father . He flies up into the sky , returning as Peter Pan , and Rufio surrenders his sword and leadership back to him . The child - minded Peter returns to Tinker Bell who grows human - sized and kisses him , reminding him of his reason for being in Neverland . On the third day , he and the Lost Boys attack the pirates as promised , leading to a lengthy battle . He rescues Maggie and promises to be a better father to both her and Jack . Rufio fights a duel with Hook but is mortally wounded and dies in Peter 's arms . Peter and Hook duel , leading to Peter 's victory . Refusing to leave honorably , Hook attacks Peter one last time , but the stuffed crocodile , whom Hook once feared , springs to life and devours him . Peter gives his sword to Thud Butt , promoting him the new leader of the Lost Boys , and leaves Neverland for good . He awakens in Kensington Gardens , meeting a sweeper who bears a strong resemblance to Smee and bidding farewell to Tinker Bell , who confesses her unrequited love to him before vanishing . He climbs up the drain pipe of Wendy 's house , reuniting and reconciling with his family and returning Tootles ' marbles to him . Tootles discovers the bag contains pixie dust , and he flies out the window to visit Neverland . Wendy suggests that Peter 's adventures are over , but he replies , `` To live would be an awfully big adventure . '' Cast ( edit ) See also : Characters of Peter Pan Robin Williams as Peter Banning / Peter Pan Ryan Francis as teenage Peter Pan Max Hoffman as baby Peter Pan Dustin Hoffman as Captain Hook Julia Roberts as Tinker Bell Lisa Wilhoit as young Tinker Bell Bob Hoskins as Mr. Smee Charlie Korsmo as Jack Banning Amber Scott as Maggie Banning Maggie Smith as Wendy Darling Gwyneth Paltrow as young Wendy Darling Caroline Goodall as Moira Banning Laurel Cronin as Liza , Wendy 's maid Phil Collins as Inspector Good , the British police detective Arthur Malet as Tootles Isaiah Robinson as Pockets Jasen Fisher as Ace Dante Basco as Rufio Raushan Hammond as Thud Butt James Madio as Do n't Ask Thomas Tulak as Too Small Alex Zuckerman as Latchboy Ahmad Stoner as No Nap Kelly Rowan as Peter Pan 's mother David Crosby as Tickles , a member of Hook 's pirate crew Tony Burton and Nick Tate as Bill Jukes and Noodler , members of Hook 's pirate crew who serve as his security entourage Glenn Close as Gutless , a male pirate who is punished by Hook Jimmy Buffett ( uncredited ) as the pirate who attempts to steal Peter 's shoes George Lucas and Carrie Fisher ( both uncredited ) as the kissing couple on the bridge who are sprinkled with pixie dust as Tinker Bell carries Peter to Neverland Production ( edit ) Inspiration ( edit ) Spielberg found close personal connection to the Peter Pan story from his own childhood . The troubled relationship between Peter and Jack in the sequel echoed Spielberg 's relationship with his own father . Previous Spielberg films that explored a dysfunctional father - son relationship included E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade . Peter 's `` quest for success '' paralleled Spielberg starting out as a film director and transforming into a Hollywood business magnate . `` I think a lot of people today are losing their imagination because they are work - driven . They are so self - involved with work and success and arriving at the next plateau that children and family almost become incidental . I have even experienced it myself when I have been on a very tough shoot and I 've not seen my kids except on weekends . They ask for my time and I ca n't give it to them because I 'm working . '' Like Peter at the beginning of the film , Spielberg has a fear of flying . He feels that Peter 's `` enduring quality '' in the storyline is simply to fly . `` Anytime anything flies , whether it 's Superman , Batman , or E.T. , it 's got to be a tip of the hat to Peter Pan , '' Spielberg reflected in a 1992 interview . `` Peter Pan was the first time I saw anybody fly . Before I saw Superman , before I saw Batman , and of course before I saw any superheroes , my first memory of anybody flying is in Peter Pan . '' Pre-production ( edit ) J.M. Barrie considered writing a story in which Peter Pan grew up ; his 1920 notes for the latest stage revival of Peter Pan included possible titles for another play : The Man Who Could n't Grow Up or The Old Age of Peter Pan . The genesis of the film started when Spielberg 's mother often read him Peter and Wendy as a bedtime story . He explained in 1985 , `` When I was eleven years old I actually directed the story during a school production . I have always felt like Peter Pan . I still feel like Peter Pan . It has been very hard for me to grow up , I 'm a victim of the Peter Pan syndrome . '' In the early 1980s , Spielberg began to develop a film with Walt Disney Pictures that would have closely followed the storyline of the 1924 silent film and 1953 animated film . He also considered directing it as a musical with Michael Jackson in the lead . He expressed interest in the part , but was not interested in Spielberg 's vision of an adult Peter Pan who had forgotten about his past . The project was taken to Paramount Pictures , where James V. Hart wrote the first script with Dustin Hoffman already cast as Captain Hook . It entered pre-production in 1985 for filming to begin at sound stages in England . Elliot Scott had been hired as production designer . With the birth of his first son , Max , in 1985 , Spielberg decided to drop out . `` I decided not to make Peter Pan when I had my first child , '' Spielberg commented . `` I did n't want to go to London and have seven kids on wires in front of blue screens . I wanted to be home as a dad . '' Around this time , he considered directing Big , which carried similar motifs and themes with it . In 1987 , he `` permanently abandoned '' it , feeling he expressed his childhood and adult themes in Empire of the Sun . Meanwhile , Paramount and Hart moved forward on production with Nick Castle as director . Hart began to work on a new storyline when his son , Jake , showed his family a drawing . `` We asked Jake what it was and he said it was a crocodile eating Captain Hook , but that the crocodile really did n't eat him , he got away , '' Hart reflected . `` As it happens , I had been trying to crack Peter Pan for years , but I did n't just want to do a remake . So I went , ' Wow . Hook is not dead . The crocodile is . We 've all been fooled ' . In 1986 our family was having dinner and Jake said , ' Daddy , did Peter Pan ever grow up ? ' My immediate response was , ' No , of course not ' . And Jake said , ' But what if he did ? ' I realized that Peter did grow up , just like all of us baby boomers who are now in our forties . I patterned him after several of my friends on Wall Street , where the pirates wear three - piece suits and ride in limos . '' Filming ( edit ) By 1989 , Ian Rathbone changed the title to Hook , and took it from Paramount to TriStar Pictures , headed by Mike Medavoy , who was Spielberg 's first talent agent . Robin Williams signed on , but he and Hoffman had creative differences with Castle . Medavoy saw the film as a vehicle for Spielberg and Castle was dismissed , but paid a $500,000 settlement . Dodi Fayed , who owned certain rights to make a Peter Pan film , sold his interest to TriStar in exchange for an executive producer credit . Spielberg briefly worked together with Hart to rewrite the script before hiring Malia Scotch Marmo to rewrite Captain Hook 's dialog and Carrie Fisher for Tinker Bell 's . The Writers Guild of America gave Hart and Marmo screenplay credit , while Hart and Castle were credited with the story . Fisher went uncredited . Filming began on February 19 , 1991 , occupying nine sound stages at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City , California . Stage 30 housed the Neverland Lost Boys playground , while Stage 10 supplied Captain Hook 's ship cabin . Hidden hydraulics were installed to rock the setpiece to simulate a swaying ship , but the filmmakers found the movement distracted the dialogue , so the idea was dropped . Stage 27 housed the full - sized Jolly Roger and the surrounding Pirate Wharf . Industrial Light & Magic provided the visual effects sequences . This marked the beginning of Tony Swatton 's career , as he was asked to make weaponry for the film . It was financed by Amblin Entertainment and TriStar Pictures , with TriStar distributing it . Spielberg brought on John Napier as a `` visual consultant '' , having been impressed with his work on Cats . The original production budget was set at $48 million , but ended up between $60 -- 80 million . The primary reason for the increased budget was the shooting schedule , which ran 40 days over its original 76 - day schedule . Spielberg explained , `` It was all my fault . I began to work at a slower pace than I usually do . '' Spielberg 's on - set relationship with Julia Roberts was troubled , and he later admitted in an interview with 60 Minutes , `` It was an unfortunate time for us to work together . '' In a 1999 Vanity Fair interview , Roberts said that Spielberg 's comments `` really hurt my feelings . '' She `` could n't believe this person that I knew and trusted was actually hesitating to come to my defense ... it was the first time that I felt I had a turncoat in my midst . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hook : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by John Williams Released November 26 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 26 ) ( original ) March 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 27 ) ( reissue ) Length 75 : 18 ( original ) 140 : 34 ( reissue ) Label Epic Records ( original ) La - La Land Records ( reissue ) John Williams chronology Home Alone String Module Error : Match not foundString Module Error : Match not found Hook JFK String Module Error : Match not foundString Module Error : Match not found The film score was composed and conducted by John Williams . He was brought in at an early stage when Spielberg was considering making the film as a musical . Accordingly , he wrote around eight songs for the project at this stage . The idea was later abandoned . Most of his song ideas were incorporated into the instrumental score , though two songs survive as songs in the finished film : `` We Do n't Wanna Grow Up '' and `` When You 're Alone '' , both with lyrics by Leslie Bricusse . The original 1991 issue was released by Epic Records . In 2012 , a limited edition of the soundtrack , called Hook : Expanded Original Motion Picture Soundtrack , was released by La - La Land Records and Sony Music . It contains almost the complete score with alternates and unused material . It also contains liner notes that explain the film 's production and score recording . Commercial songs from film , but not on soundtrack `` Pick'em Up '' -- Music by John Williams and lyrics by Leslie Bricusse `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' -- Written by Jack Norworth and Albert Von Tilzer Video games ( edit ) Main article : Hook ( video game ) A video game based on the film and bearing the same name was released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1991 . The game was released for additional game consoles in 1992 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Spielberg , Williams , and Hoffman did not take salaries for the film . Their deal called for them to split 40 % of TriStar Pictures ' gross revenues . They were to receive $20 million from the first $50 million in gross theatrical film rentals , with TriStar keeping the next $70 million in rentals before the three resumed receiving their percentage . The film was released in North America on December 11 , 1991 , earning $13,522,535 in its opening weekend . It went on to gross $119,654,823 in North America and $181,200,000 in foreign countries , accumulating a worldwide total of $300,854,823 . It is the sixth - highest - grossing `` pirate - themed '' film , behind all five films in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series . In North America totals , it was the sixth - highest - grossing film in 1991 , and fourth - highest - grossing worldwide . It ended up making a profit of $50 million for the studio , yet it was still declared a financial disappointment , having been overshadowed by the release of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast and a decline in box - office receipts compared to the previous years . Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 29 % of critics have given the film a positive review , based on 41 reviews , certifying it `` Rotten '' , with an average rating of 4.4 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` The look of Hook is lively indeed but Steven Spielberg directs on autopilot here , giving in too quickly to his sentimental , syrupy qualities . '' On Metacritic , the film has a 52 out of 100 rating , based on 19 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times stated that `` The sad thing about the screenplay for Hook is that it 's so correctly titled : This whole construction is really nothing more than a hook on which to hang a new version of the Peter Pan story . No effort is made to involve Peter 's magic in the changed world he now inhabits , and little thought has been given to Captain Hook 's extraordinary persistence in wanting to revisit the events of the past . The failure in Hook was its inability to re-imagine the material , to find something new , fresh or urgent to do with the Peter Pan myth . Lacking that , Spielberg should simply have remade the original story , straight , for the ' 90s generation . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine felt it would `` only appeal to the baby boomer generation '' and highly criticized the sword - fighting choreography . Vincent Canby of The New York Times felt the story structure was not well balanced , feeling Spielberg depended too much on art direction . Hal Hinson of The Washington Post was one of few who gave it a positive review . Hinson elaborated on crucial themes of children , adulthood , and loss of innocence . However , he observed that Spielberg `` was stuck too much in a theme park world '' . Perry Seibert of allmovie gave the film his very low star rating , and described it as the worst film in Steven Spielberg 's Career . The film was nominated for five categories at the 64th Academy Awards . This included Best Production Design ( Norman Garwood , Garrett Lewis ) ( lost to Bugsy ) , Best Costume Design ( lost to Bugsy ) , Best Visual Effects ( lost to Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ) , Best Makeup ( lost to Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ) and Best Original Song ( `` When You 're Alone '' , lost to Beauty and the Beast ) . It lost the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film to Aladdin , in which Williams co-starred , while cinematographer Dean Cundey was nominated for his work by the American Society of Cinematographers . Hoffman was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( lost to Williams for The Fisher King ) . John Williams was given a Grammy Award nomination for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media ; Julia Roberts received a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Supporting Actress ( lost to Sean Young as the dead twin in A Kiss Before Dying ) . In 2011 , Spielberg told Entertainment Weekly : `` There are parts of Hook I love . I 'm really proud of my work right up through Peter being hauled off in the parachute out the window , heading for Neverland . I 'm a little less proud of the Neverland sequences , because I 'm uncomfortable with that highly stylized world that today , of course , I would probably have done with live - action character work inside a completely digital set . But we did n't have the technology to do it then , and my imagination only went as far as building physical sets and trying to paint trees blue and red . '' Spielberg gave a more blunt assessment in a 2013 interview on Kermode & Mayo 's Film Review Show : `` I wan na see Hook again because I so do n't like that movie , and I 'm hoping someday I 'll see it again and perhaps like some of it . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HOOK ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 17 , 1992 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph McBride ( 1997 ) . Steven Spielberg : A Biography . New York City : Faber and Faber . p. 411 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19177 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Hook '' . TCM database . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phil Collins . Not Dead Yet . London , England : Century Books . p. 270 / 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 780 - 89513 - 0 . Jump up ^ McBride , p. 413 . ^ Jump up to : Ana Maria Bahiana ( March 1992 ) . `` Hook '' , Cinema Papers , pp. 67 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Andrew Birkin ( 2003 ) . J.M. Barrie and the Lost Boys . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09822 - 8 . Jump up ^ McBride , p. 42 -- 43 ^ Jump up to : McBride , p. 409 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Was Steven Spielberg 's First Choice To Play Peter Pan In ' Hook ' '' . Starpulse.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Myra Forsberg ( 1988 - 01 - 10 ) . `` Spielberg at 40 : The Man and the Child '' . The New York Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : McBride , p. 410 . Jump up ^ Medavoy , Mike and Young , Josh ( 2002 ) . You 're Only as Good as Your Next One : 100 Great Films , 100 Good Films , and 100 for Which I Should Be Shot ( p. 230 ) . New York City : Atria Books ^ Jump up to : DVD production notes ^ Jump up to : McBride , p. 412 . Jump up ^ http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/08/15-hollywood-set-feuds Jump up ^ `` HOOK 2CD Set Includes ' Over 65 minutes of Music Previously Unreleased ' '' . JWFan . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hook - John Williams '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marriott , Scott Alan . `` Hook -- Overview ( SNES ) '' . AllGame . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hook '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Pirate Movies '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Domestic Totals '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dretzka , Gary . `` Medavoy 's Method . '' Chicago Tribune ( December 8 , 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Medavoy , Mike and Young , Josh ( 2002 ) . You 're Only as Good as Your Next One : 100 Great Films , 100 Good Films , and 100 for Which I Should Be Shot ( p. 234 - 235 ) . New York City : Atria Books Jump up ^ `` Hook '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Hook reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Hook '' . Roger Ebert.com. 1991 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( 1991 - 12 - 11 ) . `` Hook '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Vincent Canby ( 1991 - 12 - 11 ) . `` Hook '' . The New York Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hal Hinson ( 1991 - 12 - 11 ) . `` Hook '' . The Washington Post . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Hook '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Saturn Awards.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2005 . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 7th Annual Awards '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 49th Golden Globe Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards of 1991 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Twelfth Annual RAZZIE Awards '' . Golden Raspberry Award . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 2 , 2011 ) , `` Steven Spielberg : The EW Interview '' , Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Steven Spielberg interviewed by Kermode and Mayo '' . Youtube.com. 26 January 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Terry Brooks ( December 17 , 1991 ) . Hook ( Hardcover ) . novelization of the film . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 449 - 90707 - 4 . Charles L.P. Silet ( 2002 ) . The Films of Steven Spielberg . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 4182 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Hook Children 's literature portal Hook on IMDb Hook at the TCM Movie Database Hook at Box Office Mojo Hook at Rotten Tomatoes Hook at Metacritic Sony Imagesoft 's Hook at MobyGames Ocean 's Hook at MobyGames J.M. Barrie 's Peter Pan Characters and setting Main Peter Pan Wendy Darling Captain Hook Mr. Smee Tinker Bell Tiger Lily Other Neverland Lost Boys Pixie Hollow Cast members Literary adaptations Official books / plays The Little White Bird Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens Peter and Wendy ( play , book ) Peter Pan in Scarlet Starcatchers books Peter and the Starcatchers Peter and the Shadow Thieves Peter and the Secret of Rundoon Peter and the Sword of Mercy The Bridge to Never Land Never Land Books Film adaptations Peter Pan films Peter Pan ( 1924 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Peter Pan ( 1988 ) Hook Return to Never Land Neverland Peter Pan ( 2003 ) Pan Tinker Bell films Tinker Bell Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue Pixie Hollow Games Secret of the Wings Pixie Hollow Bake Off The Pirate Fairy Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast Adaptations Television 1976 musical The Adventures of Peter Pan Peter Pan & the Pirates Jake and the Never Land Pirates Once Upon a Time Neverland Peter Pan Live ! Peter and Wendy Stage 1950 musical 1954 musical Peter Pan : A Musical Adventure Peter and the Starcatcher Peter Pan 360 Peter and Alice Finding Neverland ( musical ) Wendy & Peter Pan Peter Pan Goes Wrong Disney 's Peter Pan Jr . Video games Peter Pan and the Pirates Peter Pan : Adventures in Never Land Kingdom Hearts Hook Prose The Child Thief Graphic novels Peter Pank Lost Girls Marvel Fairy Tales Music Albums The Wendy Trilogy Faith , Trust , and Pixie Dust `` Lost Boy '' ( Ruth B song ) Somewhere in Neverland `` Peter Pan '' ( Kelsea Ballerini song ) Attractions Disney on Ice Fantasmic ! Peter Pan 's Flight ( ride ) Pixie Hollow Allusions Never Never Land Biographies The Lost Boys Finding Neverland Related Llewelyn Davies boys Peter Pan syndrome / Wendy dilemma Peter Pan copyright Disney franchise Peter Pan statue Steven Spielberg Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education Films produced by Gerald R. Molen Hook ( 1991 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) The Other Side of Heaven ( 2001 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) The Legend of Johnny Lingo ( 2003 ) 2016 : Obama 's America ( 2012 ) America : Imagine the World Without Her ( 2014 ) Hillary 's America : The Secret History of the Democratic Party ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hook_(film)&oldid=800385833 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films Peter Pan films American films 1990s adventure films 1990s comedy films 1990s fantasy films American adventure comedy films American fantasy adventure films American fantasy - comedy films Film scores by John Williams Films about lawyers Films directed by Steven Spielberg Films produced by Kathleen Kennedy Films produced by Frank Marshall Films set in London Films set in San Francisco Films set on airplanes Films shot in California Films shot in London Films shot in Los Angeles Mermaids in film Pirate films Amblin Entertainment films TriStar Pictures films Films produced by Gerald R. Molen Films adapted into comics Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from January 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 06 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-601012028181274724 | Bally's Las Vegas | Bally 's Las Vegas - wikipedia Bally 's Las Vegas Jump to : navigation , search `` MGM Grand Hotel and Casino '' redirects here . For the current MGM Grand hotel , see MGM Grand Las Vegas . Bally 's Las Vegas Bally 's Las Vegas in 2006 Location Paradise , Nevada , U.S. Address 3645 South Las Vegas Boulevard Opening date December 5 , 1973 ; 43 years ago ( 1973 - 12 - 05 ) No. of rooms 2,814 Total gaming space 66,187 sq ft ( 6,149.0 m ) Permanent shows Tony n ' Tina 's Wedding Wayne Newton : Up Close and Personal Signature attractions Grand Bazzar Shops Notable restaurants Buca di Beppo BLT Steak Lavazza Coffee Nosh Sea : The Thai Experience Sterling Brunch Tequila Taqueria Owner Caesars Entertainment Corporation Architect Martin Stern , Jr . Previous names MGM Grand Hotel and Casino ( 1973 -- 1986 ) Renovated in 1981 , 1994 , 2004 , 2014 Coordinates 36 ° 06 ′ 50 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 10 '' W / 36.11389 ° N 115.16944 ° W / 36.11389 ; - 115.16944 Coordinates : 36 ° 06 ′ 50 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 10 '' W / 36.11389 ° N 115.16944 ° W / 36.11389 ; - 115.16944 Website caesars.com/ballys-las-vegas Bally 's Las Vegas ( formerly MGM Grand Hotel and Casino ) is a hotel and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada . It is owned and operated by Caesars Entertainment Corporation . The hotel features 2,814 extra-sized guestrooms that are 450 sq ft ( 42 m ) or larger and over 175,000 sq ft ( 16,300 m ) of banquet and meeting space . The casino occupies 66,187 sq ft ( 6,149.0 m ) . About 75 % of the rooms are in the Indigo Tower , and were renovated in 2004 . The remaining rooms are located in the Jubilee Tower , constructed in 1981 . The resort has a large shopping area a floor below its gaming level , including several restaurants , and there is a station along the Las Vegas Monorail at the rear of the property . Bally 's was home for the long - running production show Jubilee ! which opened in 1981 and ended on February 11 , 2016 . On November 21 , 1980 , the hotel , then operating as the MGM Grand , was the site of one of the worst high - rise fires in United States history , in which 85 people died . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 MGM Grand Hotel and Casino ( 1973 -- 1986 ) 1.2 Fire 1.3 Sale to Bally ( 1986 -- present ) 2 Media history 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links History ( edit ) MGM Grand hotel and casino ( 1973 -- 1986 ) ( edit ) The 43 acres ( 17 ha ) site was first occupied by the Three Coins Motel , which opened in 1963 . The Bonanza Hotel and Casino opened on the site in July 1967 . It was later renamed the New Bonanza Hotel and Casino in 1973 shortly before construction of the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino , owned by Kirk Kerkorian , began . It opened on December 5 , 1973 with 2,084 rooms for the then - staggering cost of $106 m and was the largest hotel in the world at that time , and larger than the Empire State Building . The MGM Grand opened as one of Las Vegas 's first megaresorts on December 5 , 1973 . Dean Martin was the entertainer on opening night . It was the largest hotel in the world at its opening and would remain so for several years . When the hotel was built , it set a new standard of size and luxury in Las Vegas , and is considered to have made the biggest impact on Las Vegas until the construction of Steve Wynn 's Mirage Hotel in the late 1980s . The hotel had a movie theme to reflect Kirk Kerkorian 's interest in movies from his ownership of MGM and the hotel 's use of MGM in its name . The hotel was designed by architect Martin Stern , Jr . It featured many amenities , including numerous entertainment options . It offered live jai alai for betting and a large shopping arcade with numerous shops and restaurants . It was also one of the Strip 's most popular entertainment destinations . It featured two large theatres : The Ziegfeld Stage and the Celebrity Room . The Ziegfeld regularly featured productions by famed Las Vegas choreographer Donn Arden including the long running Jubilee ! and Hallelujah Hollywood . Dean Martin was the starring act for the Grand Opening on December 23 , 1973 . Sergio Franchi was the first entertainer signed to star in the Celebrity Room ( three - year contract starting February 1974 ) . Franchi 's frequent co-star was comedian Joan Rivers . The Celebrity Room also hosted such acts as the Carpenters and Barry Manilow . The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast shows were filmed at the hotel . Fire ( edit ) Main article : MGM Grand fire On November 21 , 1980 the MGM Grand suffered a fire that started in a casino restaurant and traveled up into the hotel , killing 87 guests and employees . The Grand was rebuilt in only eight months , and remodeling added a tower which opened in 1981 . The tower had been under construction at the time of the fire , but remained undamaged . The fire made such an impact on hotel safety that it led to the implementation of fire safety improvements worldwide . Sale to Bally ( 1986 -- present ) ( edit ) Bally 's Las Vegas Entrance in 2006 The hotel was sold in 1986 to Bally Manufacturing for $594 m , and the property 's name was changed to Bally 's ( the MGM Grand name was transferred to the former Marina Hotel , now known as MGM Grand Las Vegas ) . Bally Entertainment was purchased in 1995 by Hilton Hotels Corporation . On April 17 , 1997 , ground was broken on a sister property , Paris Las Vegas . In September 1999 , the new resort was opened and tightly integrated with Bally 's property by a promenade . For many years , the two resorts operated under a single gaming license . Hilton 's casino resorts division was subsequently spun off and became Caesars Entertainment , Inc. in 2003 . The hotel 's North tower was renovated in 2004 . Harrah 's Entertainment ( now Caesars Entertainment Corporation ) acquired the property with its purchase of Caesars in June 2005 . Caesars Entertainment Corporation announced in Spring 2013 that they were going to fully renovate the South tower and rename it `` Jubilee '' Tower by the end of 2013 . The name is inspired by their `` Jubilee ! '' production show . Media history ( edit ) Hosted The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast in the Ziegfeld Room from 1974 to 1984 . Featured in the 1985 film Rocky IV , as the site of Apollo Creed 's exhibition bout against Ivan Drago . The theater , and set pieces , for Jubilee ! are prominently displayed during the scene . Featured in the 1985 film Fever Pitch , evidently when the sale of the casino was pending . Featured prominently in the 1992 film Honeymoon in Vegas , starring Nicolas Cage and Sarah Jessica Parker . Featured in the 1995 film Leaving Las Vegas , also starring Cage and Elisabeth Shue . Featured in the 2004 video game Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas as the `` High Roller '' . Bally 's Las Vegas hosted Spike TV 's 2006 poker tournament series King of Vegas . Featured in the 2013 film The Incredible Burt Wonderstone , starring Steve Carell and Steve Buscemi . Bally 's Las Vegas hosted the second season of the 2015 syndicated game show Monopoly Millionaires ' Club . A head chef position at BLT Steak , located inside the hotel , will be awarded to the winner of Hell 's Kitchen 's 15th season . Has the studio for the American version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? since 2016 . See also ( edit ) Las Vegas Strip List of Caesars Entertainment properties Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` List of Las Vegas hotel fires through the years '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Essentials '' . Jump up ^ The Dallas Morning News . August 21 , 1973 . Dallas , Tex . Jump up ^ `` Harrah 's Empire News '' . vegastodayandtomorrow.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Las Vegas portal Official website Media related to Bally 's Las Vegas at Wikimedia Commons Las Vegas area casinos Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood Slots - A-Fun SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds The Strip ) Aztec Inn Ellis Island Gold Coast Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Rio Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Wild Wild West Other areas Airport Slots Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Eldorado Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Green Valley Ranch Jerry 's Nugget Jokers Wild Klondike Sunset Lucky Club MonteLago Opera House Poker Palace Rampart Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silver Nugget Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Casinos never opened Fontainebleau Grand Central Hotel Las Vegas Plaza Resorts World Las Vegas Former Aladdin Bill 's Boardwalk Bourbon Street California Club Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Holy Cow Imperial Palace Key Largo Klondike La Bayou Landmark Las Vegas Club Marina Hotel Mermaids Mint Moulin Rouge Northern Club Pioneer Club Riviera Sands Sahara Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westin Westward Ho Las Vegas area hotels Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Delano Encore Excalibur Flamingo Four Seasons Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Signature Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Las Vegas Club Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Artisan Aztec Inn Gold Coast Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Platinum Rio Rumor Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Westin Wild Wild West Other areas Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Grandview Green Valley Ranch JW Marriott Lucky Club Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Tahiti Village Texas Station Proposed Alon Las Vegas Charlie Palmer Hotel Crown Las Vegas Resorts World Las Vegas Fontainebleau Grand Central Hotel Harmon Las Vegas Plaza Former Aladdin Boardwalk Bourbon Street Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Key Largo Klondike La Concha Landmark Marina Hotel Mint Moulin Rouge Riviera Sands Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westward Ho Las Vegas area skyscrapers Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Delano Elara Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's Hilton Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood Riviera Signature Sky SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Veer Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Nugget Las Vegas Club Main Street Station Plaza The D The Ogden World Market Center Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Allure Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Palms Place Panorama Rio Stratosphere Turnberry Place Turnberry Towers Westgate Westin Other Aliante JW Marriott Red Rock Santa Fe Station South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Alon Las Vegas Dynasty Flatiron Fontainebleau Grand Central St. Regis Resorts World Las Vegas Unbuilt Ivana Las Vegas Las Ramblas Resort Las Vegas Plaza Majestic / Conrad The Merrill Sandhurst Las Vegas W Las Vegas Former Aladdin Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes Hacienda Harmon Landmark Sands Stardust Vegas World Las Vegas Strip South end Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign West side casinos Aria Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Excalibur Lucky Dragon Luxor Mandalay Bay The Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Resorts World ( proposed ) Slots - A-Fun Stratosphere Treasure Island East side casinos Bally 's Casino Royale Cromwell Encore Flamingo Fontainebleau ( on hold ) Harrah 's The Linq MGM Grand O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Tropicana Venetian Wynn Former casinos Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho El Rancho Vegas Hacienda Klondike Marina New Frontier Riviera Sahara Sands Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Thunderbird Westward Ho Shopping Crystals Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops Grand Canal Shoppes Miracle Mile Shops Showcase Mall Attractions Adventuredome High Roller The Roller Coaster Shark Reef at Mandalay Bay Skyvue T - Mobile Arena Transportation Aria Express The Deuce Las Vegas Monorail Mandalay Bay Tram RTC Transit McCarran Airport Related List of Las Vegas Strip hotels Paradise , Nevada Winchester , Nevada Strip Gaming Area Caesars Entertainment Corporation Arizona Harrah 's Ak - Chin California Harrah 's Resort Southern California Illinois Harrah 's Joliet Harrah 's Metropolis Indiana Horseshoe Hammond Horseshoe Southern Indiana Iowa Harrah 's Council Bluffs Horseshoe Council Bluffs Mid-America Center Kentucky Bluegrass Downs Turfway Park ( 50 % ) Louisiana Harrah 's Louisiana Downs Harrah 's New Orleans Horseshoe Bossier City Maryland Horseshoe Baltimore Mississippi Biloxi Harrah 's Gulf Coast Tunica Horseshoe Tunica Roadhouse Missouri Harrah 's North Kansas City Nevada Lake Tahoe Harrah 's Harveys Las Vegas Bally 's Caesars Palace Bacchanal Buffet The Colosseum The Forum Shops Cromwell Flamingo Harrah 's The Linq High Roller O'Sheas Paris Planet Hollywood Miracle Mile Shops The AXIS Rio Laughlin Harrah 's Reno Harrah 's Golf Courses Rio Secco Golf Club New Jersey Atlantic City Bally 's Caesars Harrah 's Wild Wild West North Carolina Harrah 's Cherokee Harrah 's Cherokee Valley River Pennsylvania Harrah 's Philadelphia International United Kingdom London Clubs International Macau Caesars Golf Macau Ontario Caesars Windsor Uruguay Conrad Resort and Casino Programs Caesars Casino Online Total Rewards World Series of Poker Defunct Assets Casinos Bill 's Casino Lake Tahoe Bourbon Street Caesars Palace at Sea Harrah 's Tunica Brands LuckyMe Programs Connection Card Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bally%27s_Las_Vegas&oldid=799266134 '' Categories : 1973 establishments in Nevada Caesars Entertainment Corporation Casino hotels Casinos in the Las Vegas Valley Hotels established in 1973 Las Vegas Strip Resorts in the Las Vegas Valley Skyscraper hotels in Paradise , Nevada Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 17 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is bally's located in las vegas | [
"\nAddress\n3645 South Las Vegas Boulevard\n"
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"3645 South Las Vegas Boulevard"
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-8491560000464865102 | Working income tax benefit | Working income tax benefit - wikipedia Working income tax benefit Jump to : navigation , search The working income tax benefit ( WITB ) is a refundable tax credit in Canada , similar to the Earned Income Tax Credit ( EITC ) in the United States . Introduced in 2007 , it offers tax relief to working low - income individuals and encourages others to enter the workforce . The WITB has been expanded considerably since its introduction . Eligibility ( edit ) To be eligible for the WITB , the applicant or their spouse must be a Canadian resident for income tax purposes of at least 19 years of age as of December 31st , and can not be a full - time student . The WITB can be claimed on line 453 of the income tax return if their income exceeds $3,000 for the calendar year . However , the additional paperwork required to claim the credit is complex , involving a the 42 - step process on Schedule 6 of Canada 's main income - tax form . Benefits ( edit ) As of 2016 , the WITB is worth up to $1,028 for a single individual and $1,868 for couples and single - parent families . Benefits increase and then decrease with income . At an income of $18,529 for single individuals or $28,576 for families the benefits decrease to $0 . WITB is estimated to benefit 1.4 million working Canadians annually , at a cost to the federal government of CDN $ 1.2 billion . In October of 2017 , the Liberal government of Justin Trudeau promised to expand the benefit by $500 million annually , beginning in 2019 . Consistently since 2009 , only about 85 % of all working Canadians eligible for the WITB have claimed their benefit , with particularly low uptake in Atlantic Canada and the Prairie provinces . In 2017 , this left an estimated CDN $175 million in benefits unclaimed by 240,000 eligible low - income Canadians . This is thought by the Canada Revenue Agency ( CRA ) to be due to a mixture of lack of awareness and the complexity of the forms required to claim the benefit . CRA is working to increase uptake by CRA is expanding its support for free volunteer tax - preparation services and by scaling up a 2016 pilot project in New Brunswick , which highlighted the program to persons likely eligible for the program and was judged to have had a `` positive impact . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Working income tax benefit ( WITB ) '' . Canada Revenue Agency . Jump up ^ CORAK , MILES ( Nov 8 , 2013 ) . `` This refundable tax credit could reduce income inequality '' . The Globe and Mail ( Wealth Paradox ) . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Wells , Paul . `` Harper changes Canada , a cut at a time '' . Maclean 's . Jump up ^ OECD ( 2010 ) . Tax expenditures in OECD countries . Paris : OECD . p. 81 . ISBN 9789264076907 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Refundable tax credit for WITB : Application and Eligibility '' . Canada Revenue Agency . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ JACKS , EVELYN ( Apr 7 , 2011 ) . `` Take advantage of changes to this year 's tax return '' . The Globe and Mail . ^ Jump up to : Beeby , Dean ( 29 November 2017 ) . `` $175 M in federal money for working poor goes unclaimed '' . CBC News . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Refundable tax credit for WITB : Calculation '' . Canada Revenue Agency . 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About Wikipedia | when did the working income tax benefit come into effect | [
"The working income tax benefit (WITB) is a refundable tax credit in Canada, similar to the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) in the United States. Introduced in 2007, it offers tax relief to working low-income individuals and encourages others to enter the workforce.[1] The WITB has been expanded considerably since its introduction.[2][3][4]"
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"2007"
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-6881056153565733664 | Literacy test | Literacy test - wikipedia Literacy test This article is about citizenship and voting eligibility tests in the United States . For the Canadian standardized test , see Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test . Editorial cartoon from the January 18 , 1879 , issue of Harper 's Weekly criticizing the use of literacy tests . It shows `` Mr. Solid South '' writing on wall , `` Eddikashun qualifukashun . The Blak man orter be eddikated afore he kin vote with us Wites , signed Mr. Solid South . '' A literacy test assesses a person 's literacy skills : their ability to read and write . Literacy tests have been administered by various governments to immigrants . In the United States , between the 1850s and 1960s , literacy tests were administered to prospective voters , and this had the effect of disenfranchising African Americans and others . Contents 1 Voting 2 Immigration 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Voting ( edit ) From the 1890s to the 1960s , many state governments in the United States administered literacy tests to prospective voters purportedly to test their literacy in order to vote . In practice , these tests were intended to disenfranchise racial minorities . Southern state legislatures employed literacy tests as part of the voter registration process starting in the late 19th century . Literacy tests , along with poll taxes , residency and property restrictions and extra-legal activities ( violence , intimidation ) were all used to deny suffrage to African Americans . The first formal voter literacy tests were introduced in 1890 . At first , whites were generally exempted from the literacy test if they could meet alternate requirements that in practice excluded blacks , such as a grandfather clause or a finding of `` good moral character '' . In Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections ( 1959 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court held that literacy tests were not necessarily violations of Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment nor of the Fifteenth Amendment . Southern states abandoned the literacy test only when forced to do so by federal legislation in the 1960s . The Civil Rights Act of 1964 provided that literacy tests used as a qualification for voting in federal elections be administered wholly in writing and only to persons who had completed six years of formal education . In part to curtail the use of literacy tests , Congress enacted the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . The Act prohibited jurisdictions from administering literacy tests to citizens who attained a sixth - grade education in an American school in which the predominant language was Spanish , such as schools in Puerto Rico . The Supreme Court upheld this provision in Katzenbach v. Morgan ( 1966 ) . Although the Court had earlier held in Lassiter that literacy tests did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment , in Morgan the Court held that Congress could enforce Fourteenth Amendment rights -- such as the right to vote -- by prohibiting conduct it deemed to interfere with such rights , even if that conduct may not be independently unconstitutional . As originally enacted , the Voting Rights Act also suspended the use of literacy tests in all jurisdictions in which less than 50 % of voting - age residents were registered as of November 1 , 1964 , or had voted in the 1964 presidential election . In 1970 , Congress amended the Act and expanded the ban on literacy tests to the entire country . The Supreme Court then upheld the ban as constitutional in Oregon v. Mitchell ( 1970 ) , but just for federal elections . The Court was deeply divided in this case , and a majority of justices did not agree on a rationale for the holding . Immigration ( edit ) The literacy test was a device to restrict the total number of immigrants while not offending the large element of ethnic voters . The `` old '' immigration ( British , Irish , German , Scandinavian ) had fallen off and was replaced by a `` new '' immigration from Italy , Russia and other points in Southern and eastern Europe . The `` old '' immigrants were voters and strongly approved of restricting the `` new '' immigrants . All groups of American voters strongly opposed Chinese and Asian immigration . The 1896 Republican platform called for a literacy test . The American Federation of Labor took the lead in promoting literacy tests that would exclude illiterate immigrants , primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe . A majority of the labor union membership were immigrants or sons of immigrants from Germany , Scandinavia and Britain , but the literacy test would not hinder immigration from those countries . Corporate industry however , needed new workers for its mines and factories and opposed any restrictions on immigration . In 1906 , the House Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon , a conservative Republican , worked aggressively to defeat a proposed literacy test for immigrants . A product of the western frontier , Cannon felt that moral probity was the only acceptable test for the quality of an immigrant . He worked with Secretary of State Elihu Root and President Theodore Roosevelt to set up the `` Dillingham Commission , '' a blue ribbon body of experts that produced a 41 - volume study of immigration . The Commission recommended a literacy test and the possibility of annual quotas . Presidents Cleveland and Taft vetoed literacy tests in 1897 and 1913 . President Wilson did the same in 1915 and 1917 , but the test was passed over Wilson 's second veto . See also ( edit ) Disfranchisement after the Civil War Freedmen Jim Crow laws References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Literacy Tests and the Right To Vote - ConnecticutHistory.org '' . connecticuthistory.org . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Movement -- Literacy Tests & Voter Applications '' . www.crmvet.org . Jump up ^ Voting Rights Act of 1965 § 4 ( e ) ; 52 U.S.C. § 10303 ( e ) ( formerly 42 U.S.C. § 1973b ( e ) ) Jump up ^ Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections , 360 U.S. 45 ( 1959 ) Jump up ^ Buss , William G. ( January 1998 ) . `` Federalism , Separation of Powers , and the Demise of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act '' . Iowa Law Review . 83 : 405 -- 406 . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . ( Subscription required . ) Jump up ^ Katzenbach v. Morgan , 384 U.S. 641 ( 1966 ) , pp. 652 -- 656 Jump up ^ Williamson , Richard A. ( 1984 ) . `` The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act : A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions '' . Washington University Law Review . 62 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 9 . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tok ji , Daniel P. ( 2006 ) . `` Intent and Its Alternatives : Defending the New Voting Rights Act '' ( PDF ) . Alabama Law Review . 58 : 353 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Oregon v. Mitchell , 400 U.S. 112 ( 1970 ) , pp. 188 -- 121 Jump up ^ Gratton , Brian ( 2011 ) . `` Demography and Immigration Restriction in American History '' . In Goldstone , Jack A. Political Demography : How Population Changes Are Reshaping International Security and National Politics . pp. 159 -- 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 994596 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lane , A.T. ( 1984 ) . `` American Trade Unions , Mass Immigration and the Literacy Test : 1900 -- 1917 '' . Labor History . 25 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 25 . doi : 10.1080 / 00236568408584739 . Jump up ^ Goldin , Claudia ( 1994 ) . `` The political economy of immigration restriction in the United States , 1890 to 1921 '' . The regulated economy : A historical approach to political economy . U. of Chicago Press . pp. 223 -- 258 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 30110 - 9 . Jump up ^ Zeidel , Robert F. ( 1995 ) . `` Hayseed Immigration Policy : ' Uncle Joe ' Cannon and the Immigration Question '' . Illinois Historical Journal . 88 ( 3 ) : 173 -- 188 . JSTOR 40192956 . Jump up ^ Henry Bischoff ( 2002 ) . Immigration Issues . Greenwood . p. 156 . Further reading ( edit ) Petit , Jeanne D. ( 2010 ) . The Men and Women We Want : Gender , Race , and the Progressive Era Literacy Test Debate . University of Rochester Press . External links ( edit ) Are You `` Qualified '' to Vote ? Alabama literacy test ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Naturalization literacy test still in use today Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man , one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S. suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Native Americans Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum Literacy Teaching literacy Reading education in the US Phonics Whole language Dick and Jane National Council of Teachers of English No Child Left Behind Act Family literacy Adolescent literacy Defining literacy Functional illiteracy Critical literacy Literacy internationally International Literacy Association List of countries by literacy rate Literacy in India International Literacy Day List of Chinese administrative divisions by illiteracy rate Major contributors to literacy Frank Laubach Ruth Johnson Colvin Paulo Freire Griffith Jones Marie Clay James Paul Gee Related concepts Agricultural literacy Aliteracy Asemic writing Computer literacy Cultural literacy Data literacy Dyslexia Diaspora literacy Early literacy Ecological literacy Electracy Emergent literacy Emotional literacy Financial literacy Graph literacy Health literacy Information literacy Information and media literacy Literacy test Media consumption Media literacy Mental health literacy New literacies Numeracy Oracy Orality Oral literature Postliterate society Racial literacy Scientific literacy Statistical literacy Technological literacy Transliteracy Visual literacy Writing system Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Literacy_test&oldid=864697534 '' Categories : History of voting rights in the United States Elections in the United States History of racial segregation in the United States History of African - American civil rights Literacy Language tests Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 21 : 31 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when did congress outlaw literacy tests altogether as a prerequisite to voter registration | [
"As originally enacted, the Voting Rights Act also suspended the use of literacy tests in all jurisdictions in which less than 50% of voting-age residents were registered as of November 1, 1964, or had voted in the 1964 presidential election. In 1970, Congress amended the Act and expanded the ban on literacy tests to the entire country.[7] The Supreme Court then upheld the ban as constitutional in Oregon v. Mitchell (1970), but just for federal elections. The Court was deeply divided in this case, and a majority of justices did not agree on a rationale for the holding.[8][9]\n"
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"1970"
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84976262520488479 | Oedipus | Oedipus - wikipedia Oedipus Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Oedipus ( disambiguation ) . Oedipus explains the riddle of the Sphinx , by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres , c. 1805 Greek mythology Deities Primordial Titans Olympians Nymphs Sea - deities Earth - deities Heroes and heroism Heracles / Hercules ( Labors ) Achilles Hector ( Trojan War ) Odysseus ( Odyssey ) Jason Argonauts ( Golden Fleece ) Perseus ( Medusa Gorgon ) Oedipus ( Sphinx ) Orpheus ( Orphism ) Theseus ( Minotaur ) Bellerophon ( Pegasus Chimera ) Daedalus ( Labyrinth ) Atalanta Hippomenes ( Golden apple ) Cadmus ( Thebes ) Aeneas ( Aeneid ) Triptolemus ( Eleusinian Mysteries ) Pelops ( Ancient Olympic Games ) Pirithous ( Centauromachy ) Amphitryon ( Teumessian fox ) Narcissus ( Narcissism ) Meleager ( Calydonian Boar ) Otrera ( Amazons ) Related Satyrs Centaurs Dragons Demogorgon Religion in Ancient Greece Mycenaean gods Greek mythology portal Oedipus ( US : / ˈidɪpəs / or / ˈɛdɪpəs / or UK : / ˈiːdɪpəs / ; Ancient Greek : Οἰδίπους Oidípous meaning `` swollen foot '' ) was a mythical Greek king of Thebes . A tragic hero in Greek mythology , Oedipus accidentally fulfilled a prophecy that he would end up killing his father and marrying his mother , thereby bringing disaster to his city and family . The story of Oedipus is the subject of Sophocles ' tragedy Oedipus Rex , which was followed by Oedipus at Colonus and then Antigone . Together , these plays make up Sophocles ' three Theban plays . Oedipus represents two enduring themes of Greek myth and drama : the flawed nature of humanity and an individual 's role in the course of destiny in a harsh universe . In the most well - known version of the myth , Oedipus was born to King Laius and Queen Jocasta . Laius wished to thwart a prophecy , so he left Oedipus to die on a mountainside . However , the baby was found by shepherds and raised by King Polybus and Queen Merope as their own . Oedipus learned from the oracle at Delphi of the prophecy that he would end up killing his father and marrying his mother but , unaware of his true parentage , believed he was fated to murder Polybus and marry Merope , so left for Thebes . On his way he met an older man and quarrelled , and Oedipus killed the stranger . Continuing on to Thebes , he found that the king of the city ( Laius ) had been recently killed , and that the city was at the mercy of the Sphinx . Oedipus answered the monster 's riddle correctly , defeating it and winning the throne of the dead king -- and the hand in marriage of the king 's widow , and ( unbeknownst to him ) his mother Jocasta . Years later , to end a plague on Thebes , Oedipus searched to find who had killed Laius , and discovered that he himself was responsible . Jocasta , upon realizing that she had married both her own son , and her husband 's murderer , hanged herself . Oedipus then seized two pins from her dress and blinded himself with them . The legend of Oedipus has been retold in many versions , and was used by Sigmund Freud to name and give mythic precedent to the Oedipus complex . Contents ( hide ) 1 Basics of the myth 2 5th century BC 2.1 Pindar 's Second Olympian Ode 2.2 Aeschylus ' Oedipus trilogy 2.3 Sophocles ' Oedipus Rex 2.4 Sophocles ' Oedipus at Colonus 2.5 Sophocles ' Antigone 2.6 Euripides ' Phoenissae , Chrysippus and Oedipus 2.7 Other playwrights 3 Later additions 3.1 Later addition to Aeschylus ' Seven against Thebes 4 Oedipus in post-Classical literature 5 Oedipus or Oedipais ? 6 The Oedipus complex 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Basics of the myth ( edit ) Variations on the legend of Oedipus are mentioned in fragments by several ancient Greek poets including Homer , Hesiod , Pindar , Aeschylus and Euripides . However , the most popular version of the legend comes from the set of Theban plays by Sophocles : Oedipus Rex , Oedipus at Colonus , and Antigone . Oedipus was the son of Laius and Jocasta , king and queen of Thebes . Having been childless for some time , Laius consulted the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi . The Oracle prophesied that any son born to Laius would kill him . In an attempt to prevent this prophecy 's fulfillment , when Jocasta indeed bore a son , Laius had his ankles pierced and tethered together so that he could not crawl ; Jocasta then gave the boy to a servant to abandon ( `` expose '' ) on the nearby mountain . However , rather than leave the child to die of exposure , as Laius intended , the servant passed the baby on to a shepherd from Corinth and who then gave the child to another shepherd . The infant Oedipus eventually came to the house of Polybus , king of Corinth and his queen , Merope , who adopted him , as they were without children of their own . Little Oedipus / Oidipous was named after the swelling from the injuries to his feet and ankles ( `` swollen foot '' ) . The word `` oedema '' ( British English ) or `` edema '' ( American English ) is from this same Greek word for swelling : οἴδημα , or oedēma . After many years , Oedipus was told by a drunk that he was a `` bastard '' , meaning at that time that he was not their biological son . Oedipus confronted his parents with the news , but they denied this . Oedipus went to the same oracle in Delphi that his birth parents had consulted . The oracle informed him he was destined to murder his father and marry his mother . In an attempt to avoid such a fate , he decided to not return home to Corinth , but to travel to Thebes , as it was near Delphi . On the way , Oedipus came to Davlia , where three roads crossed each other . There he encountered a chariot driven by his birth - father , King Laius . They fought over who had the right to go first and Oedipus killed Laius when the charioteer tried to run him over . The only witness of the king 's death was a slave who fled from a caravan of slaves also traveling on the road at the time . Continuing his journey to Thebes , Oedipus encountered a Sphinx , who would stop all travelers to Thebes and ask them a riddle . If the travelers were unable to answer her correctly , they would be killed and eaten ; if they were successful , they would be free to continue on their journey . The riddle was : `` What walks on four feet in the morning , two in the afternoon and three at night ? '' . Oedipus answered : `` Man : as an infant , he crawls on all fours ; as an adult , he walks on two legs and ; in old age , he uses a ' walking ' stick '' . Oedipus was the first to answer the riddle correctly and , having heard Oedipus ' answer , the Sphinx allowed him to carry on forward . Queen Jocasta 's brother , Creon , had announced that any man who could rid the city of the Sphinx would be made king of Thebes , and given the recently widowed Queen Jocasta 's hand in marriage . This marriage of Oedipus to Jocasta fulfilled the rest of the prophecy . Oedipus and Jocasta had four children : two sons , Eteocles and Polynices ( see Seven Against Thebes ) , and two daughters , Antigone and Ismene . Many years after the marriage of Oedipus and Jocasta , a plague of infertility struck the city of Thebes , affecting crops , livestock and the people . Oedipus asserted that he would end the pestilence . He sent his uncle , Creon , to the Oracle at Delphi , seeking guidance . When Creon returned , Oedipus learned that the murderer of the former King Laius must be brought to justice , and Oedipus himself cursed the killer of his wife 's late husband , saying that he would be exiled . Creon also suggested that they try to find the blind prophet , Tiresias who was widely respected . Oedipus sent for Tiresias , who warned him not to seek Laius ' killer . In a heated exchange , Tiresias was provoked into exposing Oedipus himself as the killer , and the fact that Oedipus was living in shame because he did not know who his true parents were . Oedipus angrily blamed Creon for the false accusations , and the two argued . Jocasta entered and tried to calm Oedipus by telling him the story of her first - born son and his supposed death . Oedipus became nervous as he realized that he may have murdered Laius and so brought about the plague . Suddenly , a messenger arrived from Corinth with the news that King Polybus had died . Oedipus was relieved for the prophecy could no longer be fulfilled if Polybus , whom he considered his birth father , was now dead . Still , he knew that his mother was still alive and refused to attend the funeral at Corinth . To ease the tension , the messenger then said that Oedipus was , in fact , adopted . Jocasta , finally realizing that he was her son , begged him to stop his search for Laius ' murderer . Oedipus misunderstood her motivation , thinking that she was ashamed of him because he might have been born of low birth . Jocasta in great distress went into the palace where she hanged herself . Oedipus sought verification of the messenger 's story from the very same herdsman who was supposed to have left Oedipus to die as a baby . From the herdsman , Oedipus learned that the infant raised as the adopted son of Polybus and Merope was the son of Laius and Jocasta . Thus , Oedipus finally realized that the man he had killed so many years before , at the place where the three roads met , was his own father , King Laius , and that he had married his mother , Jocasta . Events after the revelation depend on the source . In Sophocles ' plays , Oedipus went in search of Jocasta and found she had killed herself . Using the pin from a brooch he took off Jocasta 's gown , Oedipus blinded himself and was then exiled . His daughter Antigone acted as his guide as he wandered through the country , finally dying at Colonus where they had been welcomed by King Theseus of Athens . However , in Euripides ' plays on the subject , Jocasta did not kill herself upon learning of Oedipus ' birth , and Oedipus was blinded by a servant of Laius . The blinding of Oedipus does not appear in sources earlier than Aeschylus . Some older sources of the myth , including Homer , state that Oedipus continued to rule Thebes after the revelations and after Jocasta 's death . Oedipus ' two sons , Eteocles and Polynices , arranged to share the kingdom , each taking an alternating one - year reign . However , Eteocles refused to cede his throne after his year as king . Polynices brought in an army to oust Eteocles from his position and a battle ensued . At the end of the battle the brothers killed each other after which Jocasta 's brother , Creon , took the throne . He decided that Polynices was a `` traitor , '' and should not be given burial rites . Defying this edict , Antigone attempted to bury her brother . In Sophocles ' Antigone , Creon had her buried in a rock cavern for defying him , whereupon she hanged herself . However , in Euripides ' lost version of the story , it appears that Antigone survives . 5th century BC ( edit ) Lekythos Oedipus slaying the sphinx Material Pottery , gold Created 420BC - 400BC Period / culture Attic Place Polis - tis - Chrysokhou , tomb , Cyprus Present location Room 72 , British Museum Identification 1887 , 0801.46 Most writing on Oedipus comes from the 5th century BC , though the stories deal mostly with Oedipus ' downfall . Various details appear on how Oedipus rose to power . King Laius of Thebes hears of a prophecy that his infant son will one day kill him . He pierces Oedipus ' feet and leaves him out to die , but a herdsman finds him and carries him away . Years later , Oedipus , not knowing he was adopted , leaves home in fear of the same prophecy that he will kill his father and marry his mother . Laius journeys out to seek a solution to the Sphinx 's mysterious riddle . As prophesied , Oedipus and Laius cross paths , but they do not recognize each other . A fight ensues , and Oedipus kills Laius and most of his guards . Oedipus goes on to defeat the Sphinx by solving a riddle to become king . He marries the widow queen Jocasta , unaware that she is his mother . A plague falls on the people of Thebes . Upon discovering the truth , Oedipus blinds himself , and Jocasta hangs herself . After Oedipus is no longer king , Oedipus ' brother - sons kill each other . Some differences with older stories emerge . The curse of the Oedipus ' sons is expanded backward to include Oedipus and his father , Laius . Oedipus now steps down from the throne instead of dying in battle . Additionally , rather than his children being by a second wife , Oedipus ' children are now by Jocasta . Pindar 's second olympian Ode ( edit ) In the Second Olympians Ode Pindar wrote : Laius ' tragic son , crossing his father 's path , killed him and fulfilled the oracle spoken of old at Pytho . And sharp - eyed Erinys saw and slew his warlike children at each other 's hands . Yet Thersandros survived fallen Polyneikes and won honor in youthful contests and the brunt of war , a scion of aid to the house of Adrastos ... Aeschylus ' Oedipus trilogy ( edit ) In 467 BC the Athenian playwright , Aeschylus , is known to have presented an entire trilogy based upon the Oedipus myth , winning the first prize at the City Dionysia . The First play was Laius , the second was Oedipus , and the third was Seven against Thebes . Only the third play survives , in which Oedipus ' sons Eteocles and Polynices kill each other warring over the throne . Much like his Oresteia , this trilogy would have detailed the tribulations of a House over three successive generations . The satyr play that followed the trilogy was called The Sphinx . Sophocles ' Oedipus Rex ( edit ) As Sophocles ' Oedipus Rex begins , the people of Thebes are begging the king for help , begging him to discover the cause of the plague . Oedipus stands before them and swears to find the root of their suffering and to end it . Just then , Creon returns to Thebes from a visit to the oracle . Apollo has made it known that Thebes is harboring a terrible abomination and that the plague will only be lifted when the true murderer of old King Laius is discovered and punished for his crime . Oedipus swears to do this , not realizing of course that he himself is the abomination that he has sworn to exorcise . The stark truth emerges slowly over the course of the play , as Oedipus clashes with the blind seer Tiresias , who senses the truth . Oedipus remains in strict denial , though , becoming convinced that Tiresias is somehow plotting with Creon to usurp the throne . Realization begins to slowly dawn in Scene II of the play when Jocasta mentions out of hand that Laius was slain at a place where three roads meet . This stirs something in Oedipus ' memory and he suddenly remembers the men that he fought and killed one day long ago at a place where three roads met . He realizes , horrified , that he might be the man he 's seeking . One household servant survived the attack and now lives out his old age in a frontier district of Thebes . Oedipus sends immediately for the man to either confirm or deny his guilt . At the very worst , though , he expects to find himself to be the unsuspecting murderer of a man unknown to him . The truth has not yet been made clear . The moment of epiphany comes late in the play . At the beginning of Scene III , Oedipus is still waiting for the servant to be brought into the city , when a messenger arrives from Corinth to declare that King Polybus of Corinth is dead . Oedipus , when he hears this news , feels much relieved , because he believed that Polybus was the father whom the oracle had destined him to murder , and he momentarily believes himself to have escaped fate . He tells this all to the present company , including the messenger , but the messenger knows that it is not true . He is the man who found Oedipus as a baby in the pass of Cithaeron and gave him to King Polybus to raise . He reveals , furthermore that the servant who is being brought to the city as they speak is the very same man who took Oedipus up into the mountains as a baby . Jocasta realizes now all that has happened . She begs Oedipus not to pursue the matter further . He refuses , and she withdraws into the palace as the servant is arriving . The old man arrives , and it is clear at once that he knows everything . At the behest of Oedipus , he tells it all . Overwhelmed with the knowledge of all his crimes , Oedipus rushes into the palace where he finds his mother - wife , dead by her own hand . Ripping a brooch from her dress , Oedipus blinds himself with it . Bleeding from the eyes , he begs his uncle and brother - in - law Creon , who has just arrived on the scene , to exile him forever from Thebes . Creon agrees to this request . Oedipus begs to hold his two daughters Antigone and Ismene with his hands one more time to have their eyes fill of tears and Creon out of pity sends the girls in to see Oedipus one more time . Sophocles ' Oedipus at Colonus ( edit ) Oedipus at Colonus In Sophocles ' Oedipus at Colonus , Oedipus becomes a wanderer , pursued by Creon and his men . He finally finds refuge at the holy wilderness right outside Athens , where it is said that Theseus took care of Oedipus and his daughter , Antigone . Creon eventually catches up to Oedipus . He asks Oedipus to come back from Colonus to bless his son , Eteocles . Angry that his son did not love him enough to take care of him , he curses both Eteocles and his brother , condemning them both to kill each other in battle . Oedipus dies a peaceful death ; his grave is said to be sacred to the gods . Sophocles ' Antigone ( edit ) In Sophocles ' Antigone , when Oedipus stepped down as king of Thebes , he gave the kingdom to his two sons , Eteocles and Polynices , both of whom agreed to alternate the throne every year . However , they showed no concern for their father , who cursed them for their negligence . After the first year , Eteocles refused to step down and Polynices attacked Thebes with his supporters ( as portrayed in the Seven Against Thebes by Aeschylus and the Phoenician Women by Euripides ) . The two brothers killed each other in battle . King Creon , who ascended to the throne of Thebes , decreed that Polynices was not to be buried . Antigone , Polynices ' sister , defied the order , but was caught . Creon decreed that she was to be put into a stone box in the ground , this in spite of her betrothal to his son Haemon . Antigone 's sister , Ismene , then declared she had aided Antigone and wanted the same fate , but Creon eventually declined executing her . The gods , through the blind prophet Tiresias , expressed their disapproval of Creon 's decision , which convinced him to rescind his order , and he went to bury Polynices himself . However , Antigone had already hanged herself in her tomb , rather than suffering the slow death of being buried alive . When Creon arrived at the tomb where she had been interred , his son Haemon attacked him upon seeing the body of his deceased fiancée , but failing to kill Creon he killed himself . When Creon 's wife , Eurydice , was informed of the death of Haemon , she too took her own life . Euripides ' Phoenissae , Chrysippus and Oedipus ( edit ) In the beginning of Euripides ' Phoenissae , Jocasta recalls the story of Oedipus . Generally , the play weaves together the plots of the Seven Against Thebes and Antigone . The play differs from the other tales in two major respects . First , it describes in detail why Laius and Oedipus had a feud : Laius ordered Oedipus out of the road so his chariot could pass , but proud Oedipus refused to move . Second , in the play Jocasta has not killed herself at the discovery of her incest -- otherwise she could not play the prologue , for fathomable reasons -- nor has Oedipus fled into exile , but they have stayed in Thebes only to delay their doom until the fatal duel of their sons / brothers / nephews Eteocles and Polynices : Jocasta commits suicide over the two men 's dead bodies , and Antigone follows Oedipus into exile . In Chrysippus , Euripides develops backstory on the curse : Laius ' sin was to have kidnapped Chrysippus , Pelops ' son , in order to violate him , and this caused the gods ' revenge on all his family . Laius was the tutor of Chrysippus , and raping his student was a severe violation of his position as both guest and tutor in the house of the royal family hosting him at the time . Extant vases show a fury hovering over the lecherous Laius as he abducts the rape victim . Furies avenged violations of good order in households , as can be seen most clearly in such texts as The Libation Bearers by Aeschylus . Euripides wrote also an Oedipus , of which only a few fragments survive . The first line of the prologue recalled Laius ' hubristic action of conceiving a son against Apollo 's command . At some point in the action of the play , a character engaged in a lengthy and detailed description of the Sphinx and her riddle -- preserved in five fragments from Oxyrhynchus , P. Oxy. 2459 ( published by Eric Gardner Turner in 1962 ) . The tragedy featured also many moral maxims on the theme of marriage , preserved in the Anthologion of Stobaeus . The most striking lines , however , state that in this play Oedipus was blinded by Laius ' attendants , and that this happened before his identity as Laius ' son had been discovered , therefore marking important differences with the Sophoclean treatment of the myth , which is now regarded as the ' standard ' version . Many attempts have been made to reconstruct the plot of the play , but none of them is more than hypothetical , because of the scanty remains that survive from its text and of the total absence of ancient descriptions or résumés -- though it has been suggested that a part of Hyginus ' narration of the Oedipus myth might in fact derive from Euripides ' play . Some echoes of the Euripidean Oedipus have been traced also in a scene of Seneca 's Oedipus ( see below ) , in which Oedipus himself describes to Jocasta his adventure with the Sphinx . Other playwrights ( edit ) At least three other 5th century BC authors who were younger than Sophocles wrote plays about Oedipus . These include Achaeus of Eretria , Nichomachus and the elder Xenocles . Later additions ( edit ) The Bibliotheca , a Roman - era mythological handbook , includes a riddle for the Sphinx , borrowing the poetry of Hesiod : What is that which has one voice and yet becomes four - footed and two - footed and three - footed ? Later addition to Aeschylus ' Seven against Thebes ( edit ) Due to the popularity of Sophocles 's Antigone ( c. 442 BC ) , the ending ( lines 1005 -- 78 ) of Seven against Thebes was added some fifty years after Aeschylus ' death . Whereas the play ( and the trilogy of which it is the last play ) was meant to end with somber mourning for the dead brothers , the spurious ending features a herald announcing the prohibition against burying Polyneices , and Antigone 's declaration that she will defy that edict . Oedipus in post-classical literature ( edit ) Oedipus was a figure who was also used in the Latin literature of ancient Rome . Julius Caesar wrote a play on Oedipus , but it has not survived into modern times . Ovid included Oedipus in Metamorphoses , but only as the person who defeated the Sphinx . He makes no mention of Oedipus ' troubled experiences with his father and mother . Seneca the Younger wrote his own play on the story of Oedipus in the first century AD . It differs in significant ways from the work of Sophocles . Seneca 's play on the myth was intended to be recited at private gatherings and not actually performed . It has however been successfully staged since the Renaissance . It was adapted by John Dryden in his very successful heroic drama Oedipus , licensed in 1678 . The 1718 Oedipus was also the first play written by Voltaire . A version of Oedipus by Frank McGuinness was performed at the National Theatre in late 2008 , starring Ralph Fiennes and Claire Higgins . In 1960 , Immanuel Velikovsky ( 1895 -- 1979 ) published a book called Oedipus and Akhnaton which made a comparison between the stories of the legendary Greek figure , Oedipus , and the historic Egyptian King of Thebes , Akhnaton . The book is presented as a thesis that combines with Velikovsky 's series Ages in Chaos , concluding through his revision of Egyptian history that the Greeks who wrote the tragedy of Oedipus may have penned it in likeness of the life and story of Akhnaton , because in the revision Akhnaton would have lived much closer to the time when the legend first surfaced in Greece , providing an historical basis for the story . Each of the major characters in the Greek story are identified with the people involved in Akhnaton 's family and court , and some interesting parallels are drawn . In the late 1960s Ola Rotimi published a novel and play , The Gods Are Not To Blame , which retell the Oedipus myth happening in the Yoruba kingdom . Oedipus or Oedipais ? ( edit ) It has been suggested by Robert Graves and others that in the earliest Ur - myth of the hero , he was called Oedipais : `` child of the swollen sea . '' He was so named because of the method by which his birth parents tried to abandon him -- by placing him in a chest and tossing it into the ocean . The mythic topos of forsaking a child to the sea or a river is well attested , found ( e.g. ) in the myths of Perseus , Telephus , Dionysus , Romulus and Remus and Moses . Over the centuries , however , Oedipais seems to have been corrupted into the familiar Oedipus : `` swollen foot . '' And it was this new name that might have inspired the addition of a bizarre element to the story of Oedipus ' abandonment on Mt . Cithaeron . Exposure on a mountain was in fact a common method of child abandonment in Ancient Greece . It can thus be argued that the ankle - binding was grafted onto the Oedipus myth to update its relevance . The Oedipus complex ( edit ) Main article : Oedipus complex See also : Electra complex Sigmund Freud used the name `` the Oedipus complex '' to explain the origin of certain neuroses in childhood . It is defined as a male child 's unconscious desire for the exclusive love of his mother . This desire includes jealousy towards the father and the unconscious wish for that parent 's death , as well as the unconscious desire for sexual intercourse with the mother . Oedipus himself , as portrayed in the myth , did not suffer from this neurosis -- at least , not towards Jocasta , whom he only met as an adult ( if anything , such feelings would have been directed at Merope -- but there is no hint of that ) . Freud reasoned that the ancient Greek audience , which heard the story told or saw the plays based on it , did know that Oedipus was actually killing his father and marrying his mother ; the story being continually told and played therefore reflected a preoccupation with the theme . The term oedipism is used in medicine for serious self - inflicted eye injury , an extremely rare form of severe self - harm . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oedipus . Greek mythology portal Antigone Epigoni Genetic attraction Myrrha ( the Greek myth of incestual love between father and daughter ) Oedipus at Colonus Oedipus Complex Oedipus Rex Oedipus ( Euripides ) Lille Stesichorus Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Christopher . `` Oedipus : The message in the myth '' , The Open University Jump up ^ Euripides , Phoenissae Jump up ^ Sophocles , Oedipus Rex 1220 -- 1226 ; Euripides , Phoenissae Jump up ^ Sophocles , Oedipus Rex 1026 -- 1030 ; Euripides , Phoenissae Jump up ^ Sophocles , Oedipus Rex 132 -- 137 Jump up ^ Pindar , Second Olympian Ode ; Sophocles , Oedipus Rex 473 -- 488 ; Euripides , Phoenissae Jump up ^ Sophocles , Oedipus Rex 136 , 1578 ; Euripides , Phoenissae Jump up ^ Sophocles , Oedipus Rex 1316 Jump up ^ Pindar , Second Olympian Ode Jump up ^ The Reign of the Phallus : Sexual Politics in Ancient Athenas by Eva Keuls ( Berkeley and Los Angeles , 1993 ) p. 292 . Jump up ^ R. Kannicht , Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta ( TrGF ) vol . 5.1 , Göttingen 2004 ; see also F. Jouan -- H. Van Looy , `` Euripide . tome 8.2 -- Fragments '' , Paris 2000 Jump up ^ Reviewed by Hugh Lloyd - Jones in `` Gnomon '' 35 ( 1963 ) , pp. 446 -- 447 Jump up ^ Joachim Dingel , in `` Museum Helveticum '' 27 ( 1970 ) , 90 -- 96 Jump up ^ Burian , P. ( 2009 ) . `` Inconclusive Conclusion : the Ending ( s ) of Oedipus Tyrannus '' . In Goldhill , S. ; Hall , E. Sophocles and the Greek Tragic Tradition . Cambridge University Press . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88785 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bibliotheca III. 5.7 Jump up ^ See ( e.g. ) Brown 1976 , 206 -- 19 . Jump up ^ E.F. Watling 's Introduction to Seneca : Four Tragedies and Octavia Jump up ^ Rotimi O. , The Gods are Not to Blame , Three Crown Books , Nigeria 1974 Jump up ^ See ( e.g. ) Lowry 1995 , 879 ; Carloni / Nobili 2004 , 147 n. 1 . Jump up ^ This version of the Oedipus myth is in fact attested in some scholia ( at lines 13 and 26 ) to Euripides ' Phoenician Women . Jump up ^ Bruno Bettelheim ( 1983 ) . Freud and Man 's Soul . Knopf . ISBN 0 - 394 - 52481 - 0 . References ( edit ) Brown , A.L. `` The End of the Seven against Thebes '' The Classical Quarterly 26.2 ( 1976 ) 206 - 19 . Carloni , Glauco and Nobili , Daniela . La Mamma Cattiva : fenomenologia , antropologia e clinica del figlicidio ( Rimini , 2004 ) . Dallas , Ian , Oedipus and Dionysus , Freiburg Press , Granada 1991 . ISBN 1 - 874216 - 02 - 9 . Graves , Robert , The Greek Myths Lowell , Edmunds , Oedipus . ( Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World ) , London / New York : Routledge , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32935 - 4 . Smith , William ; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , London ( 1873 ) . `` Oe'dipus '' Regnal titles Preceded by Laius Mythical King of Thebes Succeeded by Creon Kings of Thebes Kings Calydnus Ogyges Cadmus Pentheus Polydorus Nycteus ( regent for Labdacus ) and Lycus I ( regent for Labdacus ) Labdacus Lycus I ( regent for Laius ) Laius Amphion and Zethus Laius ( second rule ) Creon Oedipus Creon ( second rule ) ( regent for Eteocles and Polynices ) Polynices and Eteocles Creon ( third rule ) ( regent for Laodamas ) Lycus II ( usurper ) Laodamas Thersander Peneleos ( regent for Tisamenus ) Tisamenus Autesion Damasichthon Ptolemy Xanthos In literature Antigone Antigone ( Euripides ) The Bacchae Herakles Iliad Oedipus Oedipus at Colonus Oedipus Rex The Phoenician Women Seven Against Thebes The Thebans Related articles Thebes Necklace of Harmonia Book : Theban Kings Category : Theban kings Portal : Ancient Greece Oedipus Titles and lineage Theban kings in Greek mythology Laius ( biological father ) Polybus of Corinth ( adoptive father ) Merope ( adoptive mother ) Jocasta / Epicaste ( biological mother / wife ) Creon ( Jocasta 's brother / Laius successor ) Antigone ( half sister / daughter ) Eteocles ( half brother / son ) Polynices ( half brother / son ) Ismene ( half sister / daughter ) Euryganeia ( 2nd wife ) Astymedusa ( later wife ) Theban plays Antiquity Aeschylus : Seven Against Thebes Sophocles : Antigone Oedipus Rex Oedipus at Colonus Euripides : Antigone Oedipus The Phoenician Women Seneca : Oedipus Other ( Oedipus ) Oedipus ( Dryden & Lee ) Oedipus ( Voltaire ) The Infernal Machine Greek The Gospel at Colonus Other ( Antigone ) Antigone ( Cocteau ) Antigone ( Anouilh ) The Burial at Thebes Operas Antigona Œdipe à Colone Oedipus rex Œdipe Greek Films Oedipus Rex ( 1957 ) Antigone ( 1961 ) Oedipus Rex ( 1967 ) Oedipus the King ( 1968 ) Funeral Parade of Roses ( 1969 ) Night Warning ( 1982 ) Voyager ( 1991 ) Oedipus Mayor ( 1996 ) Other works Oedipodea Thebaid Theban Cycle Lille Stesichorus The Gods Are Not To Blame Oedipus Tex Related Oedipus complex Electra complex Feminism and the Oedipus complex Hamlet and Oedipus Jocasta complex Phaedra complex GND : 118589393 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oedipus&oldid=807276125 '' Categories : Greek mythological heroes Theban kings Greek regicides Patricides Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 00 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who killed his father and married his mother | [
"Variations on the legend of Oedipus are mentioned in fragments by several ancient Greek poets including Homer, Hesiod, Pindar, Aeschylus and Euripides. However, the most popular version of the legend comes from the set of Theban plays by Sophocles: Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus, and Antigone."
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-2211373848698878412 | Kyle Massey | Kyle Massey - wikipedia Kyle Massey Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Kyle Massey Massey at the November 30 , 2010 Epic Mickey launch party at the Times Square Disney Store . Kyle Orlando Massey ( 1991 - 08 - 28 ) August 28 , 1991 ( age 26 ) Atlanta , Georgia , U.S. Occupation Actor , rapper , singer , songwriter , musician Years active 1999 -- present Television That 's So Raven , Cory in the House , Life Is Ruff , American Dragon : Jake Long , Fish Hooks , Dancing with the Stars Relatives Christopher Massey ( brother ) Musical career Genres Hip hop rock Instruments Vocals guitar drums Years active 2006 -- present Labels Walt Disney Hollywood Associated acts Christopher Massey Kyle Orlando Massey ( born August 28 , 1991 ) is an American actor , rapper , and singer from Atlanta , Georgia . He is perhaps best known for starring in the Disney Channel sitcoms That 's So Raven and its spin - off Cory in the House , in which he played Cory Baxter . Massey starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie Life Is Ruff . Massey has released several rap songs for Walt Disney Records and Hollywood Records . He provided the voice of Milo in the Disney animated series Fish Hooks and was the runner - up on the 11th season of ABC 's Dancing with the Stars . He is the younger brother of actor Christopher Massey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 1.1 Acting 1.2 Music 1.3 Dancing with the Stars 2 Personal life 3 Discography 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Career ( edit ) Acting ( edit ) Kyle Massey played Cory Baxter on the Disney Channel shows That 's So Raven , which ran for 4 seasons , and its spin - off Cory in the House , which was cancelled after its second season . Massey also starred in the 2005 Disney Channel Original Movie , Life Is Ruff . He also voices the character of the fish Milo on the Disney Channel 's Fish Hooks . Massey also played a role in the PBS children 's educational series , The Electric Company . Music ( edit ) Massey appeared on the Disney Channel Holiday soundtrack and the Shaggy Dog soundtrack where he performed `` Who Let The Dog Out '' and `` Jingle Bells ( a Hip - Hop Carol ) '' . He sang the theme song for Cory in the House . Massey also raps a song called `` It 's a Dog '' on the Life is Ruff soundtrack . He also sang the theme song for Yin Yang Yo ! . Massey and his brother Christopher Massey have performed rap as the duo , The Massey Boyz . He also sang the music video for Disney 's Underdog . On June 12 , 2016 , Kyle was featured under the pseudonym Massey on the song ' Verse ' by Lebanese - American rapper Skate , making it the first time in nearly 10 years since Massey has done anything musically . Massey also owns a SoundCloud where he uploads new original music , with his most recent song being Finess . Dancing with the Stars ( edit ) Massey was a contestant on the 11th season of Dancing with the Stars , which premiered on September 20 , 2010 . He and his professional partner Lacey Schwimmer finished as the runners - up in the competition . Massey 's final dance was a freestyle to the song `` Tootsie Roll '' by the 69 Boys . He was praised by all the judges , being dubbed the `` Fresh Prince of DWTS '' . In 2012 , Massey and Schwimmer appeared in the Dancing with the Stars live show in Las Vegas , Nevada . Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha Cha Cha / `` My First Kiss '' 8 7 8 Last to be called Safe Quickstep / `` ( If You 're Wondering If I Want You To ) I Want You To '' 8 7 7 Safe Waltz / `` Falling In Love At a Coffee Shop '' 8 7 8 Safe Rumba / `` Nothin ' on You '' 6 / 8 6 / 7 6 / 7 Safe 5 Foxtrot / `` Charlie 's Angels Theme '' 8 5 7 Safe 6 Tango / `` If I Had You '' Rock n ' Roll Marathon / `` La Grange '' 8 Awarded 7 7 8 Points Safe 7 Cha Cha Cha Team Dance / `` Workin ' Day and Night '' Paso Doble / `` Free Your Mind '' 8 9 8 8 8 8 Last to be called Safe 8 Viennese Waltz / `` Breathe ( 2 AM ) '' Jive / `` Good Golly Miss Molly '' 9 10 9 9 9 10 Safe 9 Semi-finals Samba / `` She 's Got Me Dancing '' Argentine Tango / `` Jai Ho '' 10 10 9 9 10 10 Safe 10 Finals Foxtrot / `` Feeling Good '' Freestyle / `` Tootsee Roll '' Tango / `` If I Had You '' Cha Cha Cha / `` Raise Your Glass '' 9 10 9 9 9 9 8 9 9 10 9 10 Runner - up Personal Life ( edit ) Massey is the younger brother of actor Christopher Massey , who played Michael Barret in the television series Zoey 101 . Discography ( edit ) `` It 's a Dog '' - The Shaggy Dog ( 2006 ) `` Yin Yang Yo ! Theme Song '' - Yin Yang Yo ! ( 2006 ) `` Cory in the House Theme Song '' - Cory in the House ( 2007 ) `` Underdog Raps '' - Underdog : Original Soundtrack ( 2007 ) `` Jingle Bells ( A Hip Hop Carol ) '' - Disney Channel Holiday ( 2007 ) `` Finess ( featuring Skate ) '' - Single ( 2016 ) Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2005 Life Is Ruff Calvin Wheeler Disney Channel Original Movie 2011 Beethoven 's Christmas Adventure Henry Direct to DVD 2014 Senior Project Andy Television Year Title Role Notes 1999 Selma , Lord , Selma Featured as Kyle Orlando Massey Esparza / Katz TV - Movie Passing Glory Principal / Dancer as Kyle Orlando Massey Magic Johnson TV - Movie 2002 -- 2008 Express Yourself Himself Interstitial series 2003 -- 2007 That 's So Raven Cory Baxter Main Role ; Disney Channel Original Series 2003 The Practice Derrick Hayes Episode : Capitol Crimes The Parkers Babysat Child 2006 -- 2007 American Dragon : Jake Long Huntsboy # 88 , Bertha voice 2007 -- 2008 Cory in the House Cory Baxter Lead Role ; Disney Channel Original Series ; Spin - off of That 's So Raven 2009 The Electric Company P.J. Watson Recurring role 2010 -- 2014 Fish Hooks Milo Voice role ; Animated Disney Channel Original Series Dancing with the Stars Himself 11th Season contestant 2014 Gotham Mackey Recurring role 2015 Being Mary Jane Cameron Recurring role ; Season 2 2016 - present Mighty Magiswords Mr. Spoony Recurring role References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kyle Massey . Kyle Massey on IMDb VIAF : 228061292 LCCN : n2011030920 ISNI : 0000 0003 7467 9741 BNF : cb150377739 ( data ) MusicBrainz : c2a25afc - 37d8 - 4bf6 - 9d03 - 91bee9693bce Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyle_Massey&oldid=810358779 '' Categories : 1991 births Living people Male actors from Atlanta American male child actors American child musicians American male musicians American musicians American male television actors American male voice actors Participants in American reality television series Rappers from Atlanta 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors African - American male actors African - American male rappers Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from August 2014 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 19 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played cory in that's so raven | [
"Kyle Orlando Massey (born August 28, 1991) is an American actor, rapper, and singer from Atlanta, Georgia. He is perhaps best known for starring in the Disney Channel sitcoms That's So Raven and its spin-off Cory in the House, in which he played Cory Baxter. Massey starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie Life Is Ruff. Massey has released several rap songs for Walt Disney Records and Hollywood Records. He provided the voice of Milo in the Disney animated series Fish Hooks and was the runner-up on the 11th season of ABC's Dancing with the Stars. He is the younger brother of actor Christopher Massey."
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"Kyle Orlando Massey"
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-6002407580116854872 | Epistle of Jude | Epistle of Jude - wikipedia Epistle of Jude Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Gospel of Judas . Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Epistle of Jude , often shortened to Jude , is the next - to - last book of the New Testament and is traditionally attributed to Jude , the servant of Jesus and the brother of James the Just . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Content 2.1 Outline 2.2 Canonical status 2.3 Authorship 2.4 Style 3 Jude and 2 Peter 4 References to other books 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links Composition ( edit ) The letter of Jude was one of the disputed books of the Canon . The links between the Epistle and 2 Peter , its use of the Apocryphal Books , and its brevity raised concern . It is one of the shortest books in the Bible , being only 25 verses long . Content ( edit ) Jude urges his readers to defend the deposit of Christ 's doctrine that had been closed by the time he wrote his epistle , and to remember the words of the apostles spoken somewhat before . Jude then asks the reader to recall how even after the Lord saved his own people out of the land of Egypt , he did not hesitate to destroy those who fell into unbelief , much as he punished the angels who fell from their original exalted status and Sodom and Gomorrah . He describes in vivid terms the apostates of his day . He exhorts believers to remember the words spoken by the Apostles , using language similar to the second epistle of Peter to answer concerns that the Lord seemed to tarry , How that they told you there should be mockers in the last time , who should walk after their own ungodly lusts ... , and to keep themselves in God 's love , before delivering a doxology . Jude quotes directly from the Book of Enoch , part of the scripture of the Ethiopian and Eritrean churches but rejected by other churches . He cites Enoch 's prophecy that the Lord would come with many thousands of his saints to render judgement on the whole world . He also paraphrases ( verse 9 ) an incident in a text that has been lost about Satan and Michael the Archangel quarreling over the body of Moses . Outline ( edit ) I. Salutation ( 1 - 3 ) II . Occasion for the Letter ( 3 - 4 ) A . The change of Subject ( 3 ) B . The Reason for the Change : The Presence of Godless Apostates ( 4 ) III . Warning against the False Teachers ( 5 - 16 ) A. Historical Examples of the Judgement of Apostates ( 5 - 7 ) 1 . Unbelieving Israel ( 5 ) 2 . Angels who fell ( 6 ) 3 . Sodom and Gomorrah ( 7 ) B. Description of the Apostates of Jude 's Day ( 8 - 16 ) 1 . Their slanderous speech deplored ( 8 - 10 ) 2 . Their character graphically portrayed ( 11 - 13 ) 3 . Their destruction prophesied ( 14 - 16 ) IV . Exhortation to Believers ( 17 - 23 ) V. Concluding Doxology ( 24 - 25 ) Canonical status ( edit ) The Epistle of Jude is held as canonical in the Christian Church ; conservative scholars date it between 70 and 90 . Some scholars consider the letter a pseudonymous work written between the end of the 1st century and the first quarter of the 2nd century because of its references to the apostles and to tradition and because of its competent Greek style . `` More remarkable is the evidence that by the end of the second century Jude was widely accepted as canonical . '' Clement of Alexandria , Tertullian , and the Muratorian canon considered the letter canonical . The first historical record of doubts as to authorship are found in the writings of Origen of Alexandria , who spoke of the doubts held by some , albeit not him . Eusebius classified it with the `` disputed writings , the antilegomena . '' The letter was eventually accepted as part of the Canon by Church Fathers such as Athanasius and the Synods of Laodicea ( c. 363 ) and Carthage ( 397 ) . Authorship ( edit ) The epistle title is written as follows : `` Jude , a servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James '' ( NRSV ) . `` James '' is generally taken to mean James the Just , a prominent leader in the early church . Not a lot is known of Jude , which would explain the apparent need to identify him by reference to his better - known brother . As the brother of James the Just , it has traditionally meant Jude was also the brother of Jesus , since James is described as being the brother of Jesus . For instance Clement of Alexandria ( c. 150 -- 215 AD ) wrote in his work `` Comments on the Epistle of Jude '' that Jude , the Epistle of Jude 's author , was a son of Joseph and a brother of Jesus ( without specifying whether he was a son of Joseph by a previous marriage or of Joseph and Mary ) . There is also a dispute as to whether `` brother '' means someone who has the same father and mother , or a half - brother or cousin or more distant familial relationship . This dispute over the true meaning of `` brother '' grew as the doctrine of the Virgin Birth evolved . Outside the book of Jude , a `` Jude '' is mentioned five times in the New Testament : three times as Jude the Apostle ( Luke 6 : 16 , Acts 1 : 13 , John 14 : 22 ) , and twice as Jude the brother of Jesus ( Matthew 13 : 55 , Mark 6 : 3 ) ( aside from references to Judas Iscariot and Judah ( son of Jacob ) ) . Debate continues as to whether the author of the epistle is either , both , or neither . Some scholars have argued that since the author of the letter has not identified himself as an apostle and actually refers to the apostles as a third party , he can not be identified with Jude the Apostle . Others have drawn the opposite conclusion , i.e. , that , as an apostle , he would not have made a claim of apostleship on his own behalf . Style ( edit ) The Epistle of Jude is a brief book of only a single chapter with 25 verses . It was composed as an encyclical letter -- that is , one not directed to the members of one church in particular , but intended rather to be circulated and read in all churches . The wording and syntax of this epistle in its original Greek demonstrates that the author was capable and fluent . The epistle is addressed to Christians in general , and it warns them about the doctrine of certain errant teachers to whom they were exposed . The epistle 's style is combative , impassioned , and rushed . Many examples of evildoers and warnings about their fates are given in rapid succession . The epistle concludes with a doxology , which is considered by Peter H. Davids to be one of the highest in quality contained in the Bible . Jude and 2 Peter ( edit ) Part of Jude is very similar to 2 Peter ( mainly 2 Peter chapter 2 ) , so much so that most scholars agree that there is a dependence between the two , i.e. , that either one letter used the other directly , or they both drew on a common source . Because this epistle is much shorter than 2 Peter , and due to various stylistic details , some writers consider Jude the source for the similar passages of 2 Peter . However , other writers , arguing that Jude 18 quotes 2 Peter 3 : 3 as past tense , consider Jude to have come after 2 Peter . Some scholars who consider Jude to predate 2 Peter note that the latter appears to quote the former but excises the reference to the non-canonical book of Enoch . References to other books ( edit ) The Epistle of Jude references at least two other books , with one being non-canonical in all churches and the other non-canonical in most churches . Verse 9 refers to a dispute between Michael the Archangel and the devil about the body of Moses . Some interpreters understand this reference to be an allusion to the events described in Zechariah 3 : 1 - 2 . The classical theologian Origen attributes this reference to the non-canonical Assumption of Moses . According to James Charlesworth , there is no evidence the surviving book of this name ever contained any such content . Others believe it to be in the lost ending of the book . Verses 14 -- 15 contain a direct quotation of a prophecy from 1 Enoch 1 : 9 . The title `` Enoch , the seventh from Adam '' is also sourced from 1 En. 60 : 1 . Most commentators assume that this indicates that Jude accepts the antediluvian patriarch Enoch as the author of the Book of Enoch which contains the same quotation . However , an alternative explanation is that Jude quotes the Book of Enoch aware that verses 14 -- 15 are in fact an expansion of the words of Moses from Deuteronomy 33 : 2 . This is supported by Jude 's unusual Greek statement that `` Enoch the Seventh from Adam prophesied to the false teachers '' , not concerning them . The Book of Enoch is not considered canonical by most churches , although it is by the Ethiopian Orthodox church . According to Western scholars , the older sections of the Book of Enoch ( mainly in the Book of the Watchers ) date from about 300 BC and the latest part ( Book of Parables ) probably was composed at the end of the 1st century BC . 1 Enoch 1 : 9 , mentioned above , is part of the pseudepigrapha and is among the Dead Sea Scrolls ( 4Q Enoch ( 4Q204 ( 4QENAR ) ) COL I 16 -- 18 ) . It is generally accepted by scholars that the author of the Epistle of Jude was familiar with the Book of Enoch and was influenced by it in thought and diction . See also ( edit ) Textual variants in the Epistle of Jude Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eusebius , Church History 2 23 Jump up ^ Jude 5 - 7 Jump up ^ Jude 8 - 16 Jump up ^ Jude 18 Jump up ^ Jude 21 Jump up ^ Jude 24 - 25 Jump up ^ NIV Bible ( Large Print ed . ) . ( 2007 ) . London : Hodder & Stoughton Ltd Jump up ^ Jude : 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Jude :3 ^ Jump up to : `` scripture '' . Jump up ^ Norman Perrin , ( 1974 ) The New Testament : An Introduction , p. 260 Jump up ^ Bauckham , RJ ( 1986 ) , Word Biblical Commentary , Vol. 50 , Word ( UK ) Ltd. p. 16 Jump up ^ Bauckham , RJ ( 1986 ) , Word Biblical Commentary , Vol. 50 , Word ( UK ) Ltd. p. 17 Jump up ^ Lindberg , Carter ( 2006 ) . A Brief History of Christianity . Blackwell Publishing . p. 15 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1078 - 3 Jump up ^ Council of Laodicea at bible-researcher.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ B.F. Westcott , A General Survey of the History of the Canon of the New Testament ( 5th ed . Edinburgh , 1881 ) , pp. 440 , 541 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Jude wrote the Catholic Epistle , the brother of the sons of Joseph , and very religious , while knowing the near relationship of the Lord , yet did not say that he himself was His brother . But what said he ? `` Jude , a servant of Jesus Christ , '' -- of Him as Lord ; but `` the brother of James . '' For this is true ; he was His brother , ( the son ) of Joseph . '' of Alexandria , Clement . Comments on the Epistle of Jude . newadvent.org . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Jocelyn Rhys , Shaken Creeds : The Virgin Birth Doctrine : A Study of Its Origin , Kessinger Publishing ( reprint ) , 2003 ( 1922 ) ISBN 0 - 7661 - 7988 - 5 , pp 3 -- 53 Jump up ^ Chester , A and Martin , RP ( 1994 ) , ' The Theology of the Letters of James , Peter and Jude ' , CUP , p. 65 Jump up ^ Bauckham , R.J. ( 1986 ) , Word Biblical Commentary , Vol. 50 , Word ( UK ) Ltd. p. 14 Jump up ^ Bauckham , R.J. ( 1986 ) , Word Biblical Commentary , Vol. 50 , Word ( UK ) Ltd. p. 14f Jump up ^ Jude 1 : 1 Jump up ^ Davids , Peter H. ( 2006 ) . The Pillar New Testament Commentary : The Letters of 2 Peter and Jude . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Wm . B. Eardmans Publishing Co. p. 106 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Introduction to 2 Peter in Expositor 's Bible Commentary , Ed . F.E. Gaebelein , Zondervan 1976 -- 1992 Jump up ^ e.g. Terrance Callan , Use of the Letter of Jude by the Second Letter of Peter , in Biblica 85 ( 2004 ) , pp. 42 -- 64 . Jump up ^ e.g. John MacArthur 1 , 2 , 3 , John Jude 2007 p101 `` ... closely parallels that of 2 Peter ( 2 : 1 -- 3 : 4 ) , and it is believed that Peter 's writing predated Jude for several reasons : ( 1 ) Second Peter anticipates the coming of false teachers ( 2 Pet. 2 : 1 -- 2 ; 3 : 3 ) , whereas Jude deals with their arrival ( vv. 4 , 11 -- 12 , 17 -- 18 ) ; and ( 2 ) Jude quotes directly from 2 Peter 3 : 3 and acknowledges that it is from an apostle ( vv. 17 -- 18 ) . '' Jump up ^ Dale Martin 2009 ( lecture ) . `` 24 . Apocalyptic and Accommodation '' . Yale University . Accessed July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter H. Davids ; Douglas J. Moo ; Robert Yarbrough ( 5 April 2016 ) . 1 and 2 Peter , Jude , 1 , 2 , and 3 John . Zondervan . p. 240 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 53025 - 1 . Jump up ^ R.C. Lucas ; Christopher Green ( 2 May 2014 ) . The Message of 2 Peter & Jude . InterVarsity Press . pp. 168 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 9784 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` ANF04 . Fathers of the Third Century : Tertullian , Part Fourth ; Minucius Felix ; Commodian ; Origen , Parts First and Second '' . ^ Jump up to : James Charlesworth Old Testament Pseudepigrapha , p. 76 , Google books link Jump up ^ The Assumption of Moses : a critical edition with commentary By Johannes Tromp . P270 Jump up ^ Charles R. Enoch OUP , p. 119 Jump up ^ Nickelsburg G. 1 Enoch Fortress Jump up ^ Cox S. Slandering celestial beings Jump up ^ AUTOI dative Jump up ^ Fahlbusch E. , Bromiley G.W. The Encyclopedia of Christianity : P - Sh page 411 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2416 - 1 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Clontz , T.E. and J. , The Comprehensive New Testament with complete textual variant mapping and references for the Dead Sea Scrolls , Philo , Josephus , Nag Hammadi Library , Pseudepigrapha , Apocrypha , Plato , Egyptian Book of the Dead , Talmud , Old Testament , Patristic Writings , Dhammapada , Tacitus , Epic of Gilgamesh , Cornerstone Publications , 2008 , p. 711 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778737 - 1 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Apocalyptic Literature '' ( column 220 ) , Encyclopedia Biblica External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Epistle of Jude Wikisource has original text related to this article : Jude Online translations of the Epistle of Jude : Jude in New American Bible Online Bible at GospelHall.org Jude at Bible Gateway ( various versions ) Early Christian writings : Epistle of Jude : comparable translations and interpretations Audiobook Version : Jude public domain audiobook at LibriVox Additional information : Catholic Encyclopedia Comprehensive study the Epistle of Jude An Exegesis of Jude by Michael Quandt A reaction to the apparent regarding of Enoch and the Assumption of Moses as canonical by Jude Epistle of Jude General Epistle Preceded by Third John New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Revelation ( hide ) Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list ) New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_Jude&oldid=802580192 '' Categories : New Testament books Canonical epistles Luther 's Antilegomena Epistle of Jude Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 02 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the book of jude in the holy bible | [
"The epistle title is written as follows: \"Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James\" (NRSV). \"James\" is generally taken to mean James the Just, a prominent leader in the early church. Not a lot is known of Jude, which would explain the apparent need to identify him by reference to his better-known brother.[10]"
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2456820576780854866 | Kuala Lumpur International Airport | Kuala Lumpur International airport - wikipedia Kuala Lumpur International airport Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Kuala Lumpur International Airport ( disambiguation ) . Kuala Lumpur International Airport Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuala Lumpur IATA : KUL ICAO : WMKK WMO : 48650 Summary Airport type Public Owner Government of Malaysia Operator Malaysia Airports Serves Greater Kuala Lumpur , Seremban , Malacca Location Sepang , Selangor , Malaysia Hub for AirAsia AirAsia X AsiaCargo Express Malaysia Airlines Malindo Air MASkargo UPS Airlines Time zone MST ( UTC + 08 : 00 ) Elevation AMSL 70 ft / 21 m Coordinates 02 ° 44 ′ 36 '' N 101 ° 41 ′ 53 '' E / 2.74333 ° N 101.69806 ° E / 2.74333 ; 101.69806 Coordinates : 02 ° 44 ′ 36 '' N 101 ° 41 ′ 53 '' E / 2.74333 ° N 101.69806 ° E / 2.74333 ; 101.69806 Website www.klia.com.my Map WMKK Location in Peninsular Malaysia WMKK WMKK ( Southeast Asia ) Show map of Peninsular Malaysia Show map of Southeast Asia Show all Runways Direction Length Surface m ft 14L / 32R 4,124 13,530 Asphalt concrete 14R / 32L 4,056 13,307 Asphalt concrete 15 / 33 4,056 13,307 Asphalt concrete Statistics ( 2017 ) Passenger 58,554,627 ( 11.2 % ) Airfreight ( tonnes ) 710,186 ( 10.5 % ) Aircraft movements 387,234 ( 8.6 % ) Sources : MAHB and AIP Kuala Lumpur International Airport ( KLIA ) ( Malay : Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuala Lumpur ) ( IATA : KUL , ICAO : WMKK ) is Malaysia 's main international airport and one of the major airports in South East Asia . It is located in Sepang district of Selangor , approximately 45 kilometres ( 28 mi ) south of Kuala Lumpur city centre and serves the Greater Klang Valley conurbation . KLIA is the largest and busiest airport in Malaysia . In 2017 , it handled 58,554,627 passengers and 710,186 tonnes of cargo . It is the world 's 23rd - busiest airport by total passenger traffic . The airport is operated by Malaysia Airports ( MAHB ) Sepang Sdn Bhd and is the major hub of Malaysia Airlines , MASkargo , AirAsia , AirAsia X , Malindo Air , UPS Airlines and AsiaCargo Express . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Current site 1.3 Grand opening 1.4 Inauguration 1.5 Recent events 2 Runways 3 Operations and infrastructure 4 Terminals 4.1 Main Terminal Building 4.1. 1 Satellite terminal A 4.2 klia2 ( Terminal 2 ) 4.2. 1 Gateway@klia2 4.3 KL City Air Terminal 4.4 Former low cost carrier terminal ( LCCT ) 5 Airlines and destinations 5.1 Passenger 5.2 Cargo 6 Statistics 7 Ground transportation 7.1 Inter-terminal transportation 7.2 External connections 7.2. 1 Rail 7.3 Taxis and limousine 7.4 Bus 8 Expansion and developments 8.1 Plans 8.2 A380 upgrades 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) KLIA main entrance from the side KLIA Main terminal architecture The ground breaking ceremony for Kuala Lumpur International Airport ( KLIA ) took place on 1 June 1993 when the government under Mahathir Mohamad decided that the existing Kuala Lumpur airport , then known as Subang International Airport ( now Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport ) could not handle future demand . The construction of the airport was done mainly by a few state owned construction companies as well as Ekovest Berhad -- helmed by Tan Sri Datuk Lim Kang Hoo . It was created as part of the Multimedia Super Corridor , a grand development plan for Malaysia . The chief architect who designed the new airport terminal was the Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa . Upon KLIA 's completion , Subang Airport 's Terminal 1 building was demolished . Malaysia Airports agreed to redevelop the remaining Terminal 3 to create a specialist airport for turboprop and charter planes surrounded by a residential area and a business park . The IATA airport code KUL was transferred from Subang Airport , which currently handles only turboprop aircraft , general aviation and military aircraft . Subang Airport 's IATA code has since been changed to SZB . Current site ( edit ) The airport 's site spans 100 square kilometres ( 39 sq mi ) , of former agricultural land and is one of the world 's largest airport sites . An ambitious three - phase development plan anticipates KLIA to have three runways and two terminals each with two satellite terminals . Phase One involved the construction of the main terminal and one satellite terminal , giving a capacity of 25 million passengers , and two full service runways . The Phase One airport had sixty contact piers , twenty remote parking bays with eighty aircraft parking positions , four maintenance hangars and fire stations . Phase Two , designed to increase capacity to 35 million passengers per year is largely complete . Phase Three is anticipated to increase capacity to 100 million passengers per year . Grand opening ( edit ) Kuala Lumpur International Airport was officially inaugurated by the 10th Yang di - Pertuan Agong , Tuanku Ja'afar of Negeri Sembilan , on 27 June 1998 at 20 : 30 MST , a week ahead of Hong Kong International Airport and in time for the 1998 Commonwealth Games . The first domestic arrival was Malaysia Airlines flight MH1263 from Kuantan ( Kuantan Airport ) at 07 : 10 MST . The first international arrival was Malaysia Airlines flight MH188 from Malé International Airport at 07 : 30 MST . The first domestic departure was Malaysia Airlines flight MH1432 to Langkawi ( Langkawi International Airport ) at 07 : 20 MST ; the first international departure was Malaysia Airlines flight MH84 to Beijing ( Beijing Capital International Airport ) at 09 : 00 MST . Inauguration ( edit ) Inside the main terminal building . The Jungle boardwalk , a recreational walk path located at the centre core of the KLIA satellite terminal . The inauguration of the airport was marked with problems . Aerobridge and bay allocation systems broke down , queues built up throughout the airport and baggage handling broke down . Bags were lost and there were waits of over five hours . Most of these issues were remedied eventually , though baggage handling system was plagued with problems until it was put up for a complete replacement tender in 2007 . The airport suffered greatly reduced traffic with the general reduction in economic activity brought about by the East Asian financial crisis , SARS , bird flu epidemic ( Avian flu ) , the global financial crisis , and the swine flu pandemic. 1998 saw a reduction of passenger numbers as some airlines , including All Nippon Airways ( recommencing on 1 September 2015 ) , British Airways ( resumed on 28 May 2015 ) , Lufthansa ( later reinstated ) , and Northwest Airlines , terminated their loss making services to KLIA . KLIA 's first full year of operations in 1999 , in its Phase One manifestation ( capacity of 25 million passengers per year ) , saw only 13.2 million passengers . Passenger numbers eventually increased to 21.1 million in 2004 and 47 million in 2013 -- though short of the originally estimated 25 million passengers per year by 2003 . Recent events ( edit ) On 13 February 2017 , Kim Jong - nam , the half - brother of North Korean leader Kim Jong - un , was assassinated with the nerve agent VX while walking through Terminal 2 at Kuala Lumpur International Airport . Two women , who were alleged to have grabbed him to deploy the nerve agent , were arrested . Kim was traveling under a pseudonym . Runways ( edit ) Kuala Lumpur International Airport has three parallel runways ( 14L / 32R , 14R / 32L , 15 / 33 ( Runway 15 / 33 used to be part of SZB Airport ) ) , a first in the region . The aircraft movements on these runways are monitored by two Air Traffic Control ( ATC ) Towers ; Tower East , and Tower West given the span of the airport . ATC Tower West standing at 133.8 m , is currently the tallest ATC tower in the world . The current three runway system is capable of handling 78 landings per hour and is expected to increase to 108 landings per hour once upgrading of the Kuala Lumpur Flight Information Region is completed in 2019 . These runways operate on different departure / arrival modes according to the air traffic requirements . Operations and infrastructure ( edit ) Main article : Operations and Infrastructure of Kuala Lumpur International Airport Infrastructure Passenger terminal buildings Totals Current Floor area 737,249 m ( 7,935,680 sq ft ) Handling capacity 70 million passengers per annum Parking bays 114 ( aerobridge ) 48 ( remote ) Main Terminal Building 1 & Contact Pier Opened 27 June 1998 Floor area 336,000 m ( 3,620,000 sq ft ) Handling capacity 5 million passengers per annum Parking bays 20 ( aerobridge ) 23 ( remote ) Satellite Terminal A Opened 27 June 1998 Floor area 143,404 m ( 1,543,590 sq ft ) Handling capacity 20 million passengers per annum Parking bays 26 ( aerobridge ) 15 ( remote ) klia2 Opened 2 May 2014 Floor area 257,845 m ( 2,775,420 sq ft ) Handling capacity 45 million passengers per annum Parking bays 68 ( aerobridge ) 10 ( remote ) Bunga Raya Complex Opened 27 June 1998 Floor area Handling capacity Parking bays KLIA features a number of modern design features that assist in the efficient operation of the airport . It is one of the first Asia Pacific airports to become 100 % Bar Coded Boarding Pass capable . Malaysia Airlines ; AirAsia ; MASkargo , a cargo airline ; and Malaysia Airports , the Malaysian Airports operator and manager ; are headquartered on the property of KLIA . Malaysia Airlines also operates its Flight Management Building at KLIA . Terminals ( edit ) The airport is part of the KLIA Aeropolis , and is made up of two main terminals ; the original Main Terminal Building and the new terminal 2 , or also known as KLIA2 . The airport 's Main Terminal Building is designed by Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa , with an emphasis of natural lighting within the airport complex . Spanning 38.4 m along a grid pattern allowing for future expansions , the abstract symbolic architecture by the late Kisho Kurokawa encompasses the Islamic geometry and cutting edge technology with the tropical rainforest in mind . Main terminal building ( edit ) Malaysia Airlines at Contact Pier The KLIA Main Terminal Building ( MTB ) is located in between the two runways . The floor area of the terminal covers 390,000 m ( 4,200,000 sq ft ) and the building consists of 39 square roof units , which enables future expansion of the building . There are a total of 216 check - in counters , located in 6 different islands , identified by the letters A -- M ( excluding I ) . Multi check - in services are available , designed for the use of all passengers arriving , departing or in transit . Self check in facilities are available in this airport since 2007 , and KLM was the first airline to use the Common - use self - service kiosks . Towards baggage claim area for international arrival at Main Terminal . The contact pier is an extension of the main terminal building with gates marked with prefix A and B for domestic departures , G and H for international flights . The gate allocation is based on operational requirements , although it has been observed that Malaysia Airlines has been operating most of its operations out from the contact pier . Satellite terminal a ( edit ) Interior of the Satellite Terminal The 176,000 square metres ( 1,890,000 sq ft ) satellite building accommodates international flights departing and arriving at KLIA . Passengers have to travel to the satellite building via the Aerotrain . There is a wide array of duty - free shops and prestige brand boutiques in the satellite building . This includes international brands such as Burberry , Harrods , Montblanc , Salvatore Ferragamo . Among all international labels available within the terminal , some boutiques such as Harrods are only available in the airport . A number of restaurants and international airlines ' lounges are available as well as an Airside Transit Hotel . Within the terminal , wireless internet ( Wi - Fi ) is provided free of charge . The terminal also has prayer rooms , showers and massage service . Various lounge areas are provided , some including children 's play areas and movie lounge , broadcasting movie and sport channels . The terminal also features a natural rainforest in the middle of the terminal , exhibiting the Malaysian rainforests . Palm trees in the satellite building Satellite building near the Aerotrain Under Malaysia Airports Berhad retail optimisation plan , the retail space in satellite terminal A will be further optimised to increase its revenue derived from commercial space rental and a percentage of sale receipts to 50 % by year 2010 which currently stands at 35 % . Some notable improvements that will be seen after the refurbishments will be the Jungle Boardwalk which will be the first of its kind in the world and larger mezzanine floor to accommodate F&B outlets and viewing galleries . The gates in Satellite Terminal A have the prefix C. The Satellite A terminal has 27 boarding gates altogether . Klia2 ( terminal 2 ) ( edit ) The terminal logo The bird - eye view of KLIA Main Terminal Building ( bottom ) and KLIA2 ( Top ) The KLIA2 departure hall on 1 September 2016 Built at approximately RM4 billion , it is the largest purpose built terminal optimised for low cost carriers in response to the exponential growth of low cost travel in the region . It was built to replace the previous Low Cost Carrier Terminal ( LCCT ) . klia2 started its operations on 2 May 2014 and all flight operations at LCCT were moved to klia2 by 9 May 2014 . As part of its development , a third runway ( Runway 15 / 33 ) and a new air traffic control tower ( Tower West ) were built to support its operation . klia2 has an initial capacity of 45 million passengers per year . The terminal has a built - up area of 257,845 sqm with 68 departure gates , 10 remote stands , 80 aerobridges , includes a retail space of 35,000 sqm to accommodate a total of 220 retail outlets . The main terminal building of klia2 is connected with its satellite piers with a skybridge , making it the first airport in Asia with such facility . klia2 is certified with Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design ( LEED ) . Check - in counters are divided into 8 rows located in 4 islands , each row identified by the letters S -- Z . Boarding gates are located in 5 piers , indicated by the letters J and K for domestic flights , and L , P and Q for international flights . Piers J , K and L are connected directly to the main terminal building , while Piers P and Q are accessible via the skybridge . Piers K and L are physically the same pier and share the same gates , but with waiting lounges on different levels ( Level 1A for K and Level 2 for L ) . For international flights , the access door from Pier K is sealed off , while for domestic flights , the access door from Pier L is sealed off instead . At present , inter-terminal connection is provided on the landside at Gateway@klia2 complex and there are provisions for future airside inter-terminal connection . Gateway@klia2 ( edit ) Gateway@klia2 is an integrated shopping complex that is connected to the main klia2 terminal building . It has a 350,000 square feet of net lettable space spanning over four levels . The transport hub at Gateway@klia2 links klia2 to the KLIA Ekspres and KLIA Transit service , with allotted pick - up and drop - off areas for coaches , taxis , rented vehicles and private transportation . Gateway@klia2 hosts an 8 - storey car park that directly adjoins klia2 . There are 6,000 covered parking lots at Blocks A and B and another 5,500 lots at car park D. Shuttle buses are available to take the public from the car park D to the terminal . The first capsule transit hotel in Asia named as the Capsule by Container Hotel is also located at Gateway@klia2 . Gateway@klia2 is managed by WCT Holdings Berhad . KL city Air terminal ( edit ) KL City Air Terminal , sometimes known as Kuala Lumpur City Air Terminal or KL CAT located at KL Sentral is a virtual extension of KL International Airport where city check - in services are provided . KL City Air Terminal is recognised by International Air Transport Association which carries IATA designation XKL . Currently there are only 3 airlines providing city check - in services , they are Cathay Pacific , Malaysia Airlines and Malindo Air . However , the situation is due to be changed as 10 SITA 's AirportConnect CUTE ( Common Use Terminal Equipment ) were installed on 10 check - in desks in KL CAT that enables all airlines to offer city check - in service for their passengers . Former low cost carrier terminal ( LCCT ) ( edit ) The now defunct 36,000 square metres ( 390,000 sq ft ) low cost carrier terminal ( LCCT ) was opened at Kuala Lumpur International Airport on 23 March 2006 to cater for the growing number of users of low cost airlines , especially the passengers of Malaysia 's `` no - frills '' airline , AirAsia . The terminal was designed and built in accordance to the low cost carrier business model , with limited terminal amenities . As requested by the low cost airline , the terminal does not provide aerobridges , nor are there transfer facilities , rail connections , and other facilities provided in a full - fledged terminal . LCCT is located within the Air Support Zone , and has since ceased operations on 9 May 2014 and all low - cost carrier flights are now operating out of klia2 . Airlines and destinations ( edit ) Passenger ( edit ) Airlines Destinations Air Astana Almaty Air China Beijing -- Capital Air Mauritius Mauritius AirAsia Alor Setar , Banda Aceh , Bandar Seri Begawan , Bandung , Bangalore , Bangkok -- Don Mueang , Bhubaneswar , Bintulu , Changsha , Chennai , Chiang Mai , Colombo , Da Nang , Davao , Denpasar / Bali , Dhaka , Guangzhou , Guilin , Hanoi , Hat Yai , Ho Chi Minh City , Hong Kong , Hua Hin , Hyderabad , Jakarta -- Soekarno -- Hatta , Johor Bahru , Kochi , Kolkata , Kota Bharu , Kota Kinabalu , Krabi , Kuala Terengganu , Kuching , Kunming , Labuan , Langkawi , Lombok , Luang Prabang , Macau , Makassar , Malé , Manila , Medan , Miri , Nanning , Nha Trang , Padang , Palembang , Pattaya -- U-Tapao , Pekanbaru , Penang , Phnom Penh , Phuket , Pontianak , Sandakan , Semarang , Shantou , Shenzhen , Sibu , Siem Reap , Sihanoukville , Singapore , Surabaya , Tawau , Tiruchirapalli , Vientiane , Visakhapatnam , Yangon , Yogyakarta AirAsia X Auckland , Amritsar ( begins 16 August 2018 ) , Beijing -- Capital , Busan , Chengdu , Chongqing , Delhi , Denpasar / Bali , Gold Coast , Hangzhou , Honolulu , Jaipur , Jeju , Kathmandu , Kaohsiung , Malé , Melbourne , Osaka -- Kansai , Perth , Sapporo -- Chitose , Seoul -- Incheon , Shanghai -- Pudong , Sydney , Taipei -- Taoyuan , Tokyo -- Haneda , Wuhan , Xi'an , Zhengzhou Seasonal : Jeddah , Medina All Nippon Airways Tokyo -- Haneda , Tokyo -- Narita Bangkok Airways Koh Samui Batik Air Chennai , Denpasar / Bali , Jakarta -- Soekarno -- Hatta , Medan Biman Bangladesh Airlines Dhaka British Airways London -- Heathrow Cathay Dragon Hong Kong Cebu Pacific Manila China Airlines Taipei -- Taoyuan China Eastern Airlines Nanjing , Quanzhou China Eastern Airlines operated by Shanghai Airlines Shanghai -- Pudong China Southern Airlines Changsha , Guangzhou Condor Seasonal : Frankfurt ( begins 1 November 2018 ) Emirates Dubai -- International Ethiopian Airlines Addis Ababa , Singapore Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi EVA Air Taipei -- Taoyuan Flynas Seasonal : Jeddah Garuda Indonesia Jakarta -- Soekarno -- Hatta Himalaya Airlines Kathmandu Indonesia AirAsia Bandung , Denpasar / Bali , Jakarta -- Soekarno -- Hatta , Medan , Yogyakarta Indonesia AirAsia X Jakarta -- Soekarno -- Hatta , Surabaya Iraqi Airways Baghdad Japan Airlines Tokyo -- Narita Jetstar Asia Airways Singapore KLM Amsterdam , Jakarta -- Soekarno -- Hatta Korean Air Seoul -- Incheon Lion Air Jakarta -- Soekarno -- Hatta , Surabaya Lucky Air Kunming , Lijiang Mahan Air Tehran -- Imam Khomeini Malaysia Airlines Adelaide , Alor Setar , Auckland , Bangalore , Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi , Bandar Seri Begawan , Beijing -- Capital , Bintulu , Brisbane ( resumes 6 June 2018 ) , Chennai , Chongqing , Colombo , Delhi , Denpasar / Bali , Dhaka , Fuzhou , Guangzhou , Haikou , Hanoi , Ho Chi Minh City , Hangzhou , Hong Kong , Hyderabad , Jakarta -- Soekarno -- Hatta , Jeddah , Johor Bahru , Kathmandu , Kota Bharu , Kota Kinabalu , Kuala Terengganu , Kuantan , Kuching , Labuan , Langkawi , London -- Heathrow , Manila , Medan , Melbourne , Miri , Mumbai , Nanjing , Osaka -- Kansai , Penang , Perth , Phnom Penh , Phuket , Sandakan , Seoul -- Incheon , Shanghai -- Pudong , Sibu , Siem Reap , Singapore , Surabaya , Sydney , Taipei -- Taoyuan , Tawau , Tokyo -- Narita , Wuhan , Xiamen , Yangon , Yogyakarta ( resumes 3 June 2018 ) , Seasonal : Medina Malindo Air Amritsar , Bangkok -- Don Mueang , Bandung , Bangalore , Brisbane , Colombo , Delhi , Denpasar / Bali , Dhaka , Guangzhou , Guiyang , Haikou , Hanoi , Ho Chi Minh City , Hong Kong , Jakarta -- Soekarno -- Hatta , Kathmandu , Kochi , Kota Bharu , Kota Kinabalu , Kuching , Lahore , Langkawi , Medan , Melbourne ( begins 7 June 2018 ) , Mumbai , Penang , Perth , Phnom Penh , Phuket , Sanya , Singapore , Taipei -- Taoyuan , Thiruvananthapuram , Tiruchirapalli , Wuhan , Yangon Seasonal : Christmas Island , Labuan ( begins 8 June 2018 ) Nepal Airlines Kathmandu Oman Air Muscat Pakistan International Airlines Islamabad , Karachi , Lahore , Peshawar Philippine Airlines Manila Philippines AirAsia Cebu , Manila Qatar Airways Doha Regent Airways Dhaka Royal Brunei Airlines Bandar Seri Begawan Royal Jordanian Amman -- Queen Alia , Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi Saudia Jeddah , Riyadh , Medina Scoot Singapore Shenzhen Airlines Shenzhen SilkAir Singapore Singapore Airlines Singapore SriLankan Airlines Colombo Thai AirAsia Bangkok -- Don Mueang , Hat Yai Thai Airways Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi Thai Smile Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi Turkish Airlines Istanbul -- Atatürk US - Bangla Airlines Dhaka Uzbekistan Airways Singapore , Tashkent VietJet Air Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam Airlines Hanoi , Ho Chi Minh City XiamenAir Dalian , Fuzhou , Xiamen Notes ^ 1 : Air Mauritius ' flights to and from Mauritius makes a stop over in Singapore . However , Air Mauritius does not have traffic rights to transport passengers solely between Kuala Lumpur and Singapore . Cargo ( edit ) Airlines Destinations Cargolux Baku , Chennai , Luxembourg , Singapore , Zhengzhou China Airlines Cargo Chennai , Luxembourg , Penang , Taipei -- Taoyuan FedEx Express Cebu , Guangzhou , Penang , Singapore , Tokyo -- Narita Gading Sari Kota Kinabalu , Kuching , Miri Korean Air Cargo Penang , Seoul -- Incheon MASkargo Amsterdam , Baku , Bangalore , Chennai , Chongqing , Dhaka , Dubai , Frankfurt , Guangzhou , Hanoi , Hong Kong , Jakarta -- Soekarno -- Hatta , Kota Kinabalu , Kuching , Labuan , Macau , Manila , Mumbai , Penang , Shanghai -- Pudong , Sydney , Taipei -- Taoyuan , Tokyo -- Narita , Zhengzhou Hong Kong Airlines Hong Kong Republic Express Airlines Jakarta -- Soekarno -- Hatta Silk Way Airlines Amsterdam , Baku , Frankfurt , Singapore Uni-Top Airlines Shenzhen UPS Airlines Dallas / Fort Worth , Mumbai , Osaka -- Kansai , Penang , Seoul -- Incheon , Shenzhen Statistics ( edit ) Busiest international routes ( 2017 ) Rank Airport Passengers % change 2016 / 17 Singapore , Singapore 4,084,555 6.4 Jakarta -- Soekarno -- Hatta , Indonesia 2,530,573 18.5 Hong Kong , China 1,585,486 2.9 Bangkok -- Don Mueang , Thailand 1,504,436 12.3 5 Denpasar , Indonesia 1,452,097 32.2 6 Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam 1,229,434 13.8 7 Taipei -- Taoyuan , Taiwan 1,139,501 24.3 8 Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi , Thailand 1,105,556 19.5 9 Dubai , United Arab Emirates 848,211 5.0 10 Seoul -- Incheon , South Korea 839,924 7.5 11 Dhaka , Bangladesh 835,730 12.9 12 Medan , Indonesia 832,672 22.6 13 Melbourne , Australia 812,041 0.2 14 Phuket , Thailand 791,472 14.7 15 Manila , Philippines 773,612 21.9 16 Guangzhou , China 745,712 13.5 17 Sydney , Australia 737,152 13.5 18 London -- Heathrow , United Kingdom 692,169 11.1 19 Shanghai -- Pudong , China 687,923 27.9 20 Beijing -- Capital , China 678,093 32.9 21 Surabaya , Indonesia 670,045 8.0 22 Perth , Australia 664,532 8.7 23 Colombo , Sri Lanka 634,847 18.8 24 Tiruchirappalli , India 631,897 25.9 25 Jeddah , Saudi Arabia 578,335 1.9 26 Doha , Qatar 557,377 14.0 27 Tokyo -- Narita , Japan 525,547 1.0 28 Delhi , India 482,642 11.3 29 Chennai , India 473,617 4.1 30 Kathmandu , Nepal 473,582 16.0 31 Osaka -- Kansai , Japan 468,952 22.6 32 Hanoi , Vietnam 453,093 31.2 33 Phnom Penh , Cambodia 423,828 21.2 34 Shenzhen , China 413,704 44.9 35 Bandar Seri Begawan , Brunei 398,602 11.2 36 Bandung , Indonesia 386,693 17.2 37 Tokyo -- Haneda , Japan 361,752 49.0 38 Yangon , Myanmar 341,774 1.7 39 Kochi , India 338,091 17.4 40 Mumbai , India 332,864 15.6 41 Medina , Saudi Arabia 327,322 84.6 42 Krabi , Thailand 308,820 6.1 43 Yogyakarta , Indonesia 298,584 33.2 44 Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates 284,290 1.8 45 Auckland , New Zealand 268,534 13.4 46 Lombok , Indonesia 259,634 18.8 47 Amsterdam , Netherlands 243,763 4.4 48 Chiang Mai , Thailand 241,943 6.6 49 Bangalore , India 233,031 5.4 50 Gold Coast , Australia 231,998 19.7 Busiest domestic routes ( 2016 ) Rank Airport Passengers % change 2015 / 16 Kota Kinabalu , Sabah 2,579,025 7.2 Kuching , Sarawak 2,303,876 6.9 Penang , Penang 2,094,514 11.1 Langkawi , Kedah 1,874,601 10.9 5 Kota Bharu , Kelantan 1,270,146 7.9 6 Miri , Sarawak 824,402 8.2 7 Johor Bahru , Johor 788,869 22.0 8 Sibu , Sarawak 690,290 6.0 9 Tawau , Sabah 607,240 8.9 10 Kuala Terengganu , Terengganu 603,261 7.6 Operational statistics of Kuala Lumpur International Airport Year Passengers handled Passenger % change Airfreight movements ( tonnes ) Airfreight % change Aircraft movements Aircraft % change 1998 6,524,405 156,641 64,123 1999 13,172,635 101.9 417,068 166.3 116,589 81.8 2000 14,732,876 11.8 510,594 22.4 109,925 5.7 14,538,831 1.3 440,864 13.6 113,590 3.3 2002 16,398,230 12.8 527,124 19.6 127,952 12.6 2003 17,454,564 6.4 586,195 11.2 139,947 9.4 21,058,572 20.6 651,747 11.2 165,115 18.0 2005 23,213,926 10.2 653,654 0.3 182,537 10.5 2006 24,129,748 4.0 672,888 3.0 183,869 0.7 2007 26,453,379 9.6 644,100 4.3 193,710 5.3 2008 27,529,355 4.1 649,077 0.8 211,228 9.0 2009 29,682,093 7.8 584,559 10.0 226,751 7.3 34,087,636 14.8 674,902 15.4 245,650 8.3 2011 37,704,510 10.6 669,849 0.7 269,509 9.7 2012 39,887,866 5.8 673,107 0.5 283,352 5.1 2013 47,498,157 19.1 680,982 1.2 326,678 15.3 2014 48,930,409 3.0 753,899 10.7 340,821 4.3 2015 48,938,424 0.0 726,230 3.7 354,519 4.0 2016 52,643,511 7.6 642,558 11.5 356,614 0.6 2017 58,554,627 11.2 710,186 10.5 387,234 8.6 Total passenger movements by countries ( 2017 ) Rank Country Passengers movement % change 2016 / 17 Indonesia 7,338,018 19.8 China 4,338,846 29.6 Thailand 4,269,836 13.1 Singapore 4,084,555 6.4 5 India 3,017,251 14.3 6 Australia 2,566,818 7.6 7 Vietnam 1,824,891 22.5 8 Hong Kong 1,585,486 2.9 9 Japan 1,488,667 16.8 10 Taiwan 1,226,199 27.4 Largest airlines by passengers ( 2017 ) Rank Airlines Passengers carried % market share AirAsia 21,120,803 36.1 Malaysia Airlines 13,629,779 23.3 AirAsia X 5,455,965 9.3 Malindo Air 4,747,101 8.1 5 Indonesia AirAsia 1,129,200 1.9 6 Emirates 848,328 1.4 7 Indonesia AirAsia X 702,918 1.2 8 Thai AirAsia 607,380 1.0 9 Qatar Airways 557,415 0.9 10 Cathay Dragon 552,109 0.9 Busiest international freight routes ( 2017 ) Rank Airport Freight ( tonnes ) % change 2016 / 17 Hong Kong , China 56,781 4.3 Shanghai -- Pudong , China 36,367 32.4 Seoul -- Incheon , South Korea 31,550 15.3 Taipei -- Taoyuan , Taiwan 31,151 45.2 5 Singapore , Singapore 30,513 6.9 6 Tokyo -- Narita , Japan 26,187 6.6 7 Doha , Qatar 25,685 5.3 8 Melbourne , Australia 22,951 19.9 9 Sydney , Australia 21,801 13.2 10 Shenzhen , China 20,025 35.2 Ground transportation ( edit ) Inter-terminal transportation ( edit ) Aerotrain station in Satellite Building The Aerotrain is an automated people mover ( APM ) that connects the airside of KLIA Main Terminal Building ( MTB ) and the Satellite Building . Each 250 - person capacity train can transport 3,000 passengers per hour in each direction at up to 56 km / h ( 35 mph ) . These three - car driverless trains run on elevated rail and under the taxiways . The journey takes under two minutes . The Aerotrain operates between three and five - minute intervals between terminal . Automatic train controls manage the operation of the entire Aerotrain system , controlling the speeds , headways , stops and door openings in stations , and integrating functions that enhance the reliability and performance of the system . KLIA Transit and KLIA Ekspres provides landside connections between klia2 and KLIA Main Terminal Building ( MTB ) , and vice versa . This inter-terminal journey takes 3 - minutes to connect both terminals before proceeding onwards to KL Sentral . External connections ( edit ) Rail ( edit ) Main articles : Express Rail Link , KLIA Ekspres , KLIA Transit , Kuala Lumpur International Airport ERL station , and klia2 ERL station Kuala Lumpur International Airport is linked to the KL Sentral transportation hub in the city centre by the 57 km long Express Rail Link ( ERL ) . There are two ERL stations at the airport : KLIA station at the Main Terminal Building and klia2 station at Gateway@klia2 . The airport is served by two rail services on the ERL : KLIA Ekspres : The dedicated airport rail link which runs non-stop between KL Sentral and KLIA . The journey takes 28 minutes to / from KLIA , and 33 minutes to / from klia2 with a two - minute stop at KLIA . The KLIA Ekspres terminal at KL Sentral is known as the KL City Air Terminal ( KL CAT ) , which has an IATA designation XKL . KL CAT offers in - town flight check - in service up to two hours before flight departure time for passengers travelling on Cathay Pacific , Emirates , Etihad Airways , Malaysia Airlines , Malindo Air and Royal Brunei Airlines . KLIA Transit : A commuter rail service which stops at three additional stops ( Bandar Tasik Selatan , Putrajaya / Cyberjaya and Salak Tinggi ) between KL Sentral and KLIA . The journey takes 35 minutes to / from KLIA and 39 minutes to / from klia2 . Check - in facilities are only through automated kiosks at KLIA Transit stations . Taxis and limousine ( edit ) Airport taxis or airport limousines are provided by Airport Limo . The taxis and limousines are readily available at the Taxi and Limousine counters . They run from airport itself to destinations in Klang Valley and Greater Klang Valley . The fares are to be paid at the counter and are charged according to the destinations ' zone . A surcharge is applied for services between 12 am to 5 am Bus ( edit ) Both public and private buses connect KLIA and klia2 to several points in Kuala Lumpur and beyond . Expansion and developments ( edit ) Plans ( edit ) KLIA Aeropolis Masterplan With the slight modification of the masterplan , the future Terminal 2 's satellite terminal will be combined into one satellite terminal . The expansion of Terminal 2 's satellite terminal will be exactly the same as Terminal 1 's ( the current Main Terminal ) satellite terminal , where initially the satellite terminal will have four arms , and another four arms when the terminal reached its capacity . There is sufficient land and capacity to develop facilities to handle up to 97.5 million passengers a year , four runways by the year 2020 and two mega-terminals , each linked with satellite terminals . ( show ) Summary of Kuala Lumpur International Airport Masterplan Phase Year Description Phase 1 1998 Initial Capacity of 25 million Passenger Per Annum 2006 Capable of Handling 35 million Passengers per annum with the construction of Low Cost Carrier Terminal Phase 2 2008 Expansion of Low Cost Carrier Terminal to accommodate 40 Million Passengers per annum . Phase 3 2011 New Low Cost Carrier Terminal will be constructed to accommodate additional 30 million ( 55 million ) passengers Per Annum , Current Low Cost Carrier Terminal converted to cargo usage . Not fixed Satellite Terminal B will be constructed to handle maximum of 75 million passengers . ( One terminal accompanied by 2 satellite terminal and one low cost carrier terminal ) Phase 4 Not fixed Terminal 2 and Satellite Terminal C will be constructed so that the airport is capable to handle 97.5 million passengers . A380 upgrades ( edit ) The operator of Kuala Lumpur International Airport , Malaysia Airports Holding Berhad , had spent about RM135 million ( approx ) to upgrade facilities at the KL International Airport ( KLIA ) in Sepang to accommodate the Airbus A380 . Upgrading works started on 3 April 2006 , and was completed by 28 May 2007 . Works include the provision of shoulders on both sides of the two existing runways of 15 meters as well as the taxiways , building additional aerobridges at the three departure halls , namely C17 , C27 and C37 , and enhancing the mezzanine lounges for upper deck passengers of the aircraft at the departure halls . Emirates operates flights to Kuala Lumpur with the Airbus A380 commenced on 1 January 2012 . Malaysia Airlines also started its A380 services from Kuala Lumpur to London on 1 July 2012 . Panoramic view of Main Terminal Building and Contact Pier References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` MAHB Annual Report 2017 '' ( PDF ) . malaysiaairports. 9 April 2018 . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ WMKK -- KL INTERNATIONAL / SEPANG at Department of Civil Aviation Malaysia Jump up ^ `` KISHO KUROKAWA '' . Jump up ^ `` History of KLIA '' . 1998 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phases of KLIA '' . 1998 . Archived from the original on 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Flights of Kuala Lumpur International Airport '' . Department of Civil Aviation KLIA Branch. 1998 . Archived from the original on 9 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` KLIA 's opening marked with problems '' . Lim Kit Siang Media Release . July 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Passengers at Kuala Lumpur Airport up despite fewer airlines '' . Asian Economic News . 6 August 2001 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Airport Traffic Report '' ( PDF ) . 1998 . Jump up ^ `` North Korean leader 's brother Kim Jong - nam ' killed ' in Malaysia ' '' . BBC News . 14 February 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ For KLIA2 , arrivals for can only use 32L while departures can only use 14R Jump up ^ `` ADS - B at Kuala Lumpur To Boost Landings , FIR Restructuring '' . Aviation International News . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` eAIP MALAYSIA '' . aip.dca.gov.my . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Check - In News , Analysis and Event . `` Kuala Lumpur 's StB vision '' . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Airlines Recovery Plan Quarterly Update ( 1 Sept - 30 Nov 15 ) . '' Malaysia Airlines . Retrieved on 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Chan Tien Hin . `` AirAsia Has Record Drop on Loss , Analyst Downgrade . '' Bloomberg L.P.. 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 27 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Location Map Archived 1 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... '' MASkargo . Retrieved 22 February 2010 . `` Malaysia Airlines Cargo Sdn . Bhd . 1M , Zone C , Advanced Cargo Centre KLIA Free Commercial Zone , Southern Support Zone Kuala Lumpur International Airport 64000 Sepang Selangor , Malaysia '' Jump up ^ `` Contact Information . '' Malaysia Airports . Retrieved 23 May 2011 . `` Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad Malaysia Airports Corporate Office , Persiaran Korporat KLIA , 64000 KLIA , Sepang , Selangor . '' Jump up ^ `` Contact . '' Malaysia Airlines . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . `` MAS Golden Boutiques Sdn . Bhd . 1st Floor , MAS Flight Management Building 64000 Sepang , Kuala Lumpur International Airport Selangor , Malaysia '' Jump up ^ `` KLIA Introduces Integrated Self Check in Kiosks for Benefits of Passengers '' . Air Transport News . Archived from the original on 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` KLIA partners with SITA to be the first fully integrated Airport in Asia '' . Retrieved 21 September 2005 . Jump up ^ `` KLIA increase WiFi range '' . CAPA . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` At KLIA : Old Malaya Kopitiam 's signature Nyonya Laksa '' . www.tenthousandstrangers.com . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 9 firms shortlisted for KLIA retail expansion project '' . NST . Retrieved 16 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` klia2 receives ICAO nod , first landing '' . Archived from the original on 25 April 2014 . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` klia2 overview '' . Archived from the original on 2 May 2014 . Retrieved 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About klia2 '' . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` klia2 opens to public '' . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About gateway@klia2 '' . Retrieved 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Public invited to tour and experience klia2 before May 2 opening '' . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` klia2 Coming Soon '' . Archived from the original on 26 April 2014 . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Flight Check - In at KL Sentral '' . KLIA Ekspres . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ All Airlines can now offer city check - in in KL Sentral Archived 3 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ayisy , Yusof ( 21 July 2017 ) . `` AirAsia introduces KL to Davao route from Dec 21 ; fares start from RM99 '' . New Straits Times . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/277458/airasia-x-adds-kaohsiung-service-from-late-april-2018/ Jump up ^ `` AirAsia to increase services to Maldives with additional frequencies and exceptional promo from only RM199 - one - way AirAsia '' . www.airasia.com . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` China Eastern schedules additional SE Asia routes in W17 '' . routesonline . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/278810/condor-revises-kuala-lumpur-operation-in-w18/ Jump up ^ `` Lucky Air adds Lijiang -- Kuala Lumpur route from Dec 2017 '' . Routesonline . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Airlines resumes Brisbane service from June 2018 '' . Routesonline . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Malaysia Airlines S18 service changes as of 08DEC17 '' . Routesonline . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Malindo Air files Melbourne June 2018 launch Jump up ^ https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/278401/malindo-air-schedules-kuala-lumpur-labuan-charter-from-june-2018/ Jump up ^ Flightradar24 . `` LX - VCL - Boeing 747 - 8R7 ( F ) - Cargolux '' . Flightradar24 . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MasKargo adds new China service in Nov 2016 '' . routesonline . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://menziesaviation.com/news/menzies-macau-welcomes-maskargo-as-a-new-cargo-customer/ Jump up ^ `` Network '' . maskargo.com . Jump up ^ `` MAB Kargo partners Azerbaijan carrier to expand cargo network '' . Jump up ^ Flightradar24 . `` VQ - BWY - Boeing 747 - 83Q ( F ) - Silk Way West Airlines - Flightradar24 '' . Jump up ^ Flightradar24 . `` N447UP - Boeing 757 - 24APF - UPS Airlines - Flightradar24 '' . Jump up ^ `` Transport Statistics Malaysia 2016 : Table 4.12 Traffic Movements Between Malaysian Airports ( Including Singapore ) , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Transport Malaysia . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kuala Lumpur International '' . Kiat.net . Archived from the original on 3 May 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . Jump up ^ . kliaekspres.com https://www.kliaekspres.com/klia2/ . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` MAHB upgrade KLIA to take in A380 '' . NST . Retrieved 16 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` First Malaysia Airlines ' A380 Revealed in Full Special Livery -- Very encouraging demand for seats on Malaysia Airlines A380 flights '' . Malaysia Airlines . Retrieved 17 November 2012 . External links ( edit ) Malaysia portal Aviation portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kuala Lumpur International Airport . Kuala Lumpur International Airport travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website klia2 official website KLIA Info Website Gateway@klia2 website KLIA Main Terminal and klia2 real time flight schedule Kuala Lumpur International Airport ( KLIA ) Terminals Terminal 1 Satellite terminal A KL City Air Terminal klia2 Transport Aerotrain Express Rail Link KLIA Ekspres KLIA Transit Bus Authorities and operators Malaysia Airports Ministry of Home Affairs Department of Civil Aviation Tourist Police Transport in Malaysia Tourism in Malaysia Airports in Malaysia West Malaysia Alor Setar Ipoh Johor Bahru Kerteh Kota Bharu Kuala Terengganu Kuala Lumpur -- International Kuala Lumpur -- Subang Kuantan Langkawi Melaka Penang East Malaysia Ba'kelalan Bario Bintulu Kota Kinabalu Kuching Kudat Labuan Lahad Datu Lawas Limbang Long Akah Long Banga Long Lellang Long Seridan Marudi Miri Mukah Mulu Sandakan Sibu Tanjung Manis Tawau This lists airports in Malaysia with scheduled passenger services . Airports with scheduled international services are bolded . 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"Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) (Malay: Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuala Lumpur) (IATA: KUL, ICAO: WMKK) is Malaysia's main international airport and one of the major airports in South East Asia. It is located in Sepang district of Selangor, approximately 45 kilometres (28 mi) south of Kuala Lumpur city centre and serves the Greater Klang Valley conurbation."
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"Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA)"
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8738886892112996704 | Red blood cell | Red blood cell - wikipedia Red blood cell Jump to : navigation , search Red blood cell Scanning electron micrograph of human red blood cells ( ca . 6 -- 8 μm in diameter ) Details Function Oxygen transport Identifiers Acronym ( s ) RBC MeSH D004912 Anatomical terms of microanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Red blood cells ( RBCs ) , also called erythrocytes , are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate 's principal means of delivering oxygen ( O ) to the body tissues -- via blood flow through the circulatory system . RBCs take up oxygen in the lungs , or gills of fish , and release it into tissues while squeezing through the body 's capillaries . The cytoplasm of erythrocytes is rich in hemoglobin , an iron - containing biomolecule that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the red color of the cells . The cell membrane is composed of proteins and lipids , and this structure provides properties essential for physiological cell function such as deformability and stability while traversing the circulatory system and specifically the capillary network . In humans , mature red blood cells are flexible and oval biconcave disks . They lack a cell nucleus and most organelles , in order to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin ; they can be viewed as sacks of hemoglobin , with a plasma membrane as the sack . Approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults . The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100 -- 120 days in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages . Each circulation takes about 60 seconds ( one minute ) . Approximately a quarter of the cells in the human body are red blood cells . Nearly half of the blood 's volume ( 40 % to 45 % ) is red blood cells . Red blood cells are also known as RBCs , red cells , red blood corpuscles , haematids , erythroid cells or erythrocytes ( from Greek erythros for `` red '' and kytos for `` hollow vessel '' , with - cyte translated as `` cell '' in modern usage ) . Packed red blood cells ( pRBC ) are red blood cells that have been donated , processed , and stored in a blood bank for blood transfusion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Vertebrates 1.2 Mammals 1.3 Human 2 Microstructure 2.1 Nucleus 2.2 Membrane composition 2.2. 1 Membrane lipids 2.2. 2 Membrane proteins 2.3 Surface electrostatic potential 3 Function 3.1 Secondary functions 3.2 Cellular processes 4 Life cycle 4.1 Creation 4.2 Functional lifetime 4.3 Senescence 5 Clinical significance 5.1 Disease 5.2 Transfusion 5.3 Tests 5.4 Separation and blood doping 6 History 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure Vertebrates There is an immense size variation in vertebrate red blood cells , as well as a correlation between cell and nucleus size . Mammalian red blood cells , which do not contain nuclei , are considerably smaller than those of most other vertebrates . Mature red blood cells of birds have a nucleus , however in the blood of adult females of penguin Pygoscelis papua enucleated red blood cells ( B ) have been observed , but with very low frequency . Almost all vertebrates , including all mammals and humans , have red blood cells . Red blood cells are cells present in blood in order to transport oxygen . The only known vertebrates without red blood cells are the crocodile icefish ( family Channichthyidae ) ; they live in very oxygen - rich cold water and transport oxygen freely dissolved in their blood . While they no longer use hemoglobin , remnants of hemoglobin genes can be found in their genome . Vertebrate red blood cells consist mainly of hemoglobin , a complex metalloprotein containing heme groups whose iron atoms temporarily bind to oxygen molecules ( O ) in the lungs or gills and release them throughout the body . Oxygen can easily diffuse through the red blood cell 's cell membrane . Hemoglobin in the red blood cells also carries some of the waste product carbon dioxide back from the tissues ; most waste carbon dioxide , however , is transported back to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs as bicarbonate ( HCO ) dissolved in the blood plasma . Myoglobin , a compound related to hemoglobin , acts to store oxygen in muscle cells . The color of red blood cells is due to the heme group of hemoglobin . The blood plasma alone is straw - colored , but the red blood cells change color depending on the state of the hemoglobin : when combined with oxygen the resulting oxyhemoglobin is scarlet , and when oxygen has been released the resulting deoxyhemoglobin is of a dark red burgundy color . However , blood can appear bluish when seen through the vessel wall and skin . Pulse oximetry takes advantage of the hemoglobin color change to directly measure the arterial blood oxygen saturation using colorimetric techniques . Hemoglobin also has a very high affinity for carbon monoxide , forming carboxyhemoglobin which is a very bright red in color . Flushed , confused patients with a saturation reading of 100 % on pulse oximetry are sometimes found to be suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning . Having oxygen - carrying proteins inside specialized cells ( as opposed to oxygen carriers being dissolved in body fluid ) was an important step in the evolution of vertebrates as it allows for less viscous blood , higher concentrations of oxygen , and better diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the tissues . The size of red blood cells varies widely among vertebrate species ; red blood cell width is on average about 25 % larger than capillary diameter , and it has been hypothesized that this improves the oxygen transfer from red blood cells to tissues . Mammals Typical mammalian red blood cells : ( a ) seen from surface ; ( b ) in profile , forming rouleaux ; ( c ) rendered spherical by water ; ( d ) rendered crenate by salt . ( c ) and ( d ) do not normally occur in the body . The red blood cells of mammal s are typically shaped as biconcave disks : flattened and depressed in the center , with a dumbbell - shaped cross section , and a torus - shaped rim on the edge of the disk . This distinctive biconcave shape optimises the flow properties of blood in the large vessels , such as maximization of laminar flow and minimization of platelet scatter , which suppresses their atherogenic activity in those large vessels . Moreover , this shape allows for a high surface - area - to - volume ( SA / V ) ratio to facilitate diffusion of gases . However , there are some exceptions concerning shape in the artiodactyl order ( even - toed ungulates including cattle , deer , and their relatives ) , which displays a wide variety of bizarre red blood cell morphologies : small and highly ovaloid cells in llamas and camels ( family Camelidae ) , tiny spherical cells in mouse deer ( family Tragulidae ) , and cells which assume fusiform , lanceolate , crescentic , and irregularly polygonal and other angular forms in red deer and wapiti ( family Cervidae ) . Members of this order have clearly evolved a mode of red blood cell development substantially different from the mammalian norm . Overall , mammalian red blood cells are remarkably flexible and deformable so as to squeeze through tiny capillaries , as well as to maximize their apposing surface by assuming a cigar shape , where they efficiently release their oxygen load . Red blood cells in mammals are unique amongst vertebrates as they do not have nuclei when mature . Red blood cells of mammals cells have nuclei during early phases of erythropoiesis , but extrude them during development as they mature in order to provide more space for hemoglobin . The red blood cells without nuclei , called reticulocytes , go on to lose all other cellular organelles such as their mitochondria , Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum . The spleen acts as a reservoir of red blood cells , but this effect is somewhat limited in humans . In some other mammals such as dogs and horses , the spleen sequesters large numbers of red blood cells which are dumped into the blood during times of exertion stress , yielding a higher oxygen transport capacity . Scanning electron micrograph of blood cells . From left to right : human red blood cell , thrombocyte ( platelet ) , leukocyte . Human Two drops of blood are shown with a bright red oxygenated drop on the left and a deoxygenated drop on the right . Animation of a typical human red blood cell cycle in the circulatory system . This animation occurs at a faster rate ( ~ 20 seconds of the average 60 - second cycle ) and shows the red blood cell deforming as it enters capillaries , as well as the bars changing color as the cell alternates in states of oxygenation along the circulatory system . A typical human red blood cell has a disk diameter of approximately 6.2 -- 8.2 μm and a thickness at the thickest point of 2 -- 2.5 μm and a minimum thickness in the centre of 0.8 -- 1 μm , being much smaller than most other human cells . These cells have an average volume of about 90 fL with a surface of about 136 μm , and can swell up to a sphere shape containing 150 fL , without membrane distension . Adult humans have roughly 20 -- 30 trillion red blood cells at any given time , constituting approximately 70 % all cells by number . Women have about 4 -- 5 million red blood cells per microliter ( cubic millimeter ) of blood and men about 5 -- 6 million ; people living at high altitudes with low oxygen tension will have more . Red blood cells are thus much more common than the other blood particles : there are about 4,000 -- 11,000 white blood cells and about 150,000 -- 400,000 platelets per microliter . Human red blood cells take on average 60 seconds to complete one cycle of circulation . The blood 's red color is due to the spectral properties of the hemic iron ions in hemoglobin . Each human red blood cell contains approximately 270 million of these hemoglobin molecules . Each hemoglobin molecule carries four heme groups ; hemoglobin constitutes about a third of the total cell volume . Hemoglobin is responsible for the transport of more than 98 % of the oxygen in the body ( the remaining oxygen is carried dissolved in the blood plasma ) . The red blood cells of an average adult human male store collectively about 2.5 grams of iron , representing about 65 % of the total iron contained in the body . Microstructure Nucleus Red blood cells in mammals anucleate when mature , meaning that they lack a cell nucleus . In comparison , the red blood cells of other vertebrates have nuclei ; the only known exceptions are salamanders of the Batrachoseps genus and fish of the Maurolicus genus with closely related species . The elimination of the nucleus in vertebrate red blood cells has been offered as an explanation for the subsequent accumulation of non-coding DNA in the genome . The argument runs as follows : Efficient gas transport requires red blood cells to pass through very narrow capillaries , and this constrains their size . In the absence of nuclear elimination , the accumulation of repeat sequences is constrained by the volume occupied by the nucleus , which increases with genome size . Nucleated red blood cells in mammals consist of two forms : normoblasts , which are normal erythropoietic precursors to mature red blood cells , and megaloblasts , which are abnormally large precursors that occur in megaloblastic anemias . Membrane composition Red blood cells are deformable , flexible , are able to adhere to other cells , and are able to interface with immune cells . Their membrane plays many roles in this . These functions are highly dependent on the membrane composition . The red blood cell membrane is composed of 3 layers : the glycocalyx on the exterior , which is rich in carbohydrates ; the lipid bilayer which contains many transmembrane proteins , besides its lipidic main constituents ; and the membrane skeleton , a structural network of proteins located on the inner surface of the lipid bilayer . Half of the membrane mass in human and most mammalian red blood cells are proteins . The other half are lipids , namely phospholipids and cholesterol . Membrane lipids The most common red blood cell cell membrane lipids , schematically disposed as they are distributed on the bilayer . Relative abundances are not at scale . The red blood cell cell membrane comprises a typical lipid bilayer , similar to what can be found in virtually all human cells . Simply put , this lipid bilayer is composed of cholesterol and phospholipids in equal proportions by weight . The lipid composition is important as it defines many physical properties such as membrane permeability and fluidity . Additionally , the activity of many membrane proteins is regulated by interactions with lipids in the bilayer . Unlike cholesterol , which is evenly distributed between the inner and outer leaflets , the 5 major phospholipids are asymmetrically disposed , as shown below : Outer monolayer Phosphatidylcholine ( PC ) ; Sphingomyelin ( SM ) . Inner monolayer Phosphatidylethanolamine ( PE ) ; Phosphoinositol ( PI ) ( small amounts ) . Phosphatidylserine ( PS ) ; This asymmetric phospholipid distribution among the bilayer is the result of the function of several energy - dependent and energy - independent phospholipid transport proteins . Proteins called `` Flippases '' move phospholipids from the outer to the inner monolayer , while others called `` floppases '' do the opposite operation , against a concentration gradient in an energy dependent manner . Additionally , there are also `` scramblase '' proteins that move phospholipids in both directions at the same time , down their concentration gradients in an energy independent manner . There is still considerable debate ongoing regarding the identity of these membrane maintenance proteins in the red cell membrane . The maintenance of an asymmetric phospholipid distribution in the bilayer ( such as an exclusive localization of PS and PIs in the inner monolayer ) is critical for the cell integrity and function due to several reasons : Macrophages recognize and phagocytose red cells that expose PS at their outer surface . Thus the confinement of PS in the inner monolayer is essential if the cell is to survive its frequent encounters with macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system , especially in the spleen . Premature destruction of thallassemic and sickle red cells has been linked to disruptions of lipid asymmetry leading to exposure of PS on the outer monolayer . An exposure of PS can potentiate adhesion of red cells to vascular endothelial cells , effectively preventing normal transit through the microvasculature . Thus it is important that PS is maintained only in the inner leaflet of the bilayer to ensure normal blood flow in microcirculation . Both PS and phosphatidylinositol - 4 , 5 - bisphosphate ( PIP2 ) can regulate membrane mechanical function , due to their interactions with skeletal proteins such as spectrin and protein 4.1 R. Recent studies have shown that binding of spectrin to PS promotes membrane mechanical stability . PIP2 enhances the binding of protein band 4.1 R to glycophorin C but decreases its interaction with protein band 3 , and thereby may modulate the linkage of the bilayer to the membrane skeleton . The presence of specialized structures named `` lipid rafts '' in the red blood cell membrane have been described by recent studies . These are structures enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids associated with specific membrane proteins , namely flotillins , stomatins ( band 7 ) , G - proteins , and β - adrenergic receptors . Lipid rafts that have been implicated in cell signaling events in nonerythroid cells have been shown in erythroid cells to mediate β2 - adregenic receptor signaling and increase cAMP levels , and thus regulating entry of malarial parasites into normal red cells . Membrane proteins Red blood cell membrane proteins separated by SDS - PAGE and silverstained The proteins of the membrane skeleton are responsible for the deformability , flexibility and durability of the red blood cell , enabling it to squeeze through capillaries less than half the diameter of the red blood cell ( 7 -- 8 μm ) and recovering the discoid shape as soon as these cells stop receiving compressive forces , in a similar fashion to an object made of rubber . There are currently more than 50 known membrane proteins , which can exist in a few hundred up to a million copies per red blood cell . Approximately 25 of these membrane proteins carry the various blood group antigens , such as the A , B and Rh antigens , among many others . These membrane proteins can perform a wide diversity of functions , such as transporting ions and molecules across the red cell membrane , adhesion and interaction with other cells such as endothelial cells , as signaling receptors , as well as other currently unknown functions . The blood types of humans are due to variations in surface glycoproteins of red blood cells . Disorders of the proteins in these membranes are associated with many disorders , such as hereditary spherocytosis , hereditary elliptocytosis , hereditary stomatocytosis , and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria . The red blood cell membrane proteins organized according to their function : Red blood cell membrane major proteins Transport Band 3 -- Anion transporter , also an important structural component of the red blood cell cell membrane , makes up to 25 % of the cell membrane surface , each red cell contains approximately one million copies . Defines the Diego Blood Group ; Aquaporin 1 -- water transporter , defines the Colton Blood Group ; Glut1 -- glucose and L - dehydroascorbic acid transporter ; Kidd antigen protein -- urea transporter ; RhAG -- gas transporter , probably of carbon dioxide , defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh ; Na / K -- ATPase ; Ca -- ATPase ; Na K 2Cl -- cotransporter ; Na - Cl -- cotransporter ; Na - H exchanger ; K - Cl -- cotransporter ; Gardos Channel . Cell adhesion ICAM - 4 -- interacts with integrins ; BCAM -- a glycoprotein that defines the Lutheran blood group and also known as Lu or laminin - binding protein . Structural role -- The following membrane proteins establish linkages with skeletal proteins and may play an important role in regulating cohesion between the lipid bilayer and membrane skeleton , likely enabling the red cell to maintain its favorable membrane surface area by preventing the membrane from collapsing ( vesiculating ) . Ankyrin - based macromolecular complex -- proteins linking the bilayer to the membrane skeleton through the interaction of their cytoplasmic domains with Ankyrin . Band 3 -- also assembles various glycolytic enzymes , the presumptive CO transporter , and carbonic anhydrase into a macromolecular complex termed a `` metabolon , '' which may play a key role in regulating red cell metabolism and ion and gas transport function ) ; RhAG -- also involved in transport , defines associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh . Protein 4.1 R - based macromolecular complex -- proteins interacting with Protein 4.1 R . Protein 4.1 R -- weak expression of Gerbich antigens ; Glycophorin C and D -- glycoprotein , defines Gerbich Blood Group ; XK -- defines the Kell Blood Group and the Mcleod unusual phenotype ( lack of Kx antigen and greatly reduced expression of Kell antigens ) ; RhD / RhCE -- defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh ; Duffy protein -- has been proposed to be associated with chemokine clearance ; Adducin -- interaction with band 3 ; Dematin - interaction with the Glut1 glucose transporter . Surface electrostatic potential The zeta potential is an electrochemical property of cell surfaces that is determined by the net electrical charge of molecules exposed at the surface of cell membranes of the cell . The normal zeta potential of the red blood cell is − 15.7 milli volts ( mV ) . Much of this potential appears to be contributed by the exposed sialic acid residues in the membrane : their removal results in zeta potential of − 6.06 mV . Function Secondary functions When red blood cells undergo shear stress in constricted vessels , they release ATP , which causes the vessel walls to relax and dilate so as to promote normal blood flow . When their hemoglobin molecules are deoxygenated , red blood cells release S - nitrosothiols , which also act to dilate blood vessels , thus directing more blood to areas of the body depleted of oxygen . Red blood cells can also synthesize nitric oxide enzymatically , using L - arginine as substrate , as do endothelial cells . Exposure of red blood cells to physiological levels of shear stress activates nitric oxide synthase and export of nitric oxide , which may contribute to the regulation of vascular tonus . Red blood cells can also produce hydrogen sulfide , a signalling gas that acts to relax vessel walls . It is believed that the cardioprotective effects of garlic are due to red blood cells converting its sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide . Red blood cells also play a part in the body 's immune response : when lysed by pathogens such as bacteria , their hemoglobin releases free radicals , which break down the pathogen 's cell wall and membrane , killing it . Cellular processes As a result of not containing mitochondria , red blood cells use none of the oxygen they transport ; instead they produce the energy carrier ATP by the glycolysis of glucose and lactic acid fermentation on the resulting pyruvate . Furthermore the pentose phosphate pathway plays an important role in red blood cells ; see glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency for more . As red blood cells contain no nucleus , protein biosynthesis is currently assumed to be absent in these cells . Because of the lack of nuclei and organelles , mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and can not synthesize any RNA , and consequently can not divide and have limited repair capabilities . The inability to carry out protein synthesis means that no virus can evolve to target mammalian red blood cells . However , infection with parvoviruses ( such as human parvovirus B19 ) can affect erythroid precursors , as recognized by the presence of giant pronormoblasts with viral particles and inclusion bodies , thus temporarily depleting the blood of reticulocytes and causing anemia . Life cycle Human red blood cells are produced through a process named erythropoiesis , developing from committed stem cells to mature red blood cells in about 7 days . When matured , in a healthy individual these cells live in blood circulation for about 100 to 120 days ( and 80 to 90 days in a full term infant ) . At the end of their lifespan , they are removed from circulation . In many chronic diseases , the lifespan of the red blood cells is reduced . Creation Erythropoiesis is the process by which new red blood cells are produced ; it lasts about 7 days . Through this process red blood cells are continuously produced in the red bone marrow of large bones . ( In the embryo , the liver is the main site of red blood cell production . ) The production can be stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin ( EPO ) , synthesised by the kidney . Just before and after leaving the bone marrow , the developing cells are known as reticulocytes ; these constitute about 1 % of circulating red blood cells . Functional lifetime The functional lifetime of an red blood cell is about 100 -- 120 days , during which time the red blood cells are continually moved by the blood flow push ( in arteries ) , pull ( in veins ) and a combination of the two as they squeeze through microvessels such as capillaries . They are also recycled in the bone marrow . Senescence The aging red blood cell undergoes changes in its plasma membrane , making it susceptible to selective recognition by macrophages and subsequent phagocytosis in the mononuclear phagocyte system ( spleen , liver and lymph nodes ) , thus removing old and defective cells and continually purging the blood . This process is termed eryptosis , red blood cell programmed cell death . This process normally occurs at the same rate of production by erythropoiesis , balancing the total circulating red blood cell count . Eryptosis is increased in a wide variety of diseases including sepsis , haemolytic uremic syndrome , malaria , sickle cell anemia , beta - thalassemia , glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency , phosphate depletion , iron deficiency and Wilson 's disease . Eryptosis can be elicited by osmotic shock , oxidative stress , energy depletion as well as a wide variety of endogenous mediators and xenobiotics . Excessive eryptosis is observed in red blood cells lacking the cGMP - dependent protein kinase type I or the AMP - activated protein kinase AMPK . Inhibitors of eryptosis include erythropoietin , nitric oxide , catecholamines and high concentrations of urea . Much of the resulting breakdown products are recirculated in the body . The heme constituent of hemoglobin are broken down into iron ( Fe ) and biliverdin . The biliverdin is reduced to bilirubin , which is released into the plasma and recirculated to the liver bound to albumin . The iron is released into the plasma to be recirculated by a carrier protein called transferrin . Almost all red blood cells are removed in this manner from the circulation before they are old enough to hemolyze . Hemolyzed hemoglobin is bound to a protein in plasma called haptoglobin , which is not excreted by the kidney . Clinical significance Disease Affected by Sickle - cell disease , red blood cells alter shape and threaten to damage internal organs . Blood diseases involving the red blood cells include : Anemias ( or anaemias ) are diseases characterized by low oxygen transport capacity of the blood , because of low red cell count or some abnormality of the red blood cells or the hemoglobin . Iron deficiency anemia is the most common anemia ; it occurs when the dietary intake or absorption of iron is insufficient , and hemoglobin , which contains iron , can not be formed Sickle - cell disease is a genetic disease that results in abnormal hemoglobin molecules . When these release their oxygen load in the tissues , they become insoluble , leading to mis - shaped red blood cells . These sickle shaped red cells are less deformable and viscoelastic meaning that they have become rigid and can cause blood vessel blockage , pain , strokes , and other tissue damage . Thalassemia is a genetic disease that results in the production of an abnormal ratio of hemoglobin subunits . Hereditary spherocytosis syndromes are a group of inherited disorders characterized by defects in the red blood cell 's cell membrane , causing the cells to be small , sphere - shaped , and fragile instead of donut - shaped and flexible . These abnormal red blood cells are destroyed by the spleen . Several other hereditary disorders of the red blood cell membrane are known . Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disease wherein the body lacks intrinsic factor , required to absorb vitamin B from food . Vitamin B is needed for the production of hemoglobin . Aplastic anemia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce blood cells . Pure red cell aplasia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce only red blood cells . Effect of osmotic pressure on blood cells Micrographs of the effects of osmotic pressure Hemolysis is the general term for excessive breakdown of red blood cells . It can have several causes and can result in hemolytic anemia . The malaria parasite spends part of its life - cycle in red blood cells , feeds on their hemoglobin and then breaks them apart , causing fever . Both sickle - cell disease and thalassemia are more common in malaria areas , because these mutations convey some protection against the parasite . Polycythemias ( or erythrocytoses ) are diseases characterized by a surplus of red blood cells . The increased viscosity of the blood can cause a number of symptoms . In polycythemia vera the increased number of red blood cells results from an abnormality in the bone marrow . Several microangiopathic diseases , including disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombotic microangiopathies , present with pathognomonic ( diagnostic ) red blood cell fragments called schistocytes . These pathologies generate fibrin strands that sever red blood cells as they try to move past a thrombus . Transfusion Main article : Blood transfusion Red blood cells may be given as part of a blood transfusion . Blood may be donated from another person , or stored by the recipient at an earlier date . Donated blood usually requires screening to ensure that donors do not contain risk factors for the presence of blood - borne diseases , or will not suffer themselves by giving blood . Blood is usually collected and tested for common or serious Blood - borne diseases including Hepatitis B , Hepatitis C and HIV . The blood type ( A , B , AB , or O ) or the blood product is identified . This relates to the presence of antigens on the cell 's surface . After this process , the blood is stored , and within a short duration is used . Blood can be given as a whole product or the red blood cells separated as packed red blood cells . Blood is often transfused when there is known anaemia , active bleeding , or when there is an expectation of serious blood loss , such as prior to an operation . Before blood is given , a small sample of the recipient 's blood is tested with the transfusion in a process known as cross-matching . In addition to the transmission of infection , certain types of transfusion reaction . In 2008 it was reported that human embryonic stem cells had been successfully coaxed into becoming red blood cells in the lab . The difficult step was to induce the cells to eject their nucleus ; this was achieved by growing the cells on stromal cells from the bone marrow . It is hoped that these artificial red blood cells can eventually be used for blood transfusions . Tests Several blood tests involve red blood cells . These include a RBC count ( the number of red blood cells per volume of blood ) , calculation of the hematocrit ( percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells ) , and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate . The blood type needs to be determined to prepare for a blood transfusion or an organ transplantation . Many diseases involving red blood cells are diagnosed with a blood film ( or peripheral blood smear ) , where a thin layer of blood is smeared on a microscope slide . This may reveal abnormalities of red blood cell shape and form . When red blood cells sometimes occur as a stack , flat side next to flat side . This is known as rouleaux formation , and it occurs more often if the levels of certain serum proteins are elevated , as for instance during inflammation . Separation and blood doping Red blood cells can be obtained from whole blood by centrifugation , which separates the cells from the blood plasma in a process known as blood fractionation . Packed red blood cells , which are made in this way from whole blood with the plasma removed , are used in transfusion medicine . During plasma donation , the red blood cells are pumped back into the body right away and only the plasma is collected . Some athletes have tried to improve their performance by blood doping : first about 1 litre of their blood is extracted , then the red blood cells are isolated , frozen and stored , to be reinjected shortly before the competition . ( Red blood cells can be conserved for 5 weeks at − 79 ° C or − 110 ° F ) This practice is hard to detect but may endanger the human cardiovascular system which is not equipped to deal with blood of the resulting higher viscosity . Another method of blood doping involves injection with erythropoietin in order to stimulate production of red blood cells . Both practices are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency . History The first person to describe red blood cells was the young Dutch biologist Jan Swammerdam , who had used an early microscope in 1658 to study the blood of a frog . Unaware of this work , Anton van Leeuwenhoek provided another microscopic description in 1674 , this time providing a more precise description of red blood cells , even approximating their size , `` 25,000 times smaller than a fine grain of sand '' . In 1901 , Karl Landsteiner published his discovery of the three main blood groups -- A , B , and C ( which he later renamed to O ) . Landsteiner described the regular patterns in which reactions occurred when serum was mixed with red blood cells , thus identifying compatible and conflicting combinations between these blood groups . A year later Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli , two colleagues of Landsteiner , identified a fourth blood group -- AB . In 1959 , by use of X-ray crystallography , Dr. Max Perutz was able to unravel the structure of hemoglobin , the red blood cell protein that carries oxygen . The oldest intact red blood cells ever discovered were found in Ötzi the Iceman , a natural mummy of a man who died around 3255 BCE . These cells were discovered in May 2012 . See also Altitude training Blood serum Erythrocyte deformability Erythrocyte fragility Blood substitute Packed red blood cells Red blood cell indices References Jump up ^ `` Blood Cells '' . Jump up ^ Erich Sackmann , Biological Membranes Architecture and Function. , Handbook of Biological Physics , ( ed . R. Lipowsky and E. Sackmann , vol. 1 , Elsevier , 1995 ^ Jump up to : J.A. Blom ( 15 December 2003 ) . Monitoring of Respiration and Circulation . CRC Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 50328 - 7 . Jump up ^ Laura Dean . 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( 1982 ) . `` The cytomorphic system of anucleate non-mammalian erythrocytes '' . Protoplasma. 113 : 23 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01283036 . Jump up ^ Wingstrand KG ( 1956 ) . `` Non-nucleated erythrocytes in a teleostean fish Maurolicus mülleri ( Gmelin ) '' . Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie. 45 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 200 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00338830 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 24 ) . PMID 13402080 . Jump up ^ Gregory , T.R. ( 2001 ) . `` The Bigger the C - Value , the Larger the Cell : Genome Size and Red Blood Cell Size in Vertebrates '' . Blood Cells , Molecules , and Diseases . 27 ( 5 ) : 830 -- 843 . doi : 10.1006 / bcmd. 2001.0457 . PMID 11783946 . ^ Jump up to : Yazdanbakhsh K , Lomas - Francis C , Reid ME ( October 2000 ) . `` Blood groups and diseases associated with inherited abnormalities of the red blood cell membrane '' . Transfusion Medicine Reviews . 14 ( 4 ) : 364 -- 74 . doi : 10.1053 / tmrv. 2000.16232 . PMID 11055079 . 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IUBMB Life . 60 ( 10 ) : 661 -- 8 . doi : 10.1002 / iub. 106 . PMID 18720418 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ An X , Mohandas N ( May 2008 ) . `` Disorders of red cell membrane '' . British Journal of Haematology. 141 ( 3 ) : 367 -- 75 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2141.2008. 07091. x . PMID 18341630 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ First red blood cells grown in the lab , New Scientist News , 19 August 2008 Jump up ^ `` Circular of Information for Blood and Blood Products '' ( pdf ) . American Association of Blood Banks , American Red Cross , America 's Blood Centers . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Swammerdam , Jan ( 1637 -- 1680 ) '' , McGraw Hill AccessScience , 2007 . Accessed 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Red Gold -- Blood History Timeline '' . PBS . 2002 . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Pappas ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Iceman ' mummy holds world 's oldest blood cells '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red blood cells . Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens by Laura Dean . Searchable and downloadable online textbook in the public domain . Database of vertebrate erythrocyte sizes . Red Gold , PBS site containing facts and history Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes The main cell types in blood Myeloid Granulocytes CFU - G Band cell Neutrophil Basophil CFU - Baso Eosinophil CFU - Eos Mast cell CFU - Mast Monocytes Macrophages Histiocytes Kupffer cells Alveolar macrophage Microglia Osteoclasts Epithelioid cells giant cells Langhans giant cells , Foreign - body giant cell Touton giant cells Other Antigen presenting cells Dendritic cells Langerhans cell CFU - DL CFU - M MPS Platelets CFU - Meg Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Red blood cells Reticulocyte Normoblast CFU - E Other Precursor cells CFU - GM Megakaryocyte -- erythroid progenitor cell CFU - GEMM Myelomonocyte Other Plasma Hematopoietic stem cell GND : 4070945 - 0 NDL : 00570626 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_blood_cell&oldid=833022098 '' Categories : Human cells Blood cells Respiration 1658 in science Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 82 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 07 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the production of blood cells take place | [
"Erythropoiesis is the process by which new red blood cells are produced; it lasts about 7 days. Through this process red blood cells are continuously produced in the red bone marrow of large bones. (In the embryo, the liver is the main site of red blood cell production.) The production can be stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), synthesised by the kidney. Just before and after leaving the bone marrow, the developing cells are known as reticulocytes; these constitute about 1% of circulating red blood cells."
] | [
"the red bone marrow of large bones"
] |
-6348941444719014107 | Feel It Still | Feel It Still - wikipedia Feel It Still Jump to : navigation , search `` Feel It Still '' Single by Portugal . The Man from the album Woodstock Released March 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) Format Digital download Genre Psychedelic pop funk Length 2 : 42 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Robert Bateman Zachary Scott Carothers Freddie Gorman John Baldwin Gourley John Hill Brian Holland Eric Andrew Howk Kyle O'Quin Jason Wade Sechrist Asa Taccone Producer ( s ) John Hill Asa Taccone Portugal . The Man singles chronology `` Noise Pollution '' ( 2016 ) `` Feel It Still '' ( 2017 ) `` Live in the Moment '' ( 2017 ) `` Noise Pollution '' ( 2016 ) `` Feel It Still '' ( 2017 ) `` Live in the Moment '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Feel It Still '' on YouTube `` Feel It Still '' is a song by American rock band Portugal . The Man . The song , which has interpolations from The Marvelettes ' 1961 hit `` Please Mr. Postman '' , was written by the band along with John Hill and Asa Taccone , with the latter two serving as producers . It serves as the second single and first radio single off their eighth studio album Woodstock . The song reached number one on the US Alternative Songs , Mexican and Russian Tophit airplay chart , and became their first entry on the Hot 100 , reaching number four as of October 2017 . It was also featured in advertisements for the Apple iPad Pro , Vitamin Water , YouTube TV and in the first and second trailers for the 2018 film Peter Rabbit . The track reached the top 10 in 18 countries including Australia , Belgium , Canada , France , Germany , Ireland , New Zealand , Norway , Portugal , Slovenia , Spain , Switzerland , the United Kingdom and the United States . In January 2018 , the song won the Best Pop Duo / Group Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Commercial performance 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Certifications 5 Release history 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video was released on March 6 , 2017 . An interactive version was also released , powered by technology from WIREWAX . The interactive video contained `` Easter eggs '' that a viewer could click on to build their # resist toolkit to learn and support 30 different social and political causes . Commercial Performance ( edit ) The song became the band 's first to top both the Billboard Alternative Songs and the Adult Alternative Songs charts . Taking six weeks to do so , it is the fastest an artist has achieved their first chart - topper on the latter chart since Mumford & Sons ' `` I Will Wait '' took three weeks to reach number one . `` Feel It Still '' also climbed to number four on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming their first entry on the chart . The song also peaked at number one on the Russian and Mexican airplay charts , and peaked inside the top 20 in France and Switzerland . `` Feel It Still '' has spent twenty weeks at number one on the Alternative Songs chart , becoming the longest - running number - one song on that chart , beating out `` Madness '' by Muse , which spent 19 weeks at the top from 2012 to 2013 . In Billboard 's November 11 , 2017 issue , `` Feel It Still '' joined the list of songs since 2003 to have reached number one on six of the major airplay charts : Radio Songs , Pop Songs , Adult Pop Songs , Alternative Songs , Adult Alternative Songs and Dance / Mix Show Airplay . Portugal . The Man are the first act to accomplish this feat since Gotye and Kimbra with `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' in 2012 ; they are the only artists to have a number - one Alternative and Adult Alternative single also reach number one on the Dance / Mix Show Airplay since the chart 's launch in August 2003 . They are now also one of twelve acts to have achieved the feat of having reached number one on six or more airplay charts . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Canada Rock ( Billboard ) 11 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 35 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 6 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 5 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 13 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 Italy ( FIMI ) 83 Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 10 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 28 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 65 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 10 Portugal ( AFP ) 8 Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 27 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 12 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 42 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 17 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 28 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 30 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 55 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 50 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 70 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 60 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 76 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 68 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 72 Israel ( Media Forest ) 29 Poland ( ZPAV ) 77 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 53 US Billboard Hot 100 45 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 18 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 30 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 4 × Platinum 320,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Portugal ( AFP ) Gold 5,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Worldwide March 3 , 2017 Digital download Atlantic United States August 1 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio See also ( edit ) List of Billboard number - one alternative singles of the 2010s List of Billboard number - one adult alternative singles of the 2010s References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kaye , Ben ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` Portugal . The Man share swinging new single `` Feel It Still '' -- listen `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schlanger , Talia ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Portugal . The Man On World Cafe '' . NPR.org . NPR . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Then there 's the song itself , which bears a certain resemblance to the old Marvelettes song `` Please Mr. Postman . '' And while Portugal . The Man certainly did n't try to pull one over on anybody , and even warned its team about the similarities between the two songs , the band explains why it had to get lawyers involved . ^ Jump up to : Havens , Lyndsey ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Portugal . The Man Explain How Bernie Sanders Inspired Surprise Hit ' Feel It Still ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New iPad Pro -- On Any Given Wednesday -- Apple '' . Youtube.com . Apple . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` vitaminwater # drinkoutsidethelines aaron paul tv commercial : 45 '' . YouTube . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PETER RABBIT - Official Trailer ( HD ) '' . YouTube . September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal . The Man Release Political ' Feel It Still ' Video '' . Radio.com . March 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Kevin ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Portugal . The Man Lands First Adult Alternative Songs No. 1 With ' Feel It Still ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Kevin ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Portugal . The Man Earns First Alternative Songs No. 1 With ' Feel It Still ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8053726/portugal-the-man-feel-it-still-alternative-songs-number-one-breaks-record Jump up ^ `` Portugal . The Man 's ' Feel It Still ' Is Biggest Rock Crossover Hit in Five Years '' . Billboard . October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 5 al 11 de Febrero , 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Canada Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201742 into search . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201743 into search . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 42 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal . The Man Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard Mexico Ingles Airplay for Portugal . The Man . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 51 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 45 , 2017 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 26 ) '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201744 into search . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201747 into search . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Singles 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 -- Single - Charts 2017 '' . oe3.orf.at . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 -- eladási darabszám alapján -- 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 -- 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Israel Airplay 2017 '' . mediaforest.biz . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 2017 -- w pierwszej trójce Sheeran , Tiësto i Hyży '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Enter Portugal . The Man in the field Interpret . Enter Feel It Still in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2018 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . Music Canada . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Portugal . The Man ; ' Feel It Still ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com - Singles Top 100 ( 07 / 2018 ) '' . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Portugal . The man -- Feel it still '' elportaldemusica.es . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Portugal . The Man ; ' Feel It Still ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Enter Feel It Still in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Feel It Still -- Single by Portugal . The Man '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . AllAccess Music Group . July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Portugal . The Man John Gourley Zachary Carothers Kyle O'Quin Eric Howk Jason Sechrist Ryan Neighbors Noah Gersh Kane Ritchotte Wesley Hubbard Nick Klein Harvey Tumbleson Studio albums Waiter : `` You Vultures ! '' ( 2006 ) Church Mouth ( 2007 ) Censored Colors ( 2008 ) The Satanic Satanist ( 2009 ) American Ghetto ( 2010 ) In the Mountain in the Cloud ( 2011 ) Evil Friends ( 2013 ) Woodstock ( 2017 ) Other albums The Majestic Majesty ( 2009 ) Extended plays Under Waves of the Brown Coat ( 2005 ) The Pines & the Devil ( 2006 ) Devil Say I , I Say AIR ( 2006 ) It 's Complicated Being a Wizard ( 2007 ) My Mind / Seventeen ( 2007 ) Singles `` Feel It Still '' ( 2017 ) `` Live in the Moment '' ( 2017 ) Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feel_It_Still&oldid=836944421 '' Categories : 2017 songs 2017 singles Portugal . The Man songs Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Rock Songs number - one singles Songs written by John Hill ( record producer ) Songs written by Robert Bateman ( songwriter ) Songs written by Freddie Gorman Songs written by Brian Holland Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadarock Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 19 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings in the song feel it still | [
"\"Feel It Still\" is a song by American rock band Portugal. The Man. The song, which has interpolations from The Marvelettes' 1961 hit \"Please Mr. Postman\",[2][3] was written by the band along with John Hill and Asa Taccone, with the latter two serving as producers. It serves as the second single and first radio single off their eighth studio album Woodstock. The song reached number one on the US Alternative Songs, Mexican and Russian Tophit airplay chart, and became their first entry on the Hot 100, reaching number four as of October 2017. It was also featured in advertisements for the Apple iPad Pro,[4] Vitamin Water,[5] YouTube TV and in the first and second trailers for the 2018 film Peter Rabbit.[6]",
"\"Feel It Still\" is a song by American rock band Portugal. The Man. The song, which has interpolations from The Marvelettes' 1961 hit \"Please Mr. Postman\",[2][3] was written by the band along with John Hill and Asa Taccone, with the latter two serving as producers. It serves as the second single and first radio single off their eighth studio album Woodstock. The song reached number one on the US Alternative Songs, Mexican and Russian Tophit airplay chart, and became their first entry on the Hot 100, reaching number four as of October 2017. It was also featured in advertisements for the Apple iPad Pro,[4] Vitamin Water,[5] YouTube TV and in the first and second trailers for the 2018 film Peter Rabbit.[6]"
] | [
"American rock band Portugal. The Man",
"The Marvelettes"
] |
-4911259116087083187 | Owen Hunt | Owen Hunt - wikipedia Owen Hunt Owen Hunt , Major , USA ( ret ) Grey 's Anatomy character The season nine promotional photograph of Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt First appearance `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' ( 5.01 ) September 25 , 2008 ( as recurring cast ) `` Beat Your Heart Out '' ( 5.14 ) February 5 , 2009 ( as series regular ) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Kevin McKidd Information Occupation Attending Trauma Surgeon Chief of Surgery ( former ) Title Chief of Trauma Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Megan Hunt ( sister ) Evelyn Hunt ( mother ) Leo ( foster son ) Spouse ( s ) Cristina Yang ( divorced ) Amelia Shepherd ( divorced ) Significant other ( s ) Emma Marling Beth Whitman ( ex-fiancée ) Carina Deluca Teddy Altman Relatives Derek Shepherd ( ex brother - in - law ) ( deceased ) Nathan Riggs ( brother - in - law ) Farouk Shami ( nephew ) Owen Hunt , M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series ' producer Shonda Rhimes , and is portrayed by actor Kevin McKidd . He was introduced in season five as a U.S. Army trauma surgeon who served in war - torn Iraq , and subsequently joins the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital to teach medicine as a surgical attending , head of trauma surgery , and eventual chief of surgery , sometimes with unorthodox methods . Originally contracted to appear for a multi-episode story arc , he was upgraded to a series ' regular at the conclusion of his first appearance . The fictional character served as a love interest for surgical fellow Cristina Yang , and had an unstable personality when first introduced , suffering from PTSD . McKidd 's connection with fellow actress Sandra Oh ( Cristina Yang ) has been acclaimed amongst critics , with Matt Roush of TV Guide calling the `` instant sparks '' between McKidd and Oh `` electrifying . '' McKidd was nominated for two awards for his work on the show , winning one of them . Chris Monfette of IGN has praised the addition of `` fresh , new characters '' such as Owen Hunt . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Before his regular appearances on the show , Owen Hunt was a United States Army surgeon , specializing in trauma surgery . The character makes a dramatic first appearance when he performs a tracheotomy on a man with a pen , winning the admiration of resident Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) . He is offered a job by former chief of surgery Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , but declines , explaining that he has not completed his tour in Iraq . His appointment as the new head of trauma surgery at Seattle Grace Hospital was not well - received initially . By his first week he manages to irk both Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) and Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , head of neurosurgery and plastic surgery , respectively , who view his treatment of some of the patients as crude , and also rebuffed by resident Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) when he stabs a set of pigs and then orders the residents and interns to save their lives , in order to teach them medicine on `` live tissue . '' Hunt eventually embarks on a relationship with Yang , but it comes to a sudden close when his PTSD gets the best of him , and he unconsciously strangles her . Soon after the breakup , he begins therapy with the hospital psychiatrist , Dr. Wyatt . Some time later , a soldier visits the hospital for treatment , and his presence influences Owen to contemplate returning to the US Army . When he shares this with Cristina , she disagrees with his decision , stating that she does n't want him to die , and the two eventually rekindle their relationship . Owen brings in Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , his best friend and colleague from when he was in the army , as the new head of cardiothoracic surgery . When it is revealed that Hunt and Altman may be potential lovers , Hunt and Yang 's relationship is challenged , and eventually concluded by Yang . During a hospital shooting , Owen is shot and injured , attracting the sympathy of Cristina , who subsequently restores their relationship . Due to the emotional reverberations of the shooting crisis , Owen and Cristina decide to wed one another shortly after their reconciliation , not wanting to risk separation . When Cristina discovers she is pregnant , Owen is displeased with her desire to abort the baby , and the two separate from each other . In the fallout of resident Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) 's tampering with Derek Shepherd 's Alzheimer 's trial , Owen is promoted to Chief of Surgery after Webber steps down . After substantial thought , Owen reluctantly decides to accompany Cristina to the abortion , uniting the two . Owen 's friendship with Teddy ends when Owen lies to Teddy about her husband 's sudden death , due to Owen wanting her to finish a surgery she was currently performing and Teddy blaming Owen for her husband 's death . Feeling abandoned and disconcerted after an altercation with Cristina , Owen has a one - night stand with a patient 's friend . Cristina consequently finds out , terminates their relationship , and their marriage is tested . After Cristina passed her medical boards , she reconciles with Owen , but reveals to him that she is leaving Seattle to go to Mayo Clinic . Teddy and Owen eventually became friends again . She had been offered a position at the United States Army Medical Command but chose to stay at Seattle Grace Mercy West out of loyalty . After Teddy 's husband Henry dies she wallows in her grief and it affects her colleagues and residents , causing Owen to `` fire '' her so that she can have a fresh start elsewhere . He also fires April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) because the hospital can not afford to keep her due to her not being a Board certified . Months later , Hunt visits Kepner and rehires her as he realized he made a mistake . In season 9 Cristina and Owen 's marriage is again very strained . Cristina is working at Mayo Clinic and Owen in Seattle but she returns . Owen asks for a divorce . He later shows that he is still in love with her and only asked for a divorce so Cristina and the others involved in the plane crash get the money . Cristina and Owen reconcile in episode 9 before Bailey 's wedding . In season 10 , Cristina decides to accept a job to run a state of the art clinic in Switzerland . Owen supports her decision as he realizes no good could come from him asking her to stay , but requests her not to leave him until she has to leave him for good , following which , they both spend two weeks leading to her permanent departure together . While saying her farewell to her colleagues of the last seven years , there is a possible act of terrorism in Seattle , which later turns out to be just a gas main explosion . Cristina has a quick but emotional goodbye hug with Derek , Bailey , and Webber , leaves her shares of the hospital to Alex , and dances it out with Meredith one last time to an old favorite song . Owen , however , is busy saving a patient in the O.R. , so they share a silent goodbye through the gallery 's glass . In Season 11 , Owen develops a relationship with Amelia Shepherd . This is off and on throughout Season 11 and 12 until the end of Season 12 where he and Amelia get married . In Season 14 , after going through a series of martial issues , Owen and Amelia decide to get divorced . Despite this , they continue sleeping together until she points out that he 's always been in love with Teddy . As a result , he flies to Germany to be with Teddy , but , after they spend the night together , she breaks it off with him because she does n't believe he really wants her . Owen returns to Grey Sloan and begins fostering Leo , a baby who was given up by his teenage mother . When Amelia finds Leo 's mother , Betty , homeless and addicted to drugs , Amelia takes Betty in , and , together , Owen and Amelia take care of Leo and Betty at Owen 's home . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) McKidd had to postpone his appointment with series ' creator Shonda Rhimes due to it being his son 's birthday . Shonda Rhimes , series ' creator , says that the character was envisioned `` an old - fashioned tortured hero '' and likens him to Heathcliff . Originally set to appear in a multi-episode story arc , Kevin McKidd 's contract was extended , securing him a slot as a series ' regular of Grey 's Anatomy . In July 2008 , Entertainment Weekly announced the possibility of McKidd becoming a series ' regular , with this possibility eventually being confirmed by People . When asked of how he got involved with the show , McKidd offered the insight : `` I was doing a movie off and on for three months , and it was my son 's birthday , so I managed to land back in LA . around 2 p.m. Then I got a call from my agent , saying , `` You have to turn back around because Shonda wants to meet you for this role on Grey 's . '' I was like , `` I 'd love to meet her , but I ca n't . Can we do tomorrow ? '' And they 're family - friendly , so they were really understanding . As soon as I heard the pitch for the character , I was sold on it . It 's a different energy and a different viewpoint . I thought it was an important story to tell , especially on a prime - time TV show . To get in there and get your hands dirty and explore what trauma surgery is like in war zones and what it 's like to rehabilitate yourself to civilian life . It 's not just a new doctor showing up . It 's exploring how hard it is to reintegrate yourself back into the real world after being in the war zone for three tours . '' McKidd told BuddyTV , `` It 's been really great . I was nervous when I started because every job I 've ever done before this , I have been in the job right from day one when everybody 's new and getting to know each other . So I was nervous because I had never done this before . And I feel really grateful to the Grey 's cast and crew and everyone there , really , because they 've been so nice to me and gracious and accepting of me joining the show . The transition was much easier than I thought it might be , which I 'm very grateful for . '' McKidd has told People that he thinks Grey 's Anatomy is a great show and he feels lucky to be on it . Shonda Rhimes , the series ' creator , said of his addition , `` I am excited to have Kevin McKidd joining us for the season , he 's been a delight to collaborate with and brings incredible passion , talent and creativity to his work . Plus , he 's already got the ' Mc ' built into his name so we had to keep him . '' Characterization ( edit ) McKidd and Oh 's characters ' relationship and connection has been a major aspect of Owen 's characterization The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) characterized Hunt as `` confident '' , `` innovative '' , `` intelligent '' , while he also can be `` aggressive '' , `` brazen '' , `` presumptuous '' , `` hasty and rash '' . McKidd said of his character : `` ( ... ) He 's not an easy character to connect to , I think . There 's some darkness to him and there 's some danger to him that I think is really interesting and exciting to play . ( ... ) '' Additionally , McKidd describes Hunt as `` very instinctive , and follows his gut , and he 's very impulsive , and very immediate . He immediately assesses a situation . And he 's very honest , sometimes painfully honest , with himself and with others . He wants to make himself better . He wants to improve himself as a person . He 's a decent guy , a sort of a guy I 'd like to go out and have a beer with . '' Hunt 's unorthodox teaching methods have been the subject of controversy . McKidd said of this : `` You know , I think , at the end of the day , ( Owen ) 's basically a good man who has some pretty extreme teaching techniques that he learned in the army . And all these things that are in the show are actually the way trauma surgeons are taught . But I think probably beyond that , he very much just calls a spade a spade and looks at each scenario . He 's not trying to be difficult . He just looks at each scenario and each case and each patient and knows what is needed and when to cut to the chase , and does n't want to mess about with the periphery of it . And sometimes that gets him into trouble , and sometimes that is for the best . So , it 'd be interesting and kind of exciting to see where he goes . '' -- Kevin McKidd , BuddyTV The look of Owen has been described as hardcore and the antithesis of the other males on the show . McKidd says it 's not just the look of Owen , but the fact that in his profession , he is dealing with life and death everyday . The one distinction he finds between his character and the others is that Owen does not care what other people think of him . When McKidd returned from his first appearance , his character appeared to have been changed . McKidd told TV Guide : `` Yes , that was who he really is in the premiere , but now we 're seeing what can happen to a good man , a good soldier and good surgeon ( because of war ) . '' There 's a great debate there for what the dynamic is , with what Cristina has done to this marriage and her choice and what Owen 's choice is and his behavior . There 's a really interesting conversation to be had because of those choices : How do you move on ? How does that change the dynamic of the relationship ? If you can really dive into that -- there 's two betrayals , very big ones . I do n't know how they sustain that relationship . I do n't know how you come back from that kind of betrayal . Certainly if you 're married , the notion of the next step would be to have children and if that 's been taken away , I would find it very hard for Owen to stay in that relationship . `` '' -- Patrick Dempsey ( Derek Shepherd ) on Owen and Cristina 's relationship , involving Cristina 's no desire to bear children . The character of Owen Hunt had an almost instant attraction to Cristina Yang since his first appearance at Seattle Grace , illustrated by the passionate kiss they share soon after they meet . Owen 's story and connection with fellow character Cristina has been a topic of discussion . McKidd said : `` Between him ( Owen ) and her ( Cristina ) , it 's going to get really complex and kind of tense and explosive . '' Owen and Cristina have experienced roadblocks in their fictional relationship , and continue to . McKidd offered this insight on his character 's relationship with Cristina : `` It 's not going to be easy for them . What I read when I read the season premiere , and this is just my take on it , is that it was very much two very analytical people , Owen and Cristina . They 're very similar in a way , I think , as people . Two analytical people see each other over a crowded ER room and their eyes meet . It 's almost more complicated , but on a really simplistic level , it 's almost a love at first sight scenario that happened on the season premiere . And then , what we 're seeing is the road to connect that back , because obviously the season premiere was before he went back to Iraq and this event has happened to him that 's changed him . And so , they 're trying to get that feeling back because there 's obviously something really true and meant to be between these two people . But it 's complicated right now because she 's damaged because of what 's happened to her , and he is certainly struggling with himself and the people around him and the world in general , and trying to keep himself together after what 's happened to him . So , I think , it 's exciting to see what happens with these two guys because , in a way , they 're the two people you 'd least expect to have a love affair , but it 's happening to them and they ca n't stop it . '' McKidd has referred to his character and the character of Cristina Yang as `` soulmates . '' Speaking of Owen 's PTSD storyline , McKidd stated : `` What 's exciting about telling this story with this character is that it 's quite brave of ABC and Shonda ( Rhimes ) , on a prime - time network TV show , to address a tough subject , and one that people do n't necessarily want to hear about . But so far the writing room is handling it beautifully . They 're not banging people over the head with it but exploring it in a sensitive and interesting way . '' Owen and Cristina have struggled with their fictional relationship in season eight , leading to Owen having a sexual affair . Directly before the episode involving the affair aired , McKidd said to Entertainment Weekly : `` The thing about Owen is that he tries to do things perfectly , and obviously , he messes up as the chief because you have to make these odd black - and - white decisions and sometimes you make the wrong decision . There 's a lot of stress in his life at the moment , so he 's trying not to let that affect his efficiency as chief . '' Although the characters ' marriage is tested , McKidd reported to The Hollywood Reporter : `` I think they 're meant for each other . I hold out faith in Cristina and Owen , even though they go to the darkest places out of all the couples on the show . It 's going to get worse but it 's going to get better soon . '' Reception ( edit ) The character has received generally positive feedback from television critics . Weeks after Hunt 's first appearance on the show , Matt Roush of TV Guide commented that `` Hunt / McKidd is the most encouraging thing to happen to Grey 's Anatomy in quite a while . '' He also added : `` The instant sparks between him ( Hunt ) and Yang were electrifying . '' On the other hand , Robert Rorke of the New York Post states that McKidd was brought in as Hunt to `` boost the sagging fortunes '' of the show 's ratings . Kelley L. Carter of USA Today , describes Hunt as `` hardcore '' and `` the antithesis of the other males on the show . '' Chris Monfette of IGN said that the fifth season of Grey 's Anatomy was an improvement on the previous two seasons , attributing this in part to the introduction of `` fresh , new characters '' , Owen and Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) . He also referred to McKidd as `` the season ( five ) 's best , most effective addition '' , adding : `` Not only is McKidd an immediately likeable and engaging actor , his struggle with PTSD throughout the season -- and especially how it impacted his burgeoning relationship with Cristina -- proved both relevant and dramatically gripping . His interactions with Cristina were perfectly balanced for optimum drama , never together and never apart for so long that the back - and - forth became frustrating . Viewers could clearly see a softening of the typically hard - edged Cristina , a pleasant change for what had become something of a one - note character , as well as relate to Owen 's internal struggles , shared by many a real - life war vet . '' Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine judged Hunt `` too sad '' for the first part of the ninth season . In 2010 , Kevin McKidd was nominated for the Prism Award for Best Performance in a Drama Series ' Multi-Episode Storyline , and won the award . In 2011 , McKidd was nominated for the Prism Award for Best Performance in a Drama Series , for his work on Grey 's Anatomy . McKidd was nominated , along with the rest of the Grey 's Anatomy cast , for Best Drama Series at the 21st GLAAD Media Awards , in 2010 . Also in 2010 , McKidd , and the rest of the cast , were nominated for Outstanding Drama Series , at the NAACP Image Awards . The same nomination was received at the 2011 NAACP Image Awards , with the cast winning the award . At the 43rd NAACP Image Awards , in 2012 , McKidd and the cast were nominated yet again for Outstanding Drama Series . References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . September 25 , 2008 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Life During Wartime '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . October 30 , 2008 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` An Honest Mistake '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . February 19 , 2009 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Now or Never '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . May 14 , 2009 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` New History '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . November 12 , 2009 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sanctuary '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . May 20 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Death and All His Friends '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . May 20 , 2010 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` With You I 'm Born Again '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . September 23 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Unaccompanied Minor '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . May 19 , 2011 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Free Falling '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . September 22 , 2011 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` She 's Gone '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . September 22 , 2011 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Dark Was the Night '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . November 10 , 2011 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Suddenly '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . January 5 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` One Step Too Far '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . March 15 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Support System '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . April 12 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Flight '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . May 17 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Carter , Kelley . `` Kevin McKidd plays military doctor on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . MarineTimes . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin McKidd Joins ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Cast As Series Regular '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Kevin McKidd in talks to join the show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin McKidd Joins the Cast of Grey 's Anatomy '' . People . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive Interview : Kevin McKidd of ' Grey 's Anatomy '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin McKidd . Ask Grey 's Anatomy , Part 3 ( Adobe Flash Player ) . ABC.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Kevin McKidd : Love and War Haunt Hunt '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Postmortem : Kevin McKidd Warns of Tougher Times Ahead for Cristina '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rorke , Robert ( October 26 , 2008 ) . `` No Kidding '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' star Kevin McKidd previews Owen 's struggles '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carter , Kelley L. ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Meet McKidd , new dreamboat doc on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Monfette , Chris ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 5 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Now That Private Practice Is Over , Addison Should Go Back to Grey 's Anatomy '' . New York . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ T , Buddy ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` 2010 PRISM Awards Winners Announced '' . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tomasi , Rollo ( February 19 , 2011 ) . `` Prism Awards 2011 : Nominations '' . FilmBook . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 21st Annual GLAAD Media Awards -- English Language Nominees '' . Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. 2010 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2010 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 41st NAACP Image Awards '' . NAACP . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd NAACP Image Awards '' . NAACP . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 43rd NAACP Image Awards '' . NAACP . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Owen Hunt at ABC.com hide Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Owen_Hunt&oldid=846271020 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional majors Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Fictional United States Army personnel Fictional Iraq War veterans Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : missing author or editor Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 16 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does owen hunt start working at seattle grace | [
"\n\nOwen Hunt, Major, USA (ret)\n\n\nGrey's Anatomy character\n\n\n\nThe season nine promotional photograph of Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\n\n\"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" (5.01)\nSeptember 25, 2008\n(as recurring cast)\n\"Beat Your Heart Out\" (5.14)\nFebruary 5, 2009\n(as series regular)\n\n\nCreated by\nShonda Rhimes\n\n\nPortrayed by\nKevin McKidd\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nOccupation\nAttending Trauma Surgeon\nChief of Surgery (former)\n\n\nTitle\nChief of Trauma Surgery\nM.D.\nF.A.C.S.\n\n\nFamily\nMegan Hunt (sister)\nEvelyn Hunt (mother)\nLeo (foster son)\n\n\nSpouse(s)\nCristina Yang (divorced)\nAmelia Shepherd (divorced)\n\n\nSignificant other(s)\nEmma Marling\nBeth Whitman (ex-fiancée)\nCarina Deluca\nTeddy Altman\n\n\nRelatives\nDerek Shepherd (ex brother-in-law) (deceased)\nNathan Riggs (brother-in-law)\nFarouk Shami (nephew)\n\n"
] | [
"Dream a Little Dream of Me"
] |
3953369478851020535 | The Challenge (TV series) | The Challenge ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Challenge ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the most recent season , see The Challenge : Vendettas . For the current season of the special mini-series , see The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( season 3 ) . The Challenge Logo for the current season Genre Reality game show Created by Mary - Ellis Bunim Jonathan Murray Presented by Various hosts ( 1998 -- 2005 ) T.J. Lavin ( 2005 -- present ) Starring Various alumni of : Real World Road Rules The Challenge Are You the One ? Big Brother ( U.S. ) Ex on the Beach ( UK ) Ex on the Beach ( US ) Geordie Shore Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 31 Production Running time 30 minutes ( 1998 - 2007 ) 1 hour ( 2008 - present ) Production company ( s ) Bunim / Murray Productions Distributor Viacom Media Networks Release Original network MTV Original release June 1 , 1998 -- present Chronology Preceded by Real World Road Rules Related shows Are You the One ? External links Website Production website The Challenge ( originally known as Road Rules : All Stars , followed by Real World / Road Rules Challenge ) is a reality game show on MTV that is spun off from the network 's two reality shows , Real World and Road Rules . It features alumni from these two shows , in addition to rookies and alumni from The Challenge , and alumni from Are You the One ? , Big Brother ( US ) , Ex on the Beach ( UK and US ) , and Geordie Shore competing against one another for a cash prize . The Challenge is currently hosted by T.J. Lavin . The series premiered on June 1 , 1998 . The title of the show was originally Road Rules : All Stars before it was renamed Real World / Road Rules Challenge by the show 's 2nd season , then later abridged to simply The Challenge by the show 's 19th season . The series initially used no hosts but instead a former cast member who had been kicked off his or her season , providing assignments as `` Mr . '' or `` Ms. Big '' ( David `` Puck '' Rainey , David Edwards , and Gladys Sanabria served this role ) . Later on , however , the series began using hosts : Eric Nies and Mark Long co-hosted a season , and Jonny Moseley and Dave Mirra hosted various seasons before T.J. Lavin became the show 's regular host by the 11th season . Since the 4th season , each season has supplied the show with a unique subtitle , such as Rivals . Each season consists of a format and theme whereby the subtitle is derived . The most recent season , Vendettas , premiered on January 2 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Overview 1.2 Theme and format by season title 2 TV show 's conception 3 External episodes 4 The Challenge lingo 4.1 Veterans and rookies 4.2 Alliance 5 Specials 5.1 Spring Break Challenge 5.2 The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars 5.2. 1 The Challenge : Champs vs. Pros ( season 1 ) 5.2. 2 The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( season 2 ) 5.2. 3 The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( season 3 ) 6 Seasons 7 5 Timers Club 8 Cast members 8.1 Players with the most final challenge prize money 8.2 Challenge records 9 Locations 10 References 11 External links Structure ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) The Challenge casts are season specific as the cast varies from season to season . The casts are made up of contestants originating from one of The Challenge 's related TV programs and contestants originating from one of the few Challenge seasons that have allowed previously unknown contestants . These shows and seasons are : Real World , Road Rules , Are You the One ? , The Challenge ( from Fresh Meat , Fresh Meat II , Spring Break Challenge and Battle of the Bloodlines . Most recently alumni from Big Brother ( U.S. ) , Ex on the Beach , and Geordie Shore have joined the show . A season 's typical multitude of cast members are usually divided up into separate teams according to a certain criteria , which varies from season to season . The criteria that teams have been arranged by over the show 's history have ranged all across the board , from gender of the contestants and original show of contestants to bad guy / good guy status of contestants and ex-romantic partners of contestants . Each of the opposing teams compete in numerous missions in order to win prizes and advance in the overall game . Following each mission , a team or a cast member is voted into an elimination round to take on the least successful team from the previous mission . In elimination rounds , they must compete against one another to determine which one is eliminated from the season . Each season has its own , very distinct elimination round , distinguished from those of other seasons in title , design , and general atmosphere . Determining which two teams or two cast members are sent into the episode 's elimination round frequently leads to drama and contestants playing the game dirty ; this is due to the show 's contestants being in charge of who is thrown into elimination rounds . Like that of The Real World , sporadically throughout the course of each episode , various contestants are seen privately expressing themselves through reality TV confessionals about the events taking place on the show . Some seasons , however , have used entirely different formats from the typical : The Island is one Challenge in particular that adopted many features atypical to Real World / Road Rules Challenge , instead taking concepts like that of another reality television game show Survivor ; as another example , the first season ( Road Rules : All Stars ) ironically only included contestants from The Real World and consisted of a much smaller cast before the show was completely reconstructed by its second season . Except for season one , a monetary prize has always been the award for winning the final mission . Theme and format by season title ( edit ) Each distinct season title has indicated the general gameplay format used : Original Real World / Road Rules Challenge ( including RW / RR Challenge 2000 and RW / RR Extreme Challenge ) : Real World vs. Road Rules groupings , six players per team , no eliminations , missions in number of previous challenges ( though the original Gauntlet and Inferno were Real World vs. Road Rules ) . Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) and Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) : On the first Battle of the Seasons , players were separated into teams of Real World and Road Rules , each cast member is paired off with a castmate from their original season . Each mission gave points based on finish . After each mission , the players with the most points cumulative from each team became the `` Inner Circle '' and voted off whichever pair they wanted . The individual winning pair of each challenge would earn an `` additional prize . '' After five pairs from each team were voted off , the final three Real World teams and final three Road Rules teams would compete against each other in a series of challenges before the final race . The 2012 Battle of the Seasons had a completely different format from the original . Each team consists of two men and two women from select seasons . After each challenge , there is a winning team and a losing team . The losing team is automatically sent to `` The Arena , '' and faces possible elimination . The winning team become the Power Team , and selects one team to battle against the last - place team in the Arena . The teams entering the Arena must select one player of each gender from their own team to compete in the elimination . If the teams entering the Arena can not decide which players will compete in the elimination , the Power Team chooses for them . The winning pair in the elimination rounds return to their season and stay in the game , while the losing pair is eliminated , reducing their season to two players . Battle of the Sexes and Battle of the Sexes 2 : As the title implies , players are divided by gender . Each mission gave points based on finish , either with a partner or individually . After each mission , the players with the most points cumulative from each team became the `` Inner Circle '' and voted off whoever they wanted to . The winner of each challenge would earn a `` lifesaver '' which could be given to a member of either team ; the recipient of the `` lifesaver '' would enjoy total immunity from being voted out , which created many interesting situations . No life - shields were used in the second installment . The final three players of each gender would compete against each other in a final race . Inferno , Inferno II and Inferno 3 : The first Inferno consisted of Team Real World vs. Team Road Rules . The 2nd and 3rd installment consisted of Team Bad Asses vs. Team Good Guys . Teams nominate two of their own players for each elimination round and vote one of the opponents ' two nominations into the `` Inferno '' round . The players going into the `` Inferno '' then have the opportunity to save themselves from going in by winning a `` life saver '' in the challenge before the `` Inferno . '' Gauntlet , Gauntlet 2 and Gauntlet III : The first gauntlet consisted of Team Real World vs. Team Road Rules . The 2nd and 3rd installment consisted of Team Veterans vs. Team Rookies . In the 2nd and 3rd particular installment , `` Veterans '' are considered players who have participated in a minimum of two challenges , while `` Rookies '' had either participated in one challenge or none at all . In the first two installments , team captains are assigned on a pre-challenge mission . The losing team 's captains would alternate between male and female to go into the `` Gauntlet , '' in which they would face off against someone from their own team as voted by the remaining team members . In the third installment , no team captains are assigned , and the winning team also protects one player from the losing team from being chosen for the Gauntlet , but can not protect the same player on two consecutive opportunities . Fresh Meat and Fresh Meat II : These seasons introduce new people to Challenges without appearing on The Real World or Road Rules . These new players are `` drafted '' by `` alumni '' of the opposite gender ( those who come from RW , RR , or previous ' FM ' , some of whom have not been on a Challenge before ) to create pairings which are the teams for these Challenges . The winning team chooses one team for an elimination round called an `` Exile , '' while the other team is selected by a vote . The Duel and The Duel II : Promoted as `` every man for himself '' as there are no permanent teams ( though some individual challenges require teams to be formed ) . All players compete individually , leading to just one champion of each gender . The Island : A challenge with no missions , just elimination rounds where the competitors are put on an island with limited supplies . In each episode , the competitors select three people ( not necessarily by gender ) to go into an elimination round to win safety and a key to the prize money chest at the final challenge . The two non-winning players have a chance to plead their case to all the other competitors at the vote - off , where one player wins a key and the other is eliminated . The Ruins : Two teams of `` Challengers '' and `` Champions '' based on whether players have won a previous season 's final challenge . Prior to each challenge , each team nominates a group of three players of each gender within the team for elimination ; after that challenge , the winning team 's nominated group picks the match - ups for the `` Ruins , '' which consist of a male Challenger against a male Champion , and a female Challenger against a female Champion . Cutthroat : Teams are not initially set . There is a race in the beginning , and while the top three players are announced , the bottom three are named as captains of the three teams ; the three teams are then drafted by the captains ( while maintaining equal numbers of players of each gender ) . Each challenge involves all three teams ; the winning team is safe from the elimination round -- the `` Gulag , '' while the losing teams go against each other in the Gulag . Voting is done within one 's own team by secret ballot to choose one player of each gender to go into the Gulag . Rivals , Rivals II and Rivals III : The first two installments feature two - player teams of the same gender consist of players who are paired against their `` worst enemies , '' whom they have engaged in bitter feuds , fights and rivalries with in previous Real World and / or Challenge seasons . The challenge winner is safe from elimination -- `` The Jungle , '' while the last - place finisher and a non-winning team of the same gender battle it out in `` The Jungle . '' Each challenge alternates between a male and a female Jungle elimination in the first two installments . The third installment features male / female pairs . The third installment also has 3 teams going into the elimination ; the losing team , and 2 teams picked by the winning team . At the Jungle , the 2 teams picked for elimination by the winning team go back and forth picking skulls out of a box . There are 3 white skulls and 1 black skull . Whoever picks the black skull , them and their partner go into the Jungle against the last place team , and the other team is safe from the Jungle . Also , in the finale , teammates would go head to head in challenges , whoever finishes first the most in the challenges would decide if they would keep the money they earned for their respective placing , or split it with their partner . If the cast member chose to keep it for themselves , then their teammate would leave empty handed . Battle of the Exes and Battle of the Exes II : Thirteen teams of ex couples compete in a challenge where the winner is safe from elimination and will be known as `` The Power Couple , '' and they are responsible for choosing one team to go into the elimination round called `` The Dome , '' along with the team that came in last - place in the challenge . A twist was added on Battle of the Exes II : Eliminated teams would compete in `` Battle of the Ex-iled , '' which no one in the house knows about . The eliminated team will compete against the last `` Ex-ile '' winner and the loser would be permanently eliminated . This lasts until only four teams remain in the house , and the last team standing from Ex-ile will go back to the house for two more challenges before the final , which they are eligible for as long as they are not eliminated again . Free Agents : Each challenge is declared as either an individual , pair , or team challenge . For pair and team challenges , names are drawn out of a bag -- one of each gender , or more for multi-team or pair challenges -- that will be designated as captains . For team challenges , the captains will select players that will be split evenly amongst gender . For pair challenges , the captains will either select players of the opposite gender for challenges that are designated as male / female pairs , or the same gender for challenges that are designated as same - gender pairs . The winning team / pair / players are safe from elimination , and choose one player of each gender for elimination . The remaining non-winning players then participate in `` The Draw , '' where the one player of each gender that draws a `` kill card '' faces the previously voted players in the elimination round . Battle of the Bloodlines : The season starts with 14 pairs of two , each consisting of a The Real World , The Challenge or Are You The One ? alumni and their relatives . The winning pair of the mission sends in one pair to face the losing team of the mission into The Pit , depending on gender . However , after the second elimination , pairs are separated into two teams , each consisting of 12 . The losing team has to send one player from the losing team into The Pit , while the winning team has to send another player from the losing team into The Pit . If a player loses in The Pit , that player is not only eliminated , but so is their bloodline . The final five teams reverted to their pairs of two . The Pit consisted of both teammates competing instead of one representative competing for both teams for one elimination , then reverted to one representative for each team for the last elimination . Invasion of the Champions : The game started off with 18 Underdogs ( players who have yet to win a challenge ) who get dropped off a boat and onto a beach , where they were living in `` The Shelter . '' They compete individually in challenges , followed by an elimination round . The male and female winners of the challenge would be safe from elimination , and earn their ticket to `` The Oasis '' -- the season house . The last - place male and female finishers automatically went straight into elimination for the first challenge . In the second challenge , the challenge winners will choose a player of the opposite gender to go into the elimination . The rest of the house then voted in who goes against them for the first and second challenge . The males voted for the females , and vice versa . For the third challenge , and the last chance to earn a ticket to the Oasis , the winners will be safe from elimination , and the two remaining players of each gender will compete . In the elimination , each gender will compete . The winners of the elimination round would return to the game , and earn a ticket to The Oasis . The losers of the elimination round go home . Players could not go into The Oasis until every ticket has been earned . Players who earned their ticket to the Oasis will be exempt from elimination and will not compete in challenges until the Champions enter the game . Beginning with the fourth challenge , ss the season twist , eight Champions of past seasons of the show will enter the game , and the Underdogs will form a team against them . Each challenge will be designated for an Underdog or a Champion elimination -- entitled `` The Fortress . '' The winning team will earn $10,000 in their team bank account . The best performing guy and girl of the team designated for the Fortress will then choose one guy and one girl to go into the elimination . The rest of the house will then vote in the players who will go against them . The winners return to the game , and the losers go home . XXX : Dirty 30 : Similar to Free Agents , each challenge is either an individual , teams , or pairs challenge . The winning individual , pair , or teams would than nominate 1 player from each gender to go into the Presidio . The remaining non-winning players then participate in `` The Double Cross Draw '' where the one player of each gender that draws `` The Double Cross '' ( XX ) chooses a player from their own gender , who also participated in the draw , to join the previously nominated player into the Presidio to face elimination . In a twist , the eliminated players are sent into the Redemption House to compete for a spot back into the game . Vendettas : Each challenger in this season has at least one `` vendetta '' with someone in the game . Similar to both Free Agents and Dirty 30 , each challenge is either an individual , teams or pairs challenge . Each competitor has their own individual bank accounts . The top three winners from each challenge , no matter the gender , form the `` Troika '' . The loser of the challenge automatically goes into elimination . Depending on whether it 's a male or female elimination , the Troika nominates three players to go into `` The Ring '' . Later , the three nominees sit with the Troika in `` The Inquisition , '' to give their case as to why they should stay in the game and why one ( or both ) of the other nominees should go in . In The Ring , the Troika votes for one of the three players from The Inquisition to go against the last place finisher in the challenge . The winner of The Ring stays in the game as also receives a grenade . The winner chooses between three grenades , each grenade earning them a special power to change the game . For example , at the end of the first elimination , Nelson took the Money Grab grenade , which allowed him to take $5,000 from another competitor . TV show 's conception ( edit ) During the filming of The Real World : Boston and Road Rules : Islands , the two casts met while the Real World cast was vacationing in San Juan , Puerto Rico . Producers set up a face - off where both teams would compete for a cash prize . The intensely competitive challenge brought in high ratings and this set ideas in motion to produce yet another spin - off series . After another face - off called AquaGames , hosted by Kit Hoover and Mark Long , between The Real World : Seattle and Road Rules : Down Under in 1997 , the Challenge series was born in 1998 with Road Rules : All Stars , and featured cast members from five different seasons of The Real World . After All Stars , producers decided to include former castmembers of Road Rules in the series as well . In the next season , two six - member teams were sent around the world in a competition to see which show could best the other in head - to - head competition . The series followed the format for three years and brought in hugely successful ratings . Following the hugely successful boom of reality television in the new millennium , producers decided to add new elements to the series . In 2001 , production began on Battle of the Seasons . This season , the first to depart from the previous six - member structure , brought in a large group of former cast members to compete in one location . Beginning with the first Battle of the Seasons , MTV added a fantasy challenge game to their website . Players `` draft '' cast members , a la fantasy baseball and cast members are given points for performing certain tasks , such as cursing or `` hooking up . '' After switching to the `` vote off '' format , the series would alternate between `` Battle '' seasons , including two seasons of Battle of the Sexes and themed Challenges which included the Gauntlet and Inferno seasons . Both the Gauntlet and Inferno seasons contained `` showdown '' matches between members of the two opposing teams . The cast member who lost the showdown would be sent home . The Gauntlet seasons featured an intra-cast dynamic as teams were forced to vote off cast members within their own groups into the showdown , while the Inferno seasons featured an inter-cast dynamic as teams were forced to vote off cast members from the other group into the showdown . In 2005 , Bunim - Murray Productions decided to invite new people to the Challenges who were never a part of either Real World or Road Rules and called them ' Fresh Meat . ' This decision was forced , in part , because of the status of Road Rules at the time . While Road Rules had stopped production until further notice after its thirteenth season , Real World had just finished wrapping its sixteenth season in Austin , Texas . Road Rules had a fourteenth , and final , season in 2007 . One additional ' Fresh Meat ' season has followed with cast also being integrated in The Challenge from the 2010 Spring Break Challenge miniseries , Are You the One ? , and the Battle of the Bloodlines season of cast relatives . Beginning in 2018 cast members from other reality shows have been brought onto the challenge , including MTV UK 's Ex on the Beach and Geordie Shore and CBS 's Big Brother . External episodes ( edit ) While internal episodes are the usual and feature an original mission , voting process , elimination round , and surrounding social lives between the season 's contestants , external episodes feature the season 's contestants reviewing themselves in internal episodes and adding feedback . This is typically combined with video clips from the internal episodes in question . The Challenge has three types of these external episodes , an aftershow that takes place sporadically in the form of a series throughout the entire season , a post-show reunion of notable cast members from that season , and a bonus footage special . The Challenge lingo ( edit ) Veterans and rookies ( edit ) Two commonly used terms on the show are `` veterans '' ( or vets ) and `` rookies . '' Veterans are particularly thought of as players that have won at least one Challenge season , but the term has also been applied to players who have appeared on several seasons of the show , or have appeared in the final stages of a challenge . Rookies are thought of as players that have done none of the above . The most vulnerable rookies are those who have just recently completed their season on The Real World , Road Rules or Are You the One ? and are participating in the game for their very first time ; often they are the first to be singled out and targeted by everyone else due to their lack of bonds with existing cast . However , at least one rookie has reached the final challenge on almost every season . Exceptions include The Island , Fresh Meat II and Battle of the Exes . Alliance ( edit ) Another commonly used term on the show is `` alliance . '' The term is used to refer to challengers working together . These contestants have colluded together so as to increase their overall chances of winning the season game . But for safety in numbers offered by the collusion , the show 's contestants would run the risk of victimization to the game 's politics and popularity factors . Politics plays a role due to the show 's formats in which options of who is thrown into elimination rounds and other determining factors are left up to challengers themselves . Alliances are typically formed through pacts and negotiations made among certain contestants early on in the game . Alliance operations can range from saving alliance members , throwing missions for the purposes of advancing the alliance , picking and choosing based upon alliance involvement as opposed to levels of performance , etc . In early seasons of the show , alliances were heavily frowned upon by most of the contestants . As such , alliances used to be carried out with much more secrecy , craft , and deviousness . In fact , many of the earliest alliances on the show were formed to sabotage members of one 's own team who were perceived as weak . Once exposed , alliances typically came as offensive and shocking to those not involved . Since the later seasons , however , alliances have become a norm among the show 's contestants , so much so that most contestants are expected to join an alliance upon beginning out a season . Despite its use among most , there are still a minority of contestants who elect to play the game straightforwardly , feeling as though alliance tactics are a sign of weakness and a lack of competitive spirit . Those who reject alliances , however , are seen as not playing the game strategically . Although the widespread and overt practice of alliance construction has expelled its original devious reputation , its effectiveness and capacity to surprise attack has waned . Specials ( edit ) Spring Break Challenge ( edit ) Main article : Spring Break Challenge In March 2010 , prior to the airing of the 19th season , MTV aired a special spring break spin - off of The Challenge in Acapulco , Mexico . Challenge alum coached teams of college - aged friends in various challenges of old and new , while Fresh Meat alumnus Evan Starkman and The Real World : Key West alumna Paula Meronek served as broadcasters , with T.J. Lavin as the host . Camila Nakagawa , a contestant of the winning team , went on to appear on future challenges , with her debut Challenge being Cutthroat . To date , Camila is the only player to appear on the challenges . The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( edit ) The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( originally known as The Challenge : Champs vs. Pros ) is a special recurring mini-series of The Challenge . In each multi-week event , alumni from The Challenge compete against celebrities to win money for charity . The Challenge : Champs vs. Pros ( season 1 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Challenge : Champs vs. Pros In a six - episode event entitled The Challenge : Champs vs. Pros , ten Challenge greats competed against ten pros . The series premiered on May 16 , 2017 , and was hosted by NFL wide receiver Victor Cruz . The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( season 2 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( season 2 ) The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars is a special eight - week mini-series in which ten Challenge greats compete against ten celebrities . The series premiered on November 21 , 2017 , with Mike `` The Miz '' Mizanin as the host . The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( season 3 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( season 3 ) Cast was spotted filming in Los Angeles on February 2 , 2018 . Mike `` The Miz '' Mizanin returns as the host . The third season will premiere on April 17 , 2018 . Seasons ( edit ) Order Title Host Format Original Release Location of the residence Winners All Stars David `` Puck '' Rainey 1 team of 5 June 1 , 1998 - June 29 , 1998 Road trip : Montreal → Lake Placid → Wellington → Auckland → Los Angeles Cynthia Roberts , Eric Nies , Jon Brennan , Rachel Campos & Sean Duffy Real World vs. Road Rules David Edwards 2 teams of 6 November 9 , 1999 - December 14 , 1999 Road trip : San Francisco → Los Angeles → Las Vegas → Los Angeles Road Rules ( Anne Wharton , Kalle Dedolph , Kefla Hare , Mark Long , Noah Rickun & Roni Martin ) Challenge 2000 Gladys Sanabria 2 teams of 6 January 17 , 2000 - April 3 , 2000 Road trip : Las Vegas → Nashville → Miami Road Rules ( Carlos Jackson , Dan Setzler , Holly Shand , Piggy Thomas , Veronica Portillo & Yes Duffy ) Extreme Challenge none 2 teams of 6 January 9 , 2001 - May 22 , 2001 Road trip : Portland , ME → Montreal → Boston → London → Hamburg → Prague → London → New York → Los Angeles Real World ( Dan Renzi , Jamie Murray , Julie Stoffer , Kameelah Phillips , Rebecca Lord & Syrus Yarbrough ) 5 Battle of the Seasons Eric Nies & Mark Long 2 teams of 8 pairs of 2 January 28 , 2002 - May 27 , 2002 Cabo San Lucas , Mexico Real World ( Mike Mizanin & Coral Smith , Sean Duffy & Elka Walker , Danny Roberts & Kelley Limp ) 6 Battle of the Sexes Jonny Moseley 2 teams of 18 December 30 , 2002 - May 12 , 2003 Montego Bay , Jamaica Guys ( Mark Long , Colin Mortensen , Jamie Murray ) 7 The Gauntlet 2 teams of 14 September 29 , 2003 - January 26 , 2004 Telluride , Colorado Road Rules ( Adam Larson , Cara Zavaleta , Darrell Taylor , Dave Giuntolli , Rachel Robinson , Roni Martin , Sarah Greyson , Theo Vonkurnatowski & Veronica Portillo ) 8 The Inferno Dave Mirra 2 teams of 10 February 2 , 2004 - May 31 , 2004 Acapulco , Mexico Road Rules ( Abram Boise , Christena Pyle , Darrell Taylor , Holly Shand , Katie Doyle , Kendal Sheppard , Timmy Beggy & Veronica Portillo ) 9 Battle of the Sexes 2 Jonny Moseley 2 teams of 18 October 4 , 2004 - January 31 , 2005 Santa Fe , New Mexico Guys ( Dan Setzler , Eric Nies & Theo Vonkurnatowski ) 10 The Inferno II Dave Mirra 2 teams of 10 March 7 , 2005 - June 20 , 2005 Manzanillo , Mexico Good Guys ( Darrell Taylor , Jamie Chung , Landon Lueck & Mike Mizanin ) 11 The Gauntlet 2 T.J. Lavin 2 teams of 16 December 5 , 2005 - March 27 , 2006 Tobago , Trinidad and Tobago Rookies ( Alton Williams , Ibis Nieves , Jamie Murray , Jodi Weatherton , Kina Dean , Landon Lueck , MJ Garrett , Randy Barry & Susie Meister ) 12 Fresh Meat 12 pairs of 2 ( m / f ) May 29 , 2006 - September 11 , 2006 Myocum , Australia Darrell Taylor & Aviv Melmed 13 The Duel Individual October 12 , 2006 - January 18 , 2007 Armação dos Búzios , Brazil Wes Bergmann Jodi Weatherton 14 The Inferno 3 2 teams of 10 April 10 , 2007 - July 3 , 2007 Somerset West , South Africa Bad Asses ( Abram Boise , Derrick Kosinski , Evelyn Smith , Janelle Casanave , Kenny Santucci & Tonya Cooley ) 15 The Gauntlet III 2 teams of 16 January 23 , 2008 - March 26 , 2008 Riviera Nayarit , Mexico Rookies ( Frank Roessler , Jillian Zoboroski , Johanna Botta , Nehemiah Clark , Rachel Moyal & Tori ( Hall ) Fiorenza ) 16 The Island Individual → 2 teams of 4 September 10 , 2008 - October 29 , 2008 Colón Island , Panama Red Boat ( Derrick Kosinski , Evelyn Smith , Johnny Devenanzio & Kenny Santucci ) 17 The Duel II Individual April 8 , 2009 - June 17 , 2009 Queenstown , New Zealand Evan Starkman Rachel Robinson 18 The Ruins 2 teams of 14 September 30 , 2009 - December 23 , 2009 Phuket , Thailand Champions ( Derrick Kosinski , Evan Starkman , Johnny Devenanzio , Kenny Santucci & Susie Meister ) 19 Fresh Meat II 13 pairs of 2 ( m / f ) April 7 , 2010 - June 9 , 2010 Whistler , British Columbia , Canada Landon Lueck & Carley Johnson 20 Cutthroat 3 teams of 10 October 6 , 2010 - December 22 , 2010 Prague , Czech Republic Red Team ( Brad Fiorenza , Dunbar Merrill , Tori ( Hall ) Fiorenza & Tyler Duckworth ) 21 Rivals 14 pairs of 2 ( same gender ) June 22 , 2011 - September 7 , 2011 Dominical , Costa Rica → Buenos Aires & Bariloche , Argentina Johnny Devenanzio & Tyler Duckworth Evelyn Smith & Paula Meronek 22 Battle of the Exes 13 pairs of 2 ( 12 m / f ; 1 f / f ) January 25 , 2012 - April 4 , 2012 Sosúa , Dominican Republic → Reykjavík , Iceland Johnny Devenanzio & Camila Nakagawa 23 Battle of the Seasons 8 teams of 4 September 19 , 2012 - December 19 , 2012 Bodrum , Turkey → Swakopmund , Namibia Team San Diego ( Ashley Kelsey , Frank Sweeney , Sam McGinn & Zach Nichols ) 24 Rivals II 16 pairs of 2 ( same gender ) July 10 , 2013 - September 25 , 2013 Phuket , Thailand Chris `` CT '' Tamburello & Wes Bergmann Emily Schromm & Paula Meronek 25 Free Agents Individual Pairs Teams April 10 , 2014 - June 26 , 2014 Punta del Este , Uruguay → Pucón , Chile 03 Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio 24 Laurel Stucky 26 Battle of the Exes II 13 pairs of 2 ( m / f ) January 6 , 2015 - March 24 , 2015 Pedasí , Panama → Ørsta , Norway Jordan Wiseley & Sarah ( Rice ) Patterson 27 Battle of the Bloodlines 14 pairs of 2 → 2 teams of 12 → 5 pairs of 2 December 2 , 2015 - February 17 , 2016 Bodrum , Turkey → Berlin , Germany Cara Maria Sorbello & Jamie Banks 28 Rivals III 13 pairs of 2 ( m / f ) May 4 , 2016 - August 3 , 2016 Huatulco , Mexico → Mendoza , Argentina Johnny `` Bananas '' Devananzio & Sarah ( Rice ) Patterson 29 Invasion of the Champions Individual → 2 teams → Individual February 7 , 2017 - May 16 , 2017 Krabi , Thailand Chris `` CT '' Tamburello Ashley Mitchell 30 XXX : Dirty 30 Individual Pairs Teams July 18 , 2017 - November 28 , 2017 Cartagena , Colombia → Salta , Argentina Jordan Wiseley Camila Nakagawa 31 Vendettas Individual Teams January 2 , 2018 - April 17 , 2018 Gibraltar , BOT , Marbella , Spain , Prague , Czech Republic Cara Maria Sorbello 32 Final Reckoning 17 teams of 2 Summer 2018 TBD TBD 5 timers club ( edit ) ( show ) As of Vendettas # Cast member Original season Challenge seasons Challenge seasons won # of challenge wins Total Money Made 17 Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio RW : Key West The Duel , The Inferno 3 , The Gauntlet III , The Island , The Ruins , Cutthroat , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II , Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas Final Reckoning The Island , The Ruins , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Free Agents , Rivals III 6 $685,543 14 Chris `` CT '' Tamburello RW : Paris The Inferno , The Inferno II , The Duel , The Inferno 3 , The Gauntlet III , The Duel II , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 Final Reckoning Rivals II , Invasion of the Champions $265,000 12 Aneesa Ferreira RW : Chicago Battle of the Sexes , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Gauntlet 2 , The Duel , The Inferno 3 , The Duel II , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Bloodlines , XXX : Dirty 30 0 $23,571 12 Cara Maria Sorbello Fresh Meat II Fresh Meat II , Cutthroat , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Bloodlines , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas Final Reckoning Battle of the Bloodlines , Vendettas $604,051 10 Camila Nakagawa Spring Break Challenge Cutthroat , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 Battle of the Exes , XXX : Dirty 30 $561,250 10 Derrick Kosinski RR : X-Treme Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , The Gauntlet 2 , Fresh Meat , The Duel , The Inferno 3 , The Island , The Ruins , Cutthroat , XXX : Dirty 30 The Inferno 3 , The Island , The Ruins $211,293 10 Paula Meronek RW : Key West The Duel , The Inferno 3 , The Gauntlet III , The Island , The Duel II , Fresh Meat II , Cutthroat , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II Rivals , Rivals II $126,000 11 Veronica Portillo RR : Semester at Sea Challenge 2000 , Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) , Battle of the Sexes , The Gauntlet , The Inferno , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , The Ruins , XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas Final Reckoning Challenge 2000 , The Gauntlet , The Inferno $79,309 10 Wes Bergmann RW : Austin Fresh Meat , The Duel , The Ruins , Fresh Meat II , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Battle of the Exes II , Rivals III The Duel , Rivals II $248,000 9 Abram Boise RR : South Pacific The Gauntlet , The Inferno , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , The Inferno 3 , The Island , Cutthroat , Battle of the Exes , Battle of the Bloodlines The Inferno , The Inferno 3 $102,500 9 Brad Fiorenza RW : San Diego Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , The Gauntlet 2 , The Duel , The Gauntlet III , The Duel II , The Ruins , Cutthroat , Vendettas Final Reckoning Cutthroat $75,000 9 Katie Doyle RR : The Quest The Gauntlet , The Inferno , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Gauntlet 2 , Fresh Meat , The Gauntlet III , The Duel II , The Ruins , Cutthroat The Inferno $41,071 9 Leroy Garrett RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II , Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III , XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas 0 $36,500 9 Robin Hibbard RW : San Diego Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , The Gauntlet 2 , The Duel , The Gauntlet III , The Island , The Duel II , Rivals , Battle of the Exes 0 $8,571 9 Sarah ( Rice ) Patterson RW : Brooklyn The Ruins , Fresh Meat II , Cutthroat , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Battle of the Exes II , Rivals III Battle of the Exes II , Rivals III $173,739 8 Darrell Taylor RR : Campus Crawl The Gauntlet , The Inferno , The Inferno II , Fresh Meat , The Ruins , Fresh Meat II , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 The Gauntlet , The Inferno , The Inferno II , Fresh Meat $240,555 8 Diem Brown Fresh Meat Fresh Meat , The Duel , The Gauntlet III , The Duel II , The Ruins , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II , Battle of the Exes II 0 $55,000 8 Kenny Santucci Fresh Meat Fresh Meat , The Duel , The Inferno 3 , The Gauntlet III , The Island , The Ruins , Fresh Meat II , Rivals The Inferno 3 , The Island , The Ruins $236,293 8 Tonya Cooley RW : Chicago Battle of the Sexes , The Gauntlet , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , Fresh Meat , The Inferno 3 , The Island , The Ruins The Inferno 3 $50,000 7 Beth Stolarczyk RW : Los Angeles RW / RR Challenge , Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) , Battle of the Sexes , The Inferno II , The Gauntlet 2 , The Duel , The Gauntlet III 0 $2,206 7 Evelyn Smith Fresh Meat Fresh Meat , The Inferno 3 , The Gauntlet III , The Island , The Ruins , Fresh Meat II , Rivals The Inferno 3 , The Island , Rivals $167,000 7 Rachel Robinson RR : Campus Crawl Battle of the Sexes , The Gauntlet , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , The Island , The Duel 2 , Battle of the Exes The Gauntlet , The Duel II $135,555 6 Adam King RW : Paris Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Gauntlet 2 , The Gauntlet III , The Duel II , The Ruins , Rivals 0 $1,000 6 Coral Smith RW : Back to New York Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) , The Gauntlet , The Inferno , Battle of the Sexes 2 , Fresh Meat , The Gauntlet III Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) $72,000 6 Danny Jamieson RW : Austin Fresh Meat , The Inferno 3 , The Gauntlet III , The Ruins , Fresh Meat II , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) 0 $0 6 Dunbar Flinn RW : Sydney The Island , The Duel II , The Ruins , Cutthroat , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II Cutthroat $40,000 6 Eric Banks Fresh Meat Fresh Meat , The Duel , The Gauntlet III , The Duel II , Cutthroat , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) 0 $0 6 Evan Starkman Fresh Meat Fresh Meat , The Duel , The Gauntlet III , The Duel II , The Ruins , Rivals The Duel II , The Ruins $151,293 6 Jemmye Carroll RW : New Orleans ( 2010 ) Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II , XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas Final Reckoning 0 $7,500 6 Jenn Grijalva RW : Denver The Inferno 3 , The Island , The Duel II , Fresh Meat II , Cutthroat , Rivals 0 $20,000 6 Mark Long RR : First Adventure RW / RR Challenge , Battle of the Sexes , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Gauntlet 2 , The Duel II , Battle of the Exes RW / RR Challenge , Battle of the Sexes $80,184 6 Nany González RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II , Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III 0 $35,000 6 Shane Landrum RR : Campus Crawl Battle of the Sexes , The Inferno , Battle of the Sexes 2 , Fresh Meat , Invasion of the Champions , Vendettas Final Reckoning 0 $0 6 Theresa González Fresh Meat II Fresh Meat II , Cutthroat , Rivals , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II 0 $35,500 6 Tyrie Ballard RW : Denver The Inferno 3 , The Gauntlet III , The Island , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II 0 $0 6 Zach Nichols RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II , Invasion of the Champions , Vendettas Final Reckoning Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) $150,376 5 Brandon Nelson Fresh Meat II Fresh Meat II , Cutthroat , Rivals , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Free Agents 0 $0 5 Cory Wharton RW : Ex-Plosion Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas Final Reckoning 0 $63,750 5 Jasmine Reynaud RW : Cancun Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Free Agents 0 $500 5 Jenna Compono RW : Ex-Plosion Battle of the Exes II , Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 Final Reckoning 0 $37,500 5 Jonna Mannion RW : Cancun Rivals , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II 0 $0 5 Julie Stoffer RW : New Orleans Extreme Challenge , Battle of the Sexes , The Inferno , The Inferno II , The Gauntlet 2 Extreme Challenge $27,904 5 Laurel Stucky Fresh Meat II Fresh Meat II , Cutthroat , Rivals , Free Agents , Invasion of the Champions Free Agents $201,000 5 Mike Mizanin RW : Back to New York Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) , The Gauntlet , The Inferno , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) , The Inferno II $104,500 5 Ryan Kehoe Fresh Meat Fresh Meat , The Gauntlet III , The Island , The Duel II , Fresh Meat II 0 $0 5 Syrus Yarbrough RW : Boston Extreme Challenge , Battle of the Sexes , The Inferno , The Gauntlet 2 , The Ruins Extreme Challenge $28,333 5 Tina Barta RR : South Pacific The Gauntlet , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , Fresh Meat , The Duel 0 $25,000 5 Tony Raines RW : Skeletons Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas Final Reckoning 0 $0 Note : Challenge names in bold indicate those that the cast member competed in the final challenge . Cast members ( edit ) Main article : List of The Challenge ( TV series ) contestants Players with the most final Challenge prize money ( edit ) Note : This list includes players who have won a minimum of $ 100,000 , and is updated as of Vendettas . Place Cast member Original season Challenge wins / # of Challenges Total money won Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio RW : Key West 6 / 16 $682,793 Cara Maria Sorbello Fresh Meat II 2 / 11 $603,625 Jordan Wiseley RW : Portland 2 / 4 $583,000 Camila Nakagawa Spring Break Challenge 2 / 10 $561,250 5 Chris `` CT '' Tamburello RW : Paris 2 / 13 $264,750 6 Wes Bergmann RW : Austin 2 / 10 $248,000 7 Darrell Taylor RR : Campus Crawl 4 / 8 $240,555 8 Kenny Santucci Fresh Meat 3 / 8 $236,293 9 Derrick Kosinski RR : X-Treme 3 / 10 $211,293 10 Laurel Stucky Fresh Meat II 1 / 5 $201,000 11 Landon Lueck RW : Philadelphia 3 / 4 $184,166 12 Jodi Weatherton RR : X-Treme 2 / 3 $176,666 13 Sarah ( Rice ) Patterson RW : Brooklyn 2 / 9 $173,739 14 Evelyn Smith Fresh Meat 3 / 7 $167,000 15 Evan Starkman Fresh Meat 2 / 6 $151,293 16 Zach Nichols RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) 1 / 6 $150,376 17 Rachel Robinson RR : Campus Crawl 2 / 7 $135,555 18 Mike Mizanin RW : Back to New York 2 / 5 $129,500 19 Paula Meronek RW : Key West 2 / 10 $126,000 20 Aviv Melmed Fresh Meat 1 / 1 $125,000 21 Jamie Banks Battle of the Bloodlines 1 / 2 $125,000 22 Ashley Mitchell RW : Ex-Plosion 1 / 3 $121,250 23 Emily Schromm RW : DC 1 / 3 $104,000 24 Abram Boise RR : South Pacific 2 / 9 $102,500 25 Susie Meister RR : Down Under 2 / 4 $100,173 26 Carley Johnson Fresh Meat II 1 / 1 $100,000 ( show ) Every cast member who has competed on The Challenge . Cast Member Original Season Seasons ( W = Winner ; F = Finalist ; C = Cameo ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Abram Boise RR : South Pacific Ace Amerson RW : Paris Adam King RW : Paris Adam Kuhn AYTO ? 1 Adam Larson RR : The Quest Adam Royer RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Alex Smith RW : Denver Alicia Wright AYTO ? 5 Alton Williams RW : Las Vegas ( 2002 ) Amanda Garcia AYTO ? 3 Amaya Brecher RW : Hawaii Anastasia Miller RW : Portland Aneesa Ferreira RW : Chicago Angel Turlington RR : Viewers ' Revenge Angela Trimbur RR : X-Treme Anika Rashaun RW Seattle : Bad Blood Anne Wharton RR : Northern Trail Anthony Bartolotte AYTO ? 2 Anthony Cuomo Battle of the Bloodlines Antoine de Bouverie RR : Europe Arissa Hill RW : Las Vegas ( 2002 ) Ashley Kelsey RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Ashley Mitchell RW : Ex-Plosion Ashli Robson RW : Sydney Averey Tressler RW : Portland Aviv Melmed Fresh Meat Ayanna Mackins RR : Semester at Sea Ayiiia Elizarraras RW : Cancun Becky Blasband RW : New York Belou Den Tex RR : Europe Beth Stolarcyk RW : Los Angeles Blair Herter RR : The Quest Brad Fiorenza RW : San Diego ( 2004 ) Brandon Nelson Fresh Meat II Brandon Swift RW : St. Thomas Brandon Tindel AYTO ? 2 Briana LaCuesta AYTO ? 2 Brianna Julig Battle of the Bloodlines Brianna Taylor RW : Hollywood Britni Thornton AYTO ? 3 Brittany Baldassari AYTO ? 1 Brittini Sherrod RW : Hollywood Brooke LaBarbera RW : Denver Bruno Bettencourt RW : Skeletons Cameran Eubanks RW : San Diego ( 2004 ) Camila Nakagawa Spring Break Challenge Candice Fowler Battle of the Bloodlines Cara Zavaleta RR : South Pacific Cara Maria Sorbello Fresh Meat II Carley Johnson Fresh Meat II Carlos Jackson RR : USA 1 Casey Cooper Fresh Meat Chadwick Pelletier RR : Down Under Chanda Sneed Fresh Meat Chet Cannon RW : Brooklyn Cheyenne Floyd AYTO ? 3 Chris Graebe RR : South Pacific Chris Melling RR : Europe Chris `` CT '' Tamburello RW : Paris Christian Breivik RR : USA 2 Chris `` Ammo '' Ammon Hall RW : Go Big or Go Home CJ Koegel RW : Cancun Christina LeBlanc AYTO ? 2 Christina Pazsitzky RR : Down Under Christena Pyle RR : South Pacific Cohutta Grindstaff RW : Sydney Colie Edison RW : Denver Colin Mortensen RW : Hawaii Coral Smith RW : Back to New York Cory Wharton RW : Ex-Plosion Cynthia Roberts RW : Miami Dan Renzi RW : Miami Dan Setzler RR : Northern Trail Dan Walsh RR : Viewers ' Revenge Danny Dias RR : X-Treme Danny Jamieson RW : Austin Danny Roberts RW : New Orleans ( 2000 ) Dario Medrano AYTO ? 2 Darrell Taylor RR : Campus Crawl Dave Giuntoli RR : South Pacific David `` Puck '' Rainey RW : San Francisco David Broom RW : New Orleans ( 2000 ) David Burns RW : Seattle David Edwards RW : Los Angeles David Malinosky RW : Hollywood Davis Mallory RW : Denver Derek Chavez RW : Cancun Derek McCray RR : Viewers ' Revenge Derrick Henry AYTO ? 5 Derrick Kosinski RR : X-Treme Devin Walker - Molaghan AYTO ? 3 Devyn Simone RW : Brooklyn Diem Brown Fresh Meat Dunbar Flinn RW : Sydney Dustin Zito RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Edward `` Eddie '' Williams AYTO ? 5 Elka Walker RW : Boston Ellen Cho RR : The Quest Emilee Fitzpatrick RW : Cancun Emily Baily RR : USA 2 Emily Reese Battle of the Bloodlines Emily Schromm RW : DC Eric Banks Fresh Meat Eric Jones RR : Campus Crawl Eric Nies RW : New York Evan Starkman Fresh Meat Evelyn Smith Fresh Meat Flora Alekseyeun RW : Miami Frank Roessler RW : Las Vegas ( 2002 ) Frank Sweeney RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Genesis Moss RW : Boston Gladys Sanabria RR : Latin America Hailey Chivers RW : Ex-Plosion Heather Cooke RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Heather Gardner RW : New York Heather Marter RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Holly Brentson RR : Maximum Velocity Tour Holly Shand RR : Latin America Hunter Barfield AYTO ? 3 Ibis Nieves RR : X-Treme Irulan Wilson RW : Las Vegas ( 2002 ) Isaac Stout RW : Sydney Jacquese Smith RW : San Diego ( 2004 ) Jake Bronstein RR : Islands James Orlando RR : Maximum Velocity Tour Jamie Banks Battle of the Bloodlines Jamie Chung RW : San Diego ( 2004 ) Jamie Murray RW : New Orleans ( 2000 ) Janelle Casanave RW : Key West Janet Choi RW : Seattle Jasmine Reynaud RW : Cancun Jason Cornwell RW : Boston Jay Mitchell RW : Ex-Plosion JD Ordoñez RW : Brooklyn Jeff Barr Fresh Meat II Jemmye Carroll RW : New Orleans ( 2010 ) Jenn Grijalva RW : Denver Jenna Compono RW : Ex-Plosion Jeremy Blossom RR : South Pacific Jesse Stark Fresh Meat Jessica McCain RW : Portland Jill Tuttle Battle of the Bloodlines Jillian Zoboroski RR : X-Treme Jisela Delgado RR : The Quest Jo Rhodes RW : San Francisco Jodi Weatherton RR : X-Treme Johanna Botta RW : Austin John `` JJ '' Jacobs AYTO ? 1 Johnnie McBride Fresh Meat Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio RW : Key West Johnny Reilly RW : Portland Jon Brennan RW : Los Angeles Jonna Mannion RW : Cancun Jordan Wiseley RW : Portland Josh Florence RR : Latin America Joss Mooney Ex on the Beach UK Julie Stoffer RW : New Orleans ( 2000 ) Kailah Casillas RW : Go Big or Go Home Kalle Dedolph RR : Islands Kam Williams AYTO ? 5 Kameelah Phillips RW : Boston Karamo Brown RW : Philadelphia Kat Ogden RW : London Katelynn Cusanelli RW : Brooklyn Katie Doyle RR : The Quest Kayleigh Morris Ex on the Beach UK Kefla Hare RR : Down Under Kelley Limp RW : New Orleans ( 2000 ) KellyAnne Judd RW : Sydney Kendal Sheppard RR : Campus Crawl Kenny Santucci Fresh Meat Kimberly Alexander RW : Hollywood Kina Dean RR : X-Treme Kyle Christie Geordie Shore Lacey Buehler RW : Austin Landon Lueck RW : Philadelphia Larissa Nakagawa Battle of the Bloodlines Laterian Wallace RR : Maximum Velocity Tour LaToya Jackson RW : St. Thomas Laura Waller RW : St. Thomas Laurel Stucky Fresh Meat II Leah Gillingwater RW : Paris Leroy Garrett RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Lindsay Brien RW : Seattle Linette Gallo Fresh Meat Lori Trespicio RW : Back to New York Luke Wolfe Fresh Meat II McKenzie Coburn RW : New Orleans ( 2010 ) Mallory Snyder RW : Paris Mandi Moyer Fresh Meat II Marie Roda RW : St. Thomas Mark Long RR : USA 1 Marlon Williams RW : Portland Matt Smith RW : New Orleans ( 2000 ) Melinda Stolp RW : Austin Melissa Howard RW : New Orleans ( 2000 ) Melissa Reeves Ex on the Beach UK Michael Ross RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Michelle Parma RR : Europe Mike Boise Battle of the Bloodlines Mike Johnson RW : London Mike Lambert RW : Miami Mike Mizanin RW : Back to New York Mitch Reid Battle of the Bloodlines MJ Garrett RW : Philadelphia Montana McGlynn RW : Boston Naomi Defensor RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Nany González RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Natalie Negrotti Big Brother 18 Nate Stodghill RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Nathan Blackburn RW : Seattle Nathan `` Nate '' Siebenmark AYTO ? 2 Nehemiah Clark RW : Austin Neil Forrester RW : London Nelson Thomas AYTO ? 3 Nia Moore RW : Portland Nick Brown RW : Hollywood Nick Haggart RR : X-Treme Nicole Ramos Battle of the Bloodlines Nicole Zanatta RW : Skeletons Noah Rickun RR : Northern Trail Noor Jehangir Fresh Meat II Norman Korpi RW : New York Paula Meronek RW : Key West Pete Connolly Fresh Meat II Piggy Thomas RR : Down Under Preston Charles RW : New Orleans ( 2010 ) Priscilla Mendez RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Rachel Braband RW : Back to New York Rachel Campos RW : San Francisco Rachel Moyal RW : Austin Rachel Robinson RR : Campus Crawl Randy Barry RW : San Diego ( 2004 ) Raphy Medrano Battle of the Bloodlines Rebecca Lord RW : Seattle Rianna Polin Battle of the Bloodlines Robb Schreiber RW : St. Thomas Robin Hibbard RW : San Diego ( 2004 ) Rogan O'Connor Ex on the Beach UK Roni Martin RR : Northern Trail Ruthie Alcaide RW : Hawaii Ryan Kehoe Fresh Meat Ryan Knight RW : New Orleans ( 2010 ) Sam McGinn RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Sandy Kang Fresh Meat II Sarah Greyson RR : Campus Crawl Sarah ( Rice ) Patterson RW : Brooklyn Sean Duffy RW : Boston Shane Landrum RR : Campus Crawl Shane Raines Battle of the Bloodlines Sharon Gitau RW : London Shauvon Torres RW : Sydney Shavonda Bilingslea RW : Philadelphia Shawn Sealy RR : Semester at Sea Simone Kelly AYTO ? 1 Sophia Pasquis RR : The Quest Stephen Buell Battle of the Bloodlines Stephen Williams RW : Seattle Steve Meinke RR : The Quest Steven Hill RW : Las Vegas ( 2002 ) Susie Meister RR : Down Under Svetlana Shusterman RW : Key West Sydney Walker Fresh Meat II Sylvia Elsrode RW : Skeletons Syrus Yarbrough RW : Boston Tara McDaniel RR : Northern Trail Teck Holmes RW : Hawaii Theo Bradley RW Seattle : Bad Blood Theo Gantt RW : Chicago Theo von Kurnatowski RR : Maximum Velocity Tour Theresa González Fresh Meat II Thomas Buell RW : Ex-Plosion Timmy Beggy RR : USA 2 Tina Barta RR : South Pacific Tony Raines RW : Skeletons Tonya Cooley RW : Chicago Tori Deal AYTO ? 4 Tori ( Hall ) Fiorenza RR : Viewers ' Revenge Trey Weatherholtz RW : St. Thomas Trishelle Cannatella RW : Las Vegas ( 2002 ) Ty Ruff RW : DC Tyler Duckworth RW : Key West Tyrie Ballard RW : Denver Veronica Portillo RR : Semester at Sea Victor Arroyo Big Brother 18 Vince Gliatta Battle of the Bloodlines Vinny Foti Fresh Meat II Wes Bergmann RW : Austin Yes Duffy RR : Semester at Sea Zach Mann RW : Key West Zach Nichols RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Challenge records ( edit ) ( show ) Feat Male Cast Members Record Record Most Season Appearances Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio 17 Aneesa Ferreira Cara Maria Sorbello 12 Most Seasons Won Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio 6 Evelyn Smith Veronica Portillo Most Consecutive Seasons Won Darrell Taylor Jodi Weatherton Roni Martin Sarah Rice Veronica Portillo Most Consecutive Seasons Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio 8 Cara Maria Sorbello Sarah Rice 7 Most Seasons Between Challenges Shane Landrum 16 Trishelle Cannatella 14 Longest Span of Seasons Shane Landrum 26 Veronica Portillo 29 Multiple Wins in the Same Format Abram Boise Inferno / Inferno III Paula Meronek Rivals / Rivals II Darrell Taylor Inferno / Inferno II Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio Rivals / Rivals III Most Seasons Before Winning Chris `` CT '' Tamburello 9 Cara Maria Sorbello Paula Meronek Sarah Rice 8 Most Appearances in a Final Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio 8 Cara Maria Sorbello 6 Most Consecutive Appearances in a Final Kenny Santucci 6 Coral Smith Laurel Stucky Susie Meister Most Appearances in a Final Without Winning One Leroy Garrett Jenn Grijalva Most Challenges Without Appearing in a Final Danny Jamieson Shane Landrum Tyrie Ballard 6 Jasmine Reynaud Jonna Mannion 5 Most Challenges Without Winning a Final Leroy Garrett 9 Aneesa Ferreira 12 Most Seasons Without Ever Being Sent Home Jamie Murray Dan Setzler Susie Meister Most Elimination Wins in a Single Season Wes Bergmann 5 Casey Cooper Sarah Greyson 5 Most Consecutive Eliminations in a Single Season Wes Bergmann Casey Cooper Most Elimination Rounds in a Single Season Derrick Kosinski Wes Bergmann 5 Casey Cooper Sarah Greyson 5 Most Elimination Wins Wes Bergmann 13 Cara Maria Sorbello 12 Most Elimination Rounds Wes Bergmann 19 Cara Maria Sorbello Aneesa Ferreira 17 Most Consecutive Elimination Wins Wes Bergmann 8 Laurel Stucky 9 Most Elimination Losses Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio 9 Aneesa Ferreira 8 Most Challenges Without Winning an Elimination Round Danny Jamieson Tyrie Ballard 6 Melinda Stolp Most Finals Without Participating in an Elimination Round Chris `` CT '' Tamburello 5 Rachel Robinson Most Seasons Sent Home Without Formally Losing an Elimination Round Chris `` CT '' Tamburello Camila Nakagawa Most Money Won From a Single Season Jordan Wiseley $450,000 Camila Nakagawa $450,000 Most Money Won Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio $680,793 Cara Maria Sorbello $604,051 Note : All feats are updated as of Vendettas . Locations ( edit ) The Challenge has been shot in many different countries around the world , as well as some taking place in North America . During seasons 1 , 4 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 30 and 31 , the cast traveled between several different countries . Rank Location Seasons visited United States 6 ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 9 ) Mexico 5 ( 5 , 8 , 10 , 15 , 28 ) Canada 3 ( 1 , 4 , 19 ) Thailand 3 ( 18 , 24 , 29 ) Argentina 3 ( 21 , 28 , 30 ) Czech Republic 3 ( 4 , 20 , 31 ) 6 New Zealand 2 ( 1 , 17 ) Panama 2 ( 16 , 26 ) Turkey 2 ( 23 , 27 ) Germany 2 ( 4 , 27 ) 11 United Kingdom 1 ( 4 ) Jamaica 1 ( 6 ) Trinidad and Tobago 1 ( 11 ) Australia 1 ( 12 ) Brazil 1 ( 13 ) South Africa 1 ( 14 , 32 ) Costa Rica 1 ( 21 ) Dominican Republic 1 ( 22 ) Iceland 1 ( 22 ) Namibia 1 ( 23 ) Uruguay 1 ( 25 ) Chile 1 ( 25 ) Norway 1 ( 26 ) Colombia 1 ( 30 ) Spain 1 ( 31 ) Gibraltar 1 ( 31 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MTV . `` The Challenge : Battle of the Exes 2 ( TV Series ) MTV '' . Challenge.mtv.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Remodeling TV Talent : Participation and Performance in MTV 's Real World ... - Hugh Phillips Curnutt - Google Books . Books.google.com . ISBN 9780549747185 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Real World / Road Rules : The Island -- TJ Lavin is Developing an Attitude Problem '' ( blog ) . wordpress . October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ MTV . `` The Challenge : Battle of the Exes 2 ( TV Series ) MTV '' . Challenge.mtv.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Spring Break 2010 '' . Mtv.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://people.com/tv/the-challenge-champs-vs-stars-cast-reveal/ Jump up ^ `` Daniel Booby Gibson And Hennessy Carolina Competing In MTV 's The Challenge Champs Vs Stars -- VH1 News '' . Vh1.com . November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Preview of MTV series The Challenge : Champs vs. Pros '' . espn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Champs vs Pros : Beloved Challenge Victors Set to Battle Top Athletes '' . Mtv.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Russian , Ale ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) . `` Cast Revealed ! Josh Murray , Shawn Johnson and More Stars to Compete in MTV 's The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Champs vs Stars filming '' . 2018 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Longeretta , Emily ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ' 2018 Cast and Promo Revealed '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Donnelly , Matthew Scott ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Underdogs Will Have Their Day When The Challenge Returns For Season 29 '' . MTV . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) MTV 's Official The Challenge website MTV. ca 's Official The Challenge website TV.com series reference page TVGuide.com series reference page The Challenge at TV.com Real World , Road Rules , and The Challenge Real World seasons New York Los Angeles San Francisco London Miami Boston Seattle Hawaii New Orleans Back to New York Chicago Las Vegas Paris San Diego Philadelphia Austin Key West Denver Reunited : Las Vegas Sydney Hollywood Brooklyn Cancun D.C. New Orleans ( 2010 ) Las Vegas ( 2011 ) San Diego ( 2011 ) St. Thomas Portland Ex-Plosion Skeletons Go Big or Go Home Seattle : Bad Blood Road Rules seasons USA -- The First Adventure USA -- The Second Adventure Europe Islands Northern Trail Down Under Latin America Semester at Sea Maximum Velocity Tour The Quest Campus Crawl South Pacific X-Treme Viewers ' Revenge The Challenge seasons Road Rules : All Stars Real World / Road Rules Challenge Challenge 2000 Extreme Challenge Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) Battle of the Sexes The Gauntlet The Inferno Battle of the Sexes 2 The Inferno II The Gauntlet 2 Fresh Meat The Duel The Inferno 3 The Gauntlet III The Island The Duel II The Ruins Spring Break Challenge Fresh Meat II Cutthroat Rivals Battle of the Exes Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) Rivals II Free Agents Battle of the Exes II Battle of the Bloodlines Rivals III Invasion of the Champions Champs vs. Pros XXX : Dirty 30 Champs vs. Stars ( season 2 ) Vendettas Champs vs. Stars ( season 3 ) Final Reckoning Related Bunim / Murray Productions Mary - Ellis Bunim Jonathan Murray MTV The Real World Movie : The Lost Season T.J. Lavin Diem Brown Pedro Real World Presents : Return to Duty List of Real World cast members List of The Challenge contestants Are You the One ? The Real World : Stockholm The Real World : Visby Big Brother ( U.S. ) Ex on the Beach Geordie Shore Ex on the Beach ( U.S. ) MTV original programming Current Music series MTV Unplugged ( since 1989 ) Total Request Live ( 1998 - 2008 ; since 2017 ) News True Life ( since 1998 ) Reality Catfish : The TV Show ( since 2012 ) MTV Cribs ( since 2000 ) ( now on MTV 's Snapchat Discover content ) Ex on the Beach ( upcoming 2018 ) Floribama Shore ( since 2017 ) Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ( since 2018 ) My Super Sweet 16 ( since 2005 ) Real World ( since 1992 ) Ridiculousness ( since 2011 ) Siesta Key ( since 2017 ) Teen Mom OG ( since 2009 ) Teen Mom 2 ( since 2011 ) Teen Mum ( since 2017 ) Teen Mom : Young and Pregnant ( since 2018 ) Competitive Are You the One ? ( since 2014 ) The Challenge ( since 1998 ) The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( since 2017 ) Fear Factor ( since 2017 ) Talk Are You the One ? : The Aftermatch Live ( since 2014 ) Scripted Scream ( since 2015 ) Comedy Girl Code ( since 2013 ) ( now on MTV 's Snapchat Discover content ) Wild ' n Out ( since 2005 ) Award MTV Video Music Awards MTV Movie & TV Awards Former 1980s PostModern MTV ( 1980s -- 1990s ) MTV New Year 's ( 1981 -- 2014 ) We 're Dancin ' ( 1982 -- 1983 ) I.R.S. Records Presents The Cutting Edge ( 1983 -- 1987 ) Al TV ( 1984 -- 1999 ) Andy Warhol 's Fifteen Minutes ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Heavy Metal Mania ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Dial MTV ( 1986 -- 1996 ) 120 Minutes ( 1986 -- 2000 ) Headbangers Ball ( 1987 -- 1995 ) Club MTV ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Remote Control ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Stevie and Zoya ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Yo ! 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( 1990 ) Pirate TV ( 1990 ) The Idiot Box ( 1990 -- 1991 ) MTV Rock N ' Jock ( 1991 - 2001 ) Liquid Television ( 1991 -- 2014 ) Æon Flux ( 1991 -- 1995 ) MTV Sports ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Lip Service ( 1992 -- 1994 ) The Grind ( 1992 -- 1997 ) The Ben Stiller Show ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Catwalk ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Alternative Nation ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Like We Care ( 1992 ) You Wrote It , You Watch It ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Beavis and Butt - Head ( 1993 -- 2011 ) The Jon Stewart Show ( 1993 -- 1994 ) The State ( 1993 -- 1995 ) MTV Beach House ( 1993 ) Trashed ( 1994 ) Dead at 21 ( 1994 ) The Brothers Grunt ( 1994 -- 1995 ) The Head ( 1994 -- 1996 ) MTV News : Unfiltered ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Squirt TV ( 1994 -- 1996 ) The Maxx ( 1995 ) Singled Out ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Road Rules ( 1995 -- 2004 , 2007 ) Buzzkill ( 1996 ) Amp ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Idiot Savants ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Daria ( 1997 -- 2002 ) The Jenny McCarthy Show ( 1997 ) Oddville , MTV ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Apartment 2F ( 1997 ) Austin Stories ( 1997 -- 1998 ) 12 Angry Viewers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Cartoon Sushi ( 1997 -- 1998 ) MTV Live ( 1997 -- 1998 ) The Sifl and Olly Show ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Total Request ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Celebrity Deathmatch ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Wanna Be a VJ ( 1998 - 2000 ) Say What ? 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( 2004 ) The Ashlee Simpson Show ( 2004 -- 2005 ) The Assistant ( 2004 ) Laguna Beach : The Real Orange County ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Battle for Ozzfest ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Date My Mom ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Room Raiders ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Damage Control ( 2005 ) PoweR Girls ( 2005 ) Trippin ' ( 2005 ) Meet the Barkers ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Next ( 2005 -- 2008 ) The Andy Milonakis Show ( 2005 -- 2007 ) MTV 's The 70s House ( 2005 ) Run 's House ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Miss Seventeen ( 2005 ) Homewrecker ( 2005 ) Trick It Out ( 2005 -- 2007 ) There & Back ( 2006 ) The Gamekillers ( 2006 ) Parental Control ( 2006 -- 2010 ) 8th & Ocean ( 2006 ) Call to Greatness ( 2006 ) Yo Momma ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Blowin ' Up ( 2006 -- 2007 ) The Hills ( 2006 -- 2010 ) The Adventures of Chico and Guapo ( 2006 ) Final Fu ( 2006 ) Two - A-Days ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Rob & Big ( 2006 -- 2008 ) My Own ( 2006 ) Sucker Free ( 2006 -- 2008 ) twentyfourseven ( 2006 ) Why Ca n't I Be You ? ( 2006 ) DanceLife ( 2007 ) Maui Fever ( 2007 ) Engaged and Underage ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Bam 's Unholy Union ( 2007 ) Wrestling Society X ( 2007 ) Exposed ( 2007 -- 2008 ) I 'm from Rolling Stone ( 2007 ) Juvies ( 2007 ) Taquita + Kaui ( 2007 ) Hilary Duff : This Is Now ( 2007 ) Adventures in Hollyhood ( 2007 ) Human Giant ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Scarred ( 2007 ) The X Effect ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Room 401 ( 2007 ) Newport Harbor : The Real Orange County ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Life of Ryan ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Celebrity Rap Superstar ( 2007 ) A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila ( 2007 ) Kaya ( 2007 ) Barrio 19 ( 2007 ) America 's Best Dance Crew ( 2008 -- 2015 ) That 's Amore ! ( 2008 ) Rock the Cradle ( 2008 ) The Paper ( 2008 ) A Shot at Love II with Tila Tequila ( 2008 ) Legally Blonde : The Musical -- The Search for Elle Woods ( 2008 ) FNMTV ( 2008 ) From G 's to Gents ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Buzzin ' ( 2008 ) MTV 's Top Pop Group ( 2008 ) Paris Hilton 's My New BFF ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 50 Cent : The Money and the Power ( 2008 -- 2009 ) A Double Shot at Love ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Bromance ( 2008 -- 2009 ) The City ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Daddy 's Girls ( 2009 ) How 's Your News ? ( 2009 ) Rob Dyrdek 's Fantasy Factory ( 2009 -- 2015 ) The CollegeHumor Show ( 2009 ) T.I. 's Road to Redemption ( 2009 ) Dogg After Dark ( 2009 ) Taking the Stage ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Bully Beatdown ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Music Feed ( 2009 -- 2017 ) College Life ( 2009 ) The Phone ( 2009 ) $5 Cover ( 2009 ) 16 and Pregnant ( 2009 -- 2014 ) DJ & the Fro ( 2009 ) It 's On with Alexa Chung ( 2009 ) Silent Library ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Nitro Circus ( 2009 ) Pranked ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Popzilla ( 2009 ) Disaster Date ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Valemont ( 2009 ) Gone Too Far ( 2009 ) Jersey Shore ( 2009 -- 2012 ) 2010s My Life as Liz ( 2010 -- 2011 ) The Buried Life ( 2010 ) When I Was 17 ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Downtown Girls ( 2010 ) The Hard Times of RJ Berger ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Warren the Ape ( 2010 ) World of Jenks ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Skins ( 2011 ) Teen Wolf ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Awkward ( 2011 -- 2016 ) I Just Want My Pants Back ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Death Valley ( 2011 ) Plain Jane ( 2011 ) Good Vibes ( 2011 ) Friendzone ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Caged ( 2012 ) The Pauly D Project ( 2012 ) Savage U ( 2012 ) Snooki & Jwoww ( 2012 -- 2015 ) The Inbetweeners ( 2012 ) This Is How I Made It ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Underemployed ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Buckwild ( 2013 ) Nikki & Sara Live ( 2013 ) Kesha : My Crazy Beautiful Life ( 2013 ) The Show with Vinny ( 2013 ) Zach Stone Is Gonna Be Famous ( 2013 ) Teen Mom 3 ( 2013 ) Big Tips Texas ( 2013 ) Scrubbing In ( 2013 ) Faking It ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Finding Carter ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Virgin Territory ( 2014 ) Happyland ( 2014 ) Eye Candy ( 2015 ) Follow the Rules ( 2015 ) The Shannara Chronicles ( 2016 ) Greatest Party Story Ever ( 2016 ) Loosely Exactly Nicole ( 2016 ) Mary + Jane ( 2016 ) Sweet / Vicious ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Are You the One : Second Chances ( 2017 ) 90 's House ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Challenge_(TV_series)&oldid=843643944 '' Categories : The Challenge ( TV series ) Television series by Bunim / Murray Productions American game shows 1990s American television series 1998 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series MTV television series English - language television programs American reality television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 13 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first episode of the challenge | [
"The Challenge (originally known as Road Rules: All Stars, followed by Real World/Road Rules Challenge) is a reality game show on MTV that is spun off from the network's two reality shows, Real World and Road Rules. It features alumni from these two shows, in addition to rookies and alumni from The Challenge, and alumni from Are You the One?, Big Brother (US), Ex on the Beach (UK and US), and Geordie Shore competing against one another for a cash prize.[1][2] The Challenge is currently hosted by T. J. Lavin. The series premiered on June 1, 1998. The title of the show was originally Road Rules: All Stars before it was renamed Real World/Road Rules Challenge by the show's 2nd season, then later abridged to simply The Challenge by the show's 19th season. The series initially used no hosts but instead a former cast member who had been kicked off his or her season, providing assignments as \"Mr.\" or \"Ms. Big\" (David \"Puck\" Rainey, David Edwards, and Gladys Sanabria served this role). Later on, however, the series began using hosts: Eric Nies and Mark Long co-hosted a season, and Jonny Moseley and Dave Mirra hosted various seasons before T. J. Lavin became the show's regular host by the 11th season."
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"on June 1, 1998"
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-3607964270258696462 | A League of Their Own | A League of Their Own - Wikipedia A League of Their Own Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1992 film . For other uses , see A League of Their Own ( disambiguation ) . A League of Their Own Theatrical release poster Directed by Penny Marshall Produced by Elliot Abbott Robert Greenhut Screenplay by Lowell Ganz Babaloo Mandel Story by Kelly Candaele Kim Wilson Starring Tom Hanks Geena Davis Madonna Lori Petty Jon Lovitz David Strathairn Garry Marshall Bill Pullman Music by Hans Zimmer Cinematography Miroslav Ondricek Edited by George Bowers Production company Parkway Productions Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date July 1 , 1992 ( 1992 - 07 - 01 ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $132.4 million A League of Their Own is a 1992 American sports comedy - drama film that tells a fictionalized account of the real - life All - American Girls Professional Baseball League ( AAGPBL ) . Directed by Penny Marshall , the film stars Geena Davis , Tom Hanks , Madonna , and Lori Petty . The screenplay was written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel from a story by Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson . In 2012 , A League of Their Own was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Rockford Peaches 2.2 Others 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Soundtrack 6 20th anniversary 7 Television series 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1988 , Dottie Hinson ( Geena Davis ) attends the opening of the new All - American Girls Professional Baseball League ( AAGPBL ) exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame . She sees many of her former teammates and friends , prompting a flashback to 1943 . When World War II threatens to shut down Major League Baseball , candy magnate and Cubs owner Walter Harvey ( Garry Marshall ) persuades his fellow owners to bankroll a women 's league . Ira Lowenstein ( David Strathairn ) is put in charge , and Ernie Capadino ( Jon Lovitz ) is sent out to recruit players . Capadino attends an industrial - league softball game in rural Oregon and likes what he sees in Dottie , the catcher for a local dairy 's team . Dottie turns down Capadino 's offer , happy with her simple farm life while waiting for her husband Bob ( Bill Pullman ) to come back from the war . Her sister and teammate , Kit ( Lori Petty ) , however , is desperate to get away and make something of herself . Capadino is not impressed by Kit 's hitting performance , but agrees to take her along if she can change Dottie 's mind . Dottie agrees , but only for her sister 's sake . Dottie and Kit head out to Harvey Field in Chicago for the tryout . There they meet a pair of New Yorkers , taxi dancer `` All the Way '' Mae Mordabito ( Madonna ) and her best friend , bouncer Doris Murphy ( Rosie O'Donnell ) , along with soft - spoken right fielder Evelyn Gardner ( Bitty Schram ) , illiterate , shy left fielder Shirley Baker ( Ann Cusack ) , pitcher / shortstop and former Miss Georgia beauty queen Ellen Sue Gotlander ( Freddie Simpson ) , gentle left field / relief pitcher Betty `` Spaghetti '' Horn ( Tracy Reiner ) , homely second baseman Marla Hooch ( Megan Cavanagh ) , who was scouted by Ernie , Dottie and Kit in Fort Collins , Colorado , first baseman Helen Haley ( Anne Ramsay ) , and Saskatchewan native Alice `` Skeeter '' Gaspers ( Renée Coleman ) . They and eight others are selected to form the Rockford Peaches , while 48 others are split among the Racine Belles , Kenosha Comets , and South Bend Blue Sox . The Peaches are managed by Jimmy Dugan ( Tom Hanks ) , a former marquee Cubs slugger who initially treats the whole thing as a joke . The league attracts little interest at first . With a Life magazine photographer in the stands , Lowenstein begs the players to do something spectacular . Dottie obliges when a ball is popped up behind home plate , catching it while doing a split . The resulting photograph makes the magazine cover . A publicity campaign draws more people to the ballgames , but the owners remain unconvinced . Due to Kit 's and Dottie 's sibling rivalry , Kit is traded to the Peaches ' rival , the Racine Belles . The Peaches end the season qualifying for the league 's World Series . In the locker room , Jimmy gives Betty a telegram that informs her her husband was killed in action in the Pacific Theater . The grief - stricken Betty leaves the team . Later that evening , Dottie receives a surprise when Bob , who was serving in Italy , shows up , having been discharged from the Army . The following morning , Jimmy discovers that Dottie is going home with Bob . Unable to persuade her to at least play in the World Series , he tells her she will regret her decision . The Peaches and Belles meet in the World Series , which reaches a seventh and deciding game . Dottie , having reconsidered during the drive back to Oregon , is the catcher for the Peaches , while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles . With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth , Dottie drives in the go - ahead run . Kit is the final batter . Under immense pressure , she gets a hit and , ignoring the third base coach 's sign to stop , scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie 's hand . The sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners ' support . After the game , the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves . Back in the present , Dottie is reunited with several other players , including Kit , whom she has not seen in several years . The fates of several of the characters are revealed : Jimmy , Bob , and Evelyn have died , while Marla has been married to Nelson , a man she met in a bar , for over 40 years . The original Peaches sing a team song composed by Evelyn and pose for a group photo . Cast ( edit ) Rockford Peaches ( edit ) Geena Davis as Dorothy `` Dottie '' Hinson ( # 8 , catcher / assistant manager ) Lynn Cartwright as Older Dottie Tom Hanks as Jimmy Dugan ( manager ) Madonna as `` All the Way '' Mae Mordabito ( # 5 , center field ) Eunice Anderson as Older Mae Lori Petty as Kit Keller ( # 23 , pitcher ) Kathleen Butler as Older Kit Rosie O'Donnell as Doris Murphy ( # 22 , third base ) Vera Johnson as Older Doris Anne Ramsay as Helen Haley ( # 15 , first base ) Barbara Pilavin as Older Helen Megan Cavanagh as Marla Hooch ( # 32 , second base ) Patricia Wilson as Older Marla Freddie Simpson as Ellen Sue Gotlander ( # 1 , shortstop / pitcher ) Eugenia McLin as Older Ellen Sue Tracy Reiner as Betty `` Spaghetti '' Horn ( # 7 , left field / relief pitcher ) Betty Miller as Older Betty Bitty Schram as Evelyn Gardner ( # 17 , right field ) Renée Coleman ( credited as Renee Coleman ) -- Alice `` Skeeter '' Gaspers ( # 18 , left field / center field / catcher ) Shirley Burkovich as Older Alice Ann Cusack as Shirley Baker ( # 11 , left field ) Barbara Erwin as Older Shirley Robin Knight as Linda `` Beans '' Babbitt ( shortstop ) Patti Pelton as Marbleann Wilkinson ( second base ) Kelli Simpkins as Beverly Dixon ( # 4 , outfield ) Connie Pounds - Taylor as Connie Calhoun ( Outfield ) On MLB Network 's Costas at the Movies in 2013 , director Penny Marshall talked about her initial interest in Demi Moore for the part of Dottie Hinson , saying : `` Demi Moore , I liked , but by the time we came around , she was pregnant . '' Others ( edit ) Jon Lovitz as Ernie Capadino , AAGPBL scout David Strathairn as Ira Lowenstein , AAGPBL general manager Marvin Einhorn as Older Ira Garry Marshall as Walter Harvey , candy bar mogul and AAGPBL founder Julie Croteau as Helen Haley ( baseball double for Anne Ramsay ) Bill Pullman as Bob Hinson , Dottie 's husband Janet Jones as Racine pitcher Téa Leoni as Racine first baseman Don S. Davis as Charlie Collins , Racine coach Eddie Jones as Dave Hooch , Marla 's father Justin Scheller as Stillwell Gardner , Evelyn 's son Mark Holton as Older Stillwell . He attends the Peaches ' reunion at the Baseball Hall of Fame on behalf of his mother who had died . Pauline Brailsford as Miss Cuthburt , Rockford chaperone Production ( edit ) Discussing the skirts they wore playing baseball in the film , Geena Davis said on MLB Network 's Costas at the Movies in 2013 , `` Some of our real cast , from sliding into home , had ripped the skin off their legs . It was nutty . '' Reception ( edit ) The film was released on July 1 , 1992 , and was # 1 by its second weekend ( July 10 -- 12 ) . It was a commercial success , making $107 million in the United States ( and an additional $25 million worldwide ) on a $40 million budget , and was well received by critics . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Jimmy Dugan : `` There 's no crying in baseball ! '' -- # 54 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Sports Film On December 19 , 2012 , it was announced that the film would be preserved as part of the United States National Film Registry . Soundtrack ( edit ) A League of Their Own : Music From The Motion Picture Soundtrack album by various artists Released June 30 , 1992 Genre Soundtrack Length 43 : 44 Label Columbia Records Producer Various Singles from A League of Their Own `` This Used to Be My Playground '' Released : June 16 , 1992 `` Now and Forever '' Released : July 1992 A League of Their Own soundtrack was released on CD and cassette tape by Columbia Records on June 30 , 1992 . The album peaked at # 159 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart on July 25 , 1992 . Although Madonna contributed `` This Used to Be My Playground '' to the film , featured over the closing credits , her recording was not included on the soundtrack album for contractual reasons . Track listing `` Now and Forever '' -- Performed by Carole King `` Choo Choo Ch'Boogie '' -- Performed by The Manhattan Transfer `` It 's Only a Paper Moon '' -- Performed by James Taylor `` In a Sentimental Mood '' -- Performed by Billy Joel `` Two Sleepy People '' -- Performed by Art Garfunkel `` I Did n't Know What Time It Was '' -- Performed by James Taylor `` On the Sunny Side of the Street '' -- Performed by The Manhattan Transfer `` Flying Home '' -- Performed by Doc 's Rhythm Cats `` Life Goes On '' -- Performed by Hans Zimmer `` The Final Game '' -- Performed by Hans Zimmer `` The All - American Girls Professional Baseball League Song '' -- Performed by The Rockford Peaches 20th Anniversary ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) With 2012 marking the 20th year since the film 's release , A League of Their Own was released as a 20th Anniversary Edition Blu - ray on October 16 , 2012 . Forty - seven former players of the AAGPBL reunited in New York to celebrate the film and the real women who inspired it . Events included a trip to Cooperstown for a special program at the National Baseball Hall of Fame , reminiscent of the film 's final scene depicting members of the AAGPBL and family coming together to witness the honoring of the Women 's Professional Baseball League . The reunion wrapped up with a game of softball held at Alliance Bank Stadium in nearby Syracuse . Former players also made an appearance at Bosse Field in Evansville , Indiana , on June 6 , 2012 , where many of the film 's game scenes were filmed . The event included an outdoor screening of the film as well as a scene - setting display of cars featured in the film . In addition to Bosse Field , the production used Huntingburg , Indiana 's League Stadium , another Southwestern Indiana field older than Bosse that was renovated for the film . Television Series ( edit ) A short - lived series of the same title based on the film aired on CBS in April 1993 , with Garry Marshall , Megan Cavanagh , Tracy Reiner , and Jon Lovitz reprising their roles . Only five of the six episodes made were broadcast . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . September 29 , 1992 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ King , Susan . `` National Film Registry selects 25 films for preservation '' Los Angeles Times ( December 19 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` Penny Marshall '' . Costas at the Movies . MLB Network . January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Demi Moore in ' A League of Their Own ? ' Almost happened '' . Newsday. 2010 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kronke , David ( July 2 , 1992 ) . `` Penny Marshall pitches ' League of Their Own ' agenda '' . The Dispatch . Lexington , NC . Los Angeles Daily News . p. 4C . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Sue ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` ' A League of Their Own ' brings former ballplayer to the Riverside Saginaw Film Festival '' . MLive . MLive Media Group . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sidewater , Nancy ( April 23 , 2004 ) . `` DVD Q&A -- Penny Marshall '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc. ( 761 ) . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own '' . Fort - Worth Star - Telegram . June 30 , 1992 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Rachlin , Jill ( February 12 , 1993 ) . `` A League of Their Own Review Reviews and News '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly , Inc. ( 157 ) . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's added to film archive '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ A League of Their Own soundtrack - The Billboard 200 , retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Madonna : A League of Their Own soundtrack , retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kekis , John ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Women Remain in League of Their Own '' . The Chronicle Herald . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Prell , Jon ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` A League Of Their Own Comes Home To Bosse Field On June 22 '' . Evansville Courier & Press . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Baseball portal Film portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : A League of Their Own A League of Their Own on IMDb A League of Their Own at Rotten Tomatoes A League of Their Own at the TCM Movie Database A League of Their Own at AllMovie A League of Their Own at the American Film Institute Catalog A League of Their Own at Box Office Mojo ESPN.com -- Page 2 -- Reel Life : ' A League of Their Own ' Movie stills Films directed by Penny Marshall Jumpin ' Jack Flash ( 1986 ) Big ( 1988 ) Awakenings ( 1990 ) A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) The Preacher 's Wife ( 1996 ) Riding in Cars with Boys ( 2001 ) All - American Girls Professional Baseball League Teams Battle Creek Belles Chicago Colleens Fort Wayne Daisies Grand Rapids Chicks Kalamazoo Lassies Kenosha Comets Milwaukee Chicks Minneapolis Millerettes Muskegon Belles Muskegon Lassies Peoria Redwings Racine Belles Rockford Peaches South Bend Blue Sox Springfield Sallies Seasons 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 Awards and recognition All - Star Team Player of the Year Batting records Fielding records Pitching records Related articles List of managers List of players Rules of play A League of Their Own ( film ) A League of Their Own ( TV series ) Arthur Meyerhoff Philip K. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wins in a league of their own | [
"The Peaches and Belles meet in the World Series, which reaches a seventh and deciding game. Dottie, having reconsidered during the drive back to Oregon, is the catcher for the Peaches, while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles. With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth, Dottie drives in the go-ahead run. Kit is the final batter. Under immense pressure, she gets a hit and, ignoring the third base coach's sign to stop, scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie's hand. The sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners' support. After the game, the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves."
] | [
"the Belles"
] |
6917512306414848241 | Emily Bett Rickards | Emily Bett Rickards - wikipedia Emily Bett Rickards Jump to : navigation , search Emily Bett Rickards Rickards at the 2015 PaleyFest Emily Bett Rickards ( 1991 - 07 - 24 ) July 24 , 1991 ( age 26 ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Occupation Actress Years active 2009 -- present Emily Bett Rickards ( born July 24 , 1991 ) is a Canadian actress , known for portraying Felicity Smoak on The CW television series Arrow as well as its spinoff series The Flash , Vixen , Legends of Tomorrow and related show Supergirl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Web 3.4 Music video 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Rickards was born and raised in British Columbia . Her mother is Dr. Diane Greig , a dream psychotherapist in Vancouver , BC . Beginning on her career path at a young age , she introduced herself to musical theatre and dance , with the hope of later introducing herself to more serious acting . She graduated from high school early and attended the Vancouver Film School , completing the Acting Essentials Program . After completing the program , she attended an open call audition , which gained her an agent . She studied at the Alida Vocal Studio in Vancouver . Career ( edit ) Rickards appeared in the video of the Nickelback single `` Never Gonna Be Alone '' in 2008 and , after some minor roles , was cast as Felicity Smoak in the TV series Arrow in 2012 . Originally signed as a one - episode guest star , positive reaction from her co-star and from Warner Brothers producer Peter Roth before the show aired , led to her being signed on as a recurring star for the rest of show 's first season . The success of the character , coupled with positive fan response , led to her being made a series regular from the second season onwards . The following year she landed the role of Lauren Phillips in the television movie Romeo Killer : The Chris Porco Story . In 2015 , she had a supporting role in the Oscar nominated film Brooklyn . In 2016 , Rickards was cast in the movie Slumber , alongside Darby Stanchfield and Meaghan Rath . In the same year she was also cast in Aisha Tyler 's directorial debut , Axis , which raised funds through a Kickstarter campaign . In the same year Rickards also co-starred , alongside Josh Dallas and Tom Cavanagh in the super-hero themed short film Sidekick , directed by Arrowverse alum Jeff Cassidy . In 2017 , she starred alongside Jana Winternitz and Matthew Glave in the Michael Gallagher directed comedy film Funny Story . The film premiered at the 2018 Slamdance Film Festival . Filmography ( edit ) Rickards at the 2013 Comic - Con Denotes films / television series that have not yet been released Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2012 Bacon and Eggs Dite Short film 2012 Flicka : Country Pride Mary Malone Direct - to - video 2012 Random Acts of Romance Young wife 2014 Cowgirls ' n Angels : Dakota 's Summer Kristen Rose 2015 Normal Doors Meg Short film 2015 Brooklyn Patty McGuire 2016 Sidekick Emma / The Princess Short film 2017 Axis Caitlin ( voice ) 2018 Slumber Stevens In post-production 2018 Funny Story Kim Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2012 -- present Arrow Felicity Smoak / Overwatch Recurring role ( season 1 ) Main role ( season 2 -- present ) 118 episodes 2013 Romeo Killer : The Chris Porco Story Lauren Phillps Television film 2014 -- present Flash , The The Flash Felicity Smoak / Overwatch 8 episodes 2016 -- 17 Legends of Tomorrow 4 episodes 2016 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Becky Simmons Episode : `` Joe Jonas Wears a Maroon and Gold Letterman Jacket With White Sneakers '' 2016 Superhero Fight Club 2.0 Felicity Smoak / Overwatch Short promo video 2016 Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Herself Episode : `` Emily Bett Rickards '' 2017 Supergirl Felicity Smoak / Overwatch Episode : `` Crisis on Earth X , Part 1 '' Web ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2013 Soldiers of the Apocalypse Fourty Main role 8 episodes 2013 Arrow : Blood Rush Felicity Smoak Main role 6 episodes 2015 Very Mallory Herself ( voice ) Episode : `` Emily Bett Rickards '' 2015 -- 16 Vixen Felicity Smoak / Overwatch ( voice ) 2 episodes 2016 Paranormal Solutions Inc . Genevieve Kreme 8 episodes Music video ( edit ) Year Song title Artist 2009 `` Never Gonna Be Alone '' Nickelback Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result 2014 Leo Award Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Arrow Nominated Teen Choice Award Female Breakout Star Nominated 2015 Leo Award Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actress Fantasy / Sci - Fi Nominated MTV Fandom Awards : Ship Of The Year ( with Stephen Amell ) Won Leo Award Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series The Flash Nominated 2016 MTV Fandom Awards : Ship Of The Year ( with Stephen Amell ) Arrow Won Leo Award Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Nominated 2017 Leo Award Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Action TV Actress Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Emily Bett Rickards in TVSA Jump up ^ Wilkerson , Richard C. `` 2017 IASD Conference Photos '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilkerson , Richard C. `` 2017 IASD Conference Photos '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rickards , Emily ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` '' My mother is my most dedicated stalker . '' Tweet `` . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Testimonials '' . Alida Vocal Studio . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shiri Appleby Poised To Recur On NBC 's ' Chicago Fire ' & More TV Castings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 Minutes with ' Arrow ' Star Emily Bett Rickards '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Stephen Amell and Greg Berlanti . Larry King Now '' `` Ora '' , Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Roth and Greg Berlanti in Conversation . Paley Fest Media Convention . '' `` youtube '' , Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow at Paleyfest '' `` Deadline Hollywood '' , Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Arrow ' Locks In A Fan Favorite '' `` Entertainment Tonight '' , Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paleyfest 2013 '' `` Entertainment Weekly '' , Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lifetime To Do Chris Porco Movie With Matt Barr , Eric McCormack & Lolita Davidovich '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Arrow ' star Emily Bett Rickards joins Saoirse Ronon in ' Brooklyn ' '' `` upandcoming.net '' , Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Darby Stanchfield , Emily Bett Rickards and Meaghan Rath cast in sci - fi thriller ' Slumbler ' '' `` Variety '' , Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aisha Tyler to make feature directing debut on Kiickstarter - funded Axis . '' `` Variety '' , Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sidekick : Emily Bett Rickards and Tom Cavanagh team for superhero short film '' `` Entertainment Weekly '' , Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Gallagher ( @ TotallySketch ) ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` 🎬 BIG ANNOUNCEMENT 🎬 I 'm directing the new movie `` FUNNY STORY '' starring @ EmilyBett @ janawinternitz ! Follow @ FunnyStoryMovie # funnystorymovie '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Funny Story '' . `` mjgproductions.com '' . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slamdance ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` SLAMDANCE 2018 ANNOUNCES , BEYOND FEATURES , AND SHORT FILM COMPETITIONS '' . `` Slamdance Film Festival '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emily Bett Rickards . Emily Bett Rickards on IMDb Byrne , Craig . `` Video : GreenArrowTV 's Interview With Emily Bett Rickards ( Felicity ) '' . Emily Bett Rickards on Twitter Emily Bett Rickards on Instagram Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emily_Bett_Rickards&oldid=825353997 '' Categories : 1991 births 21st - century Canadian actresses Actresses from Vancouver Canadian film actresses Canadian television actresses Canadian voice actresses Living people Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 22 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the actress who plays felicity in arrow | [
"Emily Bett Rickards (born July 24, 1991) is a Canadian actress, known for portraying Felicity Smoak on The CW television series Arrow as well as its spinoff series The Flash, Vixen, Legends of Tomorrow and related show Supergirl."
] | [
"Emily Bett Rickards"
] |
-1582830645981833794 | Morgan dollar | Morgan dollar - wikipedia Morgan dollar This article is about the United States dollar coin . For the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series team formerly known as Morgan - Dollar Motorsports , see Randy Moss Motorsports . Morgan dollar Value 1 United States dollar Mass 26.73 g ( 4121⁄2 gr ) Diameter 38.1 mm ( 1.5 in ) Thickness 2.4 mm Edge Reeded Composition 90.0 % Silver 10.0 % Copper Years of minting 1878 - 1904 , 1921 Mint marks None ( Philadelphia ) CC ( Carson City ) S ( San Francisco ) O ( New Orleans ) D ( Denver ) Obverse Design Liberty Designer George T. Morgan Design date 1878 Reverse Design Eagle clasping arrows and olive branch Designer George T. Morgan Design date 1878 The Morgan dollar was a United States dollar coin minted from 1878 to 1904 , and again in 1921 . It was the first standard silver dollar minted since production of the previous design , the Seated Liberty dollar , ceased due to the passage of the Coinage Act of 1873 , which also ended the free coining of silver . The coin is named after its designer , United States Mint Assistant Engraver George T. Morgan . The obverse depicts a profile portrait representing Liberty , while the reverse depicts an eagle with wings outstretched . The dollar was authorized by the Bland -- Allison Act . Following the passage of the 1873 act , mining interests lobbied to restore free silver , which would require the Mint to accept all silver presented to it and return it , struck into coin . Instead , the Bland -- Allison Act was passed , which required the Treasury to purchase between two and four million dollars ' worth of silver at market value to be coined into dollars each month . In 1890 , the Bland -- Allison Act was repealed by the Sherman Silver Purchase Act , which required the Treasury to purchase 4,500,000 troy ounces ( 140,000 kg ) of silver each month , but only required further silver dollar production for one year . This act , once again , was repealed in 1893 . In 1898 , Congress approved a bill that required all remaining bullion purchased under the Sherman Silver Purchase Act to be coined into silver dollars . When those silver reserves were depleted in 1904 , the Mint ceased to strike the Morgan dollar . The Pittman Act , passed in 1918 , authorized the melting and recoining of millions of silver dollars . Pursuant to the act , Morgan dollars resumed mintage for one year in 1921 . The design was replaced by the Peace dollar later the same year . In the early 1960s , a large quantity of uncirculated Morgan dollars in their original bags were discovered in the Treasury vaults , including issues once thought rare . Individuals began purchasing large quantities of the pieces at face value , and eventually the Treasury ceased exchanging silver certificates for silver coin . Beginning in the 1970s , the Treasury conducted a sale of silver dollars minted at the Carson City Mint through the General Services Administration . In 2006 , Morgan 's reverse design was used on a silver dollar issued to commemorate the old San Francisco Mint building . Contents 1 Background 2 Design history 3 Production 4 Sherman Silver Purchase Act , Panic of 1893 5 Pittman Act 6 Carson City Mint Morgan dollars 7 San Francisco commemorative dollar 8 Mintage figures 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Background ( edit ) In 1876 , Richard P. Bland introduced a bill in the House to resume coinage of the standard silver dollar . William B. Allison added amendments to the bill in the Senate In 1873 , Congress enacted the Fourth Coinage Act , which effectively ended the bimetallic standard in the United States by demonetizing silver bullion . Prior to enactment of the Coinage Act , silver could be brought to the mints and coined into legal tender for a small fee . With such a system in place , bullion producers could have silver coined into dollars when the intrinsic value of a silver dollar was lower than the face value , thus making a profit , flooding the money supply and causing inflation . The act ended production of the standard silver dollar ( then the Seated Liberty dollar , as designed by Christian Gobrecht ) and provided for mintage of a silver trade dollar , which was intended to compete with Mexican dollars for use in the Orient . Under the act , bullion producers were allowed to bring bullion to the mints in order to be cast into bars or coined into the newly authorized trade dollars for a small fee . Trade dollars initially held legal tender status , but it was revoked in 1876 to prevent bullion producers from making a profit by coining silver into trade dollars when the value of the metal was low . The restrictions on free coinage laid out in the Coinage Act initially met little resistance from mining interests until the price of silver declined rapidly due to increased mining in the Western United States . Protests also came from bankers , manufacturers and farmers , who felt an increased money supply would have a positive impact . Groups were formed that demanded the free coinage of silver ( or `` free silver '' ) in order to inflate the dollar following the Panic of 1873 . Beginning in 1876 , several bills were introduced in the House of Representatives in an effort to resume the free coinage of silver . One such bill introduced into the House by Democratic Representative Richard P. Bland of Missouri was passed in the fall of 1876 . Republican senator William B. Allison of Iowa added important amendments to the bill in the Senate . The House bill allowed Free Silver ; one of Allison 's amendments struck that provision . This same amendment allowed for the issuance of silver certificates for the first time in United States history . The bill was vetoed by President Rutherford B. Hayes . The president 's veto was overridden on February 28 , 1878 . What came to be known as the Bland -- Allison Act required that the Treasury purchase between two and four million dollars ' worth of silver per month , to be coined into silver dollars at the former gold / silver value ratio of 16 : 1 , meaning that one ounce of gold would be valued the same as sixteen ounces of silver . Design history ( edit ) A pattern half dollar created by George T. Morgan A pattern for the standard silver dollar created by William Barber Anna Willess Williams , as depicted in an 1892 issue of Ladies ' Home Journal In 1876 , Director of the Mint Henry Linderman began efforts to redesign the nation 's silver coins . Linderman contacted C.W. Fremantle , Deputy Master of the Royal Mint in London , requesting him to `` find a first class die - sinker who would be willing to take the position of Assistant Engraver at the Mint at Philadelphia . '' In response to Linderman 's request , Fremantle wrote `` My inquiries as to an Assistant Engraver lead me very strongly to recommend for the post Mr. George Morgan , age 30 , who has made himself a considerable name , but for whom there is not much opening at present in this country . '' An agreement was reached between Linderman and Morgan for the engraver to work at the Philadelphia Mint under Chief Engraver William Barber on a six - month trial basis . Morgan arrived in Philadelphia on October 9 , 1876 . His earliest pattern coins designed during his tenure at the Philadelphia Mint were intended for the half dollar . In 1876 , Morgan enrolled as a student at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts to prepare to create a new Liberty head design . Morgan also obtained studies from nature of the bald eagle for preparation of the reverse design . For the representation of Liberty , Morgan sought to depict an American woman rather than the usual Greek -- style figures . Morgan 's friend , artist Thomas Eakins , suggested he use Anna Willess Williams of Philadelphia as a model . In total , Morgan had five sittings with Williams ; he declared her profile to be the most perfect he had seen . On October 18 , 1877 , Linderman requested Superintendent of the Philadelphia Mint James Pollock to `` instruct Mr. Morgan to prepare without delay , dies for a silver dollar , the designs , inscriptions , and arrangement thereof to be the same as the enclosed impression for the Half Dollar and numbered ' 2 ' substituting the words ' one dollar ' in place of ' half dollar ' '' . Linderman also ordered Pollock to `` instruct Mr. Barber to prepare a reverse die for a dollar with a representation of an eagle as well as the inscriptions required by law . He will select whichever of his Heads of Liberty he prefers for the obverse of the same . '' Linderman evidently preferred the designs of Morgan over those of the Chief Engraver ; he wrote Pollock on February 21 , 1878 , `` I have now to state for your information , that it is my intention , in the event of the silver bill now pending in Congress , becoming law , to request the approval by the Secretary of the Treasury , of the dies prepared by Mr. Morgan . '' Production ( edit ) Morgan 's design , struck as a half dollar pattern in 1877 A coinage press at the Philadelphia Mint Production of the coins did not commence until March 11 , more than a week after the passage of the Bland -- Allison Act . The first acceptable strike , after adjustments to the press , was coined at 3 : 17 p.m. at the Philadelphia Mint . This piece was given to President Hayes ; the second and third were given to Secretary of the Treasury John Sherman and Mint Director Henry Linderman . Linderman desired to involve the western mints of San Francisco and Carson City in production in order to help reach the monthly quota necessary under the Bland -- Allison Act . Pressure was so great at the Philadelphia Mint that it halted production of all other coins and began operating overtime . Use of the western mints was delayed , however , as all dies were prepared at the Philadelphia Mint , and it was believed that the Western mints did not have the proper equipment to prepare the dies for use . During the second week of production , Linderman pointed out what he called a `` slight imperfection '' in the dies for the dollar . The reason for the changes was to reduce the relief of the designs and to change the number of tail feathers on the eagle from eight to seven ; this was done because all prior United States coinage depicted the bald eagle as having an odd number of tail feathers . The high relief had caused the dies to have a shorter life . Dies were eventually sent to the Western mints , arriving in both San Francisco and Carson City on April 16 , 1878 . The New Orleans Mint began striking the new silver dollars in 1879 . The Denver Mint , established in 1906 , struck the coins for only one year , in 1921 . The mint marks appearing on the coins are none , representing Philadelphia , `` CC '' for Carson City , `` S '' for San Francisco , `` O '' for New Orleans and `` D '' for Denver . In order to conform to the Coinage Act of 1837 , the Morgan dollar contained ninety percent silver and ten percent copper , measured 38.1 millimetres ( 1.50 in ) in diameter and weighed 412.5 grains ( 26.73 g ) . Sherman silver Purchase Act , Panic of 1893 ( edit ) Main articles : Sherman Silver Purchase Act and Panic of 1893 Ohio senator John Sherman authored the Sherman Silver Purchase Act , forcing the Treasury to purchase 4,500,000 troy ounces ( 140,000 kg ) each month . Mintage of the Morgan dollar remained relatively steady until the passage of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act on July 14 , 1890 . The act , authored by Ohio senator and former Treasury secretary John Sherman , forced the Treasury to increase the amount of silver purchased to 4,500,000 troy ounces ( 140,000 kg ) each month . Supporters of the act believed that an increase in the amount of silver purchased would result in inflation , helping to relieve the nation 's farmers . The act also received support from mining interests because such large purchases would cause the price of silver to rise and increase their profits . Despite the Act 's requiring large purchases of silver indefinitely , it provided that the Mint must coin 2,000,000 silver dollars each month only until 1891 . Since the Treasury already had a surplus of silver dollars , minting of dollars dropped sharply beginning in 1892 . The silver that remained after mintage of the dollars was used to mint dimes , quarters and half dollars . Beginning early in 1893 , a number of industrial firms , including the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the National Cordage Company went bankrupt . The resulting bank runs and failures became known as the Panic of 1893 . In June of that year , President Grover Cleveland , who believed that the Panic was caused by the inflation generated by the Sherman Silver Purchase Act , called a special session of Congress in order to repeal it . The act was repealed on November 1 , 1893 . On June 13 , 1898 , Congress ordered the coining of all the remaining bullion purchased under the Sherman Silver Purchase Act into silver dollars . Silver dollar production rose again , until the bullion was exhausted in 1904 , when it ceased . Pittman Act ( edit ) Main article : Pittman Act Senator Key Pittman was responsible for the act that called for the melting of up to 350,000,000 silver dollars . The German government began a propaganda campaign during World War I to discredit the United Kingdom 's currency in India . The Germans convinced Indian citizens that British banknotes in that country could not be redeemed for silver . This led to a run on the British supply of silver . In response , United States Democratic senator Key Pittman of Nevada introduced legislation in 1918 that was intended to offer financial relief to the British government . The bill , passed on April 22 , 1918 , stated that `` sales of silver bullion under authority of this act may be made for the purpose of conserving the existing stock of gold in the United States , of providing silver for subsidiary coinage and for commercial use , and of assisting foreign governments at war with the enemies of the United States '' . The Pittman Act authorized the U.S. to melt up to 350,000,000 silver dollars , and this commenced immediately after the Act 's passage . The U.S. eventually melted a total of 270,232,722 silver dollars . Of that amount , 259,121,554 were sold to the United Kingdom at the cost of one dollar per troy ounce . The U.S. only minted the Morgan dollar again during 1921 , the only year in which Morgan dollars were struck at the Denver mint . Since the Treasury had destroyed the obsolete Morgan dollar dies in 1910 , Morgan had to create an entirely new master die . Another provision of the Pittman Act authorized the U.S. to mint a replacement coin for every silver dollar melted . During the same year , the Peace dollar was first issued to commemorate the end of World War I . The Peace dollar was supposedly minted to replace the Morgan dollar under the terms of the Pittman Act but without congressional authorization , despite the fact that the Act did not describe the coin design . The change in design was actually authorized under an 1890 act of Congress , which stated : But no change in the design or die of any coin shall be made oftener than once in twenty - five years from and including the year of the first adoption of the design , model , die , or hub for the same coin : Provided , That no change be made in the diameter of any coin : And provided further , That nothing in this section shall prevent the adoption of new designs or models for devices or emblems already authorized for the standard silver dollar and the five - cent nickel piece as soon as practicable after the passage of this act . Carson City Mint Morgan dollars ( edit ) Until 1964 , U.S. citizens could redeem paper money known as silver certificates for silver dollars at a U.S. Treasury mint on demand . In 1962 , an individual redeemed a silver certificate and received a rare and valuable Morgan dollar in exchange . The coin was from a bag of silver dollars in the vault of the Philadelphia Mint . This incident triggered huge interest , and between November 1962 and March 1964 , millions of Morgan and Peace dollars were sold to the general public . The demand to exchange silver certificates for silver dollars was so great that lines formed outside of the Treasury Building in Washington , D.C. Some people in line were pushing wheelbarrows . The U.S. Treasury discovered previously unknown mint bags of Carson City dollars in its vaults containing slightly more than 2.8 million Carson City silver dollars in the Treasury vaults . Treasury officials decided to hold them back because the total number of coins minted at the Carson City mint were generally lower than others . On May 12 , 1969 , the Joint Commission on Coinage held a meeting in order to determine the best way to sell the Carson City - minted dollars earlier held back by Treasury officials . They recommended a mail bid sale . Legislation was passed on December 31 , 1970 directing the Treasury to transfer the silver dollars to the Administrator of General Services who was given the responsibility for marketing and selling the coins . The legislation also stated that all proceeds from the sale were to be `` covered into the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts . '' Congress supplied the General Services Administration with $10 million to market the dollar coins . Advertising consisted of posters and brochures distributed to post offices , banks and various financial institutions , as well as television documentaries . The coins were sorted and mounted in small plastic display cases . The GSA conducted a total of seven mail bid sales between 1972 and 1980 . In total , the sales generated $107 million in revenue . San Francisco Commemorative dollar ( edit ) 2006 commemorative silver dollar , bearing Morgan 's reverse design with modifications On June 15 , 2006 , legislation was approved that provided for the minting of a silver dollar and a five dollar gold coin in `` commemoration of the Old Mint at San Francisco , '' with surcharges to be given to the San Francisco Museum and Historical Society in an effort to rehabilitate the Old Mint . In total , 100,000 gold and 500,000 silver commemorative coins were authorized . Authorization came at the behest of several hobby publications , who enlisted readers to contact their local congressmen and persuade them to pass necessary legislation . The designs approved for the silver dollar bear a left - frontal view of the Old Mint building and a copy of Morgan 's eagle design on the obverse and reverse , respectively . Mint artist Joseph Menna made a new model for the reverse , employing a 1904 San Francisco - minted dollar as his model . Mintage figures ( edit ) The dollars were produced every year between 1878 and 1904 at a total of 4 different mints . Each mint , with the exception of Philadelphia , has its own mint mark . In 1921 production was resumed for one year only , with this year being the only one where the Denver mint was used . Year Philadelphia New Orleans San Francisco Carson City Denver 1878 10,500,000 9,774,000 2,212,000 1879 14,806,000 2,887,000 9,110,000 756,000 1880 12,600,000 5,305,000 8,900,000 591,000 1881 9,162,991 5,708,000 12,760,000 296,000 1882 11,100,000 6,090,000 9,250,000 1,133,000 1883 12,290,000 8,725,000 6,250,000 1,204,000 1884 14,070,000 9,730,000 3,200,000 1,136,000 1885 17,787,000 9,185,000 1,497,000 228,000 1886 19,963,000 10,710,000 750,000 1887 20,290,000 11,550,000 1,771,000 1888 19,183,000 12,150,000 657,000 1889 21,726,000 11,875,000 700,000 350,000 1890 16,802,000 10,701,100 8,230,373 2,309,041 1891 8,693,556 7,954,529 5,296,000 1,618,000 1892 1,036,000 2,744,000 1,200,000 1,352,000 1893 378,000 300,000 100,000 677,000 1894 110,000 1,723,000 1,260,000 1895 12,000 450,000 400,000 1896 9,976,000 4,900,000 5,000,000 1897 2,822,000 4,004,000 5,825,000 1898 5,884,000 4,400,000 4,102,000 1899 330,000 12,290,000 2,562,000 1900 8,830,000 12,590,000 3,540,000 1901 6,962,000 13,320,000 2,284,000 1902 7,994,000 8,636,000 1,530,000 1903 4,652,000 4,450,000 1,241,000 1904 2,788,000 3,720,000 2,304,000 1921 44,690,000 21,695,000 20,345,000 Total 305,437,547 186,097,629 131,188,373 13,862,041 20,345,000 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Van Allen & Mallis , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Fite , p. 428 . ^ Jump up to : Fite , p. 429 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Harness , George ; Senate Library ( February 1992 ) . `` Rutherford B. Hayes '' ( PDF ) . Presidential Vetoes , 1789 -- 1988 ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . S. Pub. 102 - 12 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Van Allen & Mallis , p. 74 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Van Allen & Mallis , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Van Allen & Mallis , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Van Allen & Mallis , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Van Allen & Mallis , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , p. 219 . ^ Jump up to : Yeoman , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , p. 218 . ^ Jump up to : Yeoman , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Fite , p. 446 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Brothers , Eric ( January 2011 ) . `` The Great Panic of 1893 and its Aftermath '' . The Numismatist : 48 -- 52 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Van Allen & Mallis , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Yeoman , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Van Allen & Mallis , p. 409 . Jump up ^ Richardson , William Allen , ed. ( 1891 ) . Supplement to the revised statutes of the United States . 1 . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . pp. 806 -- 807 . 26 Stat L. 484 , amendment to R.S. § 3510 ^ Jump up to : Yeoman , pp. 27 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Mint Branch at Carson City , Nevada '' . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , pp. 397 -- 402 . ^ Jump up to : Department of the Treasury , Bureau of the Mint ( 1972 ) . Domestic and Foreign Coins Manufactured by Mints of the United States 1793 -- 1970 . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . pp. 137 -- 138 . ^ Jump up to : 109th Congress ( June 15 , 2006 ) . `` San Francisco Old Mint Commemorative Coin Act , Pub . L. no . 109 - 230 , 120 Stat 391 '' ( PDF ) . US Govt . Printing Office . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Julian , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Julian , p. 263 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Old Mint Commemorative Coin Program '' . United States Mint . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ron Guth . `` Morgan Silver Dollars '' . Coinfacts.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Bibliography ( edit ) Fite , Emerson David ( 1919 ) . History of the United States ( second ed . ) . New York City : Henry Holt & Co . Julian , R.W. ( 1993 ) . Bowers , Q. David , ed . Silver Dollars & Trade Dollars of the United States . Wolfeboro , New Hampshire : Bowers and Merena Galleries . ISBN 0 - 943161 - 48 - 7 . Van Allen , Leroy C. ; Mallis , A. George ( 1991 ) . Comprehensive Catalog and Encyclopedia of Morgan & Peace Dollars . Virginia Beach , Virginia : DLRC Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 880731 - 11 - 6 . Yeoman , R.S. ( 2010 ) . A Guide Book of United States Coins ( 63rd ed . ) . Atlanta , Georgia : Whitman Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7948 - 2767 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Morgan dollar . The National Silver Dollar Round Table Preceded by Seated Liberty dollar Dollar coin of the United States ( 1878 -- 1904 , 1921 ) Concurrent with : Trade dollar ( 1878 -- 1885 ) Large Head Indian Gold dollar -- Type III ( 1878 -- 1889 ) Peace dollar ( 1921 ) Succeeded by Peace dollar United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Coinage of the United States Cent ( 1 ¢ ) Fugio Cent ( 1787 ) Chain ( 1793 ) Wreath ( 1793 ) Liberty Cap ( 1793 -- 1796 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Classic Head ( 1808 -- 1814 ) Matron Head ( 1816 -- 1839 ) Large cent ( Braided Hair ) ( 1835 -- 57 ; 1868 ) Flying Eagle cent ( 1856 -- 1858 ) Indian Head ( 1859 -- 1909 ) Lincoln cent ( 1909 -- present ) 1943 steel cent 1955 doubled die cent 1974 aluminum cent Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Half dime Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 97 , 1800 -- 1805 ) Capped Bust ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 1873 ) Shield ( 1866 -- 1883 ) Liberty Head ( 1883 -- 1913 ) Buffalo ( 1913 -- 1938 ) Jefferson ( 1938 -- present ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Disme ( 1792 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1809 -- 1837 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 1891 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Mercury ( 1916 -- 1945 ) Roosevelt ( 1946 -- present ) Quarter dollar ( 25 ¢ ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1815 -- 1839 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 1891 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Standing Liberty ( 1916 -- 1930 ) Washington ( 1932 -- 1998 ) 50 State Quarters ( 1999 -- 2008 ) District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarters ( 2009 ) America the Beautiful Quarters ( 2010 -- present ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1807 -- 1839 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 1891 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1915 ) Walking Liberty ( 1916 -- 1947 ) Franklin ( 1948 -- 1963 ) Kennedy ( 1964 -- present ) Dollar ( $1 ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1795 -- 1804 ) 1804 ( 1834 , c. 1858 -- 1860 ) Gobrecht ( 1836 -- 1839 ) Seated Liberty ( 1840 -- 1873 ) Gold ( 1849 -- 1889 ) Trade ( 1873 -- 1885 ) Morgan ( 1878 -- 1904 ; 1921 ) Peace ( 1921 -- 1935 ) Eisenhower ( 1971 -- 1978 ) Susan B. Anthony ( 1979 -- 1981 ; 1999 ) Silver Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Sacagawea ( 2000 -- present ) Presidential ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Gold Turban Head eagle ( 1795 -- 1804 ) Half eagle ( 1795 -- 1929 ) Eagle ( 1795 -- 1933 ) Quarter eagle ( 1796 -- 1929 ) Gold dollar ( 1849 -- 1889 ) Three - dollar piece ( 1854 -- 1889 ) Liberty Head double eagle ( 1849 -- 1907 ) Double eagle ( 1849 -- 1933 ) Saint - Gaudens double eagle ( 1907 -- 1933 ) 1933 double eagle Indian Head eagle ( 1907 -- 1933 ) Indian Head gold pieces ( 1908 -- 1929 ) Gold Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Gold Buffalo ( 2006 -- present ) First Spouse gold bullion coins ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Commemorative Early ( 1892 -- 1954 ) Isabella quarter ( 1893 ) Panama -- Pacific commemorative coins ( 1915 ) United States Sesquicentennial coinage ( 1926 ) Half dollar Columbian ( 1892 -- 93 ) Illinois Centennial ( 1918 ) Maine Centennial ( 1920 ) Pilgrim Tercentenary ( 1920 -- 21 ) Missouri Centennial ( 1921 ) Alabama Centennial ( 1921 ) Monroe Doctrine Centennial ( 1923 ) Huguenot - Walloon ( 1924 ) Stone Mountain Memorial ( 1925 ) Lexington - Concord Sesquicentennial ( 1925 ) California Diamond Jubilee ( 1925 ) Fort Vancouver Centennial ( 1925 ) Oregon Trail Memorial ( 1926 -- 1939 ) Vermont Sesquicentennial ( 1927 ) Hawaii Sesquicentennial ( 1928 ) Maryland Tercentenary ( 1934 ) Texas Centennial ( 1934 -- 1938 ) Hudson Sesquicentennial ( 1935 ) Connecticut Tercentenary ( 1935 ) Old Spanish Trail ( 1935 ) California Pacific International Exposition ( 1935 -- 36 ) Rhode Island Tercentenary ( 1936 ) Cincinnati Musical Center ( 1936 ) Cleveland Centennial ( 1936 ) Bridgeport , Connecticut , Centennial ( 1936 ) Elgin , Illinois , Centennial ( 1936 ) Lynchburg Sesquicentennial ( 1936 ) Norfolk , Virginia , Bicentennial ( 1936 ) Dollar Lafayette ( 1900 ) Louisiana Purchase Exposition ( 1903 ) Lewis and Clark Exposition ( 1904 -- 05 ) McKinley Birthplace Memorial ( 1916 -- 17 ) Modern ( 1982 -- present ) Los Angeles XXIII Olympiad dollar ( 1984 ) Eisenhower commemorative dollar ( 1990 ) Library of Congress ten dollar coin ( 2000 ) John Marshall commemorative dollar ( 2005 ) Marine Corps 230th Anniversary silver dollar ( 2005 ) Boy Scouts of America centennial silver dollar ( 2010 ) Patterns Two - cent billon ( 1836 ) Three - cent bronze ( 1863 ) Stella ( 1879 -- 80 ) Half - union ( 1877 ) Other Half cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ) Two - cent piece ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Three - cent silver ( 1851 -- 1873 ) Three - cent nickel ( 1865 -- 1889 ) Twenty - cent piece ( 1875 -- 1878 ) United States Bicentennial coinage ( 1975 -- 76 ) Platinum Eagle ( 1997 -- present ) Palladium Eagle ( 2017 -- present ) America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins ( 2010 -- present ) Norse - American medal ( 1925 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morgan_dollar&oldid=850314259 '' Categories : 1878 introductions Goddess of Liberty on coins Silver coins United States dollar coins United States silver coins Birds on coins Hidden categories : Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Nederlands Norsk Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 02 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first morgan silver dollar made | [
"The Morgan dollar was a United States dollar coin minted from 1878 to 1904, and again in 1921. It was the first standard silver dollar minted since production of the previous design, the Seated Liberty dollar, ceased due to the passage of the Coinage Act of 1873, which also ended the free coining of silver. The coin is named after its designer, United States Mint Assistant Engraver George T. Morgan. The obverse depicts a profile portrait representing Liberty, while the reverse depicts an eagle with wings outstretched.\n"
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752622372820286955 | Brownie points | Brownie points - wikipedia Brownie points Jump to : navigation , search Brownie points in modern usage are a hypothetical social currency , which can be acquired by doing good deeds or earning favor in the eyes of another , often one 's superior . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conjectures for etymology 1.1 Girlguiding 1.2 Brown stamps 1.3 George R. Brown 1.4 Curtis Publishing 1.5 Scatological 1.6 Earliest use 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Conjectures for etymology ( edit ) Girlguiding ( edit ) A popular etymology is an allusion to the merit badges or six points obtained by Brownies for carrying out good deeds . Brownies were named after a kind of mythological elf that does helpful things around the house . Brown stamps ( edit ) A popular marketing practice employed by many stores in post-World War II US was the distribution of stamps with each purchase . The number of stamps given out varied with the amount of the purchase . These stamps were collected by customers and later redeemed for household gifts . The earliest of these stamps were brown in color and known as `` brown stamps '' or `` brown points '' . The relationship between a purchase and the collection of these `` brown points '' equated with doing a good thing ( supporting the local vendor ) and getting a bonus ( the valuable stamps ) . Purportedly , the collection of these `` brownie points '' eventually evolved into the modern usage . The term Browniepoints is still used as a marketing practice in business today by a New Zealand power company and also used by a gift service . George R. brown ( edit ) Another proposed etymology is that the term derives from the name of a 19th - century American railroad superintendent , George R. Brown who , in 1886 , devised what was then an innovative system of merits and demerits for railroad employees on the Fall Brook Railway in New York state . Accounts of his system were published in railroad journals , and adopted by many leading U.S. railroads . American railroad employees soon began referring colloquially to `` brownie points '' , and at some point , the term entered the general vocabulary . Curtis Publishing ( edit ) In the 1930s , The Curtis Publishing Company , published several magazines , including the Saturday Evening Post and the Ladies Home Journal . These magazines were distributed to subscribers through a delivery network that used youths , primarily boys , to go around to the individual houses . The boys received a small commission but , in return for meeting certain sales targets , they could also receive company scrip , comprising green and brown vouchers . These vouchers were usually known as `` greenies '' and `` brownies '' . Five greenies equalled one brownie . The greenies and brownies could be redeemed against goods from the company 's catalogue . Scatological ( edit ) The Oxford English Dictionary conjectures that this expression could also have derived from U.S. military slang for sycophants , `` brown - nosers '' , while mentioning the popular etymology that derives it from the awards system of the Brownies of the Girl Guides or Girl Scouts . `` Brownie '' itself in the sense of `` brown - noser '' was in use in the 1940s . It has been suggested that the term was given impetus though its coincidence with related scatological slang . Earliest use ( edit ) The Oxford English Dictionary reports its first appearance in print as 1963 , though the origins of the phrase predate this . Its frequent appearance in newspapers in the 1950s date back to the earliest known usage in 1951 , where a man in the Los Angeles Times speaks of earning favor with his wife in terms of brownie points . See also ( edit ) Barnstar Egoboo wikt : kudos Whuffie References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Brownie , n . 1 '' The Oxford English Dictionary . 2nd ed. 1989 . OED Online . Oxford University Press . Accessed 14 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Genesis Energy loyalty scheme Genesis Energy Limited Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Browniepoints gift service . Jump up ^ Browne , K.J. Norman , `` The Brown and Other Systems of Railway Discipline '' in Publications Received , Railway Gazette ( London ) December 7 , 1923 , page 715 Jump up ^ CPRR Museum Discussion Group ^ Jump up to : World Wide Words : Brownie points External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of Brownie point at Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brownie_points&oldid=795965635 '' Categories : Ethics Fictional currencies Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 August 2017 , at 16 : 48 . About Wikipedia | what does it mean to get brownie points | [
"Brownie points in modern usage are a hypothetical social currency, which can be acquired by doing good deeds or earning favor in the eyes of another, often one's superior."
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"a hypothetical social currency, which can be acquired by doing good deeds or earning favor in the eyes of another, often one's superior"
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8127611646621783164 | The One That Got Away (Katy Perry song) | The One That Got Away ( Katy Perry song ) - wikipedia The One That Got Away ( Katy Perry song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The One That Got Away '' Single by Katy Perry from the album Teenage Dream Released October 4 , 2011 Format CD single digital download Studio Conway Recording Studios , ( Hollywood , California ) Genre Pop Length 3 : 47 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Katy Perry Lukasz Gottwald Max Martin Producer ( s ) Dr. Luke Max Martin Katy Perry singles chronology `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' ( 2011 ) `` The One That Got Away '' ( 2011 ) `` Part of Me '' ( 2012 ) `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' ( 2011 ) `` The One That Got Away '' ( 2011 ) `` Part of Me '' ( 2012 ) Music video `` The One That Got Away '' on YouTube `` The One That Got Away '' is a song by American singer Katy Perry for her third studio album , Teenage Dream ( 2010 ) . The song was produced by Dr. Luke and Max Martin , both of whom also co-wrote the song with Perry . The song is a mid-tempo pop ballad about a lost love . It features references to the rock band Radiohead as well as the relationship of Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash to express the strength of the relationship . The song was released in October 2011 by Capitol Records as the album 's sixth and final single . `` The One That Got Away '' peaked at number three on Billboard Hot 100 , with Teenage Dream becoming the seventh album in the 53 - year history of the Hot 100 to generate at least six top 10s . The single reached the top of the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs , Adult Top 40 , and Mainstream Top 40 charts . The accompanying music video for the song was directed by Floria Sigismondi and premiered in November 2011 , featuring actor Diego Luna . An official remix featuring rapper B.o.B was released to digital retailers on December 20 , 2011 . An official acoustic rendition was released to digital retailers on January 16 , 2012 , this version was included in Teenage Dream : The Complete Confection edition . The song has been covered by several artists , including Richard Marx , Jordan Pruitt , and Selena Gomez & the Scene . Contents ( hide ) 1 Release and artwork 2 Composition and writing 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 5.1 Background 5.2 Synopsis 5.3 Extended version 5.4 Reception 5.5 The Sims 3 version 6 Live performances and other versions 7 Formats and track listings 8 Credits and personnel 9 Charts and certifications 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 Certifications 10 Release history 11 See also 12 References Release and artwork ( edit ) On September 13 , 2011 , at the New York City 's Irving Plaza , Capitol Records confirmed to Billboard that `` The One That Got Away '' would be the sixth single from Teenage Dream . Perry said in a statement from the label : `` I 'm so pleased to select ' The One That Got Away ' as my sixth single because this song shows a very different side of me that I have n't shown with my past singles on this record , I think that everyone can relate to this song . I wrote ( it ) about when you promise someone forever , but you end up not being able to follow through . It 's a bittersweet story . Hopefully , the listener learns from hearing it and never has to say they had ' The One ' get away . '' Capitol Records said that they are not specifically releasing the song in hopes of it reaching No. 1 and rewriting Hot 100 history ( since Perry was the first woman to obtain five No. 1s on the chart from one album ) , rather the decision came out of `` Perry 's fondness for the song , its ear - catching hook and her obvious track record of success at pop radio '' . EMI Music / Capitol Records EVP / marketing and promotion Greg Thompson told Billboard that , `` if it goes to No. 1 , that would be great , If not , we still have a Katy song on the radio in fourth quarter '' , presumably boosting sales for Teenage Dream in the Christmas season . `` The One That Got Away '' officially impacted U.S. radio on October 11 , 2011 . In late September 2011 , Perry wrote the following message on her Twitter account : `` The One That Got Away ... It 's happening ! ! ! '' , along with a picture of the official single artwork . The artwork shows a pink - haired Perry looking up at the sky while wearing a disc - shaped hat . The photo gives a whimsical nod to the 1970s , with its distinctively retro appearance . Composition and writing ( edit ) `` The One That Got Away '' A 32 - second sample of `` The One That Got Away '' , a pop ballad . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Originally titled `` In Another Life '' , the song was produced by Dr. Luke and Max Martin , both of whom co-wrote it with Perry . It is a midtempo pop song positioned on the piece of E major and has a tempo of 134 beats per minute . Joanna Holcombe from Yahoo ! Music noted that the song is about first loves . Leah Greenblatt from Entertainment Weekly , said that the song is `` a midtempo ode to a summer - after - high - school love with whom she recalls sharing Mustang makeout sessions to Radiohead ' '' . Michael Wood from Spin magazine said that the song is one of the album 's quieter cuts and that it recall ( s ) `` Perry 's singer - songwriter days at L.A. 's Hotel Café '' . The song follows the chord progression of E -- G ♯ m -- C ♯ m -- A , and Perry 's vocal range spans from B to E. Kitty Empire noticed that Perry 's vocal is wistful throughout the song and that the references to June and Johnny Cash were unexpected . Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone stated that when Perry sings , ' I was June , and you were my Johnny Cash , ' `` it 's understood that she 's thinking of the scrubbed - up Hollywood version of June and Johnny , from Walk the Line . '' In 2017 , the singer revealed that `` The One That Got Away '' was about Josh Groban . Critical reception ( edit ) Perry signing autographs for fans after performing the song on The X Factor . Kerri Mason from Billboard described the song as `` delectable '' , noting that it has more texture than anything on Perry 's previous album , One of the Boys . Mikael Wood from Spin Magazine said that although `` Perry delivers the gurl - gone - wild stuff with requisite sass '' , she actually `` sounds more engaged on ' Not Like the Movies , ' and ' The One That Got Away ' . Similarly , Kitty Empire from The Guardian praised the collaboration , stating that Perry and Luke are at their most appealing in the song . In a similar note , Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone , stated that Perry is more at home with the mall romance of `` The One That Got Away '' . The same opinion was echoed by Greg Kot from Chicago Tribune who felt that Perry sounds more invested in the more `` serious '' songs on the album , such as `` The One That Got Away '' . However , he added that it 's as if Perry is `` determined to balance the summer frothiness with a few shots of ' adult ' earnestness '' . Leah Greenblatt from Entertainment Weekly was not satisfied with the selection of the song as the sixth single , noting that there are better songs on the album that could have been chosen instead . Robert Copsey of the website Digital Spy awarded the song with four out of five stars and said : `` ' Summer after high school , when we first met / We make out in your Mustang , to Radiohead , ' Katy Perry reminisces on the opening of her latest , potentially record - breaking single . We 've always known that she had a penchant for the alt - rock , but we wonder if KP 's 18 - year - old self ever thought she 'd be substituting the sounds of Thom Yorke and co . for the sugar - coated melodies that have made her one of the best - known artists on the planet today ? ' Used to steal our parents ' liquor , and climb through the roof / Talk about our future , like we had a clue , ' she continues over a toe - tapping drum beat and delicate piano riff as she agonises over the loss of her one true love . ' In another life , I would be your girl / We 'd keep all our promises / Be us against the world , ' she mourns on a chorus as instantly satisfying as a mugful of Kenco . Word of advice Katy , we 'd keep this one well away from Russell if you want to avoid history repeating itself . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Perry performs `` The One That Got Away '' On the week ending October 16 , 2011 , the song debuted at number 94 on Billboard Hot 100 . In its sixth week it entered the top 10 making Teenage Dream one of only seven albums in Billboard 's 53 - year history to have six singles enter the top 10 . On December 24 , 2011 , The single later entered the top five , making Teenage Dream one of three albums to have six or more top - five singles from one album on the chart . On December 31 , 2011 , the single fell one position . On the charts dated January 7 , 2012 , helped by the release of the remix with B.o.B. , the single reached number three on the Hot 100 , and it topped the Hot Dance Club Songs chart , the seventh song on the album to do so setting a new record in the chart . On January 14 , 2012 , the single stayed in the same position as the previous week on the Hot 100 . On January 21 , 2012 , the single fell from number three to six , and faced the hurdle of breaking the record established by Michael Jackson . On week January 28 , 2012 , the song remained stable in the same position last week . On February 4 , 2012 , back to fifth position in the chart . On February 11 , 2012 , the single dropped to number nine , but stable in the top ten . On February 18 , 2012 , the single dropped to number 14 , leaving the top ten of the chart . Finally , the song fell down to 21 the next week , making it Perry 's only Teenage Dream single to fail to reach number one , peaking at three . As of January 2015 , the song has sold more than 2,750,000 copies in the United States alone . `` The One That Got Away '' debuted at number 87 in Australia on the week ending October 10 , 2011 . before peaking at number 27 . In New Zealand , the song debuted at number 40 and later peaked at number 12 . It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) after selling 7,500 copies there . Music video ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Diego Luna is Perry 's love interest in the video . Perry started filming for the video on September 30 , 2011 . Filming ended on October 2 , 2011 . The video was shot at the Lima Residence , a contemporary home located in Calabasas , an affluent city in Los Angeles County , California . Mexican actor Diego Luna plays Perry 's boyfriend in the video . Photos from the set surfaced online , showing Perry wearing a conservative long - sleeved dress as well as sporting gray hair and prosthetic face wrinkles . The video was directed by Floria Sigismondi , who previously directed the video for `` ET '' The music video premiered on November 11 , 2011 . On November 4 , 2011 , a teaser for the video was released , narrated by Stevie Nicks . Nicks provides the elderly woman 's voice , speaking about the past and her desire to go back for one day . The video contains scenes of her and her past boyfriend ( Luna ) fighting , intertwined with scenes of them in love . She is later shown as a nostalgic , elderly woman dressed conservatively and standing by a fence looking into the distance . A seven - minute extended version of the video was shown on November 11 , 2011 , exclusively at select advance screenings of the motion picture My Week with Marilyn . As of August 2017 , the video has more than 600 million views on YouTube . Synopsis ( edit ) An aged Katy Perry in the music video for `` The One That Got Away '' . Released on November 11 , 2011 , the video begins with an elderly woman ( Perry ) in a white long - sleeved dress walking through a modernistic home . She blandly walks past her husband ( played by Herman Sinitzyn ) , hinting that the two are in a loveless marriage . While making herself a cup of coffee , the elderly woman , unhappy with her present situation , begins to think about her colorful past when the song begins : her younger self with her artist boyfriend ( Luna ) . As the song plays , the happy girl and the boyfriend paint portraits of each other , dress up wildly , dance at a party , and gives each other a makeshift tattoo . As the elderly woman sadly reminisces while sitting on her ( and the husband 's ) fancy bedroom alone in a silk nightgown , her younger self and the boyfriend get into an argument which culminates in her splashing red paint on one of his elaborate paintings after he did the same to one of hers and he leaves angrily then drives away . The woman 's younger self appears to her older self 's bedroom with each on the bed as they both sing . The younger version is also shown in her older self 's closet , crying and singing while the boyfriend is seen driving in a colt mustang to blow off steam from the fight . At the same time in the present , the older woman is shown driving out of her garage in a similar type of car the boyfriend is driving in the flashback . The boyfriend opens the sun visor above him while driving and finds the veil of the dress the younger version had worn while partying . He stares at the veil , hinting that he decides to make up with her . But he does not notice the large boulders on the road from a small rock slide . He swerves to avoid the rocks and accidentally drives off a cliff , dying in the subsequent crash without getting a chance to make up , while the woman 's younger self also ' dies ' at the same time ( possibly representing the death of her colorful personality ) . The song ends abruptly as the sounds of the car violently rolling are heard . While Johnny Cash 's cover of `` You Are My Sunshine '' plays quietly in the background , the woman 's older self now sports a dark conservative long - sleeved dress and is revealed to have driven to that same spot where the boyfriend had died . She walks up to the edge of the cliff and leans against a fence when the boyfriend ( either a ghost or a hallucination ) appears before her on the other side of the fence . The two hold hands , revealing matching tattoos on their hands . When the older woman snaps back to reality , the Johnny Cash music stops suddenly and the boyfriend vanishes . Saddened , the elderly woman turns back and silently walks away from the cliff as the screen fades to black . Extended version ( edit ) A seven - minute director 's cut version was shown exclusively at select advance screenings of the motion picture My Week with Marilyn on November 11 , 2011 . The extended version shows a more cinematic side to the plot of the original music video and includes never - before - seen footage , as well as extended dialogue between the characters . Reception ( edit ) Jillian Mapes of Billboard commented that the video was `` beautifully - shot '' and praised the interesting plot . A writer of Rolling Stone wrote : `` It 's a cute clip for a sweet song , but the heavy - handed aging makeup is hard to get over . '' Erin Strecker from Entertainment Weekly compared the video with Titanic ( 1997 ) and Rihanna 's video for `` We Found Love '' . Strecker also noted that the video was more `` tragic '' than he was expecting from Perry . Jocelyn Vena of MTV News said : `` Katy Perry 's moody , contemplative clip for ' The One That Got Away ' perfectly encapsulates both the joy of falling in love and the heartbreak of letting go . It travels through time and space and recalls the story of Perry 's one that got away . '' Consequence of Sound 's Chris Coplan called the video a `` little more somber '' than the videos Perry made for `` E.T. '' and `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' . The Sims 3 version ( edit ) On January 17 , 2012 , Electronic Arts announced that they would be teaming up with Perry to help promote their new expansion pack for The Sims game franchise called The Sims 3 : Showtime which sees the release of a limited collector 's edition that contains in - game content based on herself . An official music video for `` The One That Got Away '' featuring Perry as a Sim was uploaded on their official YouTube channel . The storyline shows a female sim and her love interest falling in love and getting married . One day , the male sim collapses in the bathroom floor , he is taken to the hospital and then dies . His wife is then seen mourning at his funeral . Suddenly , she is transported `` to another life '' , Katy 's Candyfornia featured in her California Gurls music video , where her love interest is still alive and well ; they reunite and kiss . It also features most of the in - game content that will be included for the collector 's edition of the Sims 3 : Showtime and in the stuff pack The Sims 3 : Katy Perry 's Sweet Treats . Live performances and other versions ( edit ) B.o.B was featured on the official remix of `` The One That Got Away '' . `` The One That Got Away '' was part of the setlist of Perry 's worldwide 2011 concert tour , California Dreams Tour . On October 16 , 2011 , Perry performed the song on the UK version of The X Factor . Perry performed the song at the American Music Awards on November 20 , 2011 . Her AMA 2011 performance was followed by a lengthy standing ovation , and presentation of a special award acknowledging Perry as the only female to have five number - one singles from the same album . Perry performed the song as part of a Live Lounge special for BBC Radio 1 's Fearne Cotton on March 19 , 2012 along with `` Part of Me '' , `` Firework '' , `` Thinking of You '' and a censored version of `` Niggas in Paris '' . A remix featuring American rapper B.o.B was released in December 2011 . B.o.B added two new verses , one at the beginning and another replacing the bridge of the album version of the song . The decision for Capitol Records to release a remix and reduce the price of the song to give Perry a sixth number - one song has been criticized by some , noting that this is not Perry 's first time adding a featured guest to her single releases . The hit single `` ET '' , was modified with verses from Kanye West , while `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' was given a remix featuring Missy Elliott . However , Billboard , which compiles the charts , have issued multiple columns defending Perry and Capitol , underlining that they are operating under chart rules and that numerous other acts , such as Rihanna and Britney Spears , used the same tactics for charting purposes over the years . An acoustic version of the song , produced by Jon Brion , was released to the iTunes Store on January 16 , 2012 , garnering more favorable reviews , with critics noting that `` The One That Got Away '' sounds very naturally as a ballad . Perry 's label , Capitol Records , sponsored a contest in January 2012 encouraging fans to record their own acoustic version of the song for a chance to have it featured on Perry 's Facebook wall . The song was also included in the setlist of The Prismatic World Tour , in which it is interpolated with Perry 's 2009 song `` Thinking of You '' . A violin cover of the song by music student Grace Youn , which Youn had uploaded to YouTube in 2011 , was used in the opening scene of Perry 's 2012 documentary , Katy Perry : Part of Me . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Digital download `` The One That Got Away '' -- 3 : 47 Promotional CD single `` The One That Got Away '' ( Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 49 `` The One That Got Away '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 49 Digital download -- featuring B.o.B `` The One That Got Away '' ( featuring B.o.B ) -- 4 : 22 Digital download -- Acoustic version `` The One That Got Away '' ( Acoustic version ) -- 4 : 18 Digital download -- The Remixes EP `` The One That Got Away '' ( 7th Heaven Club Mix ) -- 8 : 03 `` The One That Got Away '' ( Mixin Marc & Tony Svejda Peak Hour Club Mix ) -- 5 : 44 `` The One That Got Away '' ( R3hab Club Mix ) -- 5 : 49 `` The One That Got Away '' ( Plastic Plates Club Mix ) -- 6 : 05 `` The One That Got Away '' ( Tommie Sunshine & Disco Fries Club Mix ) -- 6 : 22 Digital download -- Remix EP `` The One That Got Away '' ( 7th Heaven Club Mix ) -- 8 : 03 `` The One That Got Away '' ( 7th Heaven Dub Mix ) -- 6 : 04 `` The One That Got Away '' ( 7th Heaven Mixshow Edit ) -- 5 : 51 `` The One That Got Away '' ( 7th Heaven Radio Mix ) -- 4 : 27 `` The One That Got Away '' ( JRMX Club Mix ) -- 8 : 12 `` The One That Got Away '' ( JRMX Mixshow Edit ) -- 6 : 31 `` The One That Got Away '' ( JRMX Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 19 `` The One That Got Away '' ( Mixin Marc & Tony Svejda Peak Hour Club Mix ) -- 5 : 44 `` The One That Got Away '' ( Mixin Marc & Tony Svejda Mixshow Edit ) -- 4 : 43 `` The One That Got Away '' ( Mixin Marc & Tony Svejda Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 53 `` The One That Got Away '' ( Jon Dixon Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 45 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from Teenage Dream album liner notes . Katy Perry -- songwriting , lead vocals , guitar ( acoustic version ) Dr. Luke -- songwriting , producer , drums , keyboards , programming Max Martin -- songwriting , producer , drums , keyboards , programming Emily Wright -- engineer Sam Holland -- engineer Tatiana Gottwald -- assistant engineer Serban Ghenea -- mixing Jon Hanes -- mix engineer Tim Roberts -- assistant mix engineer Leon Pendarvis -- arrangement , conductor Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 -- 12 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 27 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 33 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 44 Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 27 Brazil Hot Pop Songs 10 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 47 France ( SNEP ) 30 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 34 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Italy ( FIMI ) 39 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 62 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 21 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 12 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 17 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 7 South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 42 Spain ( Airplay Chart ) 8 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 33 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 18 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 19 Venezuela Pop Rock ( Record Report ) 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Position Canadian Hot 100 20 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 56 US Adult Contemporary Songs ( Billboard ) 10 US Adult Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 15 US Billboard Hot 100 41 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 41 US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 21 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 14 US Radio Songs ( Billboard ) 20 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 15,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 0 South Korea ( Gaon Music Chart ) 285,939 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 2,800,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Version Australia October 4 , 2011 CHR , Nights , AC airplay Album Version United States October 11 , 2011 Mainstream and Rhythmic airplay October 31 , 2011 Hot / Modern / AC airplay Worldwide December 2 , 2011 Digital Remixes EP United Kingdom December 4 , 2011 United States December 6 , 2011 United States December 15 , 2011 Top 40 / Mainstream and Rhythmic radio Remix featuring B.o.B Worldwide December 20 , 2011 Digital download January 16 , 2012 Digital Download Solo Acoustic version See also ( edit ) List of number - one dance singles of 2012 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : iTunes -- Music -- The One That Got Away ( feat . B.o.B ) -- Single by Katy Perry . iTunes Store.com ( 2011 - 12 - 20 ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` The One That Got Away ( Acoustic ) '' . iTunes Music . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry 's Sixth ' Teenage Dream ' Single Will Be ... '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry 's Sixth ' Teenage Dream ' Single Starts at Radio '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry Reveals New Single Artwork '' . Capital FM . Global Radio UK . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry Reveals Cover Art For New Single '' . Gather . October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The One That Got Away , Campo Pequeno , Lisbon '' . YouTube . Feb 22 , 2011 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Teenage Dream '' Official Tracks Revealed ! `` . KatyPerry.com . July 23 , 2010 . Retrieved October 25 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . December 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Making of Katy Perry 's ' The One That Got Away ' '' . MTV . December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lima Residence '' . Abrahamsen Teiger Architects . Jump up ^ `` Diego Luna será novio de Katy Perry en videoclip '' . El Universal . October 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry turns granny for new ' The One That Got Away ' music video ? - Music News '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Steven ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Video Static : Music Video News : IN PRODUCTION : Katy Perry -- Floria Sigismondi , dir '' . videostatic.com . Jump up ^ Perry , Katy ( November 4 , 2011 ) . `` The One That Got Away ( Trailer ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stevie Nicks Provides Voiceover for New Video from Pop Star Katy Perry -- Music News '' . ABC News Radio . November 4 , 2011 . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( November 4 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry , Diego Luna Break Up In ' One That Got Away ' Tease -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Katy Will Debut ' The One That Got Away ' 11 / 11 / 11 + My Week With Marilyn Screening Details ! '' . Capitol Records . November 8 , 2011 . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Perry , Katy ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` The One That Got Away '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mapes , Jillian ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry As Old Lady : ' The One That Got Away ' Video Premieres '' . Billboard . New York . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Katy Perry -- ' The One That Got Away ' '' . Rolling Stone . November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry 's ' The One That Got Away ' video : Old - age makeup , movie stars , and more -- watch it here ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry Recalls ' One That Got Away ' In New Video '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coplan , Chris ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Video : Katy Perry -- `` The One That Got Away '' `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Sims 3 : Showtime Video Game , Katy Perry Announcement Trailer Video Clip Game Trailers & Videos . GameTrailers.com ( 2012 - 01 - 17 ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Share your rise to fame in The Sims 3 Showtime Katy Perry Collector 's Edition with unique Katy Perry themed in - game content and an exclusive poster '' . Electronic Arts . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Caroe , Laura ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry : Hot ' n ' Cold ? '' . The Sun . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kearney , Christine ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Adele leads American Music Awards nominations '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brooks Adickman , Erika . `` Katy Perry Performs `` Ni * * as in Paris '' For BBC 's Radio 1 Live Lounge `` . Idolator . Buzz Media . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ B.o.B Will Help Katy Perry Get That Sixth Number One Single . Popdust . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Are Chart Rule Changes Needed ? '' . Billboard . p. 1 and 3 . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Download the Acoustic Version of `` The One That Got Away '' !. Katyperry.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Katy Perry Releases ' The One That Got Away ' Acoustic Version . Capital FM ( 2012 - 01 - 17 ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James . ( 2012 - 01 - 17 ) Katy Perry releases another ' The One That Got Away ' remix : Will this finally push the song to No. 1 ? . Music-mix.ew.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Music Student to be Featured in a Movie '' . University of Puget Sound . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The One That Got Away -- Single '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The One That Got Away '' . danish charts . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The One That Got Away '' . australian - charts . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Teenage Dream ( CD booklet ) . Katy Perry . Capitol Records . 2010 . 50999 07410 2 9 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : BPP , ed . ( March 2012 ) . `` Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard Brasil ( 28 ) : 84 -- 89 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Week of January 07 , 2012 ( click in white area around song name for positions on other charts ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201149 into search . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Katy Perry Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 49 , 2011 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` id '' : 1014 , `` s '' : `` 3 '' % 5d % 5d `` FIMI : Classifica settimanale WK 46 ( dal 2012 - 02 - 06 al 2011 - 02 - 12 ) '' . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry Album & Song Chart History : Japan Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 51 , 2011 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2011 - 10 - 29 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201202 into search . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Chart ( Week : January 01 , 2012 to January 07 , 2012 ) '' . Gaon Chart . December 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Promusicae ( Week : January 1 , 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2012 - 01 - 07 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Katy Perry . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Katy Perry . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Katy Perry . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Katy Perry . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Katy Perry . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Katy Perry . Jump up ^ `` Pop Rock '' ( in Spanish ) . Record Report . 2011 - 03 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : Canadian Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard. 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2012 '' ( in Hungarian ) . Mahasz . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : Adult Contemporary Songs '' . Billboard. 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard. 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : Digital Songs '' . Billboard. 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : Dance / Club Songs ( 41 -- 50 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : Pop Songs '' . Billboard. 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` BEst of 2012 : Radio Songs '' . Billboard. 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2014 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Katy Perry '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 년 Download Chart '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Enter The One That Got Away in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Ask Billboard : Katy Perry 's Career Song & Album Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KATY PERRY -- The One That Got Away -- Issue 856 '' . The Music Network . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates : October 11 , 2011 '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Available for Airplay ( 10 / 11 ) '' . FMQB . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot / Modern / AC Future Releases Hot Adult Contemporary Rock Songs and Release Dates : October 31 , 2011 '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sources for The Remixes EP release in countries outside UK and US : Australia : `` The One That Got Away ( The Remixes ) '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Austria : `` The One That Got Away ( The Remixes ) '' ( in German ) . iTunes Store . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Belgium : `` The One That Got Away ( The Remixes ) '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Finland : `` The One That Got Away ( The Remixes ) '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Germany : `` The One That Got Away ( The Remixes ) '' ( in German ) . iTunes Store . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Ireland : `` The One That Got Away ( The Remixes ) '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Netherlands : `` The One That Got Away ( The Remixes ) '' ( in Dutch ) . iTunes Store . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Norway : `` The One That Got Away ( The Remixes ) '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Switzerland : `` The One That Got Away ( The Remixes ) '' ( in German ) . iTunes Store . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The One That Got Away ( Remix Bundle ) '' . HMV Digital . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The One That Got Away ( Remix Bundle ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry 's ' The One That Got Away ' Receives B.o.B - Assisted Remix '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ KATY PERRY / / Official Website / / `` The One That Got Away ( feat . B.o.B ) '' Now Available On iTunes ! . Katyperry.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Katy Perry songs Discography One of the Boys `` I Kissed a Girl '' `` Waking Up in Vegas '' `` Thinking of You '' `` Ur So Gay '' `` Hot n Cold '' Teenage Dream `` Teenage Dream '' `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' `` California Gurls '' `` Firework '' `` Peacock '' `` Circle the Drain '' `` The One That Got Away '' `` E.T. '' `` Hummingbird Heartbeat '' `` Not Like the Movies '' Teenage Dream : The Complete Confection `` Part of Me '' `` Wide Awake '' `` Dressin ' Up '' Prism `` Roar '' `` Birthday '' `` Walking on Air '' `` Unconditionally '' `` Dark Horse '' `` This Is How We Do '' `` By the Grace of God '' Witness `` Swish Swish '' `` Chained to the Rhythm '' `` Bon Appétit '' Tracks as a featured artist `` If We Ever Meet Again '' `` Starstrukk '' `` Who You Love '' `` Feels '' Other songs `` Every Day Is a Holiday '' `` Rise '' B.o.B singles Discography Production discography B.o.B Presents : The Adventures of Bobby Ray `` Nothin ' on You '' `` Do n't Let Me Fall '' `` Airplanes '' `` Bet I '' `` Magic '' `` I 'll Be in the Sky '' Strange Clouds `` Strange Clouds '' `` So Good '' `` So Hard to Breathe '' `` Both of Us '' `` Out of My Mind '' Underground Luxury `` We Still in This Bitch '' `` HeadBand '' `` Ready '' `` John Doe '' Psycadelik Thoughtz `` Back and Forth '' Other singles `` Play the Guitar '' `` Not for Long '' Featured singles `` Do n't Go There '' `` So High '' `` Price Tag '' `` The One That Got Away '' `` Am I a Psycho ? '' `` Memories Back Then '' `` Brokenhearted '' `` Up Down ( Do This All Day ) '' `` Paranoid '' `` Numb '' `` Secrets '' `` Hood Go Crazy '' Promotional singles `` Blow ( Remix ) '' `` Good Life ( Remix ) '' `` Body Party ( Remix ) '' Other songs `` Generation Lost '' `` I 'm On 2.0 '' `` Double or Nothing '' `` Flatline '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_One_That_Got_Away_(Katy_Perry_song)&oldid=800870404 '' Categories : 2011 singles Katy Perry songs Pop ballads 2010s ballads Song recordings produced by Dr. Luke Song recordings produced by Max Martin Songs written by Dr. Luke Songs written by Max Martin Songs written by Katy Perry Music videos directed by Floria Sigismondi Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles 2010 songs Capitol Records singles Torch songs Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 05 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the one who got away katy perry | [
"Originally titled \"In Another Life\",[7] the song was produced by Dr. Luke and Max Martin, both of whom co-wrote it with Perry.[8] It is a midtempo pop song positioned on the piece of E major and has a tempo of 134 beats per minute.[9][10] Joanna Holcombe from Yahoo! Music noted that the song is about first loves.[11] Leah Greenblatt from Entertainment Weekly, said that the song is \"a midtempo ode to a summer-after-high-school love with whom she recalls sharing Mustang makeout sessions to Radiohead'\".[12] Michael Wood from Spin magazine said that the song is one of the album's quieter cuts and that it recall(s) \"Perry's singer-songwriter days at L.A.'s Hotel Café\".[13] The song follows the chord progression of E–G♯m–C♯m–A, and Perry's vocal range spans from B3 to E5.[10] Kitty Empire noticed that Perry's vocal is wistful throughout the song and that the references to June and Johnny Cash were unexpected.[14] Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone stated that when Perry sings, 'I was June, and you were my Johnny Cash,' \"it's understood that she's thinking of the scrubbed-up Hollywood version of June and Johnny, from Walk the Line.\"[15] In 2017, the singer revealed that \"The One That Got Away\" was about Josh Groban.[16]"
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"Josh Groban"
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1552414231417978842 | Jennifer Lawrence | Jennifer Lawrence - wikipedia Jennifer Lawrence Jump to : navigation , search Jennifer Lawrence Lawrence at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International promoting X-Men : Apocalypse Jennifer Shrader Lawrence ( 1990 - 08 - 15 ) August 15 , 1990 ( age 27 ) Indian Hills , Kentucky , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 2006 -- present Awards Full list Jennifer Shrader Lawrence ( born August 15 , 1990 ) is an American actress . Her films have grossed over $5.5 billion worldwide , and she was the highest - paid actress in the world in 2015 and 2016 . She appeared in Time 's 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and in the Forbes Celebrity 100 in 2014 and 2016 . During her childhood , Lawrence performed in church plays and school musicals . When she was 14 , a talent scout spotted her in New York City . She then moved to Los Angeles and began her acting career by playing guest roles in television shows . Her first major role came as a main cast member on the sitcom The Bill Engvall Show ( 2007 -- 2009 ) . Lawrence made her film debut in a supporting role in Garden Party ( 2008 ) , and had her breakthrough playing a poverty - stricken teenager in the independent drama Winter 's Bone ( 2010 ) . She achieved wider recognition for starring as the mutant Mystique in X-Men : First Class ( 2011 ) , a role she reprised in later installments of the series . Lawrence 's fame continued to grow with her starring role as Katniss Everdeen in the Hunger Games film series ( 2012 -- 2015 ) , which established her as the highest - grossing action heroine of all time . She went on to earn various accolades for her collaborations with director David O. Russell . Her performance as a depressed and bipolar widow in the romance film Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) earned her an Academy Award for Best Actress , making her the second - youngest winner of the award . Lawrence subsequently won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for playing a troubled wife in the black comedy American Hustle ( 2013 ) . She also received Golden Globe Awards for her roles in both of these films and for her performance as Joy Mangano in the biopic Joy ( 2015 ) . Lawrence is known in the media as an advocate for feminism and gender equality . She is the founder of the Jennifer Lawrence Foundation , through which she supports various charitable organizations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 2006 -- 2010 : Career beginnings and breakthrough 2.2 2011 -- 2013 : Film series and awards success 2.3 2014 -- present : Established actress 2.3. 1 Upcoming projects 3 Personal life 4 In the media 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Music video 6 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early life Jennifer Shrader Lawrence was born on August 15 , 1990 in Indian Hills , Kentucky , to Gary , a construction worker , and Karen ( née Koch ) , a summer camp manager . She has two older brothers , Ben and Blaine , and her mother brought her up to be `` tough '' like them . Karen did not allow her daughter to play with other girls in preschool as she deemed her `` too rough '' with them . The future actress was educated at the Kammerer Middle School in Louisville . She did not enjoy her childhood due to hyperactivity and social anxiety and considered herself a misfit among her peers . Lawrence has said that her anxieties vanished when she performed on stage and acting gave her a sense of accomplishment . Lawrence 's school activities included cheerleading , softball , field hockey and basketball , which she played on a boys ' team that was coached by her father . While growing up , she was fond of horseback riding and frequently visited a local horse farm . She has an injured tailbone as a result of being thrown from a horse . Lawrence said that she knew from an early age that she would be famous . When her father worked from home , she performed for him , often dressing up as a clown or ballerina . She had her first acting assignment at age nine when she played the role of a prostitute in a church play that was based on the Book of Jonah . For the next few years , she continued to take parts in church plays and school musicals . Lawrence was 14 and on a family vacation to New York City when she was spotted on the street by a talent scout who arranged for her to audition for talent agents . Karen was not keen on allowing her daughter to pursue an acting career , but she briefly moved her family to the city to let her read for roles . After Lawrence 's first cold reading , the agents said that hers was the best they had heard from someone that young ; Lawrence 's mother convinced her that they were lying . Lawrence said her early experiences were difficult because she felt lonely and friendless . She signed on with the CESD Talent Agency , who convinced her parents to let her audition for roles in Los Angeles . Lawrence 's mother agreed to let her pursue acting on the condition that she graduate from high school . Lawrence was eventually home - schooled in Los Angeles and graduated two years early with good grades . At that time , she considered acting to be a natural fit for her talents , and she turned down several offers for modelling assignments . Between her acting jobs in the city , she made regular visits to Louisville , where she served as an assistant nurse at her mother 's camp . Career 2006 -- 2010 : career beginnings and breakthrough Lawrence began her acting career with a minor role in the television film Company Town ( 2006 ) . She followed it with guest roles in several television shows , including Monk ( 2006 ) and Medium ( 2007 ) . These parts led to her being cast as a series regular on the TBS sitcom The Bill Engvall Show , in which she played Lauren , the rebellious teenage daughter of a family living in suburban Louisville , Colorado . The series premiered in 2007 and ran for three seasons . Tom Shales of The Washington Post considered her a scene stealer in her part , and David Hinckley of the New York Daily News wrote that she was successful in `` deliver ( ing ) the perpetual exasperation of teenage girls '' . Lawrence won a Young Artist Award for Outstanding Young Performer in a TV Series for the role in 2009 . Lawrence at the 83rd Academy Awards in 2011 , where she received her first Best Actress nomination for Winter 's Bone Lawrence made her film debut in the 2008 drama film Garden Party , in which she played a troubled teenager named Tiff . She then appeared in director Guillermo Arriaga 's feature film debut The Burning Plain ( 2008 ) , a drama narrated in a hyperlink format . She was cast as the teenage daughter of Kim Basinger 's character who discovers her mother 's extramarital affair -- a role she shared with Charlize Theron ; both actresses portrayed the role at different stages of the character 's life . Mark Feeney for The Boston Globe thought of Lawrence 's performance as `` a thankless task '' , but Derek Elley from Variety praised her as the production 's prime asset , writing that she `` plumbs fresher depths '' into the film . Her performance earned her the Premio Marcello Mastroianni award for Best Emerging Actress at the Venice Film Festival . Also that year , she appeared in the music video for the song `` The Mess I Made '' by Parachute . The following year , she starred in Lori Petty 's drama The Poker House as the oldest of three sisters living with a drug - abusing mother . Stephen Farber of The Hollywood Reporter thought that Lawrence `` has a touching poise on camera that conveys the resilience of children '' , and her role in The Poker House won an Outstanding Performance award from the Los Angeles Film Festival . Lawrence 's breakthrough role came in the small - scale drama Winter 's Bone ( 2010 ) , based on Daniel Woodrell 's novel of the same name . In Debra Granik 's independent feature , she portrayed Ree Dolly , a poverty - stricken teenager in the Ozark Mountains who cares for her mentally ill mother and younger siblings while searching for her missing father . Lawrence traveled to the Ozarks a week before filming began to live with the family on whom the story was based , and in preparation , she learned to fight , skin squirrels , and chop wood . David Denby of The New Yorker said the film `` would be unimaginable with anyone less charismatic '' , and Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote that `` her performance is more than acting , it 's a gathering storm . Lawrence 's eyes are a roadmap to what 's tearing Ree apart . '' The production won the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival . The actress was awarded the National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance , and with her first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress , she became the second youngest person to be nominated in the category . 2011 -- 2013 : film series and Awards success In 2011 , Lawrence took on a supporting role in Like Crazy , a romantic drama about long - distance relationships , starring Anton Yelchin and Felicity Jones . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times considered the film to be an `` intensely wrought and immensely satisfying love story '' and credited all three performers for `` making their ( characters ' ) yearning palpable '' . She then appeared in Jodie Foster 's black comedy The Beaver alongside Foster and Mel Gibson . Filmed in 2009 , the production was delayed due to controversy concerning Gibson , and earned less than half of its $21 million budget . After her dramatic role in Winter 's Bone , Lawrence looked for something less serious , and found it with her first high - profile release -- Matthew Vaughn 's superhero film X-Men : First Class ( 2011 ) -- a prequel to the X-Men film series . She portrayed the shapeshifting mutant Mystique , a role played by Rebecca Romijn in the earlier films . Vaughn cast Lawrence , as he thought that she would be able to portray the weakness and strength involved in the character 's transformation . Lawrence lost weight for the part , and for Mystique 's blue form had to undergo an eight - hour makeup , as Romijn had done on the other films . She was intimidated in the role as she admired Romijn . Writing for USA Today , Claudia Puig considered the film to be a `` classy re-boot '' of the film series , and believed that her `` high - spirited performance '' empowered the film . With a worldwide gross of $350 million , X-Men : First Class became Lawrence 's most widely seen film to that point . Lawrence at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival In 2012 she played Katniss Everdeen in The Hunger Games , an adaptation of the first book in author Suzanne Collins ' Hunger Games trilogy . Set in a post-apocalyptic future , the series tells the story of the teenage heroine Everdeen as she joins rebel forces against a totalitarian government after winning a brutal televised annual event . Despite being an admirer of the books , Lawrence was initially hesitant to accept the part , because of the grand scale of the film . She agreed to the project after her mother convinced her to take the part . She practiced yoga , archery , rock and tree climbing , and hand - to - hand combat techniques for the role . While training for the part , she injured herself running into a wall . The film received generally positive reviews , and Lawrence 's portrayal of Everdeen was particularly praised . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter called her an `` ideal screen actress '' , adding that she embodies the Everdeen of the novel , and believed that she anchored the film `` with impressive gravity and presence '' . Roger Ebert agreed that she was `` strong and convincing in the central role '' . With worldwide revenues of over $690 million , The Hunger Games became a top - grossing film featuring a female lead , making Lawrence the highest - grossing action heroine of all time . The success of the film established her as a star . Later in 2012 , Lawrence played a young depressed widow named Tiffany Maxwell in David O. Russell 's romance movie Silver Linings Playbook . The film was an adaptation of the Matthew Quick 's novel of the same name . It follows her character finding companionship with Pat Solitano Jr. ( played by Bradley Cooper ) , a man with bipolar disorder . The actress was drawn to her character 's complex personality : `` She did n't really fit any basic kind of character profile . Somebody who is very forceful and bullheaded is normally very insecure , but she is n't '' . While Russell initially considered Lawrence to be too young for the part , she convinced him to hire her via a Skype audition . The actress found herself challenged by Russell 's spontaneity as a director , and described working on the project as the `` best experience of my life '' . Richard Corliss of Time wrote : `` Just 21 when the movie was shot , Lawrence is that rare young actress who plays , who is , grown - up . Sullen and sultry , she lends a mature intelligence to any role . '' Peter Travers believed that Lawrence `` is some kind of miracle . She 's rude , dirty , funny , foulmouthed , sloppy , sexy , vibrant , and vulnerable , sometimes all in the same scene , even in the same breath . '' She won the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the film , becoming -- at age 22 -- the second youngest Best Actress Oscar winner . Her final release of the year was alongside Max Thieriot and Elisabeth Shue in Mark Tonderai 's critically panned thriller House at the End of the Street . The Devil You Know , a small - scale production that Lawrence had filmed for in 2005 , was her first release of 2013 . She then reprised the role of Everdeen in The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the second installment in the Hunger Games film series . While performing the film 's underwater stunts , she suffered from an ear infection that resulted in a brief loss of hearing . With box office earnings of $865 million , the film remains her highest - grossing release . Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice believed that Lawrence 's portrayal of Everdeen made her an ideal role model , and wrote that `` there 's no sanctimony or pretense of false modesty in the way Lawrence plays her '' . She took on a supporting role in Russell 's ensemble crime drama American Hustle ( 2013 ) as Rosalyn Rosenfeld , the neurotic wife of con man Irving Rosenfeld ( portrayed by Christian Bale ) . Inspired by the Federal Bureau of Investigation 's Abscam sting operation , the film is set against the backdrop of political corruption in 1970s New Jersey . Lawrence did little research for the part , and based her performance on knowledge of the era from the films and television shows she had seen . Geoffrey Macnab of The Independent praised her as `` funny and acerbic '' , especially for an improvised scene in which she aggressively kisses her husband 's mistress ( played by Amy Adams ) on the lips . Lawrence 's performance won her the Golden Globe and BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actress , in addition to a third Academy Award nomination , her first in the supporting category . 2014 -- present : established Actress Lawrence played Serena Pemberton in Susanne Bier 's depression - era drama Serena ( 2014 ) , based on the novel of the same name by Ron Rash . In the film , she and her husband George ( portrayed by Bradley Cooper ) are a married couple who become involved in criminal activities after realizing that they can not bear children . The project was filmed in 2012 , and was released in 2014 to poor reviews . Lawrence then reprised the role of Mystique in X-Men : Days of Future Past , which served as a sequel to both X-Men : The Last Stand ( 2006 ) and X-Men : First Class ( 2011 ) . The film received positive reviews and grossed $748.1 million worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing film in the X-Men series to that point . Justin Chang of Variety praised her look in the film but thought that she had little to do but `` glower , snarl and let the f / x artists do their thing '' . Lawrence 's next two releases were in the final parts of The Hunger Games film series , Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) and Part 2 ( 2015 ) . For the musical score of the former film , she sang the song `` The Hanging Tree '' , which charted on multiple international singles charts . In a review of the final film in the series , Manohla Dargis of The New York Times drew similarities between her rise to stardom and Everdeen 's journey as a rebel leader , writing : `` Lawrence now inhabits the role as effortlessly as breathing , partly because , like all great stars , she seems to be playing a version of her ' real ' self '' . Both films earned more than $650 million worldwide . Lawrence worked with Russell for the third time in the biopic Joy ( 2015 ) , in which she plays the eponymous character , a troubled single mother who becomes a successful businessperson after inventing the Miracle Mop . During production in Boston , the press reported on a disagreement between Russell and Lawrence that resulted in a `` screaming match '' . She said that her friendship with Russell made it easier for them to disagree , because people fight when they really love each other . The film was not as well received as their previous collaborations , but her performance was praised . Richard Roeper called it `` a wonderfully layered performance that carries the film through its rough spots and sometime dubious detours '' that was her best since Winter 's Bone . She won a third Golden Globe Award , and was nominated for another Academy Award for Best Actress , becoming the youngest person to accrue four Oscar nominations . Lawrence began 2016 by providing the narration for A Beautiful Planet , a documentary film that explores Earth from the International Space Station . She played Mystique for the third time in X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) . The film received mixed reviews , with a consensus that it was overfilled with action that detracted from the story 's themes and cast 's performances . Helen O'Hara from Empire considered the film to be a letdown from the previous installments of the series , and criticized the actress for making her character too grim . Despite this , Lawrence was rewarded with Favorite Movie Actress at the 43rd People 's Choice Awards . Lawrence at an event for Mother ! at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival Lawrence was paid $20 million for playing Aurora Lane in the science fiction film Passengers ( 2016 ) , and she received top - billing over co-star Chris Pratt . It features Pratt and her as two people who wake up 90 years too soon from an induced hibernation on a spaceship bound for a new planet . Lawrence says that she felt nervous performing her first sex scene and kissing a married man ( Pratt ) on screen ; she drank alcohol to prepare herself for filming . Critical reaction was negative , with a consensus that the film had a `` fatally flawed story '' , though the chemistry between Lawrence and Pratt was praised . Responding to the criticism of the film , Lawrence said , `` I thought the script was beautiful -- it was this tainted , complicated love story . It definitely was n't a failure '' . Darren Aronofsky 's psychological horror film Mother ! was Lawrence 's sole release of 2017 . She starred as a young woman married to a much - older man ( played by Javier Bardem ) , who experiences trauma when her home is invaded by unexpected guests . Lawrence spent three months rehearsing the film in a warehouse in Brooklyn , despite her reluctance to rehearsals in her previous assignments . The intense role proved difficult for her to film ; she was put on supplemental oxygen when she hyperventilated one day , and she also dislocated a rib . Mother ! polarized viewers and prompted mass walkouts . The film was better received by critics ; Walter Addiego of the San Francisco Chronicle labelled it `` assaultive '' and a `` deliberate test of audience endurance '' , and credited Lawrence for `` never allow ( ing ) herself to be reduced simply to a howling victim '' . By 2017 , Lawrence 's films had grossed over $5.6 billion worldwide . The following year , she starred as Dominika Egorova , a Russian spy who makes contact with a mysterious CIA agent ( played by Joel Edgerton ) , in Francis Lawrence 's espionage thriller Red Sparrow , based on Jason Matthews ' novel of the same name . She learnt to speak in a Russian accent and undertook ballet training for four months . Lawrence was challenged by the sexuality in her role , but has said that performing the nude scenes made her feel empowered . Red Sparrow received mixed reviews from critics . IndieWire 's Eric Kohn disliked the film 's denouement but praised the performances of Lawrence and Charlotte Rampling , stating that `` the considerable talent on display is ( the film 's ) constant saving grace '' . Alonso Duralde of TheWrap criticized the derivative story and the lack of chemistry between Lawrence and Edgerton . Upcoming projects Lawrence has committed to star in her fourth X-Men film , subtitled Dark Phoenix , which is scheduled for release in November 2018 . Lawrence and Amy Schumer have written a screenplay for a film in which they will star . She will star in Steven Spielberg 's film adaptation of photojournalist Lynsey Addario 's memoir It 's What I Do : A Photographer 's Life of Love and War , and will feature as Elizabeth Holmes , founder of the Theranos blood testing company , in Adam McKay 's film Bad Blood . Lawrence will also produce a film adaptation of Hannah Kent 's novel Burial Rites and star as Agnes Magnúsdóttir , the last woman to be executed for murder in Iceland . Personal life While filming X-Men : First Class in 2010 , Lawrence began a romantic relationship with her co-star Nicholas Hoult . The couple broke up around the time they wrapped X-Men : Days of Future Past in 2014 . Also that year , she was one of the victims of the iCloud leaks of celebrity photos when nude pictures of her were leaked online . Lawrence emphasized that the images were never meant to go public ; she called the leak a `` sex crime '' and a `` sexual violation '' . She added that viewers of the images should be ashamed of their part in a sexual offense . The actress later stated that her pictures were intended for Hoult , and that unlike other victims of the hack , she did not plan to sue Apple . As of 2014 , Lawrence lives in Beverly Hills , California . From September 2016 to October 2017 , she was in a relationship with mother ! 's director , Darren Aronofsky . Lawrence at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival Lawrence is a supporter of Planned Parenthood , and she participated in a June 2017 video against the defunding of the organization . She spoke out against the November 2015 shooting at a Colorado Springs Planned Parenthood clinic . She is a feminist , a concept she argues should not intimidate people `` because it just means equality '' . Lawrence promotes body positivity among women . In 2015 , she wrote an essay for the Lenny Letter in which she criticized the gender pay gap in Hollywood . She wrote about her own experiences in the industry , such as the lesser salary she received for her work in American Hustle compared to her male co-stars . In a 2015 interview with Vogue , Lawrence criticized Kentucky county clerk Kim Davis for her opposition to same - sex marriage . Lawrence was `` raised a Republican '' , but has subsequently criticized the party 's stance on women 's rights . She has strongly opposed Donald Trump 's presidency , stating in 2015 that his election would `` be the end of the world '' . Lawrence became a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 2011 . She has lent her support to several charitable organizations , such as the World Food Programme , Feeding America , and the Thirst Project . Along with Josh Hutcherson and Liam Hemsworth , her co-stars of The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , Lawrence partnered with the United Nations to publicize poverty and hunger . She organized an early screening of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2013 ) to benefit Saint Mary 's Center , a disabilities organization in Louisville , and raised more than $40,000 for the cause . She partnered with the charity broadcast network Chideo to raise funds for the 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games by screening her film Serena ( 2014 ) . She also collaborated with Omaze to host a fundraising contest for the games as part of the premiere of The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) . In 2015 , Lawrence teamed with Hutcherson and Hemsworth for Prank It FWD , a charitable initiative to raise money for the non-profit organization Do Something . That year , she also launched the Jennifer Lawrence Foundation , which supports charities such as the Boys & Girls Clubs of America and the Special Olympics . In 2016 , she donated $2 million to the Kosair Children 's Hospital in Louisville to set up a cardiac intensive care unit named after her foundation . Lawrence is a board member of Represent.Us , a nonprofit seeking to pass anti-corruption laws in the United States . In 2017 , Lawrence joined an Omaze fundraising campaign , through which a winner will be chosen to go wine tasting with her . The following year , she collaborated with 300 women in Hollywood to set up the Time 's Up initiative to protect women from harassment and discrimination . In the media In 2012 , the review website IndieWire described Lawrence 's personality as `` down - to - earth , self - deprecating , ( and ) unaffected '' . She is frequently referred to as `` America 's Sweetheart '' in the media . An IGN writer considers her to be a `` sharp '' , `` funny '' and `` quirky '' actress who likes to `` stay grounded '' despite considerable success . Lawrence says that she finds acting `` stupid '' and does not believe in being `` cocky '' about her success . As a role model to young people , she tries to be careful with her words . Lawrence at the premiere of A Beautiful Planet in 2016 In 2012 , Rolling Stone called her `` the most talented young actress in America . '' Her Hunger Games co-star Donald Sutherland has favorably compared her craft to that of Laurence Olivier and considers her an `` exquisite and brilliant actor '' . David O. Russell ( who directed her in Silver Linings Playbook , American Hustle and Joy ) has praised her effortless acting that makes her performances look easy . During her career , Lawrence has played roles in both high - profile , mainstream productions and low - budget independent films , and has appeared in a range of film genres . She did not study acting and has not been involved in professional theater . She instead bases her acting approach on her observations of people around her . I do n't invest any of my real emotions . ( I do n't take any of my characters ' pain home with me ) , I do n't even take it to craft services . I 've never been through anything that my characters have been through . And I ca n't go around looking for roles that are exactly like my life . So I just use my imagination . If it ever came down to the point where , to make a part better , I had to lose a little bit of my sanity , I would n't do it . I would just do comedies . -- Lawrence , The Globe and Mail , June 2010 As her career has developed , Lawrence has become one of the best paid actresses ; The Daily Telegraph reported in 2014 that she was earning $10 million a film . In 2013 , Time magazine named her one of the most 100 influential people in the world , Elle labeled her the most powerful woman in the entertainment business , and Forbes ranked her as the 50th most powerful actress . In 2014 , Forbes named her the second - highest - paid actress in the world with earnings of $34 million , and cited her as the most powerful actress , ranking at number 12 in the magazine 's Celebrity 100 list ; she appeared in the list again in 2016 . In 2015 , Lawrence was named `` Entertainer of the Year '' by Entertainment Weekly -- a title she also won in 2012 -- and was recognized as the highest - grossing action heroine in Guinness World Records for starring in the Hunger Games series . In 2015 and 2016 , Forbes reported that she had emerged as the world 's highest - paid actress with annual earnings of $52 million and $46 million , respectively . The magazine ranked her as the world 's third highest - paid actress in 2017 , with earnings of $24 million . Lawrence appeared in Victoria 's Secret 's listing of the `` Sexiest Up - and - Coming Bombshell '' in 2011 , People 's Most Beautiful People in 2011 and 2013 , Maxim 's Hot 100 from 2011 to 2014 , and topped FHM 's sexiest women in the world list in 2014 . From 2013 to 2015 , she was featured in Glamour 's annual listing of the best dressed women , topping the list in 2014 . Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2008 Garden Party Tiffany `` Tiff '' 2008 Poker House , The The Poker House Agnes 2008 Burning Plain , The The Burning Plain Mariana Winter 's Bone Ree Dolly 2011 Like Crazy Sam 2011 Beaver , The The Beaver Norah 2011 X-Men : First Class Raven Darkhölme / Mystique 2012 Hunger Games , The The Hunger Games Katniss Everdeen 2012 Silver Linings Playbook Tiffany Maxwell 2012 House at the End of the Street Elissa Cassidy 2013 Devil ! The Devil You Know Young Zoe Hughes 2013 Hunger Games : Catching Fire , The The Hunger Games : Catching Fire Katniss Everdeen 2013 American Hustle Rosalyn Rosenfeld 2014 X-Men : Days of Future Past Raven Darkhölme / Mystique 2014 Serena Serena Pemberton 2014 Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 , The The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 Katniss Everdeen 2015 Dior and I Herself 2015 Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 , The The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 Katniss Everdeen 2015 Joy Joy Mangano 2016 Beautiful ! A Beautiful Planet Narrator 2016 X-Men : Apocalypse Raven Darkhölme / Mystique 2016 Passengers Aurora Lane 2017 Mother ! mother 2018 Red Sparrow Dominika Egorova 2018 X-Men : Dark Phoenix Raven Darkhölme / Mystique Post-production Television Year Title Role Notes 2006 Company Town Caitlin Television film 2006 Monk Mascot Episode : `` Mr. Monk and the Big Game '' 2007 Cold Case Abby Bradford Episode : `` A Dollar , a Dream '' 2007 Medium Claire Chase Episode : `` Mother 's Little Helper '' 2007 -- 2009 Bill Engvall Show , The The Bill Engvall Show Lauren Pearson 31 episodes 2008 Medium Young Allison Episode : `` But for the Grace of God '' 2013 Saturday Night Live Herself ( host ) Episode : `` Jennifer Lawrence / The Lumineers '' 2014 Saturday Night Live Herself Episode : `` Woody Harrelson / Kendrick Lamar '' 2017 Jimmy Kimmel Live ! Herself ( host ) November 2 , 2017 ; standing in for Jimmy Kimmel Music video Year Title Artist `` The Mess I Made '' Parachute Accolades Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Jennifer Lawrence Lawrence won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) . She has won three Golden Globe Awards ; Best Actress -- Comedy or Musical for Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) and Joy ( 2015 ) , and Best Supporting Actress for American Hustle ( 2013 ) . She also won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for American Hustle ( 2013 ) . Her other accolades include seven MTV Movie Awards ( five for The Hunger Games series , two for Silver Linings Playbook ) , six People 's Choice Awards ( three for The Hunger Games , three for the X-Men series ) , a Satellite Award for Silver Linings Playbook , and a Saturn Award for The Hunger Games . See also Biography portal List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees List of people from the Louisville metropolitan area Me Too ( hashtag ) References Jump up ^ Murray , Lorraine . `` Jennifer Lawrence '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Van Meter , Jonathan ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Hunger Games ' Jennifer Lawrence Covers the September Issue '' . Vogue . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eells , Josh ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence : America 's Kick - Ass Sweetheart '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Marc ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence , la muse de Hollywood '' . Madame Figaro ( in French ) . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . 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Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` David O Russell and Jennifer Lawrence aim to clean up at 2016 Oscars with mop biopic '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Van Meter , Jonathan ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Is Determined , Hilarious , and -- Above All -- Real '' . Vogue . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Joy ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( December 20 , 2015 ) . `` It 's a Cinderella story , complete with mop '' . RichardRoeper.com . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bahr , Lindsey ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Wins Golden Globe for Best Comedy Actress '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . `` Oscar Nominations : Surprising Factoids About 2016 's Contenders '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Myers , Toni ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' A Beautiful Planet ' Shows a Dazzling Earth From Space '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` X-Men Apocalypse Review '' . Empire . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : See the Full List of Winners '' . Billboard . January 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orr , Christopher ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Passengers Is a Journey Best Skipped '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Why Jennifer Lawrence 's $20 M ( and Chris Pratt 's $12 M ) ' Passengers ' Payday Was a Trap '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galloway , Stephen ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence , Cate Blanchett and Six More Top Actresses on Pay Gap , Sex Scenes and the Price of Speaking Frankly : `` There Is Always a Backlash '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Passengers ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Responds to ' Passengers ' Criticism : ' I 'm Disappointed in Myself ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gay , Jason ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence on Her New Movie , New Relationship , and How She Stays So Damn Relatable '' . Vogue . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mother ! of all flops : Jennifer Lawrence horror leads to walkouts , F grade from audiences '' . The Telegraph . September 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Is Darren Aronofsky 's latest the year 's most controversial movie ? '' . Rotten Tomatoes . September 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Addiego , Walter ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lawrence under siege in Aronofsky 's latest extravaganza '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lawrence '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg Pentagon Papers Drama Gets 2017 Oscar Season Release '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Reveals Which Kardashian Would Make a Great Spy ( Exclusive ) '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murray , Daisy ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` The Nude Scenes In ' Red Sparrow ' Helped Jennifer Lawrence Reclaim Her Sexuality '' . Elle . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sparrow ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Red Sparrow ' Review : Jennifer Lawrence Is a Badass Russian Spy Who Uses Her Sexuality Like a Weapon in Solid Thriller '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Durande , Alonso ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Red Sparrow ' Film Review : Jennifer Lawrence Swans About in Silly Spy Tale '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Fox Formalizes Simon Kinberg to Helm ' X-Men : Dark Phoenix ' ; Jennifer Lawrence , Michael Fassbender , James McAvoy Back , Jessica Chastain in Talks '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence and Amy Schumer Writing Screenplay Together '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` Steven Spielberg to Direct Jennifer Lawrence in War Memoir Adaptation It 's What I Do '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Legendary Lands Jennifer Lawrence , Adam McKay 's Theranos Film ' Bad Blood ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence to Star in Luca Guadagnino 's ' Burial Rites ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Scott ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Awards Chatter ' Podcast -- Jennifer Lawrence ( ' Mother ! ' ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dubroff , Josh ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Discusses Her Split from Nicholas Hoult '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ensor , Josie ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Nude Jennifer Lawrence photos leaked by hacker who claims to have ' private pictures of 100 A-listers ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cover Exclusive : Jennifer Lawrence Calls Photo Hacking a ' Sex Crime ' '' . Vanity Fair . October 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David , Mark ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Snags Celebrity Pedigreed Pad in Beverly Hills '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guglielmi , Jody ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence on Dating Darren Aronofsky : ' I Had Energy for Him . I Do n't Know How He Felt About Me ' '' . People . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riseman , Abraham ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Darren Aronofsky Does n't Want You to Know Anything About Mother ! '' . Vulture.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lawrence and Darren Aronofsky Split '' . E ! Online . November 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jennifer Lawrence Gives the No - Filter , No - B.S. Interview of Your Dreams '' . Glamour . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lawrence and Jon Hamm made an important video for planned parenthood '' . Harper 's BAZAAR . June 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Laura ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence : Truth and Beauty '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foy , Kenya ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Feminist Jennifer Lawrence Quotes , Because J. Law 's All About Female Empowerment '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence expresses anger at Hollywood 's gender pay gap '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Says a Donald Trump Presidency Would Be `` The End of the World '' `` . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( June 17 , 2011 ) . `` Academy Invites 178 Artists and Execs as New Members '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cornet , Roth ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` 10 Reasons Jennifer Lawrence is Awesome '' . IGN . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World Food Programme and Feeding America Partner with The Hunger Games '' . World Food Program . February 23 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Louisville ' Catching Fire ' premiere promotes Jennifer Lawrence & charity '' . WDRB . November 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2013 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Winner Jennifer Lawrence Joins Chideo 's All - star Line - up of Celebrity Ambassadors , Teams Up with Bradley Cooper to Support Special Olympics World Games and Charles J. Cooper Patient Support Fund '' . PR Newswire . January 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Macatee , Rebecca ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Wants to Be BFFs , Take Selfies and Party for a Purpose -- With You ! '' . E !. Archived from the original on August 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Watch Jennifer Lawrence Struggle to Act Unfriendly in Hunger Games Cast Prank '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitten , Sarah ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence is changing Hollywood 's game '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bell , Flora ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Philanthropic Jennifer Lawrence donates $2 million to children 's charity '' . Hello ! . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gay , Jason ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence on Her New Movie , New Relationship , and How She Stays So Damn Relatable '' . Vogue . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Needs a Drinking Buddy -- and It Could Be You '' . E !. Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Over 300 top women in Hollywood launch anti-harassment initiative '' . Daily Sabah . Washington . January 1 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tupitsyn , Masha ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Acting Personality : Just How `` Authentic '' Is Jennifer Lawrence ? `` . IndieWire . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosa , Christopher ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence and the Roller Coaster of Public Perception '' . VH1 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lawrence on How Acting `` Is Stupid , '' and the Time She Almost Shot Suspected Home Invaders with Her Bow and Arrow `` . Vanity Fair . January 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hiscock , Josh ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence interview : ' Why I shop at Ikea ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lawrence compared to Laurence Olivier by ' Hunger Games ' Donald Sutherland ( Video ) '' . On the Red Carpet . March 22 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lawrence , David O. Russell teaming up again for ' The Ends of the Earth ' '' . New York Daily News . February 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve . `` ' Silver Linings Playbook ' Oscar Nominee Jennifer Lawrence Shares Her Acting Secret : Never Sweat '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . I 've always studied people and been fascinated by their reactions and feelings . And I think that 's the best acting class you can take -- watching real people , listening to them and studying them . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lawrence '' . Time . April 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer . `` Hollywood Power List 2013 '' . Elle . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Forbes Lists Top 100 Most Powerful Celebrities in 2013 : Oprah Winfrey Takes Number One Spot ( Full List ) '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Sandra Bullock Tops Forbes ' List of Highest Earning Actresses with $51 M '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Tops Our List of the Most Powerful Actresses '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Celebrities '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vilkomerson , Sara ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` This Week 's Cover : Jennifer Lawrence is EW 's Entertainer of the Year '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Valby , Karen ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Entertainers of the Year : Jennifer Lawrence '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alter , Charlotte ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Is the Highest - Grossing Action Heroine '' . Time . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robehmed , Natalie ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` The World 's Highest - Paid Actresses 2015 : Jennifer Lawrence Leads with $52 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . `` The World 's Highest - Paid Actresses 2016 : Jennifer Lawrence Banks $46 Million Payday Ahead of Melissa McCarthy '' . Forbes . August 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robehmed , Natalie ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` The World 's Highest - Paid Actresses 2017 : Emma Stone Leads With $26 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Emma Stone , Rihanna top Victoria 's Secret 's `` What is Sexy ? '' list `` . CBS News . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Most Beautiful 2011 : Jennifer Lopez '' . People . April 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . `` People 's Most Beautiful 2013 : Gwyneth Paltrow , Jennifer Lawrence , Halle Berry '' . People . April 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Hot 100 List '' . Maxim . May 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . `` 2012 Hot 100 List '' . Maxim. April 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Brukman , Jesse ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 Hot 100 List '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . James , Richard ( September 28 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Hot 100 List '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Waller , Jordan ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` The Official 100 Sexiest Women in the World 2014 : The full list '' . FHM . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2014 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Dressed Women 2013 '' . Glamour . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . `` 50 Best Dressed Women of 2014 '' . Glamour . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . `` 30 Best Dressed Women of 2015 '' . Glamour . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dior and I ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Season 38 Episode 11 -- Jennifer Lawrence / The Lumineers '' . NBC . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( November 16 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Night Live recap : ' Woody Harrelson and Kendrick Lamar ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ MTV Movie Awards for Jennifer Lawrence : `` 2012 MTV Movie Awards Winners : The Full List '' . MTV . June 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . `` MTV Movie Awards 2013 Complete Winner 's List '' . MTV . April 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Nordyke , Kimberly ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` MTV Movie Awards Winners : The Complete List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Murphy , Shaunna ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` MTV Movie Awards 2015 : See the Full Winners List '' . MTV . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Bell , Crystal ( April 9 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 MTV Movie Award Winners : See the Full List '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ People 's Choice Awards for Jennifer Lawrence : `` People 's Choice Awards 2013 : The Complete Winners List '' . MTV . January 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Blake , Emily ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 : The winner 's list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards for 2012 '' . International Press Academy . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Avengers , ' ' Breaking Bad ' top Saturn Award winners '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . External links Find more aboutJennifer Lawrenceat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Jennifer Lawrence on IMDb Jennifer Lawrence at the TCM Movie Database Jennifer Lawrence at Box Office Mojo Jennifer Lawrence at Rotten Tomatoes Biography portal Kentucky portal Film portal United States portal Awards for Jennifer Lawrence Academy Award for Best Actress 1920s Janet Gaynor ( 1928 ) Mary Pickford ( 1929 ) 1930s Norma Shearer ( 1930 ) Marie Dressler ( 1931 ) Helen Hayes ( 1932 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1933 ) Claudette Colbert ( 1934 ) Bette Davis ( 1935 ) Luise Rainer ( 1936 ) Luise Rainer ( 1937 ) Bette Davis ( 1938 ) Vivien Leigh ( 1939 ) 1940s Ginger Rogers ( 1940 ) Joan Fontaine ( 1941 ) Greer Garson ( 1942 ) Jennifer Jones ( 1943 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1944 ) Joan Crawford ( 1945 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1946 ) Loretta Young ( 1947 ) Jane Wyman ( 1948 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1949 ) 1950s Judy Holliday ( 1950 ) Vivien Leigh ( 1951 ) Shirley Booth ( 1952 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1953 ) Grace Kelly ( 1954 ) Anna Magnani ( 1955 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1956 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1957 ) Susan Hayward ( 1958 ) Simone Signoret ( 1959 ) 1960s Elizabeth Taylor ( 1960 ) Sophia Loren ( 1961 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1962 ) Patricia Neal ( 1963 ) Julie Andrews ( 1964 ) Julie Christie ( 1965 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1966 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1967 ) Katharine Hepburn / Barbra Streisand ( 1968 ) Maggie Smith ( 1969 ) 1970s Glenda Jackson ( 1970 ) Jane Fonda ( 1971 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1972 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1973 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 1974 ) Louise Fletcher ( 1975 ) Faye Dunaway ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) 1980s Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1983 ) Sally Field ( 1984 ) Geraldine Page ( 1985 ) Marlee Matlin ( 1986 ) Cher ( 1987 ) Jodie Foster ( 1988 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1989 ) 1990s Kathy Bates ( 1990 ) Jodie Foster ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Jessica Lange ( 1994 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1995 ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) 2000s Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Halle Berry ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2009 ) 2010s Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) AACTA International Award for Best Actress Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Margot Robbie ( 2017 ) AACTA International Award for Best Supporting Actress Jacki Weaver ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Rooney Mara ( 2015 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2016 ) Allison Janney ( 2017 ) BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role 1960s Billie Whitelaw ( 1968 ) Celia Johnson ( 1969 ) 1970s Susannah York ( 1970 ) Margaret Leighton ( 1971 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1972 ) Valentina Cortese ( 1973 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1974 ) Diane Ladd ( 1975 ) Jodie Foster ( 1976 ) Jenny Agutter ( 1977 ) Geraldine Page ( 1978 ) Rachel Roberts ( 1979 ) 1980s Rohini Hattangadi / Maureen Stapleton ( 1982 ) Jamie Lee Curtis ( 1983 ) Liz Smith ( 1984 ) Rosanna Arquette ( 1985 ) Judi Dench ( 1986 ) Susan Wooldridge ( 1987 ) Judi Dench ( 1988 ) Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1989 ) 1990s Whoopi Goldberg ( 1990 ) Kate Nelligan ( 1991 ) Miranda Richardson ( 1992 ) Miriam Margolyes ( 1993 ) Kristin Scott Thomas ( 1994 ) Kate Winslet ( 1995 ) Juliette Binoche ( 1996 ) Sigourney Weaver ( 1997 ) Judi Dench ( 1998 ) Maggie Smith ( 1999 ) 2000s Julie Walters ( 2000 ) Jennifer Connelly ( 2001 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2004 ) Thandie Newton ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) 2010s Helena Bonham Carter ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Kate Winslet ( 2015 ) Viola Davis ( 2016 ) Allison Janney ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble 2000s Gosford Park Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby 2002 Chicago Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate 2006 Little Miss Sunshine Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear 2007 Hairspray Nikki Blonsky , Amanda Bynes , Paul Dooley , Zac Efron , Allison Janney , Elijah Kelley , Queen Latifah , James Marsden , Michelle Pfeiffer , Brittany Snow , Jerry Stiller , John Travolta , Christopher Walken 2008 Milk Josh Brolin , Joseph Cross , James Franco , Victor Garber , Emile Hirsch , Diego Luna , Denis O'Hare , Sean Penn , Alison Pill 2009 Inglourious Basterds Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke 2010s The Fighter Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Melissa Leo , Jack McGee , Mark Wahlberg 2011 The Help Jessica Chastain , Viola Davis , Bryce Dallas Howard , Allison Janney , Chris Lowell , Ahna O'Reilly , Sissy Spacek , Octavia Spencer , Mary Steenburgen , Emma Stone , Cicely Tyson , Mike Vogel 2012 Silver Linings Playbook Bradley Cooper , Robert De Niro , Anupam Kher , Jennifer Lawrence , Chris Tucker , Jacki Weaver 2013 American Hustle Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Louis C.K. , Bradley Cooper , Jack Huston , Jennifer Lawrence , Alessandro Nivola , Michael Peña , Jeremy Renner , Elisabeth Röhm , Shea Whigham 2014 Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) Zach Galifianakis , Michael Keaton , Edward Norton , Andrea Riseborough , Amy Ryan , Emma Stone , Naomi Watts 2015 Spotlight Billy Crudup , Brian d'Arcy James , Michael Keaton , Rachel McAdams , Mark Ruffalo , Liev Schreiber , John Slattery , Stanley Tucci 2016 Moonlight Mahershala Ali , Patrick Decile , Alex R. Hibbert , Naomie Harris , André Holland , Jharrel Jerome , Janelle Monáe , Jaden Piner , Trevante Rhodes , Ashton Sanders 2017 Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri Abbie Cornish , Peter Dinklage , Woody Harrelson , John Hawkes , Lucas Hedges , Željko Ivanek , Caleb Landry Jones , Frances McDormand , Clarke Peters , Sam Rockwell , Samara Weaving Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Amy Adams ( 2013 ) Jenny Slate ( 2014 ) Amy Schumer ( 2015 ) Meryl Streep ( 2016 ) Margot Robbie ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress in an Action Movie Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2013 ) Emily Blunt ( 2014 ) Charlize Theron ( 2015 ) Margot Robbie ( 2016 ) Empire Award for Best Actress Nicole Kidman ( 1996 ) Frances McDormand ( 1997 ) Joan Allen ( 1998 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1999 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 2000 ) Connie Nielsen ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 2003 ) Uma Thurman ( 2004 ) Julie Delpy ( 2005 ) Thandie Newton ( 2006 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2007 ) Keira Knightley ( 2008 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 2009 ) Zoe Saldana ( 2010 ) Noomi Rapace ( 2011 ) Olivia Colman ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Emma Thompson ( 2014 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2015 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2016 ) Felicity Jones ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical 1950s Judy Holliday ( 1950 ) June Allyson ( 1951 ) Susan Hayward ( 1952 ) Ethel Merman ( 1953 ) Judy Garland ( 1954 ) Jean Simmons ( 1955 ) Deborah Kerr ( 1956 ) Kay Kendall / Taina Elg ( 1957 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1958 ) Marilyn Monroe ( 1959 ) 1960s Shirley MacLaine ( 1960 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1961 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1962 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1963 ) Julie Andrews ( 1964 ) Julie Andrews ( 1965 ) Lynn Redgrave ( 1966 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1967 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1968 ) Patty Duke ( 1969 ) 1970s Carrie Snodgress ( 1970 ) Twiggy ( 1971 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1972 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1973 ) Raquel Welch ( 1974 ) Ann - Margret ( 1975 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton / Marsha Mason ( 1977 ) Ellen Burstyn / Maggie Smith ( 1978 ) Bette Midler ( 1979 ) 1980s Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1981 ) Julie Andrews ( 1982 ) Julie Walters ( 1983 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1984 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1985 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1986 ) Cher ( 1987 ) Melanie Griffith ( 1988 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1989 ) 1990s Julia Roberts ( 1990 ) Bette Midler ( 1991 ) Miranda Richardson ( 1992 ) Angela Bassett ( 1993 ) Jamie Lee Curtis ( 1994 ) Nicole Kidman ( 1995 ) Madonna ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1998 ) Janet McTeer ( 1999 ) 2000s Renée Zellweger ( 2000 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2002 ) Diane Keaton ( 2003 ) Annette Bening ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Meryl Streep ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) 2010s Annette Bening ( 2010 ) Michelle Williams ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Amy Adams ( 2013 ) Amy Adams ( 2014 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture 1940s Katina Paxinou ( 1943 ) Agnes Moorehead ( 1944 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1945 ) Anne Baxter ( 1946 ) Celeste Holm ( 1947 ) Ellen Corby ( 1948 ) Mercedes McCambridge ( 1949 ) 1950s Josephine Hull ( 1950 ) Kim Hunter ( 1951 ) Katy Jurado ( 1952 ) Grace Kelly ( 1953 ) Jan Sterling ( 1954 ) Marisa Pavan ( 1955 ) Eileen Heckart ( 1956 ) Elsa Lanchester ( 1957 ) Hermione Gingold ( 1958 ) Susan Kohner ( 1959 ) 1960s Janet Leigh ( 1960 ) Rita Moreno ( 1961 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1962 ) Margaret Rutherford ( 1963 ) Agnes Moorehead ( 1964 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1965 ) Jocelyne LaGarde ( 1966 ) Carol Channing ( 1967 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1968 ) Goldie Hawn ( 1969 ) 1970s Karen Black / Maureen Stapleton ( 1970 ) Ann - Margret ( 1971 ) Shelley Winters ( 1972 ) Linda Blair ( 1973 ) Karen Black ( 1974 ) Brenda Vaccaro ( 1975 ) Katharine Ross ( 1976 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1977 ) Dyan Cannon ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) 1980s Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Joan Hackett ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Cher ( 1983 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1984 ) Meg Tilly ( 1985 ) Maggie Smith ( 1986 ) Olympia Dukakis ( 1987 ) Sigourney Weaver ( 1988 ) Julia Roberts ( 1989 ) 1990s Whoopi Goldberg ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Joan Plowright ( 1992 ) Winona Ryder ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Mira Sorvino ( 1995 ) Lauren Bacall ( 1996 ) Kim Basinger ( 1997 ) Lynn Redgrave ( 1998 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1999 ) 2000s Kate Hudson ( 2000 ) Jennifer Connelly ( 2001 ) Meryl Streep ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Natalie Portman ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) 2010s Melissa Leo ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Kate Winslet ( 2015 ) Viola Davis ( 2016 ) Allison Janney ( 2017 ) Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead Geraldine Page ( 1985 ) Isabella Rossellini ( 1986 ) Sally Kirkland ( 1987 ) Jodie Foster ( 1988 ) Andie MacDowell ( 1989 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1990 ) Judy Davis ( 1991 ) Fairuza Balk ( 1992 ) Ashley Judd ( 1993 ) Linda Fiorentino ( 1994 ) Elisabeth Shue ( 1995 ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Julie Christie ( 1997 ) Ally Sheedy ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Julianne Moore ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Catalina Sandino Moreno ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) Shareeka Epps ( 2006 ) Ellen Page ( 2007 ) Melissa Leo ( 2008 ) Gabourey Sidibe ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Michelle Williams ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2016 ) Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Florinda Bolkan ( 1975 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1976 ) Shelley Duvall ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Meryl Streep ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1983 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1984 ) Meryl Streep ( 1985 ) Sandrine Bonnaire ( 1986 ) Holly Hunter / Sally Kirkland ( 1987 ) Christine Lahti ( 1988 ) Andie MacDowell / Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1989 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Jessica Lange ( 1994 ) Elisabeth Shue ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 1997 ) Fernanda Montenegro / Ally Sheedy ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Julianne Moore ( 2002 ) Naomi Watts ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Vera Farmiga ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Yolande Moreau ( 2009 ) Kim Hye - ja ( 2010 ) Yoon Jeong - hee ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence / Emmanuelle Riva ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett / Adèle Exarchopoulos ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Charlotte Rampling ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2016 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Best Actor in a Movie Best Male Performance Arnold Schwarzenegger ( 1992 ) Denzel Washington ( 1993 ) Tom Hanks ( 1994 ) Brad Pitt ( 1995 ) Jim Carrey ( 1996 ) Tom Cruise ( 1997 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 1998 ) Jim Carrey ( 1999 ) Keanu Reeves ( 2000 ) Tom Cruise ( 2001 ) Will Smith ( 2002 ) Eminem ( 2003 ) Johnny Depp ( 2004 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2005 ) Will Smith ( 2008 ) Zac Efron ( 2009 ) Robert Pattinson ( 2010 ) Robert Pattinson ( 2011 ) Josh Hutcherson ( 2012 ) Bradley Cooper ( 2013 ) Josh Hutcherson ( 2014 ) Bradley Cooper ( 2015 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2016 ) Best Female Performance Linda Hamilton ( 1992 ) Sharon Stone ( 1993 ) Janet Jackson ( 1994 ) Sandra Bullock ( 1995 ) Alicia Silverstone ( 1996 ) Claire Danes ( 1997 ) Neve Campbell ( 1998 ) Cameron Diaz ( 1999 ) Sarah Michelle Gellar ( 2000 ) Julia Roberts ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 2003 ) Uma Thurman ( 2004 ) Lindsay Lohan ( 2005 ) Ellen Page ( 2008 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2009 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2010 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2014 ) Shailene Woodley ( 2015 ) Charlize Theron ( 2016 ) Best Performance Jake Gyllenhaal ( 2006 ) Johnny Depp ( 2007 ) Emma Watson ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Best Fight Adam Sandler vs. Bob Barker -- Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) Fairuza Balk vs. Robin Tunney -- The Craft ( 1997 ) Will Smith vs. Cockroach -- Men in Black ( 1998 ) Ben Stiller vs. Puffy the Dog -- There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) Keanu Reeves vs. Laurence Fishburne -- The Matrix ( 2000 ) Zhang Ziyi vs. Entire bar -- Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker vs. Hong Kong gang -- Rush Hour 2 ( 2002 ) Yoda vs. Christopher Lee -- Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2003 ) Uma Thurman vs. Chiaki Kuriyama -- Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2004 ) Uma Thurman vs. Daryl Hannah -- Kill Bill : Volume 2 ( 2005 ) Angelina Jolie vs. Brad Pitt -- Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 2006 ) Gerard Butler vs. Robert Maillet -- 300 ( 2007 ) Sean Faris vs. Cam Gigandet -- Never Back Down ( 2008 ) Robert Pattinson vs. Cam Gigandet -- Twilight ( 2009 ) Beyoncé Knowles vs. Ali Larter -- Obsessed ( 2010 ) Robert Pattinson vs. Bryce Dallas Howard and Xavier Samuel -- The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence and Josh Hutcherson vs. Alexander Ludwig -- The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Hemsworth , Scarlett Johansson and Jeremy Renner vs. Tom Hiddleston -- The Avengers ( 2013 ) Orlando Bloom and Evangeline Lilly vs. Orcs -- The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2014 ) Dylan O'Brien vs. Will Poulter -- The Maze Runner ( 2015 ) Ryan Reynolds vs. Ed Skrein - Deadpool ( 2016 ) MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss Anna Chlumsky & Macaulay Culkin in My Girl ( 1992 ) Christian Slater & Marisa Tomei in Untamed Heart ( 1993 ) Demi Moore & Woody Harrelson in Indecent Proposal ( 1994 ) Jim Carrey & Lauren Holly in Dumb and Dumber ( 1995 ) Natasha Henstridge & Anthony Guidera in Species ( 1996 ) Will Smith & Vivica A. Fox in Independence Day ( 1997 ) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore in The Wedding Singer ( 1998 ) Gwyneth Paltrow & Joseph Fiennes in Shakespeare in Love ( 1999 ) Sarah Michelle Gellar & Selma Blair in Cruel Intentions ( 2000 ) Julia Stiles & Sean Patrick Thomas in Save the Last Dance ( 2001 ) Jason Biggs & Seann William Scott in American Pie 2 ( 2002 ) Tobey Maguire & Kirsten Dunst in Spider - Man ( 2003 ) Owen Wilson , Carmen Electra & Amy Smart in Starsky & Hutch ( 2004 ) Ryan Gosling & Rachel McAdams in The Notebook ( 2005 ) Heath Ledger & Jake Gyllenhaal in Brokeback Mountain ( 2006 ) Will Ferrell & Sacha Baron Cohen in Talladega Nights : The Ballad of Ricky Bobby ( 2007 ) Briana Evigan & Robert Hoffman in Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in Twilight ( 2009 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn - Part 1 ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence & Bradley Cooper in Silver Linings Playbook ( 2013 ) Emma Roberts , Jennifer Aniston & Will Poulter in We 're the Millers ( 2014 ) Ansel Elgort & Shailene Woodley in The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Rebel Wilson & Adam DeVine in Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2016 ) Ashton Sanders & Jharrel Jerome in Moonlight ( 2017 ) National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance Alicia Silverstone ( 1995 ) Renée Zellweger ( 1996 ) Bai Ling ( 1997 ) Billy Crudup / Angelina Jolie ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank / Wes Bentley ( 1999 ) Jamie Bell / Michelle Rodriguez ( 2000 ) Hayden Christensen / Naomi Watts ( 2001 ) Maggie Gyllenhaal / Derek Luke ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron / Paul Giamatti ( 2003 ) Emmy Rossum / Topher Grace ( 2004 ) Q'orianka Kilcher / Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson / Rinko Kikuchi / Ryan Gosling ( 2006 ) Ellen Page / Emile Hirsch ( 2007 ) Viola Davis / Dev Patel ( 2008 ) Gabourey Sidibe / Jeremy Renner ( 2009 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2010 ) Rooney Mara / Felicity Jones ( 2011 ) Quvenzhané Wallis / Tom Holland ( 2012 ) Adèle Exarchopoulos / Michael B. Jordan ( 2013 ) Jack O'Connell ( 2014 ) Abraham Attah / Jacob Tremblay ( 2015 ) Lucas Hedges / Royalty Hightower ( 2016 ) Timothée Chalamet ( 2017 ) National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress 1967 -- 1979 Marjorie Rhodes ( 1967 ) Billie Whitelaw ( 1968 ) Siân Phillips / Delphine Seyrig ( 1969 ) Lois Smith ( 1970 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 1971 ) Jeannie Berlin ( 1972 ) Valentina Cortese ( 1973 ) Bibi Andersson ( 1974 ) Lily Tomlin ( 1975 ) Jodie Foster ( 1976 ) Ann Wedgeworth ( 1977 ) Meryl Streep ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) 1980 -- 1999 Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Sandra Bernhard ( 1983 ) Melanie Griffith ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Kathy Baker ( 1987 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1988 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1989 ) Annette Bening ( 1990 ) Jane Horrocks ( 1991 ) Judy Davis ( 1992 ) Madeleine Stowe ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Joan Allen ( 1995 ) Barbara Hershey ( 1996 ) Julianne Moore ( 1997 ) Judi Dench ( 1998 ) Chloë Sevigny ( 1999 ) 2000 -- present Elaine May ( 2000 ) Helen Mirren ( 2001 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 2002 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 2003 ) Virginia Madsen ( 2004 ) Amy Adams ( 2005 ) Meryl Streep ( 2006 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2007 ) Hanna Schygulla ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Olivia Williams ( 2010 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2011 ) Amy Adams ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2015 ) Michelle Williams ( 2016 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 2017 ) New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress 1969 -- 1980 Dyan Cannon ( 1969 ) Karen Black ( 1970 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 1971 ) Jeannie Berlin ( 1972 ) Valentina Cortese ( 1973 ) Valerie Perrine ( 1974 ) Lily Tomlin ( 1975 ) Talia Shire ( 1976 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1977 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Mona Washbourne ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Linda Hunt ( 1983 ) Christine Lahti ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1987 ) Diane Venora ( 1988 ) Lena Olin ( 1989 ) Jennifer Jason Leigh ( 1990 ) Judy Davis ( 1991 ) Miranda Richardson ( 1992 ) Gong Li ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Mira Sorvino ( 1995 ) Courtney Love ( 1996 ) Joan Cusack ( 1997 ) Lisa Kudrow ( 1998 ) Catherine Keener ( 1999 ) Marcia Gay Harden ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Helen Mirren ( 2001 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 2002 ) Shohreh Aghdashloo ( 2003 ) Virginia Madsen ( 2004 ) Maria Bello ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Amy Ryan ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Melissa Leo ( 2010 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2011 ) Sally Field ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2015 ) Michelle Williams ( 2016 ) Tiffany Haddish ( 2017 ) San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress 1990s Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Pam Grier / Bai Ling ( 1997 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1998 ) Annette Bening ( 1999 ) 2000s Laura Linney / Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Thora Birch ( 2001 ) Julianne Moore ( 2002 ) Naomi Watts ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Joan Allen ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Michelle Monaghan ( 2009 ) 2010s Jennifer Lawrence ( 2010 ) Brit Marling ( 2011 ) Michelle Williams ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Sônia Braga ( 2016 ) Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( 1996 -- 2010 , retired ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Christina Ricci ( 1998 ) Janet McTeer ( 1999 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2000 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) Jennifer Westfeldt ( 2002 ) Diane Keaton ( 2003 ) Annette Bening ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Meryl Streep ( 2006 ) Ellen Page ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2010 ) Motion Picture Drama ( 1996 -- 2010 , retired ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Judi Dench ( 1997 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Diane Lane ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Angelina Jolie ( 2008 ) Shohreh Aghdashloo ( 2009 ) Noomi Rapace ( 2010 ) Motion Picture ( 2011 -- present ) Viola Davis ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert / Ruth Negga ( 2016 ) Sally Hawkins / Diane Kruger ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Actress Katharine Ross ( 1974 / 75 ) Blythe Danner ( 1976 ) Jodie Foster ( 1977 ) Margot Kidder ( 1978 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1979 ) Angie Dickinson ( 1980 ) Karen Allen ( 1981 ) Sandahl Bergman ( 1982 ) Louise Fletcher ( 1983 ) Daryl Hannah ( 1984 ) Coral Browne ( 1985 ) Sigourney Weaver ( 1986 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1987 ) Catherine Hicks ( 1988 ) Demi Moore ( 1989 / 90 ) Linda Hamilton ( 1991 ) Virginia Madsen ( 1992 ) Andie MacDowell ( 1993 ) Sandra Bullock / Jamie Lee Curtis ( 1994 ) Angela Bassett ( 1995 ) Neve Campbell ( 1996 ) Jodie Foster ( 1997 ) Drew Barrymore ( 1998 ) Christina Ricci ( 1999 ) Téa Leoni ( 2000 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) Naomi Watts ( 2002 ) Uma Thurman ( 2003 ) Blanchard Ryan ( 2004 ) Naomi Watts ( 2005 ) Natalie Portman ( 2006 ) Amy Adams ( 2007 ) Angelina Jolie ( 2008 ) Zoe Saldana ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2013 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2014 ) Charlize Theron ( 2015 ) Mary Elizabeth Winstead ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture ( 2011 -- 2020 ) 2011 The Help Jessica Chastain , Viola Davis , Bryce Dallas Howard , Allison Janney , Chris Lowell , Ahna O'Reilly , Sissy Spacek , Octavia Spencer , Mary Steenburgen , Emma Stone , Cicely Tyson , Mike Vogel 2012 Argo Ben Affleck , Alan Arkin , Kerry Bishé , Kyle Chandler , Rory Cochrane , Bryan Cranston , Christopher Denham , Tate Donovan , Clea DuVall , Victor Garber , John Goodman , Scoot McNairy , Chris Messina 2013 American Hustle Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Louis C.K. , Bradley Cooper , Jack Huston , Jennifer Lawrence , Alessandro Nivola , Michael Peña , Jeremy Renner , Elisabeth Röhm , Shea Whigham 2014 Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) Zach Galifianakis , Michael Keaton , Edward Norton , Andrea Riseborough , Amy Ryan , Emma Stone , Naomi Watts 2015 Spotlight Billy Crudup , Brian d'Arcy James , Michael Keaton , Rachel McAdams , Mark Ruffalo , Liev Schreiber , John Slattery , Stanley Tucci 2016 Hidden Figures Mahershala Ali , Kevin Costner , Kirsten Dunst , Taraji P. Henson , Aldis Hodge , Janelle Monáe , Jim Parsons , Glen Powell , Octavia Spencer 2017 Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri Abbie Cornish , Peter Dinklage , Woody Harrelson , John Hawkes , Lucas Hedges , Željko Ivanek , Caleb Landry Jones , Frances McDormand , Clarke Peters , Sam Rockwell , Samara Weaving Complete list ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( 2011 -- 2020 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role 1990s Jodie Foster ( 1994 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1995 ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1998 ) Annette Bening ( 1999 ) 2000s Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Halle Berry ( 2001 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Meryl Streep ( 2008 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2009 ) 2010s Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Viola Davis ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Frances McDormand ( 2017 ) VIAF : 142311386 LCCN : no2010123176 ISNI : 0000 0001 2034 452X GND : 1013026330 SUDOC : 154739545 BNF : cb166257802 ( data ) MusicBrainz : d2d2baa6 - f386 - 4136 - acbd - 4717e54dfb96 BNE : XX4934019 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Lawrence&oldid=826462870 '' Categories : 1990 births Living people American film actresses American television actresses 21st - century American actresses American child actresses Best Actress Academy Award winners Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe ( film ) winners Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe ( film ) winners Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead winners Best Actress AACTA International Award winners Best Supporting Actress AACTA International Award winners Best Actress Empire Award winners Marcello Mastroianni Award winners Actresses from Louisville , Kentucky Female models from Kentucky American feminists American philanthropists Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Featured articles Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from December 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kernowek Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 07 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did jennifer lawrence start her acting career | [
"\n\nJennifer Lawrence\n\n\n\nLawrence at the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con International promoting X-Men: Apocalypse\n\n\n\nBorn\nJennifer Shrader Lawrence\n(1990-08-15) August 15, 1990 (age 27)\nIndian Hills, Kentucky, U.S.\n\n\nOccupation\nActress\n\n\nYears active\n2006–present\n\n\nAwards\nFull list\n\n"
] | [
"2006"
] |
7132214051481074790 | List of taekwondo grandmasters | List of Taekwondo grandmasters - wikipedia List of Taekwondo grandmasters This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Many taekwondo grandmasters are natives of South Korea , the birthplace of this widely known martial art This list of taekwondo grandmasters includes notable persons who have been recognized as grandmasters of the Korean martial art of taekwondo . There is no single , universally - recognised set of criteria to define a taekwondo grandmaster ; different organizations and different styles have their own rules . Those listed below are grouped by system : Kukkiwon ( widely known as the World Taekwondo ) , International Taekwon - Do Federation ( ITF ) , and other systems ( which includes some persons receiving ranks from taekwondo organisations that predate the other two systems , e.g. , the original Korea Taekwondo Association ( KTA ) ) and United Taekwondo Association UWTA . Also WANIN DO By Grandmaster Kyong Lee of Toronto , Canada . Contents 1 Kukkiwon ( World Taekwondo ) 2 International Taekwon - Do Federation ( ITF ) and International Chang - Hon Taekwondo Federation ( ITCF ) 3 Other taekwondo systems 4 See also 5 References Kukkiwon ( World Taekwondo ) ( edit ) This list includes persons who : are ranked at least 9th dan by Kukkiwon ( the highest rank normally awarded to living persons within that system ) ; are notable as individuals ; and are notable for their contribution to taekwondo . Name Rank Life Residence Prominence References Grandmaster Man Hee Han 9th dan 1938 - United States Grandmaster Han was on the Board of Directors of the Korean Tae Kwon Do Federation in its early days . He helped design the Palgue forms presently used by the World Tae Kwon Do Federation . Grandmaster Man Hee Han is the founder of the Youn Wha Ryu System of martial arts . It is based in traditional Tae Kwon Do , incorporating elements of Hapkido , Karate , Kung Fu and Judo . Hong , Sung Chon 9th dan 1945 -- Philippines Kukkiwon Chairman of the Board ( 2016 -- ) . CEO and Chief Instructor of the Philippine Taekwondo Association ( 1975 -- ) Choi , Joon 10th dan 1950 - United States of America Creator Of Battle Of Columbus , Olympic Coach , Founding father of Oriental Martials Arts College , coached teams in the 3rd World Taekwondo Championship - 1977 in Chicago where the team became 3rd place in the world ; , 1988 U.S. National Team Coach for the Seoul Olympics which brought home 11 medals , US women 's Team became 1st place in the world and the Men 's Team became 2nd place in the world . Lee , Eun Woo 9th dan 1948 - South Africa President of Kwanjangdo ( KJD ) in South Africa and the United Kingdom , Technical Director of the Mozambique Taekwondo Federation and Technical Advisor for Swaziland . Kukkiwon Technical Advisor . Lee , Moo Yong 10th dan 1938 - 2016 United States of America 2016 Lifetime Achievement Award from President Obama 's Council on Physical Fitness . Promoted to 10th Dan posthumously on 21 February 2017 . Ahn , Kyongwon 9th dan 1937 -- United States of America Founded United Taekwondo Association ; former president of the United States Taekwondo Union See main article Goh , Chae T . 9th dan 1950s - Korea secretary for 8 / 9 dan testing Co-Grandmaster of the year 1994 . Winner , first king of the world competition ( YouTube ) Cha , Yong - Kil 9th dan 1946 -- Germany President of the Jidokwan Europe Federation Chang , Seong Dong 9th dan 1953 -- South Korea President of Sangrok World Taekwondo Academy , founder of Taekwondo in India Choi , Eung Gil 9th dan unknown - United States of America Korean Special Forces Takewondo champion ( 1975 - 1977 ) Served as Peaceful Unification Advisor for the South Korean Government to improve its relationship with North Korea ( 1999 - 2005 ) Received the Korean Presidential award for outstanding performance as a peaceful unification advisor . Founded the `` Kick Cancer Out of this World '' benefit event which has raised over $120,000 for cancer charities . Awarded the Korean National Medial of Honor ( 10 / 14 / 2017 ) by the Government of South Korea . Choi , Tae - hong 9th dan 1935 -- 2009 United States of America Founded first taekwondo school in Oregon , USA ; former Vice-President of the United States Taekwondo Union See main article Chung , Sun Hwan 9th dan 1940 -- United States of America Founder of Moo Sool Do and President of World Academy of Martial Arts Association . Korean National Champion ( 1963 - 1965 ) . Kukkiwon Advisory Council ( 2008 ) . Hall of Fame - U.S. Taekwondo Grandmasters Society . Former President , U.S.T.U. Michigan Tae Kwon Do Association . Dong , Seung Gyoo 9th dan 1946 -- United States of America President of Advanced World Martial Arts System ; author of several books Kailian , Gregory S . 9th dan 1946 - United States of America 9th dan ( Kukkiwon # 05001960 ) 1st Class Master Instructor ( Kukkiwon # 1647001 ) 1st Class Poom / Dan Promotion Test Examiner ( Kukkiwon # 1020001 ) `` S '' Class World Taekwondo Federation ( WTF ) , International Referee ( WTF IR # 013 - 0625 ) Author , Sport Taekwondo Referee Primer Sport Taekwondo Referee Primer Kil , Sang Sup 9th dan Unknown United States of America Korean National Champion between the years of 1965 and 1968 , Founding President of the United States Han Mu Kwan Federation , President of the Michigan Tae Kwon Do Association Kim , Il - Kwon 9th dan 1942 -- 2015 United States of America Founder and President of the I.K. Kim Ja Be Ryu Tae Kwon Do Organization located in Cincinnati Ohio & President of the World Martial Arts Federation Kim , Ki Whang 9th dan 1920 -- 1993 United States of America Promoted to 9th dan by the KTA ; Chairman of the US Olympic Taekwondo team 1988 . Inducted into Taekwondo Hall of Fame 2009 See main article Lee , Bum - I 9th dan 1938 -- Germany President of the German - Korean culture Federal e.V. ( DKK e.V. ) . Chairman of Taekwondo Instructor Association in Europe . Chairman of the European Taekwondo delegation in Korea . Highest Dan - grade of Europe ( 1985 ) and `` father of Taekwondo '' in Germany . Lives in Hannover . Lee , Chong Soo 9th dan 1938 -- 2017 Canada Father of Canadian Taekwondo Lee , Tae Eun 9th dan Unknown Canada Executive Council member of the World Taekwondo Federation ; Major player in having WTF Taekwondo recognized as an official Olympic sport ; Goodwill Ambassador for the 50th Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations between Korea and Canada , from 3 October 2012 -- 31 December 2013 . Founded his own Taekwondo school in Ottawa . Sell , Edward B 10th dan 1942 - 2014 United States of America Highest ranked non-oriental Taekwondo black belt in the world . The only registered non-Korean posthumous 10th dan in the Kukkiwon . Only non-Korean honored at the Taekwondo Park in Seol , Korea . Founder of the United States Chung Do Kwan Association . Edward B. Sell Lee , Hyeon Kon 9th dan c. 1947 -- United States of America Chairman of Board of Education of Kukkiwon ; former Vice Chairman of Education of the WTF ; author of taekwondo textbook Lee , Kwan Sung 9th dan c. 194 ? -- 2003 United States of America President of Kentucky Taekwondo Association . Mayes , Myong Sok Namkung 9th dan c. 1954 -- United States of America Highest - ranked woman in taekwondo , 1988 US Olympic Coach ( Women 's ) Nardizzi , Donato 9th dan c. 1960 - United Kingdom Former President of ITF England , Chairman of the ITF Children 's Education Committee and creator of the Kids Development Program , 2012 Olympic torchbearer . Nguyen , Dang Phung 9th dan Unknown Australia President of Chang Moo Kwan Australasia , Order of Australia Medal ( OAM ) 2009 See main article Paik , Sang Kee 9th dan 1929 -- 2009 United States of America Early student of B.I. Yoon and first Black Belt of Grand Master Ki Whang Kim ; created Sa - Sang Kwan system . Inducted into Taekwondo Hall of Fame 2013 See main article Park , Dong Keun 9th dan c. 1941 -- United States of America Father of Thai taekwondo ; Head Coach of US Olympic taekwondo team in 1988 and 1992 See main article Pak , Jang Hee 9th dan United States of America Produced 5 Black belt students who have represented the United States National Tae Kwon Do Team , two of whom won gold medals in the Olympic Games . Park , Yeon Hwan 9th dan 1952 -- United States of America Korean National Champion 1971 -- 1975 ; US Olympic Coach ; Pan-American Team Coach ; author of several reference books See main article Park , Young Ghil 9th dan 1941 -- Italy One of Founders of Italian Taekwondo ( three Park Brothers - Sun Jae Park , Young Ghil Park , Chung Un Park ) ; current Honorary President of FITA - Italian Taekwondo Federation ; current Technical Director of WTF Poomsae Committee Shin , Jang - Hwan 9th dan 1951 -- Austria Father of Austrian taekwondo Lee , Hyeon Kon 9th dan c. 1947 -- United States of America Chairman of Board of Education of Kukkiwon ; former Vice Chairman of Education of the WTF ; author of taekwondo textbook . Uses Western and Eastern Medicine concurrently with great success . Became an M.D. in 2000 . Published medical scientist in over 10 journals and one book . Life dedicated to helping the sick return to health . Ko , Tai Jeong 9th dan 1948 - Denmark Former national coach of Denmark - `` Today Ko Tai - Jeong teaches Taekwondo at a Danish højskole ( literally : high school ) a unique Danish type of boarding school for adults dedicated to lifelong learning . The 9th Dan Grandmaster is also the central figure and role model for Sim Uu , a special interest group under the Danish Taekwondo Federation ( and thereby World Taekwondo ) '' Reference : The Smiling Taekwondo Pioneer . Park , Suk Byung 9th dan Unknown - South Korea Founder of Jungdo Federation , Korea Judo National Champion ( 1969 - 1974 ) , Olympic Head Coach -- Netherlands , Yongin University Assistant Professor , Black Belt Man of the Year 1983 , 1993 , 1999 , World Championships -- 2nd Place Nam , Kil , Kim 9th dan Unknown United States of America Founder of the San Diego taekwondo Association founder of the California Tae Kwon Do championship Robinson , Clint 9th dan Unknown United States of America Co-founder of the United World Taekwondo Association . Since 1975 Grandmaster Robinson has trained thousands of students to the highest levels of expertise in the Korean - based martial art . See main article Cho , Woon Sup 9th dan 1952 Norway President of Traditional Taekwond Union ( TTU ) Cho , Byung Kon 9th dan 1947 - United States of America Student of Grand Master Pong Ki Kim and Grand Master Kop Soo Kwon Kukkiwon # 05000166 - Issued : 2001 - 09 - 08 Founder : Wisconsin Governors Cup Founder : Virginia Governors Cup Author : Korean Culture , Tourism and Language Author : Star Taekwon - Do Master 's Course Author : Martial Arts Dynamic Marketing and Management Seminar Author : International Discipline in the Martial Arts Seminar Author : A Health Revolution Secretary General for Korean - American Foundation ( KAF ) Past President of the Virginia State Tae Kwon Do Association Former Secretary General for US Taekwondo Martial Arts Commission Former Flexibility Consultant for Green Bay Packers TaeKwonDo Times Magazine Issue March 1991 Grandmaster Faye Lousise Allman 9th dan 1980 - United Kingdom Student of Grand Master Pong Ki Kim and Grand Master Kop Soo Kwon Kukkiwon # 05000166 - Issued : 2001 - 09 - 08 Founder : Wisconsin Governors Cup Founder : Virginia Governors Cup Author : Korean Culture , Tourism and Language Author : Star Taekwon - Do Master 's Course Author : Martial Arts Dynamic Marketing and Management Seminar Author : International Discipline in the Martial Arts Seminar Author : A Health Revolution Secretary General for Korean - American Foundation ( KAF ) Past President of the Virginia State Tae Kwon Do Association Former Secretary General for US Taekwondo Martial Arts Commission Former Flexibility Consultant for Green Bay Packers UK Taekwondo Mastery Assosiation you forgot grandmaster Sun ki Chong ! :) Richard Chun 9th Dan - November 2017 United States of America Grandmaster Soo Woong Lee 9th Dan - United States of America International Taekwon - Do Federation ( ITF ) and International chang - hon Taekwondo Federation ( itcf ) ( edit ) This list includes persons who : are ranked 9th dan by the ITF ( and thus officially recognised as ' Grand Masters ' within that system ) ; are notable as individuals ; and are notable for their contribution to taekwondo . Name Rank Life Residence Prominence References Grand Master Richard Kang 9th dan unknown USA Grand Master Richard Kang - 9th Dan Black Belt Taekwondo , Black Belt BJJ , and Certified Muay Thai Instructor . Grand master at Kangs MMA in Maryland . staff : Senior Master Martin Kang - 6th Dan Black Belt Taekwondo Master Pat Shepherd - 5th Dan Black Belt Taekwondo and Blue Belt BJJ Master Ian Ishida - 5th Dan Black Belt Taekwondo , Blue Belt BJJ , and Yellow Belt Kumdo Master David Barnette - 4th Dan Black Belt Taekwondo , Blue Belt BJJ , and White Belt Kumdo Mister Victor Almeida - 2nd Dan Black Belt Taekwondo , White Belt BJJ , and White Belt Kumdo Mister Martavious Rodgers - Brown Belt Taekwondo , White Belt BJJ , and White Belt Kumdo 9th Dan Black Belt Taekwondo , Black Belt BJJ , and Certified Muay Thai Instructor Bos , Willem Jacob 9th dan 1952 -- Italy President of the All European Taekwon - Do Federation 2004 -- 2006 ; Technical Director for the Italian Taekwon - Do Federation 1992 -- Choi , Chang Keun 9th dan c. 1940 -- Canada Leading campaign to reunite the ITF ; one of the KTA 's 12 original masters See main article Choi , Hong Hi 9th dan 1918 -- 2002 Canada Played major role in establishing Taekwon - Do ; inaugural president of the KTA ; founded the ITF ; co-led the KTA 's 12 original masters See main article Choi , Jung Hwa 9th dan 1951 -- Canada President of one of the three ITF organisations ; son of H.H. Choi ; involvement in Korean political controversy . Choi Jung Hwa was born on Cheju Island , Korea on 22 May 1951 and has studied Taekwon - Do since the age of 7 , not only under his father , but also under many high ranking and pioneering Taekwon - Do Masters during their visits and stays with General Choi . He served many years on the ITF Executive Board and , later on , Choi Jung Hwa would assist General Choi on many of his International Seminars throughout the world , and later would be appointed by the ITF to conduct these International courses on General Choi 's behalf . Grandmaster Choi held the post as Secretary General of the ITF for several years until elected as General Choi 's successor to the presidency by the ITF members in 2001 at the ITF Congress . Choi Jung Hwa was promoted to 9th - degree Black Belt in 2004 and to the rank of Grandmaster , is the only son of the founder of Taekwon - Do General Choi Hong Hi . Hwang , Kwang Sung 9th dan K - 9 - 1 on 12 / 08 / 1997 Born 1942 , Taegu , Korea United States of America Manchester , Connecticut GM Hwang was one of the first three instructors that General Choi , Hong Hi promoted to the rank of 9th Dan . The list consisted of FGM Rhee , Ki Ha UK - 9 - 1 , GM Hwang Kwang Sung K - 9 - 1 , and GM Charles `` Chuck '' Seriff A-9 - 1 who was also the first non-Asian to receive this honor . GM Hwang began studying at the age of 11 and received his 1st Degree in Tang Soo Do in 1957 , his 2nd Degree in 1961 , his 3rd Degree from the I.T.F. K - 3 - 40 September 18 , 1968 , staying loyal to General Choi Hong Hi through the years . He was at General Choi 's side where he transcribed General Choi 's last words . GM Hwang retired a captain in the ROK Army where he had instructed The Korean Tiger Division , The Korean Army , The U.S. Marines , U.S. Army , Marine , and the Vietnamese Army receiving many Commendations . GM Hwang simultaneously served as special assistant to General Choi , official spokesman of the ITF , chairman of the ITF promotion and merger committees , and Secretary General of the ITF . GM Hwang also served as the head of the KoreAmerica Taekwon - Do Union as requested by General Choi Hong Hi . GM Hwang is now head of the International Taekwon - Do Federation Unified . His mission is to carry on his previous duties as requested by General Choi to work to unify all who practice Taekwon - Do . Howard , Robert 9th dan c. 1938 -- Ireland President of the Republic of Ireland Taekwon - Do Association ; helped establish taekwondo in Ireland ; first European man promoted to 9th dan Cariati , Joe 9th dan unknown Canada Barrett Francis 9th dan. Student of Grand Master Anthony Phelan . 3rd Irishman to be promoted to 9th dan , ITF congress September 2017 , in Pyongyang . Chief instructor to south east of Ireland . 9th dan Head instructor of Woodbridge Taekwondo Group President of International Chang - Hon Taekwondo Federation ( ICTF ) Kong , Young Il 9th dan 1943 -- United States of America One of the few promoted to 9th dan by H.H. Choi ; one of the KTA 's 12 original masters See main article Massar , Frank 9th dan 1958 -- United Kingdom Founded Massar Taekwondo Association See main article Nam , Tae Hi 9th dan 1929 -- 2013 United States of America Father of Vietnamese taekwondo ; pivotal performance in martial arts demonstration 1954 ; co-led the KTA 's 12 original masters See main article Nardizzi , Donato 9th dan 1960 - United Kingdom President of ITF England , Chairman of the ITF Children Development Committee , co-author of the study book and instructor manual of the Taekwondo Kids Development Program , 2012 Olympic Torchbearer . See main article Yogendranathan , Satheshghanna 9th dan 1987 - Canada President of BBC Club , Chairman of the OKM Committee , author of the study book and instructor manual of the Plug Walk , 2018 ROD Torchbearer , loves to juggle balls . See main article Dang , Huy Duc 9th dan 1944 -- United States of America Director of Martial Arts Training Center , South Vietnam National Police Force Headquarters ; one of the few promoted to 9th dan by H.H. Choi Nguyen , Van Binh 9th dan 1936 -- United States of America Chairman of ITF Masters Promotion Committee ; President of ITF - USA ; pioneer of taekwondo in Vietnam Park , Jong Soo 9th dan 1941 -- Canada One of the KTA 's 12 original masters See main article Rhee , Ki Ha 9th dan 1938 -- United Kingdom Father of British and Irish taekwondo ; one of the few promoted to 9th dan by H.H. Choi ; one of the KTA 's 12 original masters See main article Sereff , Charles 9th dan 1933 -- United States of America One of the few promoted to 9th dan by H.H. Choi ; founded the United States Taekwon - Do Federation Tran , Trieu Quan 9th dan 1952 -- 2010 Canada President of one of the three ITF organisations from 2003 to 2010 See main article Trajtenberg , Pablo 9th dan c. 1955 -- Argentina President of one of the three ITF organisations after T.Q. Tran 's death in 2010 Kirschbaum , Len G . 9th dan 1955 - United States of America President of IOTF and Founder of the International Academy of TKD . Delegate for H.H. Choi for special certification seminars for ITF . O'Toole , Brendan 9th dan ? Ireland President of the Irish National Taekwon - do Association ( INTA ) . Other Taekwondo systems ( edit ) This list includes persons who : have been widely recognized masters of taekwondo for at least 30 years ; are notable as individuals ; and are notable for their contribution to taekwondo . Name Rank Life Residence Prominence References Cho , Hee Il 9th dan 1940 -- United States of America Founded Action International Martial Arts Association ; wrote several taekwondo books See main article Lee , Haeng Ung 10th dan July 20 , 1936 -- October 5 , 2000 United States of America Founded American Taekwondo Association ; first grandmaster of the ATA ; author of The Way of Traditional Taekwondo Cho , Sihak Henry 9th dan 1934 -- 2012 United States of America Pioneer of taekwondo in the United States of America ; wrote several books ; contributed karate article in World Book Encyclopedia ( 1976 ) See main article Kim , Pyung - soo 10th dan 1939 - United States of America One of only two students that tested and promoted to 5th Dan at the first Korean Tae Soo Do Association exam in 1962 . First correspondent from South Korea to Black Belt Magazine ( 1964 -- 68 ) . Founder of The International Chayon - Ryu Martial Arts Association . Author of three Taekwondo Books ( Ohara Publications ) : Palgue 1 - 2 - 3 of Taekwondo Hyung , Palgue 4 - 5 - 6 of Taekwondo Hyung , Palgue 7 - 8 of Taekwondo Hyung , and one Taekwondo book published in Russia . See main article Choi , Kwang Jo 9th dan 1942 -- United States of America Founded Choi Kwang - Do ; one of the KTA 's 12 original masters See main article Han , Cha Kyo 9th dan 1934 -- 1996 United States of America One of the KTA 's 12 original masters See main article Hwang , Kwang Sung 9th dan c. 1942 -- United States of America One of the few promoted to 9th dan by H.H. Choi Kyong Lee 9th dan Canada Founded Wanin Do Park , Jung Tae 9th dan c. 1943 -- 2002 Canada One of the KTA 's 12 original masters See main article Rhee , Chong Chul 8th dan c. 1935 -- Australia Considered as the Father of Australian taekwondo ; founded Rhee Taekwon - Do ; one of the KTA 's 12 original masters See main article Rhee , Jhoon Goo 10th dan 1932 -- 2018 United States of America Father of American taekwondo Kirschbaum , Len G . 9th dan 1955 - United States of America Founder of Original Taekwon - Do Federation ( IOTF ) on June 17 , 2002 . Served as special ITF seminar instructor and loyal student of Taekwon - Do founder , General Choi Hong Hi . Cheah , Wee Hin ( Steven ) 8th dan Australia Considered one of the fathers of Australian taekwon - do , founded Cheah Taekwon - Do , learned TaeKwon - Do in Malaysia under Gen. Choi and C.K Choi . Oliver , David 9th dan United Kingdom Tae Kwon - Do Association of Great Britain ( T.A.G.B. ) Chairman Jhoon Rhee should be on this list . He is easily the most influential Korean martial artist ever in The U.S. Jay `` Flying Tiger '' Blanton `` 10th `` dan '' United States of America Founder of Mang Ho Ryu Tae Kwon Do System in 1993 Tae Kwon Do System was named by Grandmaster Kang Rhee , Memphis , Tennessee USA Grandmaster Kang Rhee was the Instructor of Elvis Presley and Bill `` Super Foot '' Wallace and many others . Grandmaster Jay `` Flying Tiger '' Blanton has wrote 2 - books on Prevailing Against being bullied , 1 - book on his Tae Kwon Do Martial Arts system history and his training , and a Anti-Bullying Program for schools , colleges , etc . He has been in many martial arts magazines , newspapers , TV news and talk shows . Has won many awards for his community work with bullying and working with Veterans with P.T.S.D. See also ( edit ) Original masters of taekwondo References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Chairman of the Board '' . www.kukkiwon.or.kr . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kwanjangdo - Martial Arts Academy '' . www.kwanjangdo.com . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Untitled '' . www.mooyonglee.com . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Master Moo Yong Lee '' . United Tae Kwon Do . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Grandmaster Cha Yong - Kil Retrieved on 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SANGROK World Taekwondo Academy '' . sangrokgym.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Masters & Instructors '' . USTMA . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` TKDTimes_March2007 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` 140G - 17 '' . chungsunhwan.com . Jump up ^ `` Grandmaster Sun Hwan Chung - Hall of Fame Induction '' . usgrandmasters.com . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Greats of Tae Kwon Do - USA - Grand Master Sun Hwan Chung '' . lacancha.com . Jump up ^ Grandmaster Seung Gyoo Dong Tae Kwon Do : Grandmaster S. Dong ( c. 2012 ) . Retrieved on 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Grandmaster Sang Sup Kil Tae Kwon Do ( c. 2013 ) . Retrieved on 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Grandmaster Grand Master Il - Kwon Kim Retrieved on 10 Feb 2013 . Jump up ^ Großmeister LEE , BUM - I ( 9 . Dan ) ( 2009 ) . Retrieved on 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Grandmaster LEE , BUM - I ( 9th Dan ) ( 2009 ) . Retrieved on 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Chong Lee Taekwondo : Grand Master Chong Lee ( 2010 ) . Retrieved on 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tae E. Lee Taekwondo / / About Us : Grandmaster Tae E. Lee '' . www.TaeLee.ca . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tae E. Lee Taekwondo / / Home '' . www.TaeLee.ca . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United States Chung Do Kwan Association '' . www.USCDKA.com . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` My Story '' . tkd.GrandmasterEdwardSell.com . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Grandmaster H.K. Lee Tae Kwon Do : Grandmaster H.K. Lee ( c. 2004 ) . Retrieved on 1 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Richmond Sunlight : House Resolution no . 503 ( Virginia General Assembly , 10 May 2006 ) . Retrieved on 24 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : DiCicco , M. ( 2009 ) : Following Tae Kwon Do to its origins : Members of area studio return from expo in Korea with medals , memories , fighting skills Connection Newspapers ( 26 August 2009 ) . Retrieved on 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Grandmaster K.S. Lee Tae Kwon Do : Grandmaster K.S. Lee ( c. 2011 ) . Retrieved on 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Amadio , K. ( c. 2008 ) : Tae Kwon Do belt system Retrieved on 22 April 2009 . Jump up ^ US Taekwondo Center : Grand Master Myong Sok Namkung Mayes ( c. 2008 ) . Retrieved on 22 April 2009 . Jump up ^ USA Taekwondo : Life Members & Application ( 2009 ) . Retrieved on 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , P. ( 2004 ) : An interview with Grandmaster Lee Yoo Sun Archived 15 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Totally Tae Kwon Do , 5 : 9 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Lee , K. - M. ( 2000 ) : Taekwondo on the world stage Koreana : A quarterly on Korean art and culture , 14 ( 4 ) : 20 -- 23 . Retrieved on 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Fumarola , M. ( c. 1998 ) : Taekwondo Magazine : Il Taekwondo in Italia ( in Italian ) . Retrieved on 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Kang , S. - W. ( 2009 ) : Choue re-elected as WTF head The Korea Times ( 14 October 2009 ) . Retrieved on 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Koryo Wien '' . www.Koryo.at . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Master Byung Kon Cho '' . Cho 's Black Belt Academy Inc . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Totally Tae Kwon Do Magazine '' . www.RaynersLaneTKD.com . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Choi , H.H. ( 1993 ) : Taekwon - Do : The Korean art of self - defence , 3rd ed . ( Vol. 1 , p. 122 ) . Mississauga : International Taekwon - Do Federation . Jump up ^ Biography GM 9th degree Black Belt ITF : ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Organization chart of the Italian Taekwondo Federation F.I. TAE. : ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ ITF Taekwon - Do : Grandmaster Choi Jung Hwa Retrieved on 17 November 2016 Jump up ^ Blue Cottage Taekwon - Do : Grandmaster Choi Jung Hwa Retrieved on 23 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Chait , L. ( 2008 ) : President Choi Jung Hwa ( 9 January 2008 ) . Retrieved on 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ BBC News : N Korea ' hired taekwondo killers ' ( 9 September 2008 ) . Retrieved on 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.unified-itf.com/index.php/about-us/history-of-gm-hwang Jump up ^ `` Grandmaster Hwang Bio '' . katu-itf.Tripod.com . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Personal Conversations with GM Hwang , Kwang Sung and General Choi Hong Hi ; Peter M. Thompson Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived 25 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived 25 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gavan Reilly. `` 72 - year - old Dubliner promoted to Taekwon - do grandmaster '' . TheJournal.ie . Jump up ^ `` Irishman in Taekwon - do hall of fame '' . The Irish Times . 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Woodbridge Taekwon - Do in Woodbridge , Vaughan , Ontario . Founder : Grand Master J. Cariati , IX Dan '' . www.WoodbridgeTaekwondo.com . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ictf '' . ictf . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Duc Dang Martial Arts : Grandmaster Dang Huy Duc Retrieved on 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Blue Cottage Taekwon - Do : IX Black Belt Directory Retrieved on 23 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Anslow , S. ( 2010 ) : Totally TKD Q & A Totally Tae Kwon Do , 11 : 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Taekwon - Do Center : Grandmaster Van Binh Nguyen , IXth Degree Retrieved on 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Van Binh Self Defense Academy : History Retrieved on 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ International Taekwon - Do Federation USA : Board of Directors Retrieved on 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ World Black Belt : Charles Sereff ( c. 2005 ) . Retrieved on 22 April 2009 . Jump up ^ United States Taekwon - Do Federation : Organization Retrieved on 23 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nowling , D.G. ( 2008 ) : Hwang , Kwang - Sung ( 2 June 2008 ) . Retrieved on 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Loboda , T. , & Jedut , J. ( 2004 ) : Interview with ITF Vice-President Senior Master Pablo Trajtenberg ( 24 October 2004 ) . Retrieved on 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Kingdom Schools of Taekwon - Do : Adrian O'Mahoney ( c. 2009 ) . Retrieved on 23 February 2010 . Jump up ^ International Taekwon - Do Federation : Board of Directors ( c. 2009 ) . Retrieved on 23 February 2010 . Jump up ^ International Taekwon - Do Federation : Grand Master Tran update ( 31 January 2010 ) . Retrieved on 19 February 2010 . Jump up ^ User , Super . `` Grand Master O'Toole '' . www.inta.ie . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ https://ataonline.com/about/leadership/eternal.asp Jump up ^ United International Taekwon - Do Federation : Grandmaster Hwang , Kwang Sung ( c. 2005 ) . Retrieved on 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TAGB Chairman Dave Oliver 9th Dan Grand Master '' . www.maionline.co.uk . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_taekwondo_grandmasters&oldid=853163127 '' Categories : Taekwondo - related lists Lists of martial artists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Italian - language external links Dynamic lists All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 20 : 59 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what is the highest rank of black belt in taekwondo | [
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-8946532121524206623 | American Revolution | American Revolution - wikipedia American Revolution Jump to : navigation , search This article is about political and social developments , and the origin and aftermath of the war . For military actions , see American Revolutionary War . For other uses , see American Revolution ( disambiguation ) . In this article , inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies who supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as `` Americans '' or `` Patriots , '' and sometimes as `` Whigs , '' `` Rebels , '' or `` Revolutionaries . '' Colonists who supported the British side are called `` Loyalists '' or `` Tories '' . In accordance with the policy of this encyclopedia , this article uses American English terminology . John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence , showing the Committee of Five presenting its plan for independence to Congress on June 28 , 1776 Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Communism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783 . The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies won independence from Great Britain , becoming the United States of America . They defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War in alliance with France and others . Members of American colonial society argued the position of `` no taxation without representation '' , starting with the Stamp Act Congress in 1765 . They rejected the authority of the British Parliament to tax them because they lacked representation in Parliament . Protests steadily escalated to the burning of the Gaspee in Rhode Island in 1772 , followed by the Boston Tea Party in 1773 , during which patriots destroyed a consignment of taxed tea . The British responded by closing Boston Harbor , then followed with a series of legislative acts which effectively rescinded Massachusetts Bay Colony 's rights of self - government and caused the other colonies to rally behind Massachusetts . In late 1774 , the Patriots set up their own alternative government to better coordinate their resistance efforts against Great Britain ; other colonists preferred to remain aligned to the British Crown and were known as Loyalists or Tories . Tensions erupted into battle between Patriot militia and British regulars when the British attempted to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 . The conflict then developed into a global war , during which the Patriots ( and later their French , Spanish , and Dutch allies ) fought the British and Loyalists in what became known as the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) . Each of the thirteen colonies formed a Provincial Congress that assumed power from the old colonial governments and suppressed Loyalism , and from there they built a Continental Army under the leadership of General George Washington . The Continental Congress determined King George 's rule to be tyrannical and infringing the colonists ' rights as Englishmen , and they declared the colonies free and independent states on July 2 , 1776 . The Patriot leadership professed the political philosophies of liberalism and republicanism to reject monarchy and aristocracy , and they proclaimed that all men are created equal . The Continental Army forced the British out of Boston in 1776 , but the British captured and held New York City for the duration of the war . The British blockaded ports and captured other cities for brief periods , but they failed to defeat Washington 's forces . The Patriots unsuccessfully attempted to invade Canada during the winter of 1775 -- 76 , but they captured a British army at the Battle of Saratoga in late 1777 , and the French entered the war as allies of the United States as a result . The war later turned to the American South where the British under the leadership of Charles Cornwallis captured an army at South Carolina but failed to enlist enough volunteers from Loyalist civilians to take effective control of the territory . A combined American -- French force captured a second British army at Yorktown in 1781 , effectively ending the war in the United States . The Treaty of Paris in 1783 formally ended the conflict , confirming the new nation 's complete separation from the British Empire . The United States took possession of nearly all the territory east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes , with the British retaining control of Canada and Spain taking Florida . Among the significant results of the revolution was the creation of a new Constitution of the United States . The new Constitution established a relatively strong federal national government that included an executive , a national judiciary , and a bicameral Congress that represented states in the Senate and the population in the House of Representatives . The Revolution also resulted in the migration of around 60,000 Loyalists to other British territories , especially British North America ( Canada ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 1.1 1651 -- 1748 : Early seeds 1.2 1764 -- 1766 : Taxes imposed and withdrawn 1.3 1767 -- 1773 : Townshend Acts and the Tea Act 1.4 1774 -- 1775 : Intolerable Acts and the Quebec Act 2 Military hostilities begin 3 Creating new state constitutions 4 Independence and Union 5 Defending the Revolution 5.1 British return : 1776 -- 1777 5.2 Prisoners 5.3 American alliances after 1778 5.4 The British move South , 1778 -- 1783 5.4. 1 Surrender at Yorktown ( 1781 ) 5.5 The end of the war 6 Peace treaty 6.1 Impact on Britain 7 Finance 8 Concluding the Revolution 8.1 Creating a `` more perfect union '' and guaranteeing rights 8.2 National debt 9 Ideology and factions 9.1 Ideology behind the Revolution 9.1. 1 Liberalism 9.1. 2 Republicanism 9.1. 2.1 Fusing republicanism and liberalism 9.1. 3 Impact of Great Awakening 9.2 Class and psychology of the factions 9.3 King George III 9.4 Patriots 9.5 Loyalists 9.6 Neutrals 9.7 Role of women 10 Other participants 10.1 France 10.2 Spain 10.3 American Indians 10.4 Black Americans 11 Effects of the Revolution 11.1 Loyalist expatriation 11.2 Interpretations 11.3 Inspiring all colonies 11.4 Status of American women 11.5 Status of African Americans 11.6 Memory 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Bibliography 15.1 Reference works 15.2 Surveys of the era 15.3 Specialized studies 15.4 Historiography 15.5 Primary sources 15.6 Contemporary sources : Annual Register 16 External links Origin See also : Thirteen Colonies Eastern North America in 1775 . The British Province of Quebec , the Thirteen Colonies on the Atlantic coast , and the Indian Reserve as defined by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 . The 1763 `` Proclamation line '' comprises the border between the red and the pink areas , while the orange area represents the Spanish claim . Historians typically begin their histories of the American Revolution with the British coalition victory in the Seven Years ' War in 1763 . The North American theater of the Seven Years ' War , commonly known as the French and Indian War in the United States , removed France as a major player in North American affairs and led to the cession of the territory of New France to Great Britain . Lawrence Henry Gipson , the historian of the British Empire , states : It may be said as truly that the American Revolution was an aftermath of the Anglo - French conflict in the New World carried on between 1754 and 1763 . The Royal Proclamation of 1763 may have played a role in the separation of the United States from Great Britain , as colonists at the time wanted to continue in the economically beneficial cultural practice of taking land for one 's own livelihood as part of the drive west . The lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the Allegheny mountains became Indian territory , temporarily barred to settlement . 1651 -- 1748 : early seeds Main articles : Navigation Acts , Dominion of New England , King Philip 's War , and War of the Austrian Succession As early as 1651 , the English government had sought to regulate trade in the American colonies . On October 9 , the Navigation Acts were passed to ensure that trade enriched only Britain , barring trade with other nations . Some argue that the economic impact was minimal on the colonists , but the political friction which the acts triggered was more serious , as the merchants most directly affected were most politically active . King Philip 's War ended in 1678 , and much of it was fought without significant assistance from England . This contributed to the development of a unique identity , separate from that of Britain . In the 1680s , King Charles II determined to bring the New England colonies under a more centralized administration in order to regulate trade more effectively . His efforts were fiercely opposed by the colonists , resulting in the abrogation of their colonial charter by the Crown . Charles ' successor James II finalized these efforts in 1686 , establishing the Dominion of New England . Dominion rule triggered bitter resentment throughout New England ; the enforcement of the unpopular Navigation Acts and the curtailing of local democracy angered the colonists . New Englanders were encouraged , however , by a change of government in England that saw James II effectively abdicate , and a populist uprising overthrew Dominion rule on April 18 , 1689 . Colonial governments reasserted their control in the wake of the revolt , and successive governments made no more attempts to restore the Dominion . Subsequent English governments continued in their efforts to tax certain goods , passing acts regulating the trade of wool , hats , and molasses . The Molasses Act of 1733 in particular was egregious to the colonists , as a significant part of colonial trade relied on the product . The taxes severely damaged the New England economy , and the taxes were rarely paid as a result , resulting in a surge of smuggling , bribery , and intimidation of customs officials . Colonial wars fought in America were often the source of considerable tension . The British captured the fortress of Louisbourg during the War of the Austrian Succession , but then ceded it back to France in 1748 . New England colonists resented their losses of lives , as well as the effort and expenditure involved in subduing the fortress , only to have it returned to their erstwhile enemy . 1764 -- 1766 : taxes imposed and withdrawn Main articles : Sugar Act , Currency Act , Quartering Acts , Stamp Act 1765 , and Declaratory Act Further information : No taxation without representation and Virtual representation Notice of Stamp Act of 1765 in newspaper In 1764 , Parliament passed the Currency Act to restrain the use of paper money , fearing that otherwise the colonists might evade debt payments . Parliament also passed the Sugar Act , imposing customs duties on a number of articles . That same year , Prime Minister George Grenville proposed direct taxes on the colonies to raise revenue , but he delayed action to see whether the colonies would propose some way to raise the revenue themselves . Parliament finally passed the Stamp Act in March 1765 which imposed direct taxes on the colonies for the first time . All official documents , newspapers , almanacs , and pamphlets were required to have the stamps -- even decks of playing cards . The colonists did not object that the taxes were high ; they were actually low . They objected to the fact that they had no representation in the Parliament , and thus no voice concerning legislation that affected them . Benjamin Franklin testified in Parliament in 1766 that Americans already contributed heavily to the defense of the Empire . He said that local governments had raised , outfitted , and paid 25,000 soldiers to fight France -- as many as Britain itself sent -- and spent many millions from American treasuries doing so in the French and Indian War alone . London had to deal with 1,500 politically well - connected British Army soldiers . The decision was to keep them on active duty with full pay , but they had to be stationed somewhere . Stationing a standing army in Great Britain during peacetime was politically unacceptable , so the decision was made to station them in America and have the Americans pay them . The soldiers had no military mission ; they were not there to defend the colonies because there was no threat to the colonies . The Sons of Liberty were formed in 1765 . They used public demonstrations , boycott , violence , and threats of violence to ensure that the British tax laws were unenforceable . In Boston , the Sons of Liberty burned the records of the vice admiralty court and looted the home of chief justice Thomas Hutchinson . Several legislatures called for united action , and nine colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New York City in October 1765 . Moderates led by John Dickinson drew up a `` Declaration of Rights and Grievances '' stating that taxes passed without representation violated their rights as Englishmen . Colonists emphasized their determination by boycotting imports of British merchandise . The Parliament at Westminster saw itself as the supreme lawmaking authority throughout all British possessions and thus entitled to levy any tax without colonial approval . They argued that the colonies were legally British corporations that were completely subordinate to the British parliament and pointed to numerous instances where Parliament had made laws binding on the colonies in the past . They did not see anything in the unwritten British constitution that made taxes special and noted that they had taxed American trade for decades . Parliament insisted that the colonies effectively enjoyed a `` virtual representation '' as most British people did , as only a small minority of the British population elected representatives to Parliament . Americans such as James Otis maintained that the Americans were not in fact virtually represented . In London , the Rockingham government came to power ( July 1765 ) and Parliament debated whether to repeal the stamp tax or to send an army to enforce it . Benjamin Franklin made the case for repeal , explaining that the colonies had spent heavily in manpower , money , and blood in defense of the empire in a series of wars against the French and Indians , and that further taxes to pay for those wars were unjust and might bring about a rebellion . Parliament agreed and repealed the tax ( February 21 , 1766 ) , but insisted in the Declaratory Act of March 1766 that they retained full power to make laws for the colonies `` in all cases whatsoever '' . The repeal nonetheless caused widespread celebrations in the colonies . 1767 -- 1773 : Townshend Acts and the tea Act Main articles : Townshend Acts and Tea Act Further information : Massachusetts Circular Letter , Boston Massacre , and Boston Tea Party Burning of the Gaspee In 1767 , the Parliament passed the Townshend Acts which placed duties on a number of essential goods , including paper , glass , and tea , and established a Board of Customs in Boston to more rigorously execute trade regulations . The new taxes were enacted on the belief that Americans only objected to internal taxes and not to external taxes such as custom duties . The Americans , however , argued against the constitutionality of the act because its purpose was to raise revenue and not regulate trade . Colonists responded by organizing new boycotts of British goods . These boycotts were less effective , however , as the Townshend goods were widely used . In February 1768 , the Assembly of Massachusetts Bay issued a circular letter to the other colonies urging them to coordinate resistance . The governor dissolved the assembly when it refused to rescind the letter . Meanwhile , a riot broke out in Boston in June 1768 over the seizure of the sloop Liberty , owned by John Hancock , for alleged smuggling . Customs officials were forced to flee , prompting the British to deploy troops to Boston . A Boston town meeting declared that no obedience was due to parliamentary laws and called for the convening of a convention . A convention assembled but only issued a mild protest before dissolving itself . In January 1769 , Parliament responded to the unrest by reactivating the Treason Act 1543 which called for subjects outside the realm to face trials for treason in England . The governor of Massachusetts was instructed to collect evidence of said treason , and the threat caused widespread outrage , though it was not carried out . On March 5 , 1770 , a large crowd gathered around a group of British soldiers . The crowd grew threatening , throwing snowballs , rocks , and debris at them . One soldier was clubbed and fell . There was no order to fire , but the soldiers fired into the crowd anyway . They hit 11 people ; three civilians died at the scene of the shooting , and two died after the incident . The event quickly came to be called the Boston Massacre . The soldiers were tried and acquitted ( defended by John Adams ) , but the widespread descriptions soon began to turn colonial sentiment against the British . This , in turn , began a downward spiral in the relationship between Britain and the Province of Massachusetts . A new ministry under Lord North came to power in 1770 , and Parliament withdrew all taxes except the tax on tea , giving up its efforts to raise revenue while maintaining the right to tax . This temporarily resolved the crisis , and the boycott of British goods largely ceased , with only the more radical patriots such as Samuel Adams continuing to agitate . This 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier was entitled `` The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor '' ; the phrase `` Boston Tea Party '' had not yet become standard . In June 1772 , American patriots , including John Brown , burned a British warship that had been vigorously enforcing unpopular trade regulations in what became known as the Gaspee Affair . The affair was investigated for possible treason , but no action was taken . In 1772 , it became known that the Crown intended to pay fixed salaries to the governors and judges in Massachusetts . Samuel Adams in Boston set about creating new Committees of Correspondence , which linked Patriots in all 13 colonies and eventually provided the framework for a rebel government . Virginia , the largest colony , set up its Committee of Correspondence in early 1773 , on which Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson served . A total of about 7000 to 8000 Patriots served on `` Committees of Correspondence '' at the colonial and local levels , comprising most of the leadership in their communities . Loyalists were excluded . The committees became the leaders of the American resistance to British actions , and largely determined the war effort at the state and local level . When the First Continental Congress decided to boycott British products , the colonial and local Committees took charge , examining merchant records and publishing the names of merchants who attempted to defy the boycott by importing British goods . In 1773 , private letters were published in which Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson claimed that the colonists could not enjoy all English liberties , and Lieutenant Governor Andrew Oliver called for the direct payment of colonial officials . The letters ' contents were used as evidence of a systematic plot against American rights , and discredited Hutchinson in the eyes of the people ; the Assembly petitioned for his recall . Benjamin Franklin , postmaster general for the colonies , acknowledged that he leaked the letters , which led to him being berated by British officials and fired from his job . Meanwhile , Parliament passed the Tea Act to lower the price of taxed tea exported to the colonies in order to help the East India Company undersell smuggled Dutch tea . Special consignees were appointed to sell the tea in order to bypass colonial merchants . The act was opposed by those who resisted the taxes and also by smugglers who stood to lose business . In most instances , the consignees were forced to resign and the tea was turned back , but Massachusetts governor Hutchinson refused to allow Boston merchants to give in to pressure . A town meeting in Boston determined that the tea would not be landed , and ignored a demand from the governor to disperse . On December 16 , 1773 , a group of men , led by Samuel Adams and dressed to evoke the appearance of American Indians , boarded the ships of the British East India Company and dumped £ 10,000 worth of tea from their holds ( approximately £ 636,000 in 2008 ) into Boston Harbor . Decades later , this event became known as the Boston Tea Party and remains a significant part of American patriotic lore . 1774 -- 1775 : Intolerable Acts and the Quebec Act A 1774 etching from The London Magazine , copied by Paul Revere of Boston . Prime Minister Lord North , author of the Boston Port Act , forces the Intolerable Acts down the throat of America , whose arms are restrained by Lord Chief Justice Mansfield , while Lord Sandwich pins down her feet and peers up her robes . Behind them , Mother Britannia weeps helplessly . Main articles : Quebec Act and Intolerable Acts The British government responded by passing several Acts which came to be known as the Intolerable Acts , which further darkened colonial opinion towards the British . They consisted of four laws enacted by the British parliament . The first was the Massachusetts Government Act which altered the Massachusetts charter and restricted town meetings . The second act was the Administration of Justice Act which ordered that all British soldiers to be tried were to be arraigned in Britain , not in the colonies . The third Act was the Boston Port Act , which closed the port of Boston until the British had been compensated for the tea lost in the Boston Tea Party . The fourth Act was the Quartering Act of 1774 , which allowed royal governors to house British troops in the homes of citizens without requiring permission of the owner . In response , Massachusetts patriots issued the Suffolk Resolves and formed an alternative shadow government known as the `` Provincial Congress '' which began training militia outside British - occupied Boston . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress convened , consisting of representatives from each of the colonies , to serve as a vehicle for deliberation and collective action . During secret debates , conservative Joseph Galloway proposed the creation of a colonial Parliament that would be able to approve or disapprove of acts of the British Parliament , but his idea was not accepted . The Congress instead endorsed the proposal of John Adams that Americans would obey Parliament voluntarily but would resist all taxes in disguise . Congress called for a boycott beginning on 1 December 1774 of all British goods ; it was enforced by new committees authorized by the Congress . Military hostilities begin Join , or Die by Benjamin Franklin was recycled to encourage the former colonies to unite against British rule . Further information : Shot heard ' round the world , Boston campaign , Invasion of Canada ( 1775 ) , and American Revolutionary War Massachusetts was declared in a state of rebellion in February 1775 and the British garrison received orders to disarm the rebels and arrest their leaders , leading to the Battles of Lexington and Concord on 19 April 1775 . The Patriots laid siege to Boston , expelled royal officials from all the colonies , and took control through the establishment of Provincial Congresses . The Battle of Bunker Hill followed on June 17 , 1775 . It was a British victory -- but at a great cost : about 1,000 British casualties from a garrison of about 6,000 , as compared to 500 American casualties from a much larger force . The Second Continental Congress was divided on the best course of action , but eventually produced the Olive Branch Petition , in which they attempted to come to an accord with King George . The king , however , issued a Proclamation of Rebellion which stated that the states were `` in rebellion '' and the members of Congress were traitors . In the winter of 1775 , the Americans invaded Canada under generals Benedict Arnold and Richard Montgomery . The attack was a complete failure ; many Americans who were n't killed were either captured or died of smallpox . In March 1776 , the Continental Army forced the British to evacuate Boston , with George Washington as the commander of the new army . The revolutionaries were now in full control of all 13 colonies and were ready to declare independence . There still were many Loyalists , but they were no longer in control anywhere by July 1776 , and all of the Royal officials had fled . Creating New state constitutions Following the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775 , the Patriots had control of Massachusetts outside the Boston city limits , and the Loyalists suddenly found themselves on the defensive with no protection from the British army . In all 13 colonies , Patriots had overthrown their existing governments , closing courts and driving away British officials . They had elected conventions and `` legislatures '' that existed outside any legal framework ; new constitutions were drawn up in each state to supersede royal charters . They declared that they were states now , not colonies . On January 5 , 1776 , New Hampshire ratified the first state constitution . In May 1776 , Congress voted to suppress all forms of crown authority , to be replaced by locally created authority . Virginia , South Carolina , and New Jersey created their constitutions before July 4 . Rhode Island and Connecticut simply took their existing royal charters and deleted all references to the crown . The new states were all committed to republicanism , with no inherited offices . They decided what form of government to create , and also how to select those who would craft the constitutions and how the resulting document would be ratified . On 26 May 1776 , John Adams wrote James Sullivan from Philadelphia : `` Depend upon it , sir , it is dangerous to open so fruitful a source of controversy and altercation , as would be opened by attempting to alter the qualifications of voters . There will be no end of it . New claims will arise . Women will demand a vote . Lads from twelve to twenty one will think their rights not enough attended to , and every man , who has not a farthing , will demand an equal voice with any other in all acts of state . It tends to confound and destroy all distinctions , and prostrate all ranks , to one common level '' . The resulting constitutions in states such as Maryland , Virginia , Delaware , New York , and Massachusetts featured : Property qualifications for voting and even more substantial requirements for elected positions ( though New York and Maryland lowered property qualifications ) Bicameral legislatures , with the upper house as a check on the lower Strong governors with veto power over the legislature and substantial appointment authority Few or no restraints on individuals holding multiple positions in government The continuation of state - established religion Benjamin Rush , 1783 In Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and New Hampshire , the resulting constitutions embodied : universal manhood suffrage , or minimal property requirements for voting or holding office ( New Jersey enfranchised some property - owning widows , a step that it retracted 25 years later ) strong , unicameral legislatures relatively weak governors without veto powers , and with little appointing authority prohibition against individuals holding multiple government posts The radical provisions of Pennsylvania 's constitution lasted only 14 years . In 1790 , conservatives gained power in the state legislature , called a new constitutional convention , and rewrote the constitution . The new constitution substantially reduced universal male suffrage , gave the governor veto power and patronage appointment authority , and added an upper house with substantial wealth qualifications to the unicameral legislature . Thomas Paine called it a constitution unworthy of America . Independence and union Johannes Adam Simon Oertel . Pulling Down the Statue of King George III , N.Y.C. , ca . 1859 . The painting is a romanticized version of the Sons of Liberty destroying the symbol of monarchy following the reading of the United States Declaration of Independence to the Continental Army and residents on the New York City commons by George Washington , July 9th , 1776 . Further information : Lee Resolution , Articles of Confederation , Committee of Five , and United States Declaration of Independence In April 1776 , the North Carolina Provincial Congress issued the Halifax Resolves , explicitly authorizing its delegates to vote for independence . In May , Congress called on all the states to write constitutions and eliminate the last remnants of royal rule . By June , nine colonies were ready for independence ; one by one , the last four fell into line -- Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland , and New York . Richard Henry Lee was instructed by the Virginia legislature to propose independence , and he did so on June 7 , 1776 . On the 11th , a committee was created to draft a document explaining the justifications for separation from Britain . After securing enough votes for passage , independence was voted for on July 2 . The Declaration of Independence was drafted largely by Thomas Jefferson and presented by the committee ; it unanimously adopted by the entire Congress on July 4 . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status . America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . The Second Continental Congress approved a new constitution , the `` Articles of Confederation , '' for ratification by the states on November 15 , 1777 , and immediately began operating under their terms . The Articles were formally ratified on March 1 , 1781 . At that point , the Continental Congress was dissolved and a new government of the United States in Congress Assembled took its place on the following day , with Samuel Huntington as presiding officer . Defending the Revolution Main article : American Revolutionary War British return : 1776 -- 1777 Further information : New York and New Jersey campaign , Staten Island Peace Conference , Saratoga campaign , and Philadelphia campaign According to British historian Jeremy Black , the British had significant advantages , including a highly trained army , the world 's largest navy , and a highly efficient system of public finance that could easily fund the war . However , the British were seriously handicapped by their misunderstanding of the depth of support for the Patriot position . Ignoring the advice of General Gage , they misinterpreted the situation as merely a large - scale riot . London decided that they could overawe the Americans by sending a large military and naval force , forcing them to be loyal again : Convinced that the Revolution was the work of a full few miscreants who had rallied an armed rabble to their cause , they expected that the revolutionaries would be intimidated ... . Then the vast majority of Americans , who were loyal but cowed by the terroristic tactics ... would rise up , kick out the rebels , and restore loyal government in each colony . Washington forced the British out of Boston in the spring of 1776 , and neither the British nor the Loyalists controlled any significant areas . The British , however , were massing forces at their naval base at Halifax , Nova Scotia . They returned in force in July 1776 , landing in New York and defeating Washington 's Continental Army in August at the Battle of Brooklyn . Following that victory , the British requested a meeting with representatives from Congress to negotiate an end to hostilities . A delegation including John Adams and Benjamin Franklin met Howe on Staten Island in New York Harbor on September 11 , in what became known as the Staten Island Peace Conference . Howe demanded a retraction of the Declaration of Independence , which was refused , and negotiations ended . The British then quickly seized New York City and nearly captured Washington 's army . They made New York their main political and military base of operations in North America , holding it until November 1783 . The city became the destination for Loyalist refugees and a focal point of Washington 's intelligence network . The British also took New Jersey , pushing the Continental Army into Pennsylvania . Washington crossed the Delaware River back into New Jersey in a surprise attack in late December 1776 and defeated Hessian and British armies at Trenton and Princeton , thereby regaining control of most of New Jersey . The victories gave an important boost to Patriots at a time when morale was flagging , and have become iconic events of the war . In 1777 , the British sent Burgoyne 's invasion force from Canada south to New York to seal off New England . Their aim was to neutralize the Yankees , whom the British perceived as the primary source of agitators . The British army in New York City went to Philadelphia in a major case of mis - coordination , capturing it from Washington . The invasion army under Burgoyne was much too slow and became trapped in northern New York state . It surrendered after the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 . From early October 1777 until November 15 , a siege distracted British troops at Fort Mifflin , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and allowed Washington time to preserve the Continental Army by safely leading his troops to harsh winter quarters at Valley Forge . Prisoners Main article : Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War In August 1775 , George III declared Americans in arms against royal authority to be traitors to the Crown . Following their surrender at the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 , there were thousands of British and Hessian soldiers in American hands . Although Lord Germain took a hard line , the British generals on the scene never held treason trials ; they treated captured enemy soldiers as prisoners of war . The dilemma was that tens of thousands of Loyalists were under American control and American retaliation would have been easy . The British built much of their strategy around using these Loyalists , and therefore , no Americans were put on trial for treason . The British maltreated the prisoners whom they held , resulting in more deaths to American sailors and soldiers than from combat operations . At the end of the war , both sides released their surviving prisoners . American alliances after 1778 Further information : France in the American Revolutionary War and Spain in the American Revolutionary War The capture of a British army at Saratoga encouraged the French to formally enter the war in support of Congress . Benjamin Franklin negotiated a permanent military alliance in early 1778 , significantly becoming the first country to officially recognize the Declaration of Independence . On February 6 , 1778 , a Treaty of Amity and Commerce and a Treaty of Alliance were signed between the United States and France . William Pitt spoke out in parliament urging Britain to make peace in America and to unite with America against France , while other British politicians who had previously sympathized with colonial grievances now turned against the Americans for allying with Britain 's international rival and enemy . Later , Spain ( in 1779 ) and the Dutch ( 1780 ) became allies of the French , leaving the British Empire to fight a global war alone without major allies , and requiring it to slip through a combined blockade of the Atlantic . The American theater thus became only one front in Britain 's war . The British were forced to withdraw troops from continental America to reinforce the valuable sugar - producing Caribbean colonies , which were more lucrative to British investors . British commander Sir Henry Clinton evacuated Philadelphia and returned to New York City . General Washington intercepted Clinton in the Battle of Monmouth Court House , the last major battle fought in the north . After an inconclusive engagement , the British successfully retreated to New York City . The northern war subsequently became a stalemate , as the focus of attention shifted to the smaller southern theater . Hessian troops hired out to the British by their German sovereigns The British move South , 1778 -- 1783 Further information : Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War and Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War The British strategy in America now concentrated on a campaign in the southern states . With fewer regular troops at their disposal , the British commanders saw the `` southern strategy '' as a more viable plan , as the south was perceived as being more strongly Loyalist , with a large population of recent immigrants as well as large numbers of slaves who might be captured or run away to join the British . Beginning in late December 1778 , the British captured Savannah and controlled the Georgia coastline . In 1780 , they launched a fresh invasion and took Charleston , as well . A significant victory at the Battle of Camden meant that royal forces soon controlled most of Georgia and South Carolina . The British set up a network of forts inland , hoping that the Loyalists would rally to the flag . Not enough Loyalists turned out , however , and the British had to fight their way north into North Carolina and Virginia , with a severely weakened army . Behind them , much of the territory that they had already captured dissolved into a chaotic guerrilla war , fought predominantly between bands of Loyalist and American militia , which negated many of the gains that the British had previously made . Surrender at Yorktown ( 1781 ) Main article : Siege of Yorktown The siege of Yorktown ended with the surrender of a second British army , marking effective British defeat . The British army under Cornwallis marched to Yorktown , Virginia where they expected to be rescued by a British fleet . The fleet showed up , but so did a larger French fleet , so the British fleet returned to New York for reinforcements after the Battle of the Chesapeake , leaving Cornwallis trapped . In October 1781 , the British surrendered their second invading army of the war , under a siege by the combined French and Continental armies commanded by Washington . The end of the war Historians continue to debate whether the odds for American victory were long or short . John E. Ferling says that the odds were so long that the American victory was `` almost a miracle '' . On the other hand , Joseph Ellis says that the odds favored the Americans , and asks whether there ever was any realistic chance for the British to win . He argues that this opportunity came only once , in the summer of 1776 , and the British failed that test . Admiral Howe and his brother General Howe `` missed several opportunities to destroy the Continental Army ... Chance , luck , and even the vagaries of the weather played crucial roles . '' Ellis 's point is that the strategic and tactical decisions of the Howes were fatally flawed because they underestimated the challenges posed by the Patriots . Ellis concludes that , once the Howe brothers failed , the opportunity for a British victory `` would never come again . '' Support for the conflict had never been strong in Britain , where many sympathized with the Americans , but now it reached a new low . King George III personally wanted to fight on , but his supporters lost control of Parliament and no further major land offensives were launched in the American Theater . Washington could not know that the British would not reopen hostilities after Yorktown . They still had 26,000 troops occupying New York City , Charleston , and Savannah , together with a powerful fleet . The French army and navy departed , so the Americans were on their own in 1782 -- 83 . The treasury was empty , and the unpaid soldiers were growing restive , almost to the point of mutiny or possible coup d'état . The unrest among officers of the Newburgh Conspiracy was personally dispelled by Washington in 1783 , and Congress subsequently created the promise of a five years bonus for all officers . Peace Treaty Main article : Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) During negotiations in Paris , the American delegation discovered that France would support independence , but no territorial gains . The new nation would be confined to the area east of the Appalachian Mountains . The American delegation opened direct secret negotiations with London , cutting the French out . British Prime Minister Lord Shelburne was in full charge of the British negotiations . He now saw a chance to make the United States a valuable economic partner . The US obtained all the land east of the Mississippi River , south of Canada , and north of Florida . It gained fishing rights off Canadian coasts , and agreed to allow British merchants and Loyalists to try to recover their property . It was a highly favorable treaty for the United States , and deliberately so from the British point of view . Prime Minister Shelburne foresaw highly profitable two - way trade between Britain and the rapidly growing United States , as indeed came to pass . Since the blockade was lifted and the old imperial restrictions were gone , American merchants were free to trade with any nation anywhere in the world , and their businesses flourished . The British largely abandoned the Indian allies living in the new nation . They were not a party to this treaty and did not recognize it until they were defeated militarily by the United States . However , the British did promise to support the Indians . They sold them munitions and maintained forts in American territory until the Jay Treaty of 1795 . Impact on Britain Losing the war and the 13 colonies was a shock to Britain . The war revealed the limitations of Britain 's fiscal - military state when they discovered that they suddenly faced powerful enemies with no allies , and they were dependent on extended and vulnerable transatlantic lines of communication . The defeat heightened dissension and escalated political antagonism to the King 's ministers . Inside parliament , the primary concern changed from fears of an over-mighty monarch to the issues of representation , parliamentary reform , and government retrenchment . Reformers sought to destroy what they saw as widespread institutional corruption . The result was a powerful crisis from 1776 to 1783 . The peace in 1783 left France financially prostrate , while the British economy boomed thanks to the return of American business . The crisis ended after 1784 thanks to the King 's shrewdness in outwitting Charles James Fox ( the leader of the Fox - North Coalition ) , and renewed confidence in the system engendered by the leadership of the new Prime Minister William Pitt . Historians conclude that loss of the American colonies enabled Britain to deal with the French Revolution with more unity and better organization than would otherwise have been the case . Britain turned towards Asia , the Pacific and later Africa with subsequent exploration leading to the rise of the Second British Empire . Finance Britain 's war against the Americans , French , and Spanish cost about £ 100 million . The Treasury borrowed 40 % of the money that it needed . Heavy spending brought France to the verge of bankruptcy and revolution , while the British had relatively little difficulty financing their war , keeping their suppliers and soldiers paid , and hiring tens of thousands of German soldiers . Britain had a sophisticated financial system based on the wealth of thousands of landowners , who supported the government , together with banks and financiers in London . The British tax system collected about 12 percent of the GDP in taxes during the 1770s . In sharp contrast , Congress and the American states had no end of difficulty financing the war . In 1775 , there was at most 12 million dollars in gold in the colonies , not nearly enough to cover current transactions , let alone finance a major war . The British made the situation much worse by imposing a tight blockade on every American port , which cut off almost all imports and exports . One partial solution was to rely on volunteer support from militiamen and donations from patriotic citizens . Another was to delay actual payments , pay soldiers and suppliers in depreciated currency , and promise that it would be made good after the war . Indeed , the soldiers and officers were given land grants in 1783 to cover the wages that they had earned but had not been paid during the war . Not until 1781 did the national government have a strong leader in financial matters , when Robert Morris was named Superintendent of Finance of the United States . Morris used a French loan in 1782 to set up the private Bank of North America to finance the war . Seeking greater efficiency , Morris reduced the civil list , saved money by using competitive bidding for contracts , tightened accounting procedures , and demanded the national government 's full share of money and supplies from the confederated states . Congress used four main methods to cover the cost of the war , which cost about 66 million dollars in specie ( gold and silver ) . Congress made two issues of paper money -- in 1775 -- 1780 and in 1780 -- 81 . The first issue amounted to 242 million dollars . This paper money would supposedly be redeemed for state taxes , but the holders were eventually paid off in 1791 at the rate of one cent on the dollar . By 1780 , the paper money was `` not worth a Continental '' , as people said . The skyrocketing inflation was a hardship on the few people who had fixed incomes -- but 90 percent of the people were farmers , and were not directly affected by that inflation . Debtors benefited by paying off their debts with depreciated paper . The greatest burden was borne by the soldiers of the Continental Army , whose wages were usually in arrears and declined in value every month , weakening their morale and adding to the hardships of their families . Beginning in 1777 , Congress repeatedly asked the states to provide money . But the states had no system of taxation either , and were little help . By 1780 , Congress was making requisitions for specific supplies of corn , beef , pork , and other necessities -- an inefficient system that kept the army barely alive . Starting in 1776 , the Congress sought to raise money by loans from wealthy individuals , promising to redeem the bonds after the war . The bonds were in fact redeemed in 1791 at face value , but the scheme raised little money because Americans had little specie , and many of the rich merchants were supporters of the Crown . Starting in 1776 , the French secretly supplied the Americans with money , gunpowder , and munitions in order to weaken its arch enemy Great Britain . When France officially entered the war in 1778 , the subsidies continued , and the French government , as well as bankers in Paris and Amsterdam , lent large sums to the American war effort . These loans were repaid in full in the 1790s . Concluding the Revolution Main articles : Philadelphia Convention and United States Bill of Rights See also : Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) and The Federalist Papers Creating a `` more perfect union '' and guaranteeing rights See also : Federalist Party , Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) , and United States Bill of Rights The war finally ended in 1783 and was followed by a period of prosperity . The national government was still operating under the Articles of Confederation and was able to settle the issue of the western territories , which were ceded by the states to Congress . American settlers moved rapidly into those areas , with Vermont , Kentucky , and Tennessee becoming states in the 1790s . However , the national government had no money to pay either the war debts owed to European nations and the private banks , or to pay Americans who had been given millions of dollars of promissory notes for supplies during the war . Nationalists led by Washington , Alexander Hamilton , and other veterans feared that the new nation was too fragile to withstand an international war , or even internal revolts such as the Shays ' Rebellion of 1786 in Massachusetts . Calling themselves `` Federalists , '' the nationalists convinced Congress to call the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 . It adopted a new Constitution that provided for a much stronger federal government , including an effective executive in a check - and - balance system with the judiciary and legislature . The Constitution was ratified in 1788 , after a fierce debate in the states over the nature of the proposed new government . The new government under President George Washington took office in New York in March 1789 . Amendments to the Constitution were spearheaded in Congress by James Madison as assurances to those who were cautious about federal power , guaranteeing many of the inalienable rights that formed a foundation for the revolution . The amendments were ratified by the states in 1791 . National debt Further information : United States public debt and Alexander Hamilton The national debt fell into three categories after the American Revolution . The first was the $12 million owed to foreigners , mostly money borrowed from France . There was general agreement to pay the foreign debts at full value . The national government owed $40 million and state governments owed $25 million to Americans who had sold food , horses , and supplies to the revolutionary forces . There were also other debts that consisted of promissory notes issued during the Revolutionary War to soldiers , merchants , and farmers who accepted these payments on the premise that the new Constitution would create a government that would pay these debts eventually . The war expenses of the individual states added up to $114 million compared to $37 million by the central government . In 1790 , Congress combined the remaining state debts with the foreign and domestic debts into one national debt totaling $80 million at the recommendation of first Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton . Everyone received face value for wartime certificates , so that the national honor would be sustained and the national credit established . Ideology and factions The population of the 13 Colonies was not homogeneous in their political views and attitudes . Loyalties and allegiances varied widely within regions and communities and even within families , and sometimes shifted during the course of the Revolution . Ideology behind the Revolution Main articles : Age of Enlightenment , American Enlightenment , Liberalism in the United States , and Republicanism in the United States The American Enlightenment was a critical precursor of the American Revolution . Chief among the ideas of the American Enlightenment were the concepts of Natural Law , Natural Rights , Consent of the Governed , Individualism , Property Rights , Self - Ownership , Self - Determination , liberalism , republicanism and fear of corruption . Collectively , the acceptance of these concepts by a growing number of American colonists began to foster an intellectual environment which would lead to a new sense of political and social identity . 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Tawney Johan Rudolf Thorbecke Henry David Thoreau Alexis de Tocqueville Antoine Destutt de Tracy Anne Robert Jacques Turgot Voltaire Lester Frank Ward Max Weber Mary Wollstonecraft Tao Xingzhi Gu Zhun Organizations ( show ) Liberal parties Africa Liberal Network ( ALN ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party ( ALDEP ) Arab Liberal Federation ( ALF ) Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats ( CALD ) European Democratic Party ( EDP ) European Liberal Youth ( LYMEC ) International Federation of Liberal Youth ( IFLRY ) Liberal International Liberal Network for Latin America ( RELIAL ) Liberal South East European Network ( LIBSEEN ) Regional variants ( show ) Europe Latin America Albania Armenia Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Chile Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech lands Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Iran Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Senegal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Zimbabwe Related topics ( show ) Democratic capitalism Democratic education Liberal bias in academia Liberal conservatism Liberal socialism National liberalism Regressive left Liberalism portal Politics portal In this c. 1772 portrait by John Singleton Copley , Samuel Adams points at the Massachusetts Charter , which he viewed as a constitution that protected the people 's rights . John Locke 's ( 1632 -- 1704 ) ideas on liberty influenced the political thinking behind the revolution , especially through his indirect influence on English writers such as John Trenchard , Thomas Gordon , and Benjamin Hoadly , whose political ideas in turn had a strong influence on the American revolutionaries . Locke is often referred to as `` the philosopher of the American Revolution '' , and is credited with leading Americans to the critical concepts of social contract , natural rights , and `` born free and equal . '' Locke 's Two Treatises of Government published in 1689 were especially influential . He argued that all humans were created equally free , and governments therefore needed the `` consent of the governed . '' In late eighteenth - century America , belief was still widespread in `` equality by creation '' and `` rights by creation '' . The theory of the `` social contract '' influenced the belief among many of the Founders that among the `` natural rights '' of man was the right of the people to overthrow their leaders , should those leaders betray the historic rights of Englishmen . In terms of writing state and national constitutions , the Americans heavily used Montesquieu 's analysis of the wisdom of the `` balanced '' British Constitution ( mixed government ) . Republicanism Main article : Republicanism in the United States Part of the Politics series on Republicanism Central concepts ( show ) Anti-monarchism Popular sovereignty Republic Res publica Social contract Schools ( show ) Classical republicanism Neo-republicanism Important thinkers ( show ) Hannah Arendt Cicero James Harrington Thomas Jefferson John Locke James Madison Montesquieu Philip Pettit Polybius Jean Jacques Rousseau Michael Sandel Algernon Sidney Quentin Skinner Cass Sunstein Mary Wollstonecraft History ( show ) Roman Republic Gaṇa sangha Classical Athens Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa Republic of Florence Dutch Republic American Revolution French Revolution Spanish American wars of independence Trienio Liberal French Revolution of 1848 5 October 1910 revolution Xinhai Revolution Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Turkish War of Independence Mongolian Revolution of 1921 11 September 1922 Revolution Spanish Civil War Birth of the Italian Republic Egyptian Revolution of 1952 14 July Revolution North Yemen Civil War Zanzibar Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Cambodian coup of 1970 Third Hellenic Republic Iranian Revolution 1987 Fijian coups d'état Nepalese Civil War By country ( show ) Australia Barbados Canada Ireland Jamaica Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States Related topics ( show ) Communitarianism Liberalism Monarchism Politics portal A central motivating force behind the overthrow of monarchy and aristocracy was the American embrace of a political ideology called `` republicanism '' , which was dominant in the colonies by 1775 but of minor importance back in Great Britain . The republicanism was inspired by the `` country party '' in Great Britain , whose critique of British government emphasized that corruption was a terrible reality in Great Britain . Americans feared that the corruption was crossing the Atlantic ; the commitment of most Americans to republican values and to their rights energized the revolution , as Britain was increasingly seen as hopelessly corrupt and hostile to American interests . Britain seemed to threaten the established liberties that Americans enjoyed . The greatest threat to liberty was depicted as corruption -- not just in London but at home , as well . The colonists associated it with luxury , and especially with inherited aristocracy , which they condemned . The Founding Fathers were strong advocates of republican values , particularly Samuel Adams , Patrick Henry , John Adams , Benjamin Franklin , Thomas Jefferson , Thomas Paine , George Washington , James Madison , and Alexander Hamilton , which required men to put civic duty ahead of their personal desires . Men had a civic duty to be prepared and willing to fight for the rights and liberties of their countrymen . John Adams wrote to Mercy Otis Warren in 1776 , agreeing with some classical Greek and Roman thinkers in that `` Public Virtue can not exist without private , and public Virtue is the only Foundation of Republics . '' He continued : There must be a positive Passion for the public good , the public Interest , Honour , Power , and Glory , established in the Minds of the People , or there can be no Republican Government , nor any real Liberty . And this public Passion must be Superior to all private Passions . Men must be ready , they must pride themselves , and be happy to sacrifice their private Pleasures , Passions , and Interests , nay their private Friendships and dearest connections , when they Stand in Competition with the Rights of society . For women , `` republican motherhood '' became the ideal , exemplified by Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren ; the first duty of the republican woman was to instill republican values in her children and to avoid luxury and ostentation . Fusing republicanism and liberalism Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense , published in 1776 Some republics had emerged throughout history , such as the Roman Republic of the ancient world , but none ever existed that was based on liberal principles . Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense appeared in January 1776 , after the Revolution had started . It was widely distributed and loaned , and often read aloud in taverns , contributing significantly to spreading the ideas of republicanism and liberalism together , bolstering enthusiasm for separation from Great Britain , and encouraging recruitment for the Continental Army . Paine provided a new and widely accepted argument for independence by advocating a complete break with history . Common Sense is oriented to the future in a way that compels the reader to make an immediate choice . It offered a solution for Americans disgusted and alarmed at the threat of tyranny . Impact of Great Awakening Main article : First Great Awakening Dissenting churches of the day ( i.e. , Protestant , non-Church of England ) were , in the words of Patricia Bonomi , the `` school of democracy . '' President John Witherspoon of the College of New Jersey ( now Princeton University ) wrote widely circulated sermons linking the American Revolution to the teachings of the Bible . Throughout the colonies , dissenting Protestant ministers ( Congregationalist , Baptist , and Presbyterian ) preached Revolutionary themes in their sermons , while most Church of England clergymen preached loyalty to the king , the titular head of the English state church . Religious motivation for fighting tyranny transcended socioeconomic lines to encompass rich and poor , men and women , frontiersmen and townsmen , farmers and merchants . The Declaration also referred to the `` Laws of Nature and of Nature 's God '' as justification for the Americans ' separation from the British monarchy . Most eighteenth - century Americans believed that nature , the entire universe , was God 's creation . Therefore , he was `` Nature 's God . '' Everything , including man , was part of the `` universal order of things '' , which began with God and was pervaded and directed by his providence . Accordingly , the signers of the Declaration professed their `` firm reliance on the Protection of divine Providence . '' And they appealed to `` the Supreme Judge ( God ) for the rectitude of ( their ) intentions . '' Like most of his countrymen , George Washington was firmly convinced that he was an instrument of providence , to the benefit of the American people and of all humanity . Historian Bernard Bailyn argues that the evangelicalism of the era challenged traditional notions of natural hierarchy by preaching that the Bible teaches that all men are equal , so that the true value of a man lies in his moral behavior , not in his class . Kidd argues that religious disestablishment , belief in a God as the source of human rights , and shared convictions about sin , virtue , and divine providence worked together to unite rationalists and evangelicals and thus encouraged American defiance of the Empire . Bailyn , on the other hand , denies that religion played such a critical role . Alan Heimert argues that New Light antiauthoritarianism was essential to furthering democracy in colonial American society and set the stage for a confrontation with British monarchical and aristocratic rule . See also : List of clergy in the American Revolution Class and Psychology of the factions Looking back , John Adams concluded in 1818 : The Revolution was effected before the war commenced . The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people ... This radical change in the principles , opinions , sentiments , and affections of the people was the real American Revolution . In terms of class , Loyalists tended to have longstanding social and economic connections to British merchants and government ; for instance , prominent merchants in major port cities such as New York , Boston and Charleston tended to be Loyalists , as did men involved with the fur trade along the northern frontier . In addition , officials of colonial government and their staffs , those who had established positions and status to maintain , favored maintaining relations with Great Britain . They often were linked to British families in England by marriage as well . By contrast , Patriots by number tended to be yeomen farmers , especially in the frontier areas of New York and the backcountry of Pennsylvania , Virginia and down the Appalachian mountains . They were craftsmen and small merchants . Leaders of both the Patriots and the Loyalists were men of educated , propertied classes . The Patriots included many prominent men of the planter class from Virginia and South Carolina , for instance , who became leaders during the Revolution , and formed the new government at the national and state levels . To understand the opposing groups , historians have assessed evidence of their hearts and minds . In the mid-20th century , historian Leonard Woods Labaree identified eight characteristics of the Loyalists that made them essentially conservative ; opposite traits to those characteristic of the Patriots . Older and better established men , Loyalists tended to resist innovation . They thought resistance to the Crown -- which they insisted was the only legitimate government -- was morally wrong , while the Patriots thought morality was on their side . Loyalists were alienated when the Patriots resorted to violence , such as burning houses and tarring and feathering . Loyalists wanted to take a centrist position and resisted the Patriots ' demand to declare their opposition to the Crown . Many Loyalists , especially merchants in the port cities , had maintained strong and long - standing relations with Britain ( often with business and family links to other parts of the British Empire ) . Many Loyalists realized that independence was bound to come eventually , but they were fearful that revolution might lead to anarchy , tyranny or mob rule . In contrast , the prevailing attitude among Patriots , who made systematic efforts to use mob violence in a controlled manner , was a desire to seize the initiative . Labaree also wrote that Loyalists were pessimists who lacked the confidence in the future displayed by the Patriots . Historians in the early 20th century , such as J. Franklin Jameson , examined the class composition of the Patriot cause , looking for evidence of a class war inside the revolution . In the last 50 years , historians have largely abandoned that interpretation , emphasizing instead the high level of ideological unity . Just as there were rich and poor Loyalists , the Patriots were a ' mixed lot ' , with the richer and better educated more likely to become officers in the Army . Ideological demands always came first : the Patriots viewed independence as a means to gain freedom from British oppression and taxation and , above all , to reassert what they considered to be their rights as English subjects . Most yeomen farmers , craftsmen , and small merchants joined the Patriot cause to demand more political equality . They were especially successful in Pennsylvania but less so in New England , where John Adams attacked Thomas Paine 's Common Sense for the `` absurd democratical notions '' it proposed . King George III Main article : George III of Great Britain The war became a personal issue for the king , fueled by his growing belief that British leniency would be taken as weakness by the Americans . The king also sincerely believed he was defending Britain 's constitution against usurpers , rather than opposing patriots fighting for their natural rights . Patriots Main article : Patriot ( American Revolution ) Further information : Sons of Liberty At the time , revolutionaries were called `` Patriots '' , `` Whigs '' , `` Congress - men '' , or `` Americans '' . They included a full range of social and economic classes , but were unanimous regarding the need to defend the rights of Americans and uphold the principles of republicanism in terms of rejecting monarchy and aristocracy , while emphasizing civic virtue on the part of the citizens . Newspapers were strongholds of patriotism ( although there were a few Loyalist papers ) , and printed many pamphlets , announcements , patriotic letters and pronouncements . According to historian Robert Calhoon , the consensus of historians is that 40 -- 45 % of the white population in the Thirteen Colonies supported the Patriots ' cause , 15 -- 20 % supported the Loyalists , and the remainder were neutral or kept a low profile . Mark Lender explores why ordinary folk became insurgents against the British even though they were unfamiliar with the ideological rationales being offered . They held very strongly a sense of `` rights '' that they felt the British were violating -- rights that stressed local autonomy , fair dealing , and government by consent . They were highly sensitive to the issue of tyranny , which they saw manifested in the British response to the Boston Tea Party . The arrival in Boston of the British Army heightened their sense of violated rights , leading to rage and demands for revenge . They had faith that God was on their side . Loyalists Main article : Loyalist ( American Revolution ) Mobbing of a Loyalist by American Patriots in 1775 -- 76 The consensus of scholars is that about 15 -- 20 % of the white population remained loyal to the British Crown . Those who actively supported the king were known at the time as `` Loyalists '' , `` Tories '' , or `` King 's men '' . The Loyalists never controlled territory unless the British Army occupied it . Loyalists were typically older , less willing to break with old loyalties , often connected to the Church of England , and included many established merchants with strong business connections across the Empire , as well as royal officials such as Thomas Hutchinson of Boston . There were 500 to 1000 black loyalists who were held as slaves by patriots , escaped to British lines and joined the British army . Most died of disease but Britain took the survivors to Canada as free men . The revolution could divide families . The most dramatic example was when William Franklin , son of Benjamin Franklin and royal governor of the Province of New Jersey , remained loyal to the Crown throughout the war ; they never spoke again . Recent immigrants who had not been fully Americanized were also inclined to support the King , such as recent Scottish settlers in the back country ; among the more striking examples of this , see Flora MacDonald . After the war , the great majority of the 450,000 -- 500,000 Loyalists remained in America and resumed normal lives . Some , such as Samuel Seabury , became prominent American leaders . Estimates vary , but about 62,000 Loyalists relocated to Canada , and others to Britain ( 7,000 ) or to Florida or the West Indies ( 9,000 ) . The exiles represented approximately 2 % of the total population of the colonies . Nearly all black loyalists left for Nova Scotia , Florida , or England , where they could remain free . When Loyalists left the South in 1783 , they took thousands of their slaves with them to be slaves in the British West Indies . Neutrals A minority of uncertain size tried to stay neutral in the war . Most kept a low profile , but the Quakers , especially in Pennsylvania , were the most important group to speak out for neutrality . As Patriots declared independence , the Quakers , who continued to do business with the British , were attacked as supporters of British rule , `` contrivers and authors of seditious publications '' critical of the revolutionary cause . Though the majority of Quakers attempted to remain neutral , a sizable number of Quakers in the American Revolution nevertheless participated to some degree . Role of women Abigail Adams Main article : Women in the American Revolution Women contributed to the American Revolution in many ways , and were involved on both sides . While formal Revolutionary politics did not include women , ordinary domestic behaviors became charged with political significance as Patriot women confronted a war that permeated all aspects of political , civil , and domestic life . They participated by boycotting British goods , spying on the British , following armies as they marched , washing , cooking , and tending for soldiers , delivering secret messages , and in a few cases like Deborah Samson , fighting disguised as men . Also , Mercy Otis Warren held meetings in her house and cleverly attacked Loyalists with her creative plays and histories . Above all , they continued the agricultural work at home to feed their families and the armies . They maintained their families during their husbands ' absences and sometimes after their deaths . American women were integral to the success of the boycott of British goods , as the boycotted items were largely household items such as tea and cloth . Women had to return to knitting goods , and to spinning and weaving their own cloth -- skills that had fallen into disuse . In 1769 , the women of Boston produced 40,000 skeins of yarn , and 180 women in Middletown , Massachusetts wove 20,522 yards ( 18,765 m ) of cloth . A crisis of political loyalties could disrupt the fabric of colonial America women 's social worlds : whether a man did or did not renounce his allegiance to the King could dissolve ties of class , family , and friendship , isolating women from former connections . A woman 's loyalty to her husband , once a private commitment , could become a political act , especially for women in America committed to men who remained loyal to the King . Legal divorce , usually rare , was granted to Patriot women whose husbands supported the King . Other participants Further information : Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War France Main article : France in the American Revolutionary War In early 1776 , France set up a major program of aid to the Americans , and the Spanish secretly added funds . Each country spent one million `` livres tournaises '' to buy munitions . A dummy corporation run by Pierre Beaumarchais concealed their activities . American rebels obtained some munitions through the Dutch Republic as well as French and Spanish ports in the West Indies . Spain Main article : Spain in the American Revolutionary War Spain did not officially recognize the U.S. but became an informal ally when it declared war on Britain on June 21 , 1779 . Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid , general of the Spanish forces in New Spain , also served as governor of Louisiana . He led an expedition of colonial troops to force the British out of Florida and keep open a vital conduit for supplies . American Indians Main article : Native Americans in the United States Further information : Western theater of the American Revolutionary War Most American Indians rejected pleas that they remain neutral and supported the British Crown , both because of trading relationships and Britain 's effort to establish an Indian reserve and prohibit Colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains . The great majority of the 200,000 Indians east of the Mississippi distrusted the Colonists and supported the British cause , hoping to forestall continued colonial encroachment on their territories . Those tribes that were more closely involved in Colonial trade tended to side with the Colonists , although political factors were important , as well . Most Indians did not participate directly in the war , except for warriors and bands associated with four of the Iroquois nations in New York and Pennsylvania which allied with the British . The British did have other allies , especially in the upper Midwest . They provided Indians with funding and weapons to attack American outposts . Some Indians tried to remain neutral , seeing little value in joining what they perceived to be a European conflict , and fearing reprisals from whichever side they opposed . The Oneida and Tuscarora among the Iroquois of central and western New York supported the American cause . The British provided arms to Indians who were led by Loyalists in war parties to raid frontier settlements from the Carolinas to New York . They killed many settlers on the frontier , especially in Pennsylvania and New York 's Mohawk Valley . In 1776 , Cherokee war parties attacked American Colonists all along the southern frontier of the uplands throughout the Washington District , North Carolina ( now Tennessee ) and the Kentucky wilderness area . They would launch raids with roughly 200 warriors , as seen in the Cherokee -- American wars ; they could not mobilize enough forces to invade Colonial areas without the help of allies , most often the Creek . The Chickamauga Cherokee under Dragging Canoe allied themselves closely with the British , and fought on for an additional decade after the signing of the Treaty of Paris . Joseph Brant of the powerful Mohawk nation , part of the Iroquois Confederacy based in New York , was the most prominent Indian leader against the Colonial forces . In 1778 and 1780 , he led 300 Iroquois warriors and 100 white Loyalists in multiple attacks on small frontier settlements in New York and Pennsylvania , killing many settlers and destroying villages , crops , and stores . The Seneca , Onondaga , and Cayuga of the Iroquois Confederacy also allied with the British against the Americans . In 1779 , the Colonists retaliated with an American army under John Sullivan which raided and destroyed 40 empty Iroquois villages in central and western New York . Sullivan 's forces systematically burned the villages and destroyed about 160,000 bushels of corn that composed the winter food supply . Facing starvation and homeless for the winter , the Iroquois fled to the Niagara Falls area and to Canada , mostly to what became Ontario . The British resettled them there after the war , providing land grants as compensation for some of their losses . At the peace conference following the war , the British ceded lands which they did not really control , and did not consult their Indian allies . They transferred control to the United States of all the land east of the Mississippi and north of Florida . Calloway concludes : Burned villages and crops , murdered chiefs , divided councils and civil wars , migrations , towns and forts choked with refugees , economic disruption , breaking of ancient traditions , losses in battle and to disease and hunger , betrayal to their enemies , all made the American Revolution one of the darkest periods in American Indian history . The British did not give up their forts in the West until 1796 in what is now the eastern Midwest , stretching from Ohio to Wisconsin ; they kept alive the dream of forming a satellite Indian nation there , which they called a Neutral Indian Zone . That goal was one of the causes of the War of 1812 . Black Americans Main article : African Americans in the Revolutionary War Free blacks in the North and South fought on both sides of the Revolution , but most fought for the Patriots . Gary Nash reports that there were about 9,000 black Patriots , counting the Continental Army and Navy , state militia units , privateers , wagoneers in the Army , servants to officers , and spies . Ray Raphael notes that thousands did join the Loyalist cause , but `` a far larger number , free as well as slave , tried to further their interests by siding with the patriots . '' Crispus Attucks was shot dead by British soldiers in the Boston Massacre in 1770 and is an iconic martyr to Patriots . Both sides offered freedom and re-settlement to slaves who were willing to fight for them , recruiting slaves whose owners supported the opposing cause . Many black slaves sided with the Loyalists . Tens of thousands in the South used the turmoil of war to escape , and the southern plantation economies of South Carolina and Georgia especially were disrupted . During the Revolution , the British tried to turn slavery against the Americans . Historian David Brion Davis explains the difficulties with a policy of wholesale arming of the slaves : But England greatly feared the effects of any such move on its own West Indies , where Americans had already aroused alarm over a possible threat to incite slave insurrections . The British elites also understood that an all - out attack on one form of property could easily lead to an assault on all boundaries of privilege and social order , as envisioned by radical religious sects in Britain 's seventeenth - century civil wars . Davis underscored the British dilemma : `` Britain , when confronted by the rebellious American colonists , hoped to exploit their fear of slave revolts while also reassuring the large number of slave - holding Loyalists and wealthy Caribbean planters and merchants that their slave property would be secure '' . The Colonists , however , accused the British of encouraging slave revolts . American advocates of independence were commonly lampooned in Britain for what was termed their hypocritical calls for freedom , at the same time that many of their leaders were planters who held hundreds of slaves . Samuel Johnson snapped , `` how is it we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the ( slave ) drivers of the Negroes ? '' Benjamin Franklin countered by criticizing the British self - congratulation about `` the freeing of one Negro '' ( Somersett ) while they continued to permit the Slave Trade . Phyllis Wheatley was a black poet who popularized the image of Columbia to represent America . She came to public attention when her Poems on Various Subjects , Religious and Moral appeared in 1773 . During the war , slaves escaped from New England and the mid-Atlantic area to British - occupied cities such as New York . The effects of the war were more dramatic in the South . In Virginia , royal governor Lord Dunmore recruited black men into the British forces with the promise of freedom , protection for their families , and land grants . Tens of thousands of slaves escaped to British lines throughout the South , causing dramatic losses to slaveholders and disrupting cultivation and harvesting of crops . For instance , South Carolina was estimated to have lost about 25,000 slaves to flight , migration , or death -- amounting to one third of its slave population . From 1770 to 1790 , the black proportion of the population ( mostly slaves ) in South Carolina dropped from 60.5 percent to 43.8 percent , and from 45.2 percent to 36.1 percent in Georgia . British forces gave transportation to 10,000 slaves when they evacuated Savannah and Charleston , carrying through on their promise . They evacuated and resettled more than 3,000 Black Loyalists from New York to Nova Scotia , Upper Canada , and Lower Canada . Others sailed with the British to England or were resettled as freedmen in the West Indies of the Caribbean . But slaves who were carried to the Caribbean under control of Loyalist masters generally remained slaves until British abolition in its colonies in 1834 . More than 1,200 of the Black Loyalists of Nova Scotia later resettled in the British colony of Sierra Leone , where they became leaders of the Krio ethnic group of Freetown and the later national government . Many of their descendants still live in Sierra Leone , as well as other African countries . Effects of the Revolution Loyalist expatriation About 60,000 to 70,000 Loyalists left the newly founded republic ; some migrated to Britain . The remainder , known as United Empire Loyalists , received land and subsidies for resettlement in British colonies in North America , especially Quebec ( concentrating in the Eastern Townships ) , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . The new colonies of Upper Canada ( now Ontario ) and New Brunswick were expressly created by Britain for their benefit , where the Crown awarded land to Loyalists as compensation for losses in the United States . Britain wanted to develop the frontier of Upper Canada on a British colonial model . But about 80 % of the Loyalists stayed in the United States and became full , loyal citizens ; some of the exiles later returned to the U.S. Interpretations Interpretations about the effect of the Revolution vary . Contemporary participants referred to the events as `` the revolution '' . Greene argues that the events were not `` revolutionary '' , as the relationships and property rights of colonial society were not transformed : a distant government was simply replaced with a local one ; the Revolution is still sometimes known outside the United States as the American War of Independence . Historians such as Bernard Bailyn , Gordon Wood , and Edmund Morgan accept the contemporary view of the participants that the American Revolution was a unique and radical event that produced deep changes and had a profound effect on world affairs , based on an increasing belief in the principles of the Enlightenment , as reflected in how liberalism was understood during the period , and republicanism . These were demonstrated by a leadership and government that espoused protection of natural rights , and a system of laws chosen by the people . However , what was then considered `` the people '' was still mostly restricted to free white males who were able to pass a property - qualification . Such a restriction made a significant gain of the revolution in the short term irrelevant to women , African Americans and slaves , poor white men , youth , and Native Americans . Only with the development of the American system over the following centuries would `` a government by the people '' , promised by the revolution , be won for a greater proportion of the population . Morgan has argued that in terms of long - term impact on American society and values : The Revolution did revolutionize social relations . It did displace the deference , the patronage , the social divisions that had determined the way people viewed one another for centuries and still view one another in much of the world . It did give to ordinary people a pride and power , not to say an arrogance , that have continued to shock visitors from less favored lands . It may have left standing a host of inequalities that have troubled us ever since . But it generated the egalitarian view of human society that makes them troubling and makes our world so different from the own in which the revolutionists had grown up . Inspiring all colonies Further information : Atlantic Revolutions After the Revolution , genuinely democratic politics became possible in the former colonies . The rights of the people were incorporated into state constitutions . Concepts of liberty , individual rights , equality among men and hostility toward corruption became incorporated as core values of liberal republicanism . The greatest challenge to the old order in Europe was the challenge to inherited political power and the democratic idea that government rests on the consent of the governed . The example of the first successful revolution against a European empire , and the first successful establishment of a republican form of democratically elected government , provided a model for many other colonial peoples who realized that they too could break away and become self - governing nations with directly elected representative government . The Dutch Republic , also at war with Britain , was the next country to sign a treaty with the United States , on October 8 , 1782 . On April 3 , 1783 , Ambassador Extraordinary Gustaf Philip Creutz , representing King Gustav III of Sweden , and Benjamin Franklin , signed a Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the U.S. The American Revolution was the first wave of the Atlantic Revolutions : the French Revolution , the Haitian Revolution , and the Latin American wars of independence . Aftershocks reached Ireland in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , in the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth , and in the Netherlands . The Revolution had a strong , immediate influence in Great Britain , Ireland , the Netherlands , and France . Many British and Irish Whigs spoke in favor of the American cause . In Ireland , there was a profound impact ; the Protestants who controlled Ireland were demanding more and more self - rule . Under the leadership of Henry Grattan , the so - called `` Patriots '' forced the reversal of mercantilist prohibitions against trade with other British colonies . The King and his cabinet in London could not risk another rebellion on the American model , and made a series of concessions to the Patriot faction in Dublin . Armed Protestant volunteer units were set up to protect against an invasion from France . As in America , so too in Ireland the King no longer had a monopoly of lethal force . The Revolution , along with the Dutch Revolt ( end of the 16th century ) and the 17th century English Civil War , was among the examples of overthrowing an old regime for many Europeans who later were active during the era of the French Revolution , such as Marquis de Lafayette . The American Declaration of Independence influenced the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 1789 . The spirit of the Declaration of Independence led to laws ending slavery in all the Northern states and the Northwest Territory , with New Jersey the last in 1804 . States such as New Jersey and New York adopted gradual emancipation , which kept some people as slaves for more than two decades longer . Status of American women The democratic ideals of the Revolution inspired changes in the roles of women . The concept of republican motherhood was inspired by this period and reflects the importance of Republicanism as the dominant American ideology . It assumed that a successful republic rested upon the virtue of its citizens . Women were considered to have the essential role of instilling their children with values conducive to a healthy republic . During this period , the wife 's relationship with her husband also became more liberal , as love and affection instead of obedience and subservience began to characterize the ideal marital relationship . In addition , many women contributed to the war effort through fundraising and running family businesses in the absence of husbands . The traditional constraints gave way to more liberal conditions for women . Patriarchy faded as an ideal ; young people had more freedom to choose their spouses and more often used birth control to regulate the size of their families . Society emphasized the role of mothers in child rearing , especially the patriotic goal of raising republican children rather than those locked into aristocratic value systems . There was more permissiveness in child - rearing . Patriot women married to Loyalists who left the state could get a divorce and obtain control of the ex-husband's property . Whatever gains they had made , however , women still found themselves subordinated , legally and socially , to their husbands , disfranchised and usually with only the role of mother open to them . But , some women earned livelihoods as midwives and in other roles in the community , which were not originally recognized as significant by men . Abigail Adams expressed to her husband , the president , the desire of women to have a place in the new republic : I desire you would remember the Ladies , and be more generous and favourable to them than your ancestors . Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands . Zagarri in 2007 argued that the American Revolution created a continuing debate on the rights of woman and an environment favorable to women 's participation in U.S. politics . She asserts that for a brief decade , a `` comprehensive transformation in women 's rights , roles , and responsibilities seemed not only possible but perhaps inevitable . '' But , the changes also engendered a backlash that set back the cause of women 's rights and led to a greater rigidity that marginalized women from political life . For more than thirty years , however , the 1776 New Jersey State Constitution gave the vote to `` all inhabitants '' who had a certain level of wealth , including unmarried women and blacks ( not married women because they could not own property separately from their husbands ) , until in 1807 , when that state legislature passed a bill interpreting the constitution to mean universal white male suffrage , excluding paupers . Status of African Americans In the first two decades after the American Revolution , state legislatures and individuals took actions to free numerous slaves , in part based on revolutionary ideals . Northern states passed new constitutions that contained language about equal rights or specifically abolished slavery ; some states , such as New York and New Jersey , where slavery was more widespread , passed laws by the end of the 18th century to abolish slavery by a gradual method ; in New York , the last slaves were freed in 1827 . While no southern state abolished slavery , for a period individual owners could free their slaves by personal decision , often providing for manumission in wills but sometimes filing deeds or court papers to free individuals . Numerous slaveholders who freed their slaves cited revolutionary ideals in their documents ; others freed slaves as a reward for service . Records also suggest that some slaveholders were freeing their own mixed - race children , born into slavery to slave mothers . Memory See also : United States Bicentennial Governor 's Palace , Colonial Williamsburg , a restored colonial city , Williamburg , Virginia The American Revolution has a central place in the American memory . As the founding story , it is covered in the schools , memorialized by a national holiday , and commemorated in innumerable monuments . Thus Independence Day ( the `` Fourth of July '' ) is a major national holiday celebrated annually . Besides local sites such as Bunker Hill , one of the first national pilgrimages for memorial tourists was Mount Vernon , George Washington 's estate ( near Washington City ) , which attracted ten thousand visitors a year by the 1850s . Crider points out that in the 1850s , editors and orators both North and South claimed their region was the true custodian of the legacy of 1776 , as they used the Revolution symbolically in their rhetoric . Ryan , noting that the Bicentennial was celebrated a year after the United States ' humiliating 1975 withdrawal from Vietnam , says the Ford administration stressed the themes of renewal and rebirth based on a restoration of traditional values , and presented a nostalgic approach to 1776 that made it seem eternally young and fresh . Albanese argues that the Revolution became the main source of the non-denominational `` American civil religion '' that has shaped patriotism , and the memory and meaning of the nation 's birth ever since . She says that specific battles are not central ( as they are for the Civil War ) but rather certain events and people have been celebrated as icons of certain virtues ( or vices ) . Thus she points out the Revolution produced a Moses - like leader ( George Washington ) , prophets ( Thomas Jefferson , Tom Paine ) , disciples ( Alexander Hamilton , James Madison ) and martyrs ( Boston Massacre , Nathan Hale ) , as well as devils ( Benedict Arnold ) , sacred places ( Valley Forge , Bunker Hill ) , rituals ( Boston Tea Party ) , emblems ( the new flag ) , sacred holidays ( Independence Day ) , and a holy scripture whose every sentence is carefully studied and applied in current law cases ( The Declaration of Independence , the Constitution and the Bill of Rights ) . See also Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War Timeline of the American Revolution Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War Founding Fathers of the United States Patriot ( American Revolution ) Sons of Liberty List of plays and films about the American Revolution Notes ^ Jump up to : Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 70 Jump up ^ Lawrence Henry Gipson , `` The American revolution as an aftermath of the Great War for the Empire , 1754 - 1763 . '' Political Science Quarterly ( 1950 ) : 86-104.in JSTOR Jump up ^ Pestana , Carla Gardina ( 2004 ) . The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution : 1640 - 1661 . Cambridge , Massachusetts and London , England : Harvard University Press . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Purvis , Thomas L. ( 23 April 1997 ) . A dictionary of American history . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57718 - 099 - 9 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 140 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.482. 4975 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 . JSTOR 2123771 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Thomas , Robert P. ( 1964 ) . `` A Quantitative Approach to the Study of the Effects of British Imperial Policy of Colonial Welfare : Some Preliminary Findings '' . Journal of Economic History . 25 ( 4 ) : 615 -- 638 . JSTOR 2116133 . Jump up ^ Walton , Gary M. ( 1971 ) . `` The New Economic History and the Burdens of the Navigation Acts '' . Economic History Review . 24 ( 4 ) : 533 -- 542 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1971. tb00192. x . Jump up ^ Lepore ( 1998 ) , The Name of War ( 1999 ) pp 5 - 7 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Roots of American Civilization : A History of American Colonial Life ( 1938 ) p. 297 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , David ( 1987 ) . The Glorious Revolution in America . Middletown , CT : Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6177 - 0 . OCLC 14212813 . , pp. 148 -- 56 , 155 - 57 , 169 - 70 Jump up ^ Barnes , Viola Florence ( 1960 ) ( 1923 ) . The Dominion of New England : A Study in British Colonial Policy . New York : Frederick Ungar . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8044 - 1065 - 6 . OCLC 395292 . , pp. 169 -- 70 Jump up ^ Webb , Stephen Saunders ( 1998 ) . Lord Churchill 's Coup : The Anglo - American Empire and the Glorious Revolution Reconsidered . Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0558 - 4 . OCLC 39756272 . , pp. 190 -- 91 Jump up ^ Lustig , Mary Lou ( 2002 ) . The Imperial Executive in America : Sir Edmund Andros , 1637 -- 1714 . Madison , WI : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 3936 - 8 . OCLC 470360764 . , p. 201 Jump up ^ Palfrey , John ( 1864 ) . History of New England : History of New England During the Stuart Dynasty . Boston : Little , Brown . OCLC 1658888 . , p. 596 Jump up ^ Evans , James Truslow ( 1922 ) . The Founding of New England . Boston : The Atlantic Monthly Press . OCLC 1068441 . , p. 430 Jump up ^ John A. Garraty ; Mark C. Carnes ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter Three : America in the British Empire '' . A Short History of the American Nation ( 8th ed . ) . Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 07098 - 4 . Jump up ^ Max Savelle , Empires to Nations : Expansion in America , 1713 - 1824 , p. 93 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Draper pg. 100 . The quote provided by Draper came from Leo Francis Stock 's Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments respecting North America ( 1937 ) vol. 4 . pg. 182 Jump up ^ Miller , John C. ( 1943 ) . Origins of the American Revolution . Boston : Little , Brown and company . , pp. 95 - 99 Jump up ^ Guizot , M. A popular history of France , from the earliest times . Vol IV , University of Michigan , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4255 - 5724 - 9 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Allen , Larry ( 2009 ) . The Encyclopedia of Money . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 9781598842517 . Jump up ^ Englishmen paid an average 25 shillings annually in taxes , whereas Americans paid only sixpence . Miller , Origins of the American Revolution ( 1943 ) p. 89 Jump up ^ James A. Henretta , ed. ( 2011 ) . Documents for America 's History , Volume 1 : To 1877 . Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 110 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Walter Isaacson ( 2004 ) . Benjamin Franklin : An American Life . Simon and Schuster . pp. 229 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Shy , Toward Lexington 73 -- 78 Jump up ^ T.H. Breen , American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) pp 81 - 82 Jump up ^ Middlekauff p. 62 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1882 ) pp. 297 - 298 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1882 ) pp. 315 - 316 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1882 ) p. 173 Jump up ^ Bryan - Paul Frost and Jeffrey Sikkenga ( 2003 ) . History of American Political Thought . Lexington Books . pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1943 ) . Origins of the American Revolution . pp. 181 -- . ^ Jump up to : Hiller B. Zobel , The Boston Massacre ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Alfred F. Young , The Shoemaker and the Tea Party : Memory and the American Revolution ( Boston : Beacon Press , 1999 ; ISBN 0 - 8070 - 5405 - 4 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 5405 - 5 ) , 183 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapters 22 -- 24 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation ( 6th ed. 2001 ) vol 1 pp 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Benjamin L. Carp , Defiance of the Patriots : The Boston Tea Party and the Making of America ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Miller ( 1943 ) pp. 353 -- 76 Jump up ^ Carp , Defiance of the Patriots : The Boston Tea Party and the Making of America ( 2010 ) ch 9 Jump up ^ John K. Alexander ( 2011 ) . Samuel Adams : The Life of an American Revolutionary . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 187 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton ; et al. ( 2010 ) . A People and a Nation : A History of the United States . Cengage Learning . p. 143 . Jump up ^ Harvey . `` A few bloody noses '' ( 2002 ) pp. 208 -- 210 Jump up ^ Urban p. 74 Jump up ^ Miller ( 1948 ) p. 87 ^ Jump up to : Nevins ( 1927 ) ; Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 29 Jump up ^ Nevins ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Founding the Republic : A Documentary History ; edited by John J. Patrick Jump up ^ Reason , Religion , and Democracy : Dennis C. Muelle . Page 206 Jump up ^ Massachusetts ' constitution is still in force in the 21st century , continuously since its ratification on June 15 , 1780 Jump up ^ Jensen , The Founding of a Nation ( 1968 ) pp. 678 -- 9 Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture ( 1997 ) pp. 41 -- 46 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 30 Jump up ^ Klos , President Who ? Forgotten Founders ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Jeremy Black , Crisis of Empire : Britain and America in the Eighteenth Century ( 2008 ) p 140 ^ Jump up to : Schecter , Barnet . The Battle for New York : The City at the Heart of the American Revolution . ( 2002 ) ^ Jump up to : McCullough , 1776 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Alan Valentine , Lord George Germain ( 1962 ) pp 309 -- 10 ^ Jump up to : Larry G. Bowman , Captive Americans : Prisoners During the American Revolution ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ John C. Miller , Triumph of Freedom , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1948 ) p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , The Papers of Alexander Hamilton ( 1974 ) p. 28 Jump up ^ Stanley Weintraub , Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2005 ) p. 151 Jump up ^ Mackesy , The War for America ( 1993 ) p. 568 ^ Jump up to : Higginbotham , The War of American Independence ( 1983 ) p. 83 Jump up ^ Crow and Tise , The Southern Experience in the American Revolution ( 1978 ) p. 157 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Henry Lumpkin , From Savannah to Yorktown : The American Revolution in the South ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Brendan Morrissey , Yorktown 1781 : The World Turned Upside Down ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Harvey pp 493 -- 515 Jump up ^ John Ferling , Almost A Miracle : The American Victory in the War of Independence ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Joseph J. Ellis ( 2013 ) . Revolutionary Summer : The Birth of American Independence . Random House . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Harvey p. 528 Jump up ^ A final naval battle was fought on March 10 , 1783 by Captain John Barry and the crew of the USS Alliance , who defeated three British warships led by HMS Sybille . Martin I.J. Griffin , The Story of Commodore John Barry ( 2010 ) pp 218 -- 23 Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull , The French Navy and American Independence ( 1975 ) p. 248 Jump up ^ Richard H. Kohn , Eagle and Sword : The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America , 1783 -- 1802 ( 1975 ) pp 17 -- 39 Jump up ^ Charles R. Ritcheson , `` The Earl of Shelbourne and Peace with America , 1782 -- 1783 : Vision and Reality . '' International History Review 5 # 3 ( 1983 ) : 322 - 345 . Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull ( 1987 ) . A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution . Yale up . pp. 144 -- 151 . Jump up ^ William Deverell , ed. ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American West . p. 17 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : William Hague , William Pitt the Younger ( 2004 ) ^ Jump up to : Jeremy Black , George III : America 's Last King ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Canny , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy , The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers ( 1987 ) pp. 81 , 119 ^ Jump up to : John Brewer , The sinews of power : war , money , and the English state , 1688 -- 1783 ( 1990 ) p 91 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Emergence of a National Economy , 1775 -- 1815 ( 1962 ) pp 23 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Charles Rappleye , Robert Morris : Financier of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) pp 225 -- 52 Jump up ^ Edwin J. Perkins , American public finance and financial services , 1700 - 1815 ( 1994 ) pp 85 - 106 . Complete text line free Jump up ^ Oliver Harry Chitwood , A History of Colonial America ( 1961 ) pp 586 -- 589 Jump up ^ Terry M. Mays ( 2005 ) . Historical Dictionary of Revolutionary America . Scarecrow Press . pp. 73 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Ralph Volney Harlow , `` Aspects of Revolutionary Finance , 1775 -- 1783 , '' American Historical Review ( 1929 ) 35 # 1 pp. 46 -- 68 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Erna Risch , Supplying Washington 's Army ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ E. Wayne Carp , To Starve the Army at Pleasure : Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ E. James Ferguson , The power of the purse : A history of American public finance , 1776 -- 1790 ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole , eds . Companion to the American Revolution , pp. 557 -- 624 Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris , The Forging of the Union : 1781 -- 1789 ( 1987 ) pp 245 -- 266 Jump up ^ Morris , The Forging of the Union : 1781 -- 1789 pp 300 -- 13 Jump up ^ Morris , The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 pp 300 -- 22 Jump up ^ Jensen , The New Nation ( 1950 ) p. 379 Jump up ^ Joseph J. Ellis , His Excellency : George Washington ( 2004 ) p 204 Jump up ^ Robert A. Ferguson , The American Enlightenment , 1750 - 1820 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Alexander , Revolutionary Politician , 103 , 136 ; Maier , Old Revolutionaries , 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , pp. 136 - 138 Jump up ^ Jeffrey D. Schultz ; et al. ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Religion in American Politics . Greenwood . p. 148 . Jump up ^ Waldron ( 2002 ) , p. 136 Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd ( 2010 ) : God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution , New York , N.Y. , pp. 6 - 7 Jump up ^ Charles W. Toth , Liberte , Egalite , Fraternite : The American Revolution and the European Response. ( 1989 ) p. 26 . Jump up ^ page 101 , Philosophical Tales , by Martin Cohen , ( Blackwell 2008 ) Jump up ^ Stanley Weintraub , Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2005 ) chapter 1 Jump up ^ Bailyn , The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) pp. 125 -- 37 Jump up ^ Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) pp. 35 , 174 -- 5 Jump up ^ Shalhope , Toward a Republican Synthesis ( 1972 ) pp. 49 -- 80 Jump up ^ Adams quoted in Paul A. Rahe , Republics Ancient and Modern : Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution . Volume : 2 ( 1994 ) P. 23 . Jump up ^ Linda K. Kerber , Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America ( 1997 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , The Commonalities of Common Sense ( 2000 ) pp. 465 -- 504 ^ Jump up to : Bonomi , p. 186 , Chapter 7 `` Religion and the American Revolution Jump up ^ William H. Nelson , The American Tory ( 1961 ) p. 186 Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , pp. 3 - 6 Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Kidd ( 2010 ) , p. 141 Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , p. 302 Jump up ^ Bailyn , The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) p. 303 Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Alan Heimert , Religion and the American Mind : From the Great Awakening to the Revolution . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1967 . Jump up ^ John Ferling , Setting the World Ablaze : Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and the American Revolution ( 2002 ) p. 281 ^ Jump up to : Labaree , Conservatism in Early American History ( 1948 ) pp. 164 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Hull et al. , Choosing Sides ( 1978 ) pp. 344 -- 66 ^ Jump up to : Burrows and Wallace , The American Revolution ( 1972 ) pp. 167 -- 305 Jump up ^ J. Franklin Jameson , The American Revolution Considered as a Social Movement ( 1926 ) ; other historians pursuing the same line of thought included Charles A. Beard , Carl Becker and Arthur Schlesinger , Sr ... Jump up ^ Wood , Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution ( 1966 ) pp. 3 -- 32 ^ Jump up to : Nash ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Resch ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy , `` ' If Others Will Not Be Active , I must Drive ' : George III and the American Revolution . '' Early American Studies 2004 2 ( 1 ) : pp 1 -- 46 . P.D.G. Thomas , `` George III and the American Revolution . '' History 1985 70 ( 228 ) : 16 -- 31 , says the king played a minor role before 1775 . Jump up ^ Carol Sue Humphrey , The American Revolution and the Press : The Promise of Independence ( Northwestern University Press ; 2013 ) Jump up ^ Robert M. Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Jack P. Greene ; J.R. Pole ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . John Wiley & Sons . p. 235 . Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lender , review of American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) by T.H. Breen , in The Journal of Military History ( 2012 ) 76 # 1 p. 233 -- 4 Jump up ^ Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Greene and Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 1980 ) at page 235 Jump up ^ Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Greene and Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 1980 ) pp 235 - 47 , Jump up ^ Sheila L. Skemp , Benjamin and William Franklin : Father and Son , Patriot and Loyalist ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Joan Magee ( 1984 ) . Loyalist Mosaic : A Multi-Ethnic Heritage . Dundurn . p. 137ff . ^ Jump up to : Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapters 20 -- 22 Jump up ^ `` Chaos in New York '' . Black Loyalists : Our People , Our History . Canada 's Digital Collections . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Eileen K. Cheng ( 2008 ) . The Plain and Noble Garb of Truth : Nationalism & Impartiality in American Historical Writing , 1784 -- 1860 . University of Georgia Press . p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Berkin , Revolutionary Mothers ( 2006 ) p. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 41 Jump up ^ Kerber , Women of the Republic ( 1997 ) chapters 4 and 6 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton , Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Jonathan Dull , A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( 1985 ) pp. 57 -- 65 Jump up ^ Thompson , Buchanan Parker , Spain : Forgotten Ally of the American Revolution North Quincy , Mass. : Christopher Publishing House , 1976 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 2004 ) chapters 19 , 46 and 51 ; Colin G. Calloway , The American Revolution in Indian Country : Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Joseph T. Glatthaar and James Kirby Martin , Forgotten Allies : The Oneida Indians and the American Revolution ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Tom Hatley , The Dividing Paths : Cherokees and South Carolinians through the Era of Revolution ( 1993 ) ; James H. O'Donnell , III , Southern Indians in the American Revolution ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ see Barbara Graymont , `` Thayendanegea '' , Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online ^ Jump up to : Colin G. Calloway , The American Revolution in Indian Country : Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Joseph R. Fischer , A Well - Executed Failure : The Sullivan Campaign against the Iroquois , July -- September 1779 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Calloway ( 1995 ) p. 290 Jump up ^ Smith , Dwight L. ( 1989 ) . `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea '' . Northwest Ohio Quarterly . 61 ( 2 -- 4 ) : 46 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Francis M. Carroll , A Good and Wise Measure : The Search for the Canadian - American Boundary , 1783 -- 1842 ( 2001 ) p. 23 Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash , `` The African Americans Revolution , '' in Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2012 ) edited by Edward G Gray and Jane Kamensky pp 250 - 70 , at p 254 Jump up ^ Ray Raphael , A People 's History of the American Revolution ( 2001 ) p 281 Jump up ^ Revolutionary War : The Home Front , Library of Congress Jump up ^ Davis p. 148 Jump up ^ Davis p. 149 Jump up ^ Schama pp. 28 -- 30 p. 78 -- 90 Jump up ^ Stanley Weintraub , Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2005 ) p. 7 Jump up ^ Schama , p. 75 Jump up ^ Hochschild p. 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery : 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1993 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Kolchin , American Slavery , p. 73 Jump up ^ Hill ( 2007 ) , see also blackloyalist.com Jump up ^ W. Stewart Wallace , The United Empire Loyalists : A Chronicle of the Great Migration ( Toronto , 1914 ) online edition Jump up ^ Van Tine , American Loyalists ( 1902 ) p 307 Jump up ^ David McCullough , John Adams ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Greene , The American Revolution ( 2000 ) pp. 93 -- 102 Jump up ^ Wood , The American Revolution : A History ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Murrin , John M. ; Johnson , Paul E. ; McPherson , James M. ; Fahs , Alice ; Gerstle , Gary ( 2012 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : A History of the American People ( 6th ed . ) . Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . p. 296 . ISBN 9780495904991 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Voting Rights '' . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Crews , Ed . `` Voting in Early America '' . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ McCool , Daniel , Susan M. Olson , and Jennifer L. Robinson . Native Vote , Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press , 2007 . Jump up ^ Edmund S. Morgan ( 2005 ) . The Genuine Article : A Historian Looks at Early America . W.W. Norton . p. 246 . Jump up ^ Gordon Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) pp. 278 -- 79 Jump up ^ Palmer , ( 1959 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) ch 53 -- 55 Jump up ^ Wim Klooster , Revolutions in the Atlantic World : A Comparative History ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ R.B. McDowell , Ireland in the Age of Imperialism and Revolution , 1760 -- 1801 ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Palmer , ( 1959 ) ; Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapters 49 -- 52 Jump up ^ Center for History and New Media , Liberty , equality , fraternity ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole p. 409 , 453 -- 54 Jump up ^ Linda K. Kerber , et al. `` Beyond Roles , Beyond Spheres : Thinking about Gender in the Early Republic , '' William and Mary Quarterly , ( 1989 ) , 46 # 3 565 -- 85 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton , Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women , 1750 -- 1800 ( 3rd ed. 1996 ) Jump up ^ Woody Holton ( 2010 ) . Abigail Adams . Simon and Schuster . p. 172 . Jump up ^ Rosemarie Zagarri , Revolutionary Backlash : Women and Politics in the Early American Republic ( 2007 ) . quote p 8 Jump up ^ Klinghoffer and Elkis ( `` The Petticoat Electors : W omen 's Suffrage in New Jersey , 1776 -- 1807 '' , Journal of the Early Republic 12 , no . 2 ( 1992 ) : 159 -- 193 . ) Jump up ^ Michael Kammen , A Season of Youth : The American Revolution and the Historical Imagination ( 1978 ) ; Kammen , Mystic Chords of Memory : The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Jean B. Lee , `` Historical Memory , Sectional Strife , and the American Mecca : Mount Vernon , 1783 - 1853 , '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography ( 2001 ) 109 # 3 pp. 255 - 300 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Jonathan B. Crider , `` De Bow 's Revolution : The Memory of the American Revolution in the Politics of the Sectional Crisis , 1850 - 1861 , '' American Nineteenth Century History ( 2009 ) 10 # 3 pp 317 -- 332 Jump up ^ David Ryan , `` Re-enacting Independence through Nostalgia - The 1976 US Bicentennial after the Vietnam War , '' Forum for Inter-American Research ( 2012 ) 5 # 3 pp 26 -- 48 . ^ Jump up to : Catherine L. Albanese , Sons of the Fathers : The Civil Religion of the American Revolution ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Robert P. Hay , `` George Washington : American Moses , '' American Quarterly ( 1969 ) 21 # 4 pp 780 - 91 in JSTOR References Bailyn , Bernard ( 1992 ) . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 44302 - 0 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Becker , Carl ( 1922 ) . The Declaration of Independence : a Study in the History of Political Ideas . New York : Harcourt , Brace and Company . Berkin , Carol ( 2006 ) . Revolutionary Mothers : Women in the Struggle for America 's Independence . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7532 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Boorstin , Daniel J. ( 1953 ) . The Genius of American Politics . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 06491 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Brinkley , Douglas ( 2010 ) . `` The Sparck of Rebellion '' . American Heritage Magazine . 59 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0002 - 8738 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Burrows , Edwin G. ; Wallace , Michael ( 1972 ) . `` The American Revolution : The Ideology and Psychology of National Liberation '' . Perspectives in American History . 6 : 167 -- 305 . Calhoon , Robert M. ( 1992 ) . `` Loyalism and Neutrality '' . In Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 244 - 0 . OCLC 94003190 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Canny , Nicholas ( 1998 ) . The Origins of Empire , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I. Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924676 - 9 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Center for History and New Media ( 2010 ) . `` Liberty , equality , fraternity : exploring the French Revolution . Chapter 3 : Enlightenment and human rights '' . Fairfax , Virginia : George Mason University . Archived from the original on 15 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Chisick , Harvey ( 2005 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment . pp. 313 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5097 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Crow , Jeffrey J. ; Tise , Larry E. , eds. ( 1978 ) . The Southern Experience in the American Revolution . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1313 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Ferguson , Robert A. ( 2000 ) . `` The Commonalities of Common Sense '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 57 ( 3 ) : 465 -- 504 . doi : 10.2307 / 2674263 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 2674263 . Fifth Virginia Convention ( 1776 ) . `` Preamble and Resolution of the Virginia Convention , May 15 , 1776 '' . New Haven , CT : Lillian Goldman Law Library . Archived from the original on 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 1992 ) . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 244 - 0 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 2003 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 1674 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Greene , Jack P. ( 2000 ) . `` The American Revolution '' . The American Historical Review . 105 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 102 . doi : 10.2307 / 2652437 . ISSN 1937 - 5239 . JSTOR 2652437 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Griffin , Martin Ignatius Joseph ( 1903 ) . Commodore John Barry : `` the father of the American navy '' . Philadelphia : self - published . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Hamilton , Alexander ( 1974 ) . Syrett , Harold C. , ed . The Papers of Alexander Hamilton . XX . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 08919 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Higginbotham , Don ( 1983 ) . The War of American Independence : Military Attitudes , Policies , and Practice , 1763 -- 1789 . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 551460 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Hull , N.E.H. ; Hoffer , Peter C. ; Allen , Steven L. ( 1978 ) . `` Choosing Sides : A Quantitative Study of the Personality Determinants of Loyalist and Revolutionary Political Affiliation in New York '' . Journal of American History . 65 ( 2 ) : 344 -- 66 . doi : 10.2307 / 1894084 . ISSN 0021 - 8723 . JSTOR 1894084 . Jensen , Merrill ( 2004 ) . The Founding of a Nation : a History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 . Indianapolis , Indiana : Hackett Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 706 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Jensen , Merrill ( 1950 ) . The New Nation : a History of the United States during the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 . New York : Random House Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 70527 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Kerber , Linda K. ( 1997 ) . Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4632 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Klos , Stanley L. ( 2004 ) . President Who ? Forgotten Founders . Pittsburgh : Evisum , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9752627 - 5 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Labaree , Leonard Woods ( 1948 ) . Conservatism in Early American History ( Anson G. Phelps lectureship on early American history ) . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Lee , Richard Henry ( 1776 ) . `` Lee 's Resolutions '' . New Haven , CT : Lillian Goldman Law Library . Archived from the original on 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Mackesy , Piers ( 1993 ) . The War for America : 1775 -- 1783 . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8192 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Maier , Pauline ( 1997 ) . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 45492 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Maier , Pauline ( 1991 ) . From Resistance to Revolution : Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain , 1765 -- 1776 . New York : W.W. Norton and Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30825 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Shalhope , Robert E. ( 1972 ) . `` Toward a Republican Synthesis '' ( PDF ) . The William and Mary Quarterly . 29 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 80 . doi : 10.2307 / 1921327 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Shy , John ( 2008 ) . Toward Lexington : The Role of the British Army in the Coming of the American Revolution . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59740 - 414 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Stephens , Otis H. ; Glenn , Richard A. ( 2006 ) . Unreasonable Searches and Seizures : Rights and Liberties under the Law . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 503 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Warren , Charles ( 1945 ) . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 2 ( 3 ) : 237 -- 272 . doi : 10.2307 / 1921451 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 1921451 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 1966 ) . `` Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 23 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 32 . doi : 10.2307 / 2936154 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 2936154 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 1993 ) . The Radicalism of the American Revolution . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 73688 - 2 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2003 ) . The American Revolution : A History . New York : Modern Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7041 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Wraight , Christopher D. ( 2008 ) . Rousseau 's The Social Contract : A Reader 's Guide . London : Continuum Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9860 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Bibliography Further information : Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War and Bibliography of George Washington Reference works Barnes , Ian , and Charles Royster . The Historical Atlas of the American Revolution ( 2000 ) , maps and commentary excerpt and text search Blanco , Richard L. ; Sanborn , Paul J. ( 1993 ) . The American Revolution , 1775 -- 1783 : An Encyclopedia . New York : Garland Publishing Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5623 - 0 . Boatner , Mark Mayo III ( 1974 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Revolution ( 2 ed . ) . New York : Charles Scribners and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 31513 - 3 . Cappon , Lester J. Atlas of Early American History : The Revolutionary Era , 1760 -- 1790 ( 1976 ) Fremont - Barnes , Gregory , and Richard A. Ryerson , eds . The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol. 2006 ) 1000 entries by 150 experts , covering all topics Gray , Edward G. , and Jane Kamensky , eds . The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2013 ) 672 pp ; 33 essays by scholars Greene , Jack P. and J.R. Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) , 777pp an expanded edition of Greene and Pole , eds . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution ( 1994 ) ; comprehensive coverage of political and social themes and international dimension ; thin on military Kennedy , Frances H. The American Revolution : A Historical Guidebook ( 2014 ) A guide to 150 famous historical sites . Purcell , L. Edward . Who Was Who in the American Revolution ( 1993 ) ; 1500 short biographies Resch , John P. , ed . Americans at War : Society , Culture and the Homefront vol 1 ( 2005 ) , articles by scholars Symonds , Craig L. and William J. Clipson . A Battlefield Atlas of the American Revolution ( 1986 ) new diagrams of each battle Surveys of the era Allison , Robert . The American Revolution : A Concise History ( 2011 ) 128pp excerpt and text search Axelrod , Alan . The Real History of the American Revolution : A New Look at the Past ( 2009 ) , well - illustrated popular history Bancroft , George . History of the United States of America , from the discovery of the American continent . ( 1854 -- 78 ) , vol 4 -- 10 online edition , classic 19th century narrative ; highly detailed Black , Jeremy . War for America : The Fight for Independence 1775 -- 1783 ( 2001 ) 266pp ; by leading British scholar Brown , Richard D. , and Thomas Paterson , eds . Major Problems in the Era of the American Revolution , 1760 -- 1791 : Documents and Essays ( 2nd ed. 1999 ) Christie , Ian R. and Benjamin W. Labaree . Empire or Independence : 1760 - 1776 ( 1976 ) Cogliano , Francis D. Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 ; A Political History ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) , British textbook Ellis , Joseph J. American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies in the Founding of the Republic ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Higginbotham , Don . The War of American Independence : Military Attitudes , Policies , and Practice , 1763 -- 1789 ( 1983 ) Online in ACLS Humanities E-book Project ; comprehensive coverage of military and domestic aspects of the war . Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution 1763 -- 1776 . ( 2004 ) Knollenberg , Bernhard . Growth of the American Revolution : 1766 -- 1775 ( 2003 ) Lecky , William Edward Hartpole . The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1783 ( 1898 ) , older British perspective online edition Mackesy , Piers . The War for America : 1775 -- 1783 ( 1992 ) , British military study online edition Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 ( Oxford History of the United States , 2005 ) . online edition Miller , John C. Triumph of Freedom , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1948 ) online edition Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution ( 1943 ) online edition , to 1775 Rakove , Jack N. Revolutionaries : A New History of the Invention of America ( 2010 ) interpretation by leading scholar excerpt and text search Taylor , Alan . American Revolutions : A Continental History , 1750 - 1804 ( 2016 ) 704pp ; recent survey by leading scholar Weintraub , Stanley . Iron Tears : Rebellion in America 1775 -- 83 ( 2005 ) excerpt and text search , popular Wood , Gordon S. Revolutionary Characters : What Made the Founders Different ( 2007 ) Wrong , George M. Washington and His Comrades in Arms : A Chronicle of the War of Independence ( 1921 ) online short survey by Canadian scholar online Specialized Studies Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . ( Harvard University Press , 1967 ) . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44301 - 2 Bangs , Jeremy D . `` The Travels of Elkanah Watson '' . ( McFarland & Company , 2015 ) . Becker , Carl . The Declaration of Independence : A Study on the History of Political Ideas ( 1922 ) Becker , Frank : The American Revolution as a European Media Event , European History Online , Mainz : Institute of European History , 2011 , retrieved : October 25 , 2011 . Berkin , Carol. Revolutionary Mothers : Women in the Struggle for America 's Independence ( 2006 ) Bonomi , Patricia U. , Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) Breen , T.H. The Marketplace of Revolution : How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence ( 2005 ) Breen , T.H. American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) 337 pages ; examines rebellions in 1774 -- 76 including loosely organized militants took control before elected safety committees emerged . Brunsman , Denver , and David J Silverman , eds . The American Revolution Reader ( Routledge Readers in History , 2013 ) 472pp ; essays by leading scholars Chernow , Ron . Washington : A Life ( 2010 ) detailed biography ; Pulitzer Prize Crow , Jeffrey J. and Larry E. Tise , eds . The Southern Experience in the American Revolution ( 1978 ) Fischer , David Hackett . Paul Revere 's Ride ( 1995 ) , Minutemen in 1775 Fischer , David Hackett . Washington 's Crossing ( 2004 ) . 1776 campaigns ; Pulitzer prize . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517034 - 2 Freeman , Douglas Southall . Washington ( 1968 ) Pulitzer Prize ; abridged version of 7 vol biography Horne , Gerald . The Counter-Revolution of 1776 : Slave Resistance and the Origins of the United States of America . ( New York University Press , 2014 ) . ISBN 1479893404 Kerber , Linda K. Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America ( 1979 ) Kidd , Thomas S. God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) McCullough , David . 1776 ( 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2671 - 2 ; popular narrative of the year 1776 Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Nash , Gary B . The Unknown American Revolution : The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America . ( 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03420 - 7 Nevins , Allan ; The American States during and after the Revolution , 1775 -- 1789 1927 . online edition Norton , Mary Beth . Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women , 1750 -- 1800 ( 1980 ) O'Shaughnessy Andrew Jackson . The Men Who Lost America : British Leadership , the American Revolution , and the Fate of the Empire ( Yale University Press ; 2013 ) 466 pages ; on top British leaders Palmer , Robert R . The Age of the Democratic Revolution : A Political History of Europe and America , 1760 -- 1800 . vol 1 ( 1959 ) online edition Resch , John Phillips and Walter Sargent , eds . War and Society in the American Revolution : Mobilization and Home Fronts ( 2006 ) Rothbard , Murray , Conceived in Liberty ( 2000 ) , Volume III : Advance to Revolution , 1760 -- 1775 and Volume IV : The Revolutionary War , 1775 -- 1784 . ISBN 0 - 945466 - 26 - 9 , libertarian perspective Van Tyne , Claude Halstead . American Loyalists : The Loyalists in the American Revolution ( 1902 ) online edition Volo , James M. and Dorothy Denneen Volo . Daily Life during the American Revolution ( 2003 ) Wahlke , John C. ed . The Causes of the American Revolution ( 1967 ) readings Wood , Gordon S. American Revolution ( 2005 ) ( excerpt and text search ) 208pp excerpt and text search Wood , Gordon S . The Radicalism of the American Revolution : How a Revolution Transformed a Monarchical Society into a Democratic One Unlike Any That Had Ever Existed. ( 1992 ) , by a leading scholar Historiography Breen , Timothy H. `` Ideology and nationalism on the eve of the American Revolution : Revisions once more in need of revising . '' Journal of American History ( 1997 ) : 13 - 39 . in JSTOR Schocket , Andrew M. Fighting over the Founders : How We Remember the American Revolution ( 2014 ) , how politicians , screenwriters , activists , biographers , museum professionals , and reenactors portray the American Revolution . excerpt Sehat , David . The Jefferson Rule : How the Founding Fathers Became Infallible and Our Politics Inflexibl ( 2015 ) excerpt Shalhope , Robert E. `` Toward a republican synthesis : the emergence of an understanding of republicanism in American historiography . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1972 ) : 49 - 80 . in JSTOR Waldstreicher , David . `` The Revolutions of Revolution Historiography : Cold War Contradance , Neo-Imperial Waltz , or Jazz Standard ? . '' Reviews in American History 42.1 ( 2014 ) : 23 - 35 . online Wood , Gordon S. `` Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1966 ) : 4 - 32 . in JSTOR Primary sources The American Revolution : Writings from the War of Independence ( 2001 ) , Library of America , 880pp Commager , Henry Steele and Morris , Richard B. , eds . The Spirit of ' Seventy - Six : The Story of the American Revolution As Told by Participants ( 1975 ) ( ISBN 0 - 06 - 010834 - 7 ) short excerpts from hundreds of official and unofficial primary sources Dann , John C. , ed . The Revolution Remembered : Eyewitness Accounts of the War for Independence ( 1999 ) excerpt and text search , recollections by ordinary soldiers Gerlach , Larry ( editor ) ( 2002 ) . `` New Jersey in the American Revolution , 1763 - 1783 : A Documentary History '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Historical Commission . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Humphrey , Carol Sue ed . The Revolutionary Era : Primary Documents on Events from 1776 to 1800 ( 2003 ) , 384pp ; newspaper accounts excerpt and text search Jensen , Merill , ed . Tracts of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 ( 1967 ) . American pamphlets Jensen , Merill , ed . English Historical Documents : American Colonial Documents to 1776 : Volume 9 ( 1955 ) , 890pp ; major collection of important documents Morison , Samuel E. ed . Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution , 1764 -- 1788 , and the Formation of the Federal Constitution ( 1923 ) . 370 pp online version Tansill , Charles C. ed. ; Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States . Government Printing Office . ( 1927 ) . 1124 pages online version Martin Kallich and Andrew MacLeish , eds . The American Revolution through British eyes ( 1962 ) primary documents Contemporary sources : Annual Register Murdoch , David H. ed . Rebellion in America : A Contemporary British Viewpoint , 1769 - 1783 ( 1979 ) , 900 + pp of annotated excerpts from Annual Register Annual Register 1773 , British compendium of speeches and reports 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 External links Library of Congress Guide to the American Revolution 132 historic photographs dealing with the personalities , monuments , weapons and locations of the American Revolution ; these are pre-1923 and out of copyright . Pictures of the Revolutionary War : Select Audiovisual Records , National Archives and Records Administration selection of images , including a number of non-military events and portraits Revolution ! The Atlantic World Reborn , Revolution ! explores the enormous transformations in the world 's politics that took place from 1763 - 1815 , with particular attention to three globally influential revolutions in America , France , and Haiti . Linking the attack on monarchism and aristocracy to the struggle against slavery , Revolution ! shows how freedom , equality , and the sovereignty of the people became universal goals. New - York Historical Society PBS Television Series Chickasaws Conflicted by the American Revolution - Chickasaw.TV Smithsonian study unit on Revolutionary Money The American Revolution : Lighting Freedom 's Flame , US National Park Service website Honored Places : The National Park Service Teacher 's Guide to the American Revolution Haldimand Collection Letters regarding the war to important generals . Fully indexed `` Military History of Revolution '' with links to documents , maps , URLs American Independence Museum Black Loyalist Heritage Society Spanish and Latin American contribution to the American Revolution American Archives : Documents of the American Revolution at Northern Illinois University Libraries American Revolution study guide and teacher resources AmericanRevolution.Org Resource for pre collegiate historical educational institutions The American Revolution , the History Channel ( US cable television ) website Gayle Olson - Ramer , `` Half a Revolution '' , 16 - page teaching guide for high school students , Zinn Education Project / Rethinking Schools `` Counter-Revolution of 1776 '' : Was U.S. Independence War a Conservative Revolt in Favor of Slavery ? Democracy Now ! June 27 , 2014 . Origins of the American Revolution : writings American resolves , declarations , petitions , essays and pamphlets prior to the Declaration of Independence ( July 1776 ) Following the Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Virginia Resolves ( May 1765 ) Braintree Instructions ( September 1765 ) Declaration of Rights and Grievances ( October 1765 ) An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies ( 1766 ) Following the Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1767 , 1768 ) Massachusetts Circular Letter ( February 1768 ) Journal of Occurrences ( 1768 , 1769 ) Virginia Association ( May 1769 ) Boston Pamphlet ( 1772 ) Sheffield Declaration ( January 1773 ) Following the Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Maryland Chestertown Resolves ( May 1774 ) Bush River Resolution ( March 1775 ) Massachusetts Suffolk Resolves ( September 1774 ) New York Orangetown Resolutions ( July 1774 ) A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( December 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( February 1775 ) North Carolina Mecklenburg Resolves or Declaration ( May 1775 ) Liberty Point Resolves ( June 1775 ) Tryon Resolves ( August 1775 ) Halifax Resolves ( April 1776 ) Virginia Fairfax Resolves ( July 1774 ) Fincastle Resolutions ( January 1775 ) Virginia Declaration of Rights ( June 1776 ) 1st Continental Congress Declaration and Resolves ( October 1774 ) Continental Association ( October 1774 ) Petition to the King ( October 1774 ) 2nd Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition ( July 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( July 1775 ) May 15 preamble ( May 1776 ) Lee Resolution ( July 1776 ) Essays and pamphlets `` Letters to the inhabitants of Canada '' ( 1774 , 1775 , 1776 ) A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Novanglus ( 1775 ) Common Sense ( January 1776 ) Thoughts on Government ( Spring , 1776 ) British law and the American Revolution Royal Proclamations , Acts of Parliament , and other legal issues relating to the American Revolution Before 1763 Navigation Acts Wool Act ( 1699 ) Hat Act ( 1732 ) Molasses Act ( 1733 ) Iron Act ( 1750 ) Grenville ministry ( 1763 -- 1765 ) Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act ( 1764 ) Currency Act ( 1764 ) Quartering Act ( 1765 ) Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Rockingham ministry ( 1765 -- 1766 ) Repeal Act ( March 1766 ) Declaratory Act ( March 1766 ) Revenue Act ( June 1766 ) Chatham and Grafton ministries ( 1766 -- 1770 ) Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) North ministry ( 1770 -- 1782 ) Repeal Act ( 1770 ) Tea Act ( 1773 ) Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Conciliatory Resolution ( February 1775 ) Restraining Acts ( March & April 1775 ) Proclamation of Rebellion ( August 1775 ) Prohibitory Act ( December 1775 ) Taxation of Colonies Act ( 1778 ) Other legal issues Rights of Englishmen Writ of assistance Admiralty courts Parson 's Cause ( 1763 ) Taxation without representation Historical documents of the United States Constitution Preamble & Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin ( State Domestic Institutions ) Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights See also List of Constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Conventions to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility ( Emolument ) Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Signatories Convention President George Washington New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris Delaware George Read Gunning Bedford Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence Declaration of Independence Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution Articles of Confederation Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the king of england when the american colonies rebelled | [
"Support for the conflict had never been strong in Britain, where many sympathized with the Americans, but now it reached a new low.[72] King George III personally wanted to fight on, but his supporters lost control of Parliament and no further major land offensives were launched in the American Theater.[65][73]"
] | [
"King George III"
] |
2461645456328655342 | Remember Me (Pixar song) | Remember Me ( Pixar song ) - wikipedia Remember Me ( Pixar song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Remember Me '' Song by Natalia Lafourcade / Miguel / Benjamin Bratt / Gael García Bernal / Anthony Gonzalez / Ana Ofelia Murguía from the album Coco ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Released November 10 , 2017 Recorded 2017 Length 1 : 49 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Kristen Anderson - Lopez Robert Lopez Coco ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) track listing `` Remember Me '' ( 1 ) `` Much Needed Advice '' ( 2 ) `` Remember Me '' is a song from the 2017 animated Pixar film Coco , written by Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson - Lopez . The song is performed variously within the film by Benjamin Bratt , Gael García Bernal , Anthony Gonzalez , and Ana Ofelia Murguía . Miguel and Natalia Lafourcade perform a pop version of the song that is featured in the film 's end credits . Carlos Rivera recorded a cover version of the song , titled `` Recuérdame '' for the film 's Spanish - language soundtrack album . It won Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Context 2 History 2.1 Production 2.2 Impact 3 Accolades 4 References 5 External links Context ( edit ) The song is used in a variety of contexts throughout the film . It is known as Ernesto de la Cruz 's ( Benjamin Bratt ) most popular song written by his music partner Héctor Rivera ( Gael García Bernal ) , and is first introduced in a mariachi arrangement , as a plea from Ernesto to his fans to keep him in their minds even as he tours in other places . It then appears as a lullaby from Héctor to his daughter Coco , when he has to travel far as a traveling artist . It is then used as a nostalgic song to connect an older Coco ( Ana Ofelia Murguía ) to an earlier time in her life and to reunite Miguel Rivera ( Anthony Gonzalez ) with his great - grandmother . It then appears in a pop version played during the end credits , sung by singers Miguel and Natalia Lafourcade . The piece is the `` tie that binds multiple generations in the shared love of music '' . History ( edit ) Production ( edit ) Frozen team Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez were hired for the project . Director Lee Unkrich had admired them since they wrote Finding Nemo -- The Musical in 2006 . The film developed into a musical , but not a `` break - into - song '' type . A challenge with the song was in crafting lyrics that would pivot in meaning depending on the context in which they were sung . The team researched popular Mexican music , and wanted to write a song that could have been sung by Jorge Negrete or Pedro Infante . They wrote it as a bolero - ranchero style song , knowing that it could also work if performed as a quiet ballad . Robert wrote the music , and Kristen wrote the lyrics . She wanted to explore the idea of remembering people when they are far away , and explained `` the power of music to bring people back to life , literally and figuratively '' . The song seems to be inspired from Chopin 's `` Raindrop '' Prelude , Op 28 , No. 15 Impact ( edit ) The song has been adopted by many families as a way to help their kids cope with death , loss , or change . One video of a four - year - old serenading a memorial to his deceased sister went viral . Accolades ( edit ) `` Remember Me '' won the Academy Award for Best Original Song ( with this win , composer Robert Lopez becomes the first ever double EGOT winner ) . The song also won the Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Song and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song . Awards Award Result Academy Awards Best Original Song Won Critics ' Choice Awards Best Song Won Georgia Film Critics Association Best Original Song Won Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Song / Recording Created for a Film Nominated Houston Film Critics Society Best Original Song Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) . `` How ' Frozen ' Hitmakers Covered the Same Song Four Ways in ' Coco ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Mom Shares Video of Son Serenading Deceased Baby Sister With Ballad From ' Coco ' '' . KTLA. 2018 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Deadline article Pixar music Albums Toy Story The Incredibles Cars WALL - E Up Brave Songs `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` If I Did n't Have You '' `` Real Gone '' `` Life Is a Highway '' `` Our Town '' `` Down to Earth '' `` We Belong Together '' `` Remember Me '' Other albums Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Monsters , Inc . Scream Factory Favorites Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You ( Disney song ) '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Song 1998 -- 2000 `` When You Believe '' Music & Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` Music of My Heart '' Music & Lyrics : Diane Warren ( 1999 ) `` My Funny Friend and Me '' Music & Lyrics : David Hartley , Sting ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` May It Be '' Music & Lyrics : Enya , Nicky Ryan , Roma Ryan ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music & Lyrics : Jeff Bass , Eminem , Luis Resto , ( 2002 ) `` A Mighty Wind '' Music & Lyrics : Christopher Guest , Eugene Levy , Michael McKean ( 2003 ) `` Old Habits Die Hard '' Music & Lyrics : Mick Jagger , David Stewart ( 2004 ) `` Hustle & Flow '' Music & Lyrics : Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) `` Listen '' Music & Lyrics : Scott Cutler , Henry Krieger , Anne Preven ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music & Lyrics : Glen Hansard , Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` The Wrestler '' Music & Lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music & Lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` If I Rise '' Music & Lyrics : Rollo Armstrong , Dido , A.R. Rahman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- 2020 `` Life 's a Happy Song '' Music & Lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music & Lyrics : Adele , Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music & Lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez , Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music & Lyrics : Common , John Legend ( 2014 ) `` See You Again '' Music & Lyrics : Andrew Cedar , DJ Frank E , Wiz Khalifa , Charlie Puth ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz ; Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music & Lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez , Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remember_Me_(Pixar_song)&oldid=840974256 '' Categories : 2017 songs Pixar songs Songs written by Robert Lopez Songs written by Kristen Anderson - Lopez Songs about death Miguel ( singer ) songs Natalia Lafourcade songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Português ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 07 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the song remember me in coco | [
"\"Remember Me\" is a song from the 2017 animated Pixar film Coco, written by Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez. The song is performed variously within the film by Benjamin Bratt, Gael García Bernal, Anthony Gonzalez, and Ana Ofelia Murguía. Miguel and Natalia Lafourcade perform a pop version of the song that is featured in the film's end credits. Carlos Rivera recorded a cover version of the song, titled \"Recuérdame\" for the film's Spanish-language soundtrack album. It won Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards in 2018.",
"\"Remember Me\" is a song from the 2017 animated Pixar film Coco, written by Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez. The song is performed variously within the film by Benjamin Bratt, Gael García Bernal, Anthony Gonzalez, and Ana Ofelia Murguía. Miguel and Natalia Lafourcade perform a pop version of the song that is featured in the film's end credits. Carlos Rivera recorded a cover version of the song, titled \"Recuérdame\" for the film's Spanish-language soundtrack album. It won Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards in 2018.",
"\"Remember Me\" is a song from the 2017 animated Pixar film Coco, written by Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez. The song is performed variously within the film by Benjamin Bratt, Gael García Bernal, Anthony Gonzalez, and Ana Ofelia Murguía. Miguel and Natalia Lafourcade perform a pop version of the song that is featured in the film's end credits. Carlos Rivera recorded a cover version of the song, titled \"Recuérdame\" for the film's Spanish-language soundtrack album. It won Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards in 2018.",
"\"Remember Me\" is a song from the 2017 animated Pixar film Coco, written by Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez. The song is performed variously within the film by Benjamin Bratt, Gael García Bernal, Anthony Gonzalez, and Ana Ofelia Murguía. Miguel and Natalia Lafourcade perform a pop version of the song that is featured in the film's end credits. Carlos Rivera recorded a cover version of the song, titled \"Recuérdame\" for the film's Spanish-language soundtrack album. It won Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards in 2018.",
"\"Remember Me\" is a song from the 2017 animated Pixar film Coco, written by Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez. The song is performed variously within the film by Benjamin Bratt, Gael García Bernal, Anthony Gonzalez, and Ana Ofelia Murguía. Miguel and Natalia Lafourcade perform a pop version of the song that is featured in the film's end credits. Carlos Rivera recorded a cover version of the song, titled \"Recuérdame\" for the film's Spanish-language soundtrack album. It won Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards in 2018."
] | [
"Benjamin Bratt",
"Gael García Bernal",
"Anthony Gonzalez",
"Ana Ofelia Murguía",
"Miguel and Natalia Lafourcade"
] |
-636893145784599785 | Medicare (United States) | Medicare ( United States ) - wikipedia Medicare ( United States ) Not to be confused with Medicaid . A sample Medicare card . There are separate lines for basic Part A and Part B 's supplementary medical coverage , each with its own date . There are no lines for Part C or D , for which additional supplemental policies are issued with a separate card . In the United States , Medicare is a national health insurance program , now administered by the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services of the U.S. federal government but begun in 1966 under the Social Security Administration . United States Medicare is funded by a combination of a payroll tax , premiums and surtaxes from beneficiaries , and general revenue . It provides health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older who have worked and paid into the system through the payroll tax . It also provides health insurance to younger people with some disability status as determined by the Social Security Administration , as well as people with end stage renal disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . In 2015 , Medicare provided health insurance for over 55 million -- 46 million people age 65 and older and 9 million younger people . On average , Medicare covers about half of the healthcare charges for those enrolled . The enrollees must then cover their remaining costs either with supplemental insurance , separate insurance , or out of pocket . Out - of - pocket costs can vary depending on the amount of healthcare a Medicare enrollee needs . These out - of - pocket costs might include deductibles and co-pays ; the costs of uncovered services -- such as for long - term , dental , hearing , and vision care -- and supplemental insurance premiums . Medicare is further divided into parts A and B -- Medicare Part A covers hospital ( inpatient , formally admitted only ) , skilled nursing ( only after being formally admitted for three days and not for custodial care ) , and hospice services ; Part B covers outpatient services including some providers services while inpatient at a hospital . Part D covers self - administered prescription drugs . Part C is an alternative called Managed Medicare by the Trustees that allows patients to choose plans with at least the same benefits as Parts A and B ( but most often more ) , often the benefits of Part D , and always an annual out of pocket spend limit which A and B lack ; the beneficiary must enroll in Parts A and B first before signing up for Part C . Contents 1 History 2 Administration 3 Financing 4 Eligibility 5 Benefits and parts 5.1 Part A : Hospital / hospice insurance 5.2 Part B : Medical insurance 5.3 Part C : Medicare Advantage plans 5.4 Part D: Prescription drug plans 6 Out - of - pocket costs 6.1 Premiums 6.2 Deductible and coinsurance 6.3 Medicare supplement ( Medigap ) policies 7 Payment for services 7.1 Reimbursement for Part A services 7.2 Reimbursement for Part B services 7.2. 1 Provider participation 7.2. 2 Office medication reimbursement 7.2. 3 Medicare 10 percent incentive payments 8 Comparison with private insurance 9 Costs and funding challenges 9.1 Indicators 9.2 Total Medicare spending as a share of GDP 9.3 The solvency of the Medicare HI trust fund 9.4 Medicare per - capita spending growth relative to inflation and per - capita GDP growth 9.5 General fund revenue as a share of total Medicare spending 9.6 Unfunded obligation 9.7 Public opinion 9.8 Fraud and waste 10 Criticism 10.1 Unearned entitlement 10.2 Politicized payment 10.3 Quality of beneficiary services 10.4 Hospital accreditation 10.5 Graduate medical education 11 Legislation and reform 11.1 Effects of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 11.2 Proposals for reforming Medicare 12 Legislative oversight 13 See also 14 References 15 External links 15.1 Governmental links -- current 15.2 Governmental links -- historical 15.3 Non-governmental links History ( edit ) President Johnson signing the Medicare amendment . Former President Harry S. Truman ( seated ) and his wife , Bess , are on the far right The name `` Medicare '' was originally given to a program providing medical care for families of individuals serving in the military as part of the Dependents ' Medical Care Act , which was passed in 1956 . President Dwight D. Eisenhower held the first White House Conference on Aging in January 1961 , in which creating a health care program for social security beneficiaries was proposed . In July 1965 , under the leadership of President Lyndon Johnson , Congress enacted Medicare under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide health insurance to people age 65 and older , regardless of income or medical history . Johnson signed the bill into law on July 30 , 1965 at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library in Independence , Missouri . Former President Harry S. Truman and his wife , former First Lady Bess Truman became the first recipients of the program . Before Medicare was created , approximately 60 % of people over the age of 65 had health insurance , with coverage often unavailable or unaffordable to many others , as older adults paid more than three times as much for health insurance as younger people . Many of this latter group ( about 20 % of the total in 2015 ) became `` dual eligible '' for both Medicare and Medicaid with passing the law . In 1966 , Medicare spurred the racial integration of thousands of waiting rooms , hospital floors , and physician practices by making payments to health care providers conditional on desegregation . Medicare has been operated for a half century and , during that time , has undergone several changes . Since 1965 , the program 's provisions have expanded to include benefits for speech , physical , and chiropractic therapy in 1972 . Medicare added the option of payments to health maintenance organizations ( HMO ) in the 1980s . As the years progressed , Congress expanded Medicare eligibility to younger people with permanent disabilities and receive Social Security Disability Insurance ( SSDI ) payments and to those with end - stage renal disease ( ESRD ) . The association with HMOs begun in the 1980s was formalized under President Bill Clinton in 1997 as Medicare Part C ( although not all Part C health plans sponsors have to be HMOs , about 75 % are ) . In 2003 , under President George W. Bush , a Medicare program for covering almost all self administered prescription drugs was passed ( and went into effect in 2006 ) as Medicare Part D ( previously and still , professionally administered drugs such as chemotherapy but even the annual flu shot are covered under Part B) . The government added hospice benefits to aid elderly people on a temporary basis in 1982 , and made this permanent in 1984 . Congress further expanded Medicare in 2001 to cover younger people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS , or Lou Gehrig 's disease ) . Administration ( edit ) Health care in the United States Government Health Programs Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Indian Health Service Medicaid / State Health Insurance Assistance Program ( SHIP ) Medicare Prescription Assistance ( SPAP ) Military Health System / TRICARE State Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) Program of All - Inclusive Care for the Elderly ( PACE ) Veterans Health Administration Private health coverage Consumer - driven health care Flexible spending account ( FSA ) Health Reimbursement Account Health savings account ( HSA ) High - deductible health plan ( HDHP ) Medical savings account ( MSA ) Private Fee - For - Service ( PFFS ) Health insurance in the United States Managed care ( CCP ) Exclusive provider organization ( EPO ) Health maintenance organization ( HMO ) Preferred provider organization ( PPO ) Medical underwriting Health care reform law Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act ( 1986 ) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( 1996 ) Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act ( 2003 ) Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act ( 2005 ) Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act ( 2009 ) Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( 2010 ) State level reform Dirigo Health ( Maine ) Massachusetts health care reform Oregon Health Plan SustiNet ( Connecticut ) Vermont health care reform Municipal health coverage Fair Share Health Care Act ( Maryland ) Healthy Howard ( Howard Co. , Maryland ) Healthy San Francisco Healthy Way LA My Health LA This box : view talk edit The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) , a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) , administers Medicare , Medicaid , the Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) , the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments ( CLIA ) , and parts of the Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) ( `` Obamacare '' ) . Along with the Departments of Labor and Treasury , the CMS also implements the insurance reform provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ( HIPAA ) and most aspects of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 as amended . The Social Security Administration ( SSA ) is responsible for determining Medicare eligibility , eligibility for and payment of Extra Help / Low Income Subsidy payments related to Part D Medicare , and collecting some premium payments for the Medicare program . The Chief Actuary of the CMS must provide accounting information and cost - projections to the Medicare Board of Trustees to assist them in assessing the program 's financial health . The Board is required by law to issue annual reports on the financial status of the Medicare Trust Funds , and those reports are required to contain a statement of actuarial opinion by the Chief Actuary . Since the Medicare program began , the CMS ( that was not always the name of the responsible bureaucracy ) has contracted with private insurance companies to operate as intermediaries between the government and medical providers to administer Part A and Part B benefits . Contracted processes include claims and payment processing , call center services , clinician enrollment , and fraud investigation . Beginning in 1997 and 2005 , respectively , these , along with other insurance companies and other companies or organizations ( such as integrated health delivery systems or unions ) , also began administering Part C and Part D plans . The Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee ( or Relative Value Update Committee ; RUC ) , composed of physicians associated with the American Medical Association , advises the government about pay standards for Medicare patient procedures performed by doctors and other professionals under Medicare Part B. A similar but different CMS system determines the rates paid acute care and other hospitals -- including skilled nursing facilities -- under Medicare Part A . Financing ( edit ) Medicare has several sources of financing . Part A 's inpatient admitted hospital and skilled nursing coverage is largely funded by revenue from a 2.9 % payroll tax levied on employers and workers ( each pay 1.45 % ) . Until December 31 , 1993 , the law provided a maximum amount of compensation on which the Medicare tax could be imposed annually , in the same way that the Social Security tax works in the US . Beginning on January 1 , 1994 , the compensation limit was removed . Self - employed individuals must pay the entire 2.9 % tax on self - employed net earnings ( because they are both employee and employer ) , but they may deduct half of the tax from the income in calculating income tax . Beginning in 2013 , the rate of Part A tax on earned income exceeding US $200,000 for individuals ( US $250,000 for married couples filing jointly ) rose to 3.8 % , in order to pay part of the cost of the subsidies mandated by the Affordable Care Act . Parts B and D are partially funded by premiums paid by Medicare enrollees and general fund revenue . In 2006 , a surtax was added to Part B premium for higher - income seniors to partially fund Part D. In the Affordable Care Act 's legislation of 2010 , another surtax was then added to Part D premium for higher - income seniors to partially fund the Affordable Care Act and the number of Part B beneficiaries subject to the 2006 surtax was doubled , also partially to fund PPACA . Parts A and B / D use separate trust funds to receive and disburse the funds mentioned above . Part C uses these two trust funds as well in a proportion determined by the CMS reflecting how Part C beneficiaries are fully on Parts A and B of Medicare , but how their medical needs are paid for per capita rather than `` fee for service '' ( FFS ) . In 2015 , Medicare spending accounted for about 15 % of total US Federal spending . This share is projected to exceed 17 % by 2020 . Retirement of the Baby Boom generation -- which by 2030 is projected to increase enrollment to more than 80 million as the number of workers per enrollee declines from 3.7 to 2.4 -- and rising overall health care costs in the nation pose substantial financial challenges to the program . Medicare spending is projected to increase from $523 billion in 2010 to just over $1 trillion by 2022 . Baby - boomers ' health is also an important factor : 20 % have five or more chronic conditions , which will add to the future cost of health care . In response to these financial challenges , Congress made substantial cuts to future payouts to providers as part of PPACA in 2010 and the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 ( MACRA ) and policymakers have offered many additional competing proposals to reduce Medicare costs further . Nearly one in three dollars spent on Medicare flows through one of several cost - reduction programs . Cost reduction is influenced by factors including reduction in inappropriate and unnecessary care by evaluating evidence - based practices as well as reducing the amount of unnecessary , duplicative , and inappropriate care . Cost reduction may also be effected by reducing medical errors , investment in healthcare information technology , improving transparency of cost and quality data , increasing administrative efficiency , and by developing both clinical / non-clinical guidelines and quality standards . Eligibility ( edit ) In general , all persons 65 years of age or older who have been legal residents of the United States for at least five years are eligible for Medicare . People with disabilities under 65 may also be eligible if they receive Social Security Disability Insurance ( SSDI ) benefits . Specific medical conditions may also help people become eligible to enroll in Medicare . People qualify for Medicare coverage , and Medicare Part A premiums are entirely waived , if the following circumstances apply : They are 65 years or older and US citizens or have been permanent legal residents for five continuous years , and they or their spouse ( or qualifying ex-spouse ) has paid Medicare taxes for at least 10 years . or They are under 65 , disabled , and have been receiving either Social Security SSDI benefits or Railroad Retirement Board disability benefits ; they must receive one of these benefits for at least 24 months from date of entitlement ( eligibility for first disability payment ) before becoming eligible to enroll in Medicare . or They get continuing dialysis for end stage renal disease or need a kidney transplant . Those who are 65 and older who choose to enroll in Part A Medicare must pay a monthly premium to remain enrolled in Medicare Part A if they or their spouse have not paid the qualifying Medicare payroll taxes . People with disabilities who receive SSDI are eligible for Medicare while they continue to receive SSDI payments ; they lose eligibility for Medicare based on disability if they stop receiving SSDI . The 24 - month exclusion means that people who become disabled must wait two years before receiving government medical insurance , unless they have one of the listed diseases . The 24 - month period is measured from the date that an individual is determined to be eligible for SSDI payments , not necessarily when the first payment is actually received . Many new SSDI recipients receive `` back '' disability pay , covering a period that usually begins six months from the start of disability and ending with the first monthly SSDI payment . Some beneficiaries are dual - eligible . This means they qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid . In some states for those making below a certain income , Medicaid will pay the beneficiaries ' Part B premium for them ( most beneficiaries have worked long enough and have no Part A premium ) , as well as some of their out of pocket medical and hospital expenses . Benefits and Parts ( edit ) US Medicare logo ( 2008 ) Medicare has four parts : Part A is Hospital Insurance . Part B is Medical Insurance . Medicare Part D covers many prescription drugs , though some are covered by Part B. In general , the distinction is based on whether or not the drugs are self - administered . Part C health plans , the most popular of which are branded Medicare Advantage , are another way for Original Medicare ( Part A and B) beneficiaries to receive their Part A , B and D benefits . All Medicare benefits are subject to medical necessity . The original program included Parts A and B. Part - C - like plans have existed as demonstration projects in Medicare since the early 1980s but the Part was formalized by 1997 legislation . Part D was introduced January 1 , 2006 . Part a : hospital / hospice insurance ( edit ) Part A covers inpatient hospital stays where the beneficiary has been formally admitted to the hospital , including semi-private room , food , and tests . As of January 1 , 2018 , Medicare Part A has an inpatient hospital deductible of $1340 , coinsurance per day as $335 after 61 days confinement within one `` spell of illness '' , coinsurance for `` lifetime reserve days '' ( essentially , days 91 - 150 ) of $670 per day , and coinsurance in an Skilled Nursing Facility ( following a medically necessary hospital confinement of 3 night in row or more ) for days 21 - 100 of $167.50 per day ( up to 20 days of SNF confinement have no co-pay ) These amounts increase or decrease yearly on 1st day of the year . The maximum length of stay that Medicare Part A covers in a hospital inpatient stay or series of stays is typically 90 days . The first 60 days would be paid by Medicare in full , except one copay ( also and more commonly referred to as a `` deductible '' ) at the beginning of the 60 days of $1340 as of 2018 . Days 61 -- 90 require a co-payment of $335 per day as of 2018 . The beneficiary is also allocated `` lifetime reserve days '' that can be used after 90 days . These lifetime reserve days require a copayment of $670 per day as of 2018 , and the beneficiary can only use a total of 60 of these days throughout their lifetime . A new pool of 90 hospital days , with new copays of $1340 in 2018 and $335 per day for days 61 -- 90 , starts only after the beneficiary has 60 days continuously with no payment from Medicare for hospital or Skilled Nursing Facility confinement . Some `` hospital services '' can be done as inpatient services , which would be reimbursed under Part A ; or as outpatient services , which would be reimbursed , not under Part A , but under Part B instead . The `` Two - Midnight Rule '' decides which is which . In August 2013 , the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services announced a final rule concerning eligibility for hospital inpatient services effective October 1 , 2013 . Under the new rule , if a physician admits a Medicare beneficiary as an inpatient with an expectation that the patient will require hospital care that `` crosses two midnights , '' Medicare Part A payment is `` generally appropriate . '' However , if it is anticipated that the patient will require hospital care for less than two midnights , Medicare Part A payment is generally not appropriate ; payment such as is approved will be paid under Part B . The time a patient spends in the hospital before an inpatient admission is formally ordered is considered outpatient time . But , hospitals and physicians can take into consideration the pre-inpatient admission time when determining if a patient 's care will reasonably be expected to cross two midnights to be covered under Part A . In addition to deciding which trust fund is used to pay for these various outpatient vs. inpatient charges , the number of days for which a person is formally considered an admitted patient affects eligibility for Part A skilled nursing services . Medicare penalizes hospitals for readmissions . After making initial payments for hospital stays , Medicare will take back from the hospital these payments , plus a penalty of 4 to 18 times the initial payment , if an above - average number of patients from the hospital are readmitted within 30 days . These readmission penalties apply after some of the most common treatments : pneumonia , heart failure , heart attack , COPD , knee replacement , hip replacement . A study of 18 states conducted by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality ( AHRQ ) found that 1.8 million Medicare patients aged 65 and older were readmitted within 30 days of an initial hospital stay in 2011 ; the conditions with the highest readmission rates were congestive heart failure , septicemia , pneumonia , and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis . The highest penalties on hospitals are charged after knee or hip replacements , $265,000 per excess readmission . The goals are to encourage better post-hospital care and more referrals to hospice and end - of - life care in lieu of treatment , while the effect is also to reduce coverage in hospitals that treat poor and frail patients . The total penalties for above - average readmissions in 2013 are $280 million , for 7,000 excess readmissions , or $40,000 for each readmission above the US average rate . Part A fully covers brief stays for rehabilitation or convalescence in a skilled nursing facility and up to 100 days per medical necessity with a co-pay if certain criteria are met : A preceding hospital stay must be at least three days as an inpatient , three midnights , not counting the discharge date . The nursing home stay must be for something diagnosed during the hospital stay or for the main cause of hospital stay . If the patient is not receiving rehabilitation but has some other ailment that requires skilled nursing supervision then the nursing home stay would be covered . The care being rendered by the nursing home must be skilled . Medicare part A does not pay stays that only provide custodial , non-skilled , or long - term care activities , including activities of daily living ( ADL ) such as personal hygiene , cooking , cleaning , etc . The care must be medically necessary and progress against some set plan must be made on some schedule determined by a doctor . The first 20 days would be paid for in full by Medicare with the remaining 80 days requiring a co-payment of $167.50 per day as of 2018 . Many insurance group retiree , Medigap and Part C insurance plans have a provision for additional coverage of skilled nursing care in the policies they sell . If a beneficiary uses some portion of their Part A benefit and then goes at least 60 days without receiving facility - based skilled services , the 90 - day hospital clock and 100 - day nursing home clock are reset and the person qualifies for new benefit periods . Hospice benefits are also provided under Part A of Medicare for terminally ill persons with less than six months to live , as determined by the patient 's physician . The terminally ill person must sign a statement that hospice care has been chosen over other Medicare - covered benefits , ( e.g. assisted living or hospital care ) . Treatment provided includes pharmaceutical products for symptom control and pain relief as well as other services not otherwise covered by Medicare such as grief counseling . Hospice is covered 100 % with no co-pay or deductible by Medicare Part A except that patients are responsible for a copay for outpatient drugs and respite care , if needed . Part B : medical insurance ( edit ) Part B medical insurance helps pay for some services and products not covered by Part A , generally on an outpatient basis ( but also when on an unadmitted observation status in a hospital ) . Part B is optional . It is often deferred if the beneficiary or his / her spouse is still working and has group health coverage through that employer . There is a lifetime penalty ( 10 % per year on the premium ) imposed for not enrolling in Part B when first eligible or if not covered by programs of the Veterans Health Administration . Part B coverage begins once a patient meets his or her deductible ( $183 for 2017 ) , then typically Medicare covers 80 % of the RUC - set rate for approved services , while the remaining 20 % is the responsibility of the patient , either directly or indirectly by private group retiree or Medigap insurance . Part B coverage includes out patient physician services , visiting nurse , and other services such as x-rays , laboratory and diagnostic tests , influenza and pneumonia vaccinations , blood transfusions , renal dialysis , outpatient hospital procedures , limited ambulance transportation , immunosuppressive drugs for organ transplant recipients , chemotherapy , hormonal treatments such as Lupron , and other outpatient medical treatments administered in a doctor 's office . It also includes chiropractic care . Medication administration is covered under Part B if it is administered by the physician during an office visit . Part B also helps with durable medical equipment ( DME ) , including canes , walkers , lift chairs , wheelchairs , and mobility scooters for those with mobility impairments . Prosthetic devices such as artificial limbs and breast prosthesis following mastectomy , as well as one pair of eyeglasses following cataract surgery , and oxygen for home use is also covered . Complex rules control Part B benefits , and periodically issued advisories describe coverage criteria . On the national level these advisories are issued by CMS , and are known as National Coverage Determinations ( NCD ) . Local Coverage Determinations ( LCD ) apply within the multi-state area managed by a specific regional Medicare Part B contractor , and Local Medical Review Policies ( LMRP ) were superseded by LCDs in 2003 . Coverage information is also located in the CMS Internet - Only Manuals ( IOM ) , the Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR ) , the Social Security Act , and the Federal Register . The Monthly Premium for Part B for 2016 is $121.80 per month but anyone on Social Security in 2015 is `` held harmless '' ( from the fact that Social Security did not rise in 2016 ) and pays only the $104.90 premium withheld monthly in 2015 , with income - weighted additional surtaxes for those with incomes more than $85,000 per annum . Part C : Medicare Advantage plans ( edit ) Main article : Medicare Advantage With the passage of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 , Medicare beneficiaries were formally given the option to receive their Original Medicare benefits through capitated health insurance Part C plans , instead of through the Original fee for service Medicare payment system . Many had previously had that option via a series of demonstration projects that dated back to the early 1980s . These Part C plans were initially known as `` Medicare + Choice '' . As of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 , most `` Medicare + Choice '' plans were re-branded as `` Medicare Advantage '' ( MA ) plans ( though MA is a government term and might not be visible to the Part C health plan beneficiary ) . Other plan types , such as 1876 Cost plans , are also available in limited areas of the country . Cost plans are not Medicare Advantage plans and are not capitated . Instead , beneficiaries keep their Original Medicare benefits while their sponsor administers their Part A and Part B benefits . The sponsor of a Part C plan could be an integrated health delivery system , a union , a religious organization , an insurance company or other type of organization . Public Part C Medicare Advantage and other Part C health plans are required to offer coverage that meets or exceeds the standards set by Original Medicare but they do not have to cover every benefit in the same way . After approval by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services , if a Part C plan chooses to pay less than Original Medicare for some benefits , such as Skilled Nursing Facility care , the savings may be passed along to consumers by offering even lower co-payments for doctor visits . Original `` fee - for - service '' Medicare Parts A and B have a standard benefit package that covers medically necessary care as described in the sections above that members can receive from nearly any hospital or doctor in the country ( if that doctor or hospital accepts Medicare ) . Original Medicare beneficiaries who choose to enroll in a Part C Medicare Advantage health plan instead give up none of their rights as an Original Medicare beneficiary , receive the same standard benefits -- as a minimum -- as provided in Original Medicare , and get an annual out of pocket ( OOP ) upper spending limit not included in Original Medicare . However they must typically use only a select network of providers except in emergencies , typically restricted to the area surrounding their legal residence ( which can vary from tens to over 100 miles depending on county ) . Most Part C plans are traditional health maintenance organizations ( HMOs ) that require the patient to have a primary care physician , though others are preferred provider organizations ( which typically means the provider restrictions are not as confining as with an HMO ) , and a few are actually fee for service hybrids . Public Part C Medicare Advantage health plan members typically usually also pay a monthly premium in addition to the Medicare Part B premium to cover items not covered by traditional Medicare ( Parts A & B ) , such as the OOP limit , self - administered prescription drugs , dental care , vision care , annual physicals , coverage outside the United States , and even gym or health club memberships as well as -- and probably most importantly -- reduce the 20 % co-pays and high deductibles associated with Original Medicare . But in some situations the benefits are more limited ( but they can never be more limited than Original Medicare and must always include an OOP limit ) and there is no premium . In some cases , the sponsor even rebates part or all of the Part B premium , though these types of Part C plans are becoming rare . Before 2003 Part C plans tended to be suburban HMOs tied to major nearby teaching hospitals that cost the government the same as or even 5 % less on average than it cost to cover the medical needs of a comparable beneficiary on Original Medicare . The 2003 - law payment framework / bidding / rebate formulas overcompensated some Part C plans by 7 percent ( 2009 ) on average nationally compared to what Original Medicare beneficiaries cost per person on average nationally that year and as much as 5 percent ( 2016 ) less nationally in other years ( see any recent year 's Medicare Trustees Report , Table II. B. 1 ) . The MedPAC group found in one year the comparative difference for `` like beneficiaries '' ( not all beneficiaries as described in the first sentence ) was as high as 14 % and have tended to average about 2 % higher . The word like in the previous sentence is key . The intention of both the 1997 and 2003 law was that the differences between fee for service and capitated fee beneficiaries would reach parity over time . The 2003 payment formulas succeeded in increasing the percentage of rural and inner city poor that could take advantage of the OOP limit and lower co-pays and deductibles -- as well as the coordinated medical care -- associated with Part C plans . In practice however , one set of Medicare beneficiaries received more benefits than others . The differences caused by the 2003 - law payment formulas were almost completely eliminated by PPACA and have been almost totally phased out according to the 2018 MedPAC annual report , March 2018 . One remaining special - payment - formula program -- designed primarily for unions wishing to sponsor a Part C plan -- is being phased out beginning in 2017 . In 2013 and since , on average a Part C beneficiary cost the Medicare Trust Funds 2 % - 5 % less than a beneficiary on traditional fee for service Medicare , completely reversing the situation in 2006 - 2009 right after implementation of the 2003 law and restoring the capitated fee vs fee for service funding balance to its original intended parity level . Enrollment in public Part C health plans , including Medicare Advantage plans , grew from about 10 % of total enrollment in 2005 to about 35 % in 2018 . Almost all Medicare beneficiaries have access to at least two public Medicare Part C plans ; most have access to three or more . Part d: Prescription drug plans ( edit ) Main articles : Medicare Part D and Medicare Part D coverage gap Medicare Part D went into effect on January 1 , 2006 . Anyone with Part A or B is eligible for Part D , which covers mostly self - administered drugs . It was made possible by the passage of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 . To receive this benefit , a person with Medicare must enroll in a stand - alone Prescription Drug Plan ( PDP ) or Medicare Advantage plan with integrated prescription drug coverage ( MA - PD ) . These plans are approved and regulated by the Medicare program , but are actually designed and administered by private health insurance companies and pharmacy benefit managers . Unlike Original Medicare ( Part A and B ) , Part D coverage is not standardized ( though it is highly regulated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ) . Plans choose which drugs they wish to cover ( but must cover at least two drugs in 148 different categories and cover all or `` substantially all '' drugs in the following protected classes of drugs : anti-cancer ; anti-psychotic ; anti-convulsant , anti-depressants , immuno - suppressant , and HIV and AIDS drugs ) . The plans can also specify with CMS approval at what level ( or tier ) they wish to cover it , and are encouraged to use step therapy . Some drugs are excluded from coverage altogether and Part D plans that cover excluded drugs are not allowed to pass those costs on to Medicare , and plans are required to repay CMS if they are found to have billed Medicare in these cases . Under the 2003 law that created Medicare Part D , the Social Security Administration provides extensive extra help to lower - income seniors such that they have almost no drug costs ; in addition approximately 25 states offer additional assistance on top of Part D. It should be noted again for beneficiaries who are dual - eligible ( Medicare and Medicaid eligible ) Medicaid may pay for drugs not covered by Part D of Medicare . Most of this aid to lower - income seniors was available to them through other programs before Part D was implemented . Out - of - pocket costs ( edit ) No part of Medicare pays for all of a beneficiary 's covered medical costs and many costs and services are not covered at all . The program contains premiums , deductibles and coinsurance , which the covered individual must pay out - of - pocket . A study published by the Kaiser Family Foundation in 2008 found the Fee - for - Service Medicare benefit package was less generous than either the typical large employer preferred provider organization plan or the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Standard Option . Some people may qualify to have other governmental programs ( such as Medicaid ) pay premiums and some or all of the costs associated with Medicare . Premiums ( edit ) Most Medicare enrollees do not pay a monthly Part A premium , because they ( or a spouse ) have had 40 or more 3 - month quarters in which they paid Federal Insurance Contributions Act taxes . The benefit is the same no matter how much or how little the beneficiary paid as long as the minimum number of quarters is reached . Medicare - eligible persons who do not have 40 or more quarters of Medicare - covered employment may buy into Part A for an annual adjusted monthly premium of : $248.00 per month ( as of 2012 ) for those with 30 -- 39 quarters of Medicare - covered employment , or $451.00 per month ( as of 2012 ) for those with fewer than 30 quarters of Medicare - covered employment and who are not otherwise eligible for premium - free Part A coverage . Most Medicare Part B enrollees pay an insurance premium for this coverage ; the standard Part B premium for 2013 through 2015 was $104.90 -- $335.70 per month . The premium increased to over $120 a month in 2016 but only for those not on Social Security in 2015 . A new income - based premium surtax schema has been in effect since 2007 , wherein Part B premiums are higher for beneficiaries with incomes exceeding $85,000 for individuals or $170,000 for married couples . Depending on the extent to which beneficiary earnings exceed the base income , these higher Part B premiums are $139.90 , $199.80 , $259.70 , or $319.70 for 2012 , with the highest premium paid by individuals earning more than $214,000 , or married couples earning more than $428,000 . Medicare Part B premiums are commonly deducted automatically from beneficiaries ' monthly Social Security checks . They can also be paid quarterly via bill sent directly to beneficiaries . This alternative is becoming more common because whereas the eligibility age for Medicare has remained at 65 per the 1965 legislation , the so - called Full Retirement Age for Social Security has been increased to 66 and will go even higher over time . Therefore , many people delay collecting Social Security and have to pay their Part B premium directly . Part C plans may or may not charge premiums ( almost all do ) , depending on the plans ' designs as approved by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Part D premiums vary widely based on the benefit level . Deductible and coinsurance ( edit ) Part A -- For each benefit period , a beneficiary pays an annually adjusted : A Part A deductible of $1,288 in 2016 and $1,316 in 2017 for a hospital stay of 1 -- 60 days . A $322 per day co-pay in 2016 and $329 co-pay in 2017 for days 61 -- 90 of a hospital stay . A $644 per day co-pay in 2016 and $658 co-pay in 2017 for days 91 -- 150 of a hospital stay. , as part of their limited Lifetime Reserve Days . All costs for each day beyond 150 days Coinsurance for a Skilled Nursing Facility is $161 per day in 2016 and $164.50 in 2017 for days 21 through 100 for each benefit period ( no co-pay for the first 20 days ) . A blood deductible of the first 3 pints of blood needed in a calendar year , unless replaced . There is a 3 - pint blood deductible for both Part A and Part B , and these separate deductibles do not overlap . Part B -- After beneficiaries meet the yearly deductible of $183.00 for 2017 , they will be required to pay a co-insurance of 20 % of the Medicare - approved amount for all services covered by Part B with the exception of most lab services , which are covered at 100 % -- and outpatient mental health , which is currently ( 2010 -- 2011 ) covered at 55 % ( 45 % copay ) . The copay for outpatient mental health , which started at 50 % , is gradually decreasing over several years until it matches the 20 % required for other services . They are also required to pay an excess charge of 15 % for services rendered by physicians who do not accept assignment . The deductibles , co-pays , and coinsurance charges for Part C and D plans vary from plan to plan . All Part C plans include an annual out of pocket ( OOP ) upper spend limit . Original Medicare does not include an OOP limit . Medicare Supplement ( Medigap ) policies ( edit ) Main article : Medigap Of the Medicare beneficiaries who are not dual eligible for both Medicare ( around 20 % ) and Medicaid or that do not receive supplemental insurance via a former employer ( 40 % ) or a public Part C Medicare Advantage health plan ( about 30 % ) , almost all elect to purchase a type of private supplemental insurance coverage , called a Medigap plan ( 20 % ) , to help fill in the financial holes in Original Medicare ( Part A and B) . Note that the percentages add up to over 100 % because many beneficiaries have more than one type of supplement . These Medigap insurance policies are standardized by CMS , but are sold and administered by private companies . Some Medigap policies sold before 2006 may include coverage for prescription drugs . Medigap policies sold after the introduction of Medicare Part D on January 1 , 2006 are prohibited from covering drugs . Medicare regulations prohibit a Medicare beneficiary from being sold both a public Part C Medicare Advantage health plan and a private Medigap Policy . As with public Part C health plans , private Medigap policies are only available to beneficiaries who are already signed up for benefits from Original Medicare Part A and Part B. These policies are regulated by state insurance departments rather than the federal government though CMS outlines what the various Medigap plans must cover at a minimum . Therefore , the types and prices of Medigap policies vary widely from state to state and the degree of underwriting , open enrollment and guaranteed issue also varies widely from state to state . As of 2016 , 11 policies are currently sold -- though few are available in all states , and some are not available at all in Massachusetts , Minnesota and Wisconsin Medicare Supplement Plans are standardized with a base and a series of riders ... These are Plan A , Plan B , Plan C , Plan D , Plan F , High Deductible Plan F , Plan G , Plan K , Plan L , Plan M , and Plan N. Cost is usually the only difference between Medigap policies with the same letter sold by different insurance companies . Unlike Medicare Advantage Plans , Medicare Supplement Plans have no networks , and any provider who accepts Medicare must also accept the Medicare Supplement Plan . All insurance companies that sell Medigap policies are required to make Plan A available , and if they offer any other policies , they must also make either Plan C or Plan F available as well , though Plan F is scheduled to sunset in the year 2020 . Anyone who currently has a Plan F may keep it . Payment for services ( edit ) Medicare contracts with regional insurance companies to process over one billion fee - for - service claims per year . In 2008 , Medicare accounted for 13 % ( $386 billion ) of the federal budget . In 2016 it is projected to account for close to 15 % ( $683 billion ) of the total expenditures . For the decade 2010 -- 2019 Medicare is projected to cost 6.4 trillion dollars . Reimbursement for Part a services ( edit ) For institutional care , such as hospital and nursing home care , Medicare uses prospective payment systems . In a prospective payment system , the health care institution receives a set amount of money for each episode of care provided to a patient , regardless of the actual amount of care . The actual allotment of funds is based on a list of diagnosis - related groups ( DRG ) . The actual amount depends on the primary diagnosis that is actually made at the hospital . There are some issues surrounding Medicare 's use of DRGs because if the patient uses less care , the hospital gets to keep the remainder . This , in theory , should balance the costs for the hospital . However , if the patient uses more care , then the hospital has to cover its own losses . This results in the issue of `` upcoding , '' when a physician makes a more severe diagnosis to hedge against accidental costs . Reimbursement for Part B services ( edit ) Payment for physician services under Medicare has evolved since the program was created in 1965 . Initially , Medicare compensated physicians based on the physician 's charges , and allowed physicians to bill Medicare beneficiaries the amount in excess of Medicare 's reimbursement . In 1975 , annual increases in physician fees were limited by the Medicare Economic Index ( MEI ) . The MEI was designed to measure changes in costs of physician 's time and operating expenses , adjusted for changes in physician productivity . From 1984 to 1991 , the yearly change in fees was determined by legislation . This was done because physician fees were rising faster than projected . The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 made several changes to physician payments under Medicare . Firstly , it introduced the Medicare Fee Schedule , which took effect in 1992 . Secondly , it limited the amount Medicare non-providers could balance bill Medicare beneficiaries . Thirdly , it introduced the Medicare Volume Performance Standards ( MVPS ) as a way to control costs . On January 1 , 1992 , Medicare introduced the Medicare Fee Schedule ( MFS ) , a list of about 7,000 services that can be billed for . Each service is priced within the Resource - Based Relative Value Scale ( RBRVS ) with three Relative Value Units ( RVUs ) values largely determining the price . The three RVUs for a procedure are each geographically weighted and the weighted RVU value is multiplied by a global Conversion Factor ( CF ) , yielding a price in dollars . The RVUs themselves are largely decided by a private group of 29 ( mostly specialist ) physicians -- the American Medical Association 's Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee ( RUC ) . From 1992 to 1997 , adjustments to physician payments were adjusted using the MEI and the MVPS , which essentially tried to compensate for the increasing volume of services provided by physicians by decreasing their reimbursement per service . In 1998 , Congress replaced the VPS with the Sustainable Growth Rate ( SGR ) . This was done because of highly variable payment rates under the MVPS . The SGR attempts to control spending by setting yearly and cumulative spending targets . If actual spending for a given year exceeds the spending target for that year , reimbursement rates are adjusted downward by decreasing the Conversion Factor ( CF ) for RBRVS RVUs . In 2002 , payment rates were cut by 4.8 % . In 2003 , payment rates were scheduled to be reduced by 4.4 % . However , Congress boosted the cumulative SGR target in the Consolidated Appropriation Resolution of 2003 ( P.L. 108 - 7 ) , allowing payments for physician services to rise 1.6 % . In 2004 and 2005 , payment rates were again scheduled to be reduced . The Medicare Modernization Act ( P.L. 108 - 173 ) increased payments 1.5 % for those two years . In 2006 , the SGR mechanism was scheduled to decrease physician payments by 4.4 % . ( This number results from a 7 % decrease in physician payments times a 2.8 % inflation adjustment increase . ) Congress overrode this decrease in the Deficit Reduction Act ( P.L. 109 - 362 ) , and held physician payments in 2006 at their 2005 levels . Similarly , another congressional act held 2007 payments at their 2006 levels , and HR 6331 held 2008 physician payments to their 2007 levels , and provided for a 1.1 % increase in physician payments in 2009 . Without further continuing congressional intervention , the SGR is expected to decrease physician payments from 25 % to 35 % over the next several years . MFS has been criticized for not paying doctors enough because of the low conversion factor . By adjustments to the MFS conversion factor , it is possible to make global adjustments in payments to all doctors . The SGR was the subject of possible reform legislation again in 2014 . On March 14 , 2014 , the United States House of Representatives passed the SGR Repeal and Medicare Provider Payment Modernization Act of 2014 ( H.R. 4015 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would have replaced the ( SGR ) formula with new systems for establishing those payment rates . However , the bill would pay for these changes by delaying the Affordable Care Act 's individual mandate requirement , a proposal that was very unpopular with Democrats . The SGR was expected to cause Medicare reimbursement cuts of 24 percent on April 1 , 2014 , if a solution to reform or delay the SGR was not found . This led to another bill , the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 ( H.R. 4302 ; 113th Congress ) , which would delay those cuts until March 2015 . This bill was also controversial . The American Medical Association and other medical groups opposed it , asking Congress to provide a permanent solution instead of just another delay . The SGR process was replaced by new rules as of the passage of MACRA in 2015 . Provider participation ( edit ) There are two ways for providers to be reimbursed in Medicare . `` Participating '' providers accept `` assignment , '' which means that they accept Medicare 's approved rate for their services as payment ( typically 80 % from Medicare and 20 % from the beneficiary ) . Some non participating doctors do not take assignment , but they also treat Medicare enrollees and are authorized to balance bill no more than a small fixed amount above Medicare 's approved rate . A minority of doctors are `` private contractors , '' which means they opt out of Medicare and refuse to accept Medicare payments altogether . These doctors are required to inform patients that they will be liable for the full cost of their services out - of - pocket in advance of treatment . While the majority of providers accept Medicare assignments , ( 97 percent for some specialties ) , and most physicians still accept at least some new Medicare patients , that number is in decline . While 80 % of physicians in the Texas Medical Association accepted new Medicare patients in 2000 , only 60 % were doing so by 2012 . A study published in 2012 concluded that the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) relies on the recommendations of an American Medical Association advisory panel . The study led by Dr. Miriam J. Laugesen , of Columbia Mailman School of Public Health , and colleagues at UCLA and the University of Illinois , shows that for services provided between 1994 and 2010 , CMS agreed with 87.4 % of the recommendations of the committee , known as RUC or the Relative Value Update Committee . Office medication reimbursement ( edit ) Chemotherapy and other medications dispensed in a physician 's office are reimbursed according to the Average Sales Price , a number computed by taking the total dollar sales of a drug as the numerator and the number of units sold nationwide as the denominator . The current reimbursement formula is known as `` ASP + 6 '' since it reimburses physicians at 106 % of the ASP of drugs . Pharmaceutical company discounts and rebates are included in the calculation of ASP , and tend to reduce it . In addition , Medicare pays 80 % of ASP + 6 , which is the equivalent of 84.8 % of the actual average cost of the drug . Some patients have supplemental insurance or can afford the co-pay . Large numbers do not . This leaves the payment to physicians for most of the drugs in an `` underwater '' state . ASP + 6 superseded Average Wholesale Price in 2005 , after a 2003 front - page New York Times article drew attention to the inaccuracies of Average Wholesale Price calculations . This procedure is scheduled to change dramatically in 2017 under a CMS proposal that will likely be finalized in October 2016 . Medicare 10 percent incentive payments ( edit ) `` Physicians in geographic Health Professional Shortage Areas ( HPSAs ) and Physician Scarcity Areas ( PSAs ) can receive incentive payments from Medicare . Payments are made on a quarterly basis , rather than claim - by - claim , and are handled by each area 's Medicare carrier . '' Enrollment Generally , if you already receive Social Security payments , at age 65 you are automatically enrolled in Medicare Part A ( Hospital Insurance ) . In addition , you are generally also automatically enrolled in Medicare Part B ( Medical Insurance ) . If you choose to accept Part B you must pay a monthly premium to keep it . However , you may delay enrollment with no penalty under some circumstances , or with penalty under other circumstances . Part A & B Part A Late Enrollment Penalty If you are not eligible for premium - free Part A , and you do n't buy a premium - based Part A when you 're first eligible , your monthly premium may go up 10 % . You must pay the higher premium for twice the number of years you could have had Part A , but did n't sign - up . For example , if you were eligible for Part A for 2 years but did n't sign - up , you must pay the higher premium for 4 years . Usually , you do n't have to pay a penalty if you meet certain conditions that allow you to sign up for Part A during a Special Enrollment Period . Part B Late Enrollment Penalty If you do n't sign up for Part B when you 're first eligible , you may have to pay a late enrollment penalty for as long as you have Medicare . Your monthly premium for Part B may go up 10 % for each full 12 - month period that you could have had Part B , but did n't sign up for it . Usually , you do n't pay a late enrollment penalty if you meet certain conditions that allow you to sign up for Part B during a special enrollment period . Comparison with private insurance ( edit ) Medicare differs from private insurance available to working Americans in that it is a social insurance program . Social insurance programs provide statutorily guaranteed benefits to the entire population ( under certain circumstances , such as old age or unemployment ) . These benefits are financed in significant part through universal taxes . In effect , Medicare is a mechanism by which the state takes a portion of its citizens ' resources to guarantee health and financial security to its citizens in old age or in case of disability , helping them cope with the enormous , unpredictable cost of health care . In its universality , Medicare differs substantially from private insurers , which must decide whom to cover and what benefits to offer to manage their risk pools and guarantee their costs do n't exceed premiums . Because the federal government is legally obligated to provide Medicare benefits to older and disabled Americans , it can not cut costs by restricting eligibility or benefits , except by going through a difficult legislative process , or by revising its interpretation of medical necessity . By statute , Medicare may only pay for items and services that are `` reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis or treatment of illness or injury or to improve the functioning of a malformed body member '' , unless there is another statutory authorization for payment . Cutting costs by cutting benefits is difficult , but the program can also achieve substantial economies of scale in terms of the prices it pays for health care and administrative expenses -- and , as a result , private insurers ' costs have grown almost 60 % more than Medicare 's since 1970 . Medicare 's cost growth is now the same as GDP growth and expected to stay well below private insurance 's for the next decade . Because Medicare offers statutorily determined benefits , its coverage policies and payment rates are publicly known , and all enrollees are entitled to the same coverage . In the private insurance market , plans can be tailored to offer different benefits to different customers , enabling individuals to reduce coverage costs while assuming risks for care that is not covered . Insurers , however , have far fewer disclosure requirements than Medicare , and studies show that customers in the private sector can find it difficult to know what their policy covers . and at what cost . Moreover , since Medicare collects data about utilization and costs for its enrollees -- data that private insurers treat as trade secrets -- it gives researchers key information about health care system performance . Medicare also has an important role driving changes in the entire health care system . Because Medicare pays for a huge share of health care in every region of the country , it has a great deal of power to set delivery and payment policies . For example , Medicare promoted the adaptation of prospective payments based on DRG 's , which prevents unscrupulous providers from setting their own exorbitant prices . Meanwhile , the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act has given Medicare the mandate to promote cost - containment throughout the health care system , for example , by promoting the creation of accountable care organizations or by replacing fee - for - service payments with bundled payments . Costs and funding challenges ( edit ) Medicare and Medicaid Spending as % GDP ( 2013 ) The Medicare Trustees reduced their forecast for Medicare costs as % GDP , mainly due to a lower rate of healthcare cost increases . Over the long - term , Medicare faces significant financial challenges because of rising overall health care costs , increasing enrollment as the population ages , and a decreasing ratio of workers to enrollees . Total Medicare spending is projected to increase from $523 billion in 2010 to around $900 billion by 2020 . From 2010 to 2030 , Medicare enrollment is projected to increase from 47 million to 79 million , and the ratio of workers to enrollees is expected to decrease from 3.7 to 2.4 . However , the ratio of workers to retirees has declined steadily for decades , and social insurance systems have remained sustainable due to rising worker productivity . There is some evidence that productivity gains will continue to offset demographic trends in the near future . The Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) wrote in 2008 that `` future growth in spending per beneficiary for Medicare and Medicaid -- the federal government 's major health care programs -- will be the most important determinant of long - term trends in federal spending . Changing those programs in ways that reduce the growth of costs -- which will be difficult , in part because of the complexity of health policy choices -- is ultimately the nation 's central long - term challenge in setting federal fiscal policy . '' Overall health care costs were projected in 2011 to increase by 5.8 percent annually from 2010 to 2020 , in part because of increased utilization of medical services , higher prices for services , and new technologies . Health care costs are rising across the board , but the cost of insurance has risen dramatically for families and employers as well as the federal government . In fact , since 1970 the per - capita cost of private coverage has grown roughly one percentage point faster each year than the per - capita cost of Medicare . Since the late 1990s , Medicare has performed especially well relative to private insurers . Over the next decade , Medicare 's per capita spending is projected to grow at a rate of 2.5 percent each year , compared to private insurance 's 4.8 percent . Nonetheless , most experts and policymakers agree containing health care costs is essential to the nation 's fiscal outlook . Much of the debate over the future of Medicare revolves around whether per capita costs should be reduced by limiting payments to providers or by shifting more costs to Medicare enrollees . Indicators ( edit ) Several measures serve as indicators of the long - term financial status of Medicare . These include total Medicare spending as a share of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the solvency of the Medicare HI trust fund , Medicare per - capita spending growth relative to inflation and per - capita GDP growth ; general fund revenue as a share of total Medicare spending ; and actuarial estimates of unfunded liability over the 75 - year timeframe and the infinite horizon ( netting expected premium / tax revenue against expected costs ) . The major issue in all these indicators is comparing any future projections against current law vs. what the actuaries expect to happen . For example , current law specifies that Part A payments to hospitals and skilled nursing facilities will be cut substantially after 2028 and that doctors will get no raises after 2025 . The actuaries expect that the law will change to keep these events from happening . Total Medicare spending as a share of GDP ( edit ) Medicare Cost and Non-Interest Income by Source as a Percentage of GDP This measure , which examines Medicare spending in the context of the US economy as a whole , is expected to increase from 3.6 percent in 2010 to 6.2 percent by 2090 under current law and over 9 percent under what the actuaries really expect will happen ( called an `` illustrative example '' in recent - year Trustees Reports ) . The solvency of the Medicare HI trust fund ( edit ) This measure involves only Part A . The trust fund is considered insolvent when available revenue plus any existing balances will not cover 100 percent of annual projected costs . According to the latest estimate by the Medicare trustees ( 2016 ) , the trust fund is expected to become insolvent in 11 years ( 2028 ) , at which time available revenue will cover 87 percent of annual projected costs . Since Medicare began , this solvency projection has ranged from two to 28 years , with an average of 11.3 years . Medicare per - capita spending growth Relative to inflation and per - capita GDP growth ( edit ) The Independent Payment Advisory Board ( IPAB ) , which the Affordable Care Act or `` ACA '' created , will use this measure to determine whether it must recommend to Congress proposals to reduce Medicare costs . Under the ACA , Congress established maximum targets , or thresholds , for per - capita Medicare spending growth . For the five - year periods ending in 2015 through 2019 , these targets are based on the average of CPI - U and CPI - M. For the five - year periods ending in 2020 and subsequent years , these targets are based on per - capita GDP growth plus one percentage point . Each year , the CMS Office of the Actuary must compare those two values , and if the spending measure is larger than the economic measure , IPAB must propose cost - savings recommendations for consideration in Congress on an expedited basis . The Congressional Budget Office projects that Medicare per - capita spending growth will not exceed the economic target at any time between 2015 and 2021 . Through 2016 , these trigger points have never been reached and IPAB has not even been formed . However , in the 2016 Medicare Trustees Report , the actuaries estimate that the trigger points will be reached in 2016 or 2017 and that IPAB will affect Medicare spending for the first time in 2019 ( meaning it will need to be formed and recommend its cuts in 2017 ) . General fund revenue as a share of total Medicare spending ( edit ) This measure , established under the Medicare Modernization Act ( MMA ) , examines Medicare spending in the context of the federal budget . Each year , MMA requires the Medicare trustees to make a determination about whether general fund revenue is projected to exceed 45 percent of total program spending within a seven - year period . If the Medicare trustees make this determination in two consecutive years , a `` funding warning '' is issued . In response , the president must submit cost - saving legislation to Congress , which must consider this legislation on an expedited basis . This threshold was reached and a warning issued every year between 2006 and 2013 but it has not been reached since that time and is not expected to be reached in the 2016 - 2022 `` window . '' This is a reflection of the reduced spending growth mandated by the ACA according to the Trustees . Unfunded obligation ( edit ) Medicare 's unfunded obligation is the total amount of money that would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the gap between projected revenues ( mostly Part B premiums and Part A payroll taxes to be paid over the timeframe under current law ) and spending over a given timeframe . By law the timeframe used is 75 years though the Medicare actuaries also give an infinite - horizon estimate because life expectancy consistently increases and other economic factors underlying the estimates change . As of January 1 , 2016 , Medicare 's unfunded obligation over the 75 year timeframe is $3.8 trillion for the Part A Trust Fund and $28.6 trillion for Part B. Over an infinite timeframe the combined unfunded liability for both programs combined is over $50 trillion , with the difference primarily in the Part B estimate . These estimates assume that CMS will pay full benefits as currently specified over those periods though that would be contrary to current United States law . In addition , as discussed throughout each annual Trustees ' report , `` the Medicare projections shown could be substantially understated as a result of other potentially unsustainable elements of current law . '' For example , current law effectively provides no raises for doctors after 2025 ; that is unlikely to happen . It is impossible for actuaries to estimate unfunded liability other than assuming current law is followed ( except relative to benefits as noted ) , the Trustees state `` that actual long - range present values for ( Part A ) expenditures and ( Part B / D ) expenditures and revenues could exceed the amounts estimated by a substantial margin . '' Public opinion ( edit ) Popular opinion surveys show that the public views Medicare 's problems as serious , but not as urgent as other concerns . In January 2006 , the Pew Research Center found 62 percent of the public said addressing Medicare 's financial problems should be a high priority for the government , but that still put it behind other priorities . Surveys suggest that there 's no public consensus behind any specific strategy to keep the program solvent . Fraud and waste ( edit ) Main article : Medicare fraud The Government Accountability Office lists Medicare as a `` high - risk '' government program in need of reform , in part because of its vulnerability to fraud and partly because of its long - term financial problems . Fewer than 5 % of Medicare claims are audited . Criticism ( edit ) Unearned entitlement ( edit ) Yaron Brook of the Ayn Rand Institute has argued that the birth of Medicare represented a shift away from personal responsibility and towards a view that health care is an unearned `` entitlement '' to be provided at others ' expense . Robert M. Ball , a former commissioner of Social Security under President Kennedy in 1961 ( and later under Johnson , and Nixon ) defined the major obstacle to financing health insurance for the elderly : the high cost of care for the aged combined with the generally low incomes of retired people . Because retired older people use much more medical care than younger employed people , an insurance premium related to the risk for older people needed to be high , but if the high premium had to be paid after retirement , when incomes are low , it was an almost impossible burden for the average person . The only feasible approach , he said , was to finance health insurance in the same way as cash benefits for retirement , by contributions paid while at work , when the payments are least burdensome , with the protection furnished in retirement without further payment . In the early 1960s relatively few of the elderly had health insurance , and what they had was usually inadequate . Insurers such as Blue Cross , which had originally applied the principle of community rating , faced competition from other commercial insurers that did not community rate , and so were forced to raise their rates for the elderly . Medicare is not generally an unearned entitlement . Entitlement is most commonly based on a record of contributions to the Medicare fund . As such it is a form of social insurance making it feasible for people to pay for insurance for sickness in old age when they are young and able to work and be assured of getting back benefits when they are older and no longer working . Some people will pay in more than they receive back and others will receive more benefits than they paid in . Unlike private insurance where some amount must be paid to attain coverage , all eligible persons can receive coverage regardless of how much or if they had ever paid in . Politicized payment ( edit ) Bruce Vladeck , director of the Health Care Financing Administration in the Clinton administration , has argued that lobbyists have changed the Medicare program `` from one that provides a legal entitlement to beneficiaries to one that provides a de facto political entitlement to providers . '' Quality of beneficiary services ( edit ) A 2001 study by the Government Accountability Office evaluated the quality of responses given by Medicare contractor customer service representatives to provider ( physician ) questions . The evaluators assembled a list of questions , which they asked during a random sampling of calls to Medicare contractors . The rate of complete , accurate information provided by Medicare customer service representatives was 15 % . Since then , steps have been taken to improve the quality of customer service given by Medicare contractors , specifically the 1 - 800 - MEDICARE contractor . As a result , 1 - 800 - MEDICARE customer service representatives ( CSR ) have seen an increase in training , quality assurance monitoring has significantly increased , and a customer satisfaction survey is offered to random callers . Hospital Accreditation ( edit ) In most states the Joint Commission , a private , non-profit organization for accrediting hospitals , decides whether or not a hospital is able to participate in Medicare , as currently there are no competitor organizations recognized by CMS . Other organizations can also accredit hospitals for Medicare . These include the Community Health Accreditation Program , the Accreditation Commission for Health Care , the Compliance Team and the Healthcare Quality Association on Accreditation . Accreditation is voluntary and an organization may choose to be evaluated by their State Survey Agency or by CMS directly . Graduate medical Education ( edit ) Medicare funds the vast majority of residency training in the US . This tax - based financing covers resident salaries and benefits through payments called Direct Medical Education payments . Medicare also uses taxes for Indirect Medical Education , a subsidy paid to teaching hospitals in exchange for training resident physicians . For the 2008 fiscal year these payments were $2.7 and $5.7 billion respectively . Overall funding levels have remained at the same level since 1996 , so that the same number or fewer residents have been trained under this program . Meanwhile , the US population continues to grow both older and larger , which has led to greater demand for physicians , in part due to higher rates of illness and disease among the elderly compared to younger individuals . At the same time the cost of medical services continue rising rapidly and many geographic areas face physician shortages , both trends suggesting the supply of physicians remains too low . Medicare thus finds itself in the odd position of having assumed control of the single largest funding source for graduate medical education , currently facing major budget constraints , and as a result , freezing funding for graduate medical education , as well as for physician reimbursement rates . This has forced hospitals to look for alternative sources of funding for residency slots . This halt in funding in turn exacerbates the exact problem Medicare sought to solve in the first place : improving the availability of medical care . However , some healthcare administration experts believe that the shortage of physicians may be an opportunity for providers to reorganize their delivery systems to become less costly and more efficient . Physician assistants and Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioners may begin assuming more responsibilities that traditionally fell to doctors , but do not necessarily require the advanced training and skill of a physician . Of the 35,476 total active applicants who participated in The National Resident Matching Program in 2016 , 75.6 % ( 26,836 ) were able to find PGY - 1 ( R - 1 ) matches . Out of the total active applicants , 51.27 % ( 18,187 ) were graduates of conventional US medical schools ; 93.8 % ( 17,057 ) were able to find a match . In comparison , match rates were 80.3 % of osteopathic graduates , 53.9 % of US citizen international medical school graduates , and 50.5 % of non-US citizen international medical schools graduates . Legislation and reform ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : with separate more detailed descriptions of legislation and reforms . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2012 ) 1960 -- PL 86 - 778 Social Security Amendments of 1960 ( Kerr - Mills aid ) 1965 -- PL 89 - 97 Social Security Act of 1965 , Establishing Medicare Benefits 1980 -- Medicare Secondary Payer Act of 1980 , prescription drugs coverage added 1988 -- PL 100 - 360 Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988 1989 -- Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Repeal Act of 1989 1997 -- PL 105 - 33 Balanced Budget Act of 1997 2003 -- PL 108 - 173 Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act 2010 -- Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 2013 -- Sequestration effects on Medicare due to Budget Control Act of 2011 2015 -- Extensive changes to Medicare , primarily to the SGR provisions of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 as part of the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act ( MACRA ) 2016 -- Changes to the Social Security `` hold harmless '' laws as they affect Part B premiums based on the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 In 1977 , the Health Care Financing Administration ( HCFA ) was established as a federal agency responsible for the administration of Medicare and Medicaid . This would be renamed to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) in 2001 . By 1983 , the diagnosis - related group ( DRG ) replaced pay for service reimbursements to hospitals for Medicare patients . President Bill Clinton attempted an overhaul of Medicare through his health care reform plan in 1993 -- 1994 but was unable to get the legislation passed by Congress . In 2003 Congress passed the Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act , which President George W. Bush signed into law on December 8 , 2003 . Part of this legislation included filling gaps in prescription - drug coverage left by the Medicare Secondary Payer Act that was enacted in 1980 . The 2003 bill strengthened the Workers ' Compensation Medicare Set - Aside Program ( WCMSA ) that is monitored and administered by CMS . On August 1 , 2007 , the US House United States Congress voted to reduce payments to Medicare Advantage providers in order to pay for expanded coverage of children 's health under the SCHIP program . As of 2008 , Medicare Advantage plans cost , on average , 13 percent more per person insured for like beneficiaries than direct payment plans . Many health economists have concluded that payments to Medicare Advantage providers have been excessive . The Senate , after heavy lobbying from the insurance industry , declined to agree to the cuts in Medicare Advantage proposed by the House . President Bush subsequently vetoed the SCHIP extension . Effects of the patient protection and Affordable care Act ( edit ) The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( `` PPACA '' ) of 2010 made a number of changes to the Medicare program . Several provisions of the law were designed to reduce the cost of Medicare . The most substantial provisions slowed the growth rate of payments to hospitals and skilled nursing facilities under Parts A of Medicare , through a variety of methods ( e.g. , arbitrary percentage cuts , penalties for readmissions ) . Congress also attempted to reduce payments to public Part C Medicare health plans by aligning the rules that establish Part C plans ' capitated fees more closely with the FFS paid for comparable care to `` similar beneficiaries '' under Parts A and B of Medicare . Primarily these reductions involved much discretion on the part of CMS and examples of what CMS did included effectively ending a Part C program Congress had previously initiated to increase the use of Part C in rural areas ( the so - called Part C PFFS plan ) and reducing over time a program that encouraged employers and unions to create their own Part C plans not available to the general Medicare beneficiary base ( so - called Part C EGWP plans ) by providing higher reimbursement . These two types of Part C plans had been identified by MedPAC as the programs that most negatively affected parity between the cost of Medicare beneficiaries on Parts A / B / C and the costs of beneficiaries not on Parts A / B / C. These efforts to reach parity have been more than successful . As of 2015 , all beneficiaries on A / B / C cost 4 % less per person than all beneficiaries not on A / B / C. But whether that is because the cost of the former decreased or the cost of the latter increased is not known . PPACA also slightly reduced annual increases in payments to physicians and to hospitals that serve a disproportionate share of low - income patients . Along with other minor adjustments , these changes reduced Medicare 's projected cost over the next decade by $455 billion . Additionally , the PPACA created the Independent Payment Advisory Board ( `` IPAB '' ) , which is empowered to submit legislative proposals to reduce the cost of Medicare if the program 's per - capita spending grows faster than per - capita GDP plus one percent . While the IPAB would be barred from rationing care , raising revenue , changing benefits or eligibility , increasing cost sharing , or cutting payments to hospitals , its creation has been one of the more controversial aspects of health reform . In 2016 , the Medicare Trustees projected that the IPAB will have to convene in 2017 and make cuts effective in 2019 . The PPACA also made some changes to Medicare enrollee 's ' benefits . By 2020 , it will close the so - called `` donut hole '' between Part D plans ' coverage limits and the catastrophic cap on out - of - pocket spending , reducing a Part D enrollee 's ' exposure to the cost of prescription drugs by an average of $2,000 a year . This lowered costs for about 5 % of the people on Medicare . Limits were also placed on out - of - pocket costs for in - network care for public Part C health plan enrollees . Most of these plans had such a limit but ACA formalized the annual out of pocket spend limit . Beneficiaries on traditional Medicare do not get such a limit but can effectively arrange for one through private insurance . Meanwhile , Medicare Part B and D premiums were restructured in ways that reduced costs for most people while raising contributions from the wealthiest people with Medicare . The law also expanded coverage of or eliminated co-pays for some preventive services . The PPACA instituted a number of measures to control Medicare fraud and abuse , such as longer oversight periods , provider screenings , stronger standards for certain providers , the creation of databases to share data between federal and state agencies , and stiffer penalties for violators . The law also created mechanisms , such as the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation to fund experiments to identify new payment and delivery models that could conceivably be expanded to reduce the cost of health care while improving quality . Proposals for reforming Medicare ( edit ) As legislators continue to seek new ways to control the cost of Medicare , a number of new proposals to reform Medicare have been introduced in recent years . Premium support Since the mid-1990s , there have been a number of proposals to change Medicare from a publicly run social insurance program with a defined benefit , for which there is no limit to the government 's expenses , into a program that offers `` premium support '' for enrollees . The basic concept behind the proposals is that the government would make a defined contribution , that is a premium support , to the health plan of a Medicare enrollee 's choice . Insurers would compete to provide Medicare benefits and this competition would set the level of fixed contribution . Additionally , enrollees would be able to purchase greater coverage by paying more in addition to the fixed government contribution . Conversely , enrollees could choose lower cost coverage and keep the difference between their coverage costs and the fixed government contribution . The goal of premium Medicare plans is for greater cost - effectiveness ; if such a proposal worked as planned , the financial incentive would be greatest for Medicare plans that offer the best care at the lowest cost . There have been a number of criticisms of the premium support model . Some have raised concern about risk selection , where insurers find ways to avoid covering people expected to have high health care costs . Premium support proposals , such as the 2011 plan proposed by Rep. Paul Ryan ( R -- Wis . ) , have aimed to avoid risk selection by including protection language mandating that plans participating in such coverage must provide insurance to all beneficiaries and are not able to avoid covering higher risk beneficiaries . Some critics are concerned that the Medicare population , which has particularly high rates of cognitive impairment and dementia , would have a hard time choosing between competing health plans . Robert Moffit , a senior fellow of The Heritage Foundation responded to this concern , stating that while there may be research indicating that individuals have difficulty making the correct choice of health care plan , there is no evidence to show that government officials can make better choices . Henry Aaron , one of the original proponents of premium supports , has recently argued that the idea should not be implemented , given that Medicare Advantage plans have not successfully contained costs more effectively than traditional Medicare and because the political climate is hostile to the kinds of regulations that would be needed to make the idea workable . Two distinct premium support systems have recently been proposed in Congress to control the cost of Medicare . The House Republicans ' 2012 budget would have abolished traditional Medicare and required the eligible population to purchase private insurance with a newly created premium support program . This plan would have cut the cost of Medicare by capping the value of the voucher and tying its growth to inflation , which is expected to be lower than rising health costs , saving roughly $155 billion over 10 years . Paul Ryan , the plan 's author , claimed that competition would drive down costs , but the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) found that the plan would dramatically raise the cost of health care , with all of the additional costs falling on enrollees . The CBO found that under the plan , typical 65 - year - olds would go from paying 35 percent of their health care costs to paying 68 percent by 2030 . In December 2011 , Ryan and Sen. Ron Wyden ( D -- Oreg . ) jointly proposed a new premium support system . Unlike Ryan 's original plan , this new system would maintain traditional Medicare as an option , and the premium support would not be tied to inflation . The spending targets in the Ryan - Wyden plan are the same as the targets included in the Affordable Care Act ; it is unclear whether the plan would reduce Medicare expenditure relative to current law . Raising the age of eligibility A number of different plans have been introduced that would raise the age of Medicare eligibility . Some have argued that , as the population ages and the ratio of workers to retirees increases , programs for the elderly need to be reduced . Since the age at which Americans can retire with full Social Security benefits is rising to 67 , it is argued that the age of eligibility for Medicare should rise with it ( though people can begin receiving reduced Social Security benefits as early as age 62 ) . The CBO projected that raising the age of Medicare eligibility would save $113 billion over 10 years after accounting for the necessary expansion of Medicaid and state health insurance exchange subsidies under health care reform , which are needed to help those who could not afford insurance purchase it . The Kaiser Family Foundation found that raising the age of eligibility would save the federal government $5.7 billion a year , while raising costs for other payers . According to Kaiser , raising the age would cost $3.7 billion to 65 - and 66 - year - olds , $2.8 billion to other consumers whose premiums would rise as insurance pools absorbed more risk , $4.5 billion to employers offering insurance , and $0.7 billion to states expanding their Medicaid rolls . Ultimately Kaiser found that the plan would raise total social costs by more than twice the savings to the federal government . Negotiating the prices of prescription drugs Currently , people with Medicare can get prescription drug coverage through a Medicare Advantage plan or through the standalone private prescription drug plans ( PDPs ) established under Medicare Part D. Each plan established its own coverage policies and independently negotiates the prices it pays to drug manufacturers . But because each plan has a much smaller coverage pool than the entire Medicare program , many argue that this system of paying for prescription drugs undermines the government 's bargaining power and artificially raises the cost of drug coverage . Many look to the Veterans Health Administration as a model of lower cost prescription drug coverage . Since the VHA provides healthcare directly , it maintains its own formulary and negotiates prices with manufacturers . Studies show that the VHA pays dramatically less for drugs than the PDP plans Medicare Part D subsidizes . One analysis found that adopting a formulary similar to the VHA 's would save Medicare $14 billion a year ( over 10 years the savings would be around $140 billion ) . There are other proposals for savings on prescription drugs that do not require such fundamental changes to Medicare Part D 's payment and coverage policies . Manufacturers who supply drugs to Medicaid are required to offer a 15 percent rebate on the average manufacturer 's price . Low - income elderly individuals who qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid receive drug coverage through Medicare Part D , and no reimbursement is paid for the drugs the government purchases for them . Reinstating that rebate would yield savings of $112 billion , according to a recent CBO estimate . Some have questioned the ability of the federal government to achieve greater savings than the largest PDPs , since some of the larger plans have coverage pools comparable to Medicare 's , though the evidence from the VHA is promising . Some also worry that controlling the prices of prescription drugs would reduce incentives for manufacturers to invest in R&D , though the same could be said of anything that would reduce costs . Reforming care for the `` dual - eligibles '' Roughly nine million Americans -- mostly older adults with low incomes -- are eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid . These men and women tend to have particularly poor health -- more than half are being treated for five or more chronic conditions -- and high costs . Average annual per - capita spending for `` dual - eligibles '' is $20,000 , compared to $10,900 for the Medicare population as a whole all enrollees . The dual - eligible population comprises roughly 20 percent of Medicare 's enrollees but accounts for 36 percent of its costs . There is substantial evidence that these individuals receive highly inefficient care because responsibility for their care is split between the Medicare and Medicaid programs -- most see a number of different providers without any kind of mechanism to coordinate their care , and they face high rates of potentially preventable hospitalizations . Because Medicaid and Medicare cover different aspects of health care , both have a financial incentive to shunt patients into care the other program pays for . Many experts have suggested that establishing mechanisms to coordinate care for the dual - eligibles could yield substantial savings in the Medicare program , mostly by reducing hospitalizations . Such programs would connect patients with primary care , create an individualized health plan , assist enrollees in receiving social and human services as well as medical care , reconcile medications prescribed by different doctors to ensure they do not undermine one another , and oversee behavior to improve health . The general ethos of these proposals is to `` treat the patient , not the condition , '' and maintain health while avoiding costly treatments . There is some controversy over who exactly should take responsibility for coordinating the care of the dual eligibles . There have been some proposals to transfer dual eligibles into existing Medicaid managed care plans , which are controlled by individual states . But many states facing severe budget shortfalls might have some incentive to stint on necessary care or otherwise shift costs to enrollees and their families to capture some Medicaid savings . Medicare has more experience managing the care of older adults , and is already expanding coordinated care programs under the ACA , though there are some questions about private Medicare plans ' capacity to manage care and achieve meaningful cost savings . Estimated savings from more effective coordinated care for the dual eligibles range from $125 billion to over $200 billion , mostly by eliminating unnecessary , expensive hospital admissions . Income - relating Medicare premiums Both House Republicans and President Obama proposed increasing the additional premiums paid by the wealthiest people with Medicare , compounding several reforms in the ACA that would increase the number of wealthier individuals paying higher , income - related Part B and Part D premiums . Such proposals are projected to save $20 billion over the course of a decade , and would ultimately result in more than a quarter of Medicare enrollees paying between 35 and 90 percent of their Part B costs by 2035 , rather than the typical 25 percent . If the brackets mandated for 2035 were implemented today , it would mean that anyone earning more than $47,000 ( as an individual ) or $94,000 ( as a couple ) would be affected . Under the Republican proposals , affected individuals would pay 40 percent of the total Part B and Part D premiums , which would be equivalent of $2,500 today . More limited income - relation of premiums only raises limited revenue . Currently , only 5 percent of Medicare enrollees pay an income - related premium , and most only pay 35 percent of their total premium , compared to the 25 percent most people pay . Only a negligible number of enrollees fall into the higher income brackets required to bear a more substantial share of their costs -- roughly half a percent of individuals and less than three percent of married couples currently pay more than 35 percent of their total Part B costs . There is some concern that tying premiums to income would weaken Medicare politically over the long run , since people tend to be more supportive of universal social programs than of means - tested ones . Medigap restrictions Some Medicare supplemental insurance ( or `` Medigap '' ) plans cover all of an enrollee 's cost - sharing , insulating them from any out - of - pocket costs and guaranteeing financial security to individuals with significant health care needs . Many policymakers believe that such plans raise the cost of Medicare by creating a perverse incentive that leads patients to seek unnecessary , costly treatments . Many argue that unnecessary treatments are a major cause of rising costs and propose that people with Medicare should feel more of the cost of their care to create incentives to seek the most efficient alternatives . Various restrictions and surcharges on Medigap coverage have appeared in recent deficit reduction proposals . One of the furthest - reaching reforms proposed , which would prevent Medigap from covering any of the first $500 of coinsurance charges and limit it to covering 50 percent of all costs beyond that , could save $50 billion over 10 years . But it would also increase health care costs substantially for people with costly health care needs . There is some evidence that claims of Medigap 's tendency to cause over-treatment may be exaggerated and that potential savings from restricting it might be smaller than expected . Meanwhile , there are some concerns about the potential effects on enrollees . Individuals who face high charges with every episode of care have been shown to delay or forgo needed care , jeopardizing their health and possibly increasing their health care costs down the line . Given their lack of medical training , most patients tend to have difficulty distinguishing between necessary and unnecessary treatments . The problem could be exaggerated among the Medicare population , which has low levels of health literacy . Legislative oversight ( edit ) The following congressional committees provide oversight for Medicare programs : Senate Senate Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor , Health and Human Services , Education , and Related Agencies Senate Budget Committee Senate Committee on Finance Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management , the Federal Workforce , and the District of Columbia Senate Committee on Health , Education , Labor and Pensions Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management , Government Information , and International Security Subcommittee on Primary Health and Aging Senate Special Committee on Aging House House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor , Health and Human Services , Education , and Related Agencies House Budget Committee House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Health Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations House Small Business Committee House Committee on Ways and Means Subcommittee on Health Joint Joint Economic Committee See also ( edit ) Administration on Aging Federal Insurance Contributions Act Health care in the United States Health care politics Health care reform in the United States Health insurance in the United States Maurice Mazel Medicaid Medicare ( Australia ) Medicare ( Canada ) Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 Medicare Prompt Pay Correction Act Medicare Quality Cancer Care Demonstration Act Medicare Rights Center National Health Service ( United Kingdom ) National Quality Cancer Care Demonstration Project Act of 2009 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( Obamacare ) Philosophy of healthcare Quality improvement organizations Single - payer health care Stark Law United States National Health Care Act ( Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2016 Annual Report of the Medicare Trustees ( for the year 2015 ) , June 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Kaiser Slides The Henry J. 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'' , CMS FAQs , HHS.gov Jump up ^ How does CMS calculate the Average Sales Price ( ASP ) - based payment limit ? , CMS FAQs , HHS.gov Jump up ^ `` Law Impedes Flow of Immunity in a Vial '' , New York Times , July 19 , 2005 , by Andrew Pollack Jump up ^ `` Cancer Drugs Face Funds Cut in a Bush Plan '' , New York Times , August 6 , 2003 , Robert Pear Jump up ^ `` Medicare Incentive Payments in Health Professional Shortage Areas '' . ruralhealthinfo.org . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Overview HPSA / PSA ( Physician Bonuses ) '' . Cms.gov . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 6 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ See 42 U.S.C. § 1395y ( a ) ( 1 ) ( A ) Jump up ^ Center or Medicare and Medicaid Services , `` NHE Web Tables for Selected Calendar Years 1960 -- 2010 '' Archived April 11 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Table 16 . 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USA Today . Society for the Advancement of Education ... Reprint by BNET . Jump up ^ Fuchs , Elissa ( February 2009 ) . `` Overview : Medicare Direct Graduate and Indirect Medical Education Payments '' . AAMC Reporter . Association of American Medical Colleges . ISSN 1544 - 0540 . ^ Jump up to : Croasdale , Myrle ( January 30 , 2006 ) . `` Innovative funding opens new residency slots '' . American Medical News . American Medical Association . Jump up ^ Rosenblatt , Roger A. ; Andrilla , C. Holly A. ; Curtin , Thomas ; Hart , L. Gary ( March 1 , 2006 ) . `` Shortages of Medical Personnel at Community Health Centers '' . Journal of the American Medical Association . American Medical Association . 295 ( 9 ) : 1042 -- 49 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 295.9. 1042 . PMID 16507805 . Jump up ^ Rovner , Julie ( August 2012 ) . `` Prognosis Worsens For Shortages In Primary Care '' . Talk of the Nation . National Public Radio ... ( 2 ) by NPR . 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( ... ) The concern is that private plans will find ways to attract relatively healthier and cheaper - to - cover beneficiaries ( the `` good '' risks ) , leaving the sicker and more costly ones ( the `` bad '' risks ) in TM . Attracting good risks is known as `` favorable selection '' and attracting `` bad '' ones is `` adverse selection . '' ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` Debbie Wasserman Schultz says Ryan Medicare plan would allow insurers to use pre-existing conditions as barrier to coverage '' . PolitiFact . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frakt , Austin ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` Premium support proposal and critique : Objection 4 , complexity '' . The Incidental Economist . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . ( ... ) Medicare is already very complex , some say too complex . There is research that suggests beneficiaries have difficulty making good choices among the myriad of available plans . ( ... ) Jump up ^ Horney , James R. ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Ryan Budget Plan Produces Far Less Real Deficit Cutting than Reported -- Center on Budget and Policy Priorities '' . Cbpp.org . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : http://budget.house.gov/UploadedFiles/PathToProsperityFY2012.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/121xx/doc12128/04-05-ryan_letter.pdf Jump up ^ http://paulryan.house.gov/UploadedFiles/WydenRyan.pdf Jump up ^ Van , Paul N. ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Ryan - Wyden Premium Support Proposal Not What It May Seem -- Center on Budget and Policy Priorities '' . Cbpp.org . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seniors Choice Act Summary '' ( PDF ) . February 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 13 , 2012 . 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Blumberg , Stacey McMorrow , Stephen Zuckerman , Timothy Waidmann , and Karen Stockley , `` Containing the Growth of Spending in the U.S. Health System , '' The Urban Institute , October 2011 . http://www.urban.org/uploadedpdf/412419-Containing-the-Growth-of-Spending-in-the-US-Health-System.pdf Jump up ^ Jiang HJ , Wier LM , Potter DEB , Burgess J. Hospitalizations for Potentially Preventable Conditions among Medicare - Medicaid Dual Eligibles , 2008 . Statistical Brief # 96 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality , Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project , September 2010 . Jump up ^ Medicare PPayment Advisory Commission , MedPAC 2011 Databook , Chapter 5 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 13 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ The National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform , `` The Moment of Truth . '' December 2010 . pdf . Jump up ^ Judy Feder , Lisa Clemans - Cope , Teresa Coughlin , John Holahan , Timothy Waidmann , `` Refocusing Responsibility For Dual Eligibles : Why Medicare Should Take The Lead . '' Robert Wood Johnson Foundation , October 2011 . http://www.rwjf.org/files/research/72868qs68dualeligiblesfull20110930.pdf Jump up ^ Families USA , `` A Guide for Advocates : State Demonstrations to Integrate Medicare and Medicaid . '' April 2011 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Berenson and John Holahan , Preserving Medicare : A Practical Approach to Controlling Spending ( Washington , DC : Urban Institute , Sept. 2011 ) Jump up ^ The National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform , `` The Moment of Truth . '' December 2010 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaiser Family Foundation , `` Income - Relating Medicare Part B and Part D Premiums Under Current Law and Recent Proposals : What are the Implications for Beneficiaries ? '' February 2012 . http://www.kff.org/medicare/upload/8276.pdf Jump up ^ Social Security Administration , Income of the Population , 55 and Older Jump up ^ Theda Skocpol and Vanessa Williams . The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism . Oxford University Press , 2012 . Jump up ^ National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform , `` The Moment of Truth , '' December 2010 . Jump up ^ Office of Management and Buddget , `` Living Within Our Means and Investing in the Future : The President 's Plan for Economic Growth and Deficit Reduction . '' September 2011 . Jump up ^ Sen. Tom Coburn and Sen. Richard Burr , `` The Seniors ' Choice Act , '' February 2012 . Jump up ^ CBO , `` Reducing the Deficit : Revenue and Spending Options , '' May 2012 . Option 21 Jump up ^ Jeff Lemieux , Teresa Chovan , and Karen Heath , `` Medigap Coverage And Medicare Spending : A Second Look , '' Health Affairs , Volume 27 , Number 2 , March / April 2008 Jump up ^ Beeuwkes Buntin M , Haviland AM , McDevitt R , and Sood N , `` Healthcare Spending and Preventive Care in High - Deductible and Consumer - Directed Health Plans , '' American Journal of Managed Care , Vol. 17 , No. 3 , March 2011 , pp. 222 -- 30 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Committees of Interest '' . Center for Medicare Services . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2007 . Retrieved February 15 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Medicare ( United States ) . Governmental links -- current ( edit ) Medicare at cms.gov Medicare.gov -- the official website for people with Medicare Medicare Primer Congressional Research Service Finding Medicare Enrollment Statistics Congressional Research Service Governmental links -- historical ( edit ) Medicare Is Signed Into Law page from ssa.gov -- material about the bill - signing ceremony Historical Background and Development of Social Security from ssa.gov -- includes information about Medicare Detailed Chronology of SSA from ssa.gov -- includes information about Medicare Early Medicare poster from ssa.gov Non-governmental links ( edit ) Consumer Reports Managing Medicare Kaiser Family Foundation -- Substantial research and analysis related to the Medicare program and the population of seniors and people with disabilities it covers . State - level data on Medicare beneficiaries , such as enrollment , demographics ( such as age , gender , race / ethnicity ) , spending , other sources of health coverage , managed care participation , and use of services . History of Medicare in an interactive timeline of key developments . Lyndon B. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what tax is used to provide medical services for persons over the age of 65 | [
"In the United States, Medicare is a national health insurance program, now administered by the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services of the U.S. federal government but begun in 1966 under the Social Security Administration. United States Medicare is funded by a combination of a payroll tax, premiums and surtaxes from beneficiaries, and general revenue. It provides health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older who have worked and paid into the system through the payroll tax. It also provides health insurance to younger people with some disability status as determined by the Social Security Administration, as well as people with end stage renal disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.\n",
"In the United States, Medicare is a national health insurance program, now administered by the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services of the U.S. federal government but begun in 1966 under the Social Security Administration. United States Medicare is funded by a combination of a payroll tax, premiums and surtaxes from beneficiaries, and general revenue. It provides health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older who have worked and paid into the system through the payroll tax. It also provides health insurance to younger people with some disability status as determined by the Social Security Administration, as well as people with end stage renal disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.\n"
] | [
"payroll tax",
"premiums and surtaxes from beneficiaries"
] |
-4670145947075582796 | List of most-viewed YouTube videos | List of most - viewed YouTube videos - wikipedia List of most - viewed YouTube videos Jump to : navigation , search `` Despacito '' by Luis Fonsi ( left ) featuring Daddy Yankee ( right ) is the most viewed video on YouTube , with over 4.4 billion views as of November 26 , 2017 . YouTube is an American video - sharing website headquartered in San Bruno , California . Since its establishment in 2005 , the website has featured a `` most viewed '' section , which lists the most viewed videos on the site . Although the most viewed videos were initially viral videos , such as Evolution of Dance and Charlie Bit My Finger , the most viewed videos were increasingly related to music videos . In fact , since Lady Gaga 's `` Bad Romance '' , every video that has reached the top of the `` most viewed YouTube videos '' list has been a music video . Although the most viewed videos are no longer listed on the site , reaching the top of the list is still considered a tremendous feat . By June 21 , 2015 , only two videos , `` Gangnam Style '' and `` Baby '' , had exceeded one billion views . However , three and a half months later , on October 7 , ten videos had done so . As of November 2017 , 86 videos on the list have exceeded one billion views , with 18 of them exceeding two billion views ; three of which exceed three billion views and one of which exceeds four billion views . `` Despacito '' became the first video to reach three billion views on August 4 , 2017 , followed by `` See You Again '' on August 6 , 2017 , and then on November 25 , 2017 , `` Gangnam Style '' became the third video to hit three billion views . `` Despacito '' also became the first video to reach four billion views on October 11 , 2017 . As of November 2017 , the five fastest videos to reach the one billion view mark are `` Hello '' ( 87 days ) , `` Despacito '' ( 96 days ) , `` Shape of You '' ( 97 days ) , `` Mi Gente '' ( 102 days ) and `` Sorry '' ( 136 days ) . The five fastest videos to reach two billion views are `` Despacito '' ( 154 days ) , `` Shape of You '' ( 187 days ) , `` Sorry '' ( 394 days ) , `` See You Again '' ( 515 days ) and `` Hello '' ( 619 days ) . As of November 2017 , Justin Bieber and Katy Perry each have four videos exceeding one billion views , while Taylor Swift , Calvin Harris , Shakira , Ariana Grande and Bruno Mars each have three , and Fifth Harmony , Psy , Adele , Ellie Goulding , The Weeknd , Ed Sheeran , Nicky Jam , Eminem , Maluma , J Balvin and Ricky Martin each have two . Swift and Perry are the only artists to have two videos exceeding two billion views . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top videos 2 By year of release 3 Historical most viewed videos 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Top videos The following table lists the top 100 most viewed videos on YouTube , with each total rounded to the nearest 10 million views , as well as the creator and date of publication to YouTube . -- This indicates the upload is not a music video Rank Video name Uploader / artist Views ( billions ) Upload date Notes 1 . `` Despacito '' Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee 4.41 January 12 , 2017 2 . `` See You Again '' Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth 3.24 April 6 , 2015 3 . `` Gangnam Style '' Psy 3.00 July 15 , 2012 4 . `` Sorry '' Justin Bieber 2.84 October 22 , 2015 5 . `` Uptown Funk '' Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 2.78 November 19 , 2014 6 . `` Shape of You '' Ed Sheeran 2.77 January 30 , 2017 7 . `` Masha and the Bear : Recipe for Disaster '' Get Movies 2.62 January 31 , 2012 8 . `` Shake It Off '' Taylor Swift 2.45 August 18 , 2014 9 . `` Bailando '' Enrique Iglesias featuring Descemer Bueno and Gente De Zona 2.43 April 11 , 2014 10 . `` Sugar '' Maroon 5 2.42 January 14 , 2015 11 . `` Roar '' Katy Perry 2.35 September 5 , 2013 12 . `` Lean On '' Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ 2.22 March 22 , 2015 13 . `` Blank Space '' Taylor Swift 2.22 November 10 , 2014 14 . `` Dark Horse '' Katy Perry featuring Juicy J 2.17 February 20 , 2014 15 . `` All About That Bass '' Meghan Trainor 2.15 June 11 , 2014 16 . `` Hello '' Adele 2.14 October 22 , 2015 17 . `` Wheels on the Bus '' LittleBabyBum 2.02 August 9 , 2014 18 . `` Counting Stars '' OneRepublic 2.02 May 31 , 2013 19 . `` Chantaje '' Shakira featuring Maluma 1.99 November 18 , 2016 20 . `` Closer ( Lyric video ) '' The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey 1.95 July 29 , 2016 21 . `` Thinking Out Loud '' Ed Sheeran 1.94 October 7 , 2014 22 . `` This Is What You Came For '' Calvin Harris featuring Rihanna 1.85 June 16 , 2016 23 . `` What Do You Mean ? '' Justin Bieber 1.84 August 30 , 2015 24 . `` Baby '' Justin Bieber featuring Ludacris 1.75 February 19 , 2010 25 . `` Work from Home '' Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla $ ign 1.74 February 26 , 2016 26 . `` Chandelier '' Sia 1.73 May 6 , 2014 27 . `` Rockabye '' Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul & Anne - Marie 1.69 October 21 , 2016 28 . `` Let Her Go '' Passenger 1.67 July 25 , 2012 29 . `` Love Me Like You Do '' Ellie Goulding 1.61 January 22 , 2015 30 . `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' Shakira featuring Freshlyground 1.61 June 4 , 2010 31 . `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' Charlie Puth featuring Selena Gomez 1.59 August 2 , 2016 32 . `` Worth It '' Fifth Harmony featuring Kid Ink 1.50 March 28 , 2015 33 . `` Love the Way You Lie '' Eminem featuring Rihanna 1.44 August 5 , 2010 34 . `` Treat You Better '' Shawn Mendes 1.44 July 12 , 2016 35 . `` Ay Vamos '' J Balvin 1.43 August 29 , 2014 36 . `` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' Silentó 1.41 June 25 , 2015 37 . `` Rude '' Magic ! 1.41 December 5 , 2013 38 . `` Wake Me Up '' Avicii featuring Aloe Blacc 1.41 July 29 , 2013 39 . `` Faded '' Alan Walker 1.40 December 3 , 2015 40 . `` Party Rock Anthem '' LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock 1.39 March 8 , 2011 41 . `` Mi Gente '' J Balvin and Willy William 1.35 June 29 , 2017 42 . `` Hotline Bling '' Drake 1.33 October 26 , 2015 43 . `` Vente Pa ' Ca '' Ricky Martin featuring Maluma 1.32 September 22 , 2016 44 . `` Johny Johny Yes Papa '' ChuChu TV 1.31 November 14 , 2014 45 . `` Propuesta Indecente '' Romeo Santos 1.30 September 9 , 2013 46 . `` Love Yourself '' Justin Bieber 1.27 November 14 , 2015 47 . `` Starboy '' The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk 1.26 September 28 , 2016 48 . `` Let It Go '' Idina Menzel 1.25 January 30 , 2014 49 . `` Hasta el Amanecer '' Nicky Jam 1.25 January 14 , 2016 50 . `` The Lazy Song '' Bruno Mars 1.25 April 15 , 2011 51 . `` All of Me '' John Legend 1.24 October 2 , 2013 52 . `` Rolling in the Deep '' Adele 1.22 November 30 , 2010 53 . `` Side to Side '' Ariana Grande featuring Nicki Minaj 1.20 August 29 , 2016 54 . `` Burn '' Ellie Goulding 1.19 July 7 , 2013 55 . `` Reggaetón Lento ( Bailemos ) '' CNCO 1.18 October 7 , 2016 56 . `` Summer '' Calvin Harris 1.18 April 6 , 2014 57 . `` How Deep Is Your Love '' Calvin Harris featuring Disciples 1.18 August 6 , 2015 58 . `` Felices los 4 '' Maluma 1.17 April 21 , 2017 59 . `` Picky '' Joey Montana 1.16 June 29 , 2015 60 . `` Hey Mama '' David Guetta featuring Nicki Minaj , Bebe Rexha and Afrojack 1.16 May 19 , 2015 61 . `` Bad Blood '' Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar 1.16 May 17 , 2015 62 . `` The Hills '' The Weeknd 1.15 May 27 , 2015 63 . `` On the Floor '' Jennifer Lopez featuring Pitbull 1.15 March 3 , 2011 64 . `` Stressed Out '' Twenty One Pilots 1.14 April 27 , 2015 65 . `` The Gummy Bear Song '' icanrockyourworld 1.14 October 9 , 2007 66 . `` Thrift Shop '' Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 1.14 August 29 , 2012 67 . `` Gentleman '' Psy 1.13 April 13 , 2013 68 . `` Diamonds '' Rihanna 1.11 November 8 , 2012 69 . `` Shaky Shaky '' Daddy Yankee 1.10 July 14 , 2016 70 . `` Animals '' Martin Garrix 1.09 June 17 , 2013 71 . `` El Perdón '' Nicky Jam featuring Enrique Iglesias 1.09 March 23 , 2015 72 . `` Andas en Mi Cabeza '' Chino & Nacho featuring Daddy Yankee 1.08 April 20 , 2016 73 . `` El Perdedor '' Maluma 1.08 April 22 , 2016 74 . `` Problem '' Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea 1.07 May 30 , 2014 75 . `` Firework '' Katy Perry 1.07 October 28 , 2010 76 . `` La Bicicleta '' Carlos Vives and Shakira 1.07 July 8 , 2016 77 . `` That 's What I Like '' Bruno Mars 1.06 March 2 , 2017 78 . `` El Pollito Pio '' pulcinopiotv 1.06 November 29 , 2012 79 . `` Bang Bang '' Jessie J , Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj 1.05 August 25 , 2014 80 . `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' Katy Perry 1.04 June 12 , 2011 81 . `` Not Afraid '' Eminem 1.03 June 4 , 2010 82 . `` Just the Way You Are '' Bruno Mars 1.02 September 8 , 2010 83 . `` Call Me Maybe '' Carly Rae Jepsen 1.01 March 1 , 2012 84 . `` La Gozadera '' Gente de Zona featuring Marc Anthony 1.01 June 5 , 2015 85 . `` La Mordidita '' Ricky Martin featuring Yotuel 1.01 June 12 , 2015 86 . `` Huge Eggs Surprise Toys Challenge '' Ryan ToysReview 1.00 April 13 , 2016 87 . `` Ahora Dice '' Chris Jeday featuring J Balvin , Ozuna and Arcángel 1.00 March 19 , 2017 88 . `` Happy '' Pharrell Williams 0.99 November 21 , 2013 89 . `` Timber '' Pitbull featuring Kesha 0.99 November 25 , 2013 90 . `` Where Are Ü Now '' Jack Ü and Justin Bieber 0.99 June 29 , 2015 91 . `` Someone like You '' Adele 0.98 September 29 , 2011 92 . `` Masha and the Bear : Bon appétit ! '' Get Movies 0.98 September 21 , 2012 93 . `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' Gotye featuring Kimbra 0.97 July 5 , 2011 94 . `` Darte un Beso '' Prince Royce 0.96 August 20 , 2013 95 . `` 6 AM '' J Balvin featuring Farruko 0.96 April 4 , 2014 96 . `` El Amante '' Nicky Jam 0.96 January 15 , 2017 97 . `` Work '' Rihanna featuring Drake 0.96 February 22 , 2016 98 . `` Cheap Thrills ( Lyric video ) '' Sia featuring Sean Paul 0.96 February 11 , 2016 99 . `` Danza Kuduro '' Don Omar featuring Lucenzo 0.95 August 11 , 2010 100 . `` I 'm Not the Only One '' Sam Smith 0.95 August 1 , 2014 As of November 26 , 2017 By year of release The following table lists the current top 5 most viewed YouTube videos uploaded in each year , with each total rounded to the nearest ten million views , as well as the uploader and date of publication to YouTube . As of November 2017 , Katy Perry has the most appearances on the list with five , while Taylor Swift and Adele have three . Only Linkin Park ( 2007 ) , Gummibär / icanrockyourworld ( 2007 ) and Taylor Swift ( 2014 ) have two videos in the top 5 of a single year , with both the English and French versions of Gummibär 's The Gummy Bear Song being in the top five videos of 2007 . Year Video name Uploader Views ( billions ) Upload date Notes 2005 `` Life Goes On '' fhearnoiz 0.10 September 22 , 2005 `` Hurt '' beachbuggy 0.08 December 12 , 2005 `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' Frozentoast 0.06 September 18 , 2005 `` Tarzan Boy '' nailofgilead 0.06 November 2 , 2005 `` Me at the zoo '' jawed 0.04 April 23 , 2005 Combined views ( 2005 ) 0.34 2006 `` Galinha Pintadinha - videoclip infantil animado '' Galinha Pintadinha 0.46 December 28 , 2006 `` Ella y Yo '' JosephIngma 0.32 April 27 , 2006 `` Evolution of Dance '' Judson Laipply 0.30 April 6 , 2006 `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' Fueled By Ramen 0.21 July 18 , 2006 `` If you are happy '' Alicia Kids ! 0.18 September 5 , 2006 Combined views ( 2006 ) 1.47 2007 `` The Gummy Bear Song '' icanrockyourworld 1.14 October 9 , 2007 `` Charlie Bit My Finger '' HDCYT 0.86 May 22 , 2007 `` Numb '' Linkin Park 0.71 March 4 , 2007 `` What I 've Done '' 0.32 April 3 , 2007 `` Je m'appelle Funny Bear '' icanrockyourworld 0.31 October 15 , 2007 Combined views ( 2007 ) 3.34 2008 `` Hot n Cold '' KatyPerryVEVO 0.74 October 13 , 2008 `` Pintinho Amarelinho - DVD Galena Pintadinha '' Galinha Pintadinha 0.49 September 15 , 2008 `` Viva la Vida '' Coldplay Official 0.45 August 4 , 2008 `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' Queen Official 0.45 August 1 , 2008 `` Colgando en tus manos '' Carlos Baute 0.36 October 29 , 2008 Combined views ( 2008 ) 2.49 2009 `` November Rain '' GunsNRosesVEVO 0.90 December 24 , 2009 `` Bad Romance '' LadyGagaVEVO 0.88 November 23 , 2009 `` You Belong with Me '' TaylorSwiftVEVO 0.78 June 16 , 2009 `` Axel F '' CrazyFrogVEVO 0.77 June 16 , 2009 `` Chop Suey ! '' systemofadownVEVO 0.64 October 2 , 2009 Combined views ( 2009 ) 3.97 `` Baby '' JustinBieberVEVO 1.75 February 19 , 2010 `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' shakiraVEVO 1.60 June 4 , 2010 `` Love the Way You Lie '' EminemVEVO 1.43 August 5 , 2010 `` Rolling in the Deep '' AdeleVEVO 1.21 November 30 , 2010 `` Firework '' KatyPerryVEVO 1.07 October 28 , 2010 Combined views ( 2010 ) 7.06 2011 `` Party Rock Anthem '' LMFAOVEVO 1.38 March 8 , 2011 `` The Lazy Song '' Bruno Mars 1.24 April 15 , 2011 `` On the Floor '' JenniferLopezVEVO 1.15 March 3 , 2011 `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' KatyPerryVEVO 1.03 June 12 , 2011 `` Someone like You '' AdeleVEVO 0.97 September 29 , 2011 Combined views ( 2011 ) 5.77 2012 `` Gangnam Style '' officialpsy 3.00 July 15 , 2012 `` Маша и Медведь - Маша плюс каша '' Get Movies 2.61 January 31 , 2012 `` Let Her Go '' Passenger 1.67 July 25 , 2012 `` Thrift Shop '' Macklemore LCC 1.14 August 29 , 2012 `` Diamonds '' RihannaVEVO 1.11 November 8 , 2012 Combined views ( 2012 ) 9.53 2013 `` Roar '' KatyPerryVEVO 2.34 September 5 , 2013 `` Counting Stars '' OneRepublicVEVO 2.01 May 31 , 2013 `` Rude '' ournameismagicVEVO 1.41 December 5 , 2013 `` Wake Me Up '' AviciiVEVO 1.40 July 29 , 2013 `` Propuesta Indecente '' RomeoSantosVEVO 1.30 September 9 , 2013 Combined views ( 2013 ) 8.46 2014 `` Uptown Funk '' MarkRonsonVEVO 2.76 November 19 , 2014 `` Shake It Off '' TaylorSwiftVEVO 2.44 August 18 , 2014 `` Bailando '' EnriqueIglesiasVEVO 2.42 April 11 , 2014 `` Blank Space '' TaylorSwiftVEVO 2.21 November 10 , 2014 `` Dark Horse '' KatyPerryVEVO 2.16 February 20 , 2014 Combined views ( 2014 ) 11.99 2015 `` See You Again '' Wiz Khalifa 3.22 April 6 , 2015 `` Sorry '' JustinBieberVEVO 2.83 October 22 , 2015 `` Sugar '' Maroon5VEVO 2.40 January 14 , 2015 `` Lean On '' majorlazer 2.22 March 22 , 2015 `` Hello '' AdeleVEVO 2.12 October 22 , 2015 Combined views ( 2015 ) 12.79 2016 `` Chantaje '' shakiraVEVO 1.97 November 18 , 2016 `` Closer ( Lyric video ) '' ChainsmokersVEVO 1.94 July 29 , 2016 `` This Is What You Came For '' CalvinHarrisVEVO 1.84 June 16 , 2016 `` Work from Home '' FifthHarmonyVEVO 1.74 February 26 , 2016 `` Rockabye '' Clean Bandit 1.67 October 21 , 2016 Combined views ( 2016 ) 9.16 2017 `` Despacito '' LuisFonsiVEVO 4.40 January 12 , 2017 `` Shape of You '' Ed Sheeran 2.76 January 30 , 2017 `` Mi Gente '' jbalvinVEVO 1.34 June 29 , 2017 `` Felices los 4 '' MalumaVEVO 1.17 April 21 , 2017 `` That 's What I Like '' Bruno Mars 1.06 March 1 , 2017 Combined views ( 2017 ) 10.73 As of November 17 , 2017 Historical most viewed videos The following table lists the last 15 videos to become YouTube 's most viewed video , from October 2005 to the present . Current record Former record Indicates the video has since been removed from YouTube Video name Uploader Views * Upload date Date achieved Days held Ref ( s ) Notes `` Despacito '' LuisFonsiVEVO 2,993,700,000 Jan 12 , 2017 Aug 4 , 2017 115 `` See You Again '' Wiz Khalifa 2,894,000,000 Apr 6 , 2015 Jul 10 , 2017 25 `` Gangnam Style '' officialpsy 803,700,000 Jul 15 , 2012 Nov 24 , 2012 1,689 `` Baby '' JustinBieberVEVO 245,400,000 Feb 19 , 2010 Jul 16 , 2010 862 `` Bad Romance '' LadyGagaVEVO 178,400,000 Nov 23 , 2009 Apr 14 , 2010 93 `` Charlie Bit My Finger '' HDCYT 128,900,000 May 22 , 2007 Oct 25 , 2009 171 `` Evolution of Dance '' Judson Laipply 118,900,000 Apr 6 , 2006 May 2 , 2009 176 `` Girlfriend '' RCARecords 92,600,000 Feb 27 , 2007 Jul 17 , 2008 289 `` Evolution of Dance '' Judson Laipply 78,400,000 Apr 6 , 2006 Mar 15 , 2008 124 `` Music Is My Hot Hot Sex '' CLARUSBARTEL72 76,600,000 Apr 9 , 2007 Feb 29 , 2008 15 `` Evolution of Dance '' Judson Laipply 10,600,000 Apr 6 , 2006 May 19 , 2006 651 `` Pokemon Theme Music Video '' Smosh 4,300,000 Nov 28 , 2005 Mar 12 , 2006 68 `` Myspace - The Movie '' eggtea 2,700,000 Jan 31 , 2006 Feb 18 , 2006 22 `` Phony Photo Booth '' mugenized 3,400,000 Dec 1 , 2005 Jan 21 , 2006 28 `` The Chronic of Narnia Rap '' youtubedude 2,300,000 Dec 18 , 2005 Jan 9 , 2006 12 `` Ronaldinho : Touch of Gold '' Nikesoccer 255,000 Oct 21 , 2005 Oct 31 , 2005 70 `` I / O Brush '' larfus 247,000 Oct 5 , 2005 Oct 29 , 2005 As of November 27 , 2017 * The approximate number of views each video had when it became YouTube 's most viewed video . Charts ( show ) Timeline of Most Viewed Videos ( Oct 2005 - Nov 2017 ) No 1 Most Viewed Video ( Oct 2005 - Jun 2006 ) No 1 Most Viewed Video ( Apr 2006 - Jan 2010 ) No 1 Most Viewed Video ( Oct 2009 - Jan 2013 ) No 1 Most Viewed Video ( Jan 2012 - Nov 2017 ) See also List of most - viewed Vevo videos List of most - disliked YouTube videos List of most - liked YouTube videos List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours List of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours List of viral music videos Notes Jump up ^ Some videos may not be available worldwide due to regional restrictions in certain countries . Jump up ^ `` Despacito '' became the fifty - fourth video to reach 1 billion views on April 20 , 2017 , doing so in 96 days ; twelfth video to reach 2 billion views on June 16 , 2017 , doing so in the fastest time -- 154 days ; first video to reach 3 billion views on August 4 , 2017 , doing so in the fastest time -- 204 days ; first video to reach 4 billion views on October 11 , 2017 ; currently Vevo 's most viewed video with over 4.4 billion views and YouTube 's most liked video with over 24 million likes as of November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again '' surpassed `` Gangnam Style '' as the most viewed video on July 10 , 2017 ; tenth video to reach 1 billion views on October 7 , 2015 ; second video to reach 2 billion views on September 3 , 2016 , doing so in 515 days ; second video to reach 3 billion views on August 6 , 2017 , doing so in 853 days ; currently YouTube 's second most liked video with over 17.8 million likes as of November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gangnam Style '' surpassed `` Baby '' as the most viewed video on November 24 , 2012 ; first video to reach 1 billion views on December 21 , 2012 ; first video to reach 2 billion views on May 30 , 2014 ; third video to reach 3 billion views on November 25 , 2017 ; currently holds the record for the longest reign as YouTube 's most viewed video with 1,689 days . Jump up ^ `` Recipe for Disaster '' is the most viewed non-music video of all time , as of November 2017 . Jump up ^ As of November 2017 , `` Hello '' is the fastest video to reach one billion views , doing so in 87 days . Jump up ^ `` Closer '' is the most viewed lyric video of all time , as of November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Baby '' surpassed `` Bad Romance '' as the most viewed video on July 16 , 2010 ; second video to reach 1 billion views on March 4 , 2014 ; currently YouTube 's most disliked video with over 8.4 million dislikes as of November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Johny Johny , Yes Papa '' is a nursery rhyme originating in Kenya . Jump up ^ This is a sing - along version of the song Let It Go , entitled `` Let It Go Sing Along '' , posted by `` Disney UK '' . Jump up ^ `` The Gummy Bear Song '' is the oldest YouTube video to exceed one billion views , as of November 2017 . Jump up ^ Some videos may not be available worldwide due to regional restrictions in certain countries . Jump up ^ 2005 A video titled `` guitar '' was published on December 20 , 2005 and received over 92 million views . It was deleted in October 2017 . Its view count would place it as the second most viewed video of 2005 , had it not been removed . Jump up ^ `` Me at the zoo '' is the first video that was uploaded to YouTube . Jump up ^ 2006 A video titled `` The Sneezing Baby Panda '' was published on November 6 , 2006 and gained over 221 million views . It was deleted in March 2017 and is the sixth most viewed deleted YouTube video . Its view count would place it as the fourth most viewed video of 2006 , had it not been removed . A video titled `` Hahaha '' was published on November 1 , 2006 , and gained over 208 million views . It peaked at number 12 on the list of most viewed YouTube videos in May 2011 and was deleted in November 2011 . It is the seventh most viewed deleted YouTube video . Its view count would place it as the fifth most viewed video of 2006 , had it not been removed . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of Dance '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video on three separate occasions : May 19 , 2006 -- February 29 , 2008 , March 15 , 2008 -- July 17 , 2008 , and May 2 , 2009 -- October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 2007 A video titled `` Parto in un letto '' was published on May 9 , 2007 , and gained over 325 million views . It peaked at number 8 on the list of most viewed YouTube videos in November 2011 and was deleted in January 2012 for violating YouTube Community Guidelines . It is currently the most viewed deleted YouTube video . Its view count would place it as the fourth most viewed video of 2007 , had it not been removed . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Bit My Finger '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from October 24 , 2009 to April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Romance '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from April 14 , 2010 to July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baby '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from July 16 , 2010 to November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gangnam Style '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from November 24 , 2012 to July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from July 10 , 2017 to August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despacito '' currently holds the title of YouTube 's most viewed video . Jump up ^ `` Despacito '' became the first video to reach 3 billion views on August 4 , 2017 ; first video to reach 4 billion views on October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gangnam Style '' became the first video to reach 1 billion views on December 21 , 2012 ; first video to reach 2 billion views on May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baby '' became to first video to reach 500 million views on March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Romance '' became the first video to reach 200 million views on May 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Music is My Hot Hot Sex '' became the first video to reach 100 million views on March 11 , 2008 . The uploader then deleted the video four days later . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of Dance '' became the first video to reach 20 million views on June 5 , 2006 ; first video to reach 50 million views on June 7 , 2007 . It is the only video on this list to hold the No. 1 spot on more than one separate occasion . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Theme Music Video '' became the first video to reach 10 million views on May 6 , 2006 . It was removed from YouTube in June 2007 for copyright infringement . Jump up ^ `` Phony Photo Booth '' became the first video to reach 5 million views on February 8 , 2006 . It was removed from YouTube on February 18 , 2006 for copyright infringement . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldinho : Touch of Gold '' became the first video to reach 500,000 views on November 3 , 2005 ; first video to reach 1 million views on November 11 , 2005 ; first video to reach 2 million views on December 12 , 2005 . References Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` The Billion View Club : YouTube 's 10 Most Watched Videos '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Marc ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` A Billion Views on YouTube ? Once Exclusive Club Is Getting Crowded '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa & Charlie Puth 's ' See You Again ' Has Now Hit Three Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` Psy 's ' Gangnam Style ' Finally Reaches 3 Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Is The First Video To Reach 4 Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest to 1 billion '' . Kworb . October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest to 2 billion '' . Kworb . September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luis Fonsi - Despacito ft . Daddy Yankee '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flores , Griselda ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi 's ' Despacito ' With Daddy Yankee Reaches 1 Billion Views on YouTube '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despacito on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on June 16 , 2017 , 20 : 45 : 42 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . June 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despacito on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on June 16 , 2017 , 23 : 27 : 11 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . June 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Brandon ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Is Now The Most Viewed Video In Youtube History '' . UPROXX . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wiz Khalifa - See You Again ft . Charlie Puth ( Official Video ) Furious 7 Soundtrack '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Claire ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gangnam Style ' is no longer YouTube 's most - watched video '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' See You Again ' takes YouTube top spot '' . CNN . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth 's ' See You Again ' hits 1 billion views on YouTube '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on September 3 , 2016 , 19 : 07 : 21 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . September 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` See You Again on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on September 4 , 2016 , 18 : 08 : 34 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . September 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa & Charlie Puth 's ' See You Again ' Has Now Hit Three Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` PSY - GANGNAM STYLE ( 강남 스타일 ) M / V '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kosner , Anthony Wing ( November 24 , 2012 ) . `` PSY 's Gangnam Style Tops Bieber 's Baby To Become Most Viewed YouTube Video Ever '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gruger , William ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` PSY 's ' Gangnam Style ' Video Hits 1 Billion Views , Unprecedented Milestone '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jess ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` PSY 's ' Gangnam Style ' Hits 2 Billion YouTube Views '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` Psy 's ' Gangnam Style ' Finally Reaches 3 Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber - Sorry ( PURPOSE : The Movement ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Ronson - Uptown Funk ft . Bruno Mars '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran - Shape of You ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Маша и Медведь ( Masha and The Bear ) - Маша плюс каша ( 17 Серия ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift - Shake It Off '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Enrique Iglesias - Bailando ( Español ) ft . Descemer Bueno , Gente De Zona '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maroon 5 - Sugar '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Katy Perry - Roar ( Official ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Major Lazer & DJ Snake - Lean On ( feat . MØ ) ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift - Blank Space '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Katy Perry - Dark Horse ( Official ) ft . Juicy J '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor - All About That Bass '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele - Hello '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Crunching the Numbers Behind ' Despacito 's Rise to the No. 1 All - Time Spot on YouTube '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wheels On The Bus 54 Minutes Compilation from LittleBabyBum ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` OneRepublic - Counting Stars '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shakira - Chantaje ( Official video ) ft . Maluma '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Chainsmokers - Closer ( Lyric ) ft . Halsey '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Loud ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calvin Harris - This Is What You Came For ( Official Video ) ft . Rihanna '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean ? '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber - Baby ft . Ludacris '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Justin Bieber Beats Lady Gaga In YouTube Video Popularity -- For Now '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wooton , Christopher ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Baby just hit a billion views on VEVO '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifth Harmony - Work From Home ft . Ty Dolla $ ign '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sia - Chandelier ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clean Bandit - Rockabye ft . Sean Paul & Anne - Marie ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Passenger Let Her Go ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding - Love Me Like You Do ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shakira - Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) ( The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup TM Song ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth - We Do n't Talk Anymore ( feat . Selena Gomez ) ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Harmony - Worth It ft . Kid Ink '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eminem - Love the Way You Lie ft . Rihanna '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - Treat You Better '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J. Balvin - Ay Vamos '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Silentó - Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) ( Official ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MAGIC ! - Rude '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avicii - Wake Me Up ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Walker - Faded '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` LMFAO - Party Rock Anthem ft . Lauren Bennett , GoonRock '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` J. Balvin , Willy William - Mi Gente ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Drake - Hotline Bling '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Martin - Vente Pa ' Ca ( Official Video ) ft . Maluma '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Johny Johny Yes Papa and Many More Videos Popular Nursery Rhymes Collection by ChuChu TV '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Butler , Francelia ( January 1 , 1989 ) . Skipping around the World : The Ritual Nature of Folk Rhymes . University of Michigan : Library Professional Publications . pp. 165 -- 166 . ISBN 9780208021946 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romeo Santos - Propuesta Indecente '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber - Love Yourself ( PURPOSE : The Movement ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Weeknd - Starboy ft . Daft Punk '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FROZEN - Let It Go Sing - along Official Disney HD '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Kat ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen Sing - Along , Royal Albert Hall review - ' pure , sparkly joy ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hasta el Amanecer - Nicky Jam Video Oficial '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruno Mars - The Lazy Song ( OFFICIAL VIDEO ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Legend - All of Me '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele - Rolling in the Deep '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande - Side To Side ft . Nicki Minaj '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding - Burn '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CNCO - Reggaetón Lento ( Bailemos ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris - Summer '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris & Disciples - How Deep Is Your Love '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maluma - Felices los 4 ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joey Montana - Picky '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta - Hey Mama ( Official Video ) ft Nicki Minaj , Bebe Rexha & Afrojack '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift - Bad Blood ft . Kendrick Lamar '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Weeknd - The Hills '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jennifer Lopez - On The Floor ft . Pitbull '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots : Stressed Out ( OFFICIAL VIDEO ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Gummy Bear Song - Long English Version '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Macklemore & Ryan Lewis - Thrift Shop feat . Wanz ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSY - GENTLEMAN M / V '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rihanna - Diamonds '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daddy Yankee - Shaky Shaky Video Oficial '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Garrix - Animals ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 21 . El Perdón - Nicky Jam y Enrique Iglesias ( Official Music Video YTMAs ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chino y Nacho - Andas En Mi Cabeza ft . Daddy Yankee '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` El Perdedor - Maluma '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande - Problem ft . Iggy Azalea '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Katy Perry - Firework ( Official ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Vives , Shakira - La Bicicleta ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruno Mars - That 's What I Like ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PULCINO PIO - El Pollito Pio ( Official video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jessie J , Ariana Grande , Nicki Minaj - Bang Bang ft . Ariana Grande , Nicki Minaj '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Katy Perry - Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) ( Official ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Not Afraid '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars - Just The Way You Are ( OFFICIAL VIDEO ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Rae Jepsen - Call Me Maybe '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gente de Zona - La Gozadera ( Official Video ) ft . Marc Anthony '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Martin - La Mordidita ( Official Video ) ft . Yotuel '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Huge Eggs Surprise Toys Challenge Inflatable water slide Disney Cars Toys Paw Patrol Spiderman '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Jeday - Ahora Dice ( Official Video ) ft . J. Balvin , Ozuna , Arcángel '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams - Happy ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull - Timber ft . Ke $ ha '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Skrillex and Diplo - `` Where Are Ü Now '' with Justin Bieber ( Official Video ) `` . Youtube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele - Someone Like You '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Маша и Медведь ( Masha and The Bear ) - Приятного аппетита ( 24 Серия ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gotye - Somebody That I Used To Know ( feat . Kimbra ) - official video '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Royce - Darte un Beso '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J. Balvin - 6 AM ft . Farruko '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 05 . El Amante - Nicky Jam ( Video Oficial ) ( Álbum Fénix ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna - Work ( Explicit ) ft . Drake '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sia - Cheap Thrills ( Lyric Video ) ft . Sean Paul '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Don Omar - Danza Kuduro ft . Lucenzo '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith - I 'm Not The Only One '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Goes On - Tupac '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Cash Hurt '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimora - Tarzan Boy '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Me at the zoo '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MyTop100Videos ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time # 4 '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MyTop100Videos . `` Most Viewed Videos of 2005 and 2006 '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Galinha Pintadinha - videoclip infantil animado '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ella Y Yo - Don Omar Ft . Romeo '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolution of Dance '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` If you are happy '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : MyTop100Videos ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Top 500 Most Viewed Videos of All Time '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : MyTop100Videos ( October 28 , 2012 ) . `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time # 2 '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie bit my finger - again ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Numb ( Official Video ) - Linkin Park '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What I 've Done ( Official Video ) - Linkin Park '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Je m'appelle Funny Bear '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry - Hot N Cold '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pintinho Amarelinho - DVD Galinha Pintadinha '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay - Viva La Vida '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Baute - Colgando en tus manos ( con Marta Sanchez ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses - November Rain '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady Gaga - Bad Romance '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift - You Belong with Me '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Frog - Axel F '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` System Of A Down - Chop Suey ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh . `` ' Despacito ' Has Just Become the Most Popular Video of All Time on YouTube '' . Forbes . Forbes Media . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Just Became The First Video To Reach Three Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dresdale , Andrea . `` ' See You Again ' Breaks Record for Most - Viewed YouTube Video of All Time '' . ABC News . ABC News Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on 12 July 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jeff ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` PSY 's ' Gangnam Style ' Hits 2 Billion YouTube Views '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Marshall ( March 27 , 2011 ) . `` Bieber 's ' Baby ' Will Hit 500m Views Today ; It 's Also The Most Hated Video on YouTube ( For Now ) '' . readwrite . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciarretto , Amy ( March 28 , 2011 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Baby ' Viewed 500 Million Times On YouTube '' . Pop Crush . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Megan ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's Bad Romance Is Officially The Most Viewed Video On YouTube Ever '' . SocialTimes . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wei , Will ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's ' Bad Romance ' Will Be YouTube 's First Video To Hit 200 Million Views '' . Business Insider . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Romance By Lady Gaga Becomes First YouTube Video To Hit 200 Million Views '' . Pulse 2.0 . May 9 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : Hutcheon , Stephen ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` Once bitten , now watched by millions on YouTube '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` Most Viewed Chart on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on July 8 , 2009 , 22 : 33 : 57 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . July 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2009 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne - Girlfriend '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne - Girlfriend '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ References : Gannes , Liz ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` Avril Ascends , But YouTube Withholds Her Crown '' . Gigaom . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Van Buskirk , Eliot ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` Avril Lavigne Expects $2 Million From YouTube Despite Gamed Play Count '' . Wired . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Hutcheon , Stephen ( March 17 , 2008 ) . `` Mystery over zapped Hot Hot Sex YouTube clip '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CANSEI DE SER SEXY Music is My Hot Hot Sex '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Dover , Danny ( March 8 , 2008 ) . `` YouTube 's New # 1 Video : The Unprecedented Rise and the Mobocracy that Led to its Fall '' . Moz . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Hutcheon , Stephen ( March 23 , 2008 ) . `` YouTube yobs chase top video off the charts '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hutcheon , Stephen ( March 17 , 2008 ) . `` Mystery over zapped Hot Hot Sex YouTube clip '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` Judson Laipply ( featured in the # 1 most viewed video on youtube ) '' . The Speakers Group . May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Theme Music Video '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` Most Viewed Chart on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on March 14 , 2006 , 12 : 07 : 24 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . March 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Heffernan , Virginia ( April 4 , 2006 ) . `` Comic shorts , home on the Web '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube takes down popular Smosh Pokemon video '' . The Utube Blog . June 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Myspace - THE MOVIE ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` Most Viewed Chart on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on February 18 , 2006 , 21 : 43 : 25 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . February 18 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2006 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Leno Phony Photo Booth '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . `` Jay Leno Phony Photo Booth on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on February 2 , 2006 , 10 : 43 : 42 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . December 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2006 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNL - The Chronic of Narnia Rap '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . `` SNL - The Chronic of Narnia Rap on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on January 9 , 2006 , 01 : 30 : 48 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . December 18 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2006 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldinho : Touch of Gold '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` Ronaldinho : Touch of Gold on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on November 2 , 2005 , 10 : 21 : 32 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . October 21 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2005 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Medina , Martín ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` What was the first video to hit one million YouTube views ? How long did it take for it to reach one million views ? '' . Quora . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating ten years since Ronaldinho broke the Internet with the first YouTube video to reach 1 million views '' . Nike Soccer Twitter . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I / O Brush '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` I / O Brush on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on October 29 , 2005 , 5 : 03 : 49 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . October 5 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2005 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ( hide ) YouTube Founders Steve Chen Chad Hurley Jawed Karim Events Awards CNN / YouTube presidential debates Comedy Week Live Music Awards Orchestra Channels Most - subscribed channels Spotlight channel Multi-channel network ( MCN ) Original channels Personalities Vevo channels YouTube Red ( List of original programs ) Culture Let 's Play Video game walkthrough YouTube Poop YouTube Rewind Lists Most - viewed videos in the first 24 hours videos and trailers Most - liked videos Most - disliked videos Most - viewed Vevo videos List of MCNs Related articles API Censorship Copyright issues Elsagate History Play Buttons Social impact Viacom conflict Viral video List of viral videos Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_videos&oldid=812375684 '' Categories : YouTube videos 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives YouTube - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from June 2015 Pages with graphs Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia עברית Magyar Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 14 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the most watched music video on youtube of all time | [
"\n1.\n\"Despacito\"[8]\nLuis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee\n4.41\nJanuary 12, 2017\n[B]\n"
] | [
"Despacito"
] |
7873145735721033023 | One Day at a Time (2017 TV series) | One Day at a Time ( 2017 TV series ) - wikipedia One Day at a Time ( 2017 TV series ) One Day at a Time Genre Sitcom Dramedy Based on One Day at a Time by Whitney Blake and Allan Manings Developed by Gloria Calderon Kellett Mike Royce Starring Justina Machado Todd Grinnell Isabella Gomez Marcel Ruiz Stephen Tobolowsky Rita Moreno Opening theme `` This Is It '' performed by Gloria Estefan Ending theme `` This Is It '' ( instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Jeff Barry Nancy Barry Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 26 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Gloria Calderon Kellett Mike Royce Norman Lear Michael Garcia Brent Miller Producer ( s ) Dan Hernandez Benji Samit Patricia Fass Palmer Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 26 -- 31 minutes Production company ( s ) Act III Productions Snowpants Productions Big Girl Pants Productions Small Fish Studios Sony Pictures Television Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( UHD ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release January 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) -- present ( present ) External links Official Website One Day at a Time is an American comedy web television series based on Norman Lear 's 1975 -- 1984 sitcom of the same name . It was Lear 's company , Act III Productions , that approached Sony with the idea of reimagining the original series with a Latino family . It was developed by Gloria Calderon Kellett and Mike Royce , with Lear and his producing partner , Brent Miller as executive producers . The series features an ensemble cast starring Justina Machado , Todd Grinnell , Isabella Gomez , Marcel Ruiz , Stephen Tobolowsky , and Rita Moreno . The show revolves around a Cuban - American family living in Los Angeles , focusing on a single mom who is an Army veteran dealing with PTSD , her kids and her Cuban mother . The re-imagination of the original CBS sitcom tackles important issues like mental illness , immigration , sexism , homophobia , and racism that face Latinos living in the United States . Filming took place in Los Angeles , California at Sony Pictures Studios in Stage 25 . It was shot with a multiple - camera setup in front of a studio audience . The first season consisted of thirteen episodes and it was released on January 6 , 2017 . On March 4 , 2017 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season . Filming of the second season began in May 2017 and ended in September 2017 . On January 26 , 2018 , the second season premiered on the streaming service with thirteen episodes . On March 26 , 2018 , a third season was ordered . Upon its release , the show received critical acclaim , with critics and journalists praising the writing and the performances of Justina Machado and Rita Moreno . One Day at a Time was listed as one of the best television shows of 2017 , with over eighteen critics ranking it as one of the top ten shows of the year . The series received multiple awards and nominations , including a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series ( Pat Barnett ) . At the Imagen Foundation Awards won Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy , Best Actress -- Television ( Justina Machado ) , Best Supporting Actress -- Television ( Isabella Gomez ) and Best Young Actor -- Television ( Marcel Ruiz ) . Rita Moreno was nominated for a Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series . The series was also nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Comedy Series . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The show depicts the everyday life of a Cuban - American family with each character finding their own journey . Following the story of Penelope Alvarez ( Justina Machado ) a United States Army Nurse Corps veteran , facing her return to civilian life with a lot of unresolved issues from her time in the Army . She works as a nurse in the office of Dr. Leslie Berkowitz ( Stephen Tobolowsky ) . After her husband 's alcoholism due to post-traumatic stress disorder from his time in the Army made it , in Penelope 's words , ' unsafe to be in the house ' , she separates from Victor ( James Martínez ) , taking the children with her . With the help of her Mother , Lydia ( Rita Moreno ) , a refugee who left Cuba as a teen following Fidel Castro 's rise to power , she is raising her two children : Elena ( Isabella Gómez ) and Alex ( Marcel Ruiz ) . Apart from planning her daughter 's quinceañera , Penelope starts dating and finds a love interest . Elena , resistant to have a quinces , starts dating a teenager from her class ; to later realize that she is a lesbian . After struggling in ways to tell her family about her sexuality she finds the right time to come out . Alex starts working in a school project about Cuba with the help of Schneider ( Todd Grinnell ) and Lydia . Lydia talks about leaving Cuba escaping from Castro 's dictatorship and how she fell in love with her late husband Berto ( Tony Plana ) . Each episode of the series focuses on important issues that face the Hispanic community and families in general . It has dealt with topics such as veterans ' struggles with PTSD , depression , and anxiety , as well as sexuality , gender identity , sexism , and religion , amongst others . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Justina Machado plays Penelope Alvarez . Rita Moreno plays Penelope 's mother , Lydia Riera . Justina Machado as Penelope Riera Alvarez , a United States Army Nurse Corps and mother of Alex and Elena . She works as a nurse for Dr. Leslie Berkowitz . After coming back from army service , she joins a therapy group to help her with her depression and anxiety . In the first season she separates from her husband Victor and starts dating Ben . Later she breaks up with Ben after Victor 's visit for Elena 's quinceañera . In season two Penelope decides to go back to school to become a nurse practitioner . She begins dating an Army Veteran , now EMT Max Ferraro , but breaks up with him after finding out he wanted children of his own , and decides to let him find that chance with someone else , as she believes that she is too old for another child , and has two children of her own . Rita Moreno as Lydia Margarita del Carmen Inclán Maribona Leyte - Vidal de Riera , a faithful Cuban , Penelope 's mother and grandmother of Elena and Alex. She fled Cuba after Castro seized power . She was a dancer and a performer back in the day . Over the course of the season , she develops a relationship with Dr. Berkowitz . Isabella Gomez as Elena Maria Alvarez Riera Calderón Leyte - Vidal Inclán , the activist and feminist teenage daughter of Penelope . After dating Josh , a classmate , and watching gay porn , she discovers that she is a lesbian and comes out to her family . The news does n't sit well with her father , which upsets Elena . In season two she finds a love interest and founds a Gay - Straight Alliance club at her Catholic School . Marcel Ruiz as Alejandro `` Alex '' Alberto Alvarez Riera Calderon Leyte - Vidal Inclán , the son of Penelope . He wants to gain popularity at school and is part of the baseball team . He starts a school project about Cuba . In season two he begins working during the summer at Dr. Berkowitz 's office . Todd Grinnell as Dwayne Schneider , the rich landlord of the building . He is a close friend of the family and Penelope 's best friend . Schneider is frequently having one - night stands with different women . Often in the series he talks about having multiple stepmothers and how dysfunctional his family was , while also occasionally discussing his history of addictions . He is Canadian and after years of having a green card decides to become a US citizen . Stephen Tobolowsky as Dr. Leslie Berkowitz , Penelope 's boss and Lydia 's love interest . Recurring ( edit ) Fiona Gubelmann as Lori ( season 1 ) : Penelope 's co-worker . Ariela Barer as Carmen ( season 1 ) : Elena 's best friend . She spent nights with Elena in her bedroom after her parents were deported back to Mexico , but Penelope finds out . She later moves to Austin , Texas to live with her brothers . Froy Gutierrez as Josh Flores ( season 1 ) Eric Nenninger as Scott ( season 1 -- present ) : Penelope 's co-worker . Haneefah Wood as Jill Riley ( season 1 -- present ) : Penelope 's friend . Mackenzie Phillips as Pam Valentine ( season 1 -- present ) : the leader of Penelope 's female veteran therapy group . Judy Reyes as Ramona ( season 1 -- present ) : Penelope 's friend from the therapy group . Tony Plana as Berto Riera ( season 1 -- present ) : Lydia 's late husband . James Martínez as Victor Alvarez ( season 1 -- present ) : Penelope 's ex-husband . Ed Quinn as Max Ferraro ( season 2 ) : a military veteran , EMT , and Penelope 's ex-boyfriend Sheridan Pierce as Syd ( season 2 -- present ) : Elena 's girlfriend who is non-binary . Raúl Castillo as Mateo ( season 3 ) : Penelope 's friend from school who is also a parent Guest ( edit ) Cedric Yarbrough as Jerry Jay Hayden as Ben Gabrielle Elyse as Dani Jolie Jenkins as Nikki Ivonne Coll as Esme Emiliano Díez as Padre Jose Georgia Engel as Sister Barbara Tim Bagley as Henry Mindy Sterling as Delia Timm Sharp as Nurse Wally Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of One Day at a Time ( 2017 ) episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 January 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) 13 January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 13 2019 ( 2019 ) Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2018 ) Music ( edit ) The theme song for the original One Day at a Time series , `` This is It '' , was re-recorded for the newer version of the series , with a new arrangement by Emilio Estefan featuring Cuban instrumentation and lead vocals by Gloria Estefan . The song was composed by husband - and - wife songwriters Jeff Barry and Nancy Barry . Recording artist Polly Cutter sang the original version of the theme song . Reception ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 97 % ( 29 reviews ) 79 ( 23 reviews ) 100 % ( 14 reviews ) 88 ( 6 reviews ) Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has an approval rating of 97 % based on 30 reviews with an average rating of 7.62 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` One Day at a Time breathes fresh life into the classic Norman Lear original with a lively , sharp , and proudly old - school sitcom bolstered by a surfeit of heart and terrific performances from Rita Moreno and Justina Machado . '' Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times found the first season to be `` lively without being rushed '' thanks to the full 30 minute run time . `` The show is nicely written ... and the performances ( especially Moreno 's ) are almost universally engaging , '' according to David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle . The Newsday review by Verne Gay particularly praises Machado as `` flat - out terrific '' and calls the first season `` congenial , good - hearted , easy going , sentimental , old - fashioned and surprisingly new - fashioned . There 's also a deep emotional core here which refuses to be devalued by the typical ( or tired ) beat of a multicamera sitcom . '' A USA Today review by Kelly Lawler noted that Elena 's coming - out arc in the first season has drawn special praise from LGBT critics for its `` unique , realistic and refreshing take on the subject ... the depiction of a young , happy Latinx lesbian comes as a hopeful sign for many . '' Autostraddle senior editor Yvonne Marquez called the arc `` mind - blowing '' and the show revolutionary because `` it centers the family 's brownness and provides ample social commentary to deliver a fantastic modern - day sitcom . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominees Result Ref . 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Comedy One Day at a Time Nominated Imagen Foundation Awards Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy Won Best Actress -- Television Justina Machado Won Best Supporting Actress -- Television Rita Moreno Nominated Isabella Gomez Won Best Young Actor -- Television Marcel Ruiz Won IGN Summer Awards Best Comedic TV Performance Rita Moreno Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series Pat Barnett Nominated Online Film & Television Association Awards Best Comedy Series One Day at a Time Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Justina Machado Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Rita Moreno Nominated Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series One Day at a Time Nominated Best Direction in a Comedy Series Nominated Gold Derby Awards Best Comedy Supporting Actress Rita Moreno Nominated 2018 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated TVLine Awards Performer of the Week Justina Machado Won GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series One Day at a Time Nominated Television Academy Honors Television with a Conscience Won TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Comedy Pending Imagen Foundation Awards Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy Pending Best Actress -- Television Justina Machado Pending Rita Moreno Pending Isabella Gomez Pending Best Young Actor -- Television Marcel Ruiz Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At A Time ' : Justina Machado To Play The Lead In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Villarreal , Yvonne ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Norman Lear reboots ' One Day at a Time ' for a new generation '' . LA Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Orders ' One Day At A Time ' Latino Remake Series Co-Starring Rita Moreno '' . Deadline . January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At a Time ' : Stephen Tobolowsky Cast In Netflix Latino Family Remake '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At a Time ' : Todd Grinnell Cast As Schneider In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` One Day at a Time Taping : Take Two - LezWatchTV '' . 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` One Day at a Time Reboot Gets Premiere Date at Netflix '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At A Time ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` One Day At A Time Finale Taping - LezWatchTV '' . 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's ' One Day at a Time ' announces season 2 premiere date in delightful video '' . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` One Day At A Time - Season 3 Announcement - Netflix '' . Netfflix. 26 March 2018 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cuban - Americans Take Spotlight In Netflix Reboot Of ' One Day At A Time ' '' . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Liz Shannon ( 26 January 2018 ) . `` ' One Day at a Time ' Season 2 Review : Netflix 's Best Multi-Cam Sitcom Just Gets Sharper and More Sincere '' . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 : Television Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Review : The Euphoria of ' One Day at a Time ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Liz Shannon ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' One Day at a Time ' Stars Talk Season 3 and Why a Non-Binary Character Is Called a ' Girlfriend ' On The Show '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` One Day at a Time Is Back , and Rest Assured , It 's Still Great '' . Vulture . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' One Day At A Time ' : Sheridan Pierce & Raúl Castillo Set To Recur In Season 3 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference S3Renewal was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Norman Lear reboots ' One Day at a Time ' for a new generation '' . Los Angeles Times . 2017 - 01 - 05 . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` One Day at a Time : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Rotten Tomatoes . January 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix reboot of ' One Day at a Time ' is bighearted fun '' . LA Times . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Brand - new old - fashioned ' Day ' on Netflix '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Norman Lear almost -- reboot a sentimental winner '' . Newsday . Newsday . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Netflix 's ' One Day at a Time ' flips the coming - out script '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's `` One Day at a Time '' Is the Revolutionary , Feminist Latinx Family Sitcom We Did n't Know We Needed `` . Autostraddle. 2017 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 32nd Annual Imagen Awards '' . Imagen Founation . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lin Manuel Miranda Family Honored at Imagen Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IGN Summer Movie Awards '' . IMDb . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 69th Emmy ® Awards Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 21st Annual TV Awards ( 2016 - 17 ) '' . Online Film & Television Association . June 19 , 2018 . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Gold Derby Awards '' . Gold Derby Awards . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix , FX 's ' Feud ' Lead Critics ' Choice TV Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( justina - machado - one - day - at - a-time - season - 2 - performance `` / '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . TVLine . June 19 , 2018 . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` These Are the 2018 GLAAD Media Awards Nominees '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Andi Mack ' , ' 13 Reasons Why ' Among Recipients Of 11th Annual Television Academy Honors '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Past winners of the TCA Awards '' . Television Critics Association . Jump up ^ Imagen Founation . June 19 , 2017 https://www.imagen.org/2018/06/28/imagen-foundation-announces-nominees-for-the-33rd-annual-imagen-awards/ . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . 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"Fiona Gubelmann as Lori (season 1): Penelope's co-worker.\nAriela Barer as Carmen (season 1): Elena's best friend. She spent nights with Elena in her bedroom after her parents were deported back to Mexico, but Penelope finds out. She later moves to Austin, Texas to live with her brothers.\nFroy Gutierrez as Josh Flores (season 1)\nEric Nenninger as Scott (season 1–present): Penelope's co-worker.\nHaneefah Wood as Jill Riley (season 1–present): Penelope's friend.\nMackenzie Phillips as Pam Valentine (season 1–present): the leader of Penelope's female veteran therapy group.\nJudy Reyes as Ramona (season 1–present): Penelope's friend from the therapy group.\nTony Plana as Berto Riera (season 1–present): Lydia's late husband.\nJames Martínez as Victor Alvarez (season 1–present): Penelope's ex-husband.\nEd Quinn as Max Ferraro (season 2): a military veteran, EMT, and Penelope's ex-boyfriend[15]\nSheridan Pierce as Syd (season 2–present): Elena's girlfriend who is non-binary.[16][17]\nRaúl Castillo as Mateo (season 3): Penelope's friend from school who is also a parent[18]"
] | [
"James Martínez"
] |
-3477468798479892442 | Alfonso Ribeiro | Alfonso Ribeiro - wikipedia Alfonso Ribeiro Alfonso Ribeiro Ribeiro in May 2011 Alfonso Lincoln Ribeiro ( 1971 - 09 - 21 ) September 21 , 1971 ( age 46 ) Bronx , New York , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California Occupation Actor , dancer , host , director , singer , comedian Years active 1980 -- present Spouse ( s ) Robin Stapler ( m . 2002 ; div. 2006 ) Angela Unkrich ( m . 2012 ) Children Alfonso Lincoln Ribeiro Sr. ( born September 21 , 1971 ) is an American comedian , director , singer , dancer , television personality and actor . He played Alfonso Spears on the sitcom Silver Spoons , Carlton Banks on the NBC sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air , and Maxwell Stanton on In the House . He hosts ABC 's America 's Funniest Home Videos . Ribeiro hosted the GSN game show Catch 21 , the ABC Family show Spell - Mageddon and the television show Dance 360 . He starred in the title role of the Broadway musical The Tap Dance Kid , and took part in the 13th series of the British reality show I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Ribeiro won season nineteen of Dancing with the Stars , with professional partner Witney Carson . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early work 2.2 The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air 2.3 Later work 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Acting 4.2 Directing 5 Dancing with the Stars performances 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Ribeiro was born in New York City , in the Riverdale neighborhood of The Bronx , to Trinidadian parents , Michael and Joy Ribeiro who are of African and Portuguese descent . His paternal grandfather was Trinidadian calypsonian Lord Hummingbird ( Albert Ribeiro ) . Career ( edit ) Early work ( edit ) Ribeiro began his career at the age of eight . He first gained recognition in 1983 , when he played a leading role in the Broadway musical The Tap Dance Kid . He received positive reviews for his performance , and was nominated for an Outer Critics Circle Award . Ribeiro appeared as a dancer in a Pepsi commercial that featured Michael Jackson in 1984 . A rumor concurrently spread that Ribeiro had died from snapping his neck while dancing for the commercial . The same year , Ribeiro was cast as Rick Schroder 's best friend on the TV series Silver Spoons . In 1985 , Ribeiro appeared as himself in a commercial on MTV , advertising a dance instruction book he authored called Alfonso 's Breakin ' & Poppin ' Book . In 1986 , he released a 12 '' rap record called `` Timebomb '' on Prism Records . The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air ( edit ) Ribeiro 's breakout role was as Carlton Banks on the NBC sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air from September 1990 to May 1996 . He played the cousin to Will Smith 's lead character . The Carlton character was known for frequently dancing to Tom Jones 's `` It 's Not Unusual '' , a dance move that gained fame as `` The Carlton '' . Later work ( edit ) Ribeiro competed as one of the celebrity singers on the reality television show Celebrity Duets in September 2006 , winning over the runner up Lucy Lawless . In July 2008 , Ribeiro began hosting the game show Catch 21 on GSN . He also directed some episodes of Meet the Browns and a majority of the season two episodes of Are We There Yet ? television series . In 2013 , Ribeiro began hosting his second game show Spell - Mageddon on ABC Family . On May 24 , 2013 , Ribeiro made a cameo appearance on The Graham Norton Show to perform `` The Carlton Dance '' , with show guests Will and Jaden Smith . In November of that year , Ribeiro took part as a contestant in the thirteenth series of the British reality show , I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here . He was eliminated from the show on December 5 , finishing in seventh place . On September 4 , 2014 , Ribeiro was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on season 19 of Dancing with the Stars . He partnered with professional dancer Witney Carson . He became the fourth celebrity dancer in the show 's history to receive a 9 from each judge in week one . On November 25 , Ribeiro and Carson won the competition . In September 2015 , he returned as a guest judge in week three of season 21 , and he subbed for Tom Bergeron as host the following week . On May 19 , 2015 , Ribeiro was named as Tom Bergeron 's successor to host America 's Funniest Home Videos . In July 2015 , Ribeiro made a cameo appearance in the music video for `` All Night '' by pop - rock band R5 . Personal life ( edit ) Ribeiro married Robin Stapler on January 20 , 2002 . He and Stapler divorced in August 2006 , filing papers in Los Angeles County Superior Court that cited irreconcilable differences . The couple share joint custody of their daughter , Sienna Ribeiro . Ribeiro became engaged to writer Angela Unkrich in July 2012 . They married on October 13 of that year , and reside in Los Angeles . In October 2013 , his wife gave birth to their first son , Alfonso Lincoln Ribeiro , Jr. , known as AJ . In April 2015 , their second son , Anders Reyn Ribeiro , was born . Filmography ( edit ) Acting ( edit ) Film and television Year Title Role Notes 1980 OYE Willie TV series 1984 -- 87 Silver Spoons Alfonso Spears Regular in seasons 3 -- 5 ; 72 episodes 1986 John Grin 's Christmas Rocky TV movie 1986 Magnum , P.I. Kenneth Episodes : `` L.A. '' ( 2 hours ) , `` Missing Melody '' Mighty Pawns Frank TV movie A Different World Zach Duncan Episode : `` Hillmann Is n't Through With You Yet '' 1990 -- 96 The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air Carlton Banks 147 episodes Ticks Darrel `` Panic '' Lumnley 1994 Bill Nye , the Science Guy Himself Episode : `` Food Web '' 1994 Soul Train Host Guest - hosted one episode 1994 -- 98 Spider - Man Randy Robertson / Teenage Robbie Robertson Voice role 1996 -- 99 In the House Dr. Maxwell Stanton 51 episodes Kidz in the Wood TV movie Extreme Ghostbusters Roland Jackson Voice role 1999 V.I.P. Himself Episode : The Last Temptation of Val 2000 Your Big Break Host Game show 2001 Scooby - Doo and the Cyber Chase Moon Goon # 1 Voice role 2001 The Weakest Link Himself / contestant Game Show 2005 Love Wrecked Bert Hernandez 2006 Celebrity Duets Himself / contestant Winner 2008 -- 09 GSN Live Host 2008 -- 11 Catch 21 Host Game show 2011 Things We Do for Love Darren 4 episodes ; also director 2012 Big Time Rush Captain McAllister Episode : `` Bel Air Rush '' 2013 Shake It Up Mr. Zigfeld Episode : `` My Fair Librarian it Up '' 2013 Spell - Mageddon Host 8 episodes 2013 The Graham Norton Show Himself UK comedy - chat show ; cameo appearance in season 13 , episode 8 2013 I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Himself / contestant UK reality - competition show 2014 Dancing with the Stars Himself / contestant Season 19 winner 2015 -- present Unwrapped 2.0 Host / narrator Cooking Channel series 2015 -- present America 's Funniest Home Videos Host / narrator ABC series 2016 Whose Line is it Anyway ? Himself Season 12 Episode 1 2016 The $100,000 Pyramid Himself ( Celebrity Guest ) Season 1 Episode : Alfonso Ribeiro vs. Mario Batali Directing ( edit ) Television Year Title Notes Ref . 1995 The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air Episode : `` I , Ooh , Baby , Baby '' 2006 -- 07 All of Us 26 episodes 2009 -- 10 Meet the Browns 8 episodes 2011 -- 12 Are We There Yet ? 19 episodes 2014 Mighty Med 1 episode 2015 Young & Hungry Episode : `` Young & Part Two '' ( season 2 ) 2015 -- 2018 K.C. Undercover 2 episodes Dancing with the Stars performances ( edit ) Ribeiro was partnered with Witney Carson for season 19 . On November 25 , 2014 , Ribeiro and Carson were declared the season 's champions . In November 2017 , Ribeiro returned to 25th season in Week eight , to participate in a trio Jive with Frankie Muniz and his professional partner Witney Carson . Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Hough Tonioli Jive / `` 3 - 6 - 9 '' 9 9 9 9 Safe Samba / `` Gettin ' Jiggy wit It '' 8 8 8 8 Safe Quickstep / `` Hey Goldmember '' 8 8 8 8 Safe Jazz / `` It 's Not Unusual '' 10 10 10 10 Safe 5 Flamenco / `` Angelica '' 8 9 9 8 No elimination 6 Salsa / `` Booty '' 10 10 9 10 Safe 7 Rumba / `` Ghost '' Team freestyle / `` Time Warp '' 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 Safe 8 Cha - cha - cha / `` Trust '' Jive Dance - Off / `` Rip It Up '' 10 Awarded 9 9 Extra 10 Points Safe 9 Foxtrot / `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' Trio Paso Doble / `` Turn Down for What '' 9 10 9 10 9 10 10 10 Safe 10 Semi-finals Argentine Tango / `` Love Runs Out '' Contemporary / `` Love Runs Out '' ( acoustic version ) 9 10 9 9 9 10 9 10 Safe 11 Finals Jive / `` 3 - 6 - 9 '' Freestyle / `` Sing , Sing , Sing ( With a Swing ) '' Cha - cha - cha & Argentine Tango Fusion / `` Shut Up and Dance '' 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Winner Score given by guest judge Kevin Hart in place of Goodman . The American public scored the dance in place of Goodman with the averaged score being counted alongside the three other judges . This week only , for `` Partner Switch - Up '' week , Ribeiro performed with Cheryl Burke instead of Carson . Score given by guest judge Jessie J in place of Goodman . Score given by guest judge Pitbull in place of Goodman . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 19 Finale Recap : And the Winner Is ... '' BuddyTV . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Marilyn ; Parks , Rebecca ( 1998 ) . `` Alfonso Ribeiro '' . Encyclopedia.com . Jump up ^ Ribeiro , Alfonso ( 7 August 2008 ) . `` A Chat with Alfonso Ribeiro '' ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Harris , Will . Jump up ^ Keller , Richard ( 24 September 2006 ) . `` Alfonso Ribeiro -- a member of the Pepsi Generation '' . AOL TV . Jump up ^ `` Broadway star not dead '' . Lakeland Ledger . June 5 , 1984 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Ribeiro '' . TBS . Jump up ^ Rush , George ; Molloy , Joanna Rush ( 5 September 2008 ) . `` Greenlighting an airborne TV tie - in '' . Daily News . Jump up ^ `` ' The Graham Norton Show ' '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Eames , Tom . `` I 'm a Celebrity ... '' Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 19 Finale Recap : And the Winner Is ... '' buddytv.com . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Ribeiro Set as New Host of ABC 's ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com. 2015 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ R5 - All Night ( Official Video ) . 8 July 2015 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Acomyo , Mary Margaret ( 10 August 2006 ) . `` Fresh Prince Star Alfonso Ribeiro Divorcing '' . People . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Ribeiro ties the knot '' . CNN . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Erin ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` Fresh Prince Star Alfonso Ribeiro & Angela Unkrich Are Married '' . Yahoo 7 News . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( 2013 - 10 - 28 ) . `` Alfonso Ribeiro , Wife Angela Unkrich Welcome Son Alfonso Lincoln Jr '' . US Weekly . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : It 's a Boy ! Alfonso Ribeiro , Wife Angela Welcome Baby No. 2 ! '' . In Touch Weekly . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Ribeiro on Twitter '' . Twitter . March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' trio dances will invite back Kelly Monaco , Alfonso Ribeiro , Laurie Hernandez , Corbin Bleu '' . goldderby.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brozyna , Emily . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' trio dances will invite back Kelly Monaco , Alfonso Ribeiro , Laurie Hernandez , Corbin Bleu '' . J-14.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Alfonso Ribeiro on IMDb Alfonso Ribeiro at Yahoo ! Movies Alfonso Ribeiro on Twitter Alfonso Ribeiro at the Internet Broadway Database Awards and achievements Preceded by Meryl Davis & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Dancing with the Stars ( US ) winners Season 19 ( Fall 2014 with Witney Carson ) Succeeded by Rumer Willis and Valentin Chmerkovskiy Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 : All - Stars 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 : Athletes Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. Martinez Donald Driver Melissa Rycroft Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Meryl Davis Alfonso Ribeiro Rumer Willis Bindi Irwin Nyle DiMarco Laurie Hernandez Rashad Jennings Jordan Fisher Adam Rippon Professional Alec Mazo Cheryl Burke Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Peta Murgatroyd Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Emma Slater Lindsay Arnold Jenna Johnson Games Dancing with the Stars We Dance ! GND : 134496485 ISNI : 0000 0000 5547 7229 LCCN : n97842551 VIAF : 46058505 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_Ribeiro&oldid=854274379 '' Categories : 1971 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American game show hosts American male child actors American male musical theatre actors American male television actors American male voice actors American people of Portuguese descent American people of Trinidad and Tobago descent American tap dancers California State University , Los Angeles alumni Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) winners Living people Male actors from New York City People from Riverdale , Bronx Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Simple English Suomi Svenska 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 04 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played carlton on fresh prince of belair | [
"Alfonso Lincoln Ribeiro Sr. (born September 21, 1971) is an American comedian, director, singer, dancer, television personality and actor. He played Alfonso Spears on the sitcom Silver Spoons, Carlton Banks on the NBC sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, and Maxwell Stanton on In the House. He hosts ABC's America's Funniest Home Videos.\n"
] | [
"Alfonso Lincoln Ribeiro Sr."
] |
-7334866626119549636 | Provinces and territories of Canada | Provinces and territories of Canada - wikipedia Provinces and territories of Canada Jump to : navigation , search `` Canadian Province '' redirects here . For `` Canadian Province '' as used in biology , see Circumboreal Region . `` O Canada we stand on guard for thee '' Stained Glass , Yeo Hall , Royal Military College of Canada features arms of the Canadian provinces and territories ( 1965 ) The provinces and territories of Canada are the administrative divisions that are responsible for the delivery of sub-national governance within the geographical areas of Canada under the authority of the Canadian Constitution . In the 1867 Canadian Confederation , three provinces of British North America -- New Brunswick , Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada ( which , upon Confederation , was divided into Ontario and Quebec ) -- were united to form a federated colony , which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century . Over its history , Canada 's international borders have changed several times , and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories . The ten provinces are Alberta , British Columbia , Manitoba , New Brunswick , Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , Ontario , Prince Edward Island , Quebec , and Saskatchewan . Several of the provinces were former British colonies , and Quebec was originally a French colony , while others were added as Canada grew . The three territories are Northwest Territories , Nunavut , and Yukon , which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America . Together , the provinces and territories make up the world 's second - largest country by area . The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their power and authority from the Constitution Act , 1867 ( formerly called the British North America Act , 1867 ) , whereas territorial governments have powers delegated to them by the Parliament of Canada . The powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the Government of Canada ( the federal government ) and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively . A change to the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces requires a constitutional amendment , whereas a similar change affecting the territories can be performed unilaterally by the Parliament of Canada or government . In modern Canadian constitutional theory , the provinces are considered to be sovereign within certain areas based on the divisions of responsibility between the provincial and federal government within the Constitution Act 1867 , and each province thus has its own representative of the Canadian `` Crown '' , the lieutenant governor . The territories are not sovereign , but instead their authorities and responsibilities come directly from the federal level , and as a result have a commissioner instead of a lieutenant governor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Map 2 Provinces 2.1 Provincial legislature buildings 3 Territories 3.1 Territorial legislature buildings 4 Territorial evolution 5 Government 6 Provincial political parties 7 Ceremonial territory 8 Proposed provinces and territories 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Map ( edit ) A clickable map of Canada exhibiting its ten provinces and three territories , and their capitals . Provinces ( edit ) Flag Shield Province Postal abbreviation Capital Largest city ( by population ) Entered Confederation Population ( May 10 , 2016 ) Area : land ( km ) Area : water ( km ) Area : total ( km ) Official language ( s ) Federal Parliament : Commons seats Federal Parliament : Senate seats Ontario ON Toronto Toronto 000000001867 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1867 13,448,494 917,741 158,654 1,076,395 English 121 24 Quebec QC Quebec City Montreal 000000001867 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1867 8,164,361 1,356,128 185,928 1,542,056 French 78 24 Nova Scotia NS Halifax Halifax 000000001867 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1867 923,598 53,338 1,946 55,284 English 11 10 New Brunswick NB Fredericton Moncton 000000001867 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1867 747,101 71,450 1,458 72,908 English and French 10 10 Manitoba MB Winnipeg Winnipeg 000000001870 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 1870 1,278,365 647,797 94,241 742,038 English 14 6 British Columbia BC Victoria Vancouver 000000001871 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1871 4,648,055 925,186 19,549 944,735 English 42 6 Prince Edward Island PE Charlottetown Charlottetown 000000001873 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1873 142,907 5,660 0 5,660 English Saskatchewan SK Regina Saskatoon 000000001905 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1905 1,098,352 591,670 59,366 651,036 English 14 6 Alberta AB Edmonton Calgary 000000001905 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1905 4,067,175 642,317 19,531 661,848 English 34 6 Newfoundland and Labrador NL St. John 's St. John 's 000000001949 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1949 519,716 373,872 31,340 405,212 English 7 6 Total 7007351517280000000 ♠ 35,151,728 7006549091800000000 ♠ 5,490,918 7005572013000000000 ♠ 572,013 7006606293100000000 ♠ 6,062,931 -- 7002335000000000000 ♠ 335 7002102000000000000 ♠ 102 Notes : ^ Jump up to : De facto ; French has limited constitutional status . Jump up ^ Charter of the French Language ; English has limited constitutional status . Jump up ^ Nova Scotia dissolved cities in 1996 in favour of regional municipalities ; its largest regional municipality is therefore substituted . Jump up ^ Nova Scotia has very few bilingual statutes ( three in English and French ; one in English and Polish ) ; some Government bodies have legislated names in both English and French . Jump up ^ Section Sixteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Jump up ^ Manitoba Act . Provincial legislature buildings ( edit ) British Columbia Parliament Buildings Alberta Legislative Building Saskatchewan Legislative Building Manitoba Legislative Building Ontario Legislative Building Parliament Building ( Quebec ) Confederation Building ( Newfoundland and Labrador ) New Brunswick Legislative Building Province House ( Nova Scotia ) Province House ( Prince Edward Island ) Territories ( edit ) There are three territories in Canada . Unlike the provinces , the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government . They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60 ° north and west of Hudson Bay , as well as most islands north of the Canadian mainland ( from those in James Bay to the Canadian Arctic islands ) . The following table lists the territories in order of precedence ( each province has precedence over all the territories , regardless of the date each territory was created ) . Territories of Canada Flag Arms Territory Postal abbreviation Capital and largest city Entered Confederation Population ( May 10 , 2016 ) Area : land ( km ) Area : water ( km ) Area : total ( km ) Official languages Federal Parliament : Commons seats Federal Parliament : Senate seats Northwest Territories NT Yellowknife 000000001870 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 1870 41,786 1,183,085 163,021 1,346,106 Chipewyan , Cree , English , French , Gwich'in , Inuinnaqtun , Inuktitut , Inuvialuktun , North Slavey , South Slavey , Tłįchǫ Yukon YT Whitehorse 000000001898 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 1898 35,874 474,391 8,052 482,443 English , French Nunavut NU Iqaluit 000000001999 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1999 35,944 1,936,113 157,077 2,093,190 Inuinnaqtun , Inuktitut , English , French Total territories 7005119100000000000 ♠ 119,100 7006359358900000000 ♠ 3,593,589 7005328150000000000 ♠ 328,150 7006392173900000000 ♠ 3,921,739 -- 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Territorial legislature buildings ( edit ) Yukon Legislative Building Northwest Territories Legislative Building Legislative Building of Nunavut Territorial evolution ( edit ) Main article : Territorial evolution of Canada See also : Former colonies and territories in Canada Canada timeline : Evolution of the borders and the names of Canada 's Provinces and Territories Ontario , Quebec , New Brunswick , and Nova Scotia were the original provinces , formed when several British North American colonies federated on July 1 , 1867 , into the Dominion of Canada and by stages began accruing the indicia of sovereignty from the United Kingdom . Prior to this , Ontario and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada . Over the following years , Manitoba ( 1870 ) , British Columbia ( 1871 ) , and Prince Edward Island ( 1873 ) were added as provinces . The British Crown had claimed two large areas north - west of the Canadian colony , known as Rupert 's Land and the North - Western Territory and assigned them to the Hudson 's Bay Company . In 1870 , the company relinquished its claims for £ 300,000 ( $ 1.5 million ) , assigning the vast territory to the Government of Canada . Subsequently , the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories . The Northwest Territories were vast at first , encompassing all of current northern and western Canada , except for the British holdings in the Arctic islands and the Colony of British Columbia ; the Territories also included the northern two - thirds of Ontario and Quebec , and almost all of present Manitoba , with the 1870 province of Manitoba originally being confined to a small area in the south of today 's province . The British claims to the Arctic islands were transferred to Canada in 1880 , adding to the size of the Northwest Territories. 1898 saw the Yukon Territory , later renamed simply as Yukon , carved from the parts of the Northwest Territories surrounding the Klondike gold fields . On September 1 , 1905 , a portion of the Northwest Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan . In 1912 , the boundaries of Quebec , Ontario , and Manitoba were expanded northward : Manitoba 's to the 60 ° parallel , Ontario 's to Hudson Bay and Quebec 's to encompass the District of Ungava . 1905 Provinces and territories of Canada coat of arms postcard In 1869 , the people of Newfoundland voted to remain a British colony over fears that taxes would increase with Confederation , and that the economic policy of the Canadian government would favour mainland industries . In 1907 , Newfoundland acquired dominion status . In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada with Newfoundland facing a prolonged period of economic crisis , the legislature turned over political control to the Commission of Government in 1933 . Following Canada 's participation in World War II , in a 1948 referendum , a narrow majority of Newfoundland citizens voted to join the Confederation , and on March 31 , 1949 , Newfoundland became Canada 's tenth province . In 2001 , it was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador . In 1903 , the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbia 's northwestern boundary . This was one of only two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced . The second reduction , in 1927 , occurred when a boundary dispute between Canada and the Dominion of Newfoundland saw Labrador increased at Quebec 's expense -- this land returned to Canada , as part of the province of Newfoundland , in 1949 . In 1999 , Nunavut was created from the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories . Yukon lies in the western portion of The North , while Nunavut is in the east . All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada , covering 3,921,739 km ( 1,514,192 sq mi ) in land area . They are often referred to as a single region , The North , for organisational and economic purposes . For much of the Northwest Territories ' early history it was divided into several districts for ease of administration . The District of Keewatin was created as a separate territory from 1876 to 1905 , after which , as the Keewatin Region , it became an administrative district of the Northwest Territories . In 1999 , it was dissolved when it became part of Nunavut . Government ( edit ) Main article : Canadian federalism See also : Monarchy in the Canadian provinces , Office - holders of Canada , and Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories Theoretically , provinces have a great deal of power relative to the federal government , with jurisdiction over many public goods such as health care , education , welfare , and intra-provincial transportation . They receive `` transfer payments '' from the federal government to pay for these , as well as exacting their own taxes . In practice , however , the federal government can use these transfer payments to influence these provincial areas . For instance , in order to receive healthcare funding under Medicare , provinces must agree to meet certain federal mandates , such as universal access to required medical treatment . Provincial and territorial legislatures have no second chamber like the Canadian Senate . Originally , most provinces did have such bodies , known as legislative councils , with members titled councillors . These upper houses were abolished one by one , Quebec 's being the last in 1968 . In most provinces , the single house of the legislature is known as the Legislative Assembly ; the exceptions are Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador , where the chamber is called the House of Assembly , and Quebec where it is called the National Assembly . Ontario has a Legislative Assembly but its members are called Members of the Provincial Parliament or MPPs . The legislative assemblies use a procedure similar to that of the Canadian House of Commons . The head of government of each province , called the premier , is generally the head of the party with the most seats . This is also the case in Yukon , but the Northwest Territories and Nunavut have no political parties at the territorial level . The Queen 's representative to each province is the Lieutenant Governor . In each of the territories there is an analogous Commissioner , but he or she represents the federal government rather than the monarch . Federal , Provincial , and Territorial terminology compared Jurisdiction Legislature Lower house Members of lower house Head of Government Viceroy Canada Parliament House of Commons Member of Parliament Prime Minister Governor General Ontario Legislative Assembly Member of the Provincial Parliament * Premier Lieutenant Governor Quebec Legislature National Assembly † Member of the National Assembly Nova Scotia General Assembly House of Assembly Member of the Legislative Assembly New Brunswick Legislature Legislative Assembly Manitoba British Columbia Parliament Prince Edward Island General Assembly Saskatchewan Legislature Alberta Newfoundland and Labrador General Assembly House of Assembly Member of the House of Assembly Northwest Territories Assembly Legislative Assembly Member of the Legislative Assembly Premier Commissioner Yukon Legislature Nunavut Assembly * Members were previously titled `` Member of the Legislative Assembly '' . Quebec 's lower house was previously called the `` Legislative Assembly '' with members titled `` Member of the Legislative Assembly '' . The name was changed at the same time Quebec 's upper house was abolished . Prince Edward Island 's lower house was previously called the `` House of Assembly '' and its members were titled `` Assemblyman '' . After abolition of its upper house , assemblymen and councillors both sat in the renamed `` Legislative Assembly '' . Later , this practice was abolished so that all members would be titled `` Member of the Legislative Assembly '' . In Northwest Territories and Yukon the head of government was previously titled `` Government Leader '' . Provincial political parties ( edit ) Most provinces have rough provincial counterparts to major federal parties . However , these provincial parties are not usually formally linked to the federal parties that share the same name . For example , no provincial Conservative or Progressive Conservative Party shares an organizational link to the federal Conservative Party of Canada , and neither do provincial Green Parties to the Green Party of Canada . Provincial New Democratic Parties , on the other hand , are fully integrated with the federal New Democratic Party -- meaning that provincial parties effectively operate as sections , with common membership , of the federal party . The Liberal Party of Canada shares such an organizational integration with the provincial Liberals in New Brunswick , Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , and Prince Edward Island . Other provincial Liberal Parties are unaffiliated with their federal counterpart . Some provinces have provincial political parties with no clear federal equivalent , such as the Alberta Party , Saskatchewan Party , and Wildrose Party . The provincial political climate of Quebec is quite different : the main split is between sovereignty , represented by the Parti Québécois and Québec solidaire , and federalism , represented primarily by the Quebec Liberal Party . The Coalition Avenir Québec , meanwhile , takes an abstentionist position on the question and does not support or oppose sovereignty . Currently , the only minority provincial / territorial government is held by the British Columbia Liberal Party after receiving 43 out of 87 seats in the 2017 general election . Current provincial / territorial governments ( as of July 2017 ) Province / Territory Premier Party in government Majority / Minority Lieutenant Governor / Commissioner Alberta Rachel Notley Alberta New Democratic Party Majority Lois Mitchell British Columbia John Horgan British Columbia New Democratic Party Minority Judith Guichon Manitoba Brian Pallister Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba Majority Janice Filmon New Brunswick Brian Gallant New Brunswick Liberal Association Majority Jocelyne Roy - Vienneau Newfoundland and Labrador Dwight Ball Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador Majority Frank Fagan Nova Scotia Stephen McNeil Nova Scotia Liberal Party Majority John James Grant Ontario Kathleen Wynne Ontario Liberal Party Majority Elizabeth Dowdeswell Prince Edward Island Wade MacLauchlan Prince Edward Island Liberal Party Majority Frank Lewis Quebec Philippe Couillard Quebec Liberal Party Majority J. Michel Doyon Saskatchewan Brad Wall Saskatchewan Party Majority Vaughn Solomon Schofield Northwest Territories Bob McLeod Consensus government N / A George Tuccaro Nunavut Peter Taptuna Consensus government N / A Nellie Kusugak Yukon Sandy Silver Yukon Liberal Party Majority Doug Phillips Jump up ^ Supported by a confidence and supply agreement with the Green Party of British Columbia . This box : view talk edit Ceremonial territory ( edit ) Canadian National Vimy Memorial -- For First World War Canadian dead and First World War Canadian missing , presumed dead in France . The Canadian National Vimy Memorial , near Vimy , Pas - de-Calais , and the Beaumont - Hamel Newfoundland Memorial , near Beaumont - Hamel , France are ceremonially considered Canadian territory . In 1922 , the French government donated the land used for the Vimy Memorial `` freely , and for all time , to the Government of Canada the free use of the land exempt from all taxes '' . The site of the Somme battlefield near Beaumont - Hamel site was purchased in 1921 by the people of the Dominion of Newfoundland . These sites do not , however , enjoy extraterritorial status and are thus subject to French law . Proposed provinces and territories ( edit ) Main article : Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Since Confederation in 1867 , there have been several proposals for new Canadian provinces and territories . The Constitution of Canada requires an amendment for the creation of a new province but the creation of a new territory requires only an act of Parliament , a legislatively simpler process . In late 2004 , Prime Minister Paul Martin surprised some observers by expressing his personal support for all three territories gaining provincial status `` eventually '' . He cited their importance to the country as a whole and the ongoing need to assert sovereignty in the Arctic , particularly as global warming could make that region more open to exploitation leading to more complex international waters disputes . See also ( edit ) Ontario portal Quebec portal Nova Scotia portal New Brunswick portal Manitoba portal British Columbia portal Prince Edward Island portal Saskatchewan portal Alberta portal Newfoundland and Labrador portal Northwest Territories portal Yukon portal Nunavut portal Canadian provincial and territorial name etymologies Canadian adjectival and demonymic forms of place names Language policies of Canada 's provinces and territories List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States List of regions of Canada List of governments in Canada by annual expenditures Commonwealth Local Government Forum - Americas Provincial museums of Canada List of Canada - related topics by provinces and territories List of Canadian provinces and territories by area List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product List of Canadian provinces and territories by population List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols List of Canadian provinces by unemployment rate Canada -- Wikipedia book References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Provinces and Territories '' . Government of Canada . 2013 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Place name ( 2013 ) . `` Census Profile '' . Statistic Canada . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Reader 's Digest Association ( Canada ) ; Canadian Geographic Enterprises ( 2004 ) . The Canadian Atlas : Our Nation , Environment and People . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 082 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , 2016 and 2011 censuses -- 100 % data '' . Statistics Canada . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Land and freshwater area , by province and territory '' . Statistics Canada . 2005 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Coche , Olivier ; Vaillancourt , François ; Cadieux , Marc - Antoine ; Ronson , Jamie Lee ( 2012 ) . `` Official Language Policies of the Canadian Provinces '' ( PDF ) . Fraser Institute . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guide to the Canadian House of Commons '' . Parliament of Canada . 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Northwest Territories Act '' . Department of Justice Canada . 1986 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yukon Act '' . Department of Justice Canada . 2002 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Department of Justice Canada ( 1993 ) . `` Nunavut Act '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Northwest Territories Official Languages Act , 1988 ( as amended 1988 , 1991 -- 1992 , 2003 ) Jump up ^ `` OCOL -- Statistics on Official Languages in Yukon '' . Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nunavut 's Official Languages '' . Language Commissioner of Nunavut. 2009 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ajzenstat , Janet ( 2003 ) . Canada 's Founding Debates . University of Toronto Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8607 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , James Stuart ; Shadle , Robert ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire : A-J . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 538 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29366 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Gough , Barry M. ( 2010 ) . Historical Dictionary of Canada . Wilfrid Laurier University . pp. 141 -- 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7504 - 3 . Jump up ^ Atlas of Canada . `` Territorial evolution '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Confederation Rejected : Newfoundland and the Canadian Confederation , 1864 -- 1869 : Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage '' . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage . 2000 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Sandra ( 2010 ) . Newfoundland and Labrador English . Edinburgh University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 2617 - 5 . Jump up ^ Friesen , John W. ; Harrison , Trevor W. ( 2010 ) . Canadian Society in the Twenty - first Century : An Historical Sociological Approach . 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Univ. of Manitoba Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88755 - 315 - 8 . Jump up ^ Maclure , Jocelyn ( 2003 ) . Quebec Identity : The Challenge of Pluralism . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 7111 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tidridge , Nathan ( 2011 ) . Canada 's Constitutional Monarchy : An Introduction to Our Form of Government . Dundurn . p. 281 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 0084 - 0 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Laura Elizabeth ( 2012 ) . Curriculum Reform in Ontario : ' Common - Sense ' Policy Processes and Democratic Possibilities . University of Toronto Press . p. 325 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 6158 - 5 . Jump up ^ Barnhart , Gordon ( 2004 ) . Saskatchewan Premiers of the Twentieth Century . University of Regina Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88977 - 164 - 2 . Jump up ^ Zellen , Barry Scott ( 2009 ) . On Thin Ice : The Inuit , the State , and the Challenge of Arctic Sovereignty . Lexington Books . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 3280 - 7 . Jump up ^ Tidridge , Nathan ( 2011 ) . Canada 's Constitutional Monarchy . Dundurn . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 980 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pike , Corinna ; McCreery , Christopher ( 2011 ) . Canadian Symbols of Authority : Maces , Chains , and Rods of Office . Dundurn . p. 183 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 0016 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Cross , William ( 2011 ) . Political Parties . UBC Press . pp. 17 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 4111 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gagnon , Alain - Gustave ( 2000 ) . The Canadian Social Union Without Quebec : 8 Critical Analyses . IRPP . pp. 209 -- 210 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88645 - 184 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Premiers '' . Parliament of Canada . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lieutenant Governors and Territorial Commissioners '' . Parliament of Canada . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , John ( 2012 ) . Failed Hope : The Story of the Lost Peace . Dundurn . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 0345 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Design and Construction of the Vimy Ridge Memorial '' . Veteran Affairs Canada . August 8 , 1998 . Retrieved July 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ An amendment to the Constitution of Canada in relation to the following matters may be made only in accordance with subsection 38 ( 1 ) ... notwithstanding any other law or practice , the establishment of new provinces . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Norman L. ( 1979 ) . The boundaries of the Canadian Confederation . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP . pp. 174 -- 175 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7705 - 1742 - 7 . Jump up ^ CBC News ( November 23 , 2004 ) . `` Northern territories ' eventually ' to be given provincial status '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of Canadian provinces and territories Brownsey , Keith ; Howlett , Michael ( 2001 ) . The Provincial State in Canada : Politics in the Provinces and Territories . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 368 - 5 . Moore , Christopher ; Slavin , Bill ; Lunn , Janet ( 2002 ) . The Big Book of Canada : Exploring the Provinces and Territories . Random House Digital , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88776 - 457 - 8 . Pross , A. Paul ; Pross , Catherine A. ( 1972 ) . Government Publishing in the Canadian Provinces : a Prescriptive Study . Toronto , Ont. : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 1827 - 0 . Tomblin , Stephen ( 1995 ) . Ottawa and the Outer Provinces : The Challenge of Regional Integration in Canada . James Lorimer & Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55028 - 476 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Provinces and territories of Canada . Provincial and territorial government web sites -- Service Canada Provincial and territorial legislature web sites -- Parliament of Canada Difference between provinces and territories -- Intergovernmental Affairs Provincial and territorial statistics -- Statistics Canada Provincial and territorial immigration information -- Citizenship and Immigration Canada Canadian governments compared -- University of Public Administration Topics related to Canadian provinces and territories Provinces and territories of Canada Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Historical Former colonies and territories in Canada Territorial evolution of Canada after 1867 Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Related Area Bibliography Extreme points Government spending Gross domestic product Language policies Mountains Museums Name etymologies Population Regions Symbols Topics Unemployment Book Portal WikiProject Politics of the provinces and territories of Canada This article is part of the series : Politics and government of Canada ( hide ) Executive ( The Crown ) Sovereign in the provinces BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL Lieutenant Governors BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL Commissioners YU NT NU Premiers BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YU NT NU ( hide ) Legislative Legislatures BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YU NT NU Elections BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YU NT NU Politics of Canada Regions Political culture Foreign relations Politics portal Judiciary Articles on first - level administrative divisions of North American countries Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Table of administrative subdivisions by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada&oldid=800269112 '' Categories : Country subdivisions of the Americas First - level administrative country subdivisions Lists of provinces and territories of Canada Provinces and territories of Canada Subdivisions of Canada Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Македонски मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 13 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many provinces and territories are in canada | [
"The provinces and territories of Canada are the administrative divisions that are responsible for the delivery of sub-national governance within the geographical areas of Canada under the authority of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America—New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which, upon Confederation, was divided into Ontario and Quebec)—were united to form a federated colony, which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times, and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories. The ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, and Quebec was originally a French colony, while others were added as Canada grew. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the world's second-largest country by area.",
"The provinces and territories of Canada are the administrative divisions that are responsible for the delivery of sub-national governance within the geographical areas of Canada under the authority of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America—New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which, upon Confederation, was divided into Ontario and Quebec)—were united to form a federated colony, which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times, and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories. The ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, and Quebec was originally a French colony, while others were added as Canada grew. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the world's second-largest country by area."
] | [
"ten provinces",
"three territories"
] |
-7834080841850436557 | Progesterone | Progesterone - wikipedia Progesterone Jump to : navigation , search This article is about progesterone as a hormone . For its use as a medication , see Progesterone ( medication ) . Progesterone Names IUPAC name ( 8S , 9S , 10R , 13S , 14S , 17S ) - 17 - acetyl - 10 , 13 - dimethyl - 1 , 2 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 - dodecahydrocyclopenta ( a ) phenanthren - 3 - one Other names Pregn - 4 - ene - 3 , 20 - dione Identifiers CAS Number 57 - 83 - 0 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 17026 ChemSpider 5773 DrugBank DB00396 ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 318 KEGG C00410 PubChem CID 5994 UNII 4G7DS2Q64Y InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C21H30O2 / c1 - 13 ( 22 ) 17 - 6 - 7 - 18 - 16 - 5 - 4 - 14 - 12 - 15 ( 23 ) 8 - 10 - 20 ( 14 , 2 ) 19 ( 16 ) 9 - 11 - 21 ( 17 , 18 ) 3 / h12 , 16 - 19H , 4 - 11H2 , 1 - 3H3 / t16 - , 17 + , 18 - , 19 - , 20 - , 21 + / m0 / s1 Key : RJKFOVLPORLFTN - LEKSSAKUSA - N SMILES ( show ) CC ( = O ) ( C@H ) 1CC ( C @ @ H ) 2 ( C @ @ ) 1 ( CC ( C@H ) 3 ( C@H ) 2CCC4 = CC ( = O ) CC ( C @ ) 34C ) C Properties Chemical formula Molar mass 314.469 g / mol Melting point 126 Pharmacology ATC code G03DA04 ( WHO ) Routes of administration By mouth , topical / transdermal , vaginal , intramuscular injection , subcutaneous injection , subcutaneous implant Pharmacokinetics : Bioavailability OMP : < 10 % Protein binding Albumin : 80 % CBG : 18 % SHBG : < 1 % Free : 1 -- 2 % Metabolism Hepatic ( CYP2C19 , CYP3A4 , CYP2C9 , 5α - reductase , 3α - HSD , 17α - hydroxylase , 21 - hydroxylase , 20α - HSD ) Biological half - life OMP : 16 -- 18 hours IM : 22 -- 26 hours SC : 13 -- 18 hours Excretion Renal Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . N verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Progesterone is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle , pregnancy , and embryogenesis of humans and other species . It belongs to a group of steroid hormones called the progestogens , and is the major progestogen in the body . Progesterone is also a crucial metabolic intermediate in the production of other endogenous steroids , including the sex hormones and the corticosteroids , and plays an important role in brain function as a neurosteroid . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biological activity 2 Biological function 2.1 Hormonal interactions 2.2 Reproductive system 2.3 Breasts 2.3. 1 Lobuloalveolar development 2.3. 2 Ductal development 2.3. 3 Breast cancer risk 2.4 Skin health 2.5 Sexuality 2.5. 1 Sex drive 2.5. 2 Homosexuality 2.6 Nervous system 2.7 Aging 2.8 Brain damage 2.8. 1 Proposed mechanism 2.9 Addiction 2.10 Other effects 3 Biochemistry 3.1 Biosynthesis 3.2 Distribution 3.3 Metabolism 3.4 Levels 3.5 Sources 3.5. 1 Animal 3.5. 2 Plants 4 Medical use 5 Chemistry 5.1 Synthesis 5.1. 1 Semisynthesis 1 5.1. 1.1 Semisynthesis 2 5.1. 2 Total synthesis 6 History 7 References 8 External links Biological activity ( edit ) Progesterone is the most important progestogen in the body , the result of its action as a potent agonist of the nuclear progesterone receptor ( nPR ) ( with an affinity of K = 1 nM ) . In addition , progesterone is an agonist of the more recently discovered membrane progesterone receptors ( mPRs ) , as well as a ligand of the PGRMC1 ( progesterone receptor membrane component 1 ) . Moreover , progesterone is also known to be an antagonist of the sigma σ receptor , a negative allosteric modulator of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors , and a potent antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor ( MR ) . Progesterone prevents MR activation by binding to this receptor with an affinity exceeding even those of aldosterone and glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone , and produces antimineralocorticoid effects , such as natriuresis , at physiological concentrations . In addition , progesterone binds to and behaves as a partial agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor ( GR ) , albeit with very low potency ( EC > 100-fold less relative to cortisol ) . Progesterone , through its neurosteroid active metabolites such as 5α - dihydroprogesterone and allopregnanolone , acts indirectly as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABA receptor . Progesterone and some of its metabolites , such as 5β - dihydroprogesterone , are agonists of the pregnane X receptor ( PXR ) , albeit weakly so ( EC > 10 μM ) . In accordance , progesterone induces several hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes , such as CYP3A4 , especially during pregnancy when concentrations are much higher than usual . Perimenopausal women have been found to have greater CYP3A4 activity relative to men and postmenopausal women , and it has been inferred that this may be due to the higher progesterone levels present in perimenopausal women . Progesterone modulates the activity of CatSper ( cation channels of sperm ) voltage - gated Ca channels . Since eggs release progesterone , sperm may use progesterone as a homing signal to swim toward eggs ( chemotaxis ) . As a result , it has been suggested that substances that block the progesterone binding site on CatSper channels could potentially be used in male contraception . Biological function ( edit ) Hormonal interactions ( edit ) Progesterone has a number of physiological effects that are amplified in the presence of estrogens . Estrogens through estrogen receptors ( ERs ) induce or upregulate the expression of the PR . One example of this is in breast tissue , where estrogens allow progesterone to mediate lobuloalveolar development . Elevated levels of progesterone potently reduce the sodium - retaining activity of aldosterone , resulting in natriuresis and a reduction in extracellular fluid volume . Progesterone withdrawal , on the other hand , is associated with a temporary increase in sodium retention ( reduced natriuresis , with an increase in extracellular fluid volume ) due to the compensatory increase in aldosterone production , which combats the blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor by the previously elevated level of progesterone . Reproductive system ( edit ) Micrograph showing changes to the endometrium due to progesterone ( decidualization ) H&E stain . Progesterone has key effects via non-genomic signalling on human sperm as they migrate through the female tract before fertilization occurs , though the receptor ( s ) as yet remain unidentified . Detailed characterisation of the events occurring in sperm in response to progesterone has elucidated certain events including intracellular calcium transients and maintained changes , slow calcium oscillations , now thought to possibly regulate motility . It is produced by the ovaries . Interestingly , progesterone has also been shown to demonstrate effects on octopus spermatozoa . Progesterone is sometimes called the `` hormone of pregnancy '' , and it has many roles relating to the development of the fetus : Progesterone converts the endometrium to its secretory stage to prepare the uterus for implantation . At the same time progesterone affects the vaginal epithelium and cervical mucus , making it thick and impenetrable to sperm . Progesterone is anti-mitogenic in endometrial epithelial cells , and as such , mitigates the tropic effects of estrogen . If pregnancy does not occur , progesterone levels will decrease , leading , in the human , to menstruation . Normal menstrual bleeding is progesterone - withdrawal bleeding . If ovulation does not occur and the corpus luteum does not develop , levels of progesterone may be low , leading to anovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding . During implantation and gestation , progesterone appears to decrease the maternal immune response to allow for the acceptance of the pregnancy . Progesterone decreases contractility of the uterine smooth muscle . In addition progesterone inhibits lactation during pregnancy . The fall in progesterone levels following delivery is one of the triggers for milk production . A drop in progesterone levels is possibly one step that facilitates the onset of labor . The fetus metabolizes placental progesterone in the production of adrenal steroids . Breasts ( edit ) See also : Breast development § Biochemistry Lobuloalveolar development ( edit ) Progesterone plays an important role in breast development in women . In conjunction with prolactin , it mediates lobuloalveolar maturation of the mammary glands during pregnancy to allow for milk production and thus lactation and breastfeeding of offspring following parturition ( childbirth ) . Estrogen induces expression of the PR in breast tissue and hence progesterone is dependent on estrogen to mediate lobuloalveolar development . It has been found that RANKL is a critical downstream mediator of progesterone - induced lobuloalveolar maturation . RANKL knockout mice show an almost identical mammary phenotype to PR knockout mice , including normal mammary ductal development but complete failure of the development of lobuloalveolar structures . Ductal development ( edit ) Though to a far lesser extent than estrogen , which is the major mediator of mammary ductal development ( via the ERα ) , progesterone has been found to be involved in ductal development of the mammary glands to some extent as well . PR knockout mice or mice treated with the PR antagonist mifepristone show delayed although otherwise normal mammary ductal development at puberty . In addition , mice modified to have overexpression of PRA display ductal hyperplasia , and progesterone induces ductal growth in the mouse mammary gland . Progesterone mediates ductal development mainly via induction of the expression of amphiregulin , the same growth factor that estrogen primarily induces the expression of to mediate ductal development . These animal findings suggest that , while not essential for full mammary ductal development , progesterone seems to play a potentiating or accelerating role in estrogen - mediated mammary ductal development . Breast cancer risk ( edit ) Progesterone also appears to be involved in the pathophysiology of breast cancer , though its role , and whether it is a promoter or inhibitor of breast cancer risk , has not been fully elucidated . In any case , while most synthetic progestins like medroxyprogesterone acetate have been found to significantly increase the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women in combination with estrogen as a component of hormone replacement therapy , the combination of natural progesterone ( or the atypical progestin dydrogesterone ) with estrogen has been found not to do so . Skin Health ( edit ) The estrogen receptor , as well as the progesterone receptor , have been detected in the skin , including in keratinocytes and fibroblasts . At menopause and thereafter , decreased levels of female sex hormones result in atrophy , thinning , and increased wrinkling of the skin and a reduction in skin elasticity , firmness , and strength . These skin changes constitute an acceleration in skin aging and are the result of decreased collagen content , irregularities in the morphology of epidermal skin cells , decreased ground substance between skin fibers , and reduced capillaries and blood flow . The skin also becomes more dry during menopause , which is due to reduced skin hydration and surface lipids ( sebum production ) . Along with chronological aging and photoaging , estrogen deficiency in menopause is one of the three main factors that predominantly influences skin aging . HRT , consisting of systemic treatment with estrogen alone or in combination with a progestogen , has well - documented and considerable beneficial effects on the skin of postmenopausal women . These benefits include increased skin collagen content , skin thickness and elasticity , and skin hydration and surface lipids . Topical estrogen has been found to have similar beneficial effects on the skin . In addition , a study has found that topical 2 % progesterone cream significantly increases skin elasticity and firmness and observably decreases wrinkles in peri - and postmenopausal women . Skin hydration and surface lipids , on the other hand , did not significantly change with topical progesterone . These findings suggest that progesterone , like estrogen , also has beneficial effects on the skin , and may be independently protective against skin aging . Sexuality ( edit ) Sex drive ( edit ) See also : Sexual motivation and hormones Progesterone and its neurosteroid active metabolite allopregnanolone appear to be importantly involved in sex drive in females . Homosexuality ( edit ) Dr. Diana Fleischman , of the University of Portsmouth , and colleagues examined the relationship between progesterone and sexual attitudes . Their research was published in the Archives of Sexual Behavior . They found that women who have higher levels of progesterone are more likely to be open to the idea of engaging in sexual behaviour with other women . This pattern is particularly dramatic in men who have high levels of progesterone . Nervous system ( edit ) Progesterone , like pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone ( DHEA ) , belongs to an important group of endogenous steroids called neurosteroids . It can be metabolized within all parts of the central nervous system . Neurosteroids are neuromodulators , and are neuroprotective , neurogenic , and regulate neurotransmission and myelination . The effects of progesterone as a neurosteroid are mediated predominantly through its interactions with non-nuclear PRs , namely the mPRs and PGRMC1 , as well as certain other receptors , such as the σ and nACh receptors . Aging ( edit ) Since most progesterone in males is created during testicular production of testosterone , and most in females by the ovaries , the shutting down ( whether by natural or chemical means ) , or removal , of those inevitably causes a considerable reduction in progesterone levels . Previous concentration upon the role of progestogens in female reproduction , when progesterone was simply considered a `` female hormone '' , obscured the significance of progesterone elsewhere in both sexes . The tendency for progesterone to have a regulatory effect , the presence of progesterone receptors in many types of body tissue , and the pattern of deterioration ( or tumor formation ) in many of those increasing in later years when progesterone levels have dropped , is prompting widespread research into the potential value of maintaining progesterone levels in both males and females . Brain damage ( edit ) See also : Progesterone ( medication ) § Brain damage Previous studies have shown that progesterone supports the normal development of neurons in the brain , and that the hormone has a protective effect on damaged brain tissue . It has been observed in animal models that females have reduced susceptibility to traumatic brain injury and this protective effect has been hypothesized to be caused by increased circulating levels of estrogen and progesterone in females . Proposed mechanism ( edit ) The mechanism of progesterone protective effects may be the reduction of inflammation that follows brain trauma and hemorrhage . Damage incurred by traumatic brain injury is believed to be caused in part by mass depolarization leading to excitotoxicity . One way in which progesterone helps to alleviate some of this excitotoxicity is by blocking the voltage - dependent calcium channels that trigger neurotransmitter release . It does so by manipulating the signaling pathways of transcription factors involved in this release . Another method for reducing the excitotoxicity is by up - regulating the GABA , a widespread inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor . Progesterone has also been shown to prevent apoptosis in neurons , a common consequence of brain injury . It does so by inhibiting enzymes involved in the apoptosis pathway specifically concerning the mitochondria , such as activated caspase 3 and cytochrome c . Not only does progesterone help prevent further damage , it has also been shown to aid in neuroregeneration . One of the serious effects of traumatic brain injury includes edema . Animal studies show that progesterone treatment leads to a decrease in edema levels by increasing the concentration of macrophages and microglia sent to the injured tissue . This was observed in the form of reduced leakage from the blood brain barrier in secondary recovery in progesterone treated rats . In addition , progesterone was observed to have antioxidant properties , reducing the concentration of oxygen free radicals faster than without . There is also evidence that the addition of progesterone can also help re myelinate damaged axons due to trauma , restoring some lost neural signal conduction . Another way progesterone aids in regeneration includes increasing the circulation of endothelial progenitor cells in the brain . This helps new vasculature to grow around scar tissue which helps repair the area of insult . Addiction ( edit ) See also : Progesterone ( medication ) § Addiction Progesterone enhances the function of serotonin receptors in the brain , so an excess or deficit of progesterone has the potential to result in significant neurochemical issues . This provides an explanation for why some people resort to substances that enhance serotonin activity such as nicotine , alcohol , and cannabis when their progesterone levels fall below optimal levels . Sex differences in hormone levels may induce women to respond differently than men to nicotine . When women undergo cyclic changes or different hormonal transition phases ( menopause , pregnancy , adolescence ) , there are changes in their progesterone levels . Therefore , females have an increased biological vulnerability to nicotine 's reinforcing effects compared to males and progesterone may be used to counter this enhanced vulnerability . This information supports the idea that progesterone can affect behavior . Similar to nicotine , cocaine also increases the release of dopamine in the brain . The neurotransmitter is involved in the reward center and is one of the main neurotransmitters involved with substance abuse and reliance . In a study of cocaine users , it was reported that progesterone reduced craving and the feeling of being stimulated by cocaine . Thus , progesterone was suggested as an agent that decreases cocaine craving by reducing the dopaminergic properties of the drug . Other effects ( edit ) Progesterone also has a role in skin elasticity and bone strength , in respiration , in nerve tissue and in female sexuality , and the presence of progesterone receptors in certain muscle and fat tissue may hint at a role in sexually dimorphic proportions of those . During pregnancy , progesterone is said to decrease irritability . During pregnancy , progesterone helps to suppress immune responses of the mother to fetal antigens , which prevents rejection of the fetus . Progesterone raises epidermal growth factor - 1 ( EGF - 1 ) levels , a factor often used to induce proliferation , and used to sustain cultures , of stem cells . Progesterone increases core temperature ( thermogenic function ) during ovulation . Progesterone reduces spasm and relaxes smooth muscle . Bronchi are widened and mucus regulated . ( PRs are widely present in submucosal tissue . ) Progesterone acts as an antiinflammatory agent and regulates the immune response . Progesterone reduces gall - bladder activity . Progesterone normalizes blood clotting and vascular tone , zinc and copper levels , cell oxygen levels , and use of fat stores for energy . Progesterone may affect gum health , increasing risk of gingivitis ( gum inflammation ) . Progesterone appears to prevent endometrial cancer ( involving the uterine lining ) by regulating the effects of estrogen . Progesterone plays an important role in the signaling of insulin release and pancreatic function , and may affect the susceptibility to diabetes or gestational diabetes . Progesterone may play a role in male behavior , such as in male aggression towards infants . Biochemistry ( edit ) Biosynthesis ( edit ) Steroidogenesis , showing progesterone among the progestogens in yellow area . In mammals , progesterone , like all other steroid hormones , is synthesized from pregnenolone , which itself is derived from cholesterol . Cholesterol undergoes double oxidation to produce 22R - hydroxycholesterol and then 20α , 22R - dihydroxycholesterol . This vicinal diol is then further oxidized with loss of the side chain starting at position C22 to produce pregnenolone . This reaction is catalyzed by cytochrome P450scc . The conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone takes place in two steps . First , the 3β - hydroxyl group is oxidized to a keto group and second , the double bond is moved to C4 , from C5 through a keto / enol tautomerization reaction . This reaction is catalyzed by 3β - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase / δ - isomerase . Progesterone in turn is the precursor of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone , and after conversion to 17α - hydroxyprogesterone , of cortisol and androstenedione . Androstenedione can be converted to testosterone , estrone , and estradiol . Pregnenolone and progesterone can also be synthesized by yeast . Distribution ( edit ) Progesterone binds extensively to plasma proteins , including albumin ( 50 -- 54 % ) and transcortin ( 43 -- 48 % ) . It has similar affinity for albumin relative to the PR . Metabolism ( edit ) The metabolism of progesterone is rapid and extensive and occurs mainly in the liver , though enzymes that metabolize progesterone are also expressed widely in the brain , skin , and various other extrahepatic tissues . Progesterone has a terminal half - life of only approximately 5 minutes in circulation . The metabolism of progesterone is complex , and it may form as many as 35 different unconjugated metabolites when it is ingested orally . Progesterone is highly susceptible to enzymatic reduction via reductases and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases due to its double bond ( between the C4 and C5 positions ) and its two ketones ( at the C3 and C20 positions ) . The major metabolic pathway of progesterone is reduction by 5α - reductase and 5β - reductase into the dihydrogenated 5α - dihydroprogesterone and 5β - dihydroprogesterone , respectively . This is followed by the further reduction of these metabolites via 3α - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 3β - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase into the tetrahydrogenated allopregnanolone , pregnanolone , isopregnanolone , and epipregnanolone . Subsequently , 20α - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 20β - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase reduce these metabolites to form the corresponding hexahydrogenated pregnanediols ( eight different isomers in total ) , which are then conjugated via glucuronidation and / or sulfation , released from the liver into circulation , and excreted by the kidneys into the urine . The major metabolite of progesterone in the urine is the 3α , 5β , 20α isomer of pregnanediol glucuronide , which has been found to constitute 15 to 30 % of an injection of progesterone . Other metabolites of progesterone formed by the enzymes in this pathway include 3α - dihydroprogesterone , 3β - dihydroprogesterone , 20α - dihydroprogesterone , and 20β - dihydroprogesterone , as well as various combination products of the enzymes aside from those already mentioned . Progesterone can also first be hydroxylated ( see below ) and then reduced . Relatively small portions of progesterone are hydroxylated via 17α - hydroxylase ( CYP17A1 ) and 21 - hydroxylase ( CYP21A2 ) into 17α - hydroxyprogesterone and 11 - deoxycorticosterone ( 21 - hydroxyprogesterone ) , respectively , and pregnanetriols are formed secondarily to 17α - hydroxylation . In addition , progesterone can be hydroxylated in the liver by other cytochrome P450 enzymes which are not steroid - specific . 6β - Hydroxylation , which is catalyzed mainly by CYP3A4 , is the major transformation , and is responsible for approximately 70 % of cytochrome P450 - mediated progesterone metabolism . Other routes include 6α - , 16α - , and 16β - hydroxylation . However , treatment of women with ketoconazole , a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor , had minimal effects on progesterone levels , producing only a slight and non-significant increase , and this suggests that cytochrome P450 enzymes play only a small role in progesterone metabolism . Levels ( edit ) Person type Reference range for blood test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Female - menstrual cycle ( see diagram below ) Female - postmenopausal < 0.2 ng / mL < 0.6 nmol / L Female on oral contraceptives 0.34 0.92 ng / mL 2.9 nmol / L Males ≥ 16 years 0.27 0.9 ng / mL 0.86 2.9 nmol / L Female or male 1 -- 9 years 0.1 4.1 or 4.5 ng / mL 0.3 13 nmol / L In women , progesterone levels are relatively low during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle , rise after ovulation , and are elevated during the luteal phase , as shown in diagram below . Progesterone levels tend to be < 2 ng / ml prior to ovulation , and > 5 ng / ml after ovulation . If pregnancy occurs , human chorionic gonadotropin is released maintaining the corpus luteum allowing it to maintain levels of progesterone . Between 7 -- 9 weeks the placenta begins to produce progesterone in place of the corpus luteum , this process is named the luteal - placental shift . After the luteal - placental shift progesterone levels start to rise further and may reach 100 -- 200 ng / ml at term . Whether a decrease in progesterone levels is critical for the initiation of labor has been argued and may be species - specific . After delivery of the placenta and during lactation , progesterone levels are very low . Progesterone levels are relatively low in children and postmenopausal women . Adult males have levels similar to those in women during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle . Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference ranges provided by the laboratory that performed the results . Example reference ranges are listed below . Progesterone levels during the menstrual cycle . The ranges denoted By biological stage may be used in closely monitored menstrual cycles in regard to other markers of its biological progression , with the time scale being compressed or stretched to how much faster or slower , respectively , the cycle progresses compared to an average cycle . The ranges denoted Inter-cycle variability are more appropriate to use in non-monitored cycles with only the beginning of menstruation known , but where the woman accurately knows her average cycle lengths and time of ovulation , and that they are somewhat averagely regular , with the time scale being compressed or stretched to how much a woman 's average cycle length is shorter or longer , respectively , than the average of the population . The ranges denoted Inter-woman variability are more appropriate to use when the average cycle lengths and time of ovulation are unknown , but only the beginning of menstruation is given . Sources ( edit ) Animal ( edit ) Progesterone is produced in high amounts in the ovaries ( by the corpus luteum ) from the onset of puberty to menopause , and is also produced in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands after the onset of adrenarche in both males and females . To a lesser extent , progesterone is produced in nervous tissue , especially in the brain , and in adipose ( fat ) tissue , as well . During human pregnancy , progesterone is produced in increasingly high amounts by the ovaries and placenta . At first , the source is the corpus luteum that has been `` rescued '' by the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG ) from the conceptus . However , after the 8th week , production of progesterone shifts to the placenta . The placenta utilizes maternal cholesterol as the initial substrate , and most of the produced progesterone enters the maternal circulation , but some is picked up by the fetal circulation and used as substrate for fetal corticosteroids . At term the placenta produces about 250 mg progesterone per day . An additional animal source of progesterone is milk products . After consumption of milk products the level of bioavailable progesterone goes up . Plants ( edit ) In at least one plant , Juglans regia , progesterone has been detected . In addition , progesterone - like steroids are found in Dioscorea mexicana . Dioscorea mexicana is a plant that is part of the yam family native to Mexico . It contains a steroid called diosgenin that is taken from the plant and is converted into progesterone . Diosgenin and progesterone are also found in other Dioscorea species , as well as in other plants that are not closely related , such as fenugreek . Another plant that contains substances readily convertible to progesterone is Dioscorea pseudojaponica native to Taiwan . Research has shown that the Taiwanese yam contains saponins -- steroids that can be converted to diosgenin and thence to progesterone . Many other Dioscorea species of the yam family contain steroidal substances from which progesterone can be produced . Among the more notable of these are Dioscorea villosa and Dioscorea polygonoides . One study showed that the Dioscorea villosa contains 3.5 % diosgenin . Dioscorea polygonoides has been found to contain 2.64 % diosgenin as shown by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry . Many of the Dioscorea species that originate from the yam family grow in countries that have tropical and subtropical climates . Medical use ( edit ) Main article : Progesterone ( medication ) Progesterone is used as a medication , mainly in hormone replacement therapy . Chemistry ( edit ) A sample of progesterone . See also : List of neurosteroids Progesterone is a pregnane ( C21 ) steroid and is also known as pregn - 4 - ene - 3 , 20 - dione . It has a double bond ( 4 - ene ) between the C4 and C5 positions and two ketone groups ( 3 , 20 - dione ) , one at the C3 position and the other at the C20 position . Like all unconjugated steroid hormones , progesterone is lipophilic and hydrophobic . Synthesis ( edit ) Semisynthesis 1 ( edit ) An economical semisynthesis of progesterone from the plant steroid diosgenin isolated from yams was developed by Russell Marker in 1940 for the Parke - Davis pharmaceutical company . This synthesis is known as the Marker degradation . Additional semisyntheses of progesterone have also been reported starting from a variety of steroids . For the example , cortisone can be simultaneously deoxygenated at the C - 17 and C - 21 position by treatment with iodotrimethylsilane in chloroform to produce 11 - keto - progesterone ( ketogestin ) , which in turn can be reduced at position - 11 to yield progesterone . The Marker semisynthesis of progesterone from diosgenin . Semisynthesis 2 ( edit ) Progesterone can also be made from the stigmasterol found in soybean oil also . c.f. Percy Julian . Stigmasterol to progesterone synthesis . Total synthesis ( edit ) The Johnson total synthesis of progesterone . A total synthesis of progesterone was reported in 1971 by W.S. Johnson . The synthesis begins with reacting the phosphonium salt 7 with phenyl lithium to produce the phosphonium ylide 8 . The ylide 8 is reacted with an aldehyde to produce the alkene 9 . The ketal protecting groups of 9 are hydrolyzed to produce the diketone 10 , which in turn is cyclized to form the cyclopentenone 11 . The ketone of 11 is reacted with methyl lithium to yield the tertiary alcohol 12 , which in turn is treated with acid to produce the tertiary cation 13 . The key step of the synthesis is the π - cation cyclization of 13 in which the B - , C - , and D - rings of the steroid are simultaneously formed to produce 14 . This step resembles the cationic cyclization reaction used in the biosynthesis of steroids and hence is referred to as biomimetic . In the next step the enol orthoester is hydrolyzed to produce the ketone 15 . The cyclopentene A-ring is then opened by oxidizing with ozone to produce 16 . Finally , the diketone 17 undergoes an intramolecular aldol condensation by treating with aqueous potassium hydroxide to produce progesterone . History ( edit ) The hormonal action of progesterone was discovered in 1929 , following that of estrogen in 1923 . By 1931 -- 1932 , nearly pure crystalline material of high progestational activity had been isolated from the corpus luteum of animals , and by 1934 , pure crystalline progesterone had been refined and obtained and the chemical structure of progesterone was determined . This was achieved by Adolf Butenandt at the Chemisches Institut of Technical University in Gdańsk , who extracted this new compound from several thousand liters of urine . Chemical synthesis of progesterone from stigmasterol and pregnanediol was accomplished later that year . Up to this point , progesterone , known generically as corpus luteum hormone , had been being referred to by several groups by different names , including corporin , lutein , luteosterone , and progestin . In 1935 , at the time of the Second International Conference on the Standardization of Sex Hormones in London , England , a compromise was made between the groups and the name progesterone ( progestational steroidal ketone ) was created . 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Jump up ^ `` Giants of the Past '' . lipidlibrary.aocs.org . ^ Jump up to : Johnson WS , Gravestock MB , McCarry BE ( August 1971 ) . `` Acetylenic bond participation in biogenetic - like olefinic cyclizations. II . Synthesis of dl - progesterone '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 93 ( 17 ) : 4332 -- 4 . PMID 5131151 . doi : 10.1021 / ja00746a062 . ^ Jump up to : Coutinho EM , Segal SJ ( 1999 ) . Is Menstruation Obsolete ? . Oxford University Press . pp. 31 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513021 - 8 . Jump up ^ Walker A ( 7 March 2008 ) . The Menstrual Cycle . Routledge . pp. 49 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 71411 - 7 . Jump up ^ Piosik R ( 2003 ) . `` Adolf Butenandt und sein Wirken an der Technischen Hochschule Danzig '' . Chemkon. 10 ( 3 ) : 135 -- 138 . doi : 10.1002 / ckon. 200390038 . Jump up ^ Ginsburg B ( 6 December 2012 ) . Premenstrual Syndrome : Ethical and Legal Implications in a Biomedical Perspective . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 274 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4684 - 5275 - 4 . Jump up ^ Sir Humphry Davy Rolleston ( 1936 ) . The Endocrine Organs in Health and Disease : With an Historical Review . Oxford University Press , H. Milford . p. 406 . Jump up ^ Allen WM ( October 1970 ) . `` Progesterone : how did the name originate ? '' . Southern Medical Journal . 63 ( 10 ) : 1151 -- 5 . PMID 4922128 . doi : 10.1097 / 00007611 - 197010000 - 00012 . External links ( edit ) Progesterone MS Spectrum Progesterone at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Kimball JW ( 2007 - 05 - 27 ) . `` Progesterone '' . Kimball 's Biology Pages . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 18 . Hormones Endocrine glands Hypothalamic - pituitary Hypothalamus GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin ( GHIH ) MCH Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex aldosterone cortisol cortisone DHEA DHEA - S androstenedione Adrenal medulla epinephrine norepinephrine Thyroid Thyroid hormone Calcitonin Thyroid axis Parathyroid PTH Gonadal axis Testis testosterone AMH inhibin Ovary estradiol progesterone activin and inhibin relaxin ( pregnancy ) Placenta hCG HPL estrogen progesterone Pancreas glucagon insulin amylin somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide Pineal gland melatonin N , N - dimethyltryptamine 5 - methoxy - N , N - dimethyltryptamine Other Thymus Thymosins Thymosin α1 Beta thymosins Thymopoietin Thymulin Digestive system Stomach gastrin ghrelin Duodenum CCK Incretins GIP GLP - 1 secretin motilin VIP Ileum enteroglucagon peptide YY Liver / other Insulin - like growth factor IGF - 1 IGF - 2 Adipose tissue leptin adiponectin resistin Skeleton Osteocalcin Kidney JGA ( renin ) peritubular cells EPO calcitriol prostaglandin Heart Natriuretic peptide ANP BNP Endogenous steroids Precursors Cholesterol 22R - Hydroxycholesterol 20α , 22R - Dihydroxycholesterol Pregnenolone 11β - Hydroxypregnenolone 17α - Hydroxypregnenolone 21 - Hydroxypregnenolone 17α , 21 - Dihydroxypregnenolone 11β , 17α , 21 - Trihydroxypregnenolone Corticosteroids Glucocorticoids 3α , 5α - Tetrahydrocorticosterone 5α - Dihydrocorticosterone 11 - Deoxycorticosterone 11 - Deoxycortisol 11 - Ketoprogesterone 21 - Deoxycortisol 21 - Deoxycortisone Corticosterone Cortisol Cortisone 17α - Hydroxypregnenolone 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone Pregnenolone Progesterone Mineralocorticoids 5α - Dihydroaldosterone 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone ( 11 - oxocorticosterone , 17 - deoxycortisone ) 11 - Deoxycortisol 11 - Deoxycorticosterone 11β - Hydroxyprogesterone ( 21 - deoxycorticosterone ) 18 - Hydroxy - 11 - deoxycorticosterone 18 - Hydroxycorticosterone 18 - Hydroxyprogesterone Aldosterone Corticosterone Cortisol Sex steroids Androgens 11 - Ketodihydrotestosterone 11 - Ketotestosterone 7β - Hydroxyepiandrosterone 11β - Hydroxyandrostenedione Adrenosterone ( 11 - ketoandrostenedione ) Androstenediol Androstenedione Androsterone Dehydroandrosterone DHEA DHEA sulfate Dihydrotestosterone Epiandrosterone Epitestosterone 16α - Hydroxyandrostenedione 16α - Hydroxy - DHEA 16α - Hydroxy - DHEA sulfate Testosterone Metabolites : 3α - Androstanediol 3α - Androstanediol glucuronide 3β - Androstanediol 3α , 5β - Androstanediol 3β , 5β - Androstanediol 5β - Androstanedione 5β - Dihydrotestosterone Androstanetriols Androstenediol sulfate Androsterone glucuronide Androsterone sulfate Dihydrotestosterone glucuronide Dihydrotestosterone sulfate Etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone glucuronide Epietiocholanolone Testosterone glucuronide Testosterone sulfate Estrogens Estranes : Estetrol Estradiol Estrone Estriol 16β - Epiestriol ( 16β - hydroxyestradiol ) 17α - Epiestriol ( 16α - hydroxy - 17α - estradiol ) 16β , 17α - Epiestriol ( 16β - hydroxy - 17α - estradiol ) 2 - Hydroxyestradiol 2 - Hydroxyestriol 2 - Hydroxyestrone 4 - Hydroxyestradiol 4 - Hydroxyestriol 4 - Hydroxyestrone 4 - Methoxyestradiol 16α - Hydroxyestrone Others : 27 - Hydroxycholesterol 3α - Androstanediol 3β - Androstanediol 4 - Androstenedione 5 - Androstenediol DHEA DHEA sulfate 7 - Keto - DHEA 7α - Hydroxy - DHEA 16α - Hydroxy - DHEA Metabolites : 2 - Methoxyestradiol 2 - Methoxyestrone 4 - Methoxyestrone Estradiol glucuronide Estradiol sulfate Estrone glucuronide Estrone sulfate Estriol glucuronide Estriol sulfate Lipoidal estradiol ( e.g. , estradiol stearate , estradiol palmitate ) Progestogens Progesterone 16α - Hydroxyprogesterone 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone 20α - Dihydroprogesterone 5α - Dihydroprogesterone 11 - Deoxycorticosterone 5α - DHDOC Metabolites : Allopregnanediol Pregnanediol Pregnanediol glucuronide Pregnanetriol Neurosteroids Cholestanes : 24S - Hydroxycholesterol Cholesterol Pregnanes : 3α - Dihydroprogesterone 3β - Dihydroprogesterone 5α - Dihydrocorticosterone 5α - Dihydroprogesterone 5β - Dihydroprogesterone Allopregnanolone Corticosterone DHC DHDOC Deoxycorticosterone Epipregnanolone Isopregnanolone Pregnanolone Pregnenolone Pregnenolone sulfate Progesterone THB THDOC Androstanes : 3α - Androstanediol 3α - Androstenol 7 - Keto - DHEA 7α - Hydroxy - DHEA 7β - Hydroxy - DHEA 7α - Hydroxyepiandrosterone 7β - Hydroxyepiandrosterone Androsterone DHEA DHEA sulfate Etiocholanolone Pheromones : 3α - Androstenol 3β - Androstenol Androstadienol Androstadienone Androstenone Androsterone Estratetraenol Others Vitamin D: 7 - Dehydrocholesterol Calcidiol / Calcifediol Calcitriol Cholecalciferol Others : 7α - Hydroxycholesterol 11α - Hydroxyprogesterone 11β - Hydroxyprogesterone Cholesterol sulfate Progestogens and antiprogestogens Progestogens ( and progestins ) PR agonists Progesterone derivatives : Progesterone Quingestrone Retroprogesterone derivatives : Dydrogesterone Trengestone 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone ( and closely related ) derivatives : Acetomepregenol ( mepregenol diacetate ) Algestone Algestone acetophenide ( dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide ) Anagestone acetate Chlormadinone acetate Cyproterone acetate Delmadinone acetate Flugestone acetate ( flurogestone acetate ) Flumedroxone acetate Hydroxyprogesterone Hydroxyprogesterone acetate Hydroxyprogesterone caproate Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate Medroxyprogesterone Medroxyprogesterone acetate Megestrol acetate Melengestrol acetate Osaterone acetate Pentagestrone acetate Other 17α - substituted ( besides hydroxylated ) derivatives : Haloprogesterone Medrogestone Proligestone 19 - Norprogesterone ( including 17α - substituted ) derivatives : Demegestone Gestonorone caproate ( gestronol hexanoate ) Nomegestrol acetate Norgestomet Promegestone Segesterone acetate ( nestorone ) Trimegestone 17α - Ethynyltestosterone derivatives : Danazol Dimethisterone Ethisterone 19 - Nortestosterone ( including 17α - substituted ) derivatives : Estranes : Dienogest Etynodiol diacetate Gestrinone Lynestrenol Norethisterone ( norethindrone ) Norethisterone acetate Norethisterone enanthate Noretynodrel Norgestrienone Quingestanol acetate Tibolone ; Gonanes : Desogestrel Etonogestrel Gestodene Levonorgestrel Norelgestromin Norgestimate Norgestrel ; Others : Allylestrenol Altrenogest Norgesterone Normethandrone ( methylestrenolone ) Norvinisterone Oxendolone Spirolactone derivatives : Drospirenone Others : Anabolic -- androgenic steroids ( e.g. , nandrolone and esters , trenbolone and esters , norethandrolone , normethandrone , others ) Antiprogestogens SPRMs Asoprisnil Telapristone Ulipristal acetate PR antagonists Aglepristone Mifepristone Valproic acid WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III See also Progesterone receptor modulators Androgens and antiandrogens Estrogens and antiestrogens List of progestogens Mineralocorticoids and antimineralocorticoids ( H02 ) Mineralocorticoids Desoxycortone ( desoxycorticosterone ) Desoxycortone esters Hydrocortisone ( cortisol ) Hydrocortisone esters Fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone acetate Methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone esters Prednisolone Prednisolone esters Prednisone Prednisone esters Antimineralocorticoids Steroidal : Canrenoate potassium ( potassium canrenoate ) Canrenone Drospirenone Dydrogesterone Eplerenone Gestodene Medrogestone Progesterone Spironolactone Trimegestone Nonsteroidal : Amlodipine Apararenone Benidipine Esaxerenone Felodipine Finerenone Nifedipine Nimodipine Nitrendipine Synthesis modifiers Acetoxolone Aminoglutethimide Carbenoxolone Enoxolone Ketoconazole Metyrapone Mitotane Trilostane WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III See also Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids List of corticosteroids Biological activity GABA receptor positive modulators Alcohols Brometone Butanol Chloralodol Chlorobutanol ( cloretone ) Ethanol ( alcohol ) ( alcoholic drink ) Ethchlorvynol Isobutanol Isopropanol Menthol Methanol Methylpentynol Pentanol Petrichloral Propanol tert - Butanol ( 2M2P ) tert - Pentanol ( 2M2B ) Tribromoethanol Trichloroethanol Triclofos Trifluoroethanol Barbiturates ( - ) - DMBB Allobarbital Alphenal Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbexaclone Barbital Benzobarbital Benzylbutylbarbiturate Brallobarbital Brophebarbital Butabarbital / Secbutabarbital Butalbital Buthalital Butobarbital Butallylonal Carbubarb Crotylbarbital Cyclobarbital Cyclopentobarbital Difebarbamate Enallylpropymal Ethallobarbital Eterobarb Febarbamate Heptabarb Heptobarbital Hexethal Hexobarbital Metharbital Methitural Methohexital Methylphenobarbital Narcobarbital Nealbarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Phetharbital Primidone Probarbital Propallylonal Propylbarbital Proxibarbital Reposal Secobarbital Sigmodal Spirobarbital Talbutal Tetrabamate Tetrabarbital Thialbarbital Thiamylal Thiobarbital Thiobutabarbital Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Valofane Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines 2 - Oxoquazepam 3 - Hydroxyphenazepam Adinazolam Alprazolam Arfendazam Avizafone Bentazepam Bretazenil Bromazepam Brotizolam Camazepam Carburazepam Chlordiazepoxide Ciclotizolam Cinazepam Cinolazepam Clazolam Climazolam Clobazam Clonazepam Clonazolam Cloniprazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam CP - 1414S Cyprazepam Delorazepam Demoxepam Diazepam Diclazepam Doxefazepam Elfazepam Estazolam Ethyl carfluzepate Ethyl dirazepate Ethyl loflazepate Etizolam EVT - 201 FG - 8205 Fletazepam Flubromazepam Flubromazolam Fludiazepam Flunitrazepam Flunitrazolam Flurazepam Flutazolam Flutemazepam Flutoprazepam Fosazepam Gidazepam Halazepam Haloxazolam Iclazepam Imidazenil Irazepine Ketazolam Lofendazam Lopirazepam Loprazolam Lorazepam Lormetazepam Meclonazepam Medazepam Menitrazepam Metaclazepam Mexazolam Midazolam Motrazepam N - Desalkylflurazepam Nifoxipam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazepate Nitrazolam Nordazepam Nortetrazepam Oxazepam Oxazolam Phenazepam Pinazepam Pivoxazepam Prazepam Premazepam Proflazepam Pyrazolam QH - II - 66 Quazepam Reclazepam Remimazolam Rilmazafone Ripazepam Ro48 - 6791 Ro48 - 8684 SH - 053 - R - CH3 - 2 ′ F Sulazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Tolufazepam Triazolam Triflubazam Triflunordazepam ( Ro5 - 2904 ) Tuclazepam Uldazepam Zapizolam Zolazepam Zomebazam Carbamates Carisbamate Carisoprodol Clocental Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Emylcamate Ethinamate Febarbamate Felbamate Hexapropymate Lorbamate Mebutamate Meprobamate Nisobamate Pentabamate Phenprobamate Procymate Styramate Tetrabamate Tybamate Flavonoids 6 - Methylapigenin Ampelopsin ( dihydromyricetin ) Apigenin Baicalein Baicalin Catechin EGC EGCG Hispidulin Linarin Luteolin Rc - OMe Skullcap constituents ( e.g. , baicalin ) Wogonin Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Kava constituents 10 - Methoxyyangonin 11 - Methoxyyangonin 11 - Hydroxyyangonin Desmethoxyyangonin 11 - Methoxy - 12 - hydroxydehydrokavain 7 , 8 - Dihydroyangonin Kavain 5 - Hydroxykavain 5 , 6 - Dihydroyangonin 7 , 8 - Dihydrokavain 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - Tetrahydroyangonin 5 , 6 - Dehydromethysticin Methysticin 7 , 8 - Dihydromethysticin Yangonin Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal ( apronalide ) Bromisoval Carbromal Capuride Ectylurea Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone ( brexanolone ) Alfadolone Alfaxalone 3α - Androstanediol Androstenol Androsterone Certain anabolic - androgenic steroids Cholesterol DHDOC 3α - DHP 5α - DHP 5β - DHP DHT Etiocholanolone Ganaxolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone ORG - 20599 ORG - 21465 P1 - 185 Pregnanolone ( eltanolone ) Progesterone Renanolone SAGE - 105 SAGE - 217 SAGE - 324 SAGE - 516 SAGE - 689 SAGE - 872 Testosterone THDOC Nonbenzodiazepines β - Carbolines : Abecarnil Gedocarnil Harmane SL - 651,498 ZK - 93423 Cyclopyrrolones : Eszopiclone Pagoclone Pazinaclone Suproclone Suriclone Zopiclone Imidazopyridines : Alpidem DS - 1 Necopidem Saripidem Zolpidem Pyrazolopyrimidines : Divaplon Fasiplon Indiplon Lorediplon Ocinaplon Panadiplon Taniplon Zaleplon Others : Adipiplon CGS - 8216 CGS - 9896 CGS - 13767 CGS - 20625 CL - 218,872 CP - 615,003 CTP - 354 ELB - 139 GBLD - 345 JM - 1232 L - 838,417 Lirequinil ( Ro41 - 3696 ) NS - 2664 NS - 2710 NS - 11394 Pipequaline ROD - 188 RWJ - 51204 SB - 205,384 SX - 3228 TGSC01AA TP - 003 TPA - 023 TP - 13 U-89843A U-90042 Viqualine Y - 23684 Phenols Fospropofol Propofol Thymol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Piperidione Pyrithyldione Pyrazolopyridines Cartazolate Etazolate ICI - 190,622 Tracazolate Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone SL - 164 Volatiles / gases Acetone Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Aliflurane Benzene Butane Butylene Centalun Chloral Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloroform Cryofluorane Desflurane Dichloralphenazone Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethyl chloride Ethylene Fluroxene Gasoline Halopropane Halothane Isoflurane Kerosine Methoxyflurane Methoxypropane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Norflurane Paraldehyde Propane Propylene Roflurane Sevoflurane Synthane Teflurane Toluene Trichloroethane ( methyl chloroform ) Trichloroethylene Vinyl ether Others / unsorted 3 - Hydroxybutanal α - EMTBL AA - 29504 Avermectins ( e.g. , ivermectin ) Bromide compounds ( e.g. , lithium bromide , potassium bromide , sodium bromide ) Carbamazepine Chloralose Chlormezanone Clomethiazole DEABL Dihydroergolines ( e.g. , dihydroergocryptine , dihydroergosine , dihydroergotamine , ergoloid ( dihydroergotoxine ) ) DS2 Efavirenz Etazepine Etifoxine Fenamates ( e.g. , flufenamic acid , mefenamic acid , niflumic acid , tolfenamic acid ) Fluoxetine Flupirtine Hopantenic acid Lanthanum Lavender oil Lignans ( e.g. , 4 - O - methylhonokiol , honokiol , magnolol , obovatol ) Loreclezole Menthyl isovalerate ( validolum ) Monastrol Niacin Nicotinamide ( niacinamide ) Org 25,435 Phenytoin Propanidid Retigabine ( ezogabine ) Safranal Seproxetine Stiripentol Sulfonylalkanes ( e.g. , sulfonmethane ( sulfonal ) , tetronal , trional ) Terpenoids ( e.g. , borneol ) Topiramate Valerian constituents ( e.g. , isovaleric acid , isovaleramide , valerenic acid , valerenol ) Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators : α - Pinene MRK - 409 ( MK - 0343 ) TCS - 1105 TCS - 1205 See also : Receptor / signaling modulators GABA receptor modulators GABA metabolism / transport modulators Glucocorticoid receptor modulators GR Agonists Cortisol - like and related ( 16 - unsubstituted ) : 3α , 5α - Tetrahydrocorticosterone 5α - Dihydrocorticosterone 9α - Fluorocortisone ( alfluorone ) 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone ( 11 - oxocorticosterone , 17 - deoxycortisone ) 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone acetate 11 - Deoxycorticosterone ( desoxycortone , deoxycortone , desoxycorticosterone ) Desoxycortone esters 11 - Deoxycortisol ( cortodoxone , cortexolone ) Cortifen ( cortiphen , kortifen ) Cortodoxone acetate 21 - Deoxycortisol Δ - Prednisolone Δ - Prednisolone 21 - acetate Amebucort Chloroprednisone Chloroprednisone acetate Cloprednol Cloprednol acetate Corticosterone Corticosterone acetate Corticosterone benzoate Cortisol ( hydrocortisone ) Benzodrocortisone ( hydrocortisone benzoate ) Hydrocortamate ( hydrocortisone diethylaminoacetate ) Hydrocortisone esters Cortisone Cortisone acetate Deprodone Deprodone propionate Dichlorisone Dichlorisone acetate Dichlorisone diacetate Difluprednate Endrisone ( endrysone ) Etiprednol Etiprednol dicloacetate ( etiprednol dichloroacetate ) Fludrocortisone ( fludrocortone ) Fludrocortisone acetate Fluorometholone Fluorometholone acetate Fluperolone Fluperolone acetate Fluprednisolone Fluprednisolone esters Halopredone Halopredone acetate ( halopredone diacetate ) Isoflupredone ( 9α - fluoroprednisolone ) Isoflupredone acetate Loteprednol Loteprednol etabonate Mazipredone ( depersolone ) Medrysone Methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone esters Prebediolone Prebediolone acetate Prednisolone Prednazate Prednazoline Prednicarbate ( prednisolone ethylcarbonate propionate ) Prednimustine Prednisolamate ( prednisolone diethylaminoacetate ) Prednisolone esters Prednisone Prednisone esters Pregnenolone Pregnenolone acetate Pregnenolone succinate ( pregnenolone hemisuccinate ) Resocortol Tipredane Tixocortol Butixocort ( tixocortol butyrate ) Butixocort propionate Tixocortol pivalate Methasones and related ( 16 - substituted ) : 16α - Methyl - 11 - oxoprednisolone Alclometasone Alclometasone dipropionate Amelometasone Beclometasone ( beclomethasone ) Beclometasone esters Betamethasone ( betametasone ) Betamethasone esters Cortobenzolone ( betamethasone salicylate ) Ciclometasone ( ciclomethasone , cyclomethasone ) Clobetasol Clobetasol propionate Clobetasone Clobetasone butyrate Clocortolone Clocortolone esters Cloticasone Cloticasone propionate Cormetasone ( cormethasone ) Cormetasone acetate Descinolone Desoximetasone ( desoxymethasone ) Dexamethasone ( dexametasone ) Dexamethasone esters Diflorasone Diflorasone diacetate Diflucortolone Diflucortolone pivalate Diflucortolone valerate Dimesone Dimesone acetate Doxibetasol ( doxybetasol ) Fluclorolone Flumetasone ( flumethasone ) Flumetasone acetate Flumetasone pivalate Fluocinolone Fluocortin Fluocortin butyl ( fluocortin butylate ) Fluocortolone Fluocortolone esters Fluprednidene ( fluprednylidene ) Fluprednidene acetate Fluticasone Fluticasone furoate Fluticasone propionate Halocortolone Halometasone Icometasone Icometasone enbutate ( icometasone butyrate acetate ) Isoprednidene Locicortolone ( locicortone ) Locicortolone dicibate ( locicortone dicibate ) Meclorisone Meclorisone dibutyrate Meprednisone ( methylprednisone ) Meprednisone acetate Meprednisone hydrogen succinate ( methylprednisone hemisuccinate ) Mometasone Mometasone furoate Paramethasone Paramethasone acetate Paramethasone disodium phosphate Paramethasone phosphate Prednylidene Prednylidene diethylaminoacetate Rimexolone Ticabesone Ticabesone propionate Timobesone Timobesone acetate Triamcinolone Triamcinolone diacetate Ulobetasol ( halobetasol ) Ulobetasol propionate Vamorolone Cyclic ketals ( 16 , 17 - cyclized ) : Acrocinonide ( triamcinolone acroleinide ) Amcinafal ( triamcinolone pentanonide ) Amcinafide ( triamcinolone acetophenide ) Amcinonide ( triamcinolone acetate cyclopentanonide ) Budesonide Ciclesonide Cicortonide Deflazacort ( azacort ) Descinolone acetonide Desonide ( hydroxyprednisolone acetonide ) Desonide disodium phosphate Desonide pivalate Dexbudesonide Drocinonide Drocinonide phosphate Fluazacort Fluclorolone acetonide ( flucloronide ) Fludroxycortide ( flurandrenolone , flurandrenolide ) Flumoxonide Flunisolide Flunisolide acetate Fluocinolone acetonide Ciprocinonide ( fluocinolone acetonide cyclopropylcarboxylate ) Fluocinonide ( fluocinolide , fluocinolone acetonide acetate ) Procinonide ( fluocinolone acetonide propionate ) Formocortal Halcinonide Itrocinonide Rofleponide Rofleponide palmitate Tralonide Triamcinolone acetonide Flupamesone ( triamcinolone acetonide metembonate ) Triamcinolone acetonide esters Triamcinolone aminobenzal benzamidoisobutyrate ( TBI - PAB ) Triclonide Others / atypical ( other expanded steroid ring systems , homosteroids , and non-pregnane steroids ) : Cortisuzol Cortivazol Domoprednate Naflocort Nicocortonide Nicocortonide acetate Nivacortol ( nivazol ) Oxisopred RU - 28362 Non-corticosteroids with some glucocorticoid activity : 15β - Hydroxycyproterone acetate 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone Chlormadinone acetate Cyproterone Cyproterone acetate Delmadinone acetate Flugestone Flugestone acetate ( flurogestone acetate ) Fluoxymesterone Gestodene Medrogestone Medroxyprogesterone acetate Megestrol acetate Metribolone Norgestomet Osaterone acetate Progesterone Promegestone Quingestrone Segesterone acetate ( nestorone ) Tetrahydrogestrinone Nonsteroidal glucocorticoids : AZD - 5423 GSK - 9027 Mixed ( SEGRMs ) Dagrocorat Fosdagrocorat Mapracorat Antagonists 7α - Hydroxy - DHEA 17α - Methylprogesterone Aglepristone Asoprisnil Asoprisnil ecamate C108297 C113176 CORT - 108297 Cyproterone acetate Guggulsterone Ketoconazole Lilopristone LLY - 2707 Miconazole Mifepristone Onapristone ORG - 34116 ORG - 34517 ( SCH - 900636 ) ORG - 34850 Pregnenolone 16α - carbonitrile Relacorilant ( CORT - 125134 ) RTI 3021 -- 012 RTI 3021 -- 022 Telapristone Tibolone Toripristone Ulipristal acetate See also Receptor / signaling modulators Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators List of corticosteroids Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators MR Agonists 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone ( 11 - oxocorticosterone , 17 - deoxycortisone ) 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone acetate 11 - Deoxycorticosterone ( desoxycortone , deoxycortone , desoxycorticosterone ) Desoxycortone esters 11 - Deoxycortisol ( cortodoxone , cortexolone ) Cortifen ( cortiphen , kortifen ) Cortodoxone acetate 11β - Hydroxyprogesterone 16α , 18 - Dihydroxy - 11 - deoxycorticosterone 17α - Hydroxyaldosterone 18 - Hydroxy - 11 - deoxycorticosterone 19 - Norprogesterone Aldosterone Corticosterone Corticosterone acetate Corticosterone benzoate Cortisol ( hydrocortisone ) Benzodrocortisone ( hydrocortisone benzoate ) Hydrocortamate ( hydrocortisone diethylaminoacetate ) Hydrocortisone esters Cortisone Cortisone acetate Fludrocortisone ( fludrocortone ) Fludrocortisone acetate Mometasone Mometasone furoate Prednisolone Prednazate Prednazoline Prednicarbate ( prednisolone ethylcarbonate propionate ) Prednimustine Prednisolamate ( prednisolone diethylaminoacetate ) Prednisolone esters Prednisone Prednisone esters Antagonists Steroidal : 6β - Hydroxy - 7α - thiomethylspironolactone 7α - Thiomethylspironolactone ( SC - 26519 ) 7α - Thioprogesterone ( SC - 8365 ) 7α - Thiospironolactone ( SC - 24813 ) 16α - Hydroxyprogesterone 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone 18 - Deoxyaldosterone Canrenoate potassium ( potassium canrenoate ) Canrenoic acid ( canrenoate ) Canrenone ( canrenoate y - lactone ) Dicirenone Dimethisterone Drospirenone Dydrogesterone Eplerenone Gestodene Guggulsterone Medrogestone Mespirenone Mexrenoate potassium Mexrenoic acid ( mexrenoate ) Mexrenone Oxprenoic acid ( oxprenoate ) Oxprenoate potassium ( RU - 28318 ) Pregnenolone Progesterone Prorenoate potassium Prorenoic acid ( prorenoate ) Prorenone RO - 14 - 9012 RU - 26752 SC - 5233 ( spirolactone ) SC - 8109 SC - 11927 ( CS - 1 ) SC - 19886 SC - 27169 Spirorenone Spironolactone Spiroxasone Tibolone Trimegestone ZK - 91587 ZK - 97894 Nonsteroidal : Amlodipine Apararenone Benidipine BR - 4628 Esaxerenone Felodipine Finerenone Nifedipine Nimodipine Nitrendipine PF - 03882845 SM - 368229 See also Receptor / signaling modulators Mineralocorticoids and antimineralocorticoids Glucocorticoid receptor modulators List of corticosteroids Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators nAChRs Agonists : 5 - HIAA A-84,543 A-366,833 A-582,941 A-867,744 ABT - 202 ABT - 418 ABT - 560 ABT - 894 Acetylcholine Altinicline Anabasine Anatoxin - a AR - R17779 Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate Butinoline Butyrylcholine Carbachol Choline Cotinine Cytisine Decamethonium Desformylflustrabromine Dianicline Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Epibatidine Epiboxidine Ethanol ( alcohol ) Ethoxysebacylcholine EVP - 4473 EVP - 6124 Galantamine GTS - 21 Ispronicline Ivermectin Levamisole Lobeline MEM - 63,908 ( RG - 3487 ) Morantel Nicotine ( tobacco ) NS - 1738 PHA - 543,613 PHA - 709,829 PNU - 120,596 PNU - 282,987 Pozanicline Pyrantel Rivanicline RJR - 2429 Sazetidine A SB - 206553 Sebacylcholine SIB - 1508Y SIB - 1553A SSR - 180,711 Suberyldicholine Suxamethonium ( succinylcholine ) Suxethonium ( succinyldicholine ) TC - 1698 TC - 1734 TC - 1827 TC - 2216 TC - 5214 TC - 5619 TC - 6683 Tebanicline Tribendimidine Tropisetron UB - 165 Varenicline WAY - 317,538 XY - 4083 Antagonists : 18 - MAC 18 - MC α - Neurotoxins ( e.g. , α - bungarotoxin , α - cobratoxin , α - conotoxin , many others ) ABT - 126 Alcuronium Allopregnanolone Amantadine Anatruxonium AQW051 Atracurium Barbiturates ( e.g. , pentobarbital , sodium thiopental ) BNC - 210 Bungarotoxins ( e.g. , α - bungarotoxin , κ - bungarotoxin ) Bupropion BW - A444 Candocuronium iodide ( chandonium iodide ) Chlorisondamine Cisatracurium Coclaurine Coronaridine Curare Cyclopropane Dacuronium bromide Decamethonium Dehydronorketamine Desflurane Dextromethorphan Dextropropoxyphene Dextrorphan Diadonium DHβE Dihydrochandonium Dimethyltubocurarine ( metocurine ) Dioscorine Dipyrandium Dizocilpine ( MK - 801 ) Doxacurium Encenicline Enflurane Erythravine Esketamine Fazadinium Gallamine Gantacurium chloride Halothane Hexafluronium Hexamethonium ( benzohexonium ) Hydroxybupropion Hydroxynorketamine Ibogaine Isoflurane Ketamine Kynurenic acid Laudanosine Laudexium ( laudolissin ) Levacetylmethadol Levomethadone Malouetine ME - 18 - MC Mecamylamine Memantine Methadone Methorphan ( racemethorphan ) Methyllycaconitine Metocurine Mivacurium Morphanol ( racemorphan ) Neramexane Nitrous oxide Norketamine Pancuronium bromide Pempidine Pentamine Pentolinium Phencyclidine Pipecuronium bromide Progesterone Promegestone Radafaxine Rapacuronium bromide Reboxetine Rocuronium bromide Sevoflurane Stercuronium iodide Surugatoxin Thiocolchicoside Toxiferine Tramadol Trimetaphan camsilate ( trimethaphan camsylate ) Tropeinium Tubocurarine Vanoxerine Vecuronium bromide Xenon Precursors ( and prodrugs ) Acetyl - coA Adafenoxate Choline ( lecithin ) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Meclofenoxate ( centrophenoxine ) Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine Pirisudanol See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Acetylcholine metabolism / transport modulators Progesterone receptor modulators PR Agonists Progesterone derivatives : 5α - Dihydroprogesterone 9α - Bromo - 11 - ketoprogesterone 11 - Dehydroprogesterone 11 - Deoxycorticosterone 16α - Hydroxyprogesterone 20α - Dihydroprogesterone Dimepregnen Diosgenin P1 - 185 Progesterone Quingestrone Retroprogesterone derivatives : Dydrogesterone Retroprogesterone Ro 6 - 3129 Trengestone 17α - Substituted progesterone derivatives : 6α - Methyl - 17α - bromoprogesterone 15β - Hydroxycyproterone acetate 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone ( hydroxyprogesterone ) 17α - Methylprogesterone Acetomepregenol ( mepregenol diacetate ) Algestone Algestone acetonide Algestone acetophenide Anagestone Anagestone acetate Butagest ( buterol ) Chlormadinone Chlormadinone acetate Cismadinone Cismadinone acetate Clogestone Clogestone acetate Clomegestone Clomegestone acetate Cyproterone acetate Delmadinone Delmadinone acetate Edogestrone Flugestone Flugestone acetate Flumedroxone Flumedroxone acetate Gestaclone Haloprogesterone Hydromadinone Hydromadinone acetate Hydroxyprogesterone acetate Hydroxyprogesterone caproate ( hydroxyprogesterone hexanoate ) Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate ( hydroxyprogesterone enanthate ) Mecigestone ( pentarane B) Medrogestone Medroxyprogesterone Medroxyprogesterone acetate Megestrol Megestrol acetate Melengestrol Melengestrol acetate Mometasone Mometasone furoate Osaterone Osaterone acetate Pentagestrone Pentagestrone acetate Pentarane A Proligestone 19 - Norprogesterone derivatives : 19 - Norprogesterone Amadinone Amadinone acetate Demegestone Gestadienol Gestadienol acetate Gestonorone caproate ( gestronol hexanoate ) Gestronol ( gestonorone ) Nomegestrol Nomegestrol acetate Norgestomet ORG - 2058 Oxogestone Oxogestone phenpropionate ( xinogestone ) Promegestone Segesterone Segesterone acetate ( nestorone ) Trimegestone Testosterone derivatives : Progestins : 6 , 6 - Difluoronorethisterone 6 , 6 - Difluoronorethisterone acetate Allylestrenol Altrenogest Chloroethynylnorgestrel Cingestol Danazol Desogestrel Dienogest Ethisterone Ethynerone Etonogestrel Etynodiol Etynodiol diacetate Gestodene Gestrinone Levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel butanoate Lynestrenol Metynodiol Metynodiol diacetate Norelgestromin Norethisterone ( norethindrone ) Norethisterone acetate Norethisterone acetate oxime Norethisterone enanthate Noretynodrel Norgesterone Norgestimate Norgestrel Norgestrienone Norvinisterone Oxendolone Quingestanol Quingestanol acetate Tibolone Tigestol Tosagestin ; Anabolic -- androgenic steroids : 11β - Methyl - 19 - nortestosterone 11β - Methyl - 19 - nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate 19 - Nor - 5 - androstenediol 19 - Nor - 5 - androstenedione Bolandiol Bolandiol dipropionate Bolandione Dimethisterone Dienedione Dienolone Dimethandrolone Dimethandrolone buciclate Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate Dimethandrolone undecanoate Dimethyltrienolone Ethyldienolone Ethylestrenol ( ethylnandrol ) Methyldienolone Metribolone ( R - 1881 ) Methoxydienone ( methoxygonadiene ) Mibolerone Nandrolone Nandrolone esters ( e.g. , nandrolone decanoate , nandrolone phenylpropionate ) Norethandrolone Normethandrone ( methylestrenolone , normethandrolone , normethisterone ) Tetrahydrogestrinone Trenbolone ( trienolone ) Trestolone Trestolone acetate Spirolactone derivatives : Canrenoic acid Canrenone Drospirenone Mespirenone Potassium canrenoate SC - 5233 ( spirolactone ) SC - 8109 Spironolactone Spirorenone Nonsteroidal : 3 , 8 - Dihydrodiligustilide LG - 100128 Riligustilide RWJ - 26819 RWJ - 49853 RWJ - 60130 Tanaproget ZM - 182345 Mixed ( SPRMs ) Steroidal : Asoprisnil Asoprisnil ecamate Guggulsterone J1042 LG - 120838 Mifepristone ORG - 31710 ORG - 33628 Telapristone Ulipristal acetate Vilaprisan ZK - 137316 Nonsteroidal : Apigenin Kaempferol LG - 120920 Naringenin PRA - 910 Syringic acid Antagonists Steroidal : Aglepristone Lilopristone Lonaprisan Onapristone RTI 3021 -- 022 Toripristone Zanoterone Nonsteroidal : LG001447 LG - 100127 LG - 100128 LG - 120830 LG - 121046 Valproic acid ZM - 150271 ZM - 172406 mPR ( PAQR ) Agonists 5α - Dihydroprogesterone 5β - Dihydroprogesterone 11 - Deoxycortisone ( 21 - hydroxyprogesterone ) 11 - Deoxycortisol ( 17α , 21 - dihydroxyprogesterone ) 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone Allopregnanolone Mifepristone Pregnenolone Progesterone Antagonists Mifepristone See also Receptor / signaling modulators Progestogens and antiprogestogens Androgen receptor modulators Estrogen receptor modulators List of progestogens Sigma receptor modulators σ Agonists : 3 - PPP 4 - PPBP 5 - MeO - DMT Alazocine ( SKF - 10047 ) Amantadine ANAVEX2 - 73 Arketamine BD - 737 BD - 1052 Captodiame Citalopram CGRP Cloperastine Cocaine Cutamesine ( SA - 4503 ) Cyclazocine Dehydroepiandrosterone ( DHEA ) ( prasterone ) Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate ( DHEA - S ) ( prasterone sulfate ) Dextrallorphan Dextromethorphan ( DXM ) Dextrorphan ( DXO ) Dimemorfan Dimethyltryptamine ( DMT ) Ditolylguanidine ( DTG ) Donepezil Eliprodil Escitalopram Fabomotizole ( afobazole ) Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Ifenprodil Igmesine ( JO - 1784 ) IPAB Ketamine L - 687384 MDMA ( midomafetamine ) Memantine Methamphetamine Methoxetamine Methylphenidate Nepinalone Neuropeptide Y Noscapine OPC - 14523 Opipramol Pentazocine Pentoxyverine ( carbetapentane ) PRE-084 Pregnenolone Pregnenolone sulfate Pridopidine Racemethorphan ( methorphan ) Racemorphan ( morphanol ) UMB - 23 UMB - 82 Antagonists : 3 - PPP AC - 927 BD - 1008 BD - 1031 BD - 1047 BD - 1060 BD - 1063 BD - 1067 BMY - 14802 ( BMS - 181100 ) CM - 156 Dup - 734 E-5842 E-52862 ( S1RA ) Haloperidol LR - 132 LR - 172 MS - 377 NE - 100 NPC - 16377 Panamesine ( EMD - 57455 ) PD - 144418 Pentazocine Progesterone Rimcazole ( BW - 234U ) Sertraline SR - 31742A Allosteric modulators : Phenytoin ; Positive : Methylphenylpiracetam SOMCL - 668 Unknown / unsorted : 3 - Methoxydextrallorphan 3 - MeO - PCP 4C - T - 2 4 - IBP 4 - IPBS 4 - MeO - PCP 5 - MeO - DALT 5 - MeO - DiPT Amitriptyline Azidopamil Chlorpromazine Clemastine Clomipramine Clorgiline D - Deprenyl DiPT DPT Ibogaine Imipramine KCR - 12 - 83.1 Nemonapride Noribogaine RHL - 033 RS - 67,333 RTI - 55 Saffron Safinamide Selegiline Spipethiane Trifluoperazine W - 18 YKP10A σ Agonists : 3 - PPP Arketamine BD - 1047 BD1063 Ditolylguanidine ( DTG ) DKR - 1005 DKR - 1051 Haloperidol Ifenprodil Ketamine MDMA ( midomafetamine ) Methamphetamine OPC - 14523 Opipramol PB - 28 Phencyclidine Siramesine ( Lu 28 - 179 ) UKH - 1114 Antagonists : AC - 927 BD - 1008 BD - 1067 CM - 156 CT - 1812 LR - 172 MIN - 101 Panamesine ( EMD - 57455 ) SAS - 0132 Unknown / unsorted : 3 - Methoxydextrallorphan 3 - MeO - PCE 4 - MeO - PCP 5 - MeO - DALT 5 - MeO - DiPT Clemastine DiPT DPT Ibogaine Nemonapride Nepinalone Noribogaine Pentazocine RS - 67,333 Safinamide TMA UMB - 23 UMB - 82 W - 18 Unsorted Agonists : Berberine Ethylketazocine Fourphit Metaphit Nalbuphine Naluzotan Tapentadol Tenocyclidine Antagonists : AHD1 AZ66 Lamotrigine Naloxone SM - 21 UMB - 100 UMB - 101 UMB - 103 UMB - 116 YZ - 011 YZ - 069 YZ - 185 Allosteric modulators : SKF - 83959 Unknown / unsorted : 18 - Methoxycoronaridine BMY - 13980 Butaclamol Caramiphen Carvotroline Chlorphenamine ( chlorpheniramine ) Chlorpromazine Cinnarizine Cinuperone Clocapramine Dezocine EMD - 59983 Hypericin ( St. John 's wort ) Fluphenazine Gevotroline ( WY - 47384 ) Mepyramine ( pyrilamine ) Molindone Perphenazine Pimozide Proadifen Promethazine Propranolol Quinidine Remoxipride SL 82.0715 SR - 31747A Tiospirone ( BMY - 13859 ) Venlafaxine See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Xenobiotic - sensing receptor modulators CAR Agonists : 6 , 7 - Dimethylesculetin Amiodarone Artemisinin Benfuracarb Carbamazepine Carvedilol Chlorpromazine Chrysin CITCO Clotrimazole Cyclophosphamide Cypermethrin DHEA ( prasterone ) Efavirenz Ellagic acid Griseofulvin Methoxychlor Mifepristone Nefazodone Nevirapine Nicardipine Octicizer Permethrin Phenobarbital Phenytoin Pregnanedione ( 5β - dihydroprogesterone ) Reserpine TCPOBOP Telmisartan Tolnaftate Troglitazone Valproic acid Antagonists : 3 , 17β - Estradiol 3α - Androstanol 3α - Androstenol 3β - Androstanol 17 - Androstanol AITC Ethinylestradiol Meclizine Nigramide J Okadaic acid PK - 11195 S - 07662 T - 0901317 PXR Agonists : 17α - Hydroxypregnenolone 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone Δ - Androstenedione Δ - Androstenediol Δ - Androstenedione AA - 861 Allopregnanediol Allopregnanedione ( 5α - dihydroprogesterone ) Allopregnanolone ( brexanolone ) Alpha - Lipoic acid Ambrisentan AMI - 193 Amlodipine besylate Antimycotics Artemisinin Aurothioglucose Bile acids Bithionol Bosentan Bumecaine Cafestol Cephaloridine Cephradine Chlorpromazine Ciglitazone Clindamycin Clofenvinfos Chloroxine Clotrimazole Colforsin Corticosterone Cyclophosphamide Cyproterone acetate Demecolcine Dexamethasone DHEA ( prasterone ) DHEA - S ( prasterone sulfate ) Dibunate sodium Diclazuril Dicloxacillin Dimercaprol Dinaline Docetaxel Docusate calcium Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid Dronabinol Droxidopa Eburnamonine Ecopipam Enzacamene Epothilone B Erythromycin Famprofazone Febantel Felodipine Fenbendazole Fentanyl Flucloxacillin Fluorometholone Griseofulvin Guggulsterone Haloprogin Hetacillin potassium Hyperforin Hypericum perforatum ( St John 's wort ) Indinavir sulfate Lasalocid sodium Levothyroxine Linolenic acid LOE - 908 Loratadine Lovastatin Meclizine Methacycline Methylprednisolone Metyrapone Mevastatin Mifepristone Nafcillin Nicardipine Nicotine Nifedipine Nilvadipine Nisoldipine Norelgestromin Omeprazole Orlistat Oxatomide Paclitaxel Phenobarbital Piperine Plicamycin Prednisolone Pregnanediol Pregnanedione ( 5β - dihydroprogesterone ) Pregnanolone Pregnenolone Pregnenolone 16α - carbonitrile Proadifen Progesterone Quingestrone Reserpine Reverse triiodothyronine Rifampicin Rifaximin Rimexolone Riodipine Ritonavir Simvastatin Sirolimus Spironolactone Spiroxatrine SR - 12813 Suberoylanilide Sulfisoxazole Suramin Tacrolimus Tenylidone Terconazole Testosterone isocaproate Tetracycline Thiamylal sodium Thiothixene Thonzonium bromide Tianeptine Troglitazone Troleandomycin Tropanyl 3 , 5 - dimethulbenzoate Zafirlukast Zeranol Antagonists : Ketoconazole Sesamin See also Receptor / signaling modulators Nuclear receptor modulators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progesterone&oldid=800199431 '' Categories : 11β - Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors Antimineralocorticoids Diketones GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators Glucocorticoids Glycine receptor antagonists Neurosteroids Hepatotoxins Hormones of the hypothalamus - pituitary - adrenal axis Hormones of the hypothalamus - pituitary - gonad axis Hormones of the hypothalamic - pituitary - prolactin axis Hormones of the ovary Hormones of the placenta Hormones of the suprarenal cortex Hormones of the brain Hormones of the pregnant female Human female endocrine system Human hormones Pregnane X receptor agonists Pregnanes Progestogens Sex hormones Sigma antagonists Steroid hormones Total synthesis Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles without InChI source ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles with changed KEGG identifier Articles with changed InChI identifier Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles containing links to copyright violations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 01 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the progesterone that helps maintain the pregnancy come from | [
"During human pregnancy, progesterone is produced in increasingly high amounts by the ovaries and placenta. At first, the source is the corpus luteum that has been \"rescued\" by the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) from the conceptus. However, after the 8th week, production of progesterone shifts to the placenta. The placenta utilizes maternal cholesterol as the initial substrate, and most of the produced progesterone enters the maternal circulation, but some is picked up by the fetal circulation and used as substrate for fetal corticosteroids. At term the placenta produces about 250 mg progesterone per day.",
"During human pregnancy, progesterone is produced in increasingly high amounts by the ovaries and placenta. At first, the source is the corpus luteum that has been \"rescued\" by the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) from the conceptus. However, after the 8th week, production of progesterone shifts to the placenta. The placenta utilizes maternal cholesterol as the initial substrate, and most of the produced progesterone enters the maternal circulation, but some is picked up by the fetal circulation and used as substrate for fetal corticosteroids. At term the placenta produces about 250 mg progesterone per day."
] | [
"the ovaries",
"placenta"
] |
-1132690463151445640 | Respiratory epithelium | Respiratory epithelium - wikipedia Respiratory epithelium Jump to : navigation , search Respiratory epithelium Diagram of the trachea showing respiratory epithelium at the top Illustration depicting Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium . Details System ( Respiratory system ) ) Identifiers MeSH D020545 TH H3. 05.00. 0.00003 Anatomical terms of microanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) This article is one of a series on Epithelia Squamous epithelial cell Simple Stratified Columnar epithelial cell Simple Stratified Pseudostratified Cuboidal epithelial cell Simple Stratified Specialised epithelia Olfactory Respiratory Intestinal Transitional Vaginal Germinal female male Other Table of epithelia of human organs Respiratory epithelium is a type of ciliated epithelium found lining most of the respiratory tract , where it serves to moisten and protect the airways . It is not present in the larynx and pharynx . It also functions as a barrier to potential pathogens and foreign particles , preventing infection and tissue injury by the action of mucociliary clearance . Structure ( edit ) The respiratory epithelium lining the upper respiratory airways is classified as ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium . This designation is due to the arrangement of the multiple cell types composing the respiratory epithelium . While all cells make contact with the basement membrane and are , therefore , a single layer of cells , the nuclei are not aligned in the same plane . Hence , it appears as though several layers of cells are present and the epithelium is called pseudostratified . The majority of cells composing the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium are of three types : a ) ciliated cells , b ) goblet cells , and c ) basal cells . The ciliated cells are columnar epithelial cells with specialized ciliary modifications . Goblet cells , so named because they are shaped like a wine goblet , are columnar epithelial cells that contain membrane - bound mucous granules and secrete mucus , or epithelial lining fluid ( ELF ) , the composition of which is tightly regulated ; the mucus helps maintain epithelial moisture and traps particulate material and pathogens moving through the airway. and determines how well mucociliary clearance works . The basal cells are small , nearly cuboidal cells thought to have some ability to differentiate into other cells types found within the epithelium . For example , these basal cells respond to injury of the airway epithelium , migrating to cover a site denuded of differentiated epithelial cells , and subsequently differentiating to restore a healthy epithelial cell layer . Certain parts of the respiratory tract , such as the oropharynx , are also subject to the abrasive swallowing of food . To prevent the destruction of the respiratory epithelium in these areas , it changes to stratified squamous epithelium , which is better suited to the constant sloughing and abrasion . The squamous layer of the oropharynx is continuous with the esophagus . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mescher AL , `` Chapter 17 . The Respiratory System '' ( Chapter ) . Mescher AL : Junqueira 's Basic Histology : Text & Atlas , 12e : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 24 ... Jump up ^ Stanke F The Contribution of the Airway Epithelial Cell to Host Defense . Mediators Inflamm. 2015 ; 2015 : 463016 . PMID 26185361 PMC 4491388 Jump up ^ U.S. EPA . Integrated Science Assessment for Oxides of Nitrogen -- Health Criteria ( 2016 Final Report ) . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Washington , DC , EPA / 600 / R - 15 / 068 , 2016 . Federal Register Notice Jan 28 , 2016 Free download available at Report page at EPA website . External links ( edit ) Histology image : 13903loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University Histology of The Respiratory System Epithelial tissue Cells Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Types Simple squamous epithelium Endothelium Mesothelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Respiratory epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Stratified cuboidal epithelium Stratified columnar epithelium Transitional epithelium Urothelium Glands Types Mechanism Merocrine Eccrine Apocrine Holocrine Sebaceous Meibomian Shape Tubular gland Alveolar gland Secretion Serous glands Mucous glands Components Myoepithelial cell Serous demilune Ducts : Interlobar Interlobular Intralobular Striated Intercalated Acinus / Lobe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_epithelium&oldid=836553952 '' Categories : Respiratory system Epithelium Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Kurdî Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 13 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where are ciliated cells found in the respiratory system | [
"Respiratory epithelium is a type of ciliated epithelium found lining most of the respiratory tract, where it serves to moisten and protect the airways. It is not present in the larynx and pharynx. It also functions as a barrier to potential pathogens and foreign particles, preventing infection and tissue injury by the action of mucociliary clearance."
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"lining most of the respiratory tract"
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-6052305470055003254 | Foramen magnum | Foramen magnum - wikipedia Foramen magnum Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Foraman magnum Upper surface of base of the skull . The hole indicated by an arrow is the foramen magnum Occipital bone . Inner surface . Details Identifiers Latin Foraman magnum MeSH A02. 835.232. 781.572. 434 TA A02. 1.04. 002 FMA 75306 Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) The foramen magnum ( Latin : great hole ) is a large oval opening ( foramen ) in the occipital bone of the skull in humans and various other animals . It is one of the several oval or circular openings ( foramina ) in the base of the skull . The spinal cord , an extension of the medulla , passes through the foramen magnum as it exits the cranial cavity . Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes , the foramen magnum transmits the vertebral arteries , the anterior and posterior spinal arteries , the tectorial membranes and alar ligaments . It also transmits the spinal component of the accessory nerve into the skull . The opisthion is the midpoint on the posterior margin of the foramen magnum and is a cephalometric landmark . Another landmark is the basion located at the midpoint on the anterior margin of the foramen magnum . The foramen magnum is a very important feature in bipedal mammals . One of the attributes of a bipedal animal 's foramen magnum is a forward shift of the anterior border ; this is caused by the shortening of the cranial base . Studies on the foramen magnum position have shown a connection to the functional influences of both posture and locomotion . The forward shift of the foramen magnum is apparent in bipedal hominins , including modern humans , Australopithecus africanus , and Paranthropus boisei . This common feature of bipedal hominins is the driving argument used by Michel Brunet that Sahelanthropus tchadensis was also bipedal , and may be the earliest known bipedal ape . The discovery of this feature has given scientists another form of identifying bipedal mammals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Compartments 2 Other animals 3 Additional images 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Compartments ( edit ) The alar ligament which is attached on each side to the tubercle of occipital condyle on each side of Foramen magnum divides it into anterior smaller compartment and posterior larger compartment ; Structures passing through anterior compartment ( osseo - ligamentous compartment ) are Apical ligament and tip of dens Upper band of Cruciate ligament Membrana tectoria Structures passing through posterior compartment ( Neuro - vascular compartment ) are Lower end of Medulla Oblongata with meninges Fourth part of vertebral artery surrounded by sympathetic plexus of nerves Spinal roots of accessory nerves Anterior and posterior spinal arteries Tonsil of cerebellum ( occasionally ) Other animals ( edit ) In humans , the foramen magnum is farther underneath the head than in the other great apes . Thus , in humans , the neck muscles ( including the occipitofrontalis muscle ) do not need to be as robust in order to hold the head upright . Comparisons of the position of the foramen magnum in early hominid species are useful to determine how comfortable a particular species was when walking on two limbs ( bipedalism ) rather than four ( quadrupedalism ) . Additional images ( edit ) Skull seen from below . The hole through which the medulla ( shown in red ) is passing is foramen magnum . Occipital bone . Foramen magnum shown in red . Human brain with dura mater intact . The foramen magnum is visible as the large hole in the centre . Opisthion shown in red Occipital bone inner surface ( basion shown in red ) See also ( edit ) Posterior cranial fossa References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ Russo , Gabrielle A. ; Kirk , Christopher E. ( November 2013 ) . `` Foramen magnum position in bipedal mammals '' . Journal of Human Evolution. 65 ( 5 ) : 656 -- 670 . PMID 24055116 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2013.07. 007 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Dutta , Asim Kumar ( 2013 ) . Essentials of Human Anatomy Head & Neck . kolkata : Current books international . pp. 56 -- 57 . ISBN 81 - 86793 - 79 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Foramen magnum . `` Anatomy diagram : 34257.000 - 1 '' . Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator . Elsevier . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . Diagram 1 Diagram 2 3D animation showing position of basion on YouTube The neurocranium of the skull Occipital Squamous part external Inion / External occipital protuberance External occipital crest Nuchal lines planes Occipital Nuchal internal Cruciform eminence Internal occipital protuberance Internal occipital crest Groove for transverse sinus Lateral parts Condyle Condyloid fossa Condylar canal Hypoglossal canal jugular Jugular process Jugular tubercle Basilar part Pharyngeal tubercle Clivus Other Foramen magnum Basion Opisthion Parietal Parietal eminence Temporal line Parietal foramen Sagittal sulcus Frontal Squamous part Frontal suture Frontal eminence external Superciliary arches Glabella foramina Supraorbital Cecum Zygomatic process internal Sagittal sulcus Frontal crest Orbital part Ethmoidal notch Fossa for lacrimal gland Trochlear fovea Frontal sinus Frontonasal duct Temporal Squamous part Articular tubercle Suprameatal triangle Mandibular fossa Petrotympanic fissure Zygomatic process Mastoid part Mastoid foramen Mastoid process ( Mastoid cells ) Mastoid notch Occipital groove Sigmoid sulcus Mastoid antrum ( Aditus ) Petrous part Carotid canal Facial canal Hiatus Internal auditory meatus Cochlear aqueduct Stylomastoid foramen fossae Subarcuate fossa Jugular fossa canaliculi Inferior tympanic Mastoid Styloid process Petrosquamous suture ( note : ossicles in petrous part , but not part of temporal bone ) Tympanic part Suprameatal spine Sphenoid Surfaces Superior surface : Sella turcica Dorsum sellae Tuberculum sellae Hypophysial fossa Posterior clinoid processes Ethmoidal spine Chiasmatic groove Middle clinoid process Petrosal process Clivus Lateral surface : Carotid groove Sphenoidal lingula Anterior surface : Sphenoidal sinuses Great wings foramina Rotundum Ovale Vesalii Spinosum Spine Infratemporal crest Sulcus of auditory tube Small wings Superior orbital fissure Anterior clinoid process Optic canal Pterygoid processes fossae Pterygoid Scaphoid pterygoid plates Lateral Medial Pterygoid canal Hamulus Other Body Sphenoidal conchae Ethmoid Plates Cribriform plate Crista galli Olfactory foramina Perpendicular plate Surfaces Lateral surface Orbital lamina Uncinate process Medial surface Supreme nasal concha Superior nasal concha Superior meatus Middle nasal concha Middle meatus Labyrinth Ethmoid sinus ethmoidal foramina Posterior Anterior Foramina of the skull ( and canals , fissures , meatus , and hiatus ) Anterior cranial fossa to Orbit : ethmoidal foramina anterior posterior to Nasal cavity : olfactory foramina ( CN - I ) foramen cecum Middle cranial fossa to Orbit : optic canal ( CN - II ) superior orbital fissure ( CN - III , IV , V1 , VI ) to Pterygopalatine fossa : foramen rotundum ( CN - V2 ) pterygoid canal to Infratemporal fossa : foramen ovale ( CN - V3 ) foramen spinosum / carotid canal other : foramen lacerum hiatus for greater petrosal nerve hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve sphenoidal emissary foramen Posterior cranial fossa internal auditory meatus / facial canal / stylomastoid foramen ( CN - VII , VIII ) jugular foramen ( CN - IX , X , XI ) foramen magnum ( CN - XI ) hypoglossal canal ( CN - XII ) condylar canal mastoid foramen Orbit to Nasal cavity : nasolacrimal canal to face : supraorbital notch foramen infraorbital foramen groove zygomatic foramen - facial - temporal to Pterygopalatine fossa : inferior orbital fissure other : Inferior orbital fissure Fossa for lacrimal sac Pterygopalatine fossa to Nasal cavity : sphenopalatine foramen to Oral cavity : greater palatine canal foramen lesser palatine canals foramina to Infratemporal fossa : pterygomaxillary fissure to Nasopharynx : palatovaginal canal to oral cavity : incisive canals incisive foramen to nasal cavity : Foramen vomerinum Meatus vomerinus Fissura vomerina Hiatus vomerinus Other external acoustic meatus mandibular foramen mental foramen parietal foramen petrotympanic fissure semilunar hiatus Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foramen_magnum&oldid=801640660 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Foramina of the skull Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from January 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Galego Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 22 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the foramen magnus is a big hole in which of the following bones | [
"The foramen magnum (Latin: great hole) is a large oval opening (foramen) in the occipital bone of the skull in humans and various other animals. It is one of the several oval or circular openings (foramina) in the base of the skull. The spinal cord, an extension of the medulla, passes through the foramen magnum as it exits the cranial cavity. Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the vertebral arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the tectorial membranes and alar ligaments. It also transmits the spinal component of the accessory nerve into the skull."
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"the occipital bone of the skull"
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-6818718813094453816 | French and Indian War | French and Indian War - wikipedia French and Indian War Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the conflict from 1754 to 1763 . For the series of conflicts between 1688 and 1763 , see French and Indian Wars . This article 's lead section may be too long for the length of the article . Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article . Please read the layout guide and lead section guidelines to ensure the section will still be inclusive of all essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( October 2017 ) French and Indian War Part of the Seven Years ' War The war theater Date 1754 -- 1763 Location North America Result British victory Treaty of Paris Territorial changes France cedes New France east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain , retaining Saint Pierre and Miquelon , and transfers Louisiana to Spain Belligerents Great Britain British America Iroquois Confederacy Catawba Cherokee ( before 1758 ) France New France Wabanaki Confederacy Abenaki Mi'kmaq militia Algonquin Lenape Ojibwa Ottawa Shawnee Wyandot Commanders and leaders Jeffery Amherst Edward Braddock † James Wolfe † Earl of Loudoun James Abercrombie Edward Boscawen George Washington John Forbes George Monro Louis - Joseph de Montcalm † Marquis de Vaudreuil Baron Dieskau ( POW ) François - Marie de Lignery † Chevalier de Lévis ( POW ) Joseph de Jumonville † Marquis Duquesne Daniel Lienard de Beaujeu † Strength 42,000 regulars and militia ( peak strength , 1758 ) 10,000 regulars ( troupes de la terre and troupes de la marine , peak strength , 1757 ) Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , St. Lawrence and Mohawk theater Lake George Fort Bull Fort Oswego 1st Snowshoes Sabbath Day Point Fort William Henry German Flatts 2nd Snowshoes Fort Carillon Fort Frontenac La Belle - Famille Fort Niagara Fort Ticonderoga Beauport Quebec St. Francis Sainte - Foy Neuville Thousand Islands Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , Ohio Valley Theater Jumonville Glen Fort Necessity Braddock Expedition Monongahela The Trough Sideling Hill Great Cacapon Kittanning Forbes Expedition Fort Duquesne Fort Ligonier Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , Atlantic theater 1st Northeast Coast Cape Race Chignecto Bay of Fundy Petitcodiac 2nd Northeast Coast 1st Lunenburg 1st Louisbourg Bloody Creek 2nd Lunenburg 2nd Louisbourg Petitcodiac River Ile Saint - Jean Gulf of St. Lawrence Cape Sable St. John River Restigouche St. John 's Theatres of the Seven Years ' War Silesia Pomerania Portugal North America West Indies West Africa India Anglo - Spanish Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) comprised the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years ' War of 1756 -- 63 . It pitted the colonies of British America against those of New France . Both sides were supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France , as well as by American Indian allies . At the start of the war , the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 settlers , compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies . The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians . The European nations declared war on one another in 1756 following months of localized conflict , escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict . The name French and Indian War is used mainly in the United States . It refers to the two main enemies of the British colonists : the royal French forces and the various American Indian forces allied with them . The British colonists were supported at various times by the Iroquois , Catawba , and Cherokee , and the French colonists were supported by Wabanaki Confederacy members Abenaki and Mi'kmaq , and Algonquin , Lenape , Ojibwa , Ottawa , Shawnee , and Wyandot . British and other European historians use the term the Seven Years ' War , as do English - speaking Canadians . French Canadians call it La guerre de la Conquête ( the War of the Conquest ) or ( rarely ) the Fourth Intercolonial War . Fighting took place primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies , from Virginia in the south to Newfoundland in the north . It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers called the Forks of the Ohio , and the site of the French Fort Duquesne within present - day Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754 , during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22 - year - old George Washington ambushed a French patrol . In 1755 , six colonial governors in North America met with General Edward Braddock , the newly arrived British Army commander , and planned a four - way attack on the French . None succeeded , and the main effort by Braddock proved a disaster ; he lost the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9 , 1755 and died a few days later . British operations failed in the frontier areas of Pennsylvania and New York during 1755 - 57 due to a combination of poor management , internal divisions , effective Canadian scouts , French regular forces , and Indian warrior allies . In 1755 , the British captured Fort Beauséjour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia , and they ordered the expulsion of the Acadians ( 1755 -- 64 ) soon afterwards . Orders for the deportation were given by William Shirley , Commander - in - Chief , North America , without direction from Great Britain . The Acadians were expelled , both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to His Britannic Majesty . Indians likewise were driven off the land to make way for settlers from New England . The British colonial government fell in the region of modern Nova Scotia after several disastrous campaigns in 1757 , including a failed expedition against Louisbourg and the Siege of Fort William Henry ; this last was followed by Indians torturing and massacring their British victims . William Pitt came to power and significantly increased British military resources in the colonies at a time when France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces that they had in New France , preferring to concentrate their forces against Prussia and its allies in the European theater of the war . Between 1758 and 1760 , the British military launched a campaign to capture the Colony of Canada ( part of New France ) . They succeeded in capturing territory in surrounding colonies and ultimately the city of Quebec ( 1759 ) . The British later lost the Battle of Sainte - Foy west of Quebec ( 1760 ) , but the French ceded Canada in accordance with the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) . The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo - French conflict . France ceded to Great Britain its territory east of the Mississippi . It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River ( including New Orleans ) to its ally Spain in compensation for Spain 's loss to Britain of Florida . ( Spain had ceded Florida to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana , Cuba . ) France 's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , confirming Great Britain 's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America . Contents ( hide ) 1 The origin of the name 2 North America in the 1750s 3 Events leading to war 3.1 Céloron 's expedition 3.2 Negotiations 3.3 Attack on Pickawillany 3.4 French fort construction 3.5 Virginia 's response 4 Course of the war 4.1 Battle of Jumonville Glen 4.2 Albany Congress 4.3 British campaigns , 1755 4.4 French victories , 1756 -- 1757 4.5 British conquest , 1758 -- 1760 4.5. 1 1758 4.5. 2 1759 -- 1760 4.6 End of the war 5 Consequences 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Further reading 9 External links The origin of the name The conflict is known by multiple names . In British America , wars were often named after the sitting British monarch , such as King William 's War or Queen Anne 's War . There had already been a King George 's War in the 1740s during the reign of King George II , so British colonists named this conflict after their opponents , and it became known as the French and Indian War . This traditional name continues as the standard in the United States , but it obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides of the conflict and that this was part of the Seven Years ' War , a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain . American historians generally use the traditional name or sometimes the Seven Years ' War . Less frequently used names for the war include the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire . In Europe , the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War usually is not given a separate name . The entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years ' War . `` Seven Years '' refers to events in Europe , from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763 . These dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America , which was largely concluded in six years , from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760 . Canadians refer to both the European and North American conflicts as the Seven Years ' War ( Guerre de Sept Ans ) . French Canadians also use the term `` War of Conquest '' ( Guerre de la Conquête ) , since it is the war in which Canada was conquered by the British and became part of the British Empire . North America in the 1750s Map showing the 1750 possessions of Britain ( pink ) , France ( blue ) , and Spain ( green ) in North America At this time , North America east of the Mississippi River was largely claimed by either Great Britain or France . Large areas had no colonial settlements . The French population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley , with some also in Acadia ( present - day New Brunswick and parts of Nova Scotia ) , including Île Royale ( present - day Cape Breton Island ) . Fewer lived in New Orleans , Biloxi , Mississippi , Mobile , Alabama , and small settlements in the Illinois Country , hugging the east side of the Mississippi River and its tributaries . French fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds , did business with local Indian tribes , and often married Indian women . Traders married daughters of chiefs , creating high - ranking unions . British settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million ranged along the eastern coast of the continent from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north to Georgia in the south . Many of the older colonies had land claims that extended arbitrarily far to the west , as the extent of the continent was unknown at the time when their provincial charters were granted . Their population centers were along the coast , yet the settlements were growing into the interior . Nova Scotia had been captured from France in 1713 , and it still had a significant French - speaking population . Britain also claimed Rupert 's Land where the Hudson 's Bay Company traded for furs with local Indian tribes . Iroquois engaging in trade with colonists , 1722 In between the French and British colonists , large areas were dominated by Indian tribes . To the north , the Mi'kmaqs and the Abenakis were engaged in Father Le Loutre 's War and still held sway in parts of Nova Scotia , Acadia , and the eastern portions of the province of Canada , as well as much of Maine . The Iroquois Confederation dominated much of Upstate New York and the Ohio Country , although Ohio also included Algonquian - speaking populations of Delaware and Shawnee , as well as Iroquoian - speaking Mingos . These tribes were formally under Iroquois rule and were limited by them in their authority to make agreements . The Southeast interior was dominated by Siouan - speaking Catawbas , Muskogee - speaking Creeks and Choctaw , and the Iroquoian - speaking Cherokee tribes . When war broke out , the French colonists used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region , which was not directly subject to the conflict between the French and British ; these included the Hurons , Mississaugs , Ojibwas , Winnebagos , and Potawatomi . The British colonists were supported in the war by the Iroquois Six Nations and also by the Cherokees , until differences sparked the Anglo - Cherokee War in 1758 . In 1758 , the Pennsylvania government successfully negotiated the Treaty of Easton in which a number of tribes in the Ohio Country promised neutrality in exchange for land concessions and other considerations . Most of the other northern tribes sided with the French , their primary trading partner and supplier of arms . The Creeks and Cherokees were subject to diplomatic efforts by both the French and British to gain either their support or neutrality in the conflict . New York and Pennsylvania theaters of the war , image from 1905 By this time , Spain claimed only the province of Florida in eastern North America ; it controlled Cuba and other territories in the West Indies that became military objectives in the Seven Years ' War . Florida 's European population was a few hundred , concentrated in St. Augustine and Pensacola . At the start of the war , no French regular army troops were stationed in North America , and few British troops . New France was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine , companies of colonial regulars ( some of whom had significant woodland combat experience ) . The colonial government recruited militia support when needed . Most British colonies mustered local militia companies to deal with Indian threats , generally ill trained and available only for short periods , but they did not have any standing forces . Virginia , by contrast , had a large frontier with several companies of British regulars . The colonial governments were used to operating independently of one another and of the government in London , a situation that complicated negotiations with Indian tribes , whose territories often encompassed land claimed by multiple colonies . After the war began , the leaders of the British Army establishment tried to impose constraints and demands on the colonial administrations . Events leading to War Céloron 's expedition New France 's Governor - General Roland - Michel Barrin de La Galissonière was concerned about the incursion and expanding influence in the Ohio Country of British colonial traders such as George Croghan . In June 1747 , he ordered Pierre - Joseph Céloron to lead a military expedition through the area . Its objectives were : to reaffirm to New France 's Indian allies that their trading arrangements with colonists were exclusive to those authorized by New France to confirm Indian assistance in asserting and maintaining the French claim to the territories which French explorers had claimed to discourage any alliances between Britain and local Indian tribes to impress the Indians with a French show of force against British colonial settler incursion , unauthorized trading expeditions , and general trespass against French claims Céloron 's expedition force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians , and they covered about 3,000 miles ( 4,800 km ) between June and November 1749 . They went up the St. Lawrence , continued along the northern shore of Lake Ontario , crossed the portage at Niagara , and followed the southern shore of Lake Erie . At the Chautauqua Portage near Barcelona , New York , the expedition moved inland to the Allegheny River , which it followed to the site of Pittsburgh . There Céloron buried lead plates engraved with the French claim to the Ohio Country . Whenever he encountered British colonial merchants or fur - traders , he informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave . Céloron 's expedition arrived at Logstown where the Indians in the area informed him that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British colonists regardless of the French . He continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers , which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany , the home of the Miami chief known as `` Old Briton '' . Céloron threatened Old Briton with severe consequences if he continued to trade with British colonists , but Old Briton ignored the warning . Céloron returned disappointedly to Montreal in November 1749 . Céloron wrote an extensively detailed report . `` All I can say is that the Natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French , '' he wrote , `` and are entirely devoted to the English . I do n't know in what way they could be brought back . '' Even before his return to Montreal , reports on the situation in the Ohio Country were making their way to London and Paris , each side proposing that action be taken . Massachusetts governor William Shirley was particularly forceful , stating that British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present . Negotiations In 1749 , the British government gave land to the Ohio Company of Virginia for the purpose of developing trade and settlements in the Ohio Country . The grant required that it settle 100 families in the territory and construct a fort for their protection . But the territory was also claimed by Pennsylvania , and both colonies began pushing for action to improve their respective claims . In 1750 , Christopher Gist explored the Ohio territory , acting on behalf of both Virginia and the company , and he opened negotiations with the Indian tribes at Logstown . He completed the 1752 Treaty of Logstown in which the local Indians agreed to terms through their `` Half - King '' Tanacharison and an Iroquois representative . These terms included permission to build a strong house at the mouth of the Monongahela River on the modern site of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . By the late 17th century , the Iroquois had pushed many tribes out of the Ohio Valley , and they laid claim to it as their hunting ground by right of conquest . The War of the Austrian Succession ( better known as King George 's War ) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle , which was primarily focused on resolving issues in Europe . The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies were turned over to a commission , but it reached no decision . Frontier areas were claimed by both sides , from Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north to the Ohio Country in the south . The disputes also extended into the Atlantic Ocean , where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the Grand Banks off Newfoundland . Attack on Pickawillany Main article : Raid on Pickawillany Governor - General of New France Marquis de la Jonquière died on March 17 , 1752 , and he was temporarily replaced by Charles le Moyne de Longueuil . His permanent replacement was to be the Marquis Duquesne , but he did not arrive in New France until 1752 to take over the post . The continuing British activity in the Ohio territories prompted Longueuil to dispatch another expedition to the area under the command of Charles Michel de Langlade , an officer in the Troupes de la Marine . Langlade was given 300 men , including French - Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa tribe . His objective was to punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron 's orders to cease trading with the British . On June 21 , the French war party attacked the trading centre at Pickawillany , capturing three traders and killing 14 Miami Indians , including Old Briton . He was reportedly ritually cannibalized by some Indians in the expedition party . French Fort construction This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the spring of 1753 , Paul Marin de la Malgue was given command of a 2,000 - man force of Troupes de la Marine and Indians . His orders were to protect the King 's land in the Ohio Valley from the British . Marin followed the route that Céloron had mapped out four years earlier . Céloron , however , had limited the record of French claims to the burial of lead plates , whereas Marin constructed and garrisoned forts . He first constructed Fort Presque Isle on Lake Erie 's south shore near Erie , Pennsylvania , and he had a road built to the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek . He then constructed a second fort at Fort Le Boeuf in Waterford , Pennsylvania , designed to guard the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek . As he moved south , he drove off or captured British traders , alarming both the British and the Iroquois . Tanaghrisson was a chief of the Mingo Indians , who were remnants of Iroquois and other tribes who had been driven west by colonial expansion . He intensely disliked the French whom he accused of killing and eating his father . He traveled to Fort Le Boeuf and threatened the French with military action , which Marin contemptuously dismissed . The Iroquois sent runners to the manor of William Johnson in upstate New York , who was the British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond . Johnson was known to the Iroquois as Warraghiggey , meaning `` he who does great things . '' He spoke their languages and had become a respected honorary member of the Iroquois Confederacy in the area , and he was made a colonel of the Iroquois in 1746 ; he was later commissioned as a colonel of the Western New York Militia . The Indian representatives and Johnson met with Governor Clinton and officials from some of the other American colonies at Albany , New York . Mohawk Chief Hendrick was the speaker of their tribal council , and he insisted that the British abide by their obligations and block French expansion . Clinton did not respond to his satisfaction , and Hendrick said that the `` Covenant Chain '' was broken , a long - standing friendly relationship between the Iroquois Confederacy and the British Crown . Virginia 's response Robert Dinwiddie , British lieutenant governor of Virginia Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company , which stood to lose money if the French held their claim . He ordered 21 year - old Major George Washington ( whose brother was another Ohio Company investor ) of the Virginia Regiment to warn the French to leave Virginia territory in October 1753 . Washington left with a small party , picking up Jacob Van Braam as an interpreter , Christopher Gist ( a company surveyor working in the area ) , and a few Mingos led by Tanaghrisson . On December 12 , Washington and his men reached Fort Le Boeuf . Jacques Legardeur de Saint - Pierre succeeded Marin as commander of the French forces after Marin died on October 29 , and he invited Washington to dine with him . Over dinner , Washington presented Saint - Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country . Saint - Pierre said , `` As to the Summons you send me to retire , I do not think myself obliged to obey it . '' He told Washington that France 's claim to the region was superior to that of the British , since René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier . Washington 's party left Fort Le Boeuf early on December 16 and arrived in Williamsburg on January 16 , 1754 . He stated in his report , `` The French had swept south '' , detailing the steps which they had taken to fortify the area , and their intention to fortify the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers . Course of the War Washington 's map of the Ohio River and surrounding region containing notes on French intentions , 1753 or 1754 Even before Washington returned , Dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under William Trent to that point where they began construction of a small stockaded fort in the early months of 1754 . Governor Duquesne sent additional French forces under Claude - Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecœur to relieve Saint - Pierre during the same period , and Contrecœur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5 , 1754 . These forces arrived at the fort on April 16 , but Contrecœur generously allowed Trent 's small company to withdraw . He purchased their construction tools to continue building what became Fort Duquesne . Battle of Jumonville Glen Dinwiddie had ordered Washington to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work , and Washington learned of Trent 's retreat while he was en route . Mingo sachem Tanaghrisson had promised support to the British , so Washington continued toward Fort Duquesne and met with him . He then learned of a French scouting party in the area , so he combined Tanaghrisson 's force with his own and surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen . They killed many of the Canadians , including their commanding officer Joseph Coulon de Jumonville , whose head was reportedly split open by Tanaghrisson with a tomahawk . Historian Fred Anderson suggests that Tanaghrisson was acting to gain the support of the British and to regain authority over his own people . They had been inclined to support the French , with whom they had long trading relationships . One of Tanaghrisson 's men told Contrecoeur that Jumonville had been killed by British musket fire . Historians generally consider the Battle of Jumonville Glen as the opening battle of the French and Indian War in North America , and the start of hostilities in the Ohio valley . An engraving depicting the evening council of George Washington at Fort Necessity . Following the battle , Washington pulled back several miles and established Fort Necessity , which the Canadians attacked under the command of Jummonville 's brother at the Battle of Fort Necessity on July 3 . Washington surrendered and negotiated a withdrawal under arms . One of his men reported that the Canadian force was accompanied by Shawnee , Delaware , and Mingo warriors -- just those whom Tanaghrisson was seeking to influence . The earliest authenticated portrait of George Washington shows him wearing his colonel 's uniform of the Virginia Regiment . This portrait was painted in 1772 by Charles Willson Peale . News of the two battles reached England in August . After several months of negotiations , the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French . They chose Major General Edward Braddock to lead the expedition . Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock 's departure for North America . In response , King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755 . The British sent out their fleet in February 1755 , intending to blockade French ports , but the French fleet had already sailed . Admiral Edward Hawke detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept them . In a second British action , Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on June 8 , 1755 , capturing her and two troop ships . The British harassed French shipping throughout 1755 , seizing ships and capturing seamen . These actions contributed to the eventual formal declarations of war in spring 1756 . Albany congress An early important political response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the Albany Congress in June and July , 1754 . The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians , since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the war that was unfolding . The plan that the delegates agreed to was neither ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown . Nevertheless , the format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence . British campaigns , 1755 Locations of British campaigns , 1755 ( and other sites ) The British formed an aggressive plan of operations for 1755 . General Braddock was to lead the expedition to Fort Duquesne , while Massachusetts governor William Shirley was given the task of fortifying Fort Oswego and attacking Fort Niagara . Sir William Johnson was to capture Fort St. Frédéric at present - day Crown Point , New York , and Lieutenant Colonel Robert Monckton was to capture Fort Beauséjour to the east , on the frontier between Nova Scotia and Acadia . Braddock led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne , with George Washington as one of his aides . The expedition was a disaster . It was attacked by French soldiers and Indian warriors ambushing them from up in trees and behind logs , and Braddock called for a retreat . He was killed and approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured . The remaining 500 British troops retreated to Virginia , led by Washington . Two future opponents in the American Revolutionary War played key roles in organizing the retreat : Washington and Thomas Gage . The French acquired a copy of the British war plans , including the activities of Shirley and Johnson . Shirley 's efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties , exacerbated by his inexperience in managing large expeditions . In conjunction , Shirley was made aware that the French were massing for an attack on Fort Oswego in his absence when he planned to attack Fort Niagara . As a response , he left garrisons at Oswego , Fort Bull , and Fort Williams , the last two located on the Oneida Carry between the Mohawk River and Wood Creek at present - day Rome , New York . Supplies were cached at Fort Bull for use in the projected attack on Niagara . William Johnson saving Baron Deskiau Johnson 's expedition was better organized than Shirley 's , which was noticed by New France 's governor the Marquis de Vaudreuil . He had primarily been concerned about the extended supply line to the forts on the Ohio , and he had sent Baron Dieskau to lead the defenses at Frontenac against Shirley 's expected attack . Vaudreuil saw Johnson as the larger threat and sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat . Dieskau planned to attack the British encampment at Fort Edward at the upper end of navigation on the Hudson River , but Johnson had strongly fortified it , and Dieskau 's Indian support was reluctant to attack . The two forces finally met in the bloody Battle of Lake George between Fort Edward and Fort William Henry . The battle ended inconclusively , with both sides withdrawing from the field . Johnson 's advance stopped at Fort William Henry , and the French withdrew to Ticonderoga Point , where they began the construction of Fort Carillon ( later renamed Fort Ticonderoga after British capture in 1759 ) . Colonel Monckton captured Fort Beauséjour in June 1755 in the sole British success that year , cutting off the French fortress at Louisbourg from land - based reinforcements . To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg , Nova Scotia 's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French - speaking Acadian population from the area . Monckton 's forces , including companies of Rogers ' Rangers , forcibly removed thousands of Acadians , chasing down many who resisted and sometimes committing atrocities . More than any other factor , cutting off supplies to Louisbourg led to its demise . The Acadian resistance was sometimes quite stiff , in concert with Indian allies including the Mi'kmaq , with ongoing frontier raids against Dartmouth and Lunenburg , among others . The only clashes of any size were at Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757 , other than the campaigns to expel the Acadians ranging around the Bay of Fundy , on the Petitcodiac and St. John rivers , and Île Saint - Jean . French victories , 1756 -- 1757 See also : Franco - Indian alliance Conference between the French and Indian leaders around a ceremonial fire , by Émile Louis Vernier Following the death of Braddock , William Shirley assumed command of British forces in North America , and he laid out his plans for 1756 at a meeting in Albany in December 1755 . He proposed renewing the efforts to capture Niagara , Crown Point , and Duquesne , with attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec . His plan , however , got bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others , including William Johnson and New York 's Governor Sir Charles Hardy , and consequently gained little support . Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun , with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command . Neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers whom France sent to North America . French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756 , led by Major General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm and seconded by the Chevalier de Lévis and Colonel François - Charles de Bourlamaque , all experienced veterans from the War of the Austrian Succession . On May 18 , 1756 , England formally declared war on France , which expanded the war into Europe and came to be known as the Seven Years ' War . General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm Governor Vaudreuil had ambitions to become the French commander in chief , in addition to his role as governor , and he acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived . Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain , so he ordered an attack against the forts which Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry . In the Battle of Fort Bull , French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies , including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder . They set back any British hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario and endangered the Oswego garrison , already short on supplies . French forces in the Ohio valley also continued to intrigue with Indians throughout the area , encouraging them to raid frontier settlements . This led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers , with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action . The new British command was not in place until July . Abercrombie arrived in Albany but refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun approved them , and Montcalm took bold action against his inertia . He built on Vaudreuil 's work harassing the Oswego garrison and executed a strategic feint by moving his headquarters to Ticonderoga , as if to presage another attack along Lake George . With Abercrombie pinned down at Albany , Montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on Oswego in August . In the aftermath , Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners ' personal effects . The Europeans did not consider them prizes and prevented the Indians from stripping the prisoners of their valuables , which angered the Indians . Montcalm trying to stop allied Indians from the massacre of colonial soldiers and civilians as they leave after the Battle of Fort William Henry . Loudoun was a capable administrator but a cautious field commander , and he planned one major operation for 1757 : an attack on New France 's capital of Quebec . He left a sizable force at Fort William Henry to distract Montcalm and began organizing for the expedition to Quebec . He was then ordered to attack Louisbourg first by William Pitt , the Secretary of State responsible for the colonies . The expedition was beset by delays of all kinds but was finally ready to sail from Halifax , Nova Scotia in early August . In the meantime , French ships had escaped the British blockade of the French coast , and a fleet awaited Loudoun at Louisbourg which outnumbered the British fleet . Faced with this strength , Loudoun returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry . French irregular forces ( Canadian scouts and Indians ) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757 . In January , they ambushed British rangers near Ticonderoga . In February , they launched a raid against the position across the frozen Lake George , destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification . In early August , Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort , which capitulated with an agreement to withdraw under parole . When the withdrawal began , some of Montcalm 's Indian allies attacked the British column because they were angry about the lost opportunity for loot , killing and capturing several hundred men , women , children , and slaves . The aftermath of the siege may have contributed to the transmission of smallpox into remote Indian populations , as some Indians were reported to have traveled from beyond the Mississippi to participate in the campaign and returned afterward . Modern writer William Nester believes that the Indians might have been exposed to European carriers , although no proof exists . British Conquest , 1758 -- 1760 See also : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War § Conquest of Canada ( 1758 -- 60 ) The Victory of Montcalm 's Troops at Carillon by Henry Alexander Ogden . Vaudreuil and Montcalm were minimally resupplied in 1758 , as the British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping . The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757 , a difficult winter , and the allegedly corrupt machinations of François Bigot , the intendant of the territory . His schemes to supply the colony inflated prices and were believed by Montcalm to line his pockets and those of his associates . A massive outbreak of smallpox among western Indian tribes led many of them to stay away from trading in 1758 . The disease probably spread through the crowded conditions at William Henry after the battle ; yet the Indians blamed the French for bringing `` bad medicine '' as well as denying them prizes at Fort William Henry . Montcalm focused his meager resources on the defense of the St. Lawrence , with primary defenses at Carillon , Quebec , and Louisbourg , while Vaudreuil argued unsuccessfully for a continuation of the raiding tactics that had worked quite effectively in previous years . The British failures in North America combined with other failures in the European theater and led to Newcastle 's fall from power along with the Duke of Cumberland , his principal military advisor . Newcastle and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which Pitt dominated the military planning . He embarked on a plan for the 1758 campaign that was largely developed by Loudoun . He had been replaced by Abercrombie as commander in chief after the failures of 1757 . Pitt 's plan called for three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops supported by the provincial militias , aimed at capturing the heartlands of New France . Two of the expeditions were successful , with Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg falling to sizable British forces . 1758 Indians ambush British soldiers The Forbes Expedition was a British campaign in September -- October 1758 , with 6,000 troops led by General John Forbes sent to drive out the French from the contested Ohio Country . The French withdrew from Fort Duquesne and left the British in control of the Ohio River Valley . The great French fortress at Louisbourg in Nova Scotia was captured after a siege . The third invasion was stopped with the improbable French victory in the Battle of Carillon , in which 3,600 Frenchmen defeated Abercrombie 's force of 18,000 regulars , militia , and Indian allies outside the fort which the French called Carillon and the British called Ticonderoga . Abercrombie saved something from the disaster when he sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac , including caches of supplies destined for New France 's western forts and furs destined for Europe . Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst , victor at Louisbourg . Battle of Quebec , 13 September 1759 , painted by Captain Hervey Smyth The French had generally poor results in 1758 in most theaters of the war . The new foreign minister was the duc de Choiseul , and he decided to focus on an invasion of Britain to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland . The invasion failed both militarily and politically , as Pitt again planned significant campaigns against New France and sent funds to Britain 's mainland ally of Prussia , while the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay . In one piece of good fortune , some French supply ships did manage to depart France and elude the British blockade of the French coast . 1759 -- 1760 See also : Conquest of 1760 British General Jeffery Amherst British victories continued in all theaters in the Annus Mirabilis of 1759 : the British captured Ticonderoga , James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders , and a British victory at Fort Niagara cut off the French frontier forts to the west and south . The victory was made complete in 1760 ; the British did suffer a defeat outside Quebec City in the Battle of Sainte - Foy , but they prevented the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche while armies marched on Montreal from three sides . Governor Vaudreuil in Montreal negotiated a capitulation with General Amherst in September 1760 . Amherst granted his requests that any French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition , to own property , and to remain undisturbed in their homes . The British provided medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers , and French regular troops were returned to France aboard British ships with an agreement that they were not to serve again in the present war . End of the War The descent of the French on St. John 's , Newfoundland , 1762 Most of the fighting ended in continental North America in 1760 , although it continued in Europe between France and Britain . The notable exception was the French seizure of St. John 's , Newfoundland . General Amherst heard of this surprise action and immediately dispatched troops under his nephew William Amherst , who regained control of Newfoundland after the Battle of Signal Hill in September 1762 . Many troops from North America were reassigned to participate in further British actions in the West Indies , including the capture of Spanish Havana when Spain belatedly entered the conflict on the side of France , and a British expedition against French Martinique in 1762 led by Major General Robert Monckton . General Amherst also oversaw the transition of French forts to British control in the western lands . The policies which he introduced in those lands disturbed large numbers of Indians and contributed to Pontiac 's Rebellion in 1763 . This series of attacks on frontier forts and settlements required the continued deployment of British troops , and it was not resolved until 1766 . Distribution of British military forces in 1766 The war in North America officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763 , and war in the European theater was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763 . The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique , which had been occupied by the British . France chose to cede the former but was able to negotiate the retention of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence , along with fishing rights in the area . They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands ' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent . French philosopher Voltaire referred to Canada disparagingly as nothing more than a few acres of snow . The British , however , were happy to take New France , as defence of their North American colonies would no longer be an issue ; they also had ample places from which to obtain sugar . Spain traded Florida to Britain in order to regain Cuba , but they also gained Louisiana from France , including New Orleans , in compensation for their losses . Great Britain and Spain also agreed that navigation on the Mississippi River was to be open to vessels of all nations . Consequences The war changed economic , political , governmental , and social relations among the three European powers , their colonies , and the people who inhabited those territories . France and Britain both suffered financially because of the war , with significant long - term consequences . Map showing British territorial gains following the Treaty of Paris in pink , and Spanish territorial gains after the Treaty of Fontainebleau in yellow Britain gained control of French Canada and Acadia , colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily French - speaking Roman Catholic residents . The deportation of Acadians beginning in 1755 made land available to immigrants from Europe and migrants from the colonies to the south . The British resettled many Acadians throughout its North American provinces , but many went to France , and some went to New Orleans , which they had expected to remain French . Some were sent to colonize places as diverse as French Guiana and the Falkland Islands , but these efforts were unsuccessful . Others migrated to places such as Saint - Domingue or fled to New Orleans after the Haitian Revolution . The Louisiana population contributed to the founding of the modern Cajun population . ( The French word `` Acadien '' changed to `` Cadien '' then to `` Cajun '' . ) Following the treaty , King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7 , 1763 which outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory , and it continues to govern relations to some extent between the government of modern Canada and the First Nations . Included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to its Indian population , a demarcation that was only a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward - bound settlers . The proclamation also contained provisions that prevented civic participation by the Roman Catholic Canadians . The Quebec Act addressed this and other issues in 1774 , raising concerns in the largely Protestant Thirteen Colonies over the advance of `` popery . '' The Act maintained French Civil law , including the seigneurial system , a medieval code removed from France within a generation by the French Revolution . The deportation order is read to a group of Acadians in 1755 The Seven Years ' War nearly doubled Great Britain 's national debt . The Crown sought sources of revenue to pay it off and attempted to impose new taxes on its colonies . These attempts were met with increasingly stiff resistance , until troops were called in to enforce the Crown 's authority . These acts ultimately led to the start of the American Revolutionary War . France attached comparatively little value to its North American possessions , apart from the highly profitable sugar - producing Antilles islands which it retained . Minister Choiseul considered that he had made a good deal at the Treaty of Paris , and Voltaire wrote that Louis XV had lost `` a few acres of snow '' . For France , however , the military defeat and the financial burden of the war weakened the monarchy and contributed to the advent of the French Revolution in 1789 . For some of the Indian tribes , the elimination of French power in North America meant the disappearance of a strong ally , although other tribes were not so affected . The Ohio Country was now more available to colonial settlement , due to the construction of military roads by Braddock and Forbes . The Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory was not completed until 1769 , and it had modest repercussions . The British takeover of Spanish Florida resulted in the westward migration of Indian tribes who did not want to do business with them . This migration also caused a rise in tensions between the Choctaw and the Creek , historic enemies who were now competing for land . The change of control in Florida also prompted most of its Spanish Catholic population to leave . Most went to Cuba , including the entire governmental records from St. Augustine , although some Christianized Yamasee were resettled to the coast of Mexico . France returned to North America in 1778 with the establishment of a Franco - American alliance against Great Britain in the American War of Independence . This time , France succeeded in prevailing over Great Britain in what historian Alfred A. Cave describes as `` French ... revenge for Montcalm 's death '' . See also History of Canada portal New France portal French and Indian Wars ( article includes King William 's War , Queen Anne 's War , King George 's War , and this war . ) Military history of Nova Scotia Northwest Indian War Franco - Indian alliance Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War New Hampshire Provincial Regiment American Indian Wars Footnotes Jump up ^ Brumwell , pp. 26 -- 31 , documents the starting sizes of the expeditions against Louisbourg , Carillon , Duquesne , and West Indies . Jump up ^ Brumwell , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Gary Walton ; History of the American Economy ; page 27 Jump up ^ M. Brook Taylor , Canadian History : a Reader 's Guide : Volume 1 : Beginnings to Confederation ( 1994 ) pp 39 -- 48 , 72 -- 74 Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia Archived August 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Siege of Quebec : An episode of the Seven Years ' War '' , Canadian National Battlefields Commission , Plains of Abraham website Jump up ^ Lacoursière , Jacques ; Provencher , Jean ; Vaugeois , Denis ( 2001 ) . Canada - Québec 1534 - 2000 ( reprint ed . ) . Les éditions du Septentrion . p. 92 . ISBN 9782894481868 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Eccles , France in America , p. 185 ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 747 . Jump up ^ Jennings , p. xv . Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia : Seven Years ' War Archived August 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ ( in French ) L'Encyclopédie canadienne : Guerre de Sept Ans . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of North American immigration . New York : Facts on File . p. 204 . ISBN 0816046581 . Jump up ^ John Wade , `` British History Chronologically Arranged , 2 : Comprehending a Chamfied Analysis of Events and Occurencis in Church and State ... from the First Invasions by the Romans to A.d. 1847 '' , p. 46 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Cogliano , Francis D. ( 2008 ) . Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 : A Political History . London : Routledge . p. 32 . ISBN 9780415964869 . Jump up ^ Jennings , pp. 9 , 176 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 23 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Park Spotlight : Lake Loramie '' , Ohio State Parks Magazine , Spring 2006 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Alfred P. James , The Ohio Company : Its Inner History ( 1959 ) pp. 26 -- 40 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 15 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 18 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 27 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 31 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 48 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 43 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 63 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Ellis , His Excellency George Washington , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 36 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 41 Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 43 -- 45 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 65 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 50 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 51 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 59 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Lengel p. 52 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Fowler , pp. 74 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Battle of the Monongahela '' . World Digital Library . 1755 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Stephen E. ( 1994 ) . `` 1744 -- 1763 : Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples '' . In Buckner , Phillip ; Reid , John . The Atlantic Region to Confederation : A History . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . p. 152 . ISBN 0802005535 . Jump up ^ Nester , pp. 53 -- 61 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Fred ( 2000 ) . Crucible of War : The Seven Years ' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 -- 1766 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 267 -- 285 . ISBN 0375406425 . Jump up ^ William , Wood , The Great Fortress : A Chronicle of Louisbourg 1720 -- 1760 ( ( http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6026 online from Project Gutenberg ) Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Paris February 10 , 1763 '' . FrenchandIndianWar.info . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 498 Jump up ^ Cave , p. 21 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 439 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 617 -- 632 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 505 -- 506 Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 161 -- 164 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 565 -- 566 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 636 -- 637 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 568 Jump up ^ Anderson , Fred . `` The Real First World War and the Making of America Archived 2010 - 01 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . '' American Heritage , November / December 2005 . Jump up ^ Cave , p. 52 ^ Jump up to : Cave , p. xii Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 525 Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 133 -- 138 Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 152 -- 156 Jump up ^ Cave , p. 82 Further reading Library resources about French and Indian War Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Anderson , Fred ( 2000 ) . Crucible of War : The Seven Years ' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 -- 1766 . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40642 - 5 . Anderson , Fred ( 2005 ) . The War that Made America : A Short History of the French and Indian War . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03454 - 1 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 06 . - Released in conjunction with the 2006 PBS miniseries The War that Made America . Brumwell , Stephen ( 2006 ) . Redcoats : The British Soldier and War in the Americas , 1755 - 1763 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 67538 - 3 . Calloway , Colin G ( 2006 ) . The Scratch of a Pen : 1763 and the Transformation of North America . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530071 - 0 . Cave , Alfred A. ( 2004 ) . The French and Indian War . Westport , Connecticut - London : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32168 - X . Eckert , Allan W. Wilderness Empire . Bantam Books , 1994 , originally published 1969 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 26488 - 5 . Second volume in a series of historical narratives , with emphasis on Sir William Johnson . Academic historians often regard Eckert 's books , which are written in the style of novels , to be unreliable , as they contain things like dialogue that is clearly fictional . Ellis , Joseph J. ( 2004 ) . His Excellency George Washington . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3253 - 9 . Fowler , William M. ( 2005 ) . Empires at War : The French and Indian War and the Struggle for North America , 1754 - 1763 . New York : Walker . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1411 - 0 . Gipson , Lawrence H. The Great War for the Empire : The Years of Defeat , 1754 -- 1757 ( 1948 ) ; The Great War for the Empire : The Victorious Years , 1758 -- 1760 ( 1950 ) highly detailed narrative of the British war in North America and Europe . Jennings , Francis ( 1988 ) . Empire of Fortune : Crowns , Colonies , and Tribes in the Seven Years ' War in America . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30640 - 2 . Murrin , John M. `` The French and Indian War , the American Revolution , and the Counterfactual Hypothesis : Reflections on Lawrence Henry Gipson and John Shy . '' Reviews in American History 1 # 3 ( 1973 ) : 307 -- 318 . in JSTOR Nester , William R ( 2000 ) . The first global war : Britain , France , and the fate of North America , 1756 -- 1775 . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96771 - 0 . OCLC 41468552 . Nester , William R . The French and Indian War and the Conquest of New France ( 2015 ) . excerpt O'Meara , Walter ( 1965 ) . Guns at the Forks . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 5309 - 8 . Parkman , Francis . Montcalm and Wolfe : The French and Indian War . Originally published 1884 . New York : Da Capo , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81077 - 8 . West , Doug ( 2016 ) French and Indian War -- A Short History 30 Minute Book Series `` Virtual Vault '' . Library and Archives Canada . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who led the french army in the french and indian war | [
"Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun, with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command. Neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers whom France sent to North America.[47] French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756, led by Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and seconded by the Chevalier de Lévis and Colonel François-Charles de Bourlamaque, all experienced veterans from the War of the Austrian Succession. On May 18, 1756, England formally declared war on France, which expanded the war into Europe and came to be known as the Seven Years' War."
] | [
"Louis-Joseph de Montcalm"
] |
-3759811466936562741 | List of school shootings in the United States | List of School shootings in the United States - Wikipedia List of School shootings in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . For a broader coverage related to this topic , see Gun violence in the United States . This article lists in chronology and provides additional details of incidents in which a firearm was discharged at a school infrastructure or campus in the United States , including incidents of shootings on a school bus . This list contains school shooting incidents that occurred on the campuses of K - 12 public schools and private schools as well as colleges and universities . It excludes incidents that occurred during wars or police actions as well as murder - suicides by rejected suitors or estranged spouses and suicides or suicide attempts involving only one person . Mass shootings by staff of schools that involve only other employees are covered at workplace killings . This list does not include bombings such as the Bath School disaster . Contents ( hide ) 1 Colonial America 2 19th century 2.1 1840s 2.2 1850s 2.3 1860s 2.4 1870s 2.5 1880s 2.6 1890s 3 20th century 3.1 1900s 3.2 1910s 3.3 1920s 3.4 1930s 3.5 1940s 3.6 1950s 3.7 1960s 3.8 1970s 3.9 1980s 3.10 1990s 4 21st century 4.1 2000s 4.2 2010 -- 2014 4.3 2015 to present 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 7 External links Colonial America ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001764 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 1764 Greencastle , Pennsylvania ! Greencastle , Pennsylvania 10 Enoch Brown school massacre : Perhaps the earliest shooting to happen on school or college property , in what would become the United States , was the notorious Enoch Brown school massacre during the Pontiac 's War . Four Delaware ( Lenape ) American Indians entered the schoolhouse near present - day Greencastle , Pennsylvania , and shot and killed schoolmaster Enoch Brown and nine children ( reports vary ) . Only two children survived . However , this incident may only incidentally be considered a school `` shooting '' because only the teacher was shot , while the other nine victims were killed with melee weapons . 19th Century ( edit ) 1840s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001840 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 1840 Charlottesville , Virginia ! Charlottesville , Virginia 0 John Anthony Gardner Davis , a law professor at the University of Virginia , was shot by student Joseph Semmes , and died from his wound three days later . 1850s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001853 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 1853 Louisville , Kentucky ! Louisville , Kentucky 0 Student Mathews Flounoy Ward took a pistol to school , where he shot the schoolmaster William H.G. Butler as revenge for what Ward thought was excessive punishment of his brother the day before . Butler died , and Ward was acquitted . 000000001856 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 , 1856 Florence , Alabama ! Florence , Alabama 0 The schoolmaster had a tame sparrow and had warned the students not to harm it , threatening death . One of the boys stepped on the bird and killed it ; he was afraid to return to school but did so . After lessons , the master took the boy into a private room and strangled him to death . The boy 's father went to the school and shot the schoolmaster dead . 000000001858 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 1858 Baltimore , Maryland ! Baltimore , Maryland 0 The 15 - year - old son of Col. John T. Farlow ( Baltimore 's Marshal of Police 1867 -- 70 ) , was killed during a Sabbath School gathering . The perpetrator escaped , but several arrests were made . 1860s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001860 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1860 Todd County , Kentucky ! Todd County , Kentucky 0 A son of Col. Elijah Sebree was killed by another student . Young Sebree was threatening the other boy and said he intended to kill him . The other student got a gun and walked up to Sebree in the schoolhouse , where he killed him . 000000001864 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1864 Ashland County , Ohio ! Ashland County , Ohio 0 George W. Longfelt , the school teacher of the Pyfer 's School House , killed student Alfred Desem and fled . 000000001867 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 1867 Knights Ferry , California ! Knights Ferry , California 0 Mr. McGinnis was killed by his daughter 's teacher after McGinnis threatened the teacher for expelling his daughter from school . When McGinnis ' son learned of this , he went to the school and killed the teacher . 000000001867 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 1867 Madison , Florida ! Madison , Florida 0 Frank Pope , a pupil at the St. John 's seminary , killed his teacher Mr. Bristow with a pistol . 000000001867 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 1867 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 13 - year - old Arthur Day , secretly took a loaded pistol to Public School No. 18 to shoot a dog he said had bitten him . While playing with the pistol , Day accidentally injured classmate Robert Morton . 000000001868 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 1868 Chattanooga , Tennessee ! Chattanooga , Tennessee 0 A boy who refused to be whipped by his teacher left the school . The next day he returned with his brother and a friend for revenge . Not finding the teacher at the school , they continued to his house , where a gun battle took place and three died . Only the original boy who initiated the attack survived . 1870s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001871 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1871 Knoxville , Tennessee ! Knoxville , Tennessee 0 John Roberts , aged ten or twelve , accidentally had one of his eyes shot out at school and died . 000000001872 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 1872 Washington , Pennsylvania ! Washington , Pennsylvania 0 At the all - girls Union School , 17 - year - old Thomas McGiffin shot and seriously wounded the principal , Prof. Wilson , in the hip because the professor refused to deliver a note to one of the young ladies for him . McGiffin was a son of Col. Norton McGiffin , and brother of US naval hero Philo McGiffin . 000000001873 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1873 Wisconsin ! Wisconsin 0 Chris Foote shot the school mistress for whipping his son . 000000001874 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 1874 Agency , Montana ! Agency , Montana 0 After being ejected from school for disobedience , 20 - year - old Thomas Squires , fatally shot Prof. Hayes in the abdomen three times without warning . 000000001874 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1874 Lebanon , Tennessee ! Lebanon , Tennessee 0 John R. Breckinridge , son of the late Robert Jefferson Breckinridge , attending classes in law at Cumberland University in Lebanon , Tennessee , was killed by John L. Anderson , the Mayor 's son . The latter was reportedly `` crazed with liquor . '' 000000001878 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 1878 St. Paul , Minnesota ! St. Paul , Minnesota 0 A 12 - year - old boy , Luckert , accidentally wounded Allie McDonald , another boy at the Neill school . The bullet passed out , and the youth was expected to recover . His mother Mrs. McDonald went to the police station , but did not file a formal complaint . 000000001879 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 1879 Lancaster , New York ! Lancaster , New York 0 Telegraph operator Frank Shugart , severely injured Mr. Carr , superintendent of the stables at a girls ' school . 1880s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001881 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1881 Santa Monica , California ! Santa Monica , California 0 While working late on the program for the children 's concert at the schoolhouse , the school master Mr. O'Donnell and one of the parents got into an argument . The parent , Mr. Williams , pulled a gun and fatally shot O'Donnell in the back . 000000001881 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 1881 Shelby County , Indiana ! Shelby County , Indiana 0 0 School teacher Charles J. Gregory shot at a pupil at close range because he refused to write on a slate . The bullet missed the boy . The teacher was arrested . 000000001882 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1882 Iola , Kansas ! Iola , Kansas 0 0 A group of boys shot into a schoolhouse , but no one was hurt . Two of the boys were arrested and pleaded guilty three weeks later . They were fined $9.00 each . 000000001882 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 1882 Huntsville , Texas ! Huntsville , Texas 0 G.W. Gray , a student at the Sam Houston Normal School , wounded another student , M.J. Jordan . They were arguing over a comic valentine . 000000001883 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1883 Florence , Nebraska ! Florence , Nebraska 0 As some children were playing and throwing snowballs outside the Ponca Creek schoolhouse , three young men pulled up in a wagon . They engaged the children in a snowball fight . When they were leaving , the kids followed with lots of snowballs . Lem Harbaugh was one of the men . Harbaugh was in the wagon with The Shipley Brothers . One of the brothers had with them a . 45 caliber needle gun . Harbaugh took the needle gun , and pointed it at the children . However , the lock system had been tampered with , so it was faulty . He touched the trigger , accidentally shooting and wounding three of them , Mamie Shipley , Joy Price , & Marquis Price . Feeling great remorse , Harbaugh later surrendered himself to the authorities . 000000001883 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 1883 Barber County , Kansas ! Barber County , Kansas 0 0 A bunch of drunken cowboys stopped at several schoolhouses , forcing two teachers to drink whiskey and firing numerous shots at three schoolhouses . 000000001884 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 1884 Danville , Virginia ! Danville , Virginia 0 As Allen Wamack , a 15 - year - old boy , drove by a `` Negro '' schoolhouse , he called out `` school butter . '' ( an insult meaning a cobbing , or a whipping ) . The school students ran out and attacked him , firing several shots at him , he returned fire hitting two students . 000000001884 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 1884 Boston , Massachusetts ! Boston , Massachusetts 0 0 As news of outlaw Jesse James reached the East Coast , young boys started to imitate him . For instance , boys armed with guns shot at police investigating their activities at the Concord - street schoolhouse . 000000001884 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1884 Gainesville , Georgia ! Gainesville , Georgia 0 0 In the middle of the day , a group of very drunk Jackson County farmers were shooting their revolvers as they headed down the street , driving people into their homes . As they approached the female academy , the girls fled from the yard into the school . The gang followed and fired several rounds into the front door , but no one was hurt . 000000001887 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 1887 Cleveland , Tennessee ! Cleveland , Tennessee 0 Will Guess went to the school and killed Miss Irene Fann , his little sister 's teacher , for whipping her the day before . 000000001889 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 1889 New Brunswick , New Jersey ! New Brunswick , New Jersey 0 0 Charles Crawford , upset over an argument with a school trustee , went up to the window and fired a pistol into a crowded schoolroom . The bullet lodged in the wall just above the teacher 's head . 1890s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001890 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1890 Brazil , Indiana ! Brazil , Indiana 0 While the pupils of the Meridian Street School were at play , Ben Corbery drew a revolver and seriously wounded 10 - year - old Cora Brubach , in the face . The girl had told the teacher of Ben 's misconduct . 000000001890 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 1890 Staunton , Virginia ! Staunton , Virginia 0 At the Kable 's Military Academy a 15 - year - old student , A.H. Hathaway of Dennison , Texas , was accidentally killed by his 17 - year - old classmate James Whitworth of Sulphur Springs , Texas , while they were playing with an old pistol . 000000001891 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1891 Liberty , Mississippi ! Liberty , Mississippi 0 14 During a school exhibition and concert given at the Parson Hill schoolhouse , where the large audience was composed of blacks and whites : teachers , pupils , and spectators , an unknown gunman fired a double barreled shotgun into the assemblage . Fourteen people were wounded , some seriously . 000000001891 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1891 Newburgh , New York ! Newburgh , New York 0 ? 70 - year - old James Foster , fired a shotgun at a group of students in the playground of St. Mary 's Parochial School , causing minor injuries to several of the students . 000000001892 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1892 Lawrence , Kansas ! Lawrence , Kansas 0 At the University of Kansas , two students , E. Higgins and Jack Craycroft , were injured as they were walking back to their dorm rooms after football practice . Law student Fred Bassett fired a double barreled shotgun as they passed his home , he said he had warned them not to trespass on his farm , which students frequently did . 000000001893 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1893 Plain Dealing , Louisiana ! Plain Dealing , Louisiana During an evening school dance at Plain Dealing High School , a fight broke out . When the smoke cleared , two students were killed , two more were fatally wounded , and the high school 's Professor Johnson was wounded in the arm . 000000001894 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 1894 Parkersburg , West Virginia ! Parkersburg , West Virginia 0 When school was let out , 15 - year - old Willis Gardner , was killed and his 8 - year - old brother fatally stabbed in a quarrel among a group of boys . 000000001898 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 1898 Charleston , West Virginia ! Charleston , West Virginia 6 1 + During the school exhibition , a group of young men tried to break up a student performance . When the teacher Fisher tried to throw them out , they turned on him . Audience members joined the fray . The fight resulted in deaths : Harry Flasher was shot in the heart and instantly killed , Henry Carney was fatally shot in the back , Ralph Jones and two others were also fatally shot , and George Gibson was shot in the hand ; Haz Harding had his skull crushed and several others received minor wounds . 20th Century ( edit ) 1900s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001903 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1903 Inman , South Carolina ! Inman , South Carolina 0 Edward Foster , a 17 - year - old student at Inman High School , was fatally wounded by his teacher Reuben Pitts after jerking a rod from Pitts ' hands to avoid punishment . According to the teacher , Foster struck the pistol Pitts had drawn , and caused it to fire . Pitts was acquitted of murder on grounds of self - defense . 000000001903 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 1903 Jackson , Kentucky ! Jackson , Kentucky At the Cave Run School , James Barrett and Mack Howard argued over a card game and fought a duel with pistols , they killed each other . 12 - year - old student , James Vires , was shot in the abdomen while sitting at his desk during the gunfight . 000000001904 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 1904 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 Two students had been fighting for most of a year over a girl . In their last fight , Henry Schaze threw 16 - year - old Paul Jelick to the ground , drew a revolver , and killed his rival . 000000001904 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1904 Riverside , California ! Riverside , California At the Indian School , a gun fight broke out between pupils . Charles Colby was shot in the head with a pistol , then returned fire , killing Tom Bucanoros instantly , and fatally wounding Fred Smith . 000000001904 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1904 Magee , Mississippi ! Magee , Mississippi Parent , E.E. Mangum , was shot through the head and killed by the principal of the high school , Professor J.E. Woodward . Mangum had argued with Woodward , who had given Mangum 's 15 - year - old son a severe whipping . Mangum lost his temper , shooting Woodward through the wrist . 000000001905 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1905 Colusa , California ! Colusa , California 0 At the request of his childhood friend , Pearl Cruse , 17 - year - old Elmer Hildreth , who did not attend her school , went to a meeting between Miss Cruse and her teacher . It ended in `` a hand to hand '' encounter between teacher and pupil . When Ingrim went after Hildreth with an axe , Hildreth shot him in the stomach . Hildreth was arrested and bail was posted by five prominent men in the community . Hildreth was found to have acted in self - defense and no charges were filed . Ingrim survived . 000000001905 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1905 Hickman , Kentucky ! Hickman , Kentucky 0 Parent George Nicholson killed John Kurd at a schoolhouse during a school rehearsal . Kurd had made a disparaging remark about Nicholson 's daughter during her recital . 000000001907 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1907 Chico , California ! Chico , California 0 9 - year - old Arthur Roberts , was shot in the head and killed outside his school during a military drill by school children of the Dayton school district . Armed with old guns believed to be empty , the children had pulled their triggers . The Roberts boy threw his hands to his head and cried , `` I 'm shot . '' 000000001908 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1908 Council Bluffs , Iowa ! Council Bluffs , Iowa 0 0 At around 6 a.m. , as George O Mortensen , 35 - year - old janitor of the Washington street school building , was unlocking the outer door of the school , someone discharged a shotgun from only a few feet . The shot riddled the door within a foot of his head . 000000001908 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 1908 Boston , Massachusetts ! Boston , Massachusetts 0 Suffering from melancholia , due to overwork , thirty - nine year - old Miss Sarah Chamberlain Weed , killed thirty - four year - old Elizabeth Bailey Hardee , then shot herself , at the Laurens School , a fashionable boarding school . 000000001909 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1909 Mount Vernon , Illinois ! Mount Vernon , Illinois 0 During a school performance of `` The Grand Central '' , John Moake , portraying the villain , was shot in the forehead and dangerously wounded by the hero , Roy Slater . The cartridge was thought to have been blank . 000000001909 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 , 1909 Trinidad , Colorado ! Trinidad , Colorado 0 Walter Harris , 11 - year - old student , accidentally shot his teacher , B.C. Briggs in the head while on a school field trip , killing him . 000000001909 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 1909 Bakersfield , California ! Bakersfield , California 0 0 After hunting doves , a group of six young men deliberately shot out the glass at the Fruitvale School . They also shot at the nearby residence of A.J. Hunter , narrowly missing several children in the rear yard . 000000001909 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1909 Gravette , Arkansas ! Gravette , Arkansas 0 John Butram , a student at the Bear Hollow School , told his fellow students that school was cancelled . The teacher A.T. Kelly insisted that the day 's lesson was not over . When Butram drew a knife on his teacher , Kelly drew his gun and shot him . 1910s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001910 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1910 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 `` A black bearded maniac drew an automatic pistol '' and fired five shots into a crowd of boys at the Harlem School , who were taunting him . 6 - year - old Robert Lomas , was hit and died instantly , 6 - year - old Arthur Shively , was critically wounded . 000000001910 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1910 Ione , California ! Ione , California 0 0 At the reform school , known as Preston School of Industry , students Albert Brown and Eugene Griffin tried to escape , stealing a revolver from the school 's bakery shop . They shot at Captain William H. White when he pursued them . No one was hurt , but the boys were transferred to the penitentiary , which held adults . 000000001910 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 , 1910 Lexington , Kentucky ! Lexington , Kentucky ? A general fight broke out during school board elections . Lewis Napier was killed , and several other persons were hurt . Several were arrested . 000000001911 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 1911 Manhattan , Kansas ! Manhattan , Kansas 0 During a school play rehearsal , a boy accidentally loaded his revolver . An 18 - year - old girl who was to use it in the play said she was afraid to handle it . The teacher said there was no need for her fear and pointed it at the girl , Pearl Reedy , squeezing the trigger . She was fatally wounded . 000000001912 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1912 San Francisco , California ! San Francisco , California 0 During a stone throwing confrontation near the Oriental School on Clay Street , a group of white boys found themselves trapped between two groups of Chinese boys . In an attempt to escape , Jose Aguilar , fired a BB shot air rifle twice hoping to frighten the Chinese . However , 10 - year - old Wong She , had a gun and fired back . One bullet passed through Aguilar 's coat sleeve as he ran and fatally struck 14 - year - old James Kane in the school 's rear yard . 000000001912 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 1912 Lagrange , New York ! Lagrange , New York 0 14 - year - old May McQuade , was killed by classmate Raymond B. Carroll . Carroll alleged the shooting was accidental and he did not think the gun was loaded . 000000001914 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1914 Sayre , Pennsylvania ! Sayre , Pennsylvania 0 While walking to school , 14 - year - old Charles Listman , killed 15 - year - old Andrew Milton , over the affections of classmate , 13 - year - old Minnie London . 000000001915 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1915 Vancouver , Washington ! Vancouver , Washington 0 During a parent - teachers ' meeting , 15 - year - old student , Murlan Decker , was accidentally shot by his younger brother , Luther . 000000001915 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1915 Jasper , Florida ! Jasper , Florida 20 - year - old Will Yates , teacher of Clear Pond school in Hamilton county , Fla. , was killed in a fight with Claude Holtzendorff and his two sons . A whipping administered in school to one of the Holtzendorff boys started the trouble . After punishing the boy Yates armed himself , and when accosted by the Holtzendorffs , shot the father through the mouth . He was in turn shot through the body , dying an hour later . 000000001916 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1916 Bemidji , Minnesota ! Bemidji , Minnesota 0 Olga Dahl , the 19 - year - old teacher at the Round Lake District School , was found tied to a tree near the school , assaulted and shot twice in the face . She had been working late after school , and a man with a revolver entered the school house and ordered her to obey him . He raped and shot her ; she was expected to live . All available men in Itasca County joined in hunting the assailant . 000000001916 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 1916 Danville , Kentucky ! Danville , Kentucky ? During the Christmas tree celebration at the Harris Creek School , with a packed room of children and visitors , a fight broke out . William Benedict , Sr. was instantly killed , William Benedict , Jr. was shot in the ankle , Bourdon Galloway was shot in the right arm , and Mike Gaddis was shot in the leg . Many others were injured . The disturbance was said to be started by Thomas Thornton , who had been drinking and was told to calm down by Benedict . Thornton 's brother George left the room and returned with a revolver . 000000001917 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 1917 Harrisburg , Pennsylvania ! Harrisburg , Pennsylvania 0 16 - year - old freshman , Earl Wolf , was accidentally shot in the leg with a revolver around noon time , in the company of his classmates at the Central High School . 000000001917 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 1917 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 Overnight two brothers , 16 - year - old William and 15 - year - old Ralph Carter , broke into the May public school , robbing the phone boxes and teachers ' desks . Discovered by janitor Howard Parks and policeman Thomas Conway , a gunfight broke out . William was critically wounded and not expected to live ; Ralph Carter was taken to jail . 000000001917 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 1917 Manes , Missouri ! Manes , Missouri 0 At the Perkins school 's Thanksgiving night pie supper , 21 - year - old teacher Joe Todd , was mysteriously shot . He was expected to recover . 000000001918 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1918 Jefferson City , Missouri ! Jefferson City , Missouri 0 At the Lincoln Institute , State Negro Normal School , 31 - year - old Professor Romeo West , was killed in the dormitory by superintendent of school Theodore Martin . They were arguing over which dishes to use at a social . Martin said he shot in self - defense , fatally hitting West with three of five shots . 000000001918 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 1918 Reeder , North Dakota ! Reeder , North Dakota 0 During the afternoon recess , a boy was looking over a 22 - caliber rifle ; it discharged , striking the head of the Coyne boy in the seat to the front , killing him instantly . 000000001919 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1919 Monroe City , Missouri ! Monroe City , Missouri 0 0 While school was in session , Hugh Claggett shot through the school house 's front door while on his way home from work . No one was hurt , and he was fined $20 . 000000001919 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 1919 Ogden City , Utah ! Ogden City , Utah 0 During a high school assembly , six boys shot off their guns . Permission had been given in the belief the guns were loaded with blanks but they had live shot . Teacher Verna Davidson was shot in the foot . 000000001919 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 1919 Berkeley , California ! Berkeley , California 0 Roger Sprague , an assistant in the department of chemistry at the University of California , despondent and desperate over his inability to obtain a position , slightly wounded 59 - year - old Professor Edmond O'Neill , head of department , and 37 - year - old Dr. Joel Henry Hildebrand , professor of chemistry , in the administration offices of Gilman Hall . He then went to California Hall and attempted to shoot 57 - year - old May L. Cheney , appointment secretary , but struck only one of her hair combs before he was subdued . 1920s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001920 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1920 Durant , Oklahoma ! Durant , Oklahoma 0 At the Durant Normal School , teacher Albert McFarland , was seriously wounded by one of his pupils . 000000001920 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1920 Cincinnati , Ohio ! Cincinnati , Ohio 0 14 - year - old student , Lawrence Angel , shot his teacher , Beatrice Conner , through the arm for sending him to the principal 's office . 000000001920 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1920 Summerville , Georgia ! Summerville , Georgia 0 0 At the High School , 15 - year - old student Alexander Potter , fired six shots at his teacher , Prof. Ransom , but missed . Potter was upset over having received a severe thrashing and expulsion . Potter was sentenced to six years at a reform school . 000000001920 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1920 Bowling Green , Ohio ! Bowling Green , Ohio 0 While attending her son 's school track meet , Mrs. F. Mahl was killed accidentally by a shot from the starter 's pistol . 000000001920 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1920 Ogden , Utah ! Ogden , Utah 0 Mike Smults , the night watchman at the Utah school for the Deaf and Blind , shot a 10 - year - old boy , Dennis McDonald , as he and his brother Clinton cut through the campus . The watchman said he fired into the air as a warning . 000000001920 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 1920 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 Mrs. Carmila Rindoni went to the school and twice shot Rosalind I. Reynolds , her son 's teacher , for spanking her son the day before . Mrs. Rindoni was arrested , and Miss Reynolds was expected to recover . 000000001920 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1920 Middlesboro , Kentucky ! Middlesboro , Kentucky 0 Prof. Barnes of Middlesboro High School was fatally shot by Adolphus Oaks , for whipping his sister the week before . Barnes had already submitted his resignation to the school board , as his students had boycotted his class in protest over the whipping . He intended to leave the city that weekend . Oaks went to jail . 000000001922 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1922 Valdosta , Georgia ! Valdosta , Georgia 0 John Glover broke into the school house , where he killed a girl and fatally wounded a boy . A mob tracked and killed Glover 7 miles ( 11 km ) away in Indianola , now Naylor , Georgia . 000000001922 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1922 Ardmore , Oklahoma ! Ardmore , Oklahoma 0 Bryant Hignight and four other students were hanging out at the outhouse of the Mount Zion school . Hignight fired two shots . One entered Raymond Guin 's head , killing the boy instantly . Three of the boys were questioned , but all said it was an accident . 000000001926 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1926 Gettysburg , Pennsylvania ! Gettysburg , Pennsylvania 0 12 - year - old Frederick Heilman was shot through the right instep when Gettysburg College janitor , Joseph Carver , fired in the direction of a group of boys attempting to force their way into the college gymnasium . Carver had shot into the ground , attempting to scare the boys , and was not aware that a bullet had ricocheted . Mr Heilman chose not to prefer criminal charges . 1930s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001930 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 1930 Ringe , Minnesota ! Ringe , Minnesota 0 24 - year - old Douglas Petersen , killed 20 - year - old teacher , Margaret Wegman , who was standing in the doorway of a rural schoolhouse . 000000001931 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 1931 Duluth , Minnesota ! Duluth , Minnesota 0 Katherine McMillen , 24 - year - old teacher at the Howard Gensen rural school near Duluth , was accidentally killed by a pupil who brought a revolver to school . 000000001934 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 1934 Gill , Massachusetts ! Gill , Massachusetts 0 Headmaster Elliott Speer was murdered by a shotgun blast through the window at Northfield Mount Hermon School . The crime was never solved . 000000001935 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 1935 Irvington , New York ! Irvington , New York 0 Dr. Paul Kyle , head of the Kyle School for Boys , was found killed in the school , just before classes were to begin that day . 000000001936 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1936 Williamstown , Massachusetts ! Williamstown , Massachusetts Lewis Jack Somes , Jr. shot and killed classmate Robert Henneberry and wounded William Hartz , Jr. before killing himself in Lehman Hall at Williams College . 000000001936 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 1936 Bethlehem , Pennsylvania ! Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 0 Wesley Clow killed his Lehigh University English instructor , C. Wesley Phy . Clow went to Phy 's office and demanded that Phy change his grade to a passing mark . Clow committed suicide after shooting Phy . 000000001937 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 1937 Isabel , Kansas ! Isabel , Kansas 0 16 - year - old Robert Douthitt , was accidentally killed backstage during high school play practice . The revolver was to have been loaded with blanks , but it held live ammunition . 000000001937 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 1937 Toledo , Ohio ! Toledo , Ohio 0 12 - year - old Robert Snyder wounded his principal , June Mapes , in her office at Arlington Public School when she declined his request to call a classmate . He fled the grounds , and wounded himself . 000000001938 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1938 Blencoe , Iowa ! Blencoe , Iowa 0 17 - year - old Edward Marley was accidentally killed by a fellow actor while rehearsing for a play at Blencoe High School . 1940s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001940 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 1940 South Pasadena , CA 5 South Pasadena Junior High School murders : Outraged by his dismissal , following conflicts with other staff , thirty - eight - year - old Verlin H. Spencer shot and killed 62 - year - old superintendent of the South Pasadena city schools George C. Bush , 50 - year - old principal of South Pasadena High School John E. Alman , and 52 - year - old School District business manager Will R. Speer . He then attempted to kill Bush 's secretary , 32 - year - old Dorothea Talbert ; she was struck near the shoulder . He later shot and killed 45 - year - old art teacher Ruth Sturgeon , with whom he 'd been in conflict , fatally wounding her in the chest and , following an intense struggle , 35 - year - old mechanical arts teacher Verner V. Vanderlip , another with whom he had a grievance . Spencer was cornered by police as he attempted to escape through the school cafeteria ; as one officer aimed , Spencer pressed the . 22 caliber automatic pistol against his right side and fired twice , critically wounding himself . Police later found a suicide note from Spencer to his wife , Polly . He survived his wounds and was tried for murder . Pleading guilty to all charges , he received 5 consecutive life terms . He was discharged from California 's Department of Correction in 1977 , aged 75 . Verlin Spencer died January 11 , 1991 . 000000001940 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1940 Valhalla , New York ! Valhalla , New York 0 Angered by the refusal of his daughter , 15 - year - old Melba , to leave a boarding school and return home , 47 - year - old Joseph Moshell , went to the school , where he killed his daughter . 000000001942 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1942 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 Irwin Goodman , 36 - year - old mathematics teacher at William J. Gaynor Junior High School , was killed in the school corridor by a youth . 000000001946 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 1946 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 A 15 - year - old student , who refused to give his pocket money to a gang of seven youths , was shot in the chest in the Public School 147 annex of Brooklyn Automotive Trades High School . 000000001947 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1947 Madill , Oklahoma ! Madill , Oklahoma 0 62 - year - old Ellis Laird killed his estranged wife , 40 - year - old teacher , Jessie Laird , inside her first grade classroom . He then took his own life . All of this took place in the presence of several pupils . 000000001948 - 12 - 24 - 0000 December 24 , 1948 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 A 14 - year - old student was fatally wounded in the head by a shot from fellow student , 17 - year - old Robert Ross . The youth was accidentally shot when he chanced into range where Ross was target shooting near a lake at the school . 000000001949 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 1949 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 A 16 - year - old student at Stuyvesant High School was accidentally shot in the arm by a fellow student who was ' showing off ' with a pistol in a classroom . 000000001949 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 1949 Columbus , Ohio ! Columbus , Ohio 0 Ohio State University freshman James Heer grabbed a . 45 caliber handgun from the room of a Delta Tau Delta fraternity brother , and killed 21 - year - old Jack McKeown , a senior and also a fraternity brother . 1950s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001950 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 , 1950 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 A 16 - year - old boy was shot in the wrist and abdomen at the Public School 141 dance during an argument with a former classmate . 000000001951 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1951 Alton , Illinois ! Alton , Illinois 0 61 - year - old Henry Suhre , quartermaster at Western Military Academy , was killed in the cadet store on campus . 000000001951 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1951 Union Mills , North Carolina ! Union Mills , North Carolina 0 Professor W.E. Sweatt , superintendent and teacher at the Alexander School , was killed by students , 16 - year - old Billy Ray Powell , and 19 - year - old Hugh Justice , whom he had reprimanded . The boys fled and also shot Wade Johnson , 15 , for telling on them about a rule infraction . 000000001951 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 1951 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 Carl Arch , a 50 - year - old intruder to a girls ' gym class , was killed by a police officer at Manhattan 's Central Commercial High School . 000000001951 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 1951 St. Louis , Missouri ! St. Louis , Missouri 0 15 - year - old student , David Brooks , was fatally shot as fellow pupils looked on . Two former students were sought by police . 000000001952 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1952 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 A 15 - year - old boarding school student shot a dean rather than give up his pin - up pictures of girls in bathing suits . 000000001952 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 1952 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 Bayard Peakes walked into the offices of the American Physical Society ( APS ) at Columbia University , where he killed secretary Eileen Fahey . Peakes was reportedly upset that the APS had rejected a paper of his . 000000001953 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1953 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 14 - year - old Bernice Turner , killed 14 - year - old Pasquale Coletta inside the science classroom at Kelly High School . The shooting was later ruled to be accidental . 000000001954 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1954 Newton , Massachusetts ! Newton , Massachusetts 0 14 - year - old John Frankenberger , was accidentally killed in a classroom at Day Junior High School when a pistol being held by a classmate discharged . 000000001954 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1954 Chapel Hill , North Carolina ! Chapel Hill , North Carolina Putnam Davis Jr. was killed during a fraternity house carnival at the Phi Delta Theta house at the University of North Carolina . William Joyner and Allen Long were wounded during the exchange of gunfire in their room . The incident followed an all - night beer party . Long told police that , while the three were drinking beer at 7 a.m. , Davis pulled out a gun and started shooting . 000000001955 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1955 Swarthmore , Pennsylvania ! Swarthmore , Pennsylvania 0 After some of his dormmates urinated on his mattress during hazing , Robert B. Bechtel , a 22 - year - old student proctor at Swarthmore College , returned to his third floor Wharton Hall dorm with a shotgun and killed fellow student , 19 - year - old Francis Holmes Strozier . Betchtel was acquitted of murder by reason of insanity and spent five years in a psychiatric hospital . 000000001956 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 1956 Seat Pleasant , Maryland ! Seat Pleasant , Maryland 15 - year - old student , Billy Ray Prevatte , fatally shot 32 - year - old teacher , Frazer Cameron , and injured 25 - year - old athletic coach , Francis Daniel Wagner , and 31 - year - old teacher , Robert Hicks , at Maryland Park Junior High School . He just left , after growing tired of waiting outside the principal 's office awaiting a reprimand for failing to turn in a written physical education assignment , and returned with a rifle . 000000001956 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 1956 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 A Booker T. Washington Junior High School student was wounded in the forearm by another student armed with a home - made weapon . 000000001957 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1957 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 A 16 - year - old student was shot in the leg by a 15 - year - old classmate at a city high school . 000000001958 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1958 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 A 17 - year - old student shot a boy in the Manual Training High School . 000000001958 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1958 Massapequa , New York ! Massapequa , New York 0 A 15 - year - old Massapequa High School freshman was killed by a classmate in a washroom . 000000001959 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 1959 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 Twenty - seven men and boys and an arsenal were seized in the Bronx as the police headed off a gang war resulting from the fatal shooting of a teenager at Morris High School . 1960s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001960 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1960 Hartford City , Indiana ! Hartford City , Indiana 0 44 - year - old school principal Leonard Redden killed teachers Harriett Robson and Minnie McFerren inside their classrooms at William Reed School . Redden then fled to a wooded area where he killed himself . 000000001960 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1960 Alice , Texas ! Alice , Texas 0 14 - year - old Donna Dvorak , brought a target pistol to Dubose Junior High School , and fatally shot 15 - year - old Bobby Whitford , in their 9th - grade science class . Dvorak believed Whitford posed a threat to one of her girlfriends . 000000001960 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 1960 Blaine , Minnesota ! Blaine , Minnesota 0 41 - year - old mail - carrier , Lester Betts , confronted 33 - year - old principal , Carson Hammond , in his Blaine Elementary School office , and shot him dead with a 12 - gauge shotgun . 000000001961 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 1961 Delmont , South Dakota ! Delmont , South Dakota 0 Donald Kurtz , 17 - year - old senior at Delmont High School , was fatally wounded by a . 22 caliber bullet from a rifle . The shot , intended as a sound effect for a school play , hit him in the chest during a rehearsal just minutes before the play was to take place . 000000001961 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 1961 Denver , Colorado ! Denver , Colorado 0 14 - year - old Tennyson Beard , got into an argument with 15 - year - old William Hachmeister , at Morey Junior High School , and wounded him . Another shot fatally struck 14 - year - old Deborah Faith Humphrey . 000000001963 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1963 Cedar Rapids , Iowa ! Cedar Rapids , Iowa 0 15 - year - old Augie Holmquist , a student at Jefferson High School , was in the locker room just after third hour swimming class and about to enter the shower area when he was shot twice in the back and once in the hip with a . 22 caliber revolver by another student , 16 - year - old Randy Schultz . Schultz fled the locker room after the shooting and ran to his house where he told his parents to call the police . The boys had been playing water polo during swim class where Holmquist , who was a defensive standout on the championship Jefferson sophmore football team , apparently had `` ducked '' Shultz . Schultz objected to this , and Holmquist retaliated by hitting Schultz . Schultz , who also worked at the school library , held `` ill feelings '' towards Holmquist , according to police chief George Matias . 000000001966 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 1966 Bay Shore , New York ! Bay Shore , New York 0 48 - year - old teacher , John S. Lane , was fatally wounded when he tried to stop 16 - year - old student James Arthur Frampton . The youth was walking through the halls of Bay Shore Senior High School with a shotgun , searching for boys whom he had argued with earlier that day . Lane died about six weeks later of his wounds . 000000001966 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1966 Austin , Texas ! Austin , Texas 17 31 University of Texas massacre : 25 - year - old engineering student , Charles Whitman , got onto the observation deck at the University of Texas - Austin , from where he killed seventeen people and wounded thirty - one during a 96 - minute shooting rampage . He had earlier murdered his wife and mother at their homes . It was the deadliest shooting on a U.S. college campus until the Virginia Tech shooting in 2007 . 000000001966 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1966 Grand Rapids , Minnesota ! Grand Rapids , Minnesota Grand Rapids High School student , 15 - year - old David Black , killed school administrator Forrest Willey and seriously wounded fellow student , 14 - year - old Kevin Roth . 000000001966 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 1966 Mesa , Arizona ! Mesa , Arizona 5 18 - year - old Bob Smith , took seven people hostage at Rose - Mar College of Beauty and ordered them to lie down in a circle . He shot each in the head . Four women and a 3 - year - old girl died , a woman and a baby were injured but survived . Police arrested Smith , who reportedly admired Richard Speck and Charles Whitman . 000000001967 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 1967 Northlake , Illinois ! Northlake , Illinois 18 - year - old dropout , Michael Pisarski killed his former girlfriend , 17 - year - old Christine Mitchell inside West Leyden High School . The school 's athletic director was wounded . 000000001968 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1968 Miami , Florida ! Miami , Florida 0 16 - year - old Blanche Ward killed fellow student , 16 - year - old Linda Lipscomb , at Miami Jackson High School . According to Ward , she was threatened with a razor by Lipscomb during an argument over a fountain pen , and in the ensuing struggle the gun went off . 000000001968 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1968 Orangeburg , South Carolina ! Orangeburg , South Carolina 27 In the days leading up to February 8 , 1968 , about two hundred mostly student civil rights protesters gathered on the campus of South Carolina State University to protest the continued racial segregation of the All Star Bowling Lane after passage in 1964 of federal legislation prohibiting such action . That night , students started a bonfire . As police attempted to put out the fire , an officer was struck and injured by an object . Police later said they believed they were under attack by small weapons fire . The officers fired into the crowd , killing 18 - year - old Samuel Hammond Jr. , 17 - year - old Delano Herman Middleton , and 19 - year - old Henry Ezekial Smith , and wounding twenty - seven others . 000000001968 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1968 High Point , North Carolina ! High Point , North Carolina 0 15 - year - old David Lee Walker , was killed just outside Central High School , by 15 - year - old Gerald Locklear . 000000001968 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 1968 Miami , Florida ! Miami , Florida 0 Ernest Lee Grissom , a 15 - year - old student at Drew Junior High School , seriously wounded a teacher and a 13 - year - old student after he had been reprimanded for behavior . 000000001969 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1969 Los Angeles , California ! Los Angeles , California 0 Alprentice Carter and John Huggins , two student members of the Black Panther Party , were fatally shot during a student meeting inside Campbell Hall at the University of California , Los Angeles . Reportedly there was disagreement over who would control the school 's African American Studies Center . The shooter , Claude Hubert , was never found ; three other men were later arrested in connection with the shooting . 000000001969 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 1969 Washington , D.C. ! Washington , D.C. 0 45 - year - old Cardozo Senior High School assistant principal , Herman Clifford , was killed in the school 's hallway , by 18 - year - old Ronald Joyner , while trying to stop him and two other youths who had robbed the school 's bank . 000000001969 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 1969 Winston - Salem , North Carolina ! Winston - Salem , North Carolina 0 13 - year - old Ernest Napoleon Carter Jr. was accidentally killed , by a 13 - year - old classmate at Hanes Junior High School who was armed with a pistol . The shooter was charged with involuntary manslaughter . Carter 's mother filed a lawsuit against the Winston - Salem / Forsyth County Board of Education for $50,000 in damages . 000000001969 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1969 Tomah , Wisconsin ! Tomah , Wisconsin 0 46 - year - old Martin Mogensen , principal of Tomah Junior High School , was killed in his office by a 14 - year - old boy . 1970s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001970 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1970 Washington , D.C. ! Washington , D.C. 15 - year - old Tyrone Perry , was killed at Hine Junior High School . 000000001970 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1970 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ! Philadelphia , Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania professors , 40 - year - old Walter Koppelman , and 45 - year - old Oscar Goldman , were shot by 33 - year - old disgruntled graduate student , Robert Cantor , during a seminar . Cantor then took his own life . Koppelman died March 5 from his injuries , but Goldman recovered . 000000001970 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 1970 Kent , Ohio ! Kent , Ohio 9 Kent State shootings : During protests of the Vietnam War at Kent State University , armed National Guard Soldiers opened fire on unarmed students , killing four people . 000000001970 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1970 Jackson , Mississippi ! Jackson , Mississippi 12 Jackson State killings : Two students were killed and twelve others injured when police opened fire on students gathered to protest the US military presence in Cambodia . 000000001970 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 1970 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 Two students were shot while standing in a second floor hallway of Harlan High School . 15 - year - old Kenneth House , was shot in the lower left abdomen , his condition was described as serious . 14 - year - old Portia Walls , suffered a superficial wound on her lower back . The incident was thought to have involved gang recruiting in the school . 000000001971 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1971 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ! Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 0 56 - year - old teacher , Samson L. Freedman , was killed as he left Morris E. Leeds School , by 14 - year - old student , Kevin Simmons . Freedman had suspended Simmons earlier in the day for cursing in the hallway . 000000001971 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 1971 Spokane , Washington ! Spokane , Washington 21 - year - old former MIT student , Larry J. Harmon , armed with a rifle , killed 68 - year - old caretaker , Hilary Kunzon , who came upon him wrecking St. Aloysius Roman Catholic Church , then fled onto the campus of Gonzaga University , where he wounded four more people before police officers killed him . Harmon was described by his father as a religious fanatic claiming to have visions . 000000001973 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 1973 Richmond , Virginia ! Richmond , Virginia 0 17 - year - old Wayne Phillips , was killed when he was caught between two youths who were fighting in the hallway of Armstrong High School . 000000001973 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 1973 Oakland , California ! Oakland , California School superintendent Marcus Foster , was killed and his assistant Robert Blackburn , was wounded when members of the Symbionese Liberation Army opened fire on them as they exited a school board meeting . Two members of the SLA were later arrested and convicted of the crime . Both were sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole . The SLA had reportedly believed that Foster supported a measure to install police on school grounds and make students carry identification cards . In reality , Foster opposed both measures . 000000001974 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1974 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 52 - year - old elementary school principal , Rudolph Jezek Jr. , was killed in his office by 14 - year - old Steven Guy , a former student said to be angry about being transferred to a social adjustment center . 000000001974 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 1974 Brownstown , Indiana ! Brownstown , Indiana 0 48 - year - old Jessie Blevins , athletic director at Brownstown Central High School , was fatally shot in the school parking lot by a 17 - year - old student waiting for him . He gave the police no motive . 000000001974 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1974 Kent , Ohio ! Kent , Ohio 0 19 - year - old McKeesport student , Ray D. Gilmore , was wounded in a scuffle with two men in his third floor campus dormitory room . 26 - year - old Benjamin F. Goodman and 22 - year - old Carl Bell , who were not students , had their . 32 caliber pistols taken and were wrestled to the floor by other students . 000000001974 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 1974 Olean , New York ! Olean , New York 11 During a two - and - a-half - hour siege , 18 - year - old honor student , Anthony Barbaro , the best on his rifle team , killed three adults in and around his high school and wounded eleven other persons . He shot from the windows out at the street and neighborhood . The school was closed for the Christmas holiday . 000000001975 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1975 Penns Grove , New Jersey ! Penns Grove , New Jersey 24 - year - old David Gary killed the 33 - year - old Reverend Thomas Quinlan , inside a classroom at St. James School . Quinlan was the school 's principal . A teacher was also wounded . 000000001975 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1975 St. Louis , Missouri ! St. Louis , Missouri 0 16 - year - old Stephen Goods , a bystander , was killed during a fight between other teens . Three youths were convicted for the homicide . 000000001975 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1975 Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ! Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 5 Student James Briggs killed fellow student Randy Truitt at Grant High School , wounding several others . 000000001976 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 1976 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0 5 Intruders entered Murray - Wright High School , shooting and wounding five students after an apparent dispute over a girlfriend of one of the intruders . 000000001976 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 1976 Fullerton , California ! Fullerton , California 7 California State University , Fullerton massacre : The gunman , 37 - year - old Edward Charles Allaway , was a custodian at the California State University , Fullerton library . Allaway killed seven people and wounded two others in the library 's first - floor lobby and at the building 's Instructional Media Center ( IMC ) , located in the basement . 000000001976 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1976 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0 46 - year - old Al Lewis , killed his estranged wife , 46 - year - old Betty McCaster , as she was teaching thirty - six 6 - and - 7 - year - old students at Burt Elementary School . 000000001977 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 1977 Whitharral , Texas ! Whitharral , Texas 0 High School principal , M.O. Tripp , was killed on the front steps of the school by 17 - year - old student , Ricardo Lopez , for unknown reasons . 000000001977 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1977 Washington , DC ! Washington , DC 0 `` As about 50 horrified students scattered for safety , a young man wearing a hood and surgical mask yesterday shot and seriously injured the business manager of St. John 's College High School in northwest Washington during a robbery attempt in the school cafeteria , District police said . '' 000000001978 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1978 Hopkinsville , Kentucky ! Hopkinsville , Kentucky 0 At 8 : 10 a.m. , 13 - year - old student , Andre Davis , was wounded while watching a fight between two students in the front lobby of Christian County Middle School , one of whom had a gun . A 16 - year - old was charged with the assault . 000000001978 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1978 St. Albans , West Virginia ! St. Albans , West Virginia 0 14 - year - old Hayes Junior High School student , Stuart Wayne Perrock , killed 14 - year - old schoolmate , Arthur Clinton Smith . 000000001978 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1978 Lansing , Michigan ! Lansing , Michigan After being taunted for his beliefs , 15 - year - old Roger Needham , self - proclaimed Nazi , killed one student and wounded a second with a pistol at Everett High School . 000000001978 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 1978 Dallas , Texas ! Dallas , Texas 0 38 - year - old Woodrow Porter , a janitor at Paul Dunbar Elementary School , was killed by the 56 - year - old grandmother of an 8 - year - old who was allegedly spanked by Porter earlier . 000000001978 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1978 Austin , Texas ! Austin , Texas 0 13 - year - old John Daniel Christian , son of Lyndon B. Johnson 's former press secretary George Christian , killed his English teacher , 29 - year - old Wilbur Grayson , with his father 's rifle in front of approximately thirty classmates at Murchison Junior High School . Christian was arrested and charged but not prosecuted ; he was committed to a mental hospital where he was treated for a period and released . 000000001978 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 1978 University City , Missouri ! University City , Missouri 0 18 - year - old Larry Ward and two companions were escorted from the halls of University City High School following a fight with 18 - year - old student , Carl Triplett . Ward ran back into the building with a gun and fired shots into a group , critically injuring Triplett in the chest and hip , and wounding 17 - year - old Angela Darden and 16 - year - old Jennifer Pride . Ward sustained a head injury as he was tackled by assistant principal , Franklin McCallie . His companions grabbed the gun and fled . 000000001978 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 1978 Lanett , Alabama ! Lanett , Alabama 0 13 - year - old Robin Robinson , was paddled by Lanett Junior High School principal , Lewis Hoggs , after having a disagreement with another student . Robinson left the school , and returned with a . 22 - caliber handgun and shot Hoggs , grazing the top of his head . Robinson was arrested two hours later about two blocks from the school , and later charged in juvenile court . 000000001979 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1979 San Diego , California ! San Diego , California 9 Cleveland Elementary School shooting : 16 - year - old Brenda Spencer opened fire on Grover Cleveland Elementary School from her home across the street , killing two adults and wounding nine people . 000000001979 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1979 Milwaukee , Wisconsin ! Milwaukee , Wisconsin 0 17 - year - old Timothy Stahle was critically wounded in the leg and upper thigh , with shot gun pellets , as he threw rocks at the windows of Wisconsin Lutheran High School . 28 - year - old school janitor , Kenneth B. Stein , was arrested . 000000001979 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1979 Charlestown , Massachusetts ! Charlestown , Massachusetts 0 15 - year - old sophomore , Darryl Williams , was shot in the neck by a sniper during the half - time interval , while standing with teammates and coach in the end zone of the Charlestown High School football field . The player for the predominantly black Jamaica Plain High School team was left paralysed . A racial motivation was determined by Mayor Kevin White . 17 - year - old white youths , Joseph Nardone and Stephen McGonagle , were charged with the shooting and received ten year sentences . 1980s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001980 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 1980 Stamps , Arkansas ! Stamps , Arkansas 0 16 - year - old Evan Hampton , high school freshman student at Stamps High School , waited in a classroom for 19 - year - old student Mike Sanders , whom he immediately killed . Hampton went to the principal 's office , turned in the gun and waited for his arrest by police . 000000001980 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 1980 Dallas , Texas ! Dallas , Texas 0 49 - year - old fifth grade teacher , Rosie Pearson , was killed in J. Leslie Patton School by an unknown assailant . 000000001980 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1980 Big Rapids , Michigan ! Big Rapids , Michigan 0 Business professor Robert Brauer was killed in class by his 20 - year - old student , Thomas Kakonis , at Ferris State College ; Kakonis had failed an exam in his class . Kakonis is the son of an associate dean at the college . 000000001980 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 1980 Hueytown , Alabama ! Hueytown , Alabama 17 - year - old Rudy Farmer , pulled out a . 22 caliber pistol and wounded a fellow student in the art room of Hueytown High School , he then turned his gun on himself . 000000001981 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1981 Fayetteville , Arkansas ! Fayetteville , Arkansas 19 - year - old former freshman , James Howard Taylor , brought a 12 - gauge single - shot shotgun into the Delta Delta Delta sorority house on the University of Arkansas campus . He entered the house at 5 : 45 p.m. and terrorized an initiation dinner . After attempting to negotiate a surrender , he was shot by police when he aimed his shot gun into the dining room . 000000001981 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1981 Ann Arbor , Michigan ! Ann Arbor , Michigan 0 As students fled their rooms , after a homemade firebomb set a minor blaze on the sixth floor hallway of Bursley Hall dormitory , 22 - year - old psychology student , Leo E. Kelly Jr. , fired a sawn - off 12 - gauge shotgun at his University of Michigan schoolmates at point - blank range . 19 - year - old pre-medical student , Edward Siwik , and 21 - year - old resident advisor , Douglas C. McGreaham , died at hospitals a few hours later . Kelly had been dismissed from UM once and was on the verge of another dismissal because of falling grades . In 1982 , he was convicted on two counts of first - degree murder and sentenced to life . 000000001981 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1981 Portland , Oregon ! Portland , Oregon 0 Shortly before noon in Engineering Hall on the school 's campus in north Portland , 34 - year - old University of Portland night janitor , John C. Holbrook , killed 37 - year - old engineering teacher , Brian D. Massey , before taking his own life . 000000001982 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1982 Las Vegas , Nevada ! Las Vegas , Nevada 17 - year - old Valley High School student , Patrick Lizotte , killed his teacher Clarence Pigott and wounded two students . 000000001982 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 1982 Littleton , Colorado ! Littleton , Colorado 0 13 - year - old Deer Creek Junior High School student , Scott Darwin Michael , was killed by 14 - year - old classmate , Jason Price Rocha . Rocha was tried as an adult and sentenced to twelve years , plus one year of parole . 000000001982 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 1982 Jackson , Mississippi ! Jackson , Mississippi 0 18 - year - old school dropout , James Hartzog , killed his girlfriend , 17 - year - old Faye Williams in her algebra class at Wingfield High School . Hartzog then took his own life . 000000001983 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1983 St. Louis County , Missouri ! St. Louis County , Missouri Eighth grade Parkway South Middle School student David F. Lawler entered a study hall classroom and opened fire , killing 15 - year - old Randall Koger , and injuring 15 - year - old Greg Saffo . Lawler then took his own life . - 000000001983 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 1983 Dallas , Texas ! Dallas , Texas 0 Billy Conn Gardner , a friend of a food service worker 's husband , robbed the Lake Highlands High School cafeteria manager at gun point as she was counting day 's revenue in the office . Gardner shot her and took $1,600 . He was later arrested , convicted , and sentenced to death for the crime . 000000001984 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1984 Los Angeles , California ! Los Angeles , California 12 Tyrone Mitchell killed two people and wounded twelve others when shooting at students leaving 49th Street Elementary School . 000000001984 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1984 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0 13 - year - old Kelly Crittendon , was accidentally killed by two classmates in a classroom at the Precious Blood School . 000000001984 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 1984 Pleasant Hill , Iowa ! Pleasant Hill , Iowa 0 17 - year - old student , Todd Dunahoo , killed 16 - year - old Valerie Rockafellow in the hallway at Southeast Polk High School , then turned the gun on himself . 000000001984 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1984 North Richland Hills , Texas ! North Richland Hills , Texas 0 1981 alumnus Barry Wayne Shaw returned to his alma mater Richland High School carrying a 9mm Uzi submachine gun , an AR - 15 strapped across his neck and a . 45 - caliber pistol in a shoulder harness looking for Ms. Ball , his English teacher . Ms. Ball 's classroom had recently moved across the campus , something Barry did n't know at the time . He ran across the roof and jumped down into the courtyard before entering the building and starting his search . After some time , he finally gave up the hunt , yelled out `` Homecoming , homecoming , '' and sprayed the school 's foyer with 30 rounds of ammunition . His bullets struck windows and the ceiling , but none of the dozen or so students who were also in the foyer at the time . However , a male student was injured by flying debris . Principal Ray Williams arrived after Barry had fired his last shot to confront him . Barry threw both rifles at Ray , saying `` I did it . '' Ray had Barry sit down and wait for the police while he inspected his students for injuries . Barry offered no resistance . He was wearing a white t - shirt under a khaki - colored vest with flap pockets , blue jeans and cowboy boots when he was arrested . Over the weekend , it was discovered that Barry had killed Dallas karate instructor Jimmy Glen Wilson and wounded Rudy Smedley earlier in the week with the submachine gun . He was charged with two counts of intent to commit murder , one count of retaliation and one count of murder . 000000001984 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 1984 Celina , Ohio ! Celina , Ohio 0 45 - year - old Shirley Shindeldecker , killed school bus driver 54 - year - old Gene Green , as he stopped to pick up the son of Shindeldecker 's estranged husband . After serving nineteen months of her sentence , Shindeldecker was found innocent by reason of insanity , and released . 000000001985 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1985 Goddard , Kansas ! Goddard , Kansas Armed with a rifle and a handgun , 14 - year - old James Alan Kearbey , killed principal , James McGee , and wounded two teachers and a student at Goddard Junior High School . 000000001985 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 1985 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0 6 Murray - Wright High School shooting : During half - time of the homecoming football game between Northwestern and Murray - Wright high schools , a youth opened fire with a shotgun , injuring six students with whom he had fought earlier in the day . 000000001985 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 1985 Spanaway , Washington ! Spanaway , Washington 0 14 - year - old Heather Smith , killed 15 - year - old Gordon Pickett , who was her ex-boyfriend , and 14 - year - old Christopher Ricco , in the gymnasium at Spanaway Junior High School . She later took her own life . 000000001985 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 1985 Concord , New Hampshire ! Concord , New Hampshire 0 At Concord High School , Louis Cartier , a 16 - year - old dropout , entered the school with a shotgun and took students hostage , 18 - year - old Patrick Lena Lena and 16 - year - old Scott Hayes . Responding police officers fatally shot him after he aimed at football coach , Don LeBrun . 000000001985 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1985 Portland , Connecticut ! Portland , Connecticut After being suspended for refusing to take off his hat while at school , 13 - year - old student Floyd Warmsley pulled out a firearm at Portland Junior High School , shooting and wounding the 53 - year - old school secretary Lynn Haddad , and killing 36 - year - old janitor David Bangston . 000000001986 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 1986 Dolton , Illinois ! Dolton , Illinois 0 At about 9 : 40 a.m. , as 52 - year - old math teacher Norma Cooper ` s third - period algebra class was beginning in a second - floor classroom in the C Building at Thornridge High School , she was shot in the shoulder by a freshman student , with a large - caliber handgun , registered to the youth ` s father , a security guard . He is charged with attempted murder , unlawful use of a weapon and aggravated battery . The freshman , a resident of Harvey , was enrolled in the class and apparently had recently received poor grades . 000000001986 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1986 Senath , Missouri ! Senath , Missouri 0 A new student , 16 - year - old Ritchie Overman , killed studious 15 - year - old Leslie Lynn Wyatt , using a 20 - gauge shotgun , in front of twenty - six `` totally horrified '' science class students and teacher Sheila Adams , at Senath - Hornersville High School . 000000001986 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 1986 Fayetteville , North Carolina ! Fayetteville , North Carolina 0 A 17 - year - old student shot three classmates at Pine Forest High School with a . 25 - caliber handgun wounding them . One student was critically injured and treated for a neck wound . 000000001986 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 1986 Cokeville , Wyoming ! Cokeville , Wyoming 74 Cokeville Elementary School hostage crisis : 43 - year - old former town marshal David Young , and his 47 - year - old wife , Doris Young , took 136 children and eighteen adults hostage at Cokeville Elementary School . 000000001986 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 1986 Lewistown , Montana ! Lewistown , Montana 14 - year - old Kristofer Hans intended to shoot his French teacher at Fergus High School , for a failing grade . Instead , Henrietta Smith , who was substituting for LaVonne Simonfy , was shot in the face and died . Hans fired several other shots as he fled , wounding vice principal John Moffatt , and two students . He then ran about a mile to his home , where he was arrested after the police surrounded his house . A classmate said Hans had repeatedly threatened to kill Ms. Simonfy , saying , `` I 'm going to blow Simonfy 's head off . '' He was charged as an adult , convicted and sentenced to 206 years in prison . 000000001987 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 1987 Northridge , California ! Northridge , California 0 35 - year - old associate professor of Computer Science Djamshid ( Amir ) Asgari was confronted in the Engineering Building of California State University , Northridge by 25 - year - old graduate student Fawwaz Abdin . Abdin was angry about a low grade Asgari had given him a year earlier , which caused him to be put on academic probation . After Asgari refused to change his grade , Abdin shot him twice , then himself . Asgari later died at the Northridge Hospital . 000000001987 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1987 De Kalb , Missouri ! De Kalb , Missouri 0 After constant teasing about his weight , 12 - year - old honors student Nathan Ferris killed a 13 - year - old classmate , Timothy Perrin , then turned the gun on himself . 000000001987 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1987 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan Murray - Wright High School second shooting : A ninth - grade student at Murray - Wright High School killed 17 - year - old Chester Jackson , a student athlete , and wounded 17 - year - old Damon Matthews , and 18 - year - old Tomeka Turner . 000000001987 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1987 Lansing , Illinois ! Lansing , Illinois 0 After being kicked off the soccer team for smoking on school grounds , 16 - year - old student Blake Docter , of Illiana Christian High School wounded 44 - year - old John Hoogewerf in the chest , the teacher who had reported him for smoking . 000000001987 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1987 Katy , Texas ! Katy , Texas 0 After being refused a date from his classmate , 15 year - old Ramesh Guzman Tumalad shot and killed himself with a . 357 Magnum revolver before 23 of his fellow freshman Algebra students at Mayde Creek High School . The evening prior to the shooting , the boy discussed committing suicide to the girl after she informed school administration of his obsession with her . 000000001988 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1988 Largo , Florida ! Largo , Florida Pinellas Park_High shooting : 15 - year - old students , Jason Harless and Jason McCoy , took stolen . 38 - caliber revolvers to Pinellas Park High School . Harless shot two assistant principals and a student - teacher inside the school 's cafeteria . 53 - year - old Richard Allen died from his injuries , Nancy Blackwelder and intern Joseph Bloznalis were wounded . 000000001988 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1988 Winnetka , Illinois ! Winnetka , Illinois 5 30 - year - old Laurie Dann , killed 8 - year - old Nick Corwin , inside Hubbard Woods School . Five additional students were wounded . Dann later committed suicide after taking hostages in a nearby home . 000000001988 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1988 Milwaukee , Wisconsin ! Milwaukee , Wisconsin 0 25 - year - old Robin Jenkins , was shot in the elbow after a basketball game turned violent about 7 : 45 p.m. at Siefert Elementary School . A 28 - year - old man was taken into custody the following day . 000000001988 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1988 Greenwood , South Carolina ! Greenwood , South Carolina 9 Oakland Elementary School shooting : 19 - year - old James William Wilson entered Oakland Elementary School and started firing shots in the cafeteria . Two students were wounded and a first - grade teacher . After reloading his gun in a girls ' restroom , he was confronted by physical education teacher , Kat Finkbeiner , who tried to stop him ; she was wounded twice . He then entered a third - grade classroom and shot toward the students , killing 8 - year - olds Shequila Tawoon Bradley and Tequila Maria Thomas , and wounding five others . 000000001988 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 1988 Abilene , Texas ! Abilene , Texas 0 16 - year - old student Mason Staggs shot Cooper High School teacher , Rick Maloney in the face with a pistol , severely injuring the teacher . Staggs left the school and went fishing . 000000001988 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1988 Virginia Beach , Virginia ! Virginia Beach , Virginia At Atlantic Shores Christian School , 16 - year - old student Nicholas Elliott shot two teachers with a Mac - 10 9 - millimeter machine pistol , killing 41 - year - old Karen Farley , and critically wounding 37 - year - old Sam Marino , then began firing on a classroom full of students before the gun jammed and any students were hit . 000000001989 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1989 Stockton , California ! Stockton , California 6 32 Stockton schoolyard shooting : 24 - year - old Patrick Edward Purdy fatally shot five children and wounded 32 others at the Cleveland Elementary School , before taking his own life . The victims were children of refugees from Southeast Asia . Purdy had a history of violence , alcoholism and drug addiction , and criminality . 000000001989 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1989 Kearns , Utah ! Kearns , Utah 0 0 At Thomas Jefferson Junior High School , a 12 - year - old boy fired a handgun at a vice principal , William Crumbaugh . No one was injured . 000000001989 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1989 McKeesport , Pennsylvania ! McKeesport , Pennsylvania While riding the school bus , 16 - year - old Serra Catholic High School student , Robert Butler , shot 16 - year - old schoolmate , Adam Ference , in the back of the head before fatally shooting himself . Ference was in critical condition but survived . 1990s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001990 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 1990 Brooklyn , New York ! Brooklyn , New York 0 A black youth was taunted with racial slurs by three white youths in the stairwell of a public school in the Bensonhurst area of Brooklyn . The 14 - year - old was then shot and slightly wounded , because he had acted as peacemaker when the same boys had clashed with another black teen the month before . 000000001990 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1990 San Antonio , Texas ! San Antonio , Texas 0 3 students were wounded when gunfire broke out at Sam Houston High School . The incident took place at 11 : 55 a.m. and was gang related . 17 - year - old John Campbell was wounded in the right foot , 18 - year - old Larry Johnson was wounded in the right thigh and calf , and a 16 - year - old received a chest wound . 18 - year - old Kenneth Wolford , and two other male students were arrested and charged . 000000001991 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1991 Donna , Texas ! Donna , Texas 0 15 - year - old Raul Calvo fatally shot himself while playing Russian roulette inside a biology classroom at Donna High School . 000000001991 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 1991 Compton , California ! Compton , California 0 A teenager aimed and fired a handgun at a security guard who had chased him and three friends off the grounds of Ralph J. Bunche Middle School . He instead killed 11 - year - old Alejandro Vargas , a bystander and student at the school . 000000001991 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1991 Crosby , Texas ! Crosby , Texas 0 17 - year - old Arthur Jermel Jack , was killed by 15 - year - old LaKeeta Cadoree , in the cafeteria at Crosby High School . 000000001991 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 1991 Iowa City , Iowa ! Iowa City , Iowa 6 University of Iowa shooting : 28 - year - old former graduate student , Gang Lu , killed four members of University of Iowa 's faculty and a research student , and seriously wounded another student . 47 - year - old professor of physics and astronomy , Christoph K. Goertz , 45 - year - old associate professor of physics and astronomy , Robert Alan Smith , 44 - year - old chairman of the physics and astronomy department , Dwight R. Nicholson , 56 - year - old associate vice president for academic affairs , Dr. Theresa Anne Cleary , shot in the head and died the following day , and 27 - year - old research investigator in physics and astronomy , Dr. Shan Linhua. 23 - year - old Miya Rodolfo - Sioson , Dr. Cleary 's temporary student receptionist in the grievance office , survived but was left paralyzed from the neck down . Lu then shot himself in the head , he died shortly after police arrived . 000000001991 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 1991 Brooklyn , New York ! Brooklyn , New York 0 Thomas Jefferson High School shooting : During an argument between two teens , a stray bullet killed a third , uninvolved 16 - year - old student . In 1992 , 14 - year - old shooter Jason Bentley , was sentenced to three to nine years in prison . 000000001991 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1991 Kent , Ohio ! Kent , Ohio 0 51 - year - old custodian , John Frazier , was killed outside a campus auditorium of Kent State University . 000000001992 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1992 Kent , Ohio ! Kent , Ohio 0 26 - year - old graduate student , Sarah Smith , was wounded in the chest as she was waiting for her husband to pick her up at Kent State University . 000000001992 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 1992 Bloomington , Indiana ! Bloomington , Indiana 0 Indiana University graduate student , Susan Clements , was shot to death in her dorm by a former boyfriend before he committed suicide . A friend that attempted to intervene , Steven Molen , was also shot and critically injured ; he died several days later . Indiana University . 000000001992 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 1992 Brooklyn , New York ! Brooklyn , New York 0 Thomas Jefferson High School second shooting : 15 - year - old Kahlil Sumpter , killed fellow students , 16 - year - old Tyrone Sinkler and 17 - year - old Ian Moore , on the school 's second - floor hallway . In 1993 , he was sentenced to between 62⁄3 and twenty years in prison . He was released on parole in 1998 . March 5 , 1992 Obetz , Ohio 0 Hamilton Middle School : Gordon W. Dye Jr. shot his bully Gregg Johnson in a with a . 22 - caliber pistol in the school cafeteria . Gregg was rushed to Children 's Hospital in Columbus where doctors found the bullet and traced it 's path . It had entered between Gregg 's eyes and traveled the nasal sinuses where it shattered bones . Its trajectory was parallel to the bottom of the skull and was deflected by part of the skull base . This deflection sent the bullet on a downward path , to the adenoids . 000000001992 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1992 Olivehurst , California ! Olivehurst , California 10 Lindhurst High School shooting : Former student , 20 - year - old Eric Houston , killed three students and one teacher , and wounded nine other students and teacher before surrendering to police . 000000001992 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1992 Amarillo , Texas ! Amarillo , Texas 0 7 Following a pep rally , in a hallway near the activity center of Palo Duro High School , for the evening football match - up against Hereford High , 17 year old Randy Earl Matthews shot and wounded 7 students with a . 22 caliber pistol . Matthews had attended the school for 9 days when the incident occurred and was believed to have been bullied at his previous school in Memphis Texas . Matthews was charged with one count attempted murder , five counts aggravated assault , and one count of unlawfully carrying a weapon onto school grounds . He served eight years . 000000001992 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 1992 The Bronx , New York ! The Bronx , New York 0 Two 14 - year - old girls and a 16 - year - old boy were shot at outside a Bronx high school . 000000001992 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1992 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0 11 11 students were hit by gunfire during a four - hour period in three separate school incidents , five were hospitalized . Six students at Finney High School were grazed by buckshot after three ski - masked gunmen opened fire in a crowded hallway . A 14 - year - old was in custody for shooting three Foch Middle School students as they passed by the Marcus Garvey Academy . In the third incident , 16 - year - old DeWayne Boyd was hit in the chest , when shots were fired at two Mumford High School students . January 6 , 1993 Brentwood , New York 0 Brentwood High School . Former student , Matthew Hunter , was shot by two gunmen during a basketball game between Brentwood High School and Sachem High School . The assault was over a dispute about the theft of a gold chain . 000000001993 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1993 Grayson , Kentucky ! Grayson , Kentucky 0 East Carter High School shooting : 17 - year - old Scott Pennington , a student at East Carter High School , fatally shot his 48 - year - old English teacher , Deanna McDavid , and 52 - year - old head custodian , Marvin Hicks . 000000001993 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1993 Los Angeles , California ! Los Angeles , California 0 15 - year - old Robert Heard , fatally shot 17 - year - old Michael Shean Ensley in the corridor of the Reseda High School 's science building . 000000001993 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 1993 Acushnet , Massachusetts ! Acushnet , Massachusetts 0 44 - year - old David Taber entered Ford Middle School and took three hostages . He killed school nurse Carol Day . He was found not guilty of the murder by reason of insanity . 000000001993 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1993 Irving , Texas ! Irving , Texas 0 17 - year - old Max Alexander Martinez , killed 17 - year - old Jose Balderas , with a . 38 caliber revolver in a hallway in Nimitz High School during a dispute over girls . 000000001993 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 1993 Pennsburg , Pennsylvania ! Pennsburg , Pennsylvania 0 15 - year - old student Jason Smith killed another student who had bullied him at Upper Perkiomen High School . He was charged as an adult and sentenced to between twelve and twenty - five years in prison . 000000001993 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1993 Sheridan , Wyoming ! Sheridan , Wyoming 29 - year - old Kevin Newman , wounded four students before killing himself at Central Junior High School . 000000001993 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1993 New Britain , Connecticut ! New Britain , Connecticut 0 18 - year - old Miguel DeJesus , was gunned down on the steps of New Britain High School . Rival gang members , 24 - year - old Maurice Flanagan and 23 - year - old Thomas Mejia , were charged . 000000001993 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1993 Wauwatosa , Wisconsin ! Wauwatosa , Wisconsin 0 Wauwatosa West High School shooting : 21 - year - old former student , Leonard D. McDowell , shot 46 - year - old associate principal , Dale Breitlow , three times with a revolver in a second - floor hallway of Wauwatosa West High School . McDowell was found guilty of the murder and sane at the time of the shooting , he was sentenced to life in prison . His sentence was upheld by the state Court of Appeals in April 1997 . 000000001994 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1994 Columbia , South Carolina ! Columbia , South Carolina 0 18 - year - old Floyd Eugene Brown , shot fellow Eau Claire High School student , 17 - year - old Earnest Dunlap , following an argument the week before . Brown was arrested shortly after at his home . A 16 - year - old boy was also arrested for kicking Dunlap after the shooting . 000000001994 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1994 Seattle , Washington ! Seattle , Washington 0 24 - year - old Darrell Cloud , a former student at Whitman Middle School in North Seattle , killed 45 - year - old Neal Summers , who had sexually abused Cloud since he was thirteen . Cloud served nine years in prison . He later received a $250,000 settlement in a civil suit against Seattle Schools , charging that Summers had not been adequately supervised . 000000001994 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1994 Spartanburg , South Carolina ! Spartanburg , South Carolina 0 At around 10 p.m. , 24 - year - old Roosevelt Johnson was shot in the leg , after a basketball game at Spartanburg High School . 000000001994 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1994 Boonville , Missouri ! Boonville , Missouri 0 33 - year - old Dante D. Hayes , a hunter and ex-convict , killed 58 - year - old Richard Vancena , a cafeteria manager , and 33 - year - old Robin Michelle Coleman , a cook , in the mess hall of Kemper Military School and College . He was drunk and looking for his wife Anna Hayes with whom he had a fight the night before . No students were harmed . 000000001994 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 1994 Butte , Montana ! Butte , Montana 0 10 - year - old Jason Osmanson , teased because his parents have AIDS , killed an 11 - year - old student on the playground of Margaret Leary Elementary School . Osmanson was sent to a private residential treatment center . 000000001994 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1994 Nashville , Tennessee ! Nashville , Tennessee 0 14 - year - old Jeremy Bryant , killed 13 - year - old Terrence Murray , in music class at J.T. Moore Middle School . 000000001994 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1994 Greensboro , North Carolina ! Greensboro , North Carolina After being suspended for smoking , 16 - year - old Nicholas Atkinson , returned to Grimsley High School with a 9 mm pistol . After wounding assistant principal , Bill Whites , Atkinson took his own life . 000000001994 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 1994 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 A 16 - year - old female student was shot in the thigh outside Hubbard High School when a teenage boy rode past on a bicycle and fired into a crowd . It is believed the shooting was meant for rival gang members , but the girl was hit instead . The boy lived in the neighborhood . 000000001994 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 1994 Wickliffe , Ohio ! Wickliffe , Ohio Wickliffe Middle School shooting : 37 - year - old former student , Keith A. Ledeger , killed 41 - year - old custodian , Pete Christopher , at Wickliffe Middle School , and wounded 47 - year - old assistant principal , Jim Anderson , 47 - year - old police officer , Thomas Schmidt , and 50 - year - old teacher , Lowell Grimm , before being injured and taken into custody . December 14 , 1994 Albany , New York 0 Ralph J. Tortorici , 26 , a military veteran and psychology major at the State University of New York at Albany held hostage a large lecture hall from 9 : 10 a.m. until 11 : 30 a.m. Tortorici , armed with a . 270 - caliber rifle with more than two dozen rounds of ammunition and a hunting knife , walked into the ancient history class of Hans Pohlsander , saying , `` Do n't worry . Nobody move . You guys are getting held hostage . '' The standoff ended when Tortorici had his gun taken away by Jason McEnaney , a 19 - year - old student . McEnaney was shot in the leg , groin , and abdomen in the exchange . Tortorici suffered from a well - document history of mental illness , argued during the hostage crisis that the government had implanted a control chip in his head during a procedure at Albany Medical Center , and ultimately committed suicide in 1999 in prison while serving a 15 1 / 2 year sentence . 000000001995 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1995 Seattle , Washington ! Seattle , Washington 0 A 15 - year - old student at Garfield High School left school during the day and returned with his grandfather 's handgun . He wounded two students . 000000001995 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 1995 Tavares , Florida ! Tavares , Florida 0 14 - year - old student Keith E. Johnson , killed 13 - year - old Joey Summerall , at Tavares Middle School with a handgun that he had stolen from his neighbor 's home . He was convicted and sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole . 000000001995 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1995 Blackville , South Carolina ! Blackville , South Carolina Blackville - Hilda High School shooting : Suspended student , 16 - year - old Toby R. Sincino , killed 56 - year - old math teacher , Phyllis Senn , and wounded 38 - year - old math teacher , Johhnny Thompson , before committing suicide at Blackville - Hilda High School . 000000001995 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1995 Lynnville , Tennessee ! Lynnville , Tennessee Richland High School shooting : 17 - year - old James Rouse , killed a student and teacher at Richland High School and seriously wounded another teacher with a rifle . 000000001996 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 1996 Washington , D.C. ! Washington , D.C. 0 Two masked gunmen killed 14 - year - old Damion Blocker in a stairwell at Winston Education Center . 16 - year - old shooter , Darrick Evans , was sentenced to 41 years to life in prison . 000000001996 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1996 Moses Lake , Washington ! Moses Lake , Washington Frontier Middle School shooting : 14 - year - old Barry Loukaitis , killed a teacher and two students and wounded another student when he opened fire on his algebra class . Loukaitis was sentenced to life in prison . 000000001996 - 02 - 29 - 0000 February 29 , 1996 St. Louis , Missouri ! St. Louis , Missouri 30 - year - old Mark Boyd , hired 23 - year - old Malik Nettles , to kill 15 - year - old Kyunia Taylor , as she rode on a school bus bound for Beaumont High School . Taylor was pregnant with a child fathered by Boyd , a baby girl was delivered by emergency caesarean section , but died 23 days later . The bus driver was also shot , he survived . 000000001996 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1996 San Diego , California ! San Diego , California 0 San Diego State University shooting : At San Diego State University , 36 - year - old graduate student , Frederick Martin Davidson , killed three professors , 32 - year - old Chen Liang , 44 - year - old D. Preston Lowrey III , and 36 - year - old Costas Lyrintzis , that he believed were involved in a conspiracy against him . Davidson was sentenced to serve three life terms . 000000001996 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1996 State College , Pennsylvania ! State College , Pennsylvania 19 - year - old Jillian Robbins , killed one student and injured two outside Pennsylvania State University 's HUB -- Robeson Center . 000000001996 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1996 Decatur , Georgia ! Decatur , Georgia 16 - year - old David Dubose Jr. , killed English teacher , Horace Morgan , on the steps of Dekalb Alternative School . Dubose was found not guilty by reason of insanity and was committed indefinitely to a state mental hospital . 000000001996 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1996 Sherwood , Arkansas ! Sherwood , Arkansas 0 14 - year - old Willis Ward Johnson , killed 20 - year - old James Earl Routt , as they rode a school bus . 000000001997 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1997 West Palm Beach , Florida ! West Palm Beach , Florida 0 14 - year - old Conniston Middle School student , Tronneal Mangum , fatally shot 14 - year - old classmate , John Pierre Kamel , just minutes before school started , over a $40 debt . 000000001997 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 1997 Bethel , Alaska ! Bethel , Alaska Bethel Regional High School shooting : 16 - year - old student , Evan Ramsey , killed Bethel Regional High School principal , Ron Edwards , and 15 - year - old student , Joshua Palacios , and wounded two other students . 000000001997 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1997 Pearl , Mississippi ! Pearl , Mississippi 7 Pearl High School shooting : 16 - year - old Luke Woodham , murdered his 50 - year - old mother , Mary , at home before killing his ex-girlfriend , 16 - year - old student , Christina Menefee , and 17 - year - old student , Lydia Kaye Dew , then wounding seven others at Pearl High School . 000000001997 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 1997 Palmetto , Florida ! Palmetto , Florida 0 After an argument between them the day before , 13 - year - old Brandon Hartsoe took a . 38 revolver from his mother 's dresser drawer and shot 13 - year - old Lincoln Middle School classmate , Trent Murray , in the back causing serious injury , then continued to fire three more shots in the general area of other students . Hartsoe was sentenced in 1998 to serve until his 18th birthday . His probation was set to end in October 2009 . 000000001997 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1997 West Paducah , Kentucky ! West Paducah , Kentucky 5 Heath High School shooting : Three students were killed and five wounded by 14 - year - old Michael Carneal , as they participated in a prayer circle . Carneal was sentenced to life in prison . 000000001997 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1997 Stamps , Arkansas ! Stamps , Arkansas 0 Concealed in a wooded area on school grounds , 14 - year - old Joseph `` Colt '' Todd , wounded two students as they were entering Stamps High School . 000000001998 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1998 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ! Philadelphia , Pennsylvania At around 4 : 15 p.m. , gunfire broke out as a crowd streamed from the Palestra after a high school championship basketball game near the University of Pennsylvania . A 22 - year - old man was shot in the back and killed , and a student working at the fine arts building was shot in the leg . 000000001998 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1998 Craighead County , Arkansas ! Craighead County , Arkansas 5 10 Westside Middle School shootings : 13 - year - old Mitchell Johnson , and 11 - year - old Andrew Golden , killed a teacher and four students , and wounded ten others , as Westside Middle School emptied during a fire alarm intentionally set off by Golden . 000000001998 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1998 Edinboro , Pennsylvania ! Edinboro , Pennsylvania Parker Middle School dance shooting : 14 - year - old student , Andrew Wurst , fatally shot 48 - year - old teacher , John Gillette , and wounded two students and another teacher at an 8th grade graduation dance . He is serving a thirty to sixty - year sentence in a prison for young offenders . 000000001998 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1998 Fayetteville , Tennessee ! Fayetteville , Tennessee 0 18 - year - old Jacob Lee Davis , shot 18 - year - old Robert Creson , at Lincoln County High School in a dispute over a girl . Davis received a life sentence on July 29 , 1999 . 000000001998 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1998 Springfield , Oregon ! Springfield , Oregon 23 Thurston High School shooting : After killing his parents at home , 15 - year - old Kip Kinkel , drove to Thurston High School , where he killed two students and wounded 23 others . After pleading guilty , he was sentenced to 111 years of prison . 000000001998 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1998 Richmond , Virginia ! Richmond , Virginia 0 14 - year - old student , Quinshawn Brooker , wounded 45 - year - old basketball coach and history teacher , Gregory Carter , and 74 - year - old Head Start volunteer , Eloise Wilson , in the hallway of Armstrong High School . 000000001998 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1998 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0 52 - year - old Professor Andrzej Olbrot , was killed by 48 - year - old graduate doctoral student , Wlodzimierz Dedecjusat , at Wayne State University . 000000001999 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 1999 Carrollton , Georgia ! Carrollton , Georgia 0 15 - year - old Andrea Garrett was found dead and 17 - year - old Jeff Miller seriously wounded in the girls ' restroom at Central Carrollton County High School , after a suspected suicide pact . Miller died the next day . 000000001999 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1999 Notus , Idaho ! Notus , Idaho 0 0 15 - year - old Shawn Cooper , fired two shots from a shotgun near the front desk at Notus Jr . Sr. High School . There were no serious injuries , but some students were close enough to the blast to be grazed by shrapnel from the tile floor . Cooper had been undergoing treatment for bipolar disorder . 000000001999 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1999 Littleton , Colorado ! Littleton , Colorado 15 21 Columbine High School massacre : 18 - year - old Eric Harris and 17 - year - old Dylan Klebold , students at Columbine High School , killed twelve students and one teacher . They injured 21 additional people , and three more were injured while attempting to escape the school . The pair committed suicide at the end of the massacre . 000000001999 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1999 Conyers , Georgia ! Conyers , Georgia 0 6 15 - year - old student Thomas `` T.J. '' Solomon Jr. , wounded six students at Heritage High School . A 15 - year - old girl was hospitalized in critical condition , and the other victims suffered from non-life - threatening injuries . Solomon initially faced up to 351 years of prison if convicted of aggravated assault and other charges . In 2000 he was found guilty but mentally ill and was sentenced to forty years in prison and sixty - five years of probation . 000000001999 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1999 Bloomington , Indiana ! Bloomington , Indiana 0 A Korean computer science graduate student attending Indiana University was killed by white supremacist Benjamin Nathaniel Smith , a former Indiana University student , while he was on his way to services at the Korean United Methodist Church near the Indiana University campus 000000001999 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1999 Deming , New Mexico ! Deming , New Mexico 0 13 - year - old Victor Cordova Jr. , fatally shot 13 - year - old Deming Middle School schoolmate , Araceli Tena . Cordova said he had intended to commit suicide but was jostled by others and his gun moved . 000000001999 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 1999 Fort Gibson , Oklahoma ! Fort Gibson , Oklahoma 0 6 Before his middle school opened , 13 - year - old Seth Trickey opened fire in the courtyard . While there were no fatalities , several students felt sparks from the bullets hitting the building walls . Five were injured , including a girl who was shot in the face . Trickey brought the gun from home . 21st Century ( edit ) 2000s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000002000 - 02 - 29 - 0000 February 29 , 2000 Flint , Michigan ! Flint , Michigan 0 Shooting of Kayla Rolland : At Buell Elementary School , 6 - year - old Dedrick Owens fatally shot 6 - year - old classmate Kayla Rolland . Owens has since been the youngest documented school shooter . 000000002000 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2000 Lake Worth , Florida ! Lake Worth , Florida 0 13 - year - old honor student , Nathaniel Brazill , was sent home for throwing water balloons , but returned to his Lake Worth Middle School with a family pistol . He fatally shot teacher Barry Grunow , a popular teacher , he was Brazill 's favorite . 000000002000 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 2000 Seattle , Washington ! Seattle , Washington 0 58 - year - old Director of the Division of Pathology of the University of Washington Medical Center , Rodger C. Haggitt , M.D. , was shot dead by 42 - year - old Chinese ( Taiwan ) emigrant and then U.S. citizen , Jian Chen , M.D. , who had just completed his second year of forensic pathology residency training and had been notified of his contract non-renewal ( which Dr. Chen wrote would dishonor his family ) . Dr. Haggitt would later be honored with his name upon the History of the Rodger C. Haggitt Gastrointestinal Pathology Society . 000000002000 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2000 Fayetteville , Arkansas ! Fayetteville , Arkansas 0 36 - year - old James Easton Kelly , a PhD candidate in Comparative Literature at University of Arkansas , killed 67 - year - old Dr. John R. Locke , the English professor overseeing his coursework . Kelly had been dismissed from this PhD program for lack of progress toward his degree . Kelly shot Dr. Locke three times before committing suicide in the director 's office , which had been isolated by campus police . 000000002000 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 2000 New Orleans , Louisiana ! New Orleans , Louisiana 0 13 year - olds Darrel Johnson , and Alfred Anderson were initially charged with attempted first - degree murder in the shooting of 15 year - old William Pennington . Pennington , after being shot , managed to gain control of the gun and shoot Johnson in the back . Charges were later reduced to Aggravated Battery . 000000002000 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2000 San Diego , California ! San Diego , California 0 A 15 - year - old Junipero Serra High School student who showed off a handgun on campus and threatened to shoot a classmate , ended up accidentally shooting himself , causing minor injuries . 000000002001 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 2001 Santee , California ! Santee , California 13 Santana High School shooting : 15 - year - old student , Charles Andrew Williams , killed two students , 14 - year - old Bryan Zuckor , and 15 - year - old Randy Gordon , at Santana High School and wounded thirteen others . He was arrested and convicted of murder and attempted murder . He was sentenced to life with the chance of parole after serving fifty years . 000000002001 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 2001 Williamsport , Pennsylvania ! Williamsport , Pennsylvania 0 14 - year - old student , Elizabeth Catherine Bush , wounded fellow student Kimberly Marchese in the cafeteria of Bishop Neumann High School . 000000002001 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2001 Spring , Texas ! Spring , Texas 0 13 year - old female student committed suicide with a handgun in a bathroom stall at Kleb Intermediate School . 000000002001 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2001 Parkland , Washington ! Parkland , Washington 0 40 - year - old music instructor and organist James D. Holloway was shot multiple times with a . 22 - caliber handgun at Pacific Lutheran University by a 55 - year - old man from Tacoma . The shooter was not a student or employee of the university and also killed himself . The victim was apparently chosen at random as the shooter had a personal dispute with a different staff member who was not on campus that day . 000000002001 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2001 El Cajon , California ! El Cajon , California 0 5 18 - year - old former student , Jason Hoffman , opened fire at Granite Hills High School , injuring five people . He was convicted of assault and sentenced to prison , where he committed suicide in 2002 . 000000002001 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2001 Gary , Indiana ! Gary , Indiana 0 17 - year - old Donald Ray Burt Jr. , fatally shot Neal Boyd , IV with one bullet to the head in a parking lot outside Lew Wallace High School . 000000002002 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 2002 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 17 - year - old Vincent Rodriguez , wounded two students at Martin Luther King , Jr . High School in Manhattan , with a semi-automatic pistol . He was retaliating for the victims having harassed his girlfriend . In February 2003 , Rodriguez was sentenced to ten years in prison on charges of assault and attempted assault . 000000002002 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2002 Grundy , Virginia ! Grundy , Virginia Appalachian School of Law shooting : Recently dismissed graduate student , 42 - year - old Peter Odighizuwa , killed three at the Appalachian School of Law . 42 - year - old dean Anthony Sutin , and 41 - year - old professor Thomas Blackwell were killed along with 33 - year - old student , Angela Dales . Three other students were also wounded . Odighizuwa received three life sentences and an additional 28 years without the possibility of parole until 2005 . 000000002002 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2002 Milwaukee , Wisconsin ! Milwaukee , Wisconsin 0 16 - year - old Washington High School student , Joseph Johnson Jr. , was killed by Phillip D. Jackson Jr. , when violence erupts between rival fans in the parking lot , after a basketball game between Vincent High School . 000000002002 - 06 - 11 - 0000 June 11 , 2002 Conception , Missouri ! Conception , Missouri 71 - year - old Lloyd Robert Jeffress opened fire at random in the halls of Conception Abbey , a monastery in northwest Missouri . He killed two monks and seriously wounded another two before fatally shooting himself . Two weapons , a Chinese - made replica of the AK - 47 and a sawed - off . 22 - caliber rifle , were found near the body . 000000002002 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2002 Bowie , Maryland ! Bowie , Maryland 0 In the Beltway sniper attacks , one victim of several was 13 - year - old Iran Brown , who was wounded as he arrived at Benjamin Tasker Middle School in Bowie , Maryland . His aunt , a nurse who had just dropped him off , rushed him to a hospital emergency room . Despite serious injuries , Brown survived the attack . 000000002002 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2002 Tucson , Arizona ! Tucson , Arizona 0 Failing nursing college student and Gulf War veteran , 40 - year - old Robert Stewart Flores Jr. , killed three assistant professors of nursing at the University of Arizona , 50 - year - old Robin Rogers , 44 - year - old Cheryl McGaffic , and 45 - year - old Barbara Monroe , before turning the gun on himself . 000000002002 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2002 Jersey City , New Jersey ! Jersey City , New Jersey 0 A 15 - year - old student was shot in the abdomen and wounded inside a basement of Lincoln High School , during an argument with another student . Another 15 - year - old student was arrested and charged with attempted murder . 000000002003 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2003 New Orleans , Louisiana ! New Orleans , Louisiana John McDonogh High School shooting . 18 - year - old Steven Williams , and 17 - year - old James Tate opened fire with an AK - 47 and a handgun in the gymnasium of John McDonogh High School , killing a 15 - year - old student and wounding three female students . Williams was sentenced to life imprisonment , and Tate was sentenced to fifteen years . 000000002003 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 2003 Red Lion , Pennsylvania ! Red Lion , Pennsylvania 0 14 - year - old student James Sheets , entered Red Lion Area Junior High School armed with his stepfather 's pistols . He killed the school 's principal , Eugene Segro , before killing himself . 000000002003 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2003 Cleveland , Ohio ! Cleveland , Ohio On May 9 , 2003 , Biswanath Halder , a 62 - year - old business school alumnus of Case Western Reserve University , killed a graduate student and wounded a professor and another student using a semi-automatic rifle . He held the building and its nearly 100 occupants hostage for seven hours before being apprehended by a SWAT team . He was sentenced to life in prison . 000000002003 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 2003 Cold Spring , Minnesota ! Cold Spring , Minnesota 0 Rocori High School shooting : 15 - year - old John Jason McLaughlin , shot 15 - year - old freshman Seth Bartell and 17 - year - old senior Aaron Rollins at Rocori High School . Rollins was killed immediately , and Bartell died from his wounds sixteen days later . McLaughlin was sentenced to life in prison with the chance of parole in 2038 . 000000002004 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2004 Washington , D.C. ! Washington , D.C. 0 Thomas J. Boykin was acquitted of the murder of 17 - year - old James Richardson , a football player at Ballou High School in Southeast Washington . 000000002004 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2004 East Greenbush , New York ! East Greenbush , New York 0 Jon W. Romano in East Greenbush , New York fired two rounds from a shotgun , wounding one teacher . He was tackled by the assistant principal and charged with one count of attempted murder . 000000002004 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 2004 Randallstown , Maryland ! Randallstown , Maryland 0 Two students were charged with a school shooting that arose from a dispute after a basketball game at Randallstown High School . Four persons were injured , two seriously . One student was paralyzed from the waist down . 000000002005 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2005 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 An 18 - year - old student at Bowen High School was shot in the leg as she left the school around 2 : 30 p.m. 000000002005 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2005 Dover , Tennessee ! Dover , Tennessee 0 14 - year - old Jason Clinard , killed his bus driver , 47 - year - old Joyce Gregory , as she stopped to pick him up . Gregory had earlier reported Clinard for using snuff on the school bus . Clinard was given a life sentence . 000000002005 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2005 Red Lake , Minnesota ! Red Lake , Minnesota 10 7 Red Lake shootings : 16 - year - old student Jeffrey Weise , killed his grandfather and grandfather 's companion at their home , where he had been living , at the Red Lake Indian Reservation . He drove to Red Lake Senior High School . Armed with his grandfather 's police weapons , Weise killed five students , one teacher , and one security guard , wounding seven others , before committing suicide . 000000002005 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 , 2005 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 At Harlan Community Academy High School , a fight broke out between two 15 - year - old boys in the gymnasium . Christopher Huff took out a pistol , shooting the other youth in the leg . A police officer on duty at the school arrested the gunman . The suspected shooter was charged as an adult with aggravated battery with a firearm . 000000002005 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2005 Jacksboro , Tennessee ! Jacksboro , Tennessee Campbell County High School shooting : Inside the Campbell County High School office , 15 - year - old Kenneth Bartley , shot the school principal , Gary Seale . He shot assistant principals Ken Bruce and Jim Pierce . Bruce later died from his wound . Bartley was sentenced to forty - five years in prison with chance of parole after twenty - nine years . 000000002006 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 2006 Longwood , Florida ! Longwood , Florida 0 15 - year - old Christopher Penley , took a pellet gun to class at Milwee Middle School . After refusing to drop the weapon , he was shot when he pointed it at a police officer . 000000002006 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2006 Roseburg , Oregon ! Roseburg , Oregon 0 14 - year - old freshman Vincent Wayne Leodoro , shot student 16 - year - old Joseph Monti , four times in the back with a semi-automatic handgun at Roseburg High School . Leodoro walked away from the school campus , and was confronted near a restaurant by six police officers . He threatened suicide but was persuaded to surrender . He was found guilty of attempted murder and assault in July 2006 , and will be held in prison until he turns twenty five years old . 000000002006 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 2006 Reno , Nevada ! Reno , Nevada 0 Pine Middle School shooting : In the hallway of Pine Middle School , 14 - year - old James Scott Newman , injured two 14 - year - old classmates , Alexander Rueda and Kenzie McKeon , with a revolver belonging to his parents . Two students received minor wounds . Newman was subdued by a physical education teacher . The youth was arrested and charged as an adult for attempted murder , use of a deadly weapon and use of a firearm by a minor . He later pleaded guilty to charges of two counts of battery with a deadly weapon , and was sentenced as a juvenile . Newman was sentenced to house arrest until he completed two - hundred hours of community service . August 24 , 2006 Essex Junction , Vermont Christopher Williams , 26 , shot his girlfriend 's mother , Linda Lambesis , 57 at her home and from there he went to Essex Elementary School where Andrea , his girlfriend , worked . After he arrived at the elementary school , which was not in session at the time , he shot and killed Mary Alicia Shanks , 56 , and shot Mary Snedeker , 52 , nonfatally . He left the school and allegedly shot Chad Johansen , 26 nonfatally . He then turned the gun on himself , but did not die as a result . 000000002006 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2006 Hillsborough , North Carolina ! Hillsborough , North Carolina After shooting and killing his father , teenager Alvaro Castillo went to his high school , where he wounded two students . He was reportedly obsessed with the Columbine shootings and had written an email to the current Columbine high school principal before committing his own crime . 000000002006 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 , 2006 Shepherdstown , West Virginia ! Shepherdstown , West Virginia 0 49 - year - old Douglas W. Pennington , killed himself and his two sons , 26 - year - old Logan P. Pennington , 24 - year - old Benjamin M. Pennington , during a visit to the campus of Shepherd University . 000000002006 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 2006 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ! Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 0 5 Five Duquesne basketball players were shot early Sunday morning during an apparent act of random violence on campus , leaving three hospitalized -- two of them in critical condition . 000000002006 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2006 Bailey , Colorado ! Bailey , Colorado 0 Platte Canyon High School hostage crisis : 53 - year - old drifter , Duane Roger Morrison , walked into Platte Canyon High School and took six girls hostage . He sexually assaulted them . As a SWAT team stormed the classroom , he killed 16 - year - old Emily Keyes , then took his own life . 000000002006 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2006 Cazenovia , Wisconsin ! Cazenovia , Wisconsin 0 Weston High School shooting : At around 8 a.m. , 15 - year - old freshman , Eric Hainstock , entered Weston High School . He aimed a 20 - gauge shotgun at social studies teacher , Chuck Keller , before it was wrestled from him by school custodian , Dave Thompson . Hainstock then shot 49 - year - old high school principal , John Alfred Klang , with a . 22 caliber revolver . Klang died later that afternoon . Hainstock was charged and convicted of murder , and is serving a life sentence . He will be eligible for parole in 2037 . 000000002006 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2006 Nickel Mines , Pennsylvania ! Nickel Mines , Pennsylvania 6 West Nickel Mines School shooting : 32 - year - old milk truck driver , Charles Carl Roberts IV , killed five Amish girls and wounded five others before killing himself in an Amish school in the hamlet of Nickel Mines , in Bart Township , Lancaster County . 000000002006 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2006 Joplin , Missouri ! Joplin , Missouri 0 0 13 - year - old student Thomas White fired one shot from a Mac - 90 rifle at a hallway ceiling at Memorial Middle School . The gunshot struck a water pipe , and nobody was injured . He also tried repeatedly to shoot principal Stephen Gilbreth at near - point - blank range as Gilbreth ushered him out of the school . Joplin police say the attempt was foiled by an improperly seated ammunition clip in the rifle . The principal was not injured . White was tried as an adult on charges of assault and firearms possession , and in 2009 he was sentenced to ten years of prison . 000000002007 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2007 Tacoma , Washington ! Tacoma , Washington 0 18 - year - old student Douglas S. Chanthabouly , killed 17 - year - old Samnang Kok , in the hallways of Henry Foss High School following a personal disagreement . In 2009 , Chanthabouly was sentenced to 23 years in prison on a charge of second - degree murder . 000000002007 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 2007 Compton , California ! Compton , California 0 During an argument with several non-students and students , a student was shot in the elbow and wounded in the eating area at Centennial High School . The shooting occurred an hour after classes were dismissed , and students in after - school activities were sent home . 000000002007 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2007 Blacksburg , Virginia ! Blacksburg , Virginia 33 23 Virginia Tech shooting : 23 - year - old student , Seung - Hui Cho , killed thirty - two students and faculty members at Virginia Tech , and wounded another seventeen students and faculty members in two separate attacks before committing suicide . The incident is the third - deadliest mass shooting by a single gunman in modern U.S. history . 000000002007 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2007 Cleveland , Ohio ! Cleveland , Ohio SuccessTech Academy shooting : Asa H. Coon , a 14 - year - old suspended student , returned to SuccessTech Academy , where he fired shots at people inside the school building , wounding two teachers and two students . He shot himself in the head , committing suicide . 000000002007 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2007 Miami Gardens , Florida ! Miami Gardens , Florida 0 43 - year - old 11th grade algebra teacher , Sergio Miranda , was shot by 19 - year - old Patrick Lively , outside Miami Carol City Senior High School during a robbery but was expected to survive . In 2011 , Lively received a life sentence . 000000002008 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2008 Memphis , Tennessee ! Memphis , Tennessee 0 At Hamilton High School , a student shot a 16 - year - old student in the leg during a classroom argument over rap music . The victim 's injury was not life - threatening . 000000002008 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2008 Baton Rouge , Louisiana ! Baton Rouge , Louisiana 0 Latina Williams , a 23 - year - old nursing student at Louisiana Technical College killed two classmates and herself in a second floor classroom . 000000002008 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2008 Memphis , Tennessee ! Memphis , Tennessee 0 Following a feud that started off campus earlier in the week , a 19 - year - old senior was shot by a 17 - year - old sophomore during a gym class held in the cafeteria with about 75 other students at Mitchell High School , before handing the gun to a coach making no attempt to flee . The victim suffered at least two gunshot wounds and was in critical condition , the suspected shooter was in custody . `` He walked up to him , shot him , and made a statement to the coach that ' It 's over now , ' `` , said principal , Daniel Ware . 000000002008 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2008 Oxnard , California ! Oxnard , California 0 Murder of Larry King : 14 - year - old Brandon McInerney , shot 15 - year - old Lawrence `` Larry '' King , twice in the head in the computer laboratory of E.O. Green Junior High School . McInerney was apprehended in a nearby neighborhood . King , who was openly homosexual , died two days later . McInerney was initially charged with a hate crime , but that charge was dropped . McInerney pleaded guilty to second - degree murder and was sentenced to 21 years in prison . 000000002008 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2008 DeKalb , Illinois ! DeKalb , Illinois 6 21 Northern Illinois University shooting : 27 - year - old Steven Kazmierczak , shot multiple people with a shotgun in a classroom of Northern Illinois University , killing five and injuring 21 , before taking his own life . Kazmierczak was not enrolled at the university , but had attended in the years prior to the attack . 000000002008 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 2008 Federal Way , Washington ! Federal Way , Washington 0 26 - year - old Omero Mendez was waiting at the Lakota Middle School campus to pick up his girlfriend 's son . He was confronted by 16 - year - old Luis F. Cosgaya - Alvarez and two of his friends , driving in an SUV . Cosgaya - Alvarez flashed gang signs at Mendez , and shot him once in the head . Mendez later died of his injuries . Cosgaya - Alvarez was arrested a few days later in Seattle and was charged with murder . Cosgaya - Alvarez pleaded guilty to murder and weapon enhancements , and was sentenced to eighteen years in prison . 000000002008 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 2008 Knoxville , Tennessee ! Knoxville , Tennessee 0 At Central High School , 15 - year - old Jamar Siler killed 15 - year - old Ryan McDonald . In 2011 , Siler was sentenced to thirty years in prison after pleading guilty to murder in a plea agreement . September 2 , 2008 Willoughby , Ohio 0 0 A 15 - year - old student brought a handgun into South High School , and shot two rounds , one into the ceiling and one shattering a trophy case . The student then put the gun to his head . Then Assistant Principal Jeff Lyons talked the student out of doing any harm . 000000002008 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2008 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 16 - year - old Christopher Walker , was killed , and three other teenagers were seriously wounded during a drive - by shooting near Henry Ford High School , soon after classes let out . Three teenagers were arrested and charged in connection with the shooting . The shooter , 15 - year - old William Morton , was sentenced to life without parole , and Devon Bell was sentenced to forty - two years of prison . 000000002008 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2008 Conway , Arkansas ! Conway , Arkansas University of Central Arkansas shootings : Four young men fatally shot two students , 18 - year - old Ryan Henderson , and 19 - year - old Chavares Block , and wounded a 19 - year - old campus visitor in the leg , outside the Arkansas Hall dormitory of University of Central Arkansas . 000000002008 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2008 Fort Lauderdale , Florida ! Fort Lauderdale , Florida 0 15 - year - old Amanda Collette , was killed in the hallway at Dillard High School . The shooter , 15 - year - old Teah Wimberly , was sentenced to twenty - five years to life on a first - degree murder charge . 000000002009 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2009 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 5 After attendees were leaving a basketball game at Dunbar High School , a truck pulled over and someone inside fired shots at the crowd , wounding five people , three critically. 18 - year - old Georgio Dukes , was arrested and charged a week later with five counts of felony aggravated battery with a firearm . Police believe that the attack was gang - related . 000000002009 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2009 Hampton , Virginia ! Hampton , Virginia 0 18 - year - old Odane Greg Maye , a former student of Hampton University , followed a 43 - year - old pizza delivery man into his former dormitory . Armed with three guns , Maye wounded the delivery man , then the dorm monitor . Lastly , Maye shot himself in a suicide attempt . He survived and was convicted of two charges of malicious wounding , two counts of using a gun in a felony ; burglary ; and shooting in an occupied building . He was sentenced to fourteen years of prison in November 2009 , and was ordered by a judge to pay more than $62,000 in restitution to his victims for lost wages . 000000002009 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2009 Cambridge , Massachusetts ! Cambridge , Massachusetts 0 20 - year - old Jabrai Copney , 23 - year - old Jason Aquino , and 19 - year - old Blayn Jiggetts , of New York City , invited 21 - year - old Justin Cosby , of Cambridge , into a Harvard College dormitory . After trying to rob him of a pound of marijuana , they shot him . Copney turned himself in four days later . Copney was convicted of murder . His partners pleaded guilty to armed robbery and manslaughter . His girlfriend , 21 - year - old Brittany Smith , pleaded guilty to accessory after the fact , firearm possession , and misleading a grand jury . 000000002009 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2009 Larose , Louisiana ! Larose , Louisiana 0 15 - year - old Larose - Cut Off Middle School student , Justin Doucet , carried his backpack to a restroom , where he put on camouflage clothes and took out a semi-automatic handgun before storming into a nearby classroom . He attempted to shoot a teacher , Jessica Plaisance , but the gun did not fire . He returned to the restroom and shot himself in the head , dying a week later of his wounds . 000000002009 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2009 San Francisco , California ! San Francisco , California 0 After students were being let out of International Studies Academy on the first day of summer school classes , a man left a car and opened fire , wounding three people , including a 17 - year - old female student . An 18 - year - old man was arrested for being an accessory in the crime . 000000002009 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2009 San Bruno , California ! San Bruno , California 0 A 20 - year - old student was wounded in the parking lot of Skyline College after an argument between him and other men . The college campus was placed on lockdown . Three San Francisco residents , 18 - year - old Germaine B. Benjamin , 20 - year - old Dimaryea J. McGhee , and 18 - year - old Jacori W. Bender , were each arrested and charged with felony firearm offenses . 000000002009 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2009 Conway , South Carolina ! Conway , South Carolina 0 16 - year - old student , Trevor Varinecz was killed by a school resource officer after allegedly stabbing the officer . 2010 -- 2014 ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description February 5 , 2010 Madison , Alabama ! Madison , Alabama 0 14 - year - old student , Hammad Memon , killed 14 - year - old Todd Brown at Discovery Middle School as classes were changing . The shooting was possibly related to gang activity . In May 2013 , Memon pleaded guilty to the murder and was sentenced to thirty years of prison . After Memon is released from prison , he is likely to be deported to his native Pakistan . February 12 , 2010 Huntsville , Alabama ! Huntsville , Alabama University of Alabama in Huntsville shooting : 44 - year - old biology professor , Amy Bishop , killed the chairman of the biology department , 52 - year - old Gopi K. Podila , and biology professors , 50 - year - old , Maria Ragland Davis and 52 - year - old Adriel D. Johnson . She also wounded biology professors , Luis Rogelio Cruz - Vera and Joseph G. Leahy , and staff assistant , Stephanie Monticciolo . February 19 , 2010 DeKalb , Illinois ! DeKalb , Illinois 0 Less than a week after Northern Illinois University solemnly marked the second anniversary of a mass shooting on campus that claimed the lives of five students , the DeKalb school was the scene of further gun violence . 24 - year - old NIU student , Brian Mulder , refused entry to 22 - year - old Zachary R. Isaacman , when he had tried to follow a female resident into the Stevenson Residence Hall North , where they were living , because he was not a resident . Moments later , while outside the dorm smoking with a friend , Mulder was shot by Isaacman , with a handgun in the leg above the knee . Isaacman tried to flee , but was caught by police within minutes . February 23 , 2010 Littleton , Colorado ! Littleton , Colorado 0 At Deer Creek Middle School , 32 - year - old Bruco Strong Eagle Eastwood opened fire from a rifle in a parking lot , and wounded two eighth - graders Reagan Webber and Matt Thieu , before being restrained by 57 - year - old Math teacher , David Benke , and held until his arrest . The boy 's wounds were critical for the four days following the shooting . In October 2011 , Eastwood was found not guilty by reason of insanity . March 9 , 2010 Columbus , Ohio ! Columbus , Ohio 51 - year - old Ohio State University custodian , Nathaniel Brown , killed a co-worker and wounded another . May 11 , 2010 Bladenboro , North Carolina ! Bladenboro , North Carolina 0 A West Bladen High School student was shot Tuesday afternoon on campus as students were leaving school for the day. Investigators say the incident started when a fight broke out between two groups of students near the high school 's entrance . September 8 , 2010 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0 Two students were wounded in front of Mumford High School by 17 - year - old Steven Jamal Hare . He was tried as an adult and charged with assault with intent to kill . In 2012 , Hare was sentenced to 27 years in prison . September 28 , 2010 Austin , Texas ! Austin , Texas A 19 - year - old sophomore student Colton Tooley , wielding an AK - 47 and wearing a ski mask , opened fire and then killed himself in a University of Texas library October 1 , 2010 Salinas , California ! Salinas , California 0 15 - year - old student Jose Daniel Cisneros was killed after being shot several times on an athletic field at Alisal High School while walking to school . Police said that the shooting was gang - related . October 8 , 2010 Carlsbad , California ! Carlsbad , California 0 41 - year - old Brendan O'Rourke climbed over a fence and opened fire with a handgun in a playground of Kelly Elementary School , which had 230 students ; two second - grade female students were grazed in the arms before O'Rourke was subdued by a construction worker . He was found guilty of seven counts of attempted murder and was sentenced to 189 years to life in prison . November 29 , 2010 Marinette , Wisconsin ! Marinette , Wisconsin 0 15 - year - old Samuel Hengel , took 23 students and a teacher hostage inside a classroom of Marinette High School for five hours . He had stormed into the class , firing with a handgun at a movie projector . Police persuaded Hengel to release the hostages . After officers entered the building , Hengel shot himself in the head . He died the next day . December 6 , 2010 Aurora , Colorado ! Aurora , Colorado 0 In a gang - related attack outside Aurora Central High School , a 17 - year - old girl was paralysed . She was one of a group of students outside the school . 20 - year - old Luis Enrique Guzman - Rincon , had fired shots from a car trying to hit gang rivals . Guzman - Ricon was sentenced to thirty - five years in prison . January 5 , 2011 Omaha , Nebraska ! Omaha , Nebraska At Millard South High School , 18 - year - old student , Robert Butler Jr. , killed assistant principal Dr. Vicki Kaspar and wounded principal Curtis Case before opening fire at police in the front office area , causing the school nurse to be wounded by gunshot debris . Butler then drove to a parking lot and shot himself as police cornered him . March 25 , 2011 Martinsville , Indiana ! Martinsville , Indiana 0 Michael Phelps , a 15 - year - old suspended student , returned to Martinsville West Middle School with a handgun . In the entrance of the school , Phelps shot 15 - year - old Chance Jackson twice in the abdomen , critically wounding him . Phelps fled the school and dropped the handgun ; he was arrested shortly after . Jackson had to undergo surgery three times to save his life ; he suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder . Phelps was convicted of attempted murder in August 2011 , and was sentenced to thirty years in prison and five years of probation . March 31 , 2011 Houston , Texas ! Houston , Texas 5 Multiple gunmen opened fire during a powder puff football game at Worthing High School . One man , an 18 - year - old former student named Tremaine De Ante ' Paul , died . Five other people were injured . May 23 , 2011 Pearl City , Hawaii ! Pearl City , Hawaii 0 A 14 - year - old male student is accused of firing a handgun on the campus of Highlands Intermediate School , wounding one student . The gunman was arrested on suspicion of attempted murder . Two other suspects were arrested in connection with the shooting . October 24 , 2011 Fayetteville , North Carolina ! Fayetteville , North Carolina 0 Cape Fear High School shooting : 15 - year - old Catilyn Abercrombie , was shot in the neck with a rifle by fellow student , 15 - year - old Charles Underwood , at Cape Fear High School . She was hospitalized for two months in a serious condition . Underwood was arrested and charged with attempted murder . He was convicted of attempted first - degree murder and sentenced to fifteen years in prison . December 8 , 2011 Blacksburg , Virginia ! Blacksburg , Virginia 0 22 - year - old , Ross Truett Ashley , part - time business student at Radford University , killed a police officer engaged in an unrelated traffic stop on the campus of Virginia Tech , he then committed suicide in a nearby parking lot . December 9 , 2011 Edinburg , Texas ! Edinburg , Texas 0 Two students were shot after school at Harwell Middle School in Edinburg , Texas while trying out for their school 's basketball team . The shooting allegedly was done by an adult off campus , who was shooting at a target range . January 10 , 2012 Houston , Texas ! Houston , Texas 0 A student opened fire with a handgun at North Forest High School , wounding another student . The shooter said that he had been confronted by three students who had been bullying him and he shot in self - defense . He hit a 16 - year - old bystander in the leg . The 18 - year - old suspect was charged with aggravated assault with a deadly weapon . February 27 , 2012 Chardon , Ohio ! Chardon , Ohio Chardon High School shooting : 17 - year - old Thomas `` T.J. '' Lane , took a semi-automatic handgun and a knife to Chardon High School , where he fired ten shots at a group of students sitting in the cafeteria . He killed three boys and wounded three other students . One 16 - year - old died immediately , two others died the following day . Lane was arrested early the next morning while standing near his car . He was charged as an adult with murder , attempted murder , and firearms offenses . In March 2013 , he was convicted and sentenced to three life sentences without the possibility of parole . March 6 , 2012 Jacksonville , Florida ! Jacksonville , Florida 0 A murder - suicide resulted in two deaths on the campus of the Episcopal School of Jacksonville . Shane Schumerth , a Spanish teacher who had been fired that morning returned to the campus in the early afternoon via a pedestrian entrance , armed with an AK - 47 which he concealed in a guitar case . He entered the office of the Head of School , Dale Regan , and fired multiple shots , fatally wounding her . Schumerth then killed himself , in the office . April 2 , 2012 Oakland , California ! Oakland , California 7 Oikos University shooting : 43 - year - old One L. Goh , was accused of shooting dead seven students with a handgun and wounding three others at Oikos University , a Christian college . He fled the scene , stealing a victim 's car , and was apprehended hours later nearby . Goh was charged with seven counts of murder . In January 2013 , Goh was determined to be mentally unfit for trial and committed for treatment . August 16 , 2012 Memphis , Tennessee ! Memphis , Tennessee 0 Two Hamilton High School students were wounded in the parking lot of the school . The attack was believed to be gang - related . August 27 , 2012 Perry Hall , Maryland ! Perry Hall , Maryland 0 15 - year - old Robert Gladden , fired two shots with a shotgun inside the cafeteria at Perry Hall School . He hit a 17 - year - old senior in the lower back , causing critical wounds . The youth has Down syndrome . Gladden was subdued by two school faculty members , and arrested . In February 2013 , he was sentenced to thirty - five years in prison on attempted murder charges . September 7 , 2012 Normal , Illinois ! Normal , Illinois 0 0 A 14 - year - old student fired multiple gunshots in a classroom ceiling at Normal Community High School , and was tackled by a teacher . Nobody was injured . The student was arrested and charged with sixteen felony counts . September 26 , 2012 Stillwater , Oklahoma 0 A 13 - year - old male at Stillwater Junior High School pulled out a gun and shot himself in the head at 7 : 50 AM on the day of a school - wide standardized test . No one else was injured , and the cause of the suicide is still unknown . October 6 , 2012 Mobile , Alabama ! Mobile , Alabama 0 A University of South Alabama student , Gil Collar , was fatally shot by a campus police officer while having a medical emergency . Collar , 18 , had ingested a legal lab chemical . It is unknown if he had done so voluntarily . Acting erratically , he approached the police station while naked and battered . Officer Trevis Austin , equipped with pepper spray and a baton , felt his life was threatened by the unarmed 140 lb teen . Video shows that the officer shot Collar before the student approached within five feet of him . Austin was cleared of any wrongdoing by the university . October 19 , 2012 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 18 - year - old Banner Academy South student , Terrance Wright , was killed during an attempted robbery . Wright was approached by five would - be robbers as he left the school about 3 : 40 p.m. . He was shot in the chest as he fought back when one assailant was going through his pockets . Wright had been picked on at his previous high school because he was gay , which led him to transfer to Banner . October 31 , 2012 Los Angeles , California ! Los Angeles , California 0 At a Halloween party on the University of Southern California campus , an argument escalated and 20 - year - old Brandon Spencer , used a handgun to shoot rival gang member , Geno Hall , seven times , critically wounding him . Spencer wounded three other people , none were students at USC , they were hospitalized with less serious injuries . Spencer was arrested just minutes after the shooting , which took place outside USC 's Grand Ballroom at around 11 : 30 p.m. In April 2014 , he was convicted of attempted murder and sentenced to forty years to life in prison . December 14 , 2012 Newtown , Connecticut ! Newtown , Connecticut 28 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting : 20 - year - old Adam Lanza , killed twenty - six people and himself . He first killed his mother at their shared home before taking her guns and driving to the school . Lanza brought four guns with him . He killed twenty first - grade children aged six and seven during the attack at school , along with six adults , including four teachers , the principal , and the school psychologist . Two other persons were injured . Lanza then killed himself as police arrived at the school . January 7 , 2013 Fort Myers , Florida ! Fort Myers , Florida 0 Shots were fired at Apostolic Revival Center Christian School , leaving 27 - year - old Kristopher Smith dead in what was believed to be a retaliation killing , possibly for his talking with police about a previous incident . January 10 , 2013 Taft , California ! Taft , California 0 16 - year - old student , Bryan Oliver , entered a science classroom of Taft Union High School with a shotgun and opened fire , critically wounding 16 - year - old student Bowe Cleveland . He shot at but missed another student . The classroom teacher Ryan Heber convinced Oliver , to drop his weapon . He was later arrested . On January 14 , he was charged with two counts of attempted murder and assault with a firearm . He was convicted and accepted a plea deal with a sentence of 27 years and 4 months . According to the attorney for the Cleveland family , they were not satisfied with the sentence . January 12 , 2013 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0 A 16 - year - old Osborn High School student is wounded after a basketball game . January 15 , 2013 St. Louis , Missouri ! St. Louis , Missouri 0 A 34 - year - old gunman wounded an administrator in his office on the fourth floor of Stevens Institute of Business and Arts . The suspected gunman , Sean Johnson , a part - time student , wounded himself in a stairwell . Both the administrator and Johnson were hospitalized in stable conditions . Johnson was charged with three felony charges , including assault . January 15 , 2013 Hazard , Kentucky ! Hazard , Kentucky 0 Two people were killed and a third person was wounded at the parking lot of Hazard Community and Technical College . The third victim , 12 - year - old Taylor Cornett , died from her wounds the next day . 21 - year - old Dalton Lee Stidham , was arrested and charged with three counts of murder . January 16 , 2013 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 A 17 - year - old boy , Tyrone Lawson , was killed in a parking lot of Chicago State University . The shooting happened after high school basketball games held on the campus , where Lawson had been a spectator . Police arrested two brothers , Michael McNabb , 33 , and Brian Hewlett ( under the alias Stephen Gilbert ) , 30 after the shooting and recovered a weapon . January 22 , 2013 Houston , Texas ! Houston , Texas 0 Lone Star College -- North Harris shooting : Outside Lone Star College -- North Harris , two men got into an argument . One wounded the other . He also wounded a maintenance man , and accidentally shot himself in the leg . The shooter fled into the woods and was arrested hours later . The charges against the initial suspect were dropped and another man was arrested . January 31 , 2013 Phoenix , Arizona ! Phoenix , Arizona 0 0 An argument between two rival gangs escalated to what police described as a `` gun battle '' at Cesar Chavez High School . Approximately fifteen shots were fired in the vicinity of people waiting to get into a scheduled boys ' basketball game . No one was injured . January 31 , 2013 Atlanta , Georgia ! Atlanta , Georgia 0 A 14 - year - old male student was wounded at Price Middle School . The gunman , a 15 - year - old student , was believed to be arguing with the other student before using a handgun to shoot him . A teacher was also wounded . Afterward , the gunman was disarmed by a school resource officer and arrested ; police charged him with aggravated assault . March 18 , 2013 Orlando , Florida ! Orlando , Florida 0 At the University of Central Florida , 30 - year - old student James Oliver Seevakumaran pulled a fire alarm at the Tower One dormitory , to attract a crowd . He pointed a handgun at his roommate and threatened to shoot him in their room ; he released the roommate , who ran out and called 9 - 1 - 1 . Seevakumaran then fatally shot himself in the head . Authorities found an assault weapon , a couple hundred rounds of ammunition and four homemade bombs inside his backpack . April 12 , 2013 Christiansburg , Virginia ! Christiansburg , Virginia 0 New River Community College shooting incident : Two women were wounded during a shooting at the campus of New River Community College . 18 - year - old Neil Allen MacInnis , was taken into custody . In June 2014 , he was sentenced to 38 years in prison . April 16 , 2013 Grambling , Louisiana ! Grambling , Louisiana 0 Three students were injured on the campus of Grambling State University . April 18 , 2013 Cambridge , Massachusetts ! Cambridge , Massachusetts 0 Three days after committing the Boston Marathon bombings , while still at large , the brothers Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Tamerlan Tsarnaev shot and killed Massachusetts Institute of Technology campus police officer Sean Collier in his patrol car near MIT 's Ray and Maria Stata Center . About three hours after the MIT shooting and after carjacking a vehicle , Tamerlan died in a gunfight with police in Watertown , Massachusetts . Another officer was seriously wounded . Shot in the neck and hiding in a boat parked nearby , Dzhokhar was arrested 18 hours later , and hospitalized in critical condition . He was sentenced to death in 2015 . May 14 , 2013 Birmingham , Alabama ! Birmingham , Alabama 0 0 Allegedly responding to a student fight , a mother of a student fired a weapon on the campus of Ossie Ware Mitchell Middle School . No one was injured . June 7 , 2013 Santa Monica , California ! Santa Monica , California 6 2013 Santa Monica shooting : 23 - year - old John Zawahri , began a killing spree at his home . After killing his 55 - year - old father , Samir `` Sam '' Zawahri , and 25 - year - old brother , Chris Zawahri , he set the house ablaze . Dressed all in black with body armor and wielding an AR - 15 - type semi-automatic rifle , Zawahri carjacked 41 - year - old Laura Siska , shooting 50 - year - old Debra Fine , as she attempted to intervene , before forcing Siska to drive to Santa Monica College . Upon arriving on the college campus , Zawahri began shooting at passing vehicles , including a police car and a city bus , leaving three people with minor injuries . Zawahri next targeted a Ford Explorer , killing the driver , 68 - year - old campus groundskeeper , Carlos Navarro Franco , and fatally wounding the passenger , his 26 - year - old daughter Marcela Diaz - Franco , a student at the college , who died two days later . 68 - year - old Margarita Gomez , who was collecting cans outside the library , died after being shot in the abdomen and chest . Zawahri opened fire on students who were trying to run away . It ended at the college library where he opened fire on students studying for finals , before being fatally wounded in an exchange of gunfire with responding police officers . August 20 , 2013 Decatur , Georgia ! Decatur , Georgia 0 0 Armed with an AK - 47 and other weapons , 20 - year - old Michael Brandon Hill fired six shots inside the front office of Ronald E. McNair Discovery Learning Academy . He barricaded himself in the office , where police returned fire . Nobody was injured . Children were evacuated . After talking with school bookkeeper , Antoinette Tuff in the front office , he was persuaded to surrender before anyone was hurt . Hill was arrested and charged . August 23 , 2013 Sardis , Mississippi ! Sardis , Mississippi 15 - year - old student , Roderick Bobo , was killed during a football game at North Panola High School in what was termed a gang - related shooting . Two others were injured in the shooting . Three men were charged as being responsible for the crime . August 30 , 2013 Winston - Salem , North Carolina ! Winston - Salem , North Carolina 0 A 15 - year - old male student was shot at Carver High School , at 2 : 30 p.m. . He was hospitalized with minor injuries . An 18 - year - old male student was apprehended without further incident . The suspected gunman is charged with assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury , carrying a concealed gun , possessing and discharging a firearm , and carrying a firearm onto educational property . The shooting was believed related to a dispute between the suspect and the victim . October 4 , 2013 Pine Hills , Florida ! Pine Hills , Florida 0 A 16 - year - old student was shot in the hip outside Agape Christian Academy after a fight broke out at 2 p.m. . An innocent bystander was hit by a stray bullet or shrapnel . The two victims were treated for minor injuries . The suspected shooter reportedly fled in a car with several other males , and was not caught . October 21 , 2013 Sparks , Nevada ! Sparks , Nevada 12 - year - old seventh - grade student Jose Reyes opened fire with a handgun at the basketball courts of Sparks Middle School , injuring one student in the shoulder . Michael Landsberry , a teacher and veteran , tried to intervene and was killed by Reyes . Reyes also wounded a student trying to help the teacher . Reyes then committed suicide by shooting himself in the head . The shooting happened before classes , and the school was evacuated and was closed for the week . November 2 , 2013 Greensboro , North Carolina ! Greensboro , North Carolina 0 A 21 - year - old student was wounded at North Carolina A&T State University . The victim was hospitalized for serious but non-life - threatening injuries . The university was temporarily locked down that night . No suspects are in custody . November 3 , 2013 Lithonia , Georgia ! Lithonia , Georgia 0 A Stephenson High School student and a janitor were shot in an apparent confrontation between football team members and a group of teens who were not attending the school . Both were innocent bystanders . November 13 , 2013 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ! Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 0 After classes ended , at least one gunman came out of the woods and opened fire on three students as they were walking to their cars at Brashear High School . One student was grazed in the head , another was struck in the neck and shoulder , and a third was hit in the leg and foot . Six people were taken into custody . The shooting is believed to be drug - related . December 4 , 2013 Winter Garden , Florida ! Winter Garden , Florida 0 A 15 - year - old student was wounded by a 17 - year - old student near a soccer field on the campus of West Orange High School . The shooting occurred after a fight broke out between the two students . The 17 - year - old suspected shooter was taken into custody several miles away from the school , and is charged with attempted murder , aggravated battery with a firearm , possession of a firearm by a minor and possession of a firearm on school grounds . In October 2014 , the shooter was sentenced to twenty - five years in prison . December 13 , 2013 Centennial , Colorado ! Centennial , Colorado 0 18 - year - old Karl Pierson , shot 17 - year - old student Claire Davis in the head , fatally injuring her , in a hallway in Arapahoe High School . Pierson then took his own life . Pierson was armed with a shotgun , three Molotov cocktails , and a machete . His intention was to shoot the librarian who had disciplined him . Claire Davis died from her injuries on December 21 , 2013 . December 19 , 2013 Fresno , California ! Fresno , California 0 Four teens ( 16 , 16 , 16 and 17 years old ) entered Edison High School in what was believed as a gang - initiation process . After accosting a 62 - year - old woman about a mile away from school grounds , they found an athletic trainer who taught at Edison High and shot him several times in the leg and stomach . January 9 , 2014 Jackson , Tennessee ! Jackson , Tennessee 0 A 16 - year - old student was charged with bringing a gun to school at Liberty Technology Magnet High School and shooting a classmate in the thigh . The incident occurred outside the front of the school . January 13 , 2014 New Haven , Connecticut ! New Haven , Connecticut 0 A 14 - year - old boy was shot outside of a basketball game at the Hillhouse High School athletic facility , suffering wounds in his hand and leg. ( cite ) January 14 , 2014 Roswell , New Mexico ! Roswell , New Mexico 0 Two people were wounded inside the gymnasium of Berrendo Middle School , at about 8 : 10 a.m. . An 11 - year - old boy and a 13 - year - old girl were airlifted to a hospital in Lubbock , Texas in critical condition . The 12 - year - old suspected shooter , Mason Campbell , a seventh grade student , was apprehended at the scene after he was talked down by a staff member and dropped the shotgun . A staff member received minor injuries . Campbell was charged with three counts of aggravated battery with a deadly weapon . He was sentenced to a maximum sentence of confinement in a juvenile detention facility until he is twenty one years old . January 17 , 2014 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ! Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 0 A student allegedly shot two other students in the gymnasium at Delaware Valley Charter School . Both victims , a male and a female , were shot in the arm . They were taken to a nearby hospital and are in stable condition , police say . Police Commissioner Charles Ramsey said at a news conference that the shooter ran out of the school after the shooting but was taken into custody near his home . 17 - year - old Raisheem Rochwell was arrested and charged as an adult for aggravated assault , recklessly endangering another person and firearms offenses . Rochwell was sentenced to two years of juvenile detention . January 20 , 2014 Chester , Pennsylvania ! Chester , Pennsylvania 0 One person was critically injured at Widener University . The incident occurred around 10 p.m. outside the university sport 's complex and led to an 8 - hour university lock - down . The suspect was not immediately found . January 21 , 2014 West Lafayette , Indiana ! West Lafayette , Indiana 0 A 21 - year - old student , Andrew Boldt , was killed in a classroom building on the campus of Purdue University . 24 - year - old student Cody Cousins was found guilty of the murder and was sentenced to sixty - five years of prison . In October 2014 , Cousins committed suicide in his cell . January 24 , 2014 Orangeburg , South Carolina ! Orangeburg , South Carolina 0 A 20 - year - old student was killed at South Carolina State University . A 19 - year - old was arrested and charged with murder . January 25 , 2014 Los Angeles , California ! Los Angeles , California 0 A man was killed at Los Angeles Valley College . Two suspects were arrested in the fatal shooting . January 27 , 2014 Carbondale , Illinois ! Carbondale , Illinois 0 A group of students at Rebound High School got in an argument in the school 's parking lot . One student pulled out a gun and shot another student in the ensuing altercation . An 18 - year - old suspect is facing charges of attempted murder . January 28 , 2014 Nashville , Tennessee ! Nashville , Tennessee 0 One student was shot in the leg in an apparent altercation over a gambling debt at Tennessee State University . January 30 , 2014 Palm Bay , Florida ! Palm Bay , Florida 0 Three students were fighting in a parking lot of Eastern Florida State College and one pulled out a gun and shot another of the students . All three students claimed self - defense . January 31 , 2014 Des Moines , Iowa ! Des Moines , Iowa 0 After a basketball game at North High School , there was gunfire in a parking lot of the school . Six males in a black jeep had come moments before the shooting and returned at the time it happened . A 15 - year - old girl was injured by a ricocheting bullet . While officers were gaining control of the area , teachers on the scene led students into the school building for safety . February 10 , 2014 Salisbury , North Carolina ! Salisbury , North Carolina 0 A 16 - year - old student was shot in the stomach on the campus of Salisbury High School during a dispute in the school gym . 17 - year - old suspect was charged with assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill inflicting serious injury , possession of a firearm on school property and discharging a weapon on school property . February 10 , 2014 Lyndhurst , Ohio ! Lyndhurst , Ohio 0 0 Five shots were fired in the parking lot of Charles F. Brush High School , including one which hit an unoccupied police car . No one was reported to be injured , though a school basketball game was going on at the time . February 12 , 2014 Los Angeles , California ! Los Angeles , California 0 A male victim was shot in the back in a possible gang - related drive - by shooting near the University of Southern California . The suspect fled into the University Campus . The victim was last reported in stable condition before being transported to a local hospital . February 22 , 2014 Augusta , Georgia ! Augusta , Georgia 0 A shooting involving a campus police officer occurred at a Georgia Regents University dormitory complex . A male suspect entered a vehicle and nearly struck an officer , who opened fire . The suspect was taken to Georgia Regents Medical Center with injuries that were not believed to be critical . March 12 , 2014 Miami , Florida ! Miami , Florida 0 An elementary school teacher was killed outside The Academy of Knowledge Preschool by her husband . March 25 , 2014 College Park , Georgia ! College Park , Georgia 0 0 An argument between students led to shots being fired in a Benjamin Banneker High School parking lot during the afternoon . Investigators believe multiple people were present when shots were fired , but it was not known how many could face charges for the incident . No one was injured in the shooting . April 9 , 2014 Greenville , North Carolina ! Greenville , North Carolina 0 0 Just after the lunch hour , at D.H. Conley High School , a car drove past the school and witnesses said an occupant reached out of a car window and fired shots in the direction of the school . This incident occurred on Worthington and Tull Roads , directly in front of the school . No one was injured . April 11 , 2014 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0 After a Friday evening student awards ceremony called `` Grammy Night '' , four men who were affiliated with a gang fired into a crowd in the parking lot of East English Village Preparatory Academy . One 19 - year - old , Darryl Smith , was fatally shot in the head . Smith was not a student at the academy . May 4 , 2014 Augusta , Georgia ! Augusta , Georgia 0 Two men fired shots inside a dormitory at Paine College on Sunday , injuring one student in the head . Neither of the suspects were students at the college . May 5 , 2014 Augusta , Georgia ! Augusta , Georgia 0 An active shooter situation was reported at Paine College on Monday with one person reported to be shot . The suspect was apparently apprehended and in custody . It was the second shooting incident to occur at the college campus in two days . May 8 , 2014 Lawrenceville , Georgia ! Lawrenceville , Georgia 0 A person was shot on a student parking lot roof at Georgia Gwinnett College , receiving an injury . The specific cause has not been identified . May 14 , 2014 Richmond , California ! Richmond , California 0 A 14 - year - old student was injured during a drive - by shooting in front of John F. Kennedy High School at 8 : 30 a.m. . He was shot as he was running towards the school campus after a fight took place . The student suffered a serious but stable injury to his leg . Police are searching for a suspect . June 5 , 2014 Seattle , Washington ! Seattle , Washington 19 - year - old students , Paul Lee and Sarah Williams , and 24 - year - old student , Thomas Fowler , were shot inside a hallway of Otto Miller Hall at Seattle Pacific University . Freshman Lee was rushed to Harborview Medical Center but later died . The shooter was subdued with pepper spray and tackled to the ground by student building monitor , Jon Meis , as he paused to reload his shotgun. 26 - year - old Aaron Rey Ybarra was arrested at the scene and has been charged with premeditated and attempted murder . June 10 , 2014 Troutdale , Oregon ! Troutdale , Oregon At around 8 : 30 a.m. shots were fired at Reynolds High School . 14 - year - old freshman Emilio Hoffman was killed , a physical education teacher was injured , and the gunman , 15 - year - old Jared Padgett , exchanged gunfire with police officers and then committed suicide in a restroom stall . September 9 , 2014 Miami , Florida ! Miami , Florida 0 Towards the end of the school day , one alternative school student in Miami was shot as a small group of students tussled . The injury was minor , requiring hospitalization , and five young adults were later questioned . September 11 , 2014 Taylorsville , Utah ! Taylorsville , Utah 0 An elementary school teacher with a concealed weapon permit had her gun fire accidentally in a faculty bathroom . The bullet shattered a toilet , and fragments of both the bullet and the porcelain injured her leg . September 27 , 2014 Terre Haute , Indiana ! Terre Haute , Indiana 0 A 20 - year - old Indiana State University student was shot by another student on Saturday inside a residence hall . The injuries were not fatal , and a full recovery was expected . The shooter was arrested on the following day . September 30 , 2014 Albemarle , North Carolina ! Albemarle , North Carolina 0 Two students got in an argument at Albemarle High School around 7 : 30 a.m. on Tuesday , and one of the students shot the other twice including once in the leg . The student who committed the shooting was allegedly involved in a stabbing of a football player last year at West Montgomery High School , which is only 20 miles ( 32 km ) away in Mount Gilead , North Carolina . The school had held an active shooter training over the summer , which prepared the school for this incident . September 30 , 2014 Louisville , Kentucky ! Louisville , Kentucky 0 One student was injured at Fern Creek Traditional High School . The incident occurred around 1 p.m. , reportedly after student became enraged in a hallway and pulled out a gun . The student was arrested later that day . October 3 , 2014 Fairburn , Georgia ! Fairburn , Georgia 0 After a homecoming football game , a fatal shooting of 17 - year - old Kristofer Hunter , occurred in the Langston Hughes High School parking lot . The assailant , 18 - year - old Eric Dana Johnson Jr. , turned himself in a week later . October 24 , 2014 Marysville , Washington ! Marysville , Washington 5 Marysville Pilchuck High School shooting . 15 - year - old freshman , Jaylen Fryberg , shot five students in the school cafeteria of Marysville Pilchuck High School , fatally wounding four , before committing suicide . November 20 , 2014 Tallahassee , Florida ! Tallahassee , Florida At around 12 : 40 a.m. EST , a gunman opened fired in or near the Strozier Library at Florida State University . Three people suffered gunshot injuries and were taken to a local area hospital . One was in critical condition , another was in good condition , and the third was shortly released after treatment . The gunman , later identified as Myron May , an alumnus from the school , started firing towards responding police officers and was fatally shot by them on the steps of the library . November 20 , 2014 Miami , Florida ! Miami , Florida Two teens were shot during a fight at Miami Carol City High School . One of the boys died . December 5 , 2014 Claremore , Oklahoma ! Claremore , Oklahoma 0 38 - year - old Thomas Floyd Fees , a former Tulsa police officer , fired two gunshots the campus of Rogers State University before committing suicide . He had previously been arrested the day before for entering a female student 's dormitory room with observable intent to commit a sexual assault . December 12 , 2014 Portland , Oregon ! Portland , Oregon 0 Rosemary Anderson High School shooting : A gunman shot three students and a man outside Rosemary Anderson High School in north Portland . A 16 - year - old girl was in critical condition , while the others suffered minor injuries . Two men , aged eighteen and twenty - two , were arrested in connection with the shooting . 2015 to present ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description January 15 , 2015 Milwaukee , Wisconsin ! Milwaukee , Wisconsin 0 A 15 - year - old boy , a student 's father , and a teacher were each injured in the school parking lot at Wisconsin Lutheran High School . The student had unspecified injuries that were treated . The father was shot in the knee and the teacher was grazed in the toe . A 36 - year - old man was charged in the shooting . January 16 , 2015 Ocala , Florida ! Ocala , Florida 0 Two were injured in gunfire that occurred after a Friday night basketball game . One was injured directly by a bullet , the other by ricocheting glass . February 4 , 2015 Frederick , Maryland ! Frederick , Maryland 0 Two students were shot near the gymnasium of Frederick High School during a junior varsity ( JV ) boys ' basketball game . Approximately two hundred students , staff , and faculty were placed on lockdown for several hours after the shooting while police searched for the suspects . No suspects have been apprehended , although witnesses report seeing four black males dressed all in black who are considered by police to be suspects in this shooting . February 14 , 2015 Merced , California ! Merced , California 0 A teenager was found killed in the parking lot of Tenaya Middle School . The shooting was reported to have occurred after school hours . February 23 , 2015 Daytona Beach , Florida ! Daytona Beach , Florida 0 Two students argued outside the music building at Bethune - Cookman University when one pulled out a gun . Both had guns and it is not disclosed who did the shooting , injuring three students . A reward was offered to help solve this case . March 30 , 2015 University City , Missouri ! University City , Missouri 0 Police said one person has been arrested for a shooting at Pershing Elementary School . The shooting occurred in the parking lot , with a 34 - year - old - man being shot in the buttocks . April 13 , 2015 Goldsboro , North Carolina ! Goldsboro , North Carolina 0 A faculty member was killed with a rifle in the school library of Wayne Community College . The suspected 20 - year - old gunman , Kenneth Stancil , was arrested in Florida the next day . As of January 2017 , Stancil , an admitted Neo-Nazi is being investigated for a hate crime . April 16 , 2015 Paradis , Louisiana ! Paradis , Louisiana 0 A police officer was shot outside a school in a school zone while he was directing school buses into J.B. Martin Middle School , and the suspect was apprehended at the scene . April 27 , 2015 Lacey , Washington ! Lacey , Washington 0 0 A 15 - year - old student at North Thurston High School walked into the commons area and fired two shots into the ceiling from a . 357 magnum pistol . Brady Olson , a teacher at the school , was able to tackle the student before they could turn the gun on other students . No one was injured or killed . The student is facing charges of firing and possessing a gun on school property . May 12 , 2015 Jacksonville , Florida ! Jacksonville , Florida 0 Police report that a 16 - year - old shot five bullets into a school bus and injured two students . Apparently , there was an argument that touched on previous events . May 24 , 2015 Flint , Michigan ! Flint , Michigan 0 7 In the early morning hours of Memorial Day weekend , a group of people were at Southwestern Classical Academy in the parking lot . Shots rang out and seven were injured , with two men being apprehended and charged . August 27 , 2015 Savannah , Georgia ! Savannah , Georgia 0 22 - year - old student Christopher Starks was fatally shot in a student union building at Savannah State University . The shooter has not been identified . September 3 , 2015 Sacramento , California ! Sacramento , California A man was arguing with at least one other person escalated into a physical fight on the parking lot of Sacramento City College . A man opened fire , killing a 25 - year - old student and wounding two others . The shooting suspect has not been arrested . September 14 , 2015 Cleveland , Mississippi ! Cleveland , Mississippi 0 A geography professor at Delta State University fatally shot a fellow history professor . The geography professor was chased by police and eventually died of a self - inflicted gunshot wound . September 30 , 2015 Harrisburg , South Dakota ! Harrisburg , South Dakota 0 A principal was shot in the arm and wounded at Harrisburg High School after an argument with a student . The suspect , a 16 - year - old student at the school , was taken into custody and is charged with first - degree attempted murder . October 1 , 2015 Roseburg , Oregon ! Roseburg , Oregon 10 9 Umpqua Community College shooting : At around 10 : 40 a.m. PDT , a gunman , later identified as 26 - year - old student Christopher Harper - Mercer , opened fire in a hall on the Umpqua Community College campus , killing eight students and one teacher , and injuring nine others . The gunman later committed suicide after engaging responding police officers in a brief gunfight . October 9 , 2015 Flagstaff , Arizona ! Flagstaff , Arizona One student died and three others were wounded in a shooting at Northern Arizona University . It is unclear what sparked the shooting , which took place near Mountain View Hall , a dormitory that houses most of the campus ' students involved in Greek organizations . An 18 - year - old student was arrested and charged with murder and aggravated assault . October 9 , 2015 Houston , Texas ! Houston , Texas One person died and another person was injured after someone opened fire outside a Texas Southern University dorm . October 22 , 2015 Nashville , Tennessee ! Nashville , Tennessee One person was killed and three others were wounded in a shooting at an outdoor courtyard at Tennessee State University . The shooting may have stemmed from an argument over a dice game . A suspect has not been identified or arrested . November 1 , 2015 Winston - Salem , North Carolina ! Winston - Salem , North Carolina One person died and another person was injured after someone opened fire on the campus of Winston - Salem State University . A 21 - year - old non-student suspect is sought . November 20 , 2015 North Las Vegas , Nevada ! North Las Vegas , Nevada 0 A 16 - year - old student was fatally shot during a fight after school hours that involved multiple people on the campus of Mojave High School . January 22 , 2016 Indianapolis , Indiana ! Indianapolis , Indiana 0 A 15 - year - old male was shot in the leg and injured during a night - time basketball game at Lawrence Central High School . January 29 , 2016 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ! Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 0 0 A gunshot was fired during a fight in a stairwell at Franklin High School , and no injuries were reported . Three people were detained . February 9 , 2016 Muskegon Heights , Michigan ! Muskegon Heights , Michigan 0 Four people , including two students , were injured during a basketball game event in the parking lot of Muskegon Heights High School . February 12 , 2016 Glendale , Arizona ! Glendale , Arizona 0 Two 15 - year - old girls died in an apparent Murder - Suicide at Independence High School . February 29 , 2016 Middletown , Ohio ! Middletown , Ohio 0 15 - year - old Cameron Smith , and 14 - year - old Cooper Caffrey , were shot when 14 - year - old James Austin Hancock , opened fire in the Madison High School cafeteria with a . 380 caliber handgun. 15 - year - old Brant Murray , and 14 - year - old Katherine Douchette , also suffered shrapnel injuries . Hancock was apprehended in a nearby wooded field . April 23 , 2016 Antigo , Wisconsin ! Antigo , Wisconsin Two students at a prom at Antigo High School were shot and injured by 18 - year - old former student Jakob Wagner . Wagner later exchanged fire with a school resource officer in the school 's parking lot , and was captured after being shot and wounded by police . He died hours later in a hospital . June 1 , 2016 Los Angeles , California ! Los Angeles , California 0 2016 UCLA shooting . Mainak Sarkar , age 38 , a Ph. D. student , killed his former professor , William S. Klug , age 39 , a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering , in an engineering building at UCLA . Sarkar then killed himself . Sarkar , who lived in Minnesota , also killed his former wife , Ashley Hasti , age 31 , in her Brooklyn Park , Minnesota home . June 8 , 2016 Dorchester , Massachusetts One student was killed and three other individuals were injured when gunfire erupted outside of the Jeremiah Burke High School following a fire - alarm causing an evacuation of the school . Two suspects have been arrested . September 9 , 2016 Alpine , Texas ! Alpine , Texas A 14 - year - old female student shot a 16 - year - old girl in an Alpine High School restroom before committing suicide . A police officer accidentally shot another officer during the incident . September 28 , 2016 Townville , South Carolina ! Townville , South Carolina Townville Elementary School shooting : Two students and one teacher were wounded after a teen opened fire at Townville Elementary School . The suspect 's father was found dead at his home soon after the shooting . One of the victims , six - year - old Jacob Hall , died 3 days after the shooting . October 11 , 2016 Mobile , Alabama ! Mobile , Alabama 0 A student was shot in the abdomen and wounded at Vigor High School . The suspect , a 16 - year - old boy , turned himself in and was charged with assault . October 13 , 2016 Columbus , Ohio ! Columbus , Ohio 0 Two students were shot and wounded on the front lawn of Linden McKinley STEM Academy . One was shot in the shoulder , and the other shot in the chest , and were hospitalized in stable condition . October 18 , 2016 San Francisco , California ! San Francisco , California 0 Four students were shot outside June Jordan High School for Equity , a San Francisco public high school . One female victim was in critical condition , while three male victims suffered minor injuries ... Two people were arrested in the shooting . October 25 , 2016 Sandy , Utah 0 Police say the two teens ages 14 and 16 were involved in a confrontation on the far north end of Union Middle School . The boys got into an argument . The argument lead to a shooting . The 14 year old shot the 16 year old twice . He was sent to the hospital in critical but stable condition . December 1 , 2016 Bountiful , Utah 0 0 At Mueller Park Junior High School , a 15 - year - old student fired one shot into the ceiling and then pointed the weapon at his own neck . The student was confronted verbally by a teacher and another student and later arrested in possession of a shotgun , a handgun , and ammunition for each . January 20 , 2017 West Liberty , Ohio 0 A 17 - year - old student was charged with attempted murder and other crimes after bringing a gun to West Liberty - Salem High School and firing two shots at 17 - year - old student in a bathroom with a shotgun . The victim was injured . The student was `` also is accused of discharging the weapon in the school 's hallway before returning to the bathroom , where he was eventually taken into custody . '' January 20 , 2017 Seattle , Washington 0 A 34 - year - old man was shot in Red Square at University of Washington while protesting the visit of controversial journalist Milo Yiannopoulos . The shooter turned himself in to the university police and was later questioned and released without being charged with a crime . March 21 , 2017 King City , California 0 An 18 - year - old King City High School student was shot outside the school 's auditorium . The gunman ran across the school 's campus and baseball field , and fled the area . The school was then placed on lockdown . The victim was hospitalized with life - threatening injuries . A suspect was arrested in August 2017 . April 10 , 2017 San Bernardino , California North Park Elementary School shooting : Cedric Anderson , age 53 , of Riverside , California , died of a self - inflicted gunshot wound after shooting and killing his estranged wife , Karen Elaine Smith , age 53 , in a classroom . An eight - year - old student was also fatally shot , and a seven - year - old student was injured . May 4 , 2017 Irving , Texas 0 North Lake College : Adrian Victor Torres killed a 20 - year - old student , Janeera Nickol Gonzalez , whom he was stalking . He fatally shot her three times and the college went into lockdown before discovering that the suspect has died from a self - inflicted gunshot wound . September 13 , 2017 Rockford , Washington Freeman High School : Three students injured and one killed after a shooter opened fire . The suspect , a 15 - year - old student , was taken into police custody . September 20 , 2017 Mattoon , Illinois 0 Mattoon High School : A 14 - year - old male student was subdued by a female teacher when he attempted to open fire in the school cafeteria at 11 : 33 a.m. Multiple shots were fired in the process , and one student was struck in the chest and was driven to a nearby hospital suffering non-life - threatening wounds . The student was taken into custody without further incident . November 14 , 2017 Rancho Tehama Reserve , California 6 18 Rancho Tehama Reserve shootings : Neighbor on a rampage injured one student at Rancho Tehama Elementary School and fatally shot five adults at several locations . The secretary heard the gunfire near the school and ordered the school to go on lockdown . After a custodian and the teachers put it into action , 43 year - old Kevin Neal rammed a truck into the gate of the school and fired at the classrooms hitting one student when a bullet pierced the wall . Neal fatally shot himself after sheriff 's deputies rammed his vehicle during a pursuit . December 7 , 2017 Aztec , New Mexico 0 Aztec High School shooting : William Atchison , 21 - year - old former male student snuck into Aztec High School disguised as a student and hid in an unlocked washroom with a Glock 9mm hidden in his bag . He retreated from the washroom after being spotted by a school custodian who chased him shouting `` active shooter '' and `` lockdown '' . Atchinson was able to shoot and kill two students who were caught in the hallway before he killed himself . He had been investigated in 2016 by the FBI when he asked `` where to find cheap assault rifles for a mass shooting '' on an online forum . January 9 , 2018 Forest City , Iowa 0 0 A man shot a pellet gun at a school bus full of children , shattering a window . No one was injured . January 10 , 2018 Denison , Texas 0 0 A criminal justice club student picked up a loaded gun , belonging to an advisor , which the student thought was an unloaded training weapon . She then shot at a wall target , unintentionally firing a bullet , which went through the wall and broke a window . The advisor was a licensed peace officer permitted to carry a firearm on campus . January 20 , 2018 Winston - Salem , North Carolina 0 A student was fatally shot at a party at 1 a.m. on the campus of Wake Forest University . January 22 , 2018 Italy , Texas 0 A 16 - year - old male student fired at a 15 - year - old female classmate that he had briefly dated in the cafeteria of Italy High School . The gunman left the school immediately after opening fire and was arrested . January 22 , 2018 New Orleans , Louisiana 0 Shots were fired from a truck in the parking lot of NET Charter High School , targeting a crowd of students during lunch time . One student was slightly injured , apparently from injuries unrelated to gunfire . One person was arrested in connection with the shooting . January 23 , 2018 Marshall County , Kentucky 18 Marshall County High School shooting : Gabriel Ross Parker , a 15 - year - old male student shot 16 people in the lobby at Marshall County High School and caused non-gunshot injuries to 4 others . Two 15 - year - old students died : one killed at the scene , another died of wounds at Vanderbilt Medical Center . January 25 , 2018 Mobile , Alabama 0 0 A disagreement between two 16 - year - old students escalated when Jonah Neal pulled out a handgun . School administrators noticed the weapon and tried to calm him ; Neal then fled across campus . He was pursued by staff until he fired the gun four or five times into the air . Nobody was injured . Neal was taken into custody and charged for multiple offenses , including possession of a weapon on school property . January 31 , 2018 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 0 A fight began in the school parking lot outside a basketball game , and the school went into lockdown after shots were fired . A 32 - year - old male was transported by private vehicle to Nazareth Hospital with two gunshot wounds in his leg . He was transferred by helicopter to another hospital , but died from his injuries . Police announced that they are searching for an adult male suspect . February 1 , 2018 Los Angeles , California 0 5 Two 15 - year - old students , a boy and a girl , were shot and injured inside a classroom at Sal Castro Middle School , which shares a campus with Belmont High School . Three other people suffered injuries unrelated to gunfire . A 12 - year - old girl was arrested and charged with negligent discharge of a firearm . February 5 , 2018 Oxon Hill , Maryland 0 A student was taken to hospital after exiting Oxon Hill High School and going to speak to individuals in a vehicle who then attempted to rob , and subsequently shot and wounded him in the school 's parking lot . Two other students were arrested and charged with attempted murder and robbery . February 14 , 2018 Parkland , Florida 18 17 Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting : A 19 - year - old former student whose behavior had led to his expulsion allegedly began shooting students and staff members with a semi-automatic rifle at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School after activating a fire alarm . Eighteen people were killed , and 17 others were injured . The suspected shooter blended in with the crowd of fleeing students and was arrested in a residential area of neighboring Coral Springs after walking away from the school . He was later charged with murder and attempted murder . March 2 , 2018 Mount Pleasant , Michigan 0 Central Michigan University shooting : 19 - year - old student James Eric Davis Jr. shot and killed his mother and father when they came to campus to take him home for spring break . After the shooting Davis fled and the campus was placed on lockdown . Around 15 hours later police arrested him and took him to a local hospital . The incident disrupted the travel plans of students and campus activities for several days . Davis was charged with two counts of murder and one count of unlawful possession of a firearm used to commit murder . March 7 , 2018 Birmingham , Alabama Huffman High School : One student was killed and another injured when shots were fired in the school building , prompting the school to go into lockdown shortly after the bell rang for school dismissal . Law enforcement originally labeled the shooting as `` accidental '' . Subsequently , a 17 - year - old male student was charged with manslaughter and will be charged as `` being a certain person forbidden to possess a pistol '' . Although the school has metal detectors , they were not being used that day . School resource officers were onsite at the time of the shooting . March 9 , 2018 Lexington , Kentucky 0 Frederick Douglass High School : A 16 - year - old male student unintentionally shot himself with a gun he had smuggled into a classroom , sustaining an injury to his left thumb . Police announced they were charging him with wanton endangerment and possession of a weapon on school property . After the shooting , the school superintendent announced that stationary metal detectors would be installed and all students would be required to enter through them . March 14 , 2018 Birmingham , Alabama University of Alabama at Birmingham : A disgruntled employee entered the UAB Highlands Hospital on the campus of the University of Alabama at Birmingham and shot two hospital employees , fatally wounding one , on the second floor . The perpetrator then shot and fatally wounded himself . March 20 , 2018 Great Mills , Maryland Great Mills High School : School placed on lockdown after a shooting occurred in the morning . A 17 - year - old male student , armed with a handgun , shot and fatally injured a female student ( with whom he had a prior relationship ) and wounded a male student . The student shot himself in the head , fatally , while the school resource officer simultaneously shot at him . April 20 , 2018 Ocala , Florida 0 Forest High School : A student was shot and injured in a classroom shortly before a national school walkout for gun control measures . His injuries were not life - threatening . A 19 - year - old former student was arrested . May 11 , 2018 Palmdale , California 0 Highland High School : A 14 - year - old former student allegedly fired a semi-automatic rifle shortly before classes were to begin . A 15 - year - old was struck in the shoulder but went into surgery and was expected to recover fully . The suspect ditched the gun in a field and was arrested nearby , and faces a charge of attempted murder . May 16 , 2018 Dixon , Illinois 0 Dixon High School : A 19 - year - old student recently kicked off football team allegedly fired shots prior to graduation rehearsal . A school resource officer shot the suspect , who suffered non-life threatening injuries . May 18 , 2018 Santa Fe , Texas 10 10 Santa Fe High School shooting : School was evacuated when fire alarms pulled at 7 : 45 am after students said they had heard gunshots . Shooter had a shotgun and . 38 revolver . Multiple IEDs and pipe bombs were also found around the school . May 18 , 2018 Jonesboro , Georgia Mount Zion High School : An argument led to a shooting in a parking lot after a high school graduation ceremony for graduates of Perry Learning Center . Mount Zion High School provided overflow parking for people attending the ceremony . May 25 , 2018 Noblesville , Indiana 0 Noblesville West Middle School shooting : Two people were shot and injured in a shooting at Noblesville West Middle School in Noblesville , Indiana . The shooter is an unnamed middle school student who exited his science classroom and entered with a gun . When he returned , he shot a female student and the science teacher , identified as Jason Seamen . Seamen was shot in the abdomen , hip , and forearm . The gun was wrestled away by Seamen after both he and the female student were shot . See also ( edit ) List of school mass shootings in the United States List of school shootings in the United States by death toll List of school - related attacks Mass shootings in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Middleton 2007 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Dixon 2005 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ `` John Anthony Gardner Davis -- Biographical Information '' . University of Virginia School of Law -- Arthur J. Morris Law Library . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Painful Occurrence '' . Richmond Enquirer , Volume 37 , Number 58 ( Richmond , Virginia ) . November 17 , 1840 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Serious Case of Shooting -- Navigation '' . The New York Times . November 3 , 1853 . Jump up ^ `` School Master Murdered '' . The Daily Dispatch , Volume 10 , Number 41 ( Richmond , Virginia ) . August 16 , 1856 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth Of July North '' . The Daily Dispatch , Volume 14 , Number 5 ( Richmond , Virginia ) . July 7 , 1858 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One School Boy Shoots Another Dead '' . The Daily Dispatch , Volume 17 , Number 22 ( Richmond , Virginia ) . January 26 , 1860 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Murder In Ashland County '' . Cleveland Tri-weekly Leader , Volume 18 , Number 31 ( Cleveland , Ohio ) . February 6 , 1864 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Terrible Shooting Affray at Knight 's Ferry '' . The Daily Alta California , Volume 19 , Number 7084 ( San Francisco , California ) . February 17 , 1867 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brevities '' . Memphis Daily Appeal , Volume 17 , Number 219 ( Memphis , Tennessee ) . April 9 , 1867 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Boy Shot By His Schoolfellow - A Curious Affair '' . The New York Times . June 9 , 1867 . Jump up ^ `` Tragic Shooting Affair Near Chattanooga '' . The New York Times . December 26 , 1868 . Jump up ^ `` Sad Accident '' . Knoxville Daily Chronicle , Volume 1 , Number 230 ( Knoxville , Tennessee ) . January 28 , 1871 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A School Principal Shot by a Boy '' . The Sun , Volume 39 , Number 129 ( New York City ) . February 2 , 1872 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Wisconsin father '' . The Daily Phoenix , Volume 8 , Number 277 ( Columbia , North Carolina ) . February 11 , 1873 . p. 3 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One day last week '' . Nebraska Advertiser , Volume 18 , Number 35 ( Brownville , Nebraska ) 1856 -- 1882 . February 26 , 1874 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Accidents and Crimes '' . Mower County Transcript , Volume 12 , Number 2 ( Lansing , Minnesota ) . April 16 , 1874 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lebanton Tragedy '' . Sacramento Daily Union , Volume 47 , Number 7191 ( Sacramento , California ) . April 22 , 1874 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The shooting of one school boy by another '' . Daily Globe , Volume 1 , Number 132 ( St. Paul , Minnesota ) . May 26 , 1878 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shot by a Telegraph Operator '' . The New York Times . May 26 , 1879 . Jump up ^ `` Local Brevities '' . Los Angeles Daily Herald , Volume 16 , Number 88 ( Los Angeles , California ) . December 2 , 1881 . p. 3 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` By Telegraph '' . Daily Evening Bulletin , Volume 1 , Number 27 ( Maysville , Kentucky ) . December 22 , 1881 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Savonburg Siftings '' . The Iola Register , Volume 16 , Number 8 ( Iola , Kansas ) . February 10 , 1882 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Condensed Telegrams '' . The Milan Exchange , Volume 9 , Number 7 ( Milan , Tennessee ) . April 15 , 1882 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Criminally Careless '' . Omaha Daily Bee , Volume 12 , Number 264 ( Omaha , Nebraska ) . February 16 , 1883 . p. 8 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` More Ruffianism '' . Barbour County Index , Volume 4 , Number 25 ( Medicine Lodge , Kansas ) . November 23 , 1883 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` School - Butter ! '' . Mississippi Library Commission . April 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wamack at Danville Va '' . The Austin Weekly Statesman , Volume 13 , Number 26 ( Austin , Texas ) . February 28 , 1884 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Another `` Jesse James '' Gang `` . The New York Times . March 7 , 1884 . Jump up ^ `` The Work of Drunken Ruffians '' . The New York Times . March 16 , 1884 . Jump up ^ `` A Teacher Shot Dead '' . The New York Times . June 12 , 1887 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting Into A Schoolhouse '' . The New York Times . June 14 , 1889 . Jump up ^ `` Shot by Schoolboy '' . The Daily Alta California , Volume 82 , Number 115 ( San Francisco , California ) . April 25 , 1890 . p. 5 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fatal Accident at a Military School '' . The Daily Alta California , Volume 83 , Number 181 ( San Francisco , California ) . December 28 , 1890 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fourteen Persons Wounded '' . The Daily Alta California , Volume 84 , Number 90 ( San Francisco , California ) . March 31 , 1891 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fired Into A Group Of Children '' . The New York Times . April 10 , 1891 . Jump up ^ `` Two Students Shot '' . The Morning Call , Volume 72 , Number 133 ( San Francisco , California ) . October 11 , 1892 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shot to Death at a Dance '' . The Morning Call , Volume 73 , Number 117 ( San Francisco , California ) . March 27 , 1893 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` School Boys Quarrel '' ( PDF ) . The Winona Daily Republican , Volume 38 ( Winona , Minnesota ) . October 17 , 1894 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Hoodlums '' . The Herald , Volume 26 , Number 74 ( Los Angeles , California ) . December 13 , 1898 . p. 3 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Shot by Teacher is Dead '' . The New York Times . February 28 , 1903 . Jump up ^ `` Duelists Fatally Shot '' . Los Angeles Herald , Volume 30 , Number 288 ( Los Angeles , California ) . July 22 , 1903 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tragedy Ends Rivalry For Schoolgirl 's Love '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 95 , Number 129 ( San Francisco , California ) . April 7 , 1904 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Lad Kills Schoolmate '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 96 , Number 170 ( San Francisco , California ) . November 17 , 1904 . p. 7 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` High School Principal Shoots Irate Parent '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 97 , Number 17 ( San Francisco , California ) . December 17 , 1904 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pupil Shoots Trustee '' . Los Angeles Herald , Volume 32 , Number 132 ( Los Angeles , California ) . February 10 , 1905 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tragedy in Schoolroom '' ( PDF ) . The Winona Republican - Herald , Volume 7 , Number 30 ( Winona , Minnesota ) . March 23 , 1907 . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schoolboy Shot Dead by Pupils at Drill '' . Los Angeles Herald , Volume 35 , Number 80 ( Los Angeles , California ) . December 21 , 1907 . p. 9 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Janitor Shot At As He Unlocks Door Of School '' . The Carroll Herald , Volume 40 , Number 14 ( Carroll , Iowa ) . January 15 , 1908 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Two Teachers Found Dead '' . The Kingston Daily Freeman , Volume 37 , Number 117 ( Kingston , New York ) . March 11 , 1908 . p. 3 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Villain in Amateur Show Shot by Hero '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 105 , Number 110 ( San Francisco , California ) . March 20 , 1909 . p. 5 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday School Boy Kills Superintendent '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 106 , Number 11 ( San Francisco , California ) . June 11 , 1909 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sheriff Hunts for Vandals '' . Los Angeles Herald , Volume 36 , Number 321 ( Los Angeles , California ) . August 18 , 1909 . p. 9 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teacher Slays Pupil Who Would Run School '' . Los Angeles Herald , Volume 36 , Number 346 ( Los Angeles , California ) . September 12 , 1909 . p. 11 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maniac Shoots Into Crowd of School Boys '' . Los Angeles Herald , Volume 37 , Number 104 ( Los Angeles , California ) . January 13 , 1910 . p. 16 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shot at Major '' . Amador Ledger ( Jackson , California ) . March 11 , 1910 . p. 5 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky School Election Kills One '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 108 , Number 78 ( San Francisco , California ) . August 17 , 1910 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Girl is Shot Down in Rehearsal of Play '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 109 , Number 149 ( San Francisco , California ) . April 28 , 1911 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Killed In Fight '' . Los Angeles Evening Herald , Volume 38 , Number 110 ( Los Angeles , California ) . February 1 , 1912 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Is Slain By Chinese Gunman '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 111 , Number 64 ( San Francisco , California ) . February 2 , 1912 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 14 - year - old Poughkeepsie Boy Accidentally Shoots Playmate '' . The New York Times . February 17 , 1912 . Jump up ^ `` Ever Hear of Such Things ? '' . The Washington Herald , Number 2964 ( Washington , D.C. ) . November 20 , 1914 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shoots Brother '' . The Tacoma Times , Volume 12 , Number 21 ( Tacoma , Washington ) . January 13 , 1915 . p. 3 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whipping Of Pupil Causes Fatal Fight '' . The Spartanburg Herald ( Spartanburg , South Carolina ) . February 5 , 1915 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Posse After Teacher 's Assailant '' . The Bemidji Daily Pioneer , Volume 14 , Number 229 ( Bemidji , Minnesota ) . September 22 , 1916 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Girl Driven Into Woods at Point of Gun '' . Oklahoma City Times , Volume 28 , Number 150 ( Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ) . September 23 , 1916 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fatal Fight in Casey County '' . The Adair County News , Volume 20 , Number 11 ( Columbia , Kentucky ) . January 10 , 1917 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Accidentally Shot '' . Harrisburg Telegraph , Volume 86 , Number 135 ( Harrisburg , Pennsylvania ) . June 6 , 1917 . p. 11 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Burglars Careers Ended '' . The Daily Gate City And Constitution - Democrat , Volume 125 , Number 101 ( Keokuk , Iowa ) . October 29 , 1917 . p. 8 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting at Manes '' . Mansfield Mirror , Volume 9 , Number 42 ( Mansfield , Missouri ) . December 6 , 1917 . p. 8 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Murder At Lincoln Institute '' . The Kansas City Sun , Volume 10 , Number 32 ( Kansas City , Missouri ) . April 6 , 1918 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brief State News '' . The Ward County Independent , Volume 16 , Number 52 ( Minot , North Dakota ) . April 11 , 1918 . p. 10 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shot at a School '' . Monroe City Democrat , Volume 31 , Number 40 ( Monroe City , Missouri ) . January 10 , 1919 . p. 8 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boys Imitate Bill Hart And Do Strange Things Which Bring Them Into Court '' . The Ogden Standard , Volume 49 , Number 95 ( Ogden , Utah ) . April 21 , 1919 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Refused Position , Man Attempts Life Of Two Professors '' . The Sacramento Union , Volume 209 , Number 36 ( Sacramento , California ) . August 5 , 1919 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` School Teacher Shot By Pupils Is In Very Dangerous Condition '' . Daily Ardmoreite , Volume 27 , Number 109 ( Ardmore , Oklahoma ) . February 15 , 1920 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Angered By Teacher , Boy Shoots Girl '' . The Bismarck Tribune , Volume 39 ( Bismarck , North Dakota ) . March 4 , 1920 . p. 8 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Shot At Teacher '' . The Watchman and Southron , Volume 50 , Number 24 ( Sumter , South Carolina ) . May 5 , 1920 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Starters Shot Kills Woman Viewing Race '' . Sausalito News , Volume 36 , Number 20 ( Sausalito , California ) . May 15 , 1920 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Police Probe Lad 's Shooting '' . The Ogden Standard - Examiner , Volume 50 , Number 197 ( Ogden , Utah ) . August 1 , 1920 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanks Boy , Teacher Shot '' . The Morning Tulsa Daily World , Volume 15 , Number 25 ( Tulsa , Oklahoma ) . October 23 , 1920 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` School Principal Shot For Whipping Student '' . The Ogden Standard - Examiner , Volume 50 , Number 268 ( Ogden , Utah ) . November 5 , 1920 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flashes '' . The Daily Ardmoreite , Volume 29 , Number 42 ( Ardmore , Oklahoma ) . February 17 , 1922 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` To Probe Guin Shooting '' . The Daily Ardmoreite , Volume 29 , Number 151 ( Ardmore , Oklahoma ) . August 1 , 1922 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Janitor Unaware He Shot Youth At College Gym '' . The Star and Sentinel , Volume 126 , Number 48 ( Gettysburg , Pennsylvania ) . January 1 , 1927 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` No , Mr. Huckabee , It 's Not Because God Has Been Removed From Schools '' . The Huffington Post ( New York City ) . May 28 , 1931 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Duluth Teacher Killed by an `` Unloaded '' Gun '' ( PDF ) . The Winona Republican - Herald , Volume 31 , Number 80 ( Winona , Minnesota ) . May 28 , 1931 . p. 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Elliot Speer , Moody School Head , Slain by Shot Fired Through Window of Home '' . The New York Times . September 15 , 1934 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Kyle Ends Life as He Faces Trial '' . The New York Times . May 9 , 1935 . Jump up ^ `` Kills Chicago Boy at College '' . The Chicago Tribune . May 20 , 1936 . Jump up ^ `` Lehigh Man Kills Teacher and Self '' . The New York Times . June 5 , 1936 . Jump up ^ `` School Boy Killed in Play Rehearsal '' . Reading Eagle , Volume 70 , Number 128 ( Reading , Pennsylvania ) . June 4 , 1937 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Teacher Shot by Boy to File No Charges '' . The New York Times . September 26 , 1937 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Shot in School Play Rehearsal Dead '' ( PDF ) . The Winona Republican - Herald , Volume 37 , Number 288 ( Winona , Minnesota ) . January 26 , 1938 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Cecilia Rasmussen ( July 20 , 1997 ) . `` A Principal 's Bloody Rampage '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cecilia Rasmussen ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Jimmie Fidler in Hollywood , May 7 , 1940 '' . Los Angeles Times The Daily Mirror ( Los Angeles , California ) . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : 1940 South Pasadena Shooting '' . KPCC 's databases ( Pasadena , California ) . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nash 1992 , p. 534 . Jump up ^ `` Father Slays Girl In Boarding School '' . The New York Times . July 5 , 1940 . Jump up ^ `` Two Boys Kill Teacher In School After `` Showing Off '' By Smoking `` . The New York Times . October 3 , 1942 . Jump up ^ `` Boy In School Shot , Robbed by 7 Thugs '' . The New York Times . June 26 , 1946 . Jump up ^ `` Husband Kills Teacher , Self '' ( PDF ) . The Winona Republican - Herald , Volume 46 , Number 298 ( Winona , Minnesota ) . February 6 , 1947 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rifle Shot Kills Boy '' . The New York Times . December 24 , 1948 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Showoff Shoots Classmate In School '' . The New York Times . March 12 , 1949 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Student Held in Slaying '' ( PDF ) . The Winona Republican - Herald , Volume 49 , Number 228 ( Winona , Minnesota ) . November 12 , 1949 . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student Shot at Dance '' . The New York Times . July 22 , 1950 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Employee Killed On Campus '' . Meriden Record , Volume 91 , Number 21 ( Meriden , Connecticut ) . January 25 , 1961 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Youths Held in Slaying of Teacher , Chum '' ( PDF ) . The Winona Republican - Herald , Volume 51 , Number 21 ( Winona , Minnesota ) . March 13 , 1951 . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crazed Man Killed in Girls ' School '' . The New York Times . June 5 , 1951 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Pupil Killed '' . The New York Times . November 27 , 1951 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dean Shot Over Pin Ups '' . The New York Times . April 9 , 1952 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Killed At Her Desk '' . The New York Times . July 15 , 1952 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Slaying of Boy in High School Held Accident '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . October 6 , 1953 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Forgive Boy Fatal Shooting Of Their Son '' . Lewiston Evening Journal , Volume 93 ( Lewiston , Maine ) . March 31 , 1954 . Jump up ^ `` Youth Dies , 2 Shot In College Party '' . The New York Times . May 16 , 1954 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Enraged Proctor Opens Fire , Slays Student In Dormitory '' . The New London Day , Volume 73 , Number 161 ( New London , Connecticut ) ( Evening ed . ) . January 11 , 1955 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Man who shot classmate wants to attend 50th reunion '' . Reading Eagle ( Reading , Pennsylvania ) ( Evening ed . ) . p . A7 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Kills Teacher , Wounds 2 Others '' . Milwaukee Sentinel ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . May 5 , 1956 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor Shot In School '' . The New York Times . October 20 , 1956 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Shot In East Side School '' . The New York Times . October 2 , 1957 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` $70,000 Bail Is Set For 8 In Shooting '' . The New York Times . March 6 , 1958 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Massapequa Boy Slain In School '' . The New York Times . May 1 , 1958 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 27 Seized in Bronx With Gang Arsenal '' . The New York Times . September 24 , 1959 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two Teachers Shot To Death By Principal '' . Park City Daily News , Volume 106 , Number 28 ( Bowling Green , Kentucky ) . February 2 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Youth Fatally Shot In Crowded Class '' . The Victoria Advocate , Volume 114 , Number 328 ( Victoria , Texas ) . March 31 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Principal Shot at School Desk '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle , Volume 74 , Number 225 ( Spokane , Washington ) . June 8 , 1960 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Ex State Woman 's Mate Kills Friend '' . Milwaukee Sentinel ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . June 8 , 1960 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Student Killed By Shot Fired For Sound Effect '' . Winona Daily News ( Winona , Minnesota ) . January 5 , 1961 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` School Fight Mushrooms Into Murder '' . The Spokesman - Review , Volume 79 , Number 157 ( Spokane , Washington ) . October 18 , 1961 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Elsea , Jerry ( 5 November 1963 ) . `` Jeff Student Shot in Back '' . The Cedar Rapids Gazette ( Vol. 81 , No. 300 ) . p. 1A column 7 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` L.I. teacher shot by boy in school '' . The New York Times . April 28 , 1966 . Jump up ^ `` Sniper In Texas U. Tower Kills 12 , Hits 33 '' . The New York Times . August 2 , 1966 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finley 2011 , pp. 524 - 527 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ `` Boy , Teacher Shot by Youth at Grand Rapids '' . Winona Daily News ( Winona , Minnesota ) . October 5 , 1966 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crews 2016 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Youth , 18 , Slays 4 Women and Child in Beauty School '' . The New York Times . November 13 , 1966 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tells of Shooting Girl in School '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . May 4 , 1967 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offer Made To Frisk Students '' . The St. Petersburg Times ( St. Petersburg , Florida ) . February 1 , 1968 . Jump up ^ `` Curfew Imposed by Governor in Orangeburg , S.C. '' The New York Times . February 10 , 1968 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student Held In Slaying '' . The Spokesman - Review , Volume 85 , Number 317 ( Spokane , Washington ) . October 1 , 2006 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Students With Guns Expelled '' . Evening Independent ( St. Petersburg , Florida ) . May 24 , 1968 . Jump up ^ `` 17 Black Panther Members Are Arrested at the Home of Slain Youth in Los Angeles '' . The New York Times . January 18 , 1969 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Principal 's Aide in Capital is Killed Chasing Thieves '' . The New York Times . January 25 , 1969 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John Hinton ( May 13 , 1969 ) . `` 13 - year - old boy at Hanes Junior High School accidentally shot and killed in 1969 '' . Winston - Salem Journal ( Winston - Salem , North Carolina ) . Jump up ^ `` Principal Slain by Tomah Boy '' . Milwaukee Sentinel ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . November 20 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Boys Hurt , Killed In Shootings '' . The Spokesman - Review , Volume 87 , Number 237 ( Spokane , Washington ) . January 6 , 1970 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Upset Over Doctoral Thesis -- Penn Student Wounds Two Professors , Takes Own Life in Seminar Shooting '' . Observer -- Reporter , Volume 161 , Number 70036 ( Washington , Pennsylvania ) . February 12 , 1970 . p. C - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Heavy Guard at Kent State After 4 Students Are Killed '' . The Free Lance -- Star , Volume 86 , Number 106 ( Fredericksburg , Virginia ) . May 5 , 1970 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Finley 2011 , pp. 247 - 252 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson State -- May 1970 '' . Jackson State University ( Jackson , Mississippi ) . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Finley 2011 , p. 293 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ `` Student injured in Harlan shooting '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . November 21 , 1970 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Art Teacher Slain , Philadelphia Police Arrest Youth , 14 '' . The New York Times . February 2 , 1971 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jim Spoerhase ( November 12 , 1971 ) . `` Fatal Rampage Details Studied '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle , Volume 86 , Number 45 ( Spokane , Washington ) . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Killed In Gun Battle '' . The Phoenix ( Boston , Massachusetts ) . February 27 , 1973 . Jump up ^ `` Before Hearst SLA killed educator '' . San Francisco Chronicle ( San Francisco , California ) . November 14 , 2002 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Expelled Boy Kills Chicago Principal '' . The Pittsburgh Press , Volume 90 , Number 203 ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) . January 18 , 1974 . p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` Pupil Shoots , Kills Athletic Director '' . Milwaukee Sentinel ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . March 23 , 1974 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` McKeesport Student Shot At Kent State '' . The Pittsburgh Press , Volume 91 , Number 103 ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) . October 5 , 1974 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Crews 2016 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Killed and 9 Wounded by an Upstate Sniper , 18 '' . The New York Times . December 31 , 1974 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Priest Killed In Classroom '' . The Blade , Volume 140 ( Toledo , Ohio ) . February 25 , 1975 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Charge Filed in Shooting '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle ( Spokane , Washington ) . September 24 , 1975 . Jump up ^ `` Intruders Wound 5 Students In Shooting At Detroit School '' . The Blade , Volume 141 ( Toledo , Ohio ) . February 13 , 1976 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit teacher shot to death in front of first grade class '' . The Morning Record , Volume 109 , Number 266 ( Meriden , Connecticut ) . November 11 , 1976 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Police Do n't Know Reason Student Killed His Principal '' . The Bryan Times , Volume 29 , Number 83 ( Bryan , Ohio ) . April 7 , 1977 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Masked Thief Wounds Two at St. John 's High '' . The Washington Post , . November 19 , 1977 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Student Shot In Incident Inside School '' . Kentucky New Era , Volume 90 , Number 46 ( Hopkinsville , Kentucky ) . January 11 , 1978 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Floyd Abrams ( 2006 ) . Speaking Freely : Trials of the First Amendment . New York : Penguin Group . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303675 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Needham Must Answer '' . Evening Independent ( St. Petersburg , Florida ) . June 5 , 1978 . Jump up ^ `` Janitor Shot at Dallas School '' . Spokane Chronicle , Volume 92 , Number 188 ( Spokane , Washington ) . April 27 , 1978 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Perline & Goldschmidt 2004 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Students Hit By Gunfire '' . The Blade , Volume 143 ( Toledo , Ohio ) . October 18 , 1978 . p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Klein 2013 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ `` Student Angered By Paddling Shoots Junior High Principal '' . Florence Times Tri-Cities Daily , Volume 109 , Number 291 ( Florence , Alabama ) . October 18 , 1978 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Chalmers 2009 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Chalmers 2009 , pp. 120 - 121 . Jump up ^ Finley 2011 , pp. 453 - 458 . Jump up ^ `` School Sniper Suspect Bragged Of ' Something Big To Get On TV ' '' . Evening Independent , Volume 72 , Number 75 ( St. Petersburg , Florida ) . January 30 , 1979 . p. 2A . Jump up ^ `` Sniping Suspect Had a Grim Goal '' . Los Angeles Times , reprinted in The Milwaukee Journal , Volume 97 ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . January 30 , 1979 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Brenda - Spencer '' . San Diego Police Museum ( San Diego , California ) . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brenda Spencer '' . The Fliegen . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Shot ; School Janitor Held '' . The Milwaukee Journal , Volume 97 ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . April 17 , 1979 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Football player shot at scrimmage '' . The Day , Volume 99 , Number 76 ( New London , Connecticut ) . September 29 , 1979 . p. 32 . Jump up ^ `` Youths Sentenced for Darryl Williams Shooting '' . The Lewiston Daily Sun , Volume 88 ( Lewiston , Maine ) . March 27 , 1980 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Death of student makes no sense '' . The Bryan Times , Volume 32 , Number 7 ( Bryan , Ohio ) . January 9 , 1980 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Teacher Fatally Shot In School '' . The Ledger , Volume 74 , Number 150 ( Lakeland , Florida ) . March 21 , 1980 . p. 7C . Jump up ^ Compiled FROM College newspapers ( April 5 , 1980 ) . `` Student Kills Professor in Class '' . The Harvard Crimson ( Cambridge , Massachusetts ) . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Student killed in school shooting '' . Wilmington Morning Star , Volume 114 , Number 16 ( Wilmington , North Carolina ) . November 1 , 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Student killed in sorority '' . The Milwaukee Journal ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . January 28 , 1981 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Iver Peterson ( April 18 , 1981 ) . `` Student Held In Blazes And 2 Shotgun Deaths At Dorm '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2 students die in dorm shooting '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . April 18 , 1981 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nash 1992 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ `` Portland collgeg janitor shoots instructor , self '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle , Volume 96 , Number 75 ( Spokane , Washington ) . April 21 , 1984 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Sentenced : Murder '' . The Lewiston Daily Sun , Volume 90 ( Lewiston , Maine ) . February 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shotgun Murder , Suicide In High School Classroom '' . The Victoria Advocate , Volume 137 , Number 190 ( Victoria , Texas ) . November 13 , 1982 . p. 9A . Jump up ^ Toler , Carol ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) . `` History : Shooting of Lake Highlands cafeteria worker remembered '' . Advocate Magazine ( Lake Highlands ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Mich . Girl Shot Dead , 2 Teens Face Charges '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) . April 21 , 1984 . Jump up ^ Roger Munns ( May 19 , 1984 ) . `` Mother devastated in school shooting '' . The Daily Reporter , Volume 87 , Number 237 ( Spencer , Iowa ) . p. 3A . Jump up ^ `` North Texan is Charged in 2 Shootings '' . The Austin American Statesman , . October 1 , 1984 . p. 84 . Jump up ^ `` Bus Driver Killed ; Woman Arrested '' . The Blade , Volume 149 ( Toledo , Ohio ) . October 25 , 1984 . p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Youth quizzed after shooting at junior high '' . Spokane Chronicle , Volume 99 , Number 105 ( Spokane , Washington ) . January 22 , 1985 . p . A2 . Jump up ^ `` Three Teen - Agers Remain in Hospital After Shooting at Prep Football Game '' . The Argus - Press , Volume 131 , Number 247 ( Owosso , Michigan ) . October 19 , 1985 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` 3 dead in junior high romance '' . The Spokesman - Review , Volume 103 , Number 206 ( Spokane , Washington ) . November 28 , 1985 . p . C5 . Jump up ^ `` Teen shot after taking hostages '' . The Nashua Telegraph , Volume 117 , Number 205 ( Nashua , New Hampshire ) . December 5 , 1985 . p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Youth Shot After Taking Two Hostages At School '' . The Blade , Volume 150 ( Toledo , Ohio ) . December 4 , 1985 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` 13 - year - old held in school shooting spree '' . Altus Times , Volume 63 , Number 294 ( Altus , Oklahoma ) . December 11 , 1985 . Jump up ^ Richard L. Madden ( December 12 , 1985 ) . `` At Junior High , Attempt To Deal With Shootings '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Teacher Shot In Shoulder By Her Student '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . March 7 , 1986 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student shot to death in Mo '' . The Lewiston Daily Sun , Volume 94 ( Lewiston , Maine ) . April 30 , 1986 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri Youth , 15 , Shot To Death In Front Of Class '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . May 1 , 1986 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Three Wounded in High School Shooting '' . AP New Archive . Associate Press . 9 May 1986 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Couple Take Over School But Die After Bomb Blast '' . The New York Times . May 17 , 1986 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Radical Right Link Suggested in Hostage Case '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . May 18 , 1986 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Crews 2016 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Jamie Rogers ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` A history of violence -- Can Missoula public schools truly be prepared for a school shooting ? '' . Missoula Independent ( Missoula , Montana ) . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . After Moffatt recovered from the gunshot wound and four subsequent surgeries , he became the principal at Garfield Elementary in Lewistown , a position he held until retiring in 2010 . Today , he and his wife , Maggie , live in Missoula , and Moffatt occasionally substitutes for MCPS . He applauds the district 's efforts to address difficult issues , and he says he 's `` for anything that schools do to make the environment safer for kids . '' But , in his mind , any district can only achieve so much as long as gun laws remain the same . He points out that homicide is now the second leading cause of death for school - age Americans , and while school shootings are `` horrific tragedies , '' homicides on school grounds account for less than 2 percent of the lives lost . `` Some people think it always happens somewhere else , others think it 's going to happen anytime , '' he says of school shootings , `` but we need to look at the big picture . There are relatively few communities in the United States that have dealt with a school shooting ... But there are very few communities that have not lost a child to gun violence . '' Jump up ^ `` School shooting kills one '' . The Gadsden Times , Volume 120 , Number 156 ( Gadsden , Alabama ) . December 5 , 1986 . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Montana boy gets 206 year prison term '' . The Spokesman - Review , Volume 3 , Number 69 ( Spokane , Washington ) . June 4 , 1988 . p . A6 . Jump up ^ `` Killed Teacher , Self : More Light Shed on CSUN Gunman Who Took 2 Lives '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . February 10 , 1987 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Donna Bryson ( March 3 , 1987 ) . `` School shooting linked to classmates ' teasing '' . Lawrence Journal - World ( Lawrence , Kansas ) . Jump up ^ James Risen ( April 17 , 1987 ) . `` Athlete Killed in Detroit School Violence '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Karwath ( September 30 , 1987 ) . `` Youth Freed On Bond In Shooting Of Teacher '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About 200 Attend Funeral for Student who Committed Suicide '' . Associated Press . December 20 , 1987 . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two mothers say deputy 's guns were too easy for sons to steal '' . Boca Raton News , Volume 33 , Number 65 ( Boca Raton , Florida ) . February 24 , 1988 . p. 2B . Jump up ^ `` Winnetka police chief recounts day of horror '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . December 5 , 1988 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball game ends in shooting '' . The Milwaukee Journal ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . July 11 , 1988 . p. 4B . Jump up ^ `` Man Shoots 11 in S.C. elementary school '' . Daily Kent Stater , Volume 63 , Number 18 ( Kent , Ohio ) . September 28 , 1988 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mason Staggs denied double jeopardy claim '' . Abilene Reporter - News ( Abilene , Texas ) . February 14 , 1997 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Student With Pistol Kills One Teacher And Injures Another '' . The New York Times . December 17 , 1988 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Crews 2016 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Jay Mathews ; Matt Lait ( January 18 , 1989 ) . `` Rifleman Slays Five At School ; 29 Pupils , Teacher Shot in California ; Assailant Kills Self '' . The Washington Post ( Washington , D.C. ) . p . A1 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Steve Fidel ( February 11 , 1989 ) . `` Officers Seeking Answers After Junior High Shooting '' . Deseret News ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christine Vorce ( December 5 , 1989 ) . `` Teen shoots schoolmate , kills self on bus '' . The Pittsburgh Press , Volume 106 , Number 163 ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Victim goes home '' . Allegheny Times -- An edition of the Beaver County Times ( Beaver , Pennsylvania ) . December 17 , 1989 . p . A3 . Jump up ^ `` Black youth shot by whites in school '' . The Free Lance -- Star , Volume 106 , Number 74 ( Fredericksburg , Virginia ) . March 28 , 1990 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` 3 San Antonio teens wounded '' . The Victoria Advocate , Volume 145 , Number 128 ( Victoria , Texas ) . September 12 , 1990 . p. 3C . Jump up ^ `` Student fatally shoots himself '' . The Victoria Advocate , Volume 145 , Number 274 ( Victoria , Texas ) . February 7 , 1991 . p. 4C . Jump up ^ Ron Russell ; Michele Fuetsch ( April 24 , 1991 ) . `` Shot Fired at Guard Kills Boy at School '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` High school football star shot in cafeteria '' . The Gainesville Sun , Volume 116 , Number 76 ( Gainesville , Florida ) . September 19 , 1991 . p. 8A . Jump up ^ Phil Hersh ; Blair Kamin ; Steve Johnson ; Teresa Wiltz ; Monica Copeland ; Matt Murray ; Allan Johnson ; Helaine Olen ; Jerry Crimmins ; Eric Detwiler ( November 2 , 1991 ) . `` Student Goes On Killing Spree At Iowa Campus '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michel Marriott ( November 4 , 1991 ) . `` Iowa Gunman Was Torn by Academic Challenge '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jim Mann ( June 7 , 1992 ) . `` The Physics of Revenge : When Dr. Lu Gang 's American Dream Died , Six People Died With It '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruthanne Shpiner ( December 10 , 2008 ) . `` Miya Rodolfo - Sioson , 1968 -- 2008 '' . Berkeley Daily Planet ( Berkeley , California ) . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Policeman kills suspect in Kent State shootings '' . Spokane Chronicle , Volume 106 , Number 102 ( Spokane , Washington ) . February 11 , 1992 . p . A4 . Jump up ^ `` Student shot , wounded on Kent State campus '' . The Blade , Volume 157 ( Toledo , Ohio ) . January 30 , 1992 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Shattered romance may have led to IU murder '' . Northwest Indiana Times ( Munster , Indiana ) . April 25 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Stephen O'Connor ( 1997 ) . Will My Name Be Shouted Out . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 83210 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` School Violence 1991 - 1992 '' . www.columbine-angels.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kind of chaos ' : Witnesses recall 1992 Palo Duro High School shooting '' . amarillo.com. 2012 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Three students shot at school '' . The Tuscaloosa News , Volume 174 , Number 294 ( Tuscaloosa , Alabama ) . October 20 , 1992 . p. 2A . Jump up ^ `` Security tightens after 11 Detroit students are shot '' . Ludington Daily News ( Ludington , Michigan ) . November 6 , 1992 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Mcquiston , John T. ( January 7 , 1993 ) . `` School Upset By Shooting Of Teen - Ager During Game '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lebrun 2008 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ `` Student Shot , Dies at Reseda High '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . February 23 , 1993 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student , 17 , killed in Texas school shooting '' . Daily News ( Galveston , Texas ) . May 16 , 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Diane Struzzi ( October 15 , 1993 ) . `` Prison Term For Murder At School '' . Philadelphia Media Network ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman Kills Himself After Firing on Schoolchildren '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . September 18 , 1993 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student Shot At a School ; Gang War Is Suspected '' . The New York Times . November 5 , 1993 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suspects held in murder of gang member '' . The Hour , Volume 124 , Number 220 ( Norwalk , Connecticut ) . September 20 , 1993 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Breitlow called ` gentle giant ' '' . Milwaukee Sentinel ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . December 2 , 1993 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Perline & Goldschmidt 2004 , p. 348 . Jump up ^ `` School shooting kills teen '' . Times - New , Volume 117 , Number 26 ( Hendersonville , North Carolina ) . January 26 , 1994 . p. 8A . Jump up ^ Linda Shaw ( January 27 , 2005 ) . `` Abuse victim who killed teacher settles with district '' . The Seattle Times ( Seattle , Washington ) . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man wounded in shooting after school basketball game '' . Herald - Journal ( Spartanburg , South Carolina ) . February 19 , 1994 . p . B3 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman Kills 2 at Missouri Military School '' . Deseret News ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) . March 2 , 1994 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy shot to death in Tenn. classroom '' . Boca Raton News ( Boca Raton , Florida ) . April 22 , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Afternoon shooting shocks students '' . The Dispatch , Volume 112 , Number 137 ( Lexington , North Carolina ) . October 13 , 1994 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Perline & Goldschmidt 2004 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ `` Student Shot Outside High School '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . October 18 , 1994 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student Shot Outside High School '' . The New York Times . November 8 , 1994 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dao , James ( December 15 , 1994 ) . `` Gunman Terrorizes Students in Campus Siege '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 20 years after Ralph Tortorici took class hostage at UAlbany '' . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Case Of Insanity -- The Story Of Ralph Tortorici FRONTLINE PBS '' . www.pbs.org . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision '' . www.doccs.ny.gov . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eli Sanders ( March 5 , 2003 ) . `` The Shooter '' . The Stranger ( Seattle , Washington ) . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Death Of Joey '' . Orlando Sentinel ( Orlando , Florida ) . September 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Klein 2013 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` Teen kills teacher , then himself '' . The Tuscaloosa News , Volume 177 , Number 286 ( Tuscaloosa , Alabama ) . October 13 , 1995 . p. 5A . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Klein 2013 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ `` Second suspect indicted in shooting death of pregnant teen on school bus '' . Herald - Journal ( Spartanburg , South Carolina ) . June 2 , 1996 . p . A6 . Jump up ^ `` Man pleads innocent in slaying of 3 professors Calif. prosecutors to seek death penalty for student '' . The Baltimore Sun ( Baltimore , Maryland ) . August 20 , 1996 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tony Perry ( May 28 , 1997 ) . `` Ex-San Diego State Student Pleads Guilty to Murdering 3 Professors '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Man Gets 3 Life Terms For Killing 3 Professors '' . The New York Times . July 19 , 1997 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting at Penn State '' . The Behrend College Collegian , Volume 155 , Number 3 ( Erie , Pennsylvania ) . September 19 , 1996 . Jump up ^ Van Brunt 2012 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ `` Teen shot dead on school bus '' . The Register - Guard ( Eugene , Oregon ) . October 10 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Teen shot to death by classmate at school '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune , Volume 72 , Number 117 ( Sarasota , Florida ) . January 28 , 1997 . p. 5B . Jump up ^ Klein 2013 , pp. 151 - 152 . Jump up ^ Klein 2013 , pp. 56 - 59 . Jump up ^ Klein 2013 , pp. 187 - 192 . Jump up ^ `` Teen guilty in Mississippi school - shooting rampage '' . CNN . June 12 , 1998 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kellie McMaster ( October 16 , 1997 ) . `` School Shooting '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune , Volume 73 , Number 13 ( Sarasota , Florida ) ( Morning ed . ) . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Michael A. Scarcella ( October 18 , 2006 ) . `` Teenager in school shooting arrested '' . Herald - Tribune ( Sarasota , Florida ) . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of Worldwide School and Mass Shootings '' . InfoPlease ( London ) . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One dead , three hurt after shooting at Penn '' . Reading Eagle ( Reading , Pennsylvania ) ( Evening ed . ) . March 2 , 1998 . p . B4 . Jump up ^ `` From wild talk and friendship , to five deaths in schoolyard '' . The New York Times . March 29 , 1998 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 329 . Jump up ^ Kristen Hays ( September 10 , 1999 ) . `` Edinboro teen killer sentenced '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tom Sharp ( May 20 , 1998 ) . `` Teenage passion turns deadly at Tennessee school '' . Park City Daily News , Volume 144 , Number 140 ( Bowling Green , Kentucky ) . p. 10 - A . Jump up ^ `` Davis gets life in prison '' . Kentucky New Era ( Hopkinsville , Kentucky ) . May 30 , 1999 . p. 9A . Jump up ^ Tony Clark ( May 21 , 1998 ) . `` Teen jailed after Oregon high school shooting spree '' . CNN . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student in custody after teacher , school aide shot '' . CNN . January 15 , 1998 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University professor slain during class ; suspect held '' . Reading Eagle ( Reading , Pennsylvania ) ( Evening ed . ) . December 11 , 1998 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Teen students killed , wounded in suicide pact '' . Lawrence Journal - World , Volume 141 , Number 9 ( Lawrence , Kansas ) . January 9 , 1999 . p. 2A . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Teen Dies In Suspected Suicide Pact '' . Chicago Tribune . 10 January 1999 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Dan Gallagher ( April 17 , 1999 ) . `` Did teen in school shooting have hit list ? '' . Deseret News ( Spokane , Washington ) . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Klein 2013 , pp. 152 - 153 . Jump up ^ `` 6 hurt in Georgia high school shooting '' . CNN . May 20 , 1999 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Community honors memory of hate crime victim a decade later '' . Indiana Daily Student ( Bloomington , Indiana ) . July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michelle Koidin ( November 21 , 1999 ) . `` Girl dies from shooting at school in N.M. '' The Tuscaloosa News , Volume 181 , Number 325 ( Tuscaloosa , Alabama ) . p. 3A . Jump up ^ `` School shooter may end up in Lawrence '' . Lawrence Journal - World ( Lawrence , Kansas ) . September 26 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Davies 2008 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Crews 2016 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Olympia Washington newspaper , Morning Olympian , 29 June 2000 , page 19 and 1 November 2000 , page 19 Jump up ^ `` U. Arkansas Deaths Murder - Suicide '' . CBS News . August 29 , 2000 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wounded student shoots teen attacker with same gun '' . Associated Press ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) . September 27 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego teen allegedly planned to shoot student '' . Berkeley Daily Planet ( Berkeley , California ) . December 6 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Often Ridiculed , the Suspect Said , ' I 'll Show You One Day ' '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . March 6 , 2001 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` School prayer follows school shooting '' . CBS News . March 7 , 2001 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eighth - grade girl dies after shooting herself at school '' . April 2 , 2001 . Jump up ^ staff ( 16 May 2001 ) . `` Music Teacher Killed in Random Shooting at PLU '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Granite Hills gunman 's kin file claim vs. county , sheriff '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . May 10 , 2002 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Student fatally shot outside Indiana high school '' . KOTV - DT ( Tulsa , Oklahoma ) . March 31 , 2001 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniel J. Wakin ( January 16 , 2002 ) . `` Gunfire Wounds 2 Students Inside a Manhattan High School '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Francilines ( January 17 , 2002 ) . `` 3 Slain at Law School ; Student Is Held '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man admits law school slayings to avoid death penalty '' . Park City Daily News , Volume 150 , Number 58 ( Bowling Green , Kentucky ) . February 27 , 2004 . p. 2A . Jump up ^ `` Teen killed after basketball game '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . February 21 , 2002 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Man , 71 , Kills 2 at Missouri Monastery and Then Himself '' . The New York Times . June 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James Dao ( October 30 , 2003 ) . `` Boy tells sniper jury about getting shot outside of school '' . The Dispatch ( Lexington , North Carolina ) . p. 3A . Jump up ^ John Douglas ; Ann W. Burgess ; Allen G. Burgess ; Robert K. Ressler ( 2006 ) . Crime Classification Manual : A Standard System for Investigating and Classifying Violent Crimes . San Francisco , California : John Wiley & Sons . pp. 455 -- 457 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7879 - 8642 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` 4 Dead In Univ . Of Arizona Shooting '' . CBS News . October 29 , 2002 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Students Hurt in Shooting Near Jersey City School '' . The New York Times . November 2 , 2002 . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two More Arrested In Fatal School Shooting In New Orleans '' . WAFB ( Baton Rouge , Louisiana ) . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two who did time in McDonogh gym killing on trial in new murder case '' . The Times - Picayune ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) . September 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finley 2011 , pp. 684 - 685 . Jump up ^ `` York County 14 - year - old shoots principal , turns gun on himself '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) . April 25 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finley 2011 , p. 683 . Jump up ^ `` Other Campus Shootings '' . CBS News . May 9 , 2003 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finley 2011 , p. 680 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Acquitted Of Murder in Ballou Shooting '' . The Washington Post ( Washington , D.C. ) . December 14 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Student Opens Fire at a High School Near Albany , Hitting a Teacher '' . The New York Times . February 10 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reginald Fields ; Jonathan Rockoff ( March 8 , 2004 ) . `` ' It was just chaos ' '' . The Baltimore Sun ( Baltimore , Maryland ) . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Student is shot at Bowen High '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . February 9 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Tribute To A Special Driver '' . School Bus Information Council . March 3 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` School gunman stole police pistol , vest '' . CNN International . March 23 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Student injured in Harlan shooting '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . September 14 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greg Brobeck ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` One administrator killed , two injured in Campbell Co. school shooting '' . WATE - TV ( Knoxville , Tennessee ) . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cara DiPasquale ; Alberto Trevino ( November 9 , 2005 ) . `` Student kills 1 , injures 2 in high school shooting '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dennis Blank ( January 14 , 2006 ) . `` Gun - brandishing teen at school shot by deputy '' . The New York Times reprinted in The Register - Guard ( Eugene , Oregon ) . p . A3 . Jump up ^ `` 14 - Year - Old Charged in Oregon School Shooting '' . Fox News Channel . February 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teen found guilty in Roseburg High shooting '' . KATU ( Portland , Oregon ) . June 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two Hurt in Reno Middle School Shooting '' . Fox News Channel . March 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Accused Reno school shooter ordered held '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune ( San Diego , California ) . March 20 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Essex Shooting Rampage '' . www.wcax.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Shooting Suspect Obsessed with Columbine '' . USA Today . August 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Amy Clark ( September 2 , 2006 ) . `` Father Shoots 2 Sons , Self in W.Va '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Laris ; Robert Samuels ( September 3 , 2006 ) . `` Man Kills 2 Sons , Himself At University in W.Va '' . The Washington Post ( Washington , D.C. ) . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sean Alfano ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` 5 Duquesne Basketball Players Shot '' . CBS AP . p. 7A . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . ( CBS station KDKA - TV in Pittsburgh reports . September 17 , 2006 , 12 : 45 PM ) Jump up ^ Catherine Tsai ( September 29 , 2006 ) . `` Killer sexually assaulted schoolgirls '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune ( Sarasota , Florida ) . p. 7A . Jump up ^ Lebrun 2008 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ `` Neighbor : Teen held in shooting bragged about getting into trouble '' . Southeast Missourian ( Cape Girardeau , Missouri ) . October 1 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Klein 2013 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ `` Six killed in Pennsylvania school attack '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune ( San Diego , California ) . October 2 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mo. teen who fired shot in school sentenced to 10 years '' . Southeast Missourian ( Cape Girardeau , Missouri ) . September 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adam Lynn ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Young man convicted in Foss High School shooting sentenced to prison '' . The News Tribune ( Tacoma , Washington ) . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Student wounded in shooting '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . March 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Malley ; Gabriel Baird ( October 11 , 2007 ) . `` Four shot at school , gunman kills himself '' . The Plain Dealer ( Cleveland , Ohio ) . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Teacher Shot During Smoke Break '' . CBS News . November 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teacher Shot At South Florida High School '' . WIBW - TV ( Topeka , Kansas ) . November 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brian Hamacher ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Family Emotional As Teacher Shooter Sentenced to Life Behind Bars '' . WTVJ ( Miami , Florida ) . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kontji Anthony ( February 4 , 2008 ) . `` Police investigate shooting inside classroom at Hamilton High '' . WMC - TV ( Memphis , Tennessee ) . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Dead in LTC Shooting '' . WAFB ( Baton Rouge , Louisiana ) . February 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` High school student shot in class after argument '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . February 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calif. teen Brandon McInerney sentenced to 21 years for point - blank murder of gay classmate '' . CBS News . December 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 18 shot , six dead including gunman , at Northern Illinois University '' . CNN International . February 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Teen sought in school shooting captured , charged '' . KOMO - TV ( Seattle , Washington ) . August 18 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Killed in Shooting Near Detroit High School '' . Fox News Channel . October 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Four Men Charged in Fatal University of Central Arkansas Shooting '' . Fox News Channel . October 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kathy Bushouse ; Tonya Alanez ; Mike Clary ( November 14 , 2008 ) . `` Student may have told Dillard High officials about gun '' . The Baltimore Sun ( Baltimore , Maryland ) . Jump up ^ `` 18 - Year - Old Charged In Dunbar High Shootings '' . WMAQ - TV ( Chicago , Illinois ) . January 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Peter Dujardin ( November 11 , 2009 ) . `` Former Student Gets 14 Years In Shootings '' . Daily Press ( Newport News , Virginia ) . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ David Harris ; Jillian Fennimore ( May 22 , 2009 ) . `` DA : Songwriter killed Cambridge man at Harvard over drugs '' . The Patriot Ledger ( Quincy , Massachusetts ) . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . The case is being investigated by Harvard University Police , Cambridge Police , and the Massachusetts State Police assigned to the Middlesex District Attorney 's Office . Jump up ^ Valerie Faciane ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Larose middle school gets increased security after Monday 's shooting '' . The Times - Picayune ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matt Stamey ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Student shoots himself in head after attempting to shoot teacher '' . The Houma Courier ( Houma , Louisiana ) . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Amanada Martinez ( June 16 , 2009 ) . `` Update : Shooting at International Studies Academy '' . Mission Local ( San Francisco , California ) . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joshua Melvin ( May 10 , 2010 ) . `` Man involved in Skyline shooting pleads no contest to gun charge '' . San Mateo County Times ( San Mateo County , California ) . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 334 . Jump up ^ `` Hammad Memon pleads guilty to murder , sentenced to 30 years for 2010 shooting death of 14 - year - old classmate at Discovery Middle '' . The Birmingham News ( Birmingham , Alabama ) . May 28 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Angie Leventis Lourgos ; Cynthia Dizikes ; Andrew L. Wang ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` 1 hurt in NIU shooting -- Attack came two years after massacre at university '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Benke And Matt Thieu On TODAY Show ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post Denver . May 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Fender ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Deer Creek Middle School shooter found not guilty by reason of insanity '' . The Denver Post ( Denver , Colorado ) . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://abc11.com/archive/7436594/ Jump up ^ `` People of the State of Michigan vs. Steven Jamal Hare '' ( PDF ) . State of Michigan . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shooter at University of Texas was a student '' . University of Texas . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two dead in Salinas gang shootings '' . The Monterey County Herald ( Monterey , California ) . October 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad School Shooter Given 189 - Year Prison Sentence '' . KGTV ( San Diego , California ) . April 20 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Students safe '' . Eagle Herald ( Marinette , Wisconsin ) . November 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gang member gets 35 years for 2010 shooting at Aurora high school '' . The Denver Post ( Denver , Colorada ) . November 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chris Welch ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Slain assistant principal sent student home because of trespass charge '' . CNN International . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caitlin Keating ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` 15 - year - old student shoots classmate at school '' . Indiana Daily Student ( Bloomington , Indiana ) . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mike and Peggy O'Hare ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` 1 dead , several injured in shooting at Worthing High '' . Houston Chronicle ( Houston , Texas ) . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Third Hawaii Teen Arrested In School Shooting '' . Honolulu Civil Beat ( Honolulu , Hawaii ) . June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Student shot on school grounds in North Carolina '' . CNN International . October 24 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bob Lewis ; Zinie Chen Sampson ( December 9 , 2011 ) . `` Ross Truett Ashley , Virginia Tech Shooter , Was 22 - Year - Old Radford University Student '' . The Huffington Post ( New York City ) . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Students Shot , Wounded at Texas Middle School '' . WTVY ( TV ) ( Dothan , Alabama ) . December 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teen who allegedly shot at bullies at North Forest High appears in court '' . KTRK - TV ( Houston , Texas ) . January 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Crews 2016 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Kim Palmer ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Competency hearing set for Ohio school shooting suspect '' . Reuters ( London ) . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Episcopal school head Dale Regan killed by fired teacher , who then kills himself '' . jacksonville.com . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Accused gunman in Oakland shooting unfit for trial : judge '' . Reuters ( London ) . January 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Carroll ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` Students involved in gang - related shooting outside Hamilton High School '' . The Commercial Appeal ( Memphis , Tennessee ) . Jump up ^ Jennifer Abbey ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` Alleged Baltimore School Shooter 's Victim Has Down 's Syndrome '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student in custody following NCHS shooting '' . WHOI ( TV ) ( Peoria , Illinois ) . September 7 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman in custody after shots fired in Normal , Ill . school '' . Quad - City Times ( Davenport , Iowa ) . September 7 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` School shooting leaves Stillwater stunned '' . NewsOK.com. 2012 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` University of South Alabama officer shoots and kills student '' . The Birmingham News ( Birmingham , Alabama ) . October 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gil Collar Grand Jury Clears University Of South Alabama Cop Of Wrongdoing In Student 's Death '' . The Huffington Post ( New York City ) . March 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Gorner ; Jennifer Delgado ( October 20 , 2012 ) . `` Chicago high school student fatally shot in robbery attempt '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evan Schwartz ( November 3 , 2012 ) . `` Suspect Arrested In USC Halloween Shooting '' . ViBe . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Olga Grigoryants ; Daina Beth Solomon ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` Brandon Spencer Is Paying a 40 - Year Price for Four Shots That Killed No One '' . LA Weekly ( Culver City , California ) . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sandy Hook shooting : What happened ? '' . CNN International . December 2012 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Man shot to death in front of Fort Myers church '' . WBBH - TV ( Fort Myers , Florida ) . January 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Unsolved Homicides Kristopher Smith '' . Fort Myers Police Department ( Fort Myers , Florida ) . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 336 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Oliver sentenced to 27 years 4 months in prison , pay over $857 k for Taft High School shooting '' . February 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Rodriguez Rodriguez & Associates Bakersfield , California '' . Rodriguez and Associates . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman shoots man , himself at St. Louis school '' . WEAU ( Eau Claire , Wisconsin ) . January 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suspect in St. Louis school shooting had warrant '' . January 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beth Campbell ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` Hazard Shooting : 2 Killed At Community College Shooting In Kentucky '' . The Huffington Post ( New York City ) . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 12 - year - old girl becomes third to die from shooting at Hazard college '' . Lexington Herald - Leader ( Lexington , Kentucky ) . January 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evelyn Holmes ; Jason Knowles ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Teen fatally shot after CPS basketball game at CSU '' . KTRK - TV ( Houston , Texas ) . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meredith Rodriguez ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Family of teen killed after basketball game sues Chicago State , CPS '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Colleen Curry ; Gina Sunseri ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` Lone Star College Shooting Leaves 3 Injured , ' Persons of Interest ' in Custody '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix police make 4 arrests in Chavez High School shooting '' . The Arizona Republic ( Phoenix , Arizona ) . April 4 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Jeff Black ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` 14 - year - old boy shot at Atlanta middle school , officials say '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta police gang unit investigating Price Middle School shooting '' . CBS46 Atlanta , Georgia . February 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ John Couwels ; Dana Ford ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` Former university student found dead in dorm planned larger attack '' . CNN International . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Police : Student shot 2 women at Virginia community college before being subdued '' . CNN International . April 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kurt Boyd ; Ty Russell ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Update : Police arrest 2nd suspect in Grambling shooting '' . KNOE - TV ( Monroe , Louisiana ) . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://apps.bostonglobe.com/graphics/2015/03/tsarnaev-verdict/index.html ^ Jump up to : Ben Brumfield ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Officer killed on MIT campus near Boston '' . CNN International . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham mom arrested for firing gun at a middle school '' . Fox News Channel . May 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Person Dies As A Result Of Santa Monica Rampage '' . KCBS - TV / KCAL - TV ( Los Angeles , California ) . June 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/20/us/georgia-school-gunshots/index.html ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 338 . Jump up ^ Michael King ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` Shooting suspect in custody at Georgia school '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lauren Squires ( August 25 , 2013 ) . `` North Panola teen killed in shooting after football game '' . WMC - TV ( Memphis , Tennessee ) . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Silfer ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` N.C. School Shooting : 1 injured after shots fired at a Winston - Salem high school ; student in custody , report says '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Desiree Stennett ; Amy Pavuk ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Two teens shot outside Pine Hills Christian school '' . Orlando Sentinel ( Orlando , Florida ) . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Zennie ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Pictured : Hero teacher and former soldier shot dead for trying to talk down ' bullied ' 13 - year - old who opened fire on two classmates before killing himself with his parents ' semi-automatic handgun '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Update : Police continue to search for suspects in A&T shooting '' . News & Record ( Greensboro , North Carolina ) . November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexis Stevens ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Stephenson High football player shot on campus '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution ( Dunwoody , Georgia ) . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Three Pittsburgh teens shot after school lets out '' . CNN International . November 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Student shot in face at West Orange High School '' . WKMG - TV ( Orlando , Florida ) . December 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Watkins ; Ralph Ellis ( December 22 , 2013 ) . `` Colorado high school shooting victim dies at hospital '' . CNN International . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mariana Jacob ( December 24 , 2013 ) . `` Multiple arrests made in Edison High School teacher shooting '' . KFSN - TV ( Fresno , California ) . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Student charged with shooting on Jackson high school campus '' . WMC - TV ( Memphis , Tennessee ) . January 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boy , 12 , faces battery charge in New Mexico school shooting '' . Reuters ( London ) . January 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 17 - year - old suspect charged as an adult in Philadelphia school shooting '' . Fox News Channel . January 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Campus lockdown lifted , search continues after one person shot on Widener University campus in Chester , Pa '' . Daily News ( New York City ) . January 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1 dead , 1 arrested after Purdue University shooting '' . CNN International . January 21 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tony Santaella ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` 1 injured in South Carolina State University shooting '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valley College Murder Leads to 2 Arrests '' . LA Weekly ( Culver City , California ) . January 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1 injured in shooting near Carbondale school '' . KFVS - TV ( Cape Girardeau , Missouri ) . January 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jade Walker ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Tennessee State University Shooting : Gunman Opens Fire On Campus , Injuring 1 '' . The Huffington Post ( New York City ) . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Three people involved in shooting at Palm Bay college claim self - defense '' . WFTV ( Orlando , Florida ) . January 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Witness to North High shooting : ' It takes you a second to realize if it 's real or not ' '' . The Des Moines Register ( Des Moines , Iowa ) . February 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shavonne Potts ; Emily Ford ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` Police ID suspect in Salisbury High shooting '' . Salisbury Post ( Salisbury , North Carolina ) . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bullet struck empty police cruiser outside Brush High School near the end of boys ' basketball game '' . The Plain Dealer ( Cleveland , Ohio ) . February 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Drive - by shooting reported near University of Southern California '' . Daily News ( New York City ) . New York . February 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting at Georgia Regents University '' . WGCL - TV ( Atlanta , Georgia ) . February 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth person arrested after shots fired outside Banneker High School '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution ( Dunwoody , Georgia ) . March 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` More Security At D.H. Conley High School '' . WITN - TV ( Washington , North Carolina ) . April 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit teen shot after school event dies '' . WDIV - TV ( Detroit , Michigan ) . April 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Police are still searching for two men who fired shots at a Paine College men 's residence hall Sunday , injuring a 20 - year - old student '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution ( Dunwoody , Georgia ) . May 5 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suspect in Paine College shooting from DeKalb '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution ( Dunwoody , Georgia ) . May 5 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Authorities respond to person shot at Georgia Gwinnett College '' . WGCL - TV ( Atlanta , Georgia ) . May 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Henry K. Lee ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Student shot outside Richmond high school '' . San Francisco Chronicle ( San Francisco , California ) . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynsi Burton ; Jake Ellison ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Seattle Pacific University shooting : ' It 's unimaginable ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle ( San Francisco , California ) . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caitlin Cruz ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Ybarra chose SPU for shootings because he was unfamiliar with it , journal says '' . The Seattle Times ( Seattle , Washington ) . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1 student killed , gunman dead in Oregon high school shooting '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . June 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 5 in custody after shooting outside NW Miami - Dade School '' . Standard - Examiner ( Ogden , Utah ) . September 11 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SLC teacher hurt when gun accidentally shatters toilet '' . WPLG ( Miami , Florida ) . September 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana State University student arrested in campus shooting '' . Reuters ( London ) . September 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Suspected school shooter connected to stabbing at West Montgomery High School '' . WGHP ( High Point , North Carolina ) . October 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LMPD : Student shot at Fern Creek Traditional High School '' . WAVE ( TV ) ( Louisville , Kentucky ) . September 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Police : Strong leads in shooting at Fulton football game '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution ( Dunwoody , Georgia ) . October 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Two dead , four hurt in shooting at Marysville - Pilchuck HS '' . KING - TV . October 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Journal indicates FSU shooter suspected government '' . Florida Today ( Melbourne , Florida ) . November 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teen dies , 1 charged in Miami Carol City High School shooting '' . WPLG ( Miami , Florida ) . November 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RSU shooter identified as former Tulsa police officer '' . WXXA - TV ( Albany , New York ) . December 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Police arrest after 4 shot near school '' . CNN International . December 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee man charged in Wisconsin Lutheran High School shooting '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . January 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girl , 14 , shot in high school parking lot , Ocala police say '' . WKMG - TV ( Orlando , Florida ) . January 19 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paige Jones ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Two students wounded in Frederick High School shooting '' . Frederick News - Post ( Frederick , Maryland ) . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teenager found shot dead in Merced school parking lot '' . KFSN - TV ( Fresno , California ) . February 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reward in Bethune - Cookman shooting increased to $10,000 '' . The Daytona Beach News - Journal ( Daytona Beach , Florida ) . February 25 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man shot at elementary school in University City ; one suspect arrested '' . KMOV ( St. Louis , Missouri ) . March 30 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City Manager : One person killed in Wayne Community College shooting '' . WITN - TV ( Washington , North Carolina ) . April 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deputy shot while directing school traffic in apparent ambush '' . Policeone.com. April 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman tackled by teacher after firing shots at N. Thurston H.S. '' KOMO - TV ( Seattle , Washington ) . April 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Search continues for 16 - year - old suspect in school bus shooting '' . WJAX - TV ( Jacksonville , Florida ) . May 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Two men charged in shooting at Southwestern Academy in Flint '' . MLive.com ( Grand Rapids , Michigan ) . May 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Savannah State University student dies in campus shooting '' . CNN International . August 28 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1 Arrested , Gunman Sought After Deadly Shooting At Sacramento City College '' . KABC - TV ( Los Angeles , California ) . September 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ed Payne ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Delta State shooting '' . CNN . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dirk Lammers ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` S. Dakota high school principal shot , wounded ; students safe '' . Deseret News ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andrew Blankstein ; Tom Winter ; Jacquellena Carrero ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` 10 Killed in Shooting at Oregon 's Umpqua Community College '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deadly Shooting Reported on University Campus in Arizona '' . ABC News . October 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One dead , one injured in shooting at Texas Southern University ; possible suspect detained '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . October 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1 dead in shooting at Tennessee State University in Nashville '' . CNN International . October 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1 killed in shooting at Winston - Salem State University in North Carolina '' . CNN International . November 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One dead after shooting at suburban Las Vegas high school '' . Fox News Channel . November 20 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teen shot in leg following basketball game at Lawrence Central High School '' . WXIN ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) . January 22 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy , 16 , arrested after shooting incident at Ben Franklin High School '' . WPVI - TV ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) . January 29 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 4 hurt in shootings outside Muskegon Heights High School , including 2 students '' . WXMI ( Grand Rapids , Michigan ) . February 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacques Billeaud ; Paul Davenport ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Police : Shooting at Phoenix - area school was a murder - suicide '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer ( Seattle , Washington ) . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick McCrabb ; Lauren Pack ; Ed Richter ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Latest on Madison H.S. shooting '' . WHIO ( AM ) ( Dayton , Ohio ) . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lauren Clark ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Parents of Madison H.S. shooting suspect speak ; victim returns '' . WHIO ( AM ) ( Dayton , Ohio ) . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ UCLA shooting updates : Woman who was married to UCLA shooter lived at Minnesota crime scene Archived June 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Los Angeles Times ( June 3 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ What we know about Ashley Hasti , Minnesota victim of UCLA shooter Mainak Sarkar Archived June 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Star Tribune ( June 3 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` 2 suspects arrested in slaying outside Jeremiah Burke High School -- The Boston Globe '' . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 6 - year - old shot at Townville Elementary still in critical condition '' . WYFF ( Greenville , South Carolina ) . September 29 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jacob Hall , Townville Elementary School Shooting Victim , Has Died : Coroner '' . NBC News . October 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 16 - year - old boy arrested in Vigor High School shooting '' . Alabama.com . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Two students injured in shooting outside Linden - McKinley High School '' . NBC4i.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Students Shot Outside San Francisco High School '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` Update : SFPD Arrests 2 in June Jordan School Shooting '' . KQED . October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 16 - year - old shot outside Sandy middle school '' . KSL5 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashton Edwards , Mark Green and Lauren Steinbrecher ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Police say student , teacher jumped into action after shot fired at Bountiful school '' . KSTU . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker Perry , No ruling on West Liberty - Salem school shooting suspect 's competency Archived May 6 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , WHIO ( May 5 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Woodward , Benjamin ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` How the shooting at the UW protest of Milo Yiannopoulos unfolded '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Larson , Amy ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Photo released of suspect after King City High student shot '' . KSBW . Jump up ^ Kentz , Rachel ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Suspect arrested in March shooting near King City High '' . The Californian . Jump up ^ Sonya Hamasaki & Darran Simon ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Student one of 3 dead in San Bernardino school shooting '' . CNN . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tom Steele ; Julieta Chiquillo ; Eline de Bruijn ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` North Lake College gunman was stalking the woman he killed , her family says '' . Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1 dead , 3 hurt in shooting at Spokane - area high school '' . Oregon Live . Associated Press . September 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mattoon Community Unit School District 2 -- MHS students , staff secure following shooting '' . www.mattoon.k12.il.us . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated . `` Suspect in Custody After Injuring One in Shooting at Illinois High School '' . Time . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5 dead at multiple shooting locations in N. California county , including a school ; gunman is killed '' . www.msn.com . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Branson - Potts , Hailey ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Mother driving her boys to school when Rancho Tehama gunman struck shielded her son despite her wounds '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico school shooter left note plotting attack , suicide '' . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman disguised himself , randomly killed at New Mexico school '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Disaster - Kiwi Farms user shoots up school and then kills himself '' . Kiwi Farms . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Levenson , Eric ; Diaz - Zuniga , Laura ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` New Mexico high school shooter was investigated by FBI in 2016 '' . CNN . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Look at all 11 school shooting that took place in the first 23 days of 2018 '' . MPRNews . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harlow , Brittany . `` Bullet fired through classroom at Grayson College '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Lam , Katherine ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Texas high school shooting leaves 1 student wounded ; suspect in custody , police say '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 16 - year - old boy charged in Texas shooting , wounded student remains hospitalized '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carroll , John . `` Paramedic : Girl wounded in area school shooting bravest ' I 've ever seen ' '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/crime/2018/02/16/officials-release-identity-marshall-county-shooting-suspect/342649002/ Jump up ^ `` Kentucky school shooting : 2 dead , 15 more shot at Marshall County High School -- live updates '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Two dead , suspect in custody after shooting at Kentucky high school '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CNN , Holly Yan , AnneClaire Stapleton and Paul P. Murphy , . `` Kentucky school shooting : 2 students killed , 18 injured '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stump , Chris Best , Olivia ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Shots fired at Murphy High School '' . WKRG . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Police : Man Dies Following Shooting Outside High School '' . 2018 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sonya Hamasaki , Stella Chan and Jason Hanna ( 1 February 2018 ) . `` 2 students shot at Los Angeles school ; 12 - year - old girl in custody '' . CNN . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` This is the 18th school shooting so far in America in 2018 '' . ABC . February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Florida school shooting suspect hid among students after massacre '' . CBS News . CBS / AP . 15 February 2018 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Burch , Audra D.S. ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` Death Toll Is at 17 and Could Rise in Shooting '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Hanna , Jason ( 4 March 2018 ) . `` Central Michigan student used father 's gun to kill his parents , police say '' . CNN . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Siemaszko , Corky ; Blankstein , Andrew ( 2 March 2018 ) . `` Central Michigan University shooting leaves two dead , gunman on the loose '' . NBC News . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Mitch ( 2 March 2018 ) . `` Shooting Reported at Central Michigan University '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Grinberg , Emanuella ( 7 March 2018 ) . `` One student dead , another hurt in Alabama school shooting '' . CNN . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andone , Dakin ; Burnside , Tina . `` Teen charged in fatal shooting at Alabama high school '' . CNN . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Teen charged with manslaughter in Birmingham school shooting '' . WHNT.com. 9 March 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ WKYT . `` UPDATE : Student accidentally fires gun at high school in Lexington '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Carol ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` UAB Hospital Highlands shooting : 2 shot ; shooter down , Birmingham police say '' . AL.com . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Jason . `` The Maryland school shooter was killed by his own bullet , not the school resource officer 's , police say '' . CNN . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` California school shooting : 1 injured ; suspect in custody in Palmdale - CNN '' . CNN . 2018 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Charges filed against ex-student accused of exchanging gunfire with cop at Dixon High School '' . The Chicago Tribune . 2018 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` School Resource Officer Stopped School Shooting , Authorities Say '' . The New York Times . 2018 - 05 - 17 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Dead in Santa Fe , Texas , School Shooting ; Suspect Used Shotgun and Revolver '' . The New York Times . 2018 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2 arrests made after deadly shooting outside high school graduation '' . WSB - TV . 2018 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Police : Student , teacher injured in shooting at Noblesville West Middle School in Indiana '' . CBS News . CBS . 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Herskovitz , Jon . `` Indiana middle schooler with two guns shoots teacher , student '' . U.S . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 26 . Bibliography ( edit ) Breaux , By Kia Shant'e. `` 3 die in Missouri abbey shooting CJOnline.com '' . cjonline.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Chalmers , Phil ( 2009 ) . Inside the Mind of a Teen Killer ( illustrated ed . ) . Nashville , Tennessee : Thomas Nelson . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59555 - 152 - 8 . Crews , Gordon A. ( 2016 ) . Critical Examinations of School Violence and Disturbance in K - 12 Education . Hershey , Pennsylvania : Information Science Reference . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4666 - 9935 - 9 . Davies , Kim ( 2008 ) . The Murder Book : Examining Homicide ( illustrated ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 172401 - 3 . Dixon , David ( 2005 ) . Never Come to Peace Again : Pontiac 's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America . University of Oklahoma Press ( illustrated ed . ) . Norman , Oklahoma . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3656 - 1 . Finley , Laura ( 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of School Crime and Violence ( 1st ed . ) . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 36239 - 2 . Finley , Laura ( 2014 ) . School Violence : A Reference Handbook , 2nd Edition ( 2nd ed . ) . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 624 - 1 . Klein , Jessie ( 2013 ) . The Bully Society : School Shootings and the Crisis of Bullying in America 's Schools ( reprint ed . ) . New York , New York : New York University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 6371 - 1 . Lebrun , Marcel ( 2008 ) . Books , Blackboards , and Bullets : School Shootings and Violence in America ( 1st ed . ) . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Education . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57886 - 904 - 6 . Middleton , Richard ( 2007 ) . Pontiac 's War : Its Causes , Course and Consequences . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 97914 - 6 . Nash , Jay Robert ( 1992 ) . World Encyclopedia of 20th Century Murder ( 1st ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59077 - 532 - 5 . Perline , Irvin H. ; Goldschmidt , Jona ( 2004 ) . The Psychology and Law of Workplace Violence : A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Employers ( illustrated ed . ) . Springfield , Illinois : Charles C Thomas Publisher . ISBN 978 - 0 - 398 - 07432 - 6 . Van Brunt , Brian ( 2012 ) . Ending Campus Violence : New Approaches to Prevention . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 51494 - 4 . External links ( edit ) School Safety Interim Study Committee -- Indiana Legislative Services Agency ( September 24 , 2013 ) Federal Report Looks at Crime and Safety in Schools -- Council for American Private Education ( CAPE ) ( January 2015 ) Indicators of School Crime and Safety : 2014 -- National Center for Education Statistics ( July 9 , 2015 ) Indicators of School Crime and Safety : 2014 -- Council of State Governments Justice Center ( July 15 , 2015 ) Selected Findings from the Indicators of School Crime and Safety : 2014 -- Center for Evidence - Based Crime Policy ( CEBCP ) Symposium ( August 17 , 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_school_shootings_in_the_United_States&oldid=843589445 '' Categories : Lists of disasters in the United States School shootings in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Incomplete lists from June 2017 Use mdy dates from November 2017 Use American English from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 04 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did school shootings start in the united states | [
"\n\nDate\nLocation\nDeaths\nInjuries\nDescription\n\n\n000000001840-11-12-0000November 12, 1840\nCharlottesville, Virginia !Charlottesville, Virginia\n1\n0\nJohn Anthony Gardner Davis, a law professor at the University of Virginia, was shot by student Joseph Semmes, and died from his wound three days later.[3][4]\n\n"
] | [
"1840"
] |
2504867944329605862 | The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film) | The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 film ) - wikipedia The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Last of the Mohicans Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Mann Produced by Michael Mann Hunt Lowry Screenplay by Michael Mann Christopher Crowe Story by John L. Balderston Paul Perez Daniel Moore Based on The Last of the Mohicans by James Fenimore Cooper The Last of the Mohicans by Philip Dunne Starring Daniel Day - Lewis Madeleine Stowe Jodhi May Music by Trevor Jones Randy Edelman Cinematography Dante Spinotti Edited by Dov Hoenig Arthur Schmidt Production company Morgan Creek Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox ( USA & Canada ) Warner Bros . ( International ) Release date August 26 , 1992 ( 1992 - 08 - 26 ) ( France ) September 25 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 112 minutes Country United States Language English French Mohawk Huron Budget $40 million Box office $75.5 million ( North America ) The Last of the Mohicans is a 1992 American epic historical drama , set in 1757 during the French and Indian War . It was directed by Michael Mann , based on James Fenimore Cooper 's eponymous 1826 novel and George B. Seitz 's 1936 film adaptation , owing more to the latter than the novel . The film stars Daniel Day - Lewis , Madeleine Stowe , and Jodhi May , with Russell Means , Wes Studi , Eric Schweig , and Steven Waddington in supporting roles . It was produced by Morgan Creek Pictures . The soundtrack features music by Trevor Jones and Randy Edelman , and the song `` I Will Find You '' by Clannad . The main theme of the film is taken from the tune `` The Gael '' by Scottish singer - songwriter Dougie MacLean . Released on September 25 , 1992 in the United States , The Last of the Mohicans was met with nearly universal praise from critics and commercial success during its box - office run . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Props 5 Locations 6 Reception and honors 6.1 Box office 7 Alternate versions 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The story takes place in 1757 , during the French and Indian War in the Adirondack Mountains , in the British colony of New York . British Army Major Duncan Heyward arrives in Albany . He has been sent to serve under Colonel Edmund Munro , the commander of Fort William Henry . Heyward is given the task of escorting the colonel 's two daughters , Cora and Alice , to their father . He is a family friend and in love with Cora , to whom he proposes before they leave , but she does not give him an answer . Major Heyward , the two women , and a troop of British soldiers march through the rugged countryside , guided by Magua , a Huron warrior . Magua leads the party into an ambush . All of the soldiers are killed or wounded , but Heyward and the women are rescued by the timely intervention of the Mohican chief Chingachgook , his son Uncas , and his white , adopted son `` Hawkeye '' , who kill all of the ambushers except Magua , who escapes . The rescuers agree to take the women and Heyward to the fort . During the fight , Hawkeye noticed that Magua attempted to kill Cora and asks Duncan if he knows why . During the trek , Cora and Hawkeye are attracted to each other , as are Uncas and Alice . When the party nears the fort , they find it under siege by the French and their Huron allies . The party manages to sneak in and are greeted by Colonel Munro , who asks Major Heyward about the requested , desperately needed reinforcements . While there , Cora and Hawkeye share a passionate kiss , and Heyward becomes jealous . In response , Cora finally tells him she will not marry him . When Munro refuses to allow the militiamen to sneak away to defend their own families and homes , as he had earlier promised , Hawkeye arranges it anyway . He stays , however , and is condemned to death . Before that happens , during a parlay , French general Louis - Joseph de Montcalm shows Munro an intercepted message which states that no reinforcements have been sent . Montcalm offers to allow the British to evacuate the fort with honor , keeping their weapons . Munro has little choice but to accept . However , Magua , a French ally , is furious at this arrangement . He harbors great hatred for Munro , blaming him for past wrongs done to him and his family . The following day , Colonel Munro , his soldiers , and their women and children leave the fort . Magua and his Huron warriors ambush them . Magua personally kills Munro . Hawkeye and the Mohicans fight their way out , leading Cora , Alice , and Heyward to temporary safety . Later , however , Magua captures the major and the women . Magua takes his prisoners to a Huron settlement and addresses its sachem . He is interrupted by Hawkeye , who comes in alone to plead for their lives . The sachem rules that Heyward be returned to the British , Alice given to Magua , and Cora burned alive . Hawkeye , for his great bravery , may leave unharmed . Hawkeye tells Heyward , who is serving as translator , to beg the sachem to let Hawkeye take Cora 's place . Instead , Heyward trades his own life for Cora 's . Once Cora and Hawkeye are far enough away , Hawkeye shoots Heyward to end his suffering . Chingachgook , Uncas , and Hawkeye then set out after Magua 's party to free Alice . Uncas races ahead and engages Magua in personal combat , but is killed . Alice chooses to step off the cliff to her death rather than go to the beckoning Magua . While Hawkeye holds Magua 's remaining men at bay , Chingachgook duels Magua and avenges his son . Chingachgook prays to the Great Spirit to receive Uncas , calling himself `` the last of the Mohicans '' . Cast ( edit ) Daniel Day - Lewis as Hawkeye / Nathaniel Poe Madeleine Stowe as Cora Munro Russell Means as Chingachgook Eric Schweig as Uncas Jodhi May as Alice Munro Steven Waddington as Maj . Duncan Heyward Wes Studi as Magua Maurice Roëves as Col. Edmund Munro Patrice Chéreau as Gen. Louis - Joseph de Montcalm Edward Blatchford as Jack Winthrop Tracey Ellis as Alexandra Cameron Terry Kinney as John Cameron Sebastian Roché as Martin Justin M. Rice as James Cameron Dennis Banks as Ongewasgone Pete Postlethwaite as Capt . Beams Colm Meaney as Maj . Ambrose Mac Andrews as Gen. Daniel Webb Benton Jennings as Scottish Officer Jared Harris as British Lieutenant Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Last of the Mohicans ( soundtrack ) Props ( edit ) Much care was taken with recreating accurate costumes and props . American Bladesmith Society master bladesmith Daniel Winkler made the tomahawks used in the film and knifemaker Randall King made the knives . Wayne Watson is the maker of Hawkeye 's `` Killdeer '' rifle used in the film . The gunstock war club made for Chingachgook was created by Jim Yellow Eagle . Magua 's tomahawk was made by Fred A. Mitchell of Odin Forge & Fabrication . Costumes were originally designed by multiple Academy Award winner James Acheson , but he left the film and had his name removed because of artistic differences with Mann . Designer Elsa Zamparelli was brought in to finish . Locations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Despite the film taking place in upstate New York , according to the film credits , it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina . Locations used include Lake James , Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate . Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls , Triple Falls , Bridal Veil Falls , and High Falls , all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest . Another of these falls was Linville Falls , in the mountains of North Carolina . Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville , NC at The Manor on Charlotte St . Reception and honors ( edit ) The Last of the Mohicans opened to general acclaim , with critics praising the film for its cinematography and music . Critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three stars and called it `` quite an improvement on Cooper 's all but unreadable book , and a worthy successor to the Randolph Scott version , '' going on to say that `` The Last of the Mohicans is not as authentic and uncompromised as it claims to be -- more of a matinee fantasy than it wants to admit -- but it is probably more entertaining as a result . '' Desson Howe of The Washington Post classified the film as `` glam - opera '' and `` the MTV version of gothic romance '' . Rita Kempley of the Post recognized the `` heavy drama , '' writing that the film `` sets new standards when it comes to pent - up passion '' , but commented positively on the `` spectacular scenery '' . The Last of the Mohicans is certified `` Fresh '' at the film site Rotten Tomatoes , with a positive rating of 94 % ( 34 reviews out of 35 counted fresh ) . The film won the Academy Award for Best Sound ( Chris Jenkins , Doug Hemphill , Mark Smith , Simon Kaye ) . American Film Institute recognition : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Hawkeye - Nominated Hero Box Office ( edit ) The film opened in the United States on September 25 , 1992 , in 1,856 theaters . It was the number 1 movie on its opening weekend . By the end of its first weekend , The Last of the Mohicans had generated $10,976,661 , and by the end of its domestic run , the film had made $75,505,856 . It was ranked the 17th highest - grossing film of 1992 in the United States . Alternate versions ( edit ) The film was released theatrically in 1992 at a length of 112 minutes . It was released at this length on VHS in the U.S. It was re-edited to a length of 117 minutes for its U.S. DVD release on November 23 , 1999 , which was billed as the `` Director 's Expanded Edition '' . It was again re-edited for its U.S. Blu - ray release on October 5 , 2010 , this time billed as the `` Director 's Definitive Cut '' , with a length of 114 mins . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Last of the Mohicans '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Haskew , Mike ( 2006 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Star - Spangled Hawks Take Wing '' . 33 ( 9 ) . Blade Magazine . pp. 30 -- 37 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( September 25 , 1992 ) . `` The Last of The Mohicans '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Desson Howe ( September 25 , 1992 ) . `` The Last of The Mohicans '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rita Kempley ( September 25 , 1992 ) . `` The Last of The Mohicans '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` Freshness count '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The 65th Academy Awards ( 1993 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains Nominees Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office '' . The Los Angeles Times . 1992 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Fox , David J. ( 1992 - 10 - 06 ) . `` Box Office Has n't Seen the Last of ' Mohicans '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Gerald Wurm ( 2010 - 04 - 07 ) . `` Last Of The Mohicans , The ( Comparison : Theatrical Version - Director 's Expanded Edition ) '' . Movie-Censorship.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Last of the Mohicans ( Director 's Expanded Edition ) : Daniel Day - Lewis , Madeleine Stowe , Russell Means , Eric Schweig , Jodhi May , Steven Waddington , Wes Studi , Maurice Roà `` ves , Patrice Chà © reau , Edward Blatchford , Terry Kinney , Tracey Ellis , Michael Mann , Christopher Crowe , Daniel Moore , James Fenimore Cooper , John L. Balderston , Paul Perez , Philip Dunne : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Last of the Mohicans Blu - ray : Director 's Definitive Cut '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gerald Wurm ( 2010 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Last of the Mohicans , The ( Comparison : Theatrical Version - Director 's Definitive Cut ) '' . Movie-Censorship.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 film ) Kristopher Tapley : Michael Mann looks back on ' The Last of the Mohicans ' 20 years later at hitfix.com The Last of the Mohicans on IMDb The Last of the Mohicans at the TCM Movie Database The Last of the Mohicans at AllMovie The Last of the Mohicans at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Michael Mann The Jericho Mile ( 1979 ) Thief ( 1981 ) The Keep ( 1983 ) Manhunter ( 1986 ) L.A. Takedown ( 1989 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 ) Heat ( 1995 ) The Insider ( 1999 ) Ali ( 2001 ) Collateral ( 2004 ) Miami Vice ( 2006 ) Public Enemies ( 2009 ) Blackhat ( 2015 ) James Fenimore Cooper 's The Last of the Mohicans Fictional characters Magua Chingachgook Natty Bumppo Historical characters Colonel Munro Daniel Webb Marquis de Montcalm Tamenund Films The Last of the Mohicans ( 1920 American ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1920 German ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1932 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1936 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1968 ) Last of the Redmen ( 1947 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1971 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 ) Related Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans Leatherstocking Tales The Last of the Mohicans ( soundtrack ) VIAF : 177610562 LCCN : no94041546 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_(1992_film)&oldid=801890223 '' Categories : 1992 films 1757 in fiction 1990s drama films 1990s historical films 1990s war films 20th Century Fox films American drama films American epic films American films American historical films American war films English - language films Films about Native Americans Films based on The Last of the Mohicans Films directed by Michael Mann Films set in the Thirteen Colonies Films shot in North Carolina Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award French - language films Mohawk - language films Morgan Creek Productions films War epic films Warner Bros. films Film scores by Randy Edelman Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from September 2012 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 15 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | last of the mohicans filming locations north carolina | [
"Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St.",
"Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St.",
"Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St.",
"Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St.",
"Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St.",
"Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St.",
"Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St.",
"Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St.",
"Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St.",
"Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St."
] | [
"Blue Ridge Mountains",
"Lake James",
"Chimney Rock Park",
"The Biltmore Estate",
"Hooker Falls",
"Triple Falls",
"Bridal Veil Falls",
"High Falls",
"DuPont State Recreational Forest",
"Linville Falls"
] |
-8684745843031089011 | Love on a Two-Way Street | Love on a Two - Way Street - wikipedia Love on a Two - Way Street Jump to : navigation , search `` Love on a Two - Way Street '' Single by The Moments from the album Not on the Outside , But on the Inside , Strong ! B - side `` I Wo n't Do Anything '' Released March 1970 Format 7 '' single Genre R&B , soul Length 3 : 05 ( single edit ) 3 : 46 ( album version ) Label Stang Records All Platinum Songwriter ( s ) Sylvia Robinson , Bert Keyes Producer ( s ) Sylvia Robinson `` Love on a Two - Way Street '' is a Soul ballad written by Sylvia Robinson and Bert Keyes in 1968 . The song was originally recorded by Lezli Valentine , an artist signed to All Platinum , the record label that Sylvia Robinson co-owned with her husband , Joe . The song was then recorded by The Moments , an R&B vocal group signed to All Platinum subsidiary Stang Records , as filler for their 1968 album Not on the Outside , But on the Inside , Strong ! . Sylvia and Joe decided to release the song as a single in March 1970 and it went on to become one of the biggest R&B hits of that year , spending five weeks at number one on Billboard 's Soul Singles chart and reaching number three on the Hot 100 chart . Billboard ranked the record as the No. 25 song of 1970 . It was also certified gold by the RIAA for sales of one million copies . Willie and The Mighty Magnificents provided most of the musical backing on the song and Bert Keyes created the string arrangement that was overdubbed onto the track while also playing piano on the recording session . According to the song 's original vocalist , Lezli Valentine , she was a third contributor to the song writing most of the song 's lyrics : Sylvia came into the office on the morning Two Way Street was created and said that she had a dream but that the only thing she remembered was `` Love on a Two - way Street , Lost on a lonely Highway . '' -- We went into Bert 's office ... Sylvia asked Bert to play what he felt ( that became the melody ) ... I , Lezli Valentine , began to write the story line ... `` True love will never die , so I 've been told but now I must cry , it is finally goodbye , I know ... With music softly playing his lips were gently saying honey I love you '' ... Sylvia wrote `` he held me in desperation , I thought it was a revelation and then he walked out '' ... I , Lezli Valentine wrote ... `` how could I be so blind to give of love the very first time , to be fooled is a hurting thing '' ... Sylvia wrote `` to be loved and fooled is a crying shame '' ... Lezli Valentine wrote `` while I bear the blame , as he laughs my name '' , the rest was completed , I recorded it ; the lead sheets were hand delivered by one of the original Moments , John , who lived in DC . The original application was altered without my knowledge ( omitting Lezli Valentine 's name as a lyric writer ... there are three writers on I Found Love On A Two - Way Street ) Joseph Robinson , Sr. definitely knew this , ( Joseph R. Robinson , Sr. said he would rectify this , evidently he never did . Each time I telephoned him on this he said he would take care of it ) as did Ebert Mahon ... AKA Bert Keyes and several recording artists in the Soul Sound Studios at the time ! This was nerve wrecking and resulted in hospitalizations . The Moments ' version of the song has been sampled by The AB 's formally known as Asamov in 2005 for the song `` Supa Dynamite '' , by Caribou in the track `` Subotnick '' from 2005 's The Milk of Human Kindness , and by Jay - Z and Alicia Keys ' single `` Empire State of Mind '' in 2009 . Cover versions ( edit ) In 1981 , Cotillion Records artist , Stacy Lattisaw covered `` Love on a Two - Way Street '' which peaked at number two R&B , number 19 Adult Contemporary , and number twenty six on the Hot 100 . This version also peaked at number 23 on the Cash Box Top 100 during August of that year . Gloria Estefan included her version on her 1994 album , Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me . The song was also covered by Boz Scaggs on his 2013 album , Memphis . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 408 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1970 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 341 . External links ( edit ) Soul-patrol.com Preceded by `` Turn Back the Hands of Time '' by Tyrone Davis Billboard 's Best Selling Soul Singles number one single ( The Moments version ) May 16 -- June 13 , 1970 Succeeded by `` The Love You Save '' by The Jackson 5 Stacy Lattisaw Studio albums Young and in Love Let Me Be Your Angel With You Sneakin ' Out Sixteen Perfect Combination I 'm Not the Same Girl Take Me All the Way Personal Attention What You Need Singles `` When You 're Young and in Love '' `` Dynamite ! '' `` Jump to the Beat '' `` Let Me Be Your Angel '' `` Love on a Two Way Street '' `` Attack of the Name Game '' `` Hey There Lonely Boy '' `` Perfect Combination '' / `` Heartbreak Look '' `` Block Party '' `` Baby It 's You '' `` Where Do We Go from Here '' `` I Do n't Have the Heart '' Related articles Johnny Gill Book : Stacy Lattisaw Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_on_a_Two-Way_Street&oldid=819395166 '' Categories : 1968 songs 1970 singles 1981 singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Songs written by Sylvia Robinson Stacy Lattisaw songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 03 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song love on a two way street | [
"\"Love on a Two-Way Street\" is a Soul ballad written by Sylvia Robinson and Bert Keyes in 1968. The song was originally recorded by Lezli Valentine, an artist signed to All Platinum, the record label that Sylvia Robinson co-owned with her husband, Joe. The song was then recorded by The Moments, an R&B vocal group signed to All Platinum subsidiary Stang Records, as filler for their 1968 album Not on the Outside, But on the Inside, Strong!. Sylvia and Joe decided to release the song as a single in March 1970 and it went on to become one of the biggest R&B hits of that year, spending five weeks at number one on Billboard's Soul Singles chart and reaching number three on the Hot 100 chart.[1] Billboard ranked the record as the No. 25 song of 1970.[2] It was also certified gold by the RIAA for sales of one million copies. Willie and The Mighty Magnificents provided most of the musical backing on the song and Bert Keyes created the string arrangement that was overdubbed onto the track while also playing piano on the recording session.",
"\"Love on a Two-Way Street\" is a Soul ballad written by Sylvia Robinson and Bert Keyes in 1968. The song was originally recorded by Lezli Valentine, an artist signed to All Platinum, the record label that Sylvia Robinson co-owned with her husband, Joe. The song was then recorded by The Moments, an R&B vocal group signed to All Platinum subsidiary Stang Records, as filler for their 1968 album Not on the Outside, But on the Inside, Strong!. Sylvia and Joe decided to release the song as a single in March 1970 and it went on to become one of the biggest R&B hits of that year, spending five weeks at number one on Billboard's Soul Singles chart and reaching number three on the Hot 100 chart.[1] Billboard ranked the record as the No. 25 song of 1970.[2] It was also certified gold by the RIAA for sales of one million copies. Willie and The Mighty Magnificents provided most of the musical backing on the song and Bert Keyes created the string arrangement that was overdubbed onto the track while also playing piano on the recording session."
] | [
"Sylvia Robinson",
"Bert Keyes"
] |
-3337690649462845316 | United States presidential line of succession | United States presidential line of succession - wikipedia United States presidential line of succession Jump to : navigation , search The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which persons may become or act as President of the United States if the incumbent president becomes incapacitated , dies , resigns , or is removed from office ( by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate ) . The line of succession is set by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices . The succession follows the order of vice president , Speaker of the House of Representatives , President pro tempore of the Senate , and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States . The Cabinet currently has fifteen members , beginning with the Secretary of State , and followed by the rest in the order of their positions ' creation . Those heads of department who are ineligible to act as president are also ineligible to succeed the president by succession , for example most commonly if they are not a natural - born U.S. citizen . Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency , and in 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission raised a number of other issues with the current line of succession . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current order 2 Eligibility 2.1 Eligibility requirements 2.2 Acting officers 3 Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 4 Constitutional provisions 5 Acting president and president 6 History of succession law set by Congress 6.1 Presidential Succession Act 1792 6.2 Presidential Succession Act 1886 6.3 Presidential Succession Act 1947 6.4 Postmaster General removed 1971 6.5 Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 7 Successions beyond vice president 8 Constitutional concerns 9 See also 10 References 11 External Links Current order ( edit ) The current presidential order of succession is as follows : Key Eligible Democrat ( D ) Eligible Republican ( R ) Eligible Independent ( I ) Eligible unknown Not eligible No . Office Current officer Vice President Mike Pence ( R ) Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan ( R ) President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch ( R ) Secretary of State Rex Tillerson ( R ) 5 Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin ( R ) 6 Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis ( I ) 7 Attorney General Jeff Sessions ( R ) 8 Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke ( R ) 9 Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue ( R ) 10 Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross ( R ) 11 Secretary of Labor Alex Acosta ( R ) 12 Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar ( R ) 13 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson ( R ) -- Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao ( R ) 14 Secretary of Energy Rick Perry ( R ) 15 Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos ( R ) 16 Secretary of Veterans Affairs David Shulkin ( I ) 17 Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen ( I ) Jump up ^ Not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the presidency . Cabinet officers are in line according to the chronological order of their department 's creation or the department of which their department is the successor ( the Department of Defense being successor to the Department of War , and the Department of Health and Human Services being successor to the Department of Health , Education and Welfare ) . Eligibility ( edit ) Eligibility requirements ( edit ) To be eligible to serve as president , a person must be a natural - born U.S. citizen , at least 35 years of age , and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years . These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U.S. Constitution , Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 , and in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ( e ) ) . Acting officers ( edit ) Acting officers may be eligible . In 2009 , the Continuity of Government Commission , a private non-partisan think tank , reported , The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation . The 1886 Act refers to `` such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named ... '' The current act merely refers to `` officers appointed , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . '' Read literally , this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post ( even for example , the second or third in command within a department ) . It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office . Though there is some dispute over this provision , the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession . ( We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession . ) Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 ( edit ) Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt , President Harry S. Truman proposed that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be granted priority in the line of succession over the Cabinet so as to ensure the president would not be able to appoint his successor to the presidency . The Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the president , while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials . The Speaker is chosen by the U.S. House of Representatives , and every Speaker has been a member of that body for the duration of their term as Speaker , though this is not technically a requirement ; the President pro tempore is chosen by the U.S. Senate and customarily the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service fills this position . The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and President pro tempore in line , ahead of the members of the Cabinet in the order in which their positions were established . In his speech supporting the changes , Truman noted that the House of Representatives is more likely to be in political agreement with the president and vice president than the Senate . The succession of a Republican to a Democratic presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation . However , when the changes to the succession were signed into law , they placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the vice president . Some of Truman 's critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then - current holder of the latter rank , Senator Kenneth McKellar . Further motivation may have been provided by Truman 's preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession , rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius , Jr . Constitutional provisions ( edit ) The line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution : Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 makes the vice president first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the president nor vice president can serve . The current such law governing succession is the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ) . Section 3 of the 20th Amendment provides that if the president - elect dies before his term begins , the vice president - elect becomes president on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the president - elect was elected . The section also provides that if , on Inauguration Day , a president has not been chosen or the president - elect does not qualify for the presidency , the vice president - elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the president - elect qualifies . Finally , Section 3 allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect is eligible or available to serve . The 25th Amendment , ratified in 1967 , clarified Article II , Section 1 : that the vice president is the direct successor of the president . He or she becomes president if the president dies , resigns or is removed from office . The amendment also provides for the situation where the president is temporarily disabled , such as if the president has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit . The amendment also provides for vice presidential succession , by requiring vice presidential vacancies to be filled by the president and confirmed by both houses of the Congress . Previously , whenever a vice president had succeeded to the presidency or had otherwise left the office empty ( through death , resignation , or removal from office ) , the vice presidency remained vacant until the next presidential and vice presidential terms began . Acting president and president ( edit ) Main article : Acting President of the United States New president Lyndon Johnson was sworn in aboard Air Force One , following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 . Article II , Section 1 of the United States Constitution provides that : In case of the removal of the President from office , or of his death , resignation , or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office , the same shall devolve on the Vice President ... until the disability be removed , or a President elected . This originally left open the question whether `` the same '' refers to `` the said office '' or only `` the powers and duties of the said office . '' Some historians , including Edward Corwin and John D. Feerick , have argued that the framers ' intention was that the vice president would remain vice president while executing the powers and duties of the presidency ; however , there is also much evidence to the contrary , the most compelling of which is Article I , section 3 , of the Constitution itself , the relevant text of which reads : The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate , but shall have no vote , unless they be equally divided . The Senate shall chuse ( sic ) their other officers , and also a President pro tempore , in the absence of the Vice President , or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States . This text appears to answer the hypothetical question of whether the office or merely the powers of the presidency devolved upon the vice president on his succession . Thus , the 25th Amendment merely restates and reaffirms the validity of existing precedent , apart from adding new protocols for presidential disability . Not everyone agreed with this interpretation when it was first actually tested , and it was left to Vice President John Tyler , the first presidential successor in U.S. history , to establish the precedent that was respected in the absence of the 25th Amendment . In 1841 , John Tyler became the first person to succeed to the presidency . Upon the death of President William Henry Harrison in 1841 and after a brief hesitation , Tyler took the position that he was the president and not merely acting president upon taking the presidential oath of office . However , some contemporaries -- including John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay and other members of Congress Whig party leaders and even Tyler 's own cabinet -- believed that he was only acting as president and did not have the office itself . Nonetheless , Tyler adhered to his position , even returning , unopened , mail addressed to the `` Acting President of the United States '' sent by his detractors. Tyler 's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title `` President , '' and this precedent was followed thereafter . The question was finally resolved by Section 1 of the 25th Amendment , which specifies that `` In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation , the Vice President shall become President . '' The amendment does not specify whether officers other than the vice president can become president rather than acting president in the same set of circumstances . The Presidential Succession Act refers only to other officers acting as president rather than becoming president . History of succession law set by Congress ( edit ) Presidential succession Act 1792 ( edit ) Main article : Presidential Succession Act Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1792 The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 was the first succession law passed by Congress . The act was contentious because the Federalists did not want the then Secretary of State , Thomas Jefferson , who had become the leader of the Democratic - Republicans , to follow the vice president in the succession . There were also separation of powers concerns over including the Chief Justice of the United States in the line . The compromise they worked out established the President pro tempore of the Senate as next in line after the vice president , followed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives . In either case , these officers were to `` act as President of the United States until the disability be removed or a president be elected . '' The Act called for a special election to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred ( unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October , in which case the election would occur the following year ; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term , in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled ) . The people elected president and vice president in such a special election would have served a full four - year term beginning on March 4 of the next year , but no such election ever took place . Presidential succession Act 1886 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1886 In 1881 , after the death of President Garfield , and in 1885 , after the death of Vice President Hendricks , there had been no President pro tempore in office , and as the new House of Representatives had yet to convene , no Speaker either , leaving no one at all in the line of succession after the vice president . When Congress convened in December 1885 , President Cleveland asked for a revision of the 1792 act , which was passed in 1886 . Congress replaced the President pro tempore and Speaker with officers of the president 's Cabinet , with the Secretary of State first in line . In the first 100 years of the United States , six former Secretaries of State had gone on to be elected president , while only two congressional leaders had advanced to that office . As a result , changing the order of the line of succession seemed reasonable . Presidential succession Act 1947 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1947 The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , signed into law by President Harry S. Truman , added the Speaker of the House and President pro tempore back in the line , but switched the two from the 1792 order . It remains the sequence used today . Since the reorganization of the military in 1947 had merged the War Department ( which governed the Army ) with the Department of the Navy into the Department of Defense , the Secretary of Defense took the place in the order of succession previously held by the Secretary of War . The office of Secretary of the Navy , which had existed as a Cabinet - level position since 1798 , had become subordinate to the Secretary of Defense in the military reorganization , and so was dropped from the line of succession in the 1947 Succession Act . Postmaster General removed 1971 ( edit ) Until 1971 , the Postmaster General , the head of the Post Office Department , was a member of the Cabinet , initially the last in the presidential line of succession before new officers were added . Once the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service , a special agency independent of the executive branch , the Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet and was thus removed from the line of succession . Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 ( edit ) The United States Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002 . On March 9 , 2006 , pursuant to the renewal of the Patriot Act as Pub. L. 109 -- 177 , the Secretary of Homeland Security was added to the line of succession . The order of Cabinet members in the line has always been the same as the order in which their respective departments were established . Despite custom , many in Congress had wanted the Secretary to be placed at number eight on the list -- below the Attorney General , above the Secretary of the Interior , and in the position held by the Secretary of the Navy prior to the creation of the Secretary of Defense -- because the Secretary , already in charge of disaster relief and security , would presumably be more prepared to take over the presidency than some of the other Cabinet secretaries . Despite this , the 2006 law explicitly specifies that the `` Secretary of Homeland Security '' follows the `` Secretary of Veterans Affairs '' in the succession , effectively at the end of the list . Successions beyond vice president ( edit ) David Rice Atchison 's tombstone ( Plattsburg , Missouri ) , including the claim `` President of the United States for One Day '' While nine vice presidents have succeeded to the office upon the death or resignation of the president , and two vice presidents have temporarily served as acting president , no other officer has ever been called upon to act as president . On March 4 , 1849 , President Zachary Taylor 's term began , but he declined to be sworn in on a Sunday , citing religious beliefs , and the vice president was not sworn either . As the last President pro tempore of the Senate , David Rice Atchison was thought by some to be next in line after the vice president , and his tombstone claims that he was US President for the day . However , Atchison took no oath of office to the presidency either , and his term as Senate President pro tempore had by then expired . In 1865 , when Andrew Johnson assumed the presidency on the death of Abraham Lincoln , the office of vice president became vacant . At that time , the Senate President pro tempore was next in line to the presidency . In 1868 , Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and subjected to trial in the Senate , and if he had been convicted and thereby removed from office , Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Wade would have become acting president . This posed a conflict of interest , as Wade 's `` guilty '' vote could have been decisive in removing Johnson from office and giving himself presidential powers and duties . ( Johnson was acquitted by a one - vote margin . ) In his book The Shadow Presidents , which he published in 1979 , Michael Medved describes a situation that arose prior to the 1916 election , when the First World War was raging in Europe . In view of the contemporary international turmoil , President Woodrow Wilson thought that if he lost the election it would be better for his opponent to begin his administration straight away , instead of waiting through the lame duck period , which at that time had a duration of almost four months . President Wilson and his aides formed a plan to exploit the rule of succession so that his rival Charles Evans Hughes could take over the presidency as soon as the result of the election was clear . The plan was that Wilson would appoint Hughes to the post of Secretary of State . Wilson and his Vice President Thomas R. Marshall would then resign , and as the Secretary of State was at that time designated next in line of succession , Hughes would become president immediately . As it happened , President Wilson won re-election , so the plan was never put into action . New president Gerald Ford is sworn in following the resignation of Richard Nixon on August 9 , 1974 . Since the 25th Amendment 's ratification , its Second Section , which addresses vice presidential succession as noted above , has been invoked twice . During the 1973 vice presidential vacancy , House Speaker Carl Albert was first in line . As the Watergate scandal made President Nixon 's removal or resignation possible , Albert would have become acting president and -- under Title 3 , Section 19 ( c ) of the U.S. Code -- would have been able to `` act as President until the expiration of the then current Presidential term '' on January 20 , 1977 . Albert openly questioned whether it was appropriate for him , a Democrat , to assume the powers and duties of the presidency when there was a public mandate for the presidency to be held by a Republican . Albert announced that should he need to assume the presidential powers and duties , he would do so only as a caretaker . However , with the nomination and confirmation of Gerald Ford to the vice presidency , which marked the first time the Second Section of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked , these series of events were never tested . Albert again became first - in - line during the first four months of Ford 's presidency , before the confirmation of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller , which marked the second time Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked . In 1981 , when President Ronald Reagan was shot , Vice President George H.W. Bush was traveling in Texas . Secretary of State Alexander Haig responded to a reporter 's question regarding who was running the government by stating : Constitutionally , gentlemen , you have the President , the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order , and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President , he will do so . He has not done that . As of now , I am in control here , in the White House , pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him . If something came up , I would check with him , of course . A bitter dispute ensued over the meaning of Haig 's remarks . Most people believed that Haig was referring to the line of succession and erroneously claimed to have temporary presidential authority , due to his implied reference to the Constitution . Haig and his supporters , noting his familiarity with the line of succession from his time as White House Chief of Staff during Richard Nixon 's resignation , said he only meant that he was the highest - ranking officer of the Executive branch on - site , managing things temporarily until the vice president returned to Washington . Constitutional concerns ( edit ) Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency . James Madison , one of the authors of the Constitution , raised similar constitutional questions about the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 in a 1792 letter to Edmund Pendleton . Two of these issues can be summarized : The term `` Officer '' in the relevant clause of the Constitution is most plausibly interpreted to mean an `` Officer of the United States '' , who must be a member of the Executive or Judicial Branch . The Speaker and the President pro tempore are not officers in this sense . Under the principle of separation of powers , the Constitution specifically disallows legislative officials from also serving in the executive branch . For the Speaker or the Senate President pro tempore to become acting president , they must resign their position , at which point they are no longer in the line of succession . This is seen by some to form a constitutional paradox . However , the current Act specifies that the Speaker becomes president `` upon his resignation as Speaker '' and as a member of Congress , allowing for a seamless transition . In 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has `` at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention '' , specifically : The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington , D.C. In the event of a nuclear , chemical , or biological attack , it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated . Doubt ( such as those expressed above by James Madison ) that congressional leaders are eligible to act as president . A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the `` largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest - serving Senator of the majority party '' . For example , from January 20 , 2001 , to June 6 , 2001 , the President pro tempore was then - 98 - year - old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina . A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term , as the president , Speaker , and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other . A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments , without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary . The fact that , should a Cabinet member begin to act as president , the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker ( or the Senate , a new President pro tempore ) , who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time . The absence of a provision where a president is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant ( for example , if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the president and killed the vice president ) . See also ( edit ) Central Locator System Designated survivor List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots United States presidential line of succession in fiction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 19 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Presidential order of succession '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Continuity of the Presidency , '' Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 , p. 34 . ( Archived by WebCite at ( 1 ) Accessed : 2012 - 05 - 23 ) Jump up ^ `` Special Message to the Congress on the Succession to the Presidency . June 19 , 1945 '' by President Harry S. Truman ; from the American Presidency Project archives ^ Jump up to : Wildavsky , Aaron B. ( 2003 ) . Horowitz , Irving , ed . The revolt against the masses and other essays on politics and public policy ( Google Books ) . Transaction Publishers . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0960 - 5 . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading - '' . kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr . ( Autumn 1974 ) . `` On the Presidential Succession '' . Political Science Quarterly . 89 ( 3 ) : 475 , 495 -- 496 . JSTOR 2148451 . ^ Jump up to : Rankin , Robert S. ( Feb 1946 ) . `` Presidential Succession in the United States '' . The Journal of Politics . 8 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 56 . doi : 10.2307 / 2125607 . JSTOR 2125607 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott , Philip ( Dec 2005 ) . `` Accidental Presidents : Death , Assassination , Resignation , and Democratic Succession '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 35 ( 4 ) : 627 , 638 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2005. 00269. x . JSTOR 27552721 . Jump up ^ Crapol , Edward P. ( 2006 ) . John Tyler : the accidental president . UNC Press Books . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3041 - 3 . OCLC 469686610 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton Thomas ; Willsey , Joseph H. ( 1895 ) . Harper 's Book of Facts : a Classified History of the World ; Embracing Science , Literature , and Art . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 884 . LCCN 01020386 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postmasters General '' . postalmuseum.si.edu . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ US Congress ( 2005 ) . USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act OF 2005 . 109th Congress Public Law 177 . Retrieved on October 29 , 2015 from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ177/html/PLAW-109publ177.htm . Jump up ^ `` 1801 : President for a Day -- March 4 , 1849 '' . May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Mikkelson ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` President for a Day '' . snopes . Jump up ^ Medved , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Shadow Presidents : The Secret History of the Chief Executives and Their Top Aides . New York , U.S.A. : Times Books . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0816 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Haig '' , Time , April 2 , 1984 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' Archived January 24 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 6 : James Madison to Edmund Pendleton '' . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Presidential Succession Act 1947 Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link External links ( edit ) Ask Gleaves : Presidential Succession from the website of Grand Valley State University 3 U.S.C. § 19 -- `` Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' Presidential Succession Act of 1792 , 1 Stat. 239 ( from the American Memory website of the Library of Congress `` Presidential Line of Succession Examined '' , a September 20 , 2003 article from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel `` WI Presidential Succession Act of 1947 held unconstitutional '' , David Tenner , Usenet group : soc. history. what - if , January 14 , 2003 . Fools , Drunkards , & Presidential Succession from the Federalist Society website Testimony of M. Miller Baker from the U.S. Senate website The Presidency : Preserving Our Institutions Second report of the Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 ( includes the text of the Presidential Succession Acts of 1792 , 1886 and 1947 ) Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Rex Tillerson ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( Jim Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Alex Azar ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( David Shulkin ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Kirstjen Nielsen ) Jump up ^ Never confirmed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and thus ineligible for the presidential line of succession . Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Orders of succession Monarchies Bahrain Belgium Bhutan Brunei Denmark Japan Jordan Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malaysia Monaco Morocco Netherlands Norway Saudi Arabia Spain Swaziland Sweden Thailand Tonga United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms Presidencies Argentina Austria Brazil Colombia D.R. Congo Dominican Republic France Finland Germany Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy South Korea Mexico Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Sri Lanka Taiwan United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_line_of_succession&oldid=828161126 '' Categories : United States presidential succession Continuity of government in the United States Vice Presidency of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 22 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who would be president if both president and vice president died | [
"The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which persons may become or act as President of the United States if the incumbent president becomes incapacitated, dies, resigns, or is removed from office (by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate). The line of succession is set by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947[1] as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices. The succession follows the order of vice president, Speaker of the House of Representatives, President pro tempore of the Senate, and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States. The Cabinet currently has fifteen members, beginning with the Secretary of State, and followed by the rest in the order of their positions' creation. Those heads of department who are ineligible to act as president are also ineligible to succeed the president by succession, for example most commonly if they are not a natural-born U.S. citizen."
] | [
"Speaker of the House of Representatives"
] |
-6245382849917687110 | CorelDRAW | CorelDraw - Wikipedia CorelDraw Jump to : navigation , search CorelDRAW CorelDraw CorelDraw X8 under Windows 10 Developer ( s ) Corel Initial release January 16 , 1989 ; 29 years ago ( 1989 - 01 - 16 ) Stable release 2017 / 11 April 2017 ; 11 months ago ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) Preview release X8 / 15 March 2016 ; 2 years ago ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) Written in C++ , C# Operating system Microsoft Windows Type Vector graphics editor License Proprietary Website www.coreldraw.com Wikimedia Commons has media related to Created with CorelDRAW . CorelDraw ( styled CorelDRAW ) is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Corel Corporation . It is also the name of Corel 's Graphics Suite , which bundles CorelDraw with bitmap - image editor Corel Photo - Paint as well as other graphics - related programs ( see below ) . The latest version is marketed as Graphics Suite 2017 ( equivalent to version 19 ) , and was released in April 2017 . CorelDraw is designed to edit two - dimensional images such as logos and posters . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Features by version 2 Features 2.1 Supported platforms 3 CDR file format 3.1 Structure 3.2 Use of CDR - files in other programs 3.3 Other applications supporting CDR files 4 See also 5 Notes and references 6 External links History ( edit ) In 1987 , Corel engineers Michel Bouillon and Pat Beirne undertook to develop a vector - based illustration program to bundle with their desktop publishing systems . That program , CorelDraw , was initially released in 1989 . CorelDraw 1. x and 2. x ran under Windows 2. x and 3.0 . CorelDraw 3.0 came into its own with Microsoft 's release of Windows 3.1 . The inclusion of TrueType in Windows 3.1 transformed CorelDraw into a serious illustration program capable of using system - installed outline fonts without requiring third - party software such as Adobe Type Manager ; paired with a photo - editing program ( Corel Photo - Paint ) , a font manager and several other pieces of software , it was also part of the first all - in - one graphics suite . Features by version ( edit ) CorelDraw Version support Windows Compatibility New Features Release date Version Reading files Writing files Jan 1989 2.1 First version Mar 1989 1.01 2.1 Introduces backups on save , and draw rectangles from their centre Apr 1989 1.02 2.1 IBM PIF file format support Jul 1989 1.10 2.1 102 new fonts in Corel 's proprietary WFN format , with WFNBOSS file font manager Feb 1990 1.11 2.1 AutoCAD DXF import / export support Sep 1991 1 , 2 1 , 2 3.0 Envelope tool ( for distorting text or objects using a primary shape ) , Blend ( for morphing shapes ) , Extrusion ( for simulating perspective and volume in objects ) and Perspective ( to distort objects along X and Y axes ) . CorelDraw for Unix also became available . 15 May 1992 1 , 2 , 3 2 , 3 3.0 , 3.1 ( preferred ) Included Corel Photo - Paint asp ( for bitmap editing ) , CorelSHOW ( for creating on - screen presentations ) , CorelCHART ( for graphic charts ) , Mosaic and CorelTRACE ( for vectorizing bitmaps ) . The inclusion of this software was the precedent for the actual graphic suites . CorelDraw for Unix also became available . The fonts bundled with CorelDraw are no longer in the proprietary Corel format WFN , but in Type 1 PostScript fonts and TTF TrueType formats . 20 May 1993 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 3 , 4 3.1 Photo - Paint ( for bitmap editing ) , CorelSHOW ( for creating on - screen presentations ) , CorelCHART ( for graphic charts ) , CorelMOVE for animation , Mosaic and CorelTRACE ( for vectorizing bitmaps ) . Multi-page capabilities , Powerlines , support for graphic tablets , Clone tool , elastic node editing , Envelope tool . 27 May 1994 5 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 3 , 4 , 5 3.1 This is the last version which was made for Windows 3. x . Corel Ventura was included in the suite ( and then sold as a separate program ) ; it was a desktop publishing application akin to PageMaker , Quark XPress , or InDesign . 24 Aug 1995 6 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 5 , 6 95 This is the first version which was made exclusively for 32 - bit Windows . New features were customizable interface , Polygon , Spiral , Knife and Eraser tools . Corel Memo , Corel Presents , Corel Motion 3D , Corel Depth , Corel Multimedia Manager , Corel Font Master and Corel DREAM ( for 3D modelling ) were included in the suite . 8 Oct 1996 7 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 5 , 6 , 7 95 , NT 4 Context - sensitive Property bar , Print Preview with Zoom and Pan options , Scrapbook ( for viewing a drag - and - dropping graphic objects ) , Publish to HTML option , Draft and Enhanced display options , Interactive Fill and Blend tools , Transparency tools , Natural Pen tool , Find & Replace wizard , Convert Vector to Bitmap option ( inside Draw ) , Spell checker , Thesaurus and Grammar checker . The suite included Corel Scan and Corel Barista ( a Java - based document exchange format ) . 27 Oct 1997 8 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 6 , 7 , 8 95 , NT 4 Digger selection , Docker windows , Interactive Distortion , 3D , Envelope and tools , Realistic Dropshadow tool , interactive color mixing , color palette editor , guidelines as objects , custom - sized pages , duotone support . Corel Versions was included in the suite . 31 Aug 1999 9 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 95 , 98 , NT 4 Mesh fill tool ( for complex color filling ) , Artistic Media tool , Publish to PDF features , embedded ICC color profiles , Multiple On - screen Color Palettes and Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications 6 support . The suite included Canto Cumulus LE , a piece of software for media management . 13 Nov 2000 10 10 10 98 , Me , NT 4 , 2000 CorelR. A.V.E. ( for vector animation ) , Perfect Shapes , Web graphics tools ( for creating interactive elements such as buttons ) , Page sorter , multilingual document support , navigator window . Open , save , import and export in SVG format . 1 Aug 2002 11 11 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 98 , Me , NT 4 , 2000 , XP Symbols library , image slicing ( for web design ) , pressure - sensitive vector brushes , 3 - point drawing tools . 10 Feb 2004 12 12 12 2000 , XP Dynamic guides , Smart Drawing tools , Export to MS Office or Word option , Virtual Segment Delete tool , Unicode text support . 17 Jan 2006 X3 ( 13 ) X3 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , X3 2000 , 2003 , XP ( 32 - bit , 64 - bit ) , Vista ( 32 - bit only ) , 7 , 8 Double click Crop tool ( the first vector software able to crop groups of vectors and bitmap images at the same time ) , Smart fill tool , Chamfer / Fillet / Scallop / Emboss tool , Image Adjustment Lab . Trace became integrated inside Draw under the name PowerTrace . 22 Jan 2008 X4 ( 14 ) 7 to X4 7 to X4 XP , Vista , 7 , 8 Whatthefont font identification service linked inside CorelDraw , ConceptShare , Table tool , independent page layers , live text formatting , support for RAW camera files . 23 Feb 2010 X5 ( 15 ) 7 to X5 7 to X5 XP , Vista , 7 , 8 Built - in content organizer ( CorelConnect ) , CD , web graphics and animation tools , multi-core performance improvement , digital content ( professional fonts , clip arts , and photos ) , object hinting , pixel view , enhanced Mesh tool with transparency options , added touch support , and new supported file formats . It has developed Transformation , which makes multiple copies of a single object . For the first time , OpenType versions of Helvetica , Frutiger , Futura and Garamond # 3 font families ( 32 fonts total ) from Linotype foundry are included instead of the Bitstream counterparts . All but Garamond are in OpenType Pro format . 20 Mar 2012 X6 ( 16 ) 7 to X6 7 to X6 XP ( 32 - bit only ) , Vista , 7 , 8 Includes 64 - bit and multi-core processor native support , support for 64 - bit Adobe Photoshop plugins , and additional tools to import and export from Adobe Creative Suite and Publisher . Object properties , styles , and color styling have each been consolidated into their own docking toolbars . A new Unicode OpenType - based text engine modernizes text handling , including full international language support ( the legacy text mode is retained ) . Dynamic alignment guides allow for easy repositioning without setting static guidelines . CorelConnect content organizer allows for in - application access to online sources such as Flickr for assets such as images and clip art . New tools permit manipulating vector images by pushing , pulling , smearing , etc . Various improvements in frame - based layout , masking , clipping and effects have been made . 27 March 2014 X7 ( 17 ) 7 to X7 7 to X7 7 , 8 , 10 * 15 March 2016 X8 ( 18 ) 7 to X8 7 to X8 7 , 8 , 10 11 April 2017 2017 ( 19 ) 7 to 19 7 to 19 7 , 8 , 10 From Windows 7 , 32 - bit and 64 - bit supported † CorelDraw 10 to X4 can open files of version 3 and later , but certain features may not be supported . ‡ The list of file formats that CorelDraw 10 to X4 can write may not be complete in this table . * CorelDraw X7 on Windows 10 requires Update 5 Features ( edit ) Supported platforms ( edit ) CorelDraw was originally developed for Microsoft Windows 3 and currently runs on Windows XP , Windows Vista , Windows 7 , Windows 8 and Windows 10 . The latest version , 2017 , was released on 11 April 2017 . Versions for Mac OS and Mac OS X were at one time available , but due to poor sales these were discontinued . The last port for Linux was version 9 ( released in 2000 , it did not run natively ; instead , it used a modified version of Wine to run ) and the last version for OS X was version 11 ( released in 2001 ) . Also , up until version 5 , CorelDraw was developed for Windows 3.1 x , CTOS and OS / 2 . With version 6 , CorelDraw introduced the automation of tasks using a Corel proprietary scripting language , COREL Script . With version 10 , support for VBA ( Visual Basic for Applications ) was introduced for scripting by what Corel calls now macros . Corel recommends to no longer use the COREL Script language but only VBA . CDR file format ( edit ) CorelDraw file format Hex dump of the header of a CDR file as RIFF container , written with version 3 Filename extension . cdr Latest release X8 ( i.e. 18 ) Open format ? no Structure ( edit ) In its first versions , the CDR file format was a completely proprietary file format primarily used for vector graphic drawings , recognizable by the first two bytes of the file being `` WL '' . Starting with CorelDraw 3 , the file format changed to a Resource Interchange File Format ( RIFF ) envelope , recognizable by the first four bytes of the file being `` RIFF '' , and a `` CDR * vrsn '' in bytes 9 to 15 , with the asterisk `` * '' being in early versions just a blank . Beginning with CorelDraw 4 it included the version number of the writing program in hexadecimal ( `` 4 '' meaning version 4 , `` D '' meaning version 14 ) . The actual data chunk of the RIFF remains a Corel proprietary format . From version X4 ( 14 ) on , the CDR file is a ZIP - compressed directory of several files , among them XML - files and the RIFF - structured riffdata. cdr with the familiar version signature in versions X4 ( CDREvrsn ) and X5 ( CDRFvrsn ) , and a root. dat with CorelDraw X6 , where the bytes 9 to 15 look slightly different -- `` CDRGfver '' in a file created with X6. `` F '' was the last valid hex digit , and the `` fver '' now indicates that the letter before does no longer stand for a hex digit . There is no publicly available CDR file format specification . Other CorelDraw file formats include CorelDraw Compressed ( CDX ) , CorelDraw Template ( CDT ) and Corel Presentation Exchange ( CMX ) . Use of CDR - files in other programs ( edit ) In December 2006 the sK1 open source project team started to reverse - engineer the CDR format . The results and the first working snapshot of the CDR importer were presented at the Libre Graphics Meeting 2007 conference taking place in May 2007 in Montreal ( Canada ) . Later on the team parsed the structure of other Corel formats with the help of the open source CDR Explorer . As of 2008 , the sK1 project claims to have the best import support for CorelDraw file formats among open source software programs . The sK1 project developed also the UniConvertor , a command line open source tool which supports conversion from CorelDraw ver. 7 - X4 formats ( CDR / CDT / CCX / CDRX / CMX ) to other formats . UniConvertor is also used in Inkscape and Scribus open source projects as an external tool for CorelDraw files importing . In 2007 , Microsoft blocked CDR file format in Microsoft Office 2003 with the release of Service Pack 3 for Office 2003 . Microsoft later apologized for inaccurately blaming the CDR file format and other formats for security problems in Microsoft Office and released some tools for solving this problem . In 2012 the joint LibreOffice / re-lab team implemented libcdr , a library for reading CDR files from v1 to the currently latest X7 version and CMX files . The library has extensive support for shapes and their properties , including support for color management and spot colors , and has a basic support for text . The library provides a built - in converter to SVG , and a converter to OpenDocument is provided by writerperfect package . The libcdr library is used in LibreOffice starting from version 3.6 , and thanks to public API it can be freely used by other applications . Other applications supporting CDR files ( edit ) Main article : Comparison of vector graphics editors CDR file format import is partially or fully supported in following applications : Adobe Illustrator - CorelDraw 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 Corel PaintShop Photo Pro Corel WordPerfect Office Inkscape with UniConvertor installed ; partial support LibreOffice with libcdr installed - CorelDraw 1 to X7 Adobe FreeHand - CorelDraw 7 , 8 Microsoft Visio 2002 - CorelDraw ! drawing file versions 3.0 , 4.0 , 5.0 , 6.0 and 7.0 (. cdr ) , Corel Clipart (. cmx ) sK1 - partial support Xara Designer Pro and Xara Photo & Graphic Designer - early versions of CorelDraw CDR and CMX 22 See also ( edit ) Comparison of vector graphics editors Comparison of raster to vector conversion software Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Link text , additional text . Jump up ^ Link text , additional text . Jump up ^ Link text , additional text . Jump up ^ Link text , additional text . ^ Jump up to : `` A Short History of CorelDraw '' , at corel.com , retrieved 11 Jan 2011 . ( PDF version ) ^ Jump up to : Gerard Metrailler , `` A little history of CorelDraw Graphics Suite '' , Fri , Oct 26 2007 at coreldraw.com/blogs/ Jump up ^ Lisa Picarille , `` CorelDraw to be ported to Sun , Dec HP Unix , InfoWorld , 11 Mar 1991 , page 27 Jump up ^ `` New Products : Unix '' , Computerworld , 21 Sep 1992 , page 58 Jump up ^ `` Corel Announces ' CorelDraw 3.0 ' '' , May 15 , 1992 / PRNewswire / via www.highbeam.com Jump up ^ Heck , Mike ( July 13 , 1992 ) . `` CorelDraw 3 moves faster , integrates modules '' . InfoWorld . Vol. 14 no . 28 . San Mateo , CA : InfoWorld Publishing . pp. 66 -- 67 . ISSN 0199 - 6649 . Jump up ^ `` Index of ftp://ftp.corel.com/pub/CorelDRAW/DRAW_Unix/ '' at corel.com Jump up ^ `` New Products '' , Computerworld , 30 Aug 1993 , page 55 . Jump up ^ `` CorelDraw 3 will remain on market as low - price option '' , InfoWorld , April 19 , 1993 . ( Anticipated date ) Jump up ^ `` Testers praise CorelDraw 5 '' , InfoWorld , April 18 , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Corel Corporation Begins Shipping CorelDraw 6 Suite for Windows 95 '' , August 24 , 1995 , at corel.com via archive.org Jump up ^ `` Corel Corporation Announces the Launch of CorelDraw 7 '' , October 8 , 1996 , at corel.com via archive.org Jump up ^ `` Corel Corporation Launches CorelDraw 8 '' , October 27 , 1997 , at corel.com via archive.org Jump up ^ `` Corel Launches CorelDraw 9 Premium Color Edition '' , August 31 , 1999 , at corel.com via archive.org Jump up ^ `` CorelDraw 10 Graphics Suite Available Now '' , Nov. 13 , 2000 , Corel Press Release via findarticles.com Jump up ^ Troidl , David ( 2007 ) . `` SVG -- From CorelDraw to Your Browser '' . Graphics Unleashed . Archived from the original on 23 February 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` CorelDraw Graphics Suite 11 Now Available '' , Aug 1 , 2002 , at corel.com via archive.org Jump up ^ `` CorelDraw Graphics Suite 12 Marks a New Era of Intelligent Graphics Software '' , Corel press release , via Archive.org Jump up ^ `` Corel Introduces CorelDraw Graphics Suite X3 '' , Jan 17 - 06 , at corel.com . Full text at hexus.net Jump up ^ `` CorelDraw Graphics Suite X4 Unveiled Today '' , January 22 , 2008 , at Corel.com Jump up ^ Arah , Tom ( January 2008 ) . `` Product Reviews : CorelDraw Graphics Suite X4 '' . PC Pro . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` CorelDraw Graphics Suite X5 Delivers More Versatility , Content and Color Tools for Graphics Professionals '' , February 23 , 2010 at corel.com Jump up ^ `` CorelDraw X5 Whats New : CorelDraw Graphics Suite X5 '' . Corel Corporation . February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Iconic Fonts from Monotype Imaging Part of CorelDraw Graphics Suite X5 Archived 2013 - 01 - 29 at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` Corel Releases CorelDraw Graphics Suite X6 '' , March 20 , 2012 at corel.com Jump up ^ `` CorelDRAW Graphics Suite X6 Reviewer 's Guide - Corel Corporation '' ( PDF ) . Corel Corporation . February 2012 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` CorelDRAW Graphics X7 Press release '' , March 27 , 2014 , corel.com Jump up ^ `` CorelDRAW Graphics X8 Press release '' , March 15 , 2016 , corel.com Jump up ^ `` CorelDRAW Graphics 2017 Press release '' , April 11 , 2017 , corel.com Jump up ^ `` System Requirements -- CorelDraw Graphics Suite X5 '' . Archived from the original on 28 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CorelDRAW X7 Supported file formats : CorelDraw ( CDR ) - CorelDraw ( CDR ) technical notes '' . Jump up ^ `` CorelDRAW CDR Signature Format '' . NTFS.com . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Corel Corporation . `` Corel Draw file format '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ ``. CDR File Extension '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` CorelDRAW X7 Supported file formats : CorelDRAW Template ( CDT ) - Additional file formats '' . Jump up ^ `` Corel Presentation Exchange ( CMX ) , CorelDRAW X7 Help '' . ^ Jump up to : `` sK1 illustration program - The history of sK1 '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Libre Graphics Meeting 2007 - Friday May 4 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` CDR explorer '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Can I open / import *. cdr ( Corel Draw Vector drawing file ) files in Inkscape ? '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` UniConvertor at Sourceforge.net '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` sK1 - UniConvertor - universal vector graphics translator '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Information about certain file types that are blocked after you install Office 2003 Service Pack 3 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` CorelDraw . CDR file format and Microsoft Office 2003 SP3 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft admits to ' mistakes ' in Office format fracas '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Support for Corel DRAW files in free software gets another chance '' . Libre Graphics World . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LibreOffice CorelDraw Import filter - text support hatches out '' . Fridrich Strba . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Libcdr resurrects Waldo , gets basic spot colors support '' . Libre Graphics World . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Supported file formats in Illustrator CS4 and CS5 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Adobe Freehand MX 11.0 - Minimum System Requirements '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Visio2000 : File Formats That Can Be Imported into Visio '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . You can import the following file formats into your Visio drawings : CorelDraw ! Drawing File versions 3.0 , 4.0 , 5.0 , 6.0 and 7.0 (. cdr ) , Corel Clipart (. cmx ) Jump up ^ `` What you wo n't find in Microsoft Office Visio 2003 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . The following file formats and converters are no longer supported : CorelDraw ! 3.0 - 7.0 , Corel Clipart Format , CMX Jump up ^ `` UniConvertor 1.1. 5 review '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Xara Designer - Import and Export '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Official website Old CorelDraw 4 product announcement ( May 20 , 1993 / Listing availability for Windows , OS / 2 , CTOS and Unix ) Vector graphics editors Free and open - source Embroidermodder Inkscape Ipe Karbon LibreOffice Draw sK1 Skencil SVG - edit Xfig Xara Xtreme LX Proprietary Adobe Illustrator Adobe FreeHand Adobe Fireworks Affinity Designer ConceptDraw PRO CorelDRAW DrawPlus Microsoft Expression Design PhotoLine Sketch Xara Photo & Graphic Designer Category Comparison Graphics file formats Raster ANI ANIM APNG ART BMP BPG BSAVE CAL CIN CPC CPT DDS DPX ECW EXR FITS FLIC FLIF FPX GIF HDRi HEVC ICER ICNS ICO / CUR ICS ILBM JBIG JBIG2 JNG JPEG JPEG - LS JPEG 2000 JPEG XR JPEG XT JPEG - HDR KRA MNG MIFF NRRD ORA PAM PBM / PGM / PPM / PNM PCX PGF PICtor PNG PSD / PSB PSP QTVR RAS RGBE Logluv TIFF SGI TGA TIFF TIFF / EP TIFF / IT UFO / UFP WBMP WebP XBM XCF XPM XWD Raw CIFF DNG Vector AI CDR CGM DXF EVA EMF Gerber HVIF IGES PGML SVG VML WMF Xar Compound CDF DjVu EPS PDF PICT PS SWF XAML Metadata Exchangeable image file format ( Exif ) Extensible Metadata Platform ( XMP ) Category Comparison Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CorelDRAW&oldid=821289824 '' Categories : Corel software Vector graphics editors Raster to vector conversion software Windows - only software Font editors Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using deprecated image syntax Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Pages using Infobox software with unknown parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 15 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is coreldraw for what purpose we use this software | [
"CorelDraw (styled CorelDRAW) is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Corel Corporation. It is also the name of Corel's Graphics Suite, which bundles CorelDraw with bitmap-image editor Corel Photo-Paint as well as other graphics-related programs (see below). The latest version is marketed as Graphics Suite 2017 (equivalent to version 19), and was released in April 2017. CorelDraw is designed to edit two-dimensional images such as logos and posters.",
"CorelDraw (styled CorelDRAW) is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Corel Corporation. It is also the name of Corel's Graphics Suite, which bundles CorelDraw with bitmap-image editor Corel Photo-Paint as well as other graphics-related programs (see below). The latest version is marketed as Graphics Suite 2017 (equivalent to version 19), and was released in April 2017. CorelDraw is designed to edit two-dimensional images such as logos and posters."
] | [
"a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Corel Corporation",
"to edit two-dimensional images such as logos and posters"
] |
463242070397303730 | Pumpkin pie | Pumpkin pie - wikipedia Pumpkin pie Jump to : navigation , search Pumpkin pie Pumpkin pie in Halloween Type Pie Course Dessert Place of origin England Main ingredients Pie shell , pumpkin , eggs , condensed milk , sugar , nutmeg , cinnamon , cloves , ginger Cookbook : Pumpkin pie Media : Pumpkin pie Pumpkin pie is a dessert pie with a spiced , pumpkin - based custard filling . The pumpkin is a symbol of harvest time , and pumpkin pie is often eaten during the fall and early winter . In the United States and Canada , it is usually prepared for Thanksgiving and other occasions when pumpkin is in season . The pie consists of a pumpkin - based custard , ranging in color from orange to brown , baked in a single pie shell , rarely with a top crust . The pie is generally flavored with cinnamon , powdered ginger , nutmeg , and cloves . Allspice is also commonly used and can replace the clove and nutmeg , as its flavor is similar to both combined . Cardamom and vanilla are also sometimes used as batter spices . The spice mixture is called pumpkin pie spice . The pie is often made from canned pumpkin or packaged pumpkin pie filling ( spices included ) , mainly from varieties of Cucurbita moschata . Contents ( hide ) 1 Preparation 2 History 3 In popular culture 3.1 Poetry 3.2 Songs 4 Records 5 See also 6 References Preparation ( edit ) Pumpkin pie filling being made Pies made from pumpkins use pie pumpkins which measure about six to eight inches in diameter . They are considerably smaller than jack o'lanterns . The first step for getting the edible part out of the pumpkin is to slice it in half and remove the seeds . The two halves are heated until soft , in an oven , over an open fire , on a stove top , or in a microwave oven . Sometimes the pumpkin halves are brined to soften the pulp instead of being cooked . At this point the pulp is scooped out and puréed . The pulp is mixed with eggs , evaporated and / or sweetened condensed milk , sugar , and a spice mixture called pumpkin pie spice , which includes nutmeg and other spices ( e.g. , ginger , cinnamon , cloves , allspice , mace ) , then baked in a pie shell . Similar pies are made with butternut squash or sweet potato fillings . History ( edit ) Homemade pumpkin pie in Thanksgiving The pumpkin is native to the continent of North America . The pumpkin was an early export to France ; from there it was introduced to Tudor England , and the flesh of the `` pompion '' was quickly accepted as pie filler . During the seventeenth century , pumpkin pie recipes could be found in English cookbooks , such as Hannah Woolley 's The Gentlewoman 's Companion ( 1675 ) . Pumpkin `` pies '' made by early American colonists were more likely to be a savory soup made and served in a pumpkin than a sweet custard in a crust . It was not until the early nineteenth century that the recipes appeared in American cookbooks or pumpkin pie became a common addition to the Thanksgiving dinner . The Pilgrims brought the pumpkin pie back to New England , while the English method of cooking the pumpkin took a different course . In the 19th century , the English pumpkin pie was prepared by stuffing the pumpkin with apples , spices , and sugar and then baking it whole . In the United States after the Civil War , the pumpkin pie was resisted in southern states as a symbol of Yankee culture imposed on the south , where there was no tradition of eating pumpkin pie . Many southern cooks instead made sweet potato pie , or added bourbon and pecans to give a southern touch . Today , throughout much of the United States , it is traditional to serve pumpkin pie after Thanksgiving dinner . Additionally , many modern companies produce seasonal pumpkin pie - flavored products such as candy , cheesecake , coffee , ice cream , french toast , waffles and pancakes , and many breweries produce a seasonal pumpkin ale or beer ; these are generally not flavored with pumpkins , but rather pumpkin pie spices . Commercially made pumpkin pie mix is made from Cucurbita pepo , Cucurbita maxima , and Cucurbita moschata ( Libbey Select uses the Select Dickinson Pumpkin variety of C. moschata for its canned pumpkins ) . Pumpkin pies were briefly discouraged from Thanksgiving dinners in 1947 as part of a rationing campaign , mainly because of the eggs in the recipe . In popular culture ( edit ) A slice of home - made pumpkin pie Poetry ( edit ) Lydia Maria Child 's Thanksgiving poem `` Over the River and Through the Wood '' ( 1844 ) references pumpkin pie in one of its verses : `` Hurrah for the fun ! Is the pudding done ? / Hurrah for the pumpkin pie ! '' John Greenleaf Whittier wrote in his poem `` The Pumpkin '' ( 1850 ) : Ah ! on Thanksday , when from East and from West , From North and from South comes the pilgrim and guest ; When the gray - haired New Englander sees round his board The old broken links of affection restored ; When the care - wearied man seeks his mother once more , And the worn matron smiles where the girl smiled before ; What moistens the lip and what brightens the eye , What calls back the past , like the rich Pumpkin pie ? A can of pureed pumpkin , typically used as the main ingredient in the pie filling Songs ( edit ) Oscar Ferdinand Telgmann and George Frederick Cameron wrote the song `` Farewell O Fragrant Pumpkin Pie '' in the opera Leo , the Royal Cadet ( 1889 ) : Farewell , O fragrant pumpkin pie ! Dyspeptic pork , adieu ! Though to the college halls I hie . On field of battle though I die , my latest sob , my latest sigh shall wafted be to you ! And thou , O doughnut rare and rich and fried divinely brown ! Thy form shall fill a noble niche in memory 's chamber whilst I pitch my tent beside the river which rolls on through Kingston town . And my Love -- my little Nell , the apple of my eye to thee how can I say farewell ? I love thee more than I can tell ; I love thee more than anything -- but -- pie ! The Christmas - themed song `` There 's No Place Like Home for the Holidays '' makes a reference to homemade pumpkin pie being looked forward to by a man returning to his family 's home in Pennsylvania . `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' contains the lyric , `` Later we 'll have some pumpkin pie / And we 'll do some caroling '' . `` Sleigh Ride '' , another popular Christmas song , also mentions sitting around a fire after being out in the snow and eating pumpkin pie . Records ( edit ) Pumpkin Pie The world 's largest pumpkin pie was made in New Bremen , Ohio , at the New Bremen Pumpkinfest . It was created on September 25 , 2010 . The pie consisted of 1,212 pounds of canned pumpkin , 109 gallons of evaporated milk , 2,796 eggs , 7 pounds of salt , 14.5 pounds of cinnamon , and 525 pounds of sugar . The final pie weighed 3,699 pounds ( 1,678 kg ) and measured 20 feet ( 6 m ) in diameter . See also ( edit ) List of pies Bundevara Sweet potato pie References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rombauer , I. S and M.R. Becker. 1980 . The Joy of Cooking . Bobs - Merrill Company , NY , NY . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Make Homemade Pumpkin Pie '' . PickYourOwn.org . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Andrew F. Smith , `` Pumpkins '' , The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America . Ed . Gordon Campbell . Oxford University Press , 2003 . Saint Mary 's College of California . 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Woolley , Hannah , The Gentlewoman 's Companion ... , 3rd ed . ( London , England : Edward Thomas , 1682 ) , `` Pumpion pye '' , pp. 220 -- 221 . Jump up ^ `` American Classic IX : Pumpkin Pie '' . Good Eats . Jump up ^ Colquhoun , Kate ( 2007 - 12 - 24 ) . `` A Dessert With a Past '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Reports on the herbaceous plants and on the quadrupeds of Massachusetts , 1840 Jump up ^ `` How did the squash get its name ? '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ariel Knoebel ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` How Pumpkin Pie Sparked a 19th - Century Culture War '' . Atlas Obscura . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richardson , R.W. `` Squash and Pumpkin '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service , National Plant Germplasm System . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephens , James M. `` Pumpkin -- Cucurbita spp '' . University of Florida . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baggett , J.R. `` Attempts to Cross Cucurbita moschata ( Duch . ) Poir . ' Butternut ' and C. pepo L. ' Delicata ' '' . North Carolina State University . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Humes , Michele ( November 23 , 2009 ) . `` The Way We Ate : The Year Harry Truman Passed on Pumpkin Pie '' . Diner 's Journal . The New York Times . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Pumpkin - Poets.org - Poetry , Poems , Bios & More '' . Poets.org . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Leo , the Royal cadet ( microform ) : Cameron , George Frederick , 1854 - 1885 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive '' . Archive.org. 2001 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 World Record Pumpkin Pie '' . Pumpkin Nook . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on Pumpkin Pie American pies Sweet Apple crisp Apple pie Bean pie Blackberry pie Black bottom pie Blueberry pie Bob Andy pie Buttermilk pie Cashew pie Cherry pie Chess pie Cream pie Derby Pie Fried pie Grape pie Key lime pie Lemon ice box pie Maraca pie Mississippi mud pie Peanut pie Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Rhubarb pie Shaker Lemon Pie Shoofly pie Strawberry rhubarb pie Sweet potato pie Sugar pie Walnut pie Savory Crawfish pie Pot pie Natchitoches meat pie Manufacturers Hostess Kellogg Company Little Debbie Marie Callender 's Mrs. Smith 's Sara Lee Tasty Baking Company Thanksgiving History and traditions Canada Samuel de Champlain Martin Frobisher Halifax First Nations United States Pilgrims Mayflower Plymouth Colony Plymouth , Massachusetts Plymouth Rock Native Americans Samoset Squanto Wampanoag Cornucopia National Thanksgiving Proclamation Franksgiving National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation William Penn Sarah Josepha Hale Blackout Wednesday Abraham Lincoln Mourt 's Relation Cuisine Thanksgiving dinner Turkey Deep - fried Tofurkey Stuffing Gravy Butternut squash Apple cider Hazelnuts Cranberry sauce Carrots Mashed potatoes Sweet potatoes Acorn squash Yams Corn Green bean casserole Apple pie Pumpkin pie Pecan pie Sweet potato pie Tamale Songs `` Alice 's Restaurant '' `` Bless This House '' `` Bringing In the Sheaves '' `` Come , Ye Thankful People , Come '' `` For the Beauty of the Earth '' `` Jingle Bells '' `` Let All Things Now Living '' `` Now Thank We All Our God '' `` Over the River and Through the Wood '' `` Simple Gifts '' `` The Thanksgiving Song '' `` We Gather Together '' `` We Plough the Fields and Scatter '' Associated events Cultural Christmas and holiday season Harvest festivals Thanksgiving in film Thanksgiving television specials Winter festivals Lighting of the Macy 's Great Tree World 's Largest Disco Black Friday Parades Novant Health ( Charlotte ) McDonald 's ( Chicago ) America 's ( Detroit ) Oktoberfest ( Kitchener - Waterloo ) Hollywood Christmas ( Los Angeles ) Macy 's ( New York City ) 6abc - 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dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Cucurbita List of gourds and squashes Species C. andreana C. argyrosperma C. californica C. cordata C. cylindrata C. digitata C. ecuadorensis C. ficifolia C. foetidissima C. fraterna C. galeottii C. gracilior C. kellyana C. lundelliana C. martinezii C. maxima C. moorei C. moschata C. okeechobeensis C. palmata C. palmeri C. pedatifolia C. pepo C. radicans C. scabridifolia C. sororia C. texana Squashes Summer squash Aehobak Crookneck squash Gem squash Pattypan squash Straightneck squash Tromboncino Zucchini Winter squash Acorn squash Big Max Butternut squash Calabaza Cushaw squash Delicata squash Kabocha Marrow Red kuri squash Spaghetti squash Turban squash Pumpkins Connecticut Field pumpkin Giant pumpkin 1068 Wallace Prizewinner list Squash - based Raw materials Buffalo gourd oil Pumpkin seed oil Squash blossoms Dishes Bundevara Hitlerszalonna Kabak tatlısı Mashed pumpkin Pepita Pumpkin pie Squash soup Soup joumou Stuffed squash Activities Pumpkin carving Pumpkin chucking Pumpkin queen Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pumpkin_pie&oldid=822989413 '' Categories : American pies Christmas food Custard desserts Halloween food Squash and pumpkin dishes Sweet pies Cuisine of the Southern United States American cuisine Canadian cuisine Thanksgiving food Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018 , at 17 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the worlds biggest pumpkin pie made | [
"The world's largest pumpkin pie was made in New Bremen, Ohio, at the New Bremen Pumpkinfest.[17] It was created on September 25, 2010. The pie consisted of 1,212 pounds of canned pumpkin, 109 gallons of evaporated milk, 2,796 eggs, 7 pounds of salt, 14.5 pounds of cinnamon, and 525 pounds of sugar.[17] The final pie weighed 3,699 pounds (1,678 kg) and measured 20 feet (6 m) in diameter.[17]"
] | [
"New Bremen, Ohio, at the New Bremen Pumpkinfest"
] |
-5166466129796978404 | List of Arrow episodes | List of Arrow episodes - wikipedia List of Arrow episodes Jump to : navigation , search Arrow is an American television series , developed by Greg Berlanti , Marc Guggenheim and Andrew Kreisberg , based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow . The series premiered in the United States on October 10 , 2012 for The CW television network . The first five seasons have been released on DVD to Regions 1 , 2 and 4 and on Blu - ray to Regions A and B . Arrow follows billionaire playboy Oliver Queen ( Stephen Amell ) , who , after five years of being stranded on a hostile island , returns home to his mother , Moira Queen ( Susanna Thompson ) and sister , Thea Queen ( Willa Holland ) and becomes a bow and arrow - wielding vigilante . He is initially aided by his friends , John Diggle ( David Ramsey ) and Felicity Smoak ( Emily Bett Rickards ) , and later aspiring vigilantes Roy Harper ( Colton Haynes ) , Ray Palmer ( Brandon Routh ) , Curtis Holt ( Echo Kellum ) , Rene Ramirez ( Rick Gonzalez ) , Evelyn Sharp ( Madison McLaughlin ) , Rory Regan ( Joe Dinicol ) , and Dinah Drake ( Juliana Harkavy ) join them . In addition , Queen 's team receives help from the Lance family ; Laurel ( Katie Cassidy ) , Sara ( Caity Lotz ) , and Quentin ( Paul Blackthorne ) , sharing the goal of bringing justice to Starling City ( later Star City ) . The series also featured flashbacks in most episodes in the first five seasons to the time Queen was missing , and how his experiences there shaped him into the man who returned home to fight crime . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a sixth season , which debuted on October 12 , 2017 . As of March 29 , 2018 , 131 episodes of Arrow have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.2 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.3 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.4 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions ) 23 October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 130 3.68 23 October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 128 3.28 23 October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 135 3.52 23 October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 145 2.90 5 23 October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 147 2.21 6 23 October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 296818 4.14 `` Honor Thy Father '' David Barrett Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) 2J7302 3.55 `` Lone Gunmen '' Guy Bee Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg October 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 24 ) 2J7303 3.51 `` An Innocent Man '' Vince Misiano Moira Kirland & Lana Cho October 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 31 ) 2J7304 3.05 5 5 `` Damaged '' Michael Schultz Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski November 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 07 ) 2J7305 3.75 6 6 `` Legacies '' John Behring Moira Kirland & Marc Guggenheim November 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 14 ) 2J7306 3.83 7 7 `` Muse of Fire '' David Grossman Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Geoff Johns & Marc Guggenheim November 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 28 ) 2J7307 3.74 8 8 `` Vendetta '' Ken Fink Beth Schwartz & Andrew Kreisberg December 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) 2J7308 3.35 9 9 `` Year 's End '' John Dahl Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim December 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 12 ) 2J7309 3.11 10 10 `` Burned '' Eagle Egilsson Moira Kirland & Ben Sokolowski January 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) 2J7310 3.06 11 11 `` Trust But Verify '' Nick Copus Gabrielle Stanton January 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) 2J7311 3.14 12 12 `` Vertigo '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski January 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) 2J7312 2.97 13 13 `` Betrayal '' Guy Bee Lana Cho & Beth Schwartz February 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 06 ) 2J7313 2.96 14 14 `` The Odyssey '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim February 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) 2J7314 3.29 15 15 `` Dodger '' Eagle Egilsson Beth Schwartz February 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 20 ) 2J7315 3.15 16 16 `` Dead to Rights '' Glen Winter Geoff Johns February 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) 2J7316 3.17 17 17 `` The Huntress Returns '' Guy Bee Jake Coburn & Lana Cho March 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 20 ) 2J7317 3.02 18 18 `` Salvation '' Nick Copus Drew Z . Greenberg & Wendy Mericle March 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) 2J7318 2.65 19 19 `` Unfinished Business '' Michael Offer Bryan Q. Miller & Lindsey Allen April 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) 2J7319 2.92 20 20 `` Home Invasion '' Ken Fink Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz April 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 24 ) 2J7320 3.10 21 21 `` The Undertaking '' Michael Shultz Jake Coburn & Lana Cho May 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) 2J7321 2.89 22 22 `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' John Behring Drew Z . Greenberg & Wendy Mericle May 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) 2J7322 2.62 23 23 `` Sacrifice '' David Barrett Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 2J7323 2.77 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 `` City of Heroes '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) 2J7451 2.74 25 `` Identity '' Nick Copus Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) 2J7452 3.06 26 `` Broken Dolls '' Glen Winter Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu October 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) 2J7453 2.89 27 `` Crucible '' Eagle Egilsson Andrew Kreisberg & Wendy Mericle October 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 30 ) 2J7454 2.37 28 5 `` League of Assassins '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn & Drew Z . Greenberg November 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 06 ) 2J7455 2.80 29 6 `` Keep Your Enemies Closer '' Guy Bee Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz November 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 13 ) 2J7456 3.09 30 7 `` State v. Queen '' Bethany Rooney Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) 2J7457 2.66 31 8 `` The Scientist '' Michael Schultz Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns December 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 04 ) 2J7458 3.24 32 9 `` Three Ghosts '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Geoff Johns & Ben Sokolowski December 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 11 ) 2J7459 3.02 33 10 `` Blast Radius '' Rob Hardy Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 2J7460 2.52 34 11 `` Blind Spot '' Glen Winter Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz January 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) 2J7461 2.49 35 12 `` Tremors '' Guy Bee Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg January 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) 2J7462 2.95 36 13 `` Heir to the Demon '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn February 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 05 ) 2J7463 2.86 37 14 `` Time of Death '' Nick Copus Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz February 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 26 ) 2J7464 2.45 38 15 `` The Promise '' Glen Winter Jake Coburn & Ben Sokolowski March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) 2J7465 2.21 39 16 `` Suicide Squad '' Larry Teng Keto Shimizu & Bryan Q. Miller March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 2J7466 2.42 40 17 `` Birds of Prey '' John Behring Mark Bemesderfer & A.C. Bradley March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 2J7467 2.62 41 18 `` Deathstroke '' Guy Bee Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 2J7468 2.32 42 19 `` The Man Under the Hood '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Geoff Johns Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Keto Shimizu April 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 16 ) 2J7469 2.26 43 20 `` Seeing Red '' Doug Aarniokoski Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 2J7470 2.19 44 21 `` City of Blood '' Michael Schultz Holly Harold April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 2J7471 2.31 45 22 `` Streets of Fire '' Nick Copus Jake Coburn & Ben Sokolowski May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 2J7472 2.33 46 23 `` Unthinkable '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 2J7473 2.37 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` The Calm '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Jake Coburn October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) 3J5151 2.83 The newly promoted Captain Quentin Lance calls off the task - force against Arrow . Elsewhere , Werner Zytle , who has claimed the mantle of Vertigo , attempts to kill Arrow in a bid to raise his profile . After losing the first battle , Oliver and Roy are able to stop Zytle , along with some help from Sara who is back in town for an unknown reason . Meanwhile , businessman Ray Palmer successfully acquires Queen Consolidated under a plan of rebuilding the city and renaming it `` Star City '' . Diggle and Lyla welcome a baby girl , which convinces Diggle to take Oliver 's suggestion and retire from field duty . Oliver and Felicity go on a first date , but Oliver ends it explaining how he can not be both the Arrow and Oliver , although he acknowledges loving her . Sara is shot in the chest with arrows by an unseen figure before falling from a rooftop to her death . In flashbacks , Waller assigns agent Maseo Yamashiro as Oliver 's handler . After numerous failed attempts to escape , Oliver agrees to proceed with his training to prevent Waller from killing Maseo 's family as punishment for his failure in restraining Oliver . 48 `` Sara '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu October 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 15 ) 3J5152 2.32 Laurel takes Sara 's body to the team . Quentin alerts Oliver to another archer in the city killing people , unaware about Sara . Oliver follows a lead and is able to identify the archer as Simon Lacroix . The team learns of Lacroix 's next target and intercepts him . Laurel arrives , determined to avenge Sara 's death . As Oliver attempts to dissuade her , Lacroix reveals that he was not in Starling City at the time of Sara 's death . The team buries Sara ; and Laurel decides not to tell Quentin that Sara is dead . Diggle decides to return to field duty again . Meanwhile , Roy reveals to Oliver that Thea left town when she learned he was working with the Arrow . In Corto Maltese , Thea is shown with Malcolm and has proven to be capable of defeating more than one henchman in combat . Felicity decides to work for Ray . In flashbacks , Oliver is tasked with killing Tommy , after Tommy comes to Hong Kong to find Oliver after seeing activity on Oliver 's email account . To save Tommy , Oliver pretends to kidnap him and tricks him into thinking that it was a ruse to gain ransom money before Maseo , posing as a police officer , rescues Tommy . 49 `` Corto Maltese '' Stephen Surjik Erik Oleson & Beth Schwartz October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 3J5153 2.55 With no more leads in Sara 's murder , Oliver focuses his attention on bringing Thea home . Felicity is able to track her to Corto Maltese . Thea initially refuses to return . While he waits to convince her , Oliver assists Diggle on a mission for A.R.G.U.S. to ascertain the whereabouts of one of its agents , Mark Shaw . Mark is revealed to have broken into the A.R.G.U.S. database and stolen information to sell on the black market . Oliver and Diggle manage to stop him , who convinces Diggle to tell Waller that he is dead . After a last minute plea , and Oliver revealing the truth about Robert 's death , Thea agrees to return , which Merlyn allows . Meanwhile , trying to emulate Sara , Laurel attempts to exact vengeance on an abusive boyfriend of a fellow A.A. member , but she is overpowered and ends up in the hospital . Later , she seeks out boxer Ted Grant to train her to fight after Oliver 's refusal . Using Felicity 's help , Ray opens a file of details of advanced weaponry . Nyssa confronts Oliver and demands Sara 's whereabouts . In flashbacks to six months prior , Merlyn begins training Thea to calm her mind and heal her emotional pain , while also mastering control over physical pain . 50 `` The Magician '' John Behring Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 3J5154 2.49 Oliver informs Nyssa that Sara was killed ; and Nyssa reveals to Oliver that Merlyn is alive and Sara was sent by the League to confirm his existence . After tracking Merlyn , Oliver agrees to meet him in a public location , where Merlyn tells Oliver that he did not kill her , but only returned to Starling City to save Thea . Nyssa kidnaps Thea in an attempt to draw out Merlyn , known by the League as the `` Magician '' ; but Oliver arrives to rescue Thea . Merlyn arrives shortly after to clear his name and insinuates to Nyssa that it was Ra 's who had Sara killed . Nyssa does not believe him ; but Oliver does and vows to protect Merlyn for as long as he is in Starling . Nyssa warns Oliver that he has made a serious enemy in the League before leaving and reporting back to Ra 's . Quentin gets worried about Sara 's status . In flashbacks , Oliver completes his first assassination , and learns that Waller was behind Edward Fyers ' actions on the island ; and her intention was to kill Chien on a flight to Hong Kong . Since Oliver stopped the attack , Waller demands him to help her find out the reason of Chien 's presence . 51 5 `` The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak '' Michael Schultz Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 3J5155 2.73 A cyber terrorist attacks Starling City , threatening to shut down all banks and set everyone on an even socioeconomic status . While Oliver and Roy attempt to keep the peace on the streets , Felicity works to locate the virus . She quickly realizes that she designed the virus five years earlier , and that it is unstoppable . Her mother Donna shows up unannounced , and the two have a falling out over how different they are from each other . Felicity soon realizes that Donna was unknowingly sent by the cyber terrorist -- revealed to be Felicity 's ex-boyfriend Cooper -- who kidnaps them both . Using Donna as leverage , Cooper forces Felicity to divert a set of armored vehicles , carrying newly minted money , to their location . She secretly uses a smart watch presented by Ray to Donna to also contact Oliver , who arrives with Roy and Diggle and stops Cooper and his team . Felicity reconciles with Donna . Roy begins having nightmares that he was the one who killed Sara . Meanwhile , Laurel continues to train with Ted , and reveals to him the real reason that she is learning to fight . Thea buys a house using the money inherited from Merlyn and convinces Oliver to stay with her . 52 6 `` Guilty '' Peter Leto Erik Oleson & Keto Shimizu November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 3J5156 2.60 In flashbacks , Maseo 's wife , Tatsu , uses a type of meditation to help Oliver remember where a dead associate of Chien 's dropped a letter , hoping that he leaves her family soon . From the letter , the name Li Kuan Hui is extracted . In the present , a murderer begins taking out gang members ; and when a body shows up in Ted 's gym , he becomes a suspect . Ted reveals to Oliver that he was once a vigilante who retired after a drug dealer was beaten to death by accident . Ted reveals the murderer was his former protégé Isaac Stanzler , who was responsible for the death of the dealer , but is bested by Oliver before escaping . Isaac kidnaps Ted and Laurel ; but Oliver and his team are able to successfully stop him . Meanwhile , Roy tells Felicity about his dreams and later confesses to Oliver and Laurel . Using the technique learned from Tatsu , Oliver helps Roy access his memories to realize that he did not kill Sara ; however , Roy discovers he did kill a cop while under the effects of Mirakuru . Ted decides to continue training Laurel . Isaac is confronted by a female archer calling herself `` Cupid '' . 53 7 `` Draw Back Your Bow '' Rob Hardy Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 3J5157 2.64 Cupid , revealed to had been saved by the Arrow during Slade 's attack , murders Isaac and leaves his body dressed up as the Arrow . Following a lead , Oliver learns that she is a former cop named Carrie Cutter who is obsessed with him as a result of her condition . Carrie uses a former C.I. to track down Oliver 's hideout , the Verdant , which is reopened by Thea . Oliver lures Carrie away and rejects her romantic advancement before she tries to kill the both of them . He stops her , which reinforces Carrie 's delusion that he is in love with her . Subsequently , Oliver gives her to A.R.G.U.S. as a new member of their Squad . Meanwhile , Ray rebrands Queen Consolidated into Palmer Technologies . Oliver struggles with how much time Felicity is spending with Ray ; and the situation is made worse when he finds them kissing . Ray is later shown working on a personal exosuit design called A.T.O.M. A killer using boomerang blades appears in the city . In flashbacks to Hong Kong , Oliver and Tatsu go off to find Maseo when he goes missing , during which time she ends her displeasure towards Oliver . They return home and find Maseo safe and sound . 54 8 `` The Brave and the Bold '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Grainne Godfree December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 3J5158 3.92 Flashbacks to Hong Kong show Oliver learning how to torture suspects effectively to get information . In the present , Oliver and Roy track down the home of Digger Harkness , the boomerang - wielding murderer , but they only find A.R.G.U.S. operatives looking for the same man . Caitlin and Cisco arrive in Starling City to help Felicity investigate Sara 's death . Digger attempts to kill Lyla ; Roy , Oliver and Barry arrive and stop him . Later , Lyla reveals Digger was part of the Suicide Squad . Oliver 's extreme interrogation methods lead Barry to question how emotionally stable Oliver is . Digger traces Oliver 's hideout , where he wounds Lyla before escaping . In order to leave town , Digger plants 5 bombs around the city . While Oliver captures Digger , Barry uses both his and Oliver 's teams to defuse the bombs at the same time . Digger is incarcerated in the island with Slade . Lyla accepts Diggle 's marriage proposal . Before Barry and his team 's departure , he and Oliver decide to have a friendly duel . This episode concludes a crossover event that begins on The Flash season 1 episode 8 . 55 9 `` The Climb '' Thor Freudenthal Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 3J5159 3.06 The League demands Oliver to find and turn over Sara 's killer in 48 hours or they will begin murdering Starling City citizens , a mission led by Maseo , revealed to have joined the League . S.T.A.R. Labs sends Felicity the DNA results , which appears to be Oliver 's D.N.A. Realizing that she has been lying , Arrow confronts Thea , who demonstrates her fighting skill before escaping . Later , Merlyn informs Oliver that he drugged Thea and manipulated her into killing Sara and not remembering it . Merlyn filmed the event to use as leverage to force Oliver to take the blame and challenge Ra 's to a duel , which no one has dared in 67 years . Ra 's overpowers Oliver before impaling him and kicking him over the side of a cliff . Meanwhile , Laurel reveals Sara 's death to Dinah and convinces her not to tell Quentin . Dinah asks her to avenge Sara 's murder . Ray shows the A.T.O.M. design to Felicity and states his intention to use the exosuit to protect the city as a vigilante . In flashbacks , Oliver and Maseo learn that Chien has stolen an engineered super-virus . China breaks into Maseo 's house and kidnaps Tatsu after overpowering her . 56 10 `` Left Behind '' Glen Winter Marc Guggenheim & Erik Oleson January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5160 3.06 In flashbacks , Oliver and Maseo steal the counterpart to the super-virus , thus making Chien 's portion inert . Oliver also slips a GPS tracker on one of Chien 's men so that they can locate Tatsu . In the present , Diggle and Roy work to continue protecting the city in Oliver 's absence . With the Arrow missing , a new crime lord named Danny `` Brick '' Brickwell plots to take over the Glades . After Thea expresses concern over Oliver 's absence , Merlyn investigates the site of the duel and brings the bloodied sword back to the team , proclaiming Oliver 's death . Diggle discovers Brickwell 's plan , to secure all the evidence against street enforcers so they are released from jail and forced to join his crew , and heads to the police warehouse with Roy to stop him . Fearing for their lives , Felicity decides to trap the duo in the warehouse and let Brickwell escape . Afterward , Felicity proclaims the group non-existent without Oliver and quits both the group and helping Ray with A.T.O.M. Laurel starts fighting Brickwell 's operatives , donning an altered Canary costume . Merlyn advises Thea to leave Starling City with him . Meanwhile , Maseo finds Oliver 's body and takes it to Tatsu , who revives Oliver . 57 11 `` Midnight City '' Nick Copus Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski January 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5161 2.91 While Oliver attempts to rest and heal , members of the League arrive , forcing Maseo and Tatsu to kill them to protect Oliver . Maseo wounds himself so Ra 's will believe Oliver escaped the former . Roy and Diggle warn Laurel to stay off the streets after Roy saves her from a fight . Brick kidnaps the city 's aldermen , killing one during a rescue attempt . In exchange for the remaining aldermen , Brick demands that all police presence evacuate the Glades for good . The team is able to locate the aldermen and successfully rescue them , but the Mayor still agrees to remove the police after Brick reveals that he has targeted every legislative body member . Meanwhile , Felicity decides to rejoin the team and help Ray with his plan . Merlyn tells Thea about Ra 's , and she convinces him to stay and fight instead of flight . Chase , the DJ for Verdant , is revealed to be a spy for the League , informing Maseo about Merlyn 's decision . In flashbacks , Maseo and Oliver manage to save Tatsu . 58 12 `` Uprising '' Jesse Warn Beth Schwartz & Brian Ford Sullivan February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5162 2.94 Flashbacks chronicle the death of Merlyn 's wife , Merlyn killing the man believed to have killed her and his journey to the League to seek training . In the present , Oliver decides to return to Starling City . Tatsu informs him that if he wants to defeat Ra 's , he will need to seek swordsman training from a student , like Maseo . With the police out of the Glades , Roy and Laurel are tasked with fighting Brick 's men to keep the peace . Quentin gives the team all the information the police have on Brick to help locate him . Merlyn spies on the team as they review the evidence against Brick , and discovers that Brick was responsible for the death of Merlyn 's wife . Merlyn propositions the team to join forces to take down Brick , but the team refuses . Instead , they rally the citizens of the Glades to take on Brick and his men . Merlyn overpowers Brick before Oliver arrives and persuades him to spare Brick 's life and let the police arrest him . Cindy tells Quentin her knowledge that the new female vigilante is not Sara . In the aftermath , Oliver requests Merlyn train him so that he can take on Ra 's . 59 13 `` Canaries '' Michael Schultz Jake Coburn & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5163 2.67 Werner Zytle escapes custody by poisoning a guard with Vertigo . As Oliver tries to keep Laurel off the streets as a vigilante , Merlyn informs him that to beat Ra 's he will need to bring Thea into the team . Oliver reveals the truth to her , who accepts and praises him for the work he has been doing as the Arrow . Laurel tracks down Zytle and takes him on herself , only to be poisoned with Vertigo . She begins to hallucinate images of Sara , who attacks her . Oliver and Roy arrive in time to get her back to the base for treatment . Oliver realizes that his team does not fight for him anymore , but for the city . Chase attempts to kill Thea , but Roy and Merlyn show up and Chase commits suicide . Oliver and Laurel successfully capture Zytle together . On Merlyn 's advice , Oliver takes Thea to the island for training . Laurel finally tells Quentin , who already knows the former 's alter ego , about Sara 's death . In flashbacks , Oliver is captured by A.R.G.U.S. and interrogated for the location of Maseo and his family . Maseo is captured trying to save Oliver . Waller brings Oliver and Maseo to Starling City to find Chien . 60 14 `` The Return '' Dermott Downs Marc Guggenheim & Erik Oleson February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5164 2.91 While on the island of Lian Yu , Oliver begins Thea 's training . He goes to the A.R.G.U.S. prison to visit with Slade , but he discovers the guard dead and Slade missing . Oliver warns Thea and they find out that Merlyn had Slade freed as part of their training . Slade arrives and captures them , imprisoning them in the A.R.G.U.S. cell . The duo manages to open the doors and escape . Oliver reveals to Thea that she killed Sara . Slade arrives and engages them . Oliver dissuades Thea from killing Slade , who gets imprisoned back in the cell . The duo returns to Starling City , where Thea confronts Merlyn for forcing her to kill Sara . Thea decides to work with him to fight Ra 's , but denounces their personal relationship . Quentin blames Laurel for hiding the truth . In flashbacks , Oliver and Maseo start tracking an employee of Queen Consolidated associated with Chien . Oliver looks in on his family and discovers that Thea is using drugs . Oliver and Maseo acquire the virus and arrest Chien . Oliver is introduced to General Matthew Shrieve , who promises to free him after he is debriefed in China . 61 15 `` Nanda Parbat '' Gregory Smith Story by : Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski Teleplay by : Erik Oleson & Ben Sokolowski February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5165 3.07 Oliver and Thea continue their training with Merlyn . Thea confesses the whole truth to Laurel , who instead blames Merlyn ; Thea makes a deal to turn him over to the League . Laurel confronts Merlyn and is outmatched , but they are interrupted by Nyssa and the League , and Merlyn is captured . Having imprisoned Nyssa , Oliver decides to go to Nanda Parbat to rescue Merlyn to prevent Thea from blaming herself when she realizes that she has sentenced her father to death . Oliver and Diggle infiltrate Nanda Parbat , but walk into a trap set by Ra 's . Oliver tells Diggle that Thea was not his only motive and he could not accept the defeat from someone else . Diggle states that he considers him a brother . Thea confesses the truth to Nyssa and offers her the chance at revenge , and Ray tests the flight capabilities of his completed A.T.O.M. exo - suit . Instead of killing Oliver , Ra 's expresses his praise for Oliver 's courage and strength , and asks Oliver to replace him as the head of the League . In flashbacks , Oliver is debriefed by Matthew and freed . On their way , Oliver and the Yamashiros are attacked . Oliver flees for safety with Akio , Maseo 's son . 62 16 `` The Offer '' Dermott Downs Beth Schwartz & Brian Ford Sullivan March 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) 3J5166 2.56 Ra 's explains that the localized pool of water in Nanda Parbat has healing effects that have allowed him to live far longer than any mortal man . The pool is becoming less effective on him , so Ra 's is looking for a replacement . In a show of good faith to convince Oliver , Ra 's releases Diggle and Merlyn and forgives all blood debts . Oliver returns to Starling and releases Nyssa . Oliver and his team return to stopping crime , but Quentin tells the Arrow that he will not aid him anymore because of hiding Sara 's death . Afterward , Oliver realizes that he is not ready to give up being the Arrow ; Oliver informs Maseo of his decision , who warns Oliver of the consequences of defying Ra 's . Upset with Ra 's for his offer to Oliver , Nyssa leaves him and returns to Starling City , befriending Laurel and deciding to train her . Ra 's , dressed as the Arrow , frames the vigilante for murder . Thea leaves Malcolm and moves in Roy 's . In flashbacks to Hong Kong , Oliver and Akio continue to be on the run , during which they seemingly stumble across a woman resembling Shado . 63 17 `` Suicidal Tendencies '' Jesse Warn Keto Shimizu March 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 25 ) 3J5167 2.86 Diggle and Lyla officially remarry , but Waller interrupts their honeymoon to recruit them for a Suicide Squad mission to rescue Senator Cray from a kidnapping . The kidnapping turns out be a ruse by Cray , to help his bid for President . The team rescues the hostages , but Lawton seemingly sacrifices himself so everyone can get out safely . He is announced responsible for the kidnapping , and Cray 's involvement is covered up . The police issue a warrant for the Arrow , which Ray supports . Oliver discovers that Ra 's has sent multiple assassins to impersonate him . In his new A.T.O.M. suit , Ray locates the Arrow and through facial scans learns his identity . Laurel refuses to accept Ray 's evidence against Oliver . Ray engages Oliver in a fight , but Oliver disables Ray 's suit . Oliver convinces Ray that he is being framed . Diggle decides to leave Oliver 's team and Lyla decides to resign from A.R.G.U.S. Maseo , dressed as the Arrow , murders the mayor and shoots another arrow at Felicity . In flashbacks , Lawton struggles to transition back into society from the military , including his wife and child leaving him . Lawton is propositioned by H.I.V.E. to assassinate Andrew Diggle , John 's brother . 64 18 `` Public Enemy '' Dwight Little Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle April 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) 3J5168 2.48 Ray takes the arrow for Felicity . Quentin issues an arrest warrant for the Arrow and his team , with shoot to kill orders in effect . Oliver uses Nyssa to track Maseo 's location . Ra 's appears and repeats his demand . The police arrive and Oliver and his team manage to escape . Ra 's kidnaps Quentin and reveals the Arrow 's identity , which Quentin announces at a press conference . Oliver decides to turn himself in exchange for immunity for his teammates . Roy dresses as the Arrow , stops Oliver 's transport van and surrenders to the police , claiming that he has been the Arrow all along . Meanwhile , Ray is revealed to have developed a deadly thrombus that has no known cure . He reveals to have nanobots that can destroy the clot . Felicity injects them and saves him by the help of Donna . In flashbacks , the woman resembling Shado turns out to be her twin sister Mei . The assailants come after them , but Maseo and Tatsu arrive and rescue them . Before leaving , Oliver tells Mei that Shado and Yao are dead . 65 19 `` Broken Arrow '' Doug Aarniokoski Story by : Jake Coburn Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan April 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 15 ) 3J5169 2.47 Roy is arrested and the District Attorney decides not to charge Oliver . However , Quentin knows the truth and decides to continue investigating Oliver , who and his team start working on how to stop metahuman Jake Simmons . Oliver enlists Ray 's help . After a failed first attempt , Oliver and Ray sync their movements through a neural network , but when the network malfunctions during the battle , Ray defeats Simmons himself , and places him under S.T.A.R. Labs ' custody . Cisco deduces that Simmons did not acquire his powers from the particle accelerator explosion . With the help of A.R.G.U.S , Roy fakes his own murder so that the public believes the Arrow is dead and Oliver innocent . As a result , Roy is forced to leave the city . Ra 's visits Thea and impales her with his sword . In flashbacks , Oliver infiltrates A.R.G.U.S. to stop Waller , only to discover that she is a prisoner of Shrieve , who was behind the attack and plans to release the virus in Hong Kong . Oliver , Maseo , and Tatsu steal the vaccine and decide to stop Shrieve 's plan . 66 20 `` The Fallen '' Antonio Negret Wendy Mericle & Oscar Balderrama April 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 22 ) 3J5170 2.72 Oliver rushes Thea to a hospital , where her death is said to be apparently inevitable . Maseo contacts Oliver to let him know that if he accepts Ra 's offer , he will be able to use the Lazarus Pit to heal her . Malcolm warns against this , stating that the pit changes a person in their soul , but Oliver decides to take her to Nanda Parbat regardless . Thea is dipped into the pit and returns healed but in a state of confusion , and her memories jumbled . Felicity has sex with Oliver before drugging him so the team can sneak him out of the fortress , which is aided by Maseo . Cornered by the Assassins , Oliver wakes in time to order them to stand down . Afterward , Oliver returns to take his place as head of the League , alone . Thea wakes up in her apartment , her mind clear and distraught that Oliver sacrificed himself for her . Oliver renounces his old life , taking on an apprentice role in the League and the name Al Sah - him until he is ready to take over as the new Ra 's . In flashbacks , Oliver , Maseo , and Tatsu go after the virus , but during a fight it is released . 67 21 `` Al Sah - him '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Beth Schwartz Teleplay by : Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich April 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 29 ) 3J5171 2.39 Oliver begins his training , which includes breaking down his psyche so that his allegiance is only to the League and his new identity as Al Sah - him . Ra 's recounts the moment that he was chosen to become the leader of the League , and a duel with his best friend Damien Darhk who saw himself as the heir . Ra 's hesitated and Damien fled , stealing from the Lazarus Pit and starting his own group . Damien is revealed to had hired Gholem Qadir and Mark Shaw . Subsequently , Oliver is directed to kill Nyssa . Oliver and the League come to Starling City , where team Arrow announce their protection of Nyssa . Oliver kidnaps Lyla to force the team to give her up . At the exchange , a fight breaks out and Nyssa is taken by the League . Oliver almost kills Diggle , but Thea , in her own suit , arrives and stops him . Felicity reveals to Thea that Roy is alive . In Nanda Parbat Ra 's orders Nyssa to marry Oliver , and Oliver has to use the Alpha / Omega virus to cleanse Starling City as afinal act of commitment . In flashbacks , Oliver , Maseo , and Tatsu , who were vaccinated , watch as the citizens of Hong Kong , including Akio , become infected . 68 22 `` This Is Your Sword '' Wendey Stanzler Story by : Erik Oleson Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 3J5172 2.54 In flashbacks , Maseo and Oliver go after Shreive to see if he has a cure . They only succeed in leading Shrieve to their location , while Akio dies in Tatsu 's arms . In the present , Diggle and Laurel patrol Starling City , taking on any criminals they find . Thea finds Roy and reunites with him . Oliver learns that Maseo is the one who provided Ra 's with the Omega virus when he originally came to Nanda Parbat . Sneaking away from the castle , Oliver , revealed to have been in league with Malcolm and that his agreement to become Ra 's heir was a charade to get close to Ra 's and slowly dismantle the League from within , tells Malcolm Ra 's plan . On Oliver 's advice , Malcolm uses Tatsu to convince the team of the truth . The team , including Tatsu , Ray , and Malcolm go to Nanda Parbat where Tatsu kills Maseo before they are overrun by the League and captured . Malcolm reveals Oliver 's treachery to Ra 's , whom Oliver manages to convince of his loyalty . Roy secretly leaves Thea . Ra 's exposes the team , excluding Tatsu , to the virus before sealing them away in a cell . Afterward , Oliver and Nyssa get married . 69 23 `` My Name Is Oliver Queen '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Jake Coburn May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 3J5173 2.83 While Ra 's and Oliver head toward Starling City , the team wakes in the dungeon . Malcolm informs them that he secretly gave them the vaccine . Barry arrives and frees them . Oliver and Nyssa attack Ra 's and other Assassins . Ra 's escapes with a canister of the virus , vowing to destroy Starling . Ra 's reveals to have four targets . Felicity locates them , and Oliver organizes the team , along with Quentin and the police , to those locations , with Thea arriving in Roy 's suit to help . Oliver duels Ra 's , as the team successfully stops the attack and minimizes the casualties . Oliver kills Ra 's before being saved from the police by Felicity in the A.T.O.M. suit . Afterward , Oliver decides to have a normal life with Felicity instead of operating as a vigilante , knowing that there are other vigilantes that can take his place . Oliver cedes the title of Ra 's to Malcolm , to whom Nyssa kneels , but promises vengeance . Ray begins testing a way to miniaturize his A.T.O.M. suit , which results in an explosion . In flashbacks , Oliver tortures Shrieve for hours before Maseo executes him . The trio separates and Oliver decides to live a lonely life away from his family . He boards a ship headed to Coast City . Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` Green Arrow '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Greg Berlanti & Beth Schwartz Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) 3J5801 2.67 Diggle , Thea , and Laurel continue fighting crime in Starling City , recently renamed ' Star City ' in honor of Ray , who apparently died in the explosion . The city 's leadership , which includes Quentin , assemble to discuss a group of criminals named the `` Ghosts '' who are terrorizing the city . Damien Darhk , revealed to be controlling the Ghosts , systematically begins assassinating the city 's leadership , but fails to kill Quentin . Laurel and Thea convince Oliver , who was trying to propose to Felicity , to return and help them , which Diggle reluctantly approves . Oliver realizes that Felicity has been helping the team , which tracks the Ghosts , where they witness Damien using some form of mystical energy manipulation . Oliver notices Speedy 's excessive aggressiveness . Working together , the team stops Damien 's terrorist attack . Diggle deduces that Damien is leading H.I.V.E. Afterward , taking the name `` Green Arrow '' , Oliver broadcasts a message to the city vowing to be a beacon of hope , while Quentin is revealed to be working with Damien under duress . In flashbacks , Waller finds Oliver and forces him back on Lian Yu to assess a new threat . He is captured upon arrival . 71 `` The Candidate '' John Behring Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) 3J5802 2.50 The Queen family friend Jessica Danforth decides to run for mayor . During her announcement , she is attacked by Lonnie Machin , an anarchist for hire working for Damien . Queen explains to his sister that her aggressiveness is a result of being in the Lazarus Pit . Diggle tells Laurel about H.I.V.E. The team successfully stops Machin , but Speedy sets him on fire in the process . Later , Machin escapes police custody . Laurel decides to take Thea back to Nanda Parbat both to find a way to stop the aggression and to bring Sara 's body to the pit . Queen decides to run for mayor after Danforth backs out of the race . Meanwhile , Felicity takes over for Ray at the company and tasks an operative named Curtis Holt to find a way to save the financial crisis . In flashbacks , Oliver kills the soldier and is tasked by Waller to infiltrate the local military operation run by an officer named Reiter . Reiter decides to recruit Oliver for his cause instead of killing him . 72 `` Restoration '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Speed Weed October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) 3J5803 2.40 Laurel and Thea arrive in Nanda Parbat and request Merlyn to use the Lazarus Pit for Sara . He initially refuses and tells Thea that she needs to kill some people once in a while to suppress the lust . In order to appease her , he eventually agrees to revive Sara . When Sara returns feral , Nyssa destroys the Lazarus Pit in retaliation , and Merlyn has her imprisoned . Meanwhile , an A.R.G.U.S. operative delivers Diggle information on a H.I.V.E. operative , Mina Fayad . Fayad meets with Damien about the growing issue with the vigilantes in Star City . She brings in a metahuman named Jeremy Tell , who can turn his playing card tattoos into physical projectiles . After Tell 's initial failure , Damien kills Fayad for challenging him . Felicity reveals to Holt that she is aiding Green Arrow . Diggle and Green Arrow team up and take down Tell , who refuses to talk because of fearing Damien more . He is imprisoned in Iron Heights . In flashbacks , in order to impress his handler , Queen uses torture techniques to interrogate the prisoners who are being used to harvest heroin - cocaine hybrid plants . He secretly frees a woman . 73 `` Beyond Redemption '' Lexi Alexander Beth Schwartz & Ben Sokolowski October 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) 3J5805 2.64 Quentin has Green Arrow look into the death of two police officers and the team discovers they were killed by members of the Anti-Vigilante Task Force . Laurel brings Quentin to see Sara , who is chained up in the basement of Laurel 's apartment . Smoak identifies Liza Warner as a suspect and , while searching for her , Oliver discovers Quentin meeting with Darhk and confronts Quentin , who reveals that Darhk threatened to kill Laurel . Darhk advises Quentin to kill Sara ; but Laurel dissuades him . Green Arrow and the team stop the corrupt officers before Liza attempts to kill the vigilante ; but Quentin convinces her to surrender . Later , Queen asks Quentin to spy on Darhk and announces his candidacy , Smoak opens an audio of Palmer 's apparent final moments , and Laurel discovers that Sara has escaped . In flashbacks , Queen gets Taiana , the woman , to a cave and convinces officer Conklin of her death ; but he discovers his communication device with Waller . 74 5 `` Haunted '' John Badham Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) 3J5804 2.60 In flashbacks , Reiter dismisses Conklin 's accusation . Instead , he introduces them to a recent captive named John Constantine , who escapes and forces Queen to help him locate a mystical object on the island . Afterwards , Constantine warns Queen to be wary of Reiter 's real plans and uses the object to cast a spell on the him . In the present , Sara starts killing women and Green Arrow discovers she is alive . The team realizes that Sara is looking for Thea and plans to kill her . They capture Sara and Oliver contacts John , who helps restore Sara 's soul . Meanwhile , Darhk gives Quentin a new task to install a computer virus in a security company . Diggle goes along and sees his brother 's name among the list of individuals being deleted by the virus . Later , Smoak and Holt learn that Palmer is still alive and Diggle learns that his brother was killed because he was a drug cartel leader . 75 6 `` Lost Souls '' Antonio Negret Beth Schwartz & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 3J5806 2.30 As Oliver works on his campaign , Felicity continues searching for Ray with the help of Curtis . Ray is able to send a new message , letting Felicity know that he survived the explosion because his suit successfully shrank him down to a small size , that he is being held prisoner , and where to find the schematics to build a device to return him to his normal size . In a second message , Felicity discovers that Darhk is the one imprisoning Ray , hoping to get the technology from his suit . The team tracks Darhk to his hideout and , with the device created by Curtis , they successfully save and restore Ray . Thea starts dating Alex while Quentin and Donna start their own date . Darhk orders tests a power source made from Ray 's technology on a mystical board . Meanwhile , Sara struggles with the bloodlust and decides to leave Star City to gain control . In flashbacks , Reiter sends Oliver on a search for another ancient ruin that is supposed to yield a `` gift '' for Reiter . Conklin has a worker turn on Oliver , who kills him , giving the former the opportunity to question Oliver 's motives . 76 7 `` Brotherhood '' James Bamford Speed Weed & Keto Shimizu November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) 3J5807 2.69 While Ray refuses to return to Palmer Tech , H.I.V.E. destroy money meant for the city bank . John gives Oliver information that H.I.V.E. murdered his brother Andy because he was a criminal rival . Darhk tells Quentin about his knowledge of Quentin 's betrayal . The team heads to a lab , where they are attacked by Darhk 's group and John discovers that Andy is still alive , working for H.I.V.E. John refuses to see Andy as anything more than a traitor , unworthy of saving . The team finds out that Darhk uses pills to control his operatives ' minds , which could have been administered to Andy . They locate him and the rest of H.I.V.E , successfully extracting Andy with help from Ray and John , who confronts Andy with the documents , which Andy confirms . After an encounter with Darhk , Thea learns that his powers may help cure her bloodlust permanently after Darhk 's failure to drain her lifeforce . In flashbacks , Conklin reveals that the worker Oliver killed was Taiana 's brother , diverting accusation from the former . However , Reiter finds the truth by a mystical object and has Oliver whip Conklin as punishment . Oliver later convinces Taiana to help him find a map . 77 8 `` Legends of Yesterday '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Brian Ford Sullivan & Marc Guggenheim December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) 3J5808 3.66 Malcolm orchestrates a meeting between Savage , Barry , and Oliver . Savage demands they turn over Kendra and Carter or he will destroy both Central City and Star City with the Staff of Horus . They devise a plan to deliver the pair as a ruse to get close enough to destroy the staff . The plan fails ; Kendra and Carter are killed and Savage uses the staff to destroy everyone else in the city . Barry escapes and runs fast enough to go back in time to the point of the original negotiation . Barry informs Oliver of his time travel and the mistakes that led to their defeat . They change their approach to the plan and Barry is able to steal the staff . He and Oliver use it on Savage , burning his body . Afterward , Kendra and Carter decide to use their powers to help others in another city . Cisco gives her a tracking device . Meanwhile , Oliver learns about his son , William , and accepts Samantha 's condition not to tell William or anyone else about the paternity in order to be able to see William . Malcolm collects Savage 's ashes , repeating the words Savage said the first time he killed the pair . This episode concludes a crossover event that begins on The Flash season 2 episode 8 . The two episodes also set up Legends of Tomorrow . 78 9 `` Dark Waters '' John Behring Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) 3J5809 2.82 Oliver 's campaign starts an initiative to clean up the Star City bay . Darhk sends a drone to the bay and begins shooting at the citizens helping , injuring several . In response , Oliver reveals Darhk to the media as the leader of H.I.V.E. and the Ghosts . In retaliation , Darhk crashes Oliver 's campaign holiday party and kidnaps John , Felicity , and Thea . Oliver makes contact and agrees to exchange himself for them . Darhk tricks Oliver and attempts to kill them all in front of him . Malcolm , dressed as Green Arrow , and Laurel arrive and rescue everyone . Afterward , Oliver proposes to Felicity , who accepts . As they leave , Darhk 's men shoot up Oliver 's limo and hit Felicity while Darhk reunites with his wife and daughter . Meanwhile , H.I.V.E 's plan , titled Genesis , is revealed to include mass growing of corn in a large field . In flashbacks , Oliver returns to the ship the Amazo and acquires the maps . However , Conklin finds Taiana alive and confronts Oliver . 79 10 `` Blood Debts '' Jesse Warn Oscar Balderrama & Sarah Tarkoff January 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 20 ) 3J5810 2.83 While Felicity goes under multiple surgeries , Oliver and the team continue searching for Darhk . Oliver turns to Quentin for information on Darhk 's location , while John interrogates his brother Andy . They track down Darhk 's location , but find only several dead Ghost soldiers and an anarchy symbol , deducing that Machin is back and out for revenge against Darhk . Machin is caught and Oliver interrogates him before freeing him to go after Darhk , tracking him in the process . Andy reveals Darhk 's family house , where Machin goes too ; the team arrives and saves Darhk 's family , but Machin escapes . Darhk grants Oliver time to spend with his own family before Darhk can kill him . Meanwhile , Felicity is left paralyzed from being shot . John regains his relationship with Andy . Darhk 's wife , Ruvé , is revealed to be his accomplice and H.I.V.E 's plan is revealed to be destroying the world and rebuilding it . In flashbacks , Conklin presents his proof to Reiter , who allows the former to whip Oliver as punishment , until Reiter notices the spell on Oliver 's abdomen . In exchange for Taiana 's safety , Oliver agrees to help Reiter . 80 11 `` A.W.O.L. '' Charlotte Brandström Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich January 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) 3J5811 2.78 Felicity returns home from the hospital , trying to figure out her place on the team now that she is a paraplegic . An A.R.G.U.S. agent seeks out John and Lyla for assistance , but is kidnapped before he can tell the pair anything . The pair goes to Waller , who secretly gives her a portable hard drive that reveals the operative was taken by an organization known as `` Shadowspire '' . John recognizes the name and recounts first meeting the war profiteering group in Afghanistan . With Andy 's help , the team tracks Shadowspire . Oliver pressures Felicity for help , who has started having hallucinations of her hacker past self . Shadowspire infiltrates A.R.G.U.S. looking for the access codes to a project known as `` Rubicon '' , killing Waller when she refuses to help . Oliver and the team , with Felicity 's assistance , enter A.R.G.U.S. and stop Shadowspire . Oliver vows to look for a way to cure Felicity 's paralysis ; and John takes Andy to his house . In flashbacks , Reiter is revealed as the leader of Shadowspire . 81 12 `` Unchained '' Kevin Fair Speed Weed & Beth Schwartz February 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) 3J5812 2.48 The team goes after a burglar and Oliver and Thea manage to corner him . He escapes when Thea loses consciousness . Malcolm reveals to Oliver that since she has not taken a life , the bloodlust is killing her . Oliver finds out that the burglar is Roy . They free Roy from the control of a man who goes by the name Calculator . Felicity tracks the Calculator through the web , who reveals he intends to shut down the entire city , killing everyone in the process . The team manages to stop the plan . Meanwhile , Ruve enters the mayoral race , Thea slips into a coma , the Calculator is revealed to be Felicity 's father , Noah Kuttler . Roy decides to leave again . Nyssa escapes her cell in Nanda Parbat , visits Tatsu and somehow convinces her to give her Lotus , a cure for Thea 's bloodlust . She demands Oliver to kill Malcolm in exchange for Lotus . In flashbacks , Reiter tortures Oliver for information on the maps he acquired . Oliver has a mystical meeting with the soul of Shado , who gives him a special stone . He reveals to Taiana that he killed her brother . 82 13 `` Sins of the Father '' Gordon Verheul Ben Sokolowski & Keto Shimizu February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) 3J5813 2.44 Oliver refuses Nyssa 's offer ; instead , he manages to convince Malcolm to relinquish control of the League to Nyssa in exchange for the Lotus . At the exchange , Malcolm double - crosses Nyssa and a war starts between the two Assassin factions in Star City . Oliver convinces Malcolm to challenge Nyssa to a duel . Oliver uses ancient rules to trade places with Nyssa as her husband . The former bests Malcolm but , instead of killing him , cuts off the hand wearing the Demon 's Head ring and exchanges the ring for the Lotus . However , Nyssa disbands the League and destroys the ring . Malcolm informs Darhk about Oliver 's son , William . Meanwhile , Noah reveals to Felicity that he is the Calculator , claiming to have changed into a good person . She finds out that he is lying and turns him over to the police . In flashbacks , Taiana takes the stone from Oliver and gives it to Reiter , demanding her freedom , which Reiter refuses to do and tasks her to help Oliver recover . She later reconciles with him . Reiter informs Oliver that the stone led to the location of what he seeks ; and they are going to `` dig '' . 83 14 `` Code of Silence '' James Bamford Wendy Mericle & Oscar Balderrama February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 3J5814 2.44 Malcolm joins Darhk , Ruvé , and the other leaders of H.I.V.E. and it is revealed that they are moving on to `` Phase 5 '' of their plan . Darhk sends a group of mercenaries , known as the Demolition Team , to take out Quentin , whom Laurel saves . With Curtis ' help , Felicity realizes that the Demolition Team is planning to destroy the building of the mayoral debate between Oliver and Ruvé , leaving her alive as a sympathetic survivor . Oliver and his team stop the mercenaries in time for Oliver to win the debate . Oliver and Felicity become engaged and Curtis presents her a device that can cure her paralysis . Darhk kidnaps William . Meanwhile , Thea finds out about William and supports Oliver 's decision to hide it from Felicity . Quentin tells Donna about his previous involvement with Darhk . In flashbacks , in order to gain the approval of the prisoners , Oliver kills Conklin , who reveals that Reiter plans to kill all the prisoners after he finds his `` ultimate power '' . 84 15 `` Taken '' Gregory Smith Story by : Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Keto Shimizu & Brian Ford Sullivan February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 3J5815 2.70 Darhk demands Oliver withdraw from the mayoral race in exchange for William . Oliver reveals the truth about William to the rest of the team while revealing his alter ego to Samantha . He asks a Detroit - based vigilante named Mari McCabe for help , as her powers are derived from magic . Mari tracks William 's location ; but they fail to rescue him . Oliver withdraws from the race while the team discovers the root of Darhk 's powers and sets a plan to destroy his mystical idol . The plan works ; Darhk is left powerless and arrested , while William is saved . They also discover that Malcolm was the one who kidnapped William . Later , Oliver sends William and his mother away for safety , planning to reveal the truth to William when he is 18 . Felicity decides to break up with Oliver while she recovers her ability to walk . In flashbacks , a passage is discovered that leads to Reiter 's `` ultimate power '' and the spell on Oliver 's stomach allows him to pass unharmed . 85 16 `` Broken Hearts '' John Showalter Rebecca Bellotto & Nolan Dunbar March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) 3J5816 2.09 Carrie Cutter returns to Star City and begins targeting high profile couples . While the team works to track her whereabouts and prevent any more killings , Laurel works on Darhk 's prosecution . After several failed attempts to find a suitable witness , Quentin testifies to his involvement . The team discovers that Carrie is targeting couples that have recently been married . In order to draw her out , Oliver convinces Felicity to stage a `` secret '' wedding with him to set themselves up as targets , intentionally leaking the information to the media . The plan works and Carrie attacks Oliver and Felicity at the ceremony . Felicity distracts her long enough for Diggle and Thea to apprehend her . Darhk 's bail is denied and is remanded into custody . Quentin is suspended pending an investigation , while Felicity quits the team for good . In custody , Darhk is shown wearing a mystical ring he secretly carried inside . In flashbacks , Oliver leads Reiter to a mystical idol , but steals it and runs off into the tunnels with Taiana . The pair incapacitate two mercenaries and acquire their guns . 86 17 `` Beacon of Hope '' Michael Schultz Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan March 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 30 ) 3J5817 2.34 Brie Larvan orchestrates her release from prison and travels to Star City in search of the bio-mechanical chip that helps Felicity walk . Brie attacks Palmer Tech , holding the board hostage until Felicity turns herself over . Curtis tracks down Oliver 's hideout , discovering his secret in the process , so that he can offer his help to the team to save Felicity , Donna , and Thea . Oliver is stung by one of Brie 's robotic bees . Curtis realizes the sting actually implanted a bee within Oliver that is replicating itself . Laurel uses her Canary Cry to save Oliver . Felicity is able to evacuate the board members , while Brie reveals she is after the chip because she has a tumor that is going to leave her paralyzed . Curtis develops a virus to shut down the bees and uses them to stop Brie . Meanwhile , Malcolm visits Darhk and informs him that H.I.V.E. is proceeding with `` Genesis '' without Darhk , who later gains the loyalty of Michael Amar . Andy is revealed to be still allegiant to Darhk . In flashbacks , Oliver engages Reiter , whose powers from the idol dwindle ; and Reiter escapes into the tunnels to recover it . Oliver and Taiana decide to save the prisoners instead . 87 18 `` Eleven - Fifty - Nine '' Rob Hardy Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu April 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 06 ) 3J5818 2.24 Andy tells John that he was approached by Malcolm about a plan to break Darhk out of prison . Oliver and John foil H.I.V.E. 's plan , but it turns out to be a ruse designed to let Malcolm and his loyal Assassins invade the bunker and steal Darhk 's idol . Malcolm delivers the idol to Darhk , who finds out that it is incomplete . John reveals to Andy that he personally hid the missing piece in another location . Oliver becomes suspicious of Andy . Darhk and Amar orchestrate a prison riot and the team sets out to stop him with Andy joining them . However , when the team reaches Darhk , Andy turns on them and gives Darhk the missing piece to his idol . With his powers restored , Darhk subdues the team and stabs Laurel before escaping with Malcolm , Andy , and tens of other inmates . Laurel later dies at the hospital . In flashbacks , Oliver and Taiana help the prisoners escape and set off a bomb to bury Reiter in the tunnels . Reiter kills his two accompanying mercenaries in order to survive by the idol . 88 19 `` Canary Cry '' Laura Belsey Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz April 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 27 ) 3J5819 2.27 As the team , including the rejoined Felicity , mourns Laurel 's death and tries to determine their next move against Darhk , another woman posing as the Black Canary appears in Star City . She turns out to be Evelyn Sharp , the daughter of H.I.V.E. prisoners who were left behind after Oliver saved his team when they were kidnapped by Darhk previously . John , angry at being betrayed by Andy , goes after Ruvé , the new mayor ; but Oliver intervenes . Ruvé issues arrest warrants for all vigilantes . Sharp goes after Ruvé publicly , but Oliver is able to dissuade her from killing Ruvé . Meanwhile , Quentin starts looking for ways to revive Laurel ; but Oliver manages to dissuade him . At Laurel 's funeral , Oliver reveals her as the Black Canary to preserve her image with the city . Afterwards , Oliver vows to find a way to defeat and kill Darhk . In flashbacks , Oliver and Laurel struggle to come to terms with Tommy Merlyn 's death . In the end , Oliver leaves Laurel to cope on her own and returns to Lian Yu . 89 20 `` Genesis '' Gregory Smith Oscar Balderrama & Emilio Ortega Aldrich May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 3J5820 2.07 Darhk returns to H.I.V.E. and kills two of the board members before renewing his plans for `` Genesis '' . Oliver and Felicity go to Hub City and meet an immortal shaman , Fortuna , who starts educating Oliver about dark magic . After a mystical ritual , Fortuna tells Oliver that the darkness inside him is too strong to channel the light . In Star City , John locates Andy , but is captured after a brief shootout . Andy puts a tracking device on him , then allows John to escape so that Darhk and his team can go after John and Lyla and steal `` Rubicon '' , the key to the world 's nuclear weapons . Oliver manages to stop Darhk by channeling the power of light , nullifying Darhk 's powers and forcing him to retreat . John kills Andy . Meanwhile , Thea and Alex , who is working for Ruve now , go to an unknown city for vacation . She soon realizes that the city is atypical and finds out that Alex is using Darhk 's mind control pills . She is subdued by Darhk 's operatives and the city is revealed to be under Star City . The team realizes that Darhk plans to detonate nuclear weapons and build a new world over the ashes . 90 21 `` Monument Point '' Kevin Tancharoen Speed Weed & Jenny Lynn May 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) 3J5821 2.16 Darhk begins taking control of the world 's nuclear missiles . The team seeks out Noah to help disable Rubicon . Darhk sends Danny Brickwell and Amar to find and kill Noah , but Oliver and his team are able to rescue him . Noah agrees to help , but it requires a high - powered processor from Palmer Tech . Felicity learns she has been fired as CEO and is unable to get the processor , forcing the team to break in and steal it . H.I.V.E. locates the team when Noah hacks into Rubicon . As H.I.V.E. attacks , Felicity and Noah shut down Rubicon and stop all the missiles but one , which launches and heads to Monument Point . Felicity only manages to redirect it to Havenrock , reducing the casualties to tens of thousands . Oliver and Diggle find Darhk in the Star City nexus chamber , gathering more power from all the deaths caused by the explosion . Meanwhile in the underground city , Malcolm tells Thea it is designed to protect Darhk and his chosen people from the nuclear apocalypse . Lonnie attacks the city and kills Alex . In flashbacks , Reiter escapes the cave - in , but Oliver and Taiana steal the idol back . The idol then begins to affect Taiana . 91 22 `` Lost in the Flood '' Glen Winter Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 3J5822 1.94 His power grown exponentially , Darhk attempts to reactivate `` Rubicon '' with the help of Felicity 's former boyfriend , Cooper , and launch the remaining missiles . However , Noah , Felicity , and Curtis successfully shut down `` Rubicon '' for good . Meanwhile , Oliver and Diggle discover the underground town and track Thea 's whereabouts . Malcolm uses a mind - controlling drug on her which makes her turn on Oliver , but Oliver manages to talk her back to reality . Just then , Machin takes over H.I.V.E. 's command center and threatens to destroy Darhk 's town . Oliver , Diggle , and Thea intercede , but the main power source gets ruptured and explodes , destroying the city . The town is evacuated and Machin escapes , but not before killing Ruvé . Donna convinces Noah to leave and never come back . Darhk decides to use `` Rubicon '' to destroy the whole Earth and shows up at Oliver 's home , where Felicity , Donna , and Curtis are . In flashbacks , the idol begins to slowly corrupt Taiana , feeding her ever more power from each soldier she and Oliver kill . Oliver takes the idol and tries to talk her down , but Reiter suddenly arrives and confronts them both . 92 23 `` Schism '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 3J5823 2.19 Darhk steals the laptop keeping him locked out of `` Rubicon '' and launches over 15,000 nuclear missiles , giving the team two hours to prevent worldwide annihilation . With Star City citizens rioting , Oliver addresses everyone directly , inspiring hope in them to stay strong , while Felicity and Curtis divert the missile aimed at Star City . Oliver goes after Darhk , while Felicity , Merlyn , and Thea track down `` Rubicon '' . Felicity convinces Cooper to stop helping Darhk , at the cost of his life . Curtis devises a means to stop the missiles . Oliver is able to nullify Darhk 's powers with the hope he inspired throughout the city . While the citizens of Star City take on Darhk 's remaining men , Oliver duels and kills Darhk . Afterward , Thea , Diggle and Lance , who gets fired from SCPD , leave the team for new lives , and the city council appoints Oliver as the interim mayor . In flashbacks , Oliver and Taiana manage to kill Reiter . She then convinces him to kill her when she is unable to escape the darkness within . Oliver radios Waller to rescue the rest of the prisoners and keep the idol safe , intending to go to Russia to meet Taiana 's family as he promised . Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 93 `` Legacy '' James Bamford Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) T27. 13201 1.87 Five months after the death of Damien Darhk , Oliver is distracted from his new duties as mayor due to continuing as Green Arrow alone , his old team members having gone their separate ways . He is encouraged by Felicity to build a new team by recruiting the amateur vigilantes now working in Star City , like Rene Ramirez . A new criminal crew appears , headed by Tobias Church , and kidnaps Mayor Queen in a bid to draw out and kill the Green Arrow , thereby taking over the city . He is rescued by Speedy , but she permanently quits the team after seeing that Oliver is again willing to kill . Church escapes from the Green Arrow and a team of several police officers , then later unites all the organized crime cartels and street gangs under his leadership . Oliver finally agrees to form a new team and includes Curtis at Curtis ' request . Elsewhere , a mysterious hooded figure in black kills a policeman in cold blood . In a flashback , Oliver encounters his old friend Anatoli Knyazev in Russia . Anatoli agrees to help him kill Konstantin Kovar , the tyrant running Taiana 's village , by initiating him to the Bratva , the only group that can possibly defeat Kovar . 94 `` The Recruits '' James Bamford Speed Weed & Beth Schwartz October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) T27. 13202 1.94 Green Arrow recruits Rene , Evelyn Sharp , and Curtis and begins training them using an exercise from his Bratva initiation , revealed through flashbacks . As mayor , Oliver arranges to have AmerTek provide free medical care for Star City 's disenfranchised at a special clinic . A new metahuman , `` Ragman '' , appears and starts attacking AmerTek executives . The recruits leave Green Arrow because they do not trust him . Thea discovers that AmerTek CEO Janet Carroll is working with Church and Felicity learns that it was AmerTek 's nuclear missiles that Damien Darhk used to try and destroy the world . Ragman and Green Arrow stop an arms buy between Carroll and Church . Ragman later reveals that he was the only survivor of the Havenrock bombing . Green Arrow convinces him to put aside vengeance and join his team . Later , Oliver reveals his identity to the other recruits as a sign of trust and they agree to rejoin the team . Thea decides to appoint Quentin as Deputy Mayor . Church is attacked by the mysterious archer who calls himself `` Prometheus '' , who wants to personally kill Green Arrow . Meanwhile , Diggle , back in the Army and on a covert operation , is ambushed by his superior , who plans to sell a nuclear trigger and frame Diggle . 95 `` A Matter of Trust '' Gregory Smith Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich October 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) T27. 13203 1.79 Green Arrow investigates a new drug , `` Stardust '' , but still believes his team is not ready for the streets . While he is being informed about Prometheus , Rene and Evelyn secretly raid Stardust dealer Derek Sampson 's warehouse . The raid goes wrong and Sampson ends up with superhuman strength and an inability to feel pain . Oliver learns what happened from District Attorney Adrian Chase , convincing him that he still can not trust his recruits . Felicity advises him to accept the recruits as they are and Green Arrow finally uses his new team to stop Sampson from creating more superhumans . Oliver also publicly endorses Thea 's decision to appoint Quentin as Deputy Mayor after negative news stories almost cause her to resign . Felicity admits to Rory ( Ragman ) that she was the one responsible for Havenrock . Diggle is incarcerated and hallucinates Floyd Lawton as his cellmate due to guilt over killing his brother . Afterward , he tells Lyla that he will not fight the charges against him , so she asks Oliver to help her break Diggle out of prison . Flashbacks focus on Anatoli teaching Oliver the need to trust his brothers in the Bratva . 96 `` Penance '' Dermott Downs Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) T27. 13204 1.87 Oliver 's team captures an associate of Church 's and delivers him and his loot to the SCPD . Afterward , Rory formally leaves the team , saying that he can not work with Felicity . Oliver leaves Star City to help Lyla break Diggle out of prison over Felicity and the team 's objections . Quentin and Adrian personally deliver the evidence to the SCPD , which turns out to be a disguised bomb . The explosion allows Church 's group to break in and steal weapons from evidence . Oliver infiltrates a federal prison and locates Diggle , who agrees to escape to safeguard Oliver . Oliver takes him and Lyla to a H.I.V.E. safe house . Felicity attempts to reconcile matters with Rory . She and the team determine that Church is planning an assault on the SCPD 's anti-crime unit , where Adrian is interrogating Church 's man . Rory rejoins the team and they help everyone inside escape the attack . However , Curtis is injured and Church captures Rene , intending to torture him to death . Oliver returns and vows to rescue Rene , while Adrian decides to trust the vigilantes ' motives . In flashbacks , Anatoli tasks Oliver with gaining information from , and then killing , an associate of Kovar . Oliver completes the assignment and Anatoli welcomes him into the Bratva . 97 5 `` Human Target '' Laura Belsey Oscar Balderrama & Sarah Tarkoff November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) T27. 13205 1.61 Oliver rescues Rene , who tells him that he gave up Green Arrow 's true identity to Church . Church plans to kill Oliver as the Mayor instead of as the vigilante . Diggle rejoins the team and suggests that bodyguard Christopher Chance , the `` Human Target '' , could be able to help them . Christopher impersonates Oliver at City Hall and fakes the Mayor 's death when Church 's mercenary attacks . The team realizes that Church plans to consolidate the drug traffic of five cities through Star City , needing Green Arrow eliminated for his plan to succeed . Oliver and his team , joined by Diggle and Christopher , raid Church 's meeting and capture him along with several other crime lords . Oliver publicly claims that his faked death was part of a sting operation . Prometheus kills Church during transport , despite Church telling him Green Arrow 's identity . Television reporter Susan Williams obtains evidence that Oliver was in Russia during the time he was supposedly stranded on the island . Meanwhile , Oliver finds out that Felicity is dating Billy Malone , a police detective recently assigned to the anti-crime unit . In flashbacks , Oliver is ambushed by other Bratva members . However , the men are killed by Christopher , whom Anatoli had hired to protect Oliver . 98 6 `` So It Begins '' John Behring Wendy Mericle & Brian Ford Sullivan November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) T27. 13206 1.95 Oliver , Diggle , and Felicity privately track Prometheus , who starts killing seemingly random civilians with throwing stars . A news report on the killings causes tension in the city and angers the recruits , since they were not informed . Felicity steals one of the stars from Billy to examine it . A pattern between the victims relates to Oliver 's list from when he first started out as the Hood . This further angers the recruits , Evelyn most of all , as they did not know about Oliver 's `` kill list '' from when he initially returned . Felicity uses the pattern to predict future victims and the team splits up . Evelyn encounters Prometheus and engages him , managing to cut his arm before being overpowered . Oliver then arrives , but Prometheus escapes . Meanwhile , Thea discovers that Quentin never quit drinking . Evelyn reconciles with Oliver and Felicity tells Billy that she works with the Green Arrow , which intrigues him . She later tells Oliver that evidence she has discovered suggests that Prometheus could be an SCPD officer ; Quentin is shown waking from an alcohol - induced sleep with a slash across his arm and a throwing star in his possession . In flashbacks , during a Bratva operation , Oliver is abducted by Kovar 's men and taken to him . 99 7 `` Vigilante '' Gordon Verheul Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) T27. 13207 1.86 A new vigilante appears in Star City , one who kills criminals in cold blood . Quentin tenders his resignation as Deputy Mayor . He later tells Thea about the throwing star and his drunken blackouts , but believes he is being set up . The team intercepts the Vigilante during a bank robbery , but he gets away , as does Eric Dunn , the head of the robbers . D.A. Chase forces one of the other robbers to reveal Dunn 's location and Green Arrow saves him from the Vigilante . Thea convinces Quentin to go into rehabilitation , while Oliver and Susan start getting closer . The team poses as bank robbers to lure out the Vigilante , who again escapes even after Oliver defeats and nearly unmasks him . Thea tells Oliver about Quentin and the possibility of his being framed ; they deduce that Prometheus must know Green Arrow 's identity . Evelyn is revealed to be working for Prometheus . In flashbacks , Kovar introduces Oliver to his servant Galina , Taiana 's mother . He also claims that the Bratva have only been using Oliver for their own ends , including making a deal with him . Kovar then releases Oliver back to the Bratva . 100 8 `` Invasion ! '' James Bamford Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) T27. 13208 3.55 Oliver finds himself back at Queen Manor ; both his parents are alive , he is about to be married to Laurel Lance , and Diggle is the Hood . However , it is revealed that he , Diggle , Thea , Sara , and Ray are all being held unconscious inside pods aboard the Dominator mothership . Meanwhile , Felicity , Curtis , and Cisco Ramon try to hack into the Dominators ' mainframe using a piece of their technology . The team recovers a necessary device with the help of the Flash and Supergirl and manages to locate the others . Oliver begins seeing flashes of his former life , as do Sara and Ray . All five captives soon realize that they are inside a shared hallucination of simulated reality . Their escape attempt is blocked by manifestations of Malcolm Merlyn , Deathstroke , Damien Darhk , and their mercenaries . The group defeats all of them , then leaves the dream and awakens inside the ship . Escaping in a shuttle , they are rescued by the Waverider . Ray deduces that the Dominators were gathering information from their minds to help them complete a special `` weapon '' , using the hallucination as a distraction . The team learns that the Dominator mothership is headed toward Earth . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on The Flash season 3 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 2 episode 7 . 101 9 `` What We Leave Behind '' Antonio Negret Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) T27. 13209 1.94 Prometheus obtains further intel about the team from Evelyn . He then attacks and hospitalizes Curtis , injecting him with a tuberculosis vaccine developed by Justin Claybourne , a corrupt pharmaceutical manufacturer named on Oliver 's former kill list . Flashbacks show that Oliver killed Claybourne after discovering that he financed a TB epidemic , then raised the price on his drug to boost his company 's profits . When the team tracks down Prometheus , Evelyn reveals her true allegiance and escapes with Prometheus . Investigating Prometheus on his own , Billy sends information he discovers to Felicity just before the villain captures him . The information turns out to be about Claybourne 's illegitimate son , who may now be seeking retribution . Oliver deduces that Prometheus is at the former office building of the corporation that created the epidemic and goes there alone . He finds that Prometheus has staged it to resemble Oliver 's prior attack . Oliver kills Prometheus , only to discover he has actually killed a gagged Billy , whom the real Prometheus set up as himself to trick Oliver . Curtis ' husband Paul leaves him after discovering Curtis is a vigilante ; Felicity mourns Billy 's death ; Diggle is recaptured ; Oliver encounters a woman inside the lair who appears to be Laurel Lance , alive and well . 102 10 `` Who Are You ? '' Gregory Smith Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) T27. 13210 1.68 Oliver welcomes the seemingly - revived Laurel into the team , but it becomes clear that she is Laurel 's Earth - Two doppelganger Black Siren , having been broken out of S.T.A.R. Labs by Prometheus . Laurel escapes and calls Oliver for a meeting , which ends in her capture . Learning about Paul , Rene convinces Curtis to focus on his capabilities , not his flaws . Oliver places Laurel in an A.R.G.U.S. facility , hoping to change her one day . Oliver reveals his plans to follow their Laurel 's dying wish , to find a new Black Canary . In Hub City , a woman with a sonic scream stops an attempted assault in a bar . Meanwhile , Oliver convinces Adrian to represent John whose corrupt superior , General Walker , arrives to transfer him into custody . However , Adrian manages to keep John in his jurisdiction . In flashbacks , Gregor , the Bratva traitor , attempts to force Oliver 's obedience , but Oliver is rescued by a female archer named Talia . 103 11 `` Second Chances '' Mark Bunting Speed Weed & Sarah Tarkoff February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13211 1.91 During the S.T.A.R. Labs incident , CCPD undercover officer Tina Boland develops a sonic scream after watching her partner die at the hands of drug dealer Sean Sonus . In the present day , Adrian tells Oliver that the NSA had been investigating Walker , but its file has disappeared . While Felicity tries to locate it , Oliver takes Rene and Curtis to Hub City to recruit Tina . She initially refuses to join , but the team intercepts her attacking Sonus , who is also a metahuman with sonic powers . Sonus escapes and Oliver reveals his identity to convince Tina to let him help her . Oliver 's team helps her defeat the dealers during a shipment , but Oliver fails to dissuade her from killing Sonus . Meanwhile , Felicity meets with a hacktivist whom she inspired during her college days and receives the file against Walker along with a cache of other secret information . With the file , Adrian manages to get John released . Tina meets Oliver and agrees to join the team , revealing that her real name is Dinah Drake . In flashbacks , Talia helps Oliver kill an important associate of Kovar 's . She also urges Oliver to become the avenger his father wanted him to be for Starling City . 104 12 `` Bratva '' Ben Bray Oscar Balderrama & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13212 1.61 In flashbacks , Oliver and Talia kill a drug merchant from Robert Queen 's list . Talia presses Oliver to return home , but he chooses to help Anatoli kill Gregor . In the present , the team learns that Walker is in Russia for a deal with Markovian terrorists . Oliver takes everyone except Rene , who is helping Quentin prepare for an interview with Susan . Anatoli refuses to help Oliver unless he does something criminal in return , which Oliver refuses . After Felicity blackmails a Russian analyst , the team captures Walker 's henchman , whom John tortures to no avail . To prevent John and Felicity from acting against their morals , Oliver and Dinah accept Anatoli 's terms and attacks a rival . The team and the Bratva intercept Walker 's deal . John decides to spare Walker , who is arrested by the Military Police , while Rory uses his rags to contain the nuclear blast of Walker 's failsafe bomb . Upon returning , Oliver sleeps with Susan , who later deduces his alter - ego after learning about a similar hooded vigilante who was in Russia five years ago . Rory tells Felicity that his rags do not function anymore and that he needs to leave temporarily . Meanwhile , with Rene 's help , Quentin 's interview is successful and they become friends . 105 13 `` Spectre of the Gun '' Kristin Windell Marc Guggenheim February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) T27. 13213 1.66 Sixteen months ago , Rene watched as his wife , an addict , was killed by a dealer in front of their daughter , Zoe , who was transferred to foster care , barring Rene from seeing her . He was inspired by the Green Arrow killing Darhk and saving Star City and decided to start his vigilantism . In the present , Rene now works for Quentin as his assistant . An armed man attacks city hall , killing seven staff members and wounding several others . Felicity identifies the shooter as James Edlund , a former clerk and a proponent of gun control who lost his family in a shootout months prior . Thea and Quentin encourage Oliver to deal with the situation as the mayor , not the vigilante . Oliver decides to work with the city council towards a gun control act . Rene and Curtis locate Edlund 's hideout and find his next target , where Oliver confronts Edlund as the mayor and dissuades him from killing anyone , convincing him to surrender . Oliver reaches an agreement with the council with Rene 's help . Curtis promises to help Rene get Zoe back legally . Meanwhile , John convinces Dinah to return to a normal life , and she enlists in the SCPD . 106 14 `` The Sin - Eater '' Mary Lambert Barbara Bloom & Jenny Lynn February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) T27. 13214 1.54 Oliver meets Prometheus ' alleged mother , but she refuses to help him . During a prison transfer , Chien , Carrie , and Warner kill the guards and escape . Oliver appoints Dinah as an SCPD officer . Pike receives evidence that the Green Arrow killed Malone and orders a manhunt . Oliver and Quentin track down the trio , but they escape due to the intervention of the ACU . Oliver surmises that Prometheus is responsible for sending the evidence . Susan asks Oliver if he is the Green Arrow and he says no . Thea discredits her by having Felicity hack Susan 's files and insert proof that she committed plagiarism . Susan gets angry with Oliver , who then confronts Thea . He reveals the circumstances surrounding Malone 's death to Pike . The team intercepts the trio stealing money from a stash left by Church , but are ambushed by their mercenaries . The ACU arrives and arrests the trio , allowing the team to leave . Quentin gives Dinah his blessing to assume the Black Canary identity . Word of the cover - up is later leaked to the media and the allegations are serious enough that impeachment is on the table . In flashbacks , Oliver and Anatoli engage Gregor and his men . Gregor prepares to kill Anatoli . 107 15 `` Fighting Fire with Fire '' Michael Schultz Speed Weed & Ben Sokolowski March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13215 1.60 Oliver 's impeachment process begins , with Adrian serving as his attorney . The Vigilante starts targeting the former , but is opposed by Prometheus , who is revealed to be Adrian . Using Pandora , Felicity and Thea learn about a secret that can be used to blackmail an alderman . Oliver and John dissuade them from using it . Using a piece of the Vigilante 's visor , Curtis manages to track him down to where he plans to assassinate Oliver . To give himself a fighting chance to remain mayor , Oliver publicly disavows the Green Arrow as a `` cop killer '' , stating his motive for the cover - up was to protect the people from losing hope . The Vigilante escapes . The council votes against impeachment , but Thea resigns from Oliver 's administration in order to work on her morality . Paul decides to divorce Curtis . Susan gets her job back due to Felicity 's anonymous testimony . Felicity then secretly joins Helix . Adrian aggressively demands that Susan listen to his story . In flashbacks , Anatoli demands `` spross dopross '' , the process by which the Pakhan may be overthrown . Oliver infiltrates Kovar 's mansion and acquires evidence that Gregor has been embezzling the Bratva 's money . The majority of the captains vote for Anatoli , but Gregor starts a mutiny . 108 16 `` Checkmate '' Ken Shane Beth Schwartz & Sarah Tarkoff March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) T27. 13216 1.53 Oliver meets Talia , who reveals herself to be Ra 's al Ghul 's daughter . She tells Oliver that she hates him for killing her father , so she helped Adrian become Prometheus . Oliver confronts Adrian , who says that he has kidnapped Williams and she will starve if Oliver kills him . The Green Arrow breaks into Adrian 's house and tries to reason with Adrian 's wife , Doris , until the ACU storms in , forcing him to escape . Felicity agrees to hack Department of Homeland Security drones for Helix in exchange for assistance in finding Williams ' location . Oliver 's team enters the building , finding and rescuing Williams before Oliver confronts Adrian . Diggle brings Doris to try and convince Adrian to surrender , only for him to mortally stab her . Oliver engages Adrian while the others take Williams and Doris away . Talia arrives and helps Adrian overpower and abduct Oliver . Adrian tells Oliver that he plans to help Oliver learn who he really is . Meanwhile , Adrian continues acting normally at City Hall , angering the team . In flashbacks , most of the Bratva captains are killed in the shootout before Gregor escapes . Oliver and Knyazev attack Gregor during a meeting with his loyal followers and subdue him . 109 17 `` Kapiushon '' Kevin Tancharoen Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) T27. 13217 1.38 In flashbacks , Anatoli becomes the new Pakhan . Kovar buys Sarin gas from Malcolm . Anatoli learns that Kovar is planning a coup against the Russian government . By torturing an operative of Kovar , Oliver learns that Kovar has invited key government officials to his casino , where he plans to assassinate all of them by the gas . Oliver convinces Galina , Taiana 's mother , to give him her key card to the casino . Oliver and the Bratva infiltrate the casino , where Kovar learns about Galina 's betrayal and kills her , angering Oliver , who fails to stop the spread of the gas in time , leading to Viktor 's death . Anatoli fails to persuade Oliver from killing Kovar . The former appoints him as a Bratva captain . Malcolm helps Kovar 's operatives revive him . In the present , Adrian tortures Oliver to make him confess a `` secret '' . The former brings a seemingly reluctant Evelyn , apparently killing her after Oliver refuses to do it . Oliver reveals that he killed people because he liked it , which Adrian wanted to hear . Evelyn is revealed to be alive and still assisting Adrian . Adrian lets Oliver go , and he returns to the hideout and tells the team about his decision to end his vigilantism . 110 18 `` Disbanded '' JJ Makaro Rebecca Bellotto March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13218 1.55 With Chase having broken him , Oliver disbands the team and calls in the Bratva to take out Chase . Diggle tries to talk Oliver out of it , reminding him that there are better ways of doing things . Felicity goes to Helix and manages to find pixelated footage of Chase taking off his Prometheus mask . Oliver allows the Bratva to steal diabetes medicine as a downpayment , but they are stopped by the team . Diggle tells Oliver that they can fix him if he is willing to accept help . Oliver rejoins the team , taking out the Bratva and saving hostages that Anatoli had taken as leverage . Felicity and Curtis manage to decode Chase 's pixelation device , revealing Prometheus ' identity to the police . Oliver claims he 's not ready to put the hood back on yet but , with his team , it will be sooner rather than later . When Chase 's guards try to arrest him , he kills them and leaves his safe house . In flashbacks , Oliver wants to return to Lian Yu , so Anatoli plans one last heist to help sick children , hoping to convince Oliver to stay , but Oliver still intends to return to Lian Yu in order to stage his dramatic return to Starling City . 111 19 `` Dangerous Liaisons '' Joel Novoa Speed Weed & Elizabeth Kim April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13219 1.36 With law enforcement agencies unable to locate Chase , Felicity agrees to Alena 's plan to free former Helix leader Cayden James , who created a biometric tracker that can find anyone , but is currently in A.R.G.U.S. custody without due process . Lyla plans to use James as bait to destroy Helix , but Alena , having already anticipated that , finds James ' true location and leads her team , including Felicity , to the rescue . They are interrupted by the team , but Felicity forces them to allow Helix to escape with James . Helix ends their connection with Felicity , but provides her with James ' scanner , which she uses to learn that Chase is already in the team 's hideout , starting an assault . Meanwhile , Quentin confronts Rene for not visiting Zoe , though legally possible . Rene believes himself to be an unsuitable father . However , Quentin organizes a visit , making Rene decide to fight to regain custody of Zoe . John confronts Lyla for her moral ambiguity which led to their divorce previously . 112 20 `` Underneath '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13220 1.36 Chase triggers an EMP within the team hideout , deactivating all the equipment , stranding Oliver and Felicity , and rendering her paralyzed . Curtis learns about the attack , informing Rene and Dinah . Diggle and Lyla agree to put their problems aside when they hear about Oliver and Felicity . The team soon realizes that , after a period of time , a backup generator will activate , igniting the methane gas currently leaking into the base . Oliver is injured trying to find a way out . Eventually , Diggle is lowered down an access shaft with the others ' help and manages to pull up both Oliver and Felicity . The team takes refuge at A.R.G.U.S. , where Diggle and Lyla reconcile . Later , Chase is revealed to have tracked down Oliver 's son , William . In flashbacks to the period after Damien 's death , Oliver , Felicity , and Curtis continue working together . Curtis arranges to have Oliver and Felicity spend time together , leading to their having sex in the lair , but she decides that she is not ready to get back together with Oliver , who accepts it . 113 21 `` Honor Thy Fathers '' Laura Belsey Marc Guggenheim & Sarah Tarkoff May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13221 1.65 Chase 's prosecutions are discredited and most of the convicts , including Sampson , are released on bail . Oliver is sent a body , identified as Henry Goodwin . While Curtis and Dinah track Sampson , the others investigate Goodwin , who is revealed to have been killed by Robert Queen , shocking Thea and Oliver . The team deduces that Chase and Sampson are working together to release Claybourne 's weaponized tuberculosis in Star City . With Oliver wearing the Green Arrow costume again , they track the bomb and engage Sampson 's party while Oliver duels Chase . Sampson is captured as Curtis defuses the bomb . Oliver reveals that Claybourne planned to disown Chase due to Chase 's mental condition . Disillusioned , Chase asks Oliver to kill him , but Oliver arrests him instead . Oliver gives Thea a video of Robert asking her to look after Oliver . Meanwhile , Rene refuses to testify in court so as not to upset Zoe , leading to the judge dismissing his claim . In flashbacks , Oliver and Anatoli return to Lian Yu , where they arrange for Oliver 's return to Starling City . Anatoli leaves to bribe the boatmen to sail towards the island , but Oliver gets captured by Kovar , who knows about Oliver 's plan . 114 22 `` Missing '' Mairzee Almas Speed Weed & Oscar Balderrama May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13222 1.44 The team holds a birthday party for Oliver , but Rene , Dinah , and Curtis are later kidnapped by Chase 's outside team . Realizing that Chase is picking them off after Thea and Quentin are kidnapped by Black Siren and Evelyn , Oliver accepts Malcolm 's aid to help him lean on Chase . However , Chase reveals he has kidnapped William and Oliver is forced to free him . Felicity and Diggle are kidnapped by Talia and the League of Assassins , Oliver recruits Nyssa to help him fight Chase 's army . Tracking a plane carrying Chase , they realize they are going to Lian Yu . Arriving on the island , Oliver visits Slade and asks for his help . In flashbacks , Kovar injects a drug into Oliver that forces him to suffer visceral hallucinations of painful moments from the last five years . After enduring visions of Yao Fei and Laurel , Oliver eventually finds the strength to escape . 115 23 `` Lian Yu '' Jesse Warn Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) T27. 13223 1.72 Oliver recruits a Mirakuru-less and hate - free Slade Wilson . Harkness reveals his allegiance to Chase . Oliver 's party frees Felicity , Thea , Curtis , and Samantha , trapping Evelyn . Oliver asks Malcolm to take Felicity 's party to Chase 's plane in order to escape and manages to free John , Rene , Dinah , and Quentin , who knocks Black Siren unconscious while Nyssa defeats Talia . Malcolm kills Harkness , but sacrifices himself by taking Thea 's place on a tripped landmine , allowing Felicity 's party to escape . They reach the plane , but learn that the whole island is rigged with C4 , which will detonate if Chase dies . Oliver asks John to lead the others to Felicity 's party and escape while Oliver captures Chase on a boat and frees William , who learns that his father is the Green Arrow . The plane is sabotaged , so Oliver tells the others to run to a ship on the eastern shore . Unsure of the others ' fates , Chase kills himself in front of Oliver and William , causing the bombs to demolish Lian Yu . In flashbacks , Oliver kills Kovar and his men , reaching the boat in time and calling Moira . Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 116 `` Fallout '' James Bamford Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) T27. 13451 1.52 In flashbacks , Slade heads to the A.R.G.U.S. ship alone while the others take refuge in the plane . Samantha runs off to find William and Thea follows . John 's right pectoral muscles are injured while rescuing Felicity . Oliver finds Thea in critical condition and a dying Samantha asks him to look after William . Dinah and Quentin are attacked by Black Siren , whom he shoots . She is later saved by an unknown man working for Cayden James . In the present , Thea is still comatose and William blames Oliver for Samantha 's death . Black Siren and her mercenary team attack the SCPD station . During another confrontation , John 's hesitation gets Rene hurt . Determining Black Siren will next attack City Hall , Team Arrow sets a trap . However , her gang instead attacks the hideout before being driven off by Team Arrow . Quentin 's reluctance to harm `` Laurel '' further allows her to escape . Oliver arranges another hearing for Rene to reclaim his daughter . Curtis discovers that Black Siren stole a prototype T - sphere . Slade tells Oliver that he is traveling to Calgary to find his son , advising him to choose between vigilantism and William . Oliver and William reconcile slightly , but pictures of Oliver wearing the Green Arrow suit leak to the media . 117 `` Tribute '' Laura Belsey Story by : Adam Schwartz Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Beth Schwartz October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) T27. 13452 1.51 Oliver publicly denies being the Green Arrow , facing an investigation by FBI agent Samanda Watson along with William 's concerns of losing him . Anatoli and his men kidnap a group of Markovian delegates , demanding ransom . Believing Anatoli leaked the photo , Felicity and Curtis work on discrediting it while tracking the hostages , three of whom Team Arrow saves while Anatoli escapes with one . Anatoli tells Oliver that he needs to convince the Bratva that the former is not weak and is no longer friends with Oliver , injecting the hostage with a toxin which will kill him soon . Detecting the toxin and acquiring the antidote , Oliver injects it to the hostage , whom Anatoli kills anyway . He escapes after telling Oliver that he did not leak the photo , for which the media acquires evidence from an `` anonymous source '' that is fake . However , Watson tells Oliver that she will continue investigating him . As John prepares to tell Oliver about his degenerative nerve damage , the latter convinces him to wear the Green Arrow mantle , deciding to choose William over vigilantism . 118 `` Next of Kin '' Kevin Tancharoen Speed Weed & Oscar Balderrama October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) T27. 13453 1.34 Team Arrow arrests Faust , with John refusing to shoot arrows . The City Council begins drafting a tighter anti-vigilante bill . Telling Dinah that he has overcome his tremors , John is revealed to have leadership problems when rogue CIA operatives begin hunting down a former member in order to silence him . Rene asks Oliver to return to the team . The latter has Felicity help William with his mathematics test while convincing John of his competence . Team Arrow tracks down a rogue group of mercenaries led by Onyx Adams to a hotel and engages them , defeating them all and saving the civilians from a biological weapon . With no way to stop the bill , Oliver converts it to a city - wide referendum . Watson begins suspecting John , who receives an arrow - firing crossbow invented by Felicity and Curtis . Oliver resumes his relationship with her while John is revealed to be injecting drugs to control his tremors . 119 `` Reversal '' Gregory Smith Sarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) T27. 13454 1.33 Black Siren begins killing seemingly unimportant individuals while Felicity is approached by Alena , who tells her that Cayden James is planning something with hundreds of millions of casualties worldwide . They meet black market dealer `` Amnesiac '' to buy a `` ghost drive '' . Feeling concerned , Oliver intervenes and attacks the thugs , angering Felicity , who steals the drive . Team Arrow tracks down Black Siren to the Helix facility , with the former revealed to be working for James , who tasks his men to kill Felicity and Alena , who is critically shot during the rescue by Team Arrow . Felicity learns that James has stolen the victims ' fingerprints , necessary to enter the International Domain Name Directory ( IDND ) , the global internet infrastructure . Believing that James intends to destroy the internet , Team Arrow attacks his party at the IDND , where Felicity manages to breach through the firewall to stop James ' apparent attack . She adds Alena for her startup , calling it Helix and intending to mass produce her spinal implant . James is revealed to have intentionally lured Felicity into breaking the firewall so that he can have secret access and cover his tracks . He provides Black Siren with a device to stop tracking by Curtis . Slade calls Oliver and asks his help . 120 5 `` Deathstroke Returns '' Joel Novoa Ben Sokolowski & Spiro Skentzos November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) T27. 13455 1.29 Slade asks Oliver to help him find his son , who 's being held in jail . The two meet up with an old acquaintance of Slade , who provides them with the information they need . When they get to the prison , Slade instructs Oliver to find his son , Joe , then get him out of there , as he knows Joe will not want to see him , despite Oliver 's objections . Slade engages the security , known as the Jackals , in combat , where he discovers his acquaintance is actually a member of them . When Slade demands they release Joe , he reveals it 's not that easy as their boss is Joe himself . Dinah struggles to prevent a politician from a sniper attack by Vigilante , as the politician supports the Anti-vigilante bill . Dinah later gets lucky , and blurts out her Canary Cry on Vigilante who removes his mask , revealing he is actually Dinah 's old partner Vincent Sobel , thought long dead . He later attempts another assassination attempt at a TV interview , but is once again met by Dinah and shot in the head by an officer . Vincent reveals the Particle Accelerator changed him as well , and claims he did not tell Dinah he was alive , as he believes their work as cops had become ineffective . Dinah watches helplessly as he disappears . 121 6 `` Promises Kept '' Antonio Negret Oscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) T27. 13456 1.28 Slade and Oliver continue to try and persuade Joe to leave with them , but Joe refuses , claiming that he had seen his father kill someone before he had been influenced by Mirakuru . Slade tries to explain that it was a paid hit , but Joe refuses to forgive him , stating that learning who his father truly was led him down this path . Joe and Slade end up fighting until Oliver steps in , after which Joe escapes but not before revealing the existence of his brother Grant . Slade tells Oliver he will continue to try and find both of his sons , but advises Oliver that he go back to his , not wanting Oliver to make the same mistakes he made . Meanwhile , Team Arrow eventually finds out about John 's tremors , leading John to apologize to everyone . Curtis offers to help John , the same way he helped Felicity when she was injured . John asks to have the night to think it over . 122 7 `` Thanksgiving '' Gordon Verheul Wendy Mericle & Speed Weed November 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 23 ) T27. 13457 1.09 Oliver , Felicity , William and Quentin organize a Thanksgiving food drive to raise money for a new SCPD Precinct . Oliver is promptly arrested by FBI Agent Watson under charges of vigilantism for being the Green Arrow . James and Black Siren subsequently break out of prison , intent on causing chaos , since the Green Arrow is caught . Thankfully , Oliver 's trial is delayed . When John gets injured in the field , Oliver suits up as the Green Arrow once again , with Team Arrow looking to stop a bomb planted by James and Black Siren at the stadium during a concert . They subsequently discover the bomb is fake and that the cops guarding the stadium are not cops , whom are swiftly taken out by Dinah , Curtis and Rene , but James and Black Siren escape . Oliver visits John in hospital and claims he will wear the hood until John has recovered , whereupon he can reclaim it . Thea wakes from her coma and reunites with Oliver , Felicity , John and William . 123 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 2 '' James Bamford Story by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) T27. 13458 2.52 In S.T.A.R. Labs , a captured interdimensional villain from Earth - X , Prometheus - X , is revealed to be a parallel universe doppelgänger of Tommy Merlyn . After he cruelly taunts Oliver over his attachment to Tommy , Prometheus - X commits suicide out of loyalty to Earth - X 's Nazi regime . Prometheus - X 's partners , Dark Arrow ( Oliver 's doppelgänger ) , Overgirl ( Kara Danvers ' doppelgänger ) , and Eobard Thawne steal a sublight generator , the Prism , from research company Dayton Optical Systems ; Oliver , Barry , Kara , and the others believe that Dark Arrow seeks to build a neutron bomb with it to aid his conquest on Earth - 1 . After a series of battles , most of the heroes including Team Arrow are in captivity at S.T.A.R. Labs after the Nazi forces infiltrate it , and Oliver , Barry and his allies are transported to Earth - X 's concentration camp , but Kara is moved to S.T.A.R. Labs . Oliver is determined to kill Dark Arrow after his capture . The villains reveal that Overgirl is dying and Dark Arrow plans to use the Prism , charged by S.T.A.R. Labs ' particle accelerator , to produce artificial red sunlight that would weaken both Kara and Overgirl 's respective invulnerability , allowing a heart transplant for Overgirl but killing Kara in the process . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 , and concludes on The Flash season 4 episode 8 and Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . 124 9 `` Irreconcilable Differences '' Laura Belsey Beth Schwartz & Sarah Tarkoff December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) T27. 13459 1.30 Oliver and Felicity celebrate their wedding with everyone . The case against Oliver intensifies when Quentin learns that a member of Team Arrow is testifying against him , causing Oliver to have the team tracked . Quentin is kidnapped by Black Siren and James . Dinah is discovered to be meeting with Vincent , and tensions grow in the team until Rene admits he is the one testifying against Oliver . He explains Watson cornered him with evidence that he is Wild Dog , and if he did not testify , he would never be able to see his daughter again . Oliver briefly evicts Rene from the team , but the entire team puts aside any differences to rescue Quentin , whom Black Siren willingly allows to escape once they are outside . Oliver permanently ousts Rene for abandoning the primary mission to go looking for Lance on his own , violating Oliver 's trust again . Rene is later reunited with his daughter , while Dinah and Curtis leave Team Arrow , unable to trust Oliver , John and Felicity . Through a hidden camera , Oliver , John and Felicity are shown being monitored by the cabal of James , his second in command Boots , Black Siren , Anatoli , Vincent and Ricardo Diaz . 125 10 `` Divided '' James Bamford Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) T27. 13460 1.38 Oliver continues being the Green Arrow while refusing to have Rene , Dinah , and Curtis help him , while Felicity and Curtis struggle to cure John of his tremors , in the process discovering that their hideout has been bugged forcing them to relocate to A.R.G.U.S. Oliver once again faces Cayden James , discovering that he has a cabal at his command . Dinah spends time with Vincent before discovering he has allied with Cayden James and attempts to arrest him before being overpowered . After his fight with Cayden James 's Cabal , Oliver , Felicity , and John discover that in order to win , they need to bring the team back together . Oliver apologizes to Rene , Dinah and Curtis , but despite his apology , they refuse to return to the team . Instead , they decide to start their own team , with Oliver wishing them luck . Curtis shows Dinah and Rene their new hideout . 126 11 `` We Fall '' Wendey Stanzler Speed Weed & Spiro Skentzos January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) T27. 13461 1.38 Cayden James attacks the city 's critical Internet infrastructure , causing numerous casualties including police captain Frank Pike , before demanding ransom payment of $10 million dollars a day from Oliver to prevent a deadlier attack from happening . James reveals details of his vendetta against Oliver ; a misfired arrow believed was from the Green Arrow killed his son Owen a year ago . However , Oliver knows that he is not responsible because he was in Hub City at the time , therefore there is another suspect . Vincent claims that he is undercover with James ' cabal , and he gives Curtis , Rene , and Dinah some Intel . When one of James ' attacks endangers William and his class during a fieldtrip , Oliver is forced to reveal to his son that he resumed being the Green Arrow when rescuing him . Oliver and Quentin set up safe zones for citizens following the attacks , eventually James ' cabal targets them . Oliver and his former team put aside of their differences and stop James ' party 's attack on the safe zones ' occupants . Despite William being hurt by Oliver 's lies , Felicity helps William to see it was for good intentions and gets him to accept his father 's duty . Unable to find proof of his innocence before the deadline , Oliver gives into James ' demands to buy time to find it . 127 12 `` All for Nothing '' Mairzee Almas Beth Schwartz & Oscar Balderrama February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13462 1.24 Oliver is almost out of money to pay Cayden James . Fearing he will detonate the bomb , Vince , who infiltrated James ' organization , agrees to download data that could lead the two vigilante teams to find where the bomb is located . Despite being successful in transmitting the data to Felicty , he is identified as the traitor , caught , and tortured by Anatoli . The location of the bomb is revealed , but Dinah , Curtis , and Rene decide not to follow Oliver in order to save Vince . However , James anticipates this and used Vince as bait . Dinah is immobilized because of rubble collapsing on top of her and is forced to watch as Black Siren executes Vince . Lacking the manpower , Green Arrow and Spartan are unable to retrieve the bomb before it 's moved to a new location . However , they retrieve the falsified proof that shows Green Arrow killing James ' son ; the video was edited using the same technology that was used to forge the picture that exposed Oliver as the Green Arrow , implying another adversary is operating behind the scenes . 128 13 `` The Devil 's Greatest Trick '' JJ Makaro Sarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13463 1.30 Cayden James threatens to set the bomb off at midnight . Alena and Felicity are able to decode the video of Oliver killing Cayden 's son , proving it was someone else , and clearing Oliver . With help from Barry Allen , Oliver is able to delay James from leaving town by showing him the new evidence . James concludes that it was someone in his group who is behind it and asks for his former allies to be brought to him or he will set off the bomb . The team brings Laurel , Diaz and Anatoli to James , but Laurel says she was behind his son 's death and her actions allow everyone but James to escape . Diaz approaches Cayden in custody , revealing himself as the person responsible for the death of his son and that he has the new police captain on his payroll , killing Cayden before he leaves . 129 14 `` Collision Course '' Ken Shane Oscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13464 1.11 Dinah , Curtis and Rene analyse the latest place Laurel was seen and manage to determine that she was dragged away by somebody . It turns out Quentin took Laurel to a secure cabin to allow her to heal , which Thea eventually finds out and informs Oliver . Oliver demands the return of the city 's money , which Laurel promises , if they get her out of the country . Curtis deactivates the chip preventing John 's tremors , allowing them to track down Oliver , John and Felicity and hence find Laurel , though Quentin refuses to let Dinah kill Laurel . The two teams fight , with Rene eventually getting injured , and Oliver throwing a device that prohibits Dinah 's scream , allowing Laurel to incapacitate them with her own scream and escape . At the hospital , when John and Felicity come to see Rene , Curtis and Dinah turn them away , saying they want nothing to do with them anymore . At the edge of the city , Laurel begs a van driver to help her . 130 15 `` Doppelganger '' Kristin Windell Story by : Christos Gage & Ruth Fletcher Gage Teleplay by : Speed Weed March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) T27. 13465 1.28 Laurel appears at City Hall , revealing her story about how she was kidnapped and held against her will . Oliver and Thea find out that Ricardo is keeping a hostage , which is revealed to be former Team Arrow member Roy Harper , prompting Thea to once again assume the mantel of Speedy to try and rescue Roy . Dinah , upon hearing of the situation , says she is willing to help out this once , but Oliver refuses , saying if she does not trust him , he does not trust her . Oliver and John eventually take on Ricardo and his minions , who escape , but they do manage to rescue Roy . Oliver goes to see Laurel , who claims she can not change who she is , but she will try to be good , if Oliver gives her the space to do so , which Oliver agrees to . But when he leaves , Black Siren receives a message from Diaz and smiles , implying that she works with him . Roy and Thea spend an evening together , where they are observed by a woman who reports that the heir of Ra 's al Ghul has been located . 131 16 `` The Thanatos Guild '' Joel Novoa Beth Schwartz & Ben Sokolowski March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13466 TBD Nyssa comes to Star City for Thea , claiming that a splinter group from the League of Assassins , The Thanatos Guild , lead by a woman called Athena , are coming for her for the location of a map that Malcolm supposedly knew the location of . Thea reluctantly agrees to help Nyssa , but claims she is leaving afterward . Team Arrow eventually find the box containing the map and use mathematics to unlock it , only for the map to be blank when opened , but Felicity helps to reveal the hidden markers underneath . Dinah grows suspicious of her superior in the police , suspecting that she might be peddling Diaz 's drugs . Thea talks to Oliver about handing the Green Arrow mantle back to John , but Oliver worries that the current circumstances may be a little too much for John at the moment . Thea , Roy and Nyssa eventually depart and Oliver says goodbye . 132 17 `` Brothers in Arms '' Mark Bunting Sarah Tarkoff & Jeane Wong April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) T27. 13467 TBD 133 18 `` Fundamentals '' Ben Bray Speed Weed & Emilio Ortega Aldrich April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) T27. 13468 TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) `` The Calm '' October 8 , 2014 1.0 2.83 0.4 1.4 `` Sara '' October 15 , 2014 0.8 2.32 0.6 1.4 `` Corto Maltese '' October 22 , 2014 0.9 2.55 N / A N / A `` The Magician '' October 29 , 2014 1.0 2.49 N / A N / A 5 `` The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak '' November 5 , 2014 1.1 / 3 2.73 N / A N / A 6 `` Guilty '' November 12 , 2014 0.9 / 3 2.60 0.6 1.5 7 `` Draw Back Your Bow '' November 19 , 2014 0.9 / 3 2.64 0.6 1.5 8 `` The Brave and the Bold '' December 3 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.92 N / A N / A 9 `` The Climb '' December 10 , 2014 1.1 / 3 3.06 N / A N / A 10 `` Left Behind '' January 21 , 2015 1.1 / 4 3.06 0.7 1.8 11 `` Midnight City '' January 28 , 2015 1.1 / 3 2.91 0.7 1.8 12 `` Uprising '' February 4 , 2015 1.2 / 4 2.94 N / A N / A 13 `` Canaries '' February 11 , 2015 1.1 / 3 2.67 N / A N / A 14 `` The Return '' February 18 , 2015 1.2 / 4 2.91 N / A N / A 15 `` Nanda Parbat '' February 25 , 2015 1.1 / 3 3.07 N / A N / A 16 `` The Offer '' March 18 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.56 0.7 1.6 17 `` Suicidal Tendencies '' March 25 , 2015 1.0 / 4 2.86 0.8 1.8 18 `` Public Enemy '' April 1 , 2015 0.8 / 3 2.48 0.6 1.4 19 `` Broken Arrow '' April 15 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.47 0.7 1.6 20 `` The Fallen '' April 22 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.72 N / A N / A 21 `` Al Sah - him '' April 29 , 2015 0.9 2.39 N / A N / A 22 `` This Is Your Sword '' May 6 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.54 0.7 1.7 23 `` My Name Is Oliver Queen '' May 13 , 2015 1.0 / 4 2.83 0.7 1.7 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Green Arrow '' October 7 , 2015 1.1 / 4 2.67 N / A 1.43 N / A 4.10 `` The Candidate '' October 14 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.50 N / A 1.34 N / A 3.84 `` Restoration '' October 21 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.40 0.6 1.36 1.5 3.77 `` Beyond Redemption '' October 28 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.64 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Haunted '' November 4 , 2015 1.1 / 4 2.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Lost Souls '' November 11 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.30 N / A 1.22 N / A 3.52 7 `` Brotherhood '' November 18 , 2015 1.1 / 4 2.69 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Legends of Yesterday '' December 2 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.66 0.7 1.61 2.1 5.27 9 `` Dark Waters '' December 9 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.82 0.6 1.22 1.6 4.04 10 `` Blood Debts '' January 20 , 2016 1.1 / 3 2.83 0.7 1.47 1.8 4.30 11 `` A.W.O.L. '' January 27 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.78 0.6 1.24 1.7 4.01 12 `` Unchained '' February 3 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.48 0.6 1.26 1.5 3.74 13 `` Sins of the Father '' February 10 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.44 0.6 1.32 1.5 3.77 14 `` Code of Silence '' February 17 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.44 0.7 1.40 1.6 3.85 15 `` Taken '' February 24 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.70 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Broken Hearts '' March 23 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.09 0.6 1.33 1.3 3.41 17 `` Beacon of Hope '' March 30 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.34 N / A N / A N / A N / A 18 `` Eleven - Fifty - Nine '' April 6 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.24 0.6 1.16 1.4 3.39 19 `` Canary Cry '' April 27 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.27 N / A 1.18 N / A 3.45 20 `` Genesis '' May 4 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.07 0.6 1.19 1.3 3.26 21 `` Monument Point '' May 11 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.16 0.5 1.13 1.3 3.29 22 `` Lost in the Flood '' May 18 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.94 0.6 1.23 1.3 3.20 23 `` Schism '' May 25 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.19 0.6 1.12 1.4 3.31 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Legacy '' October 5 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.87 0.6 1.20 1.3 3.07 `` The Recruits '' October 12 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.94 0.6 1.23 1.3 3.17 `` A Matter of Trust '' October 19 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.79 0.6 1.15 1.2 2.94 `` Penance '' October 26 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.87 0.5 1.09 1.2 2.96 5 `` Human Target '' November 2 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.61 0.5 1.03 1.1 2.65 6 `` So It Begins '' November 9 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.95 0.4 1.01 1.1 2.95 7 `` Vigilante '' November 16 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.86 0.5 N / A 1.2 N / A 8 `` Invasion ! '' November 30 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.55 0.7 1.80 2.0 5.34 9 `` What We Leave Behind '' December 7 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.94 0.5 1.13 1.2 3.07 10 `` Who Are You ? '' January 25 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.68 0.5 1.13 1.1 2.82 11 `` Second Chances '' February 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.91 0.5 1.08 1.1 2.99 12 `` Bratva '' February 8 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.61 0.5 1.12 1.1 2.73 13 `` Spectre of the Gun '' February 15 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.66 N / A 0.90 N / A 2.56 14 `` The Sin - Eater '' February 22 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.54 0.4 0.92 0.9 2.46 15 `` Fighting Fire with Fire '' March 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Checkmate '' March 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.53 0.4 0.86 0.9 2.39 17 `` Kapiushon '' March 22 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 0.95 0.9 2.33 18 `` Disbanded '' March 29 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.55 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 19 `` Dangerous Liaisons '' April 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.36 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` Underneath '' May 3 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.36 0.4 0.86 0.9 2.24 21 `` Honor Thy Fathers '' May 10 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.65 0.4 1.00 1.0 2.64 22 `` Missing '' May 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.44 0.4 0.94 0.9 2.38 23 `` Lian Yu '' May 24 , 2017 0.6 / 3 1.72 0.5 0.96 1.1 2.67 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Fallout '' October 12 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.52 0.5 1.18 1.1 2.70 `` Tribute '' October 19 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.51 0.5 1.08 1.0 2.59 `` Next of Kin '' October 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.34 0.4 1.05 0.9 2.38 `` Reversal '' November 2 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.33 0.4 0.90 0.9 2.23 5 `` Deathstroke Returns '' November 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.29 0.4 1.08 0.9 2.37 6 `` Promises Kept '' November 16 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.28 N / A 0.92 N / A 2.20 7 `` Thanksgiving '' November 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 1.09 0.5 1.07 0.8 2.16 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 2 '' November 27 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.52 0.8 1.89 1.7 4.41 9 `` Irreconcilable Differences '' December 7 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.30 0.4 0.86 0.8 2.12 10 `` Divided '' January 18 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 1.00 0.9 2.38 11 `` We Fall '' January 25 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.38 0.4 0.96 0.8 2.34 12 `` All for Nothing '' February 1 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.24 0.4 0.89 0.8 2.13 13 `` The Devil 's Greatest Trick '' February 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.30 0.4 0.92 0.8 2.21 14 `` Collision Course '' March 1 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.11 0.4 1.02 0.8 2.13 15 `` Doppelganger '' March 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.28 N / A 0.86 N / A 2.15 Home media ( edit ) Season DVD release dates Blu - ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B September 17 , 2013 September 23 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 September 17 , 2013 September 23 , 2013 September 16 , 2014 September 22 , 2014 December 3 , 2014 September 16 , 2014 September 22 , 2014 September 22 , 2015 September 28 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 September 22 , 2015 September 28 , 2015 August 30 , 2016 September 5 , 2016 September 7 , 2016 August 30 , 2016 September 5 , 2016 5 September 19 , 2017 September 18 , 2017 September 9 , 2017 September 19 , 2017 September 18 , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 14 TV Season Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2014 -- 15 Full TV Season Ratings : Rankings For All Shows '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Marc Guggenheim Goes In - Depth on How the Show Is Made , Teases Season 6 Details '' . Collider . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Catch The CW 's Season Finales This April and May ! '' . The Futon Critic . March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Arrow ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Animal Practice ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down Plus Unscrambled FOX Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up + World Series Game 1 Final Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' CSI ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' and ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' and ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' Rises to Tie Series Debut , ' The X Factor ' Dips + ' The Middle ' & ' Arrow ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Super Bowl 's Greatest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Modern Family ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' CSI ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' and ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' SVU ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , ' CSI ' , ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Family Tools ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , Back in the Game , Modern Family and The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up ; Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Law & Order : SVU , Survivor , Toy Story of TERROR ! & Back in the Game Adjusted Up ; Nashville & Ironside Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Modern Family & The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night & CSI Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : CSI Adjusted Up ; Criminal Minds Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for The CMA Awards '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Revolution , Arrow , The Middle & Survivor Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The X Factor , Modern Family , Arrow , Survivor & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The Tomorrow People & Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol Adjusted Up ; Law and Order : SVU , The Tomorrow People & Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Modern Family Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Law and Order : SVU & The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol & Nashville Adjusted Up ; Survivor , The Middle , Mixology , Suburgatory & Criminal Minds Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Mixology & Nashville Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for The 100 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol , Modern Family & Suburgatory Adjusted Up ; Mixology Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Suburgatory , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; CSI Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Suburgatory & Modern Family Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , American Idol & Suburgatory Adjusted Up ; Revolution & CSI Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , Arrow , American Idol , Modern Family , Law & Order : SVU & Suburgatory Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Revolution , Arrow , Survivor , Suburgatory , Modern Family & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; Chicago P.D. Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Wednesday , October 8 Final Ratings : The Flash Encore Adjusted Up ; The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Mysteries of Laura , Modern Family & Red Band Society Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; black - ish Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Stalker Adjusted Up ; The 100 & Nashville Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , The Mysteries of Laura & Chicago P.D. Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Stalker Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for The 100 , Red Band Society or Nashville '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for Arrow , Modern Family or The 100 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Hell 's Kitchen & Chicago P.D. Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , American Idol , Criminal Minds & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Stalker & The 100 Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for Empire '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol Adjusted Up , Fresh Off the Boat & The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , Arrow & American Idol Adjusted Up ; The Goldbergs , The 100 , The Mentalist , The Mysteries of Laura , black - ish & Criminal Minds Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , Arrow , American Idol & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The 100 & Stalker Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , American Idol , Survivor & Arrow Adjusted Up ; The 100 , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & Survivor Adjusted Up ; Supernatural Adjusted Down & Final Empire Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol , Survivor , The Middle , The Goldbergs , & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The Mysteries of Laura Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , The Goldbergs & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; Arrow & Supernatural Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Arrow , Criminal Minds & Survivor Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Survivor , Criminal Minds & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Nashville , & The Goldbergs Adjusted Up ; American Idol , Criminal Minds , Supernatural & black - ish Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Law & Order : SVU , Survivor , The Middle & American Idol Adjusted Up ; Supernatural , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' , ' SVU ' and others adjusted up , ' Arrow ' holds , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Empire , Modern Family and Arrow adjusted up , Nashville adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Rosewood adjusted up , Empire and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Supernatural adjusts down , The Middle and The Goldbergs adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guggenheim , Marc ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` The next episode of Arrow , written by @ briforsul & @ ojbalderrama begins production today '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Arrow adjusts up , Criminal Minds rises but still at series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : black - ish and Code Black adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Arrow , Rosewood , Survivor and The Middle adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Empire ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Modern Family ' and all other originals hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Arrow ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' , ' Code Black ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Goldbergs ' , ' Criminal Minds ' and ' Chicago P.D. ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Survivor ' and ' Beyond Borders ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Middle ' and ' Empire ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Chicago PD ' and ' Heartbeat ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' Nashville ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Goldbergs ' , ' SVU ' adjust up ; ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' SVU ' finale adjusts up , ' Supernatural ' finale adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow taps Rick Gonzalez as DC Comics vigilante Wild Dog '' . EW.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' , ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' , ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Blindspot ' and ' Frequency ' adjust down , full debate numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' , ABC comedies adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' adjusts up , CMAs hold vs. World Series : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' SVU ' and ' Modern Family ' reruns adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' , ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Black - ish ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up , ' Arrow ' adjusts down , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Primetime NFL adjusts up on Thanksgiving : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' rerun adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superstore , ' ' SWAT , ' ' Scandal ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon , ' ' SWAT , ' all NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 617 ) `` Brothers in Arms '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 618 ) `` Fundamentals '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Red Band Society ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Have Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' New Girl ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Leads Percentage Gainers & ' Elementary ' Tops Viewership Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending January 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Increase , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainer in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending February 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 26 Ending March 22 '' . TV by the Numbers. April 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' Forever ' Tops Percentage Increases & ' The Blacklist ' Wins Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 27 Ending March 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage & Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 28 Ending April 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Reign ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 30 Ending April 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' Wayward Pines ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 33 Ending May 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 3 : ' Quantico ' more than doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 4 : ' Jane the Virgin ' premiere doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' top charts for Oct. 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 5 : ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' have biggest toal gains , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 11 : ' Empire ' fall finale on top , ' Vampire Diaries ' leads percentage gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gets biggest bump of the season in week 12 , 5 shows double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' stay on top for April 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot ' leads for May 23 -- 29 as summer slowdown begins '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 -- 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow : Season 1 ( Blu - ray + DVD ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( DVD / Ultraviolet ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( DVD / Ultraviolet ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow -- Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon UK . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 '' . JBHifi.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon UK . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow -- Warner Shoots Out a Press Release for ' The Complete 4th Season ' '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon UK . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon UK . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow : The Complete Fifth Season '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 5 ( DVD ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon UK . Jump up ^ `` Buy Arrow : Season 5 DVD From EzyDVD.com.au '' . EzyDVD.com.au . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 5 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Arrow Television in the United States portal 2010s portal Official website List of Arrow episodes on IMDb List of Arrow episodes at The Futon Critic Arrow at TV.com ( hide ) Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' `` Doppelganger '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Supergirl Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Stronger Together '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Livewire '' `` How Does She Do It ? '' `` Red Faced '' `` Human for a Day '' `` Hostile Takeover '' `` Blood Bonds '' `` Childish Things '' `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' `` Bizarro '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' `` Solitude '' `` Falling '' `` Manhunter '' `` Worlds Finest '' `` Myriad '' `` Better Angels '' `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' `` Medusa '' `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine : City of Demons Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Arrow_episodes&oldid=833206838 '' Categories : Arrow ( TV series ) episodes Lists of American action - adventure television series episodes Lists of American crime television series episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American fantasy television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Lists of DC Comics television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Magyar Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 07 : 21 . 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"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n116\n1\n\"Fallout\"\nJames Bamford\nMarc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle\nOctober 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)\nT27.13451\n1.52[127]\n\n\nIn flashbacks, Slade heads to the A.R.G.U.S. ship alone while the others take refuge in the plane. Samantha runs off to find William and Thea follows. John's right pectoral muscles are injured while rescuing Felicity. Oliver finds Thea in critical condition and a dying Samantha asks him to look after William. Dinah and Quentin are attacked by Black Siren, whom he shoots. She is later saved by an unknown man working for Cayden James. In the present, Thea is still comatose and William blames Oliver for Samantha's death. Black Siren and her mercenary team attack the SCPD station. During another confrontation, John's hesitation gets Rene hurt. Determining Black Siren will next attack City Hall, Team Arrow sets a trap. However, her gang instead attacks the hideout before being driven off by Team Arrow. Quentin's reluctance to harm \"Laurel\" further allows her to escape. Oliver arranges another hearing for Rene to reclaim his daughter. Curtis discovers that Black Siren stole a prototype T-sphere. Slade tells Oliver that he is traveling to Calgary to find his son, advising him to choose between vigilantism and William. Oliver and William reconcile slightly, but pictures of Oliver wearing the Green Arrow suit leak to the media.\n\n\n117\n2\n\"Tribute\"\nLaura Belsey\nStory by : Adam Schwartz\nTeleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Beth Schwartz\nOctober 19, 2017 (2017-10-19)\nT27.13452\n1.51[128]\n\n\nOliver publicly denies being the Green Arrow, facing an investigation by FBI agent Samanda Watson along with William's concerns of losing him. Anatoli and his men kidnap a group of Markovian delegates, demanding ransom. Believing Anatoli leaked the photo, Felicity and Curtis work on discrediting it while tracking the hostages, three of whom Team Arrow saves while Anatoli escapes with one. Anatoli tells Oliver that he needs to convince the Bratva that the former is not weak and is no longer friends with Oliver, injecting the hostage with a toxin which will kill him soon. Detecting the toxin and acquiring the antidote, Oliver injects it to the hostage, whom Anatoli kills anyway. He escapes after telling Oliver that he did not leak the photo, for which the media acquires evidence from an \"anonymous source\" that is fake. However, Watson tells Oliver that she will continue investigating him. As John prepares to tell Oliver about his degenerative nerve damage, the latter convinces him to wear the Green Arrow mantle, deciding to choose William over vigilantism.\n\n\n118\n3\n\"Next of Kin\"\nKevin Tancharoen\nSpeed Weed & Oscar Balderrama\nOctober 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)\nT27.13453\n1.34[129]\n\n\nTeam Arrow arrests Faust, with John refusing to shoot arrows. The City Council begins drafting a tighter anti-vigilante bill. Telling Dinah that he has overcome his tremors, John is revealed to have leadership problems when rogue CIA operatives begin hunting down a former member in order to silence him. Rene asks Oliver to return to the team. The latter has Felicity help William with his mathematics test while convincing John of his competence. Team Arrow tracks down a rogue group of mercenaries led by Onyx Adams to a hotel and engages them, defeating them all and saving the civilians from a biological weapon. With no way to stop the bill, Oliver converts it to a city-wide referendum. Watson begins suspecting John, who receives an arrow-firing crossbow invented by Felicity and Curtis. Oliver resumes his relationship with her while John is revealed to be injecting drugs to control his tremors.\n\n\n119\n4\n\"Reversal\"\nGregory Smith\nSarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich\nNovember 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)\nT27.13454\n1.33[130]\n\n\nBlack Siren begins killing seemingly unimportant individuals while Felicity is approached by Alena, who tells her that Cayden James is planning something with hundreds of millions of casualties worldwide. They meet black market dealer \"Amnesiac\" to buy a \"ghost drive\". Feeling concerned, Oliver intervenes and attacks the thugs, angering Felicity, who steals the drive. Team Arrow tracks down Black Siren to the Helix facility, with the former revealed to be working for James, who tasks his men to kill Felicity and Alena, who is critically shot during the rescue by Team Arrow. Felicity learns that James has stolen the victims' fingerprints, necessary to enter the International Domain Name Directory (IDND), the global internet infrastructure. Believing that James intends to destroy the internet, Team Arrow attacks his party at the IDND, where Felicity manages to breach through the firewall to stop James' apparent attack. She adds Alena for her startup, calling it Helix and intending to mass produce her spinal implant. James is revealed to have intentionally lured Felicity into breaking the firewall so that he can have secret access and cover his tracks. He provides Black Siren with a device to stop tracking by Curtis. Slade calls Oliver and asks his help.\n\n\n120\n5\n\"Deathstroke Returns\"\nJoel Novoa\nBen Sokolowski & Spiro Skentzos\nNovember 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)\nT27.13455\n1.29[131]\n\n\nSlade asks Oliver to help him find his son, who's being held in jail. The two meet up with an old acquaintance of Slade, who provides them with the information they need. When they get to the prison, Slade instructs Oliver to find his son, Joe, then get him out of there, as he knows Joe will not want to see him, despite Oliver's objections. Slade engages the security, known as the Jackals, in combat, where he discovers his acquaintance is actually a member of them. When Slade demands they release Joe, he reveals it's not that easy as their boss is Joe himself. Dinah struggles to prevent a politician from a sniper attack by Vigilante, as the politician supports the Anti-vigilante bill. Dinah later gets lucky, and blurts out her Canary Cry on Vigilante who removes his mask, revealing he is actually Dinah's old partner Vincent Sobel, thought long dead. He later attempts another assassination attempt at a TV interview, but is once again met by Dinah and shot in the head by an officer. Vincent reveals the Particle Accelerator changed him as well, and claims he did not tell Dinah he was alive, as he believes their work as cops had become ineffective. Dinah watches helplessly as he disappears.\n\n\n121\n6\n\"Promises Kept\"\nAntonio Negret\nOscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto\nNovember 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)\nT27.13456\n1.28[132]\n\n\nSlade and Oliver continue to try and persuade Joe to leave with them, but Joe refuses, claiming that he had seen his father kill someone before he had been influenced by Mirakuru. Slade tries to explain that it was a paid hit, but Joe refuses to forgive him, stating that learning who his father truly was led him down this path. Joe and Slade end up fighting until Oliver steps in, after which Joe escapes but not before revealing the existence of his brother Grant. Slade tells Oliver he will continue to try and find both of his sons, but advises Oliver that he go back to his, not wanting Oliver to make the same mistakes he made. Meanwhile, Team Arrow eventually finds out about John's tremors, leading John to apologize to everyone. Curtis offers to help John, the same way he helped Felicity when she was injured. John asks to have the night to think it over.\n\n\n122\n7\n\"Thanksgiving\"\nGordon Verheul\nWendy Mericle & Speed Weed\nNovember 23, 2017 (2017-11-23)\nT27.13457\n1.09[133]\n\n\nOliver, Felicity, William and Quentin organize a Thanksgiving food drive to raise money for a new SCPD Precinct. Oliver is promptly arrested by FBI Agent Watson under charges of vigilantism for being the Green Arrow. James and Black Siren subsequently break out of prison, intent on causing chaos, since the Green Arrow is caught. Thankfully, Oliver's trial is delayed. When John gets injured in the field, Oliver suits up as the Green Arrow once again, with Team Arrow looking to stop a bomb planted by James and Black Siren at the stadium during a concert. They subsequently discover the bomb is fake and that the cops guarding the stadium are not cops, whom are swiftly taken out by Dinah, Curtis and Rene, but James and Black Siren escape. Oliver visits John in hospital and claims he will wear the hood until John has recovered, whereupon he can reclaim it. Thea wakes from her coma and reunites with Oliver, Felicity, John and William.\n\n\n123\n8\n\"Crisis on Earth-X, Part 2\"\nJames Bamford\nStory by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg\nTeleplay by : Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski\nNovember 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)\nT27.13458\n2.52[134]\n\n\n\nIn S.T.A.R. Labs, a captured interdimensional villain from Earth-X, Prometheus-X, is revealed to be a parallel universe doppelgänger of Tommy Merlyn. After he cruelly taunts Oliver over his attachment to Tommy, Prometheus-X commits suicide out of loyalty to Earth-X's Nazi regime. Prometheus-X's partners, Dark Arrow (Oliver's doppelgänger), Overgirl (Kara Danvers' doppelgänger), and Eobard Thawne steal a sublight generator, the Prism, from research company Dayton Optical Systems; Oliver, Barry, Kara, and the others believe that Dark Arrow seeks to build a neutron bomb with it to aid his conquest on Earth-1. After a series of battles, most of the heroes including Team Arrow are in captivity at S.T.A.R. Labs after the Nazi forces infiltrate it, and Oliver, Barry and his allies are transported to Earth-X's concentration camp, but Kara is moved to S.T.A.R. Labs. Oliver is determined to kill Dark Arrow after his capture. The villains reveal that Overgirl is dying and Dark Arrow plans to use the Prism, charged by S.T.A.R. Labs' particle accelerator, to produce artificial red sunlight that would weaken both Kara and Overgirl's respective invulnerability, allowing a heart transplant for Overgirl but killing Kara in the process.\n\nThis episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8, and concludes on The Flash season 4 episode 8 and Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8.\n\n\n124\n9\n\"Irreconcilable Differences\"\nLaura Belsey\nBeth Schwartz & Sarah Tarkoff\nDecember 7, 2017 (2017-12-07)\nT27.13459\n1.30[135]\n\n\nOliver and Felicity celebrate their wedding with everyone. The case against Oliver intensifies when Quentin learns that a member of Team Arrow is testifying against him, causing Oliver to have the team tracked. Quentin is kidnapped by Black Siren and James. Dinah is discovered to be meeting with Vincent, and tensions grow in the team until Rene admits he is the one testifying against Oliver. He explains Watson cornered him with evidence that he is Wild Dog, and if he did not testify, he would never be able to see his daughter again. Oliver briefly evicts Rene from the team, but the entire team puts aside any differences to rescue Quentin, whom Black Siren willingly allows to escape once they are outside. Oliver permanently ousts Rene for abandoning the primary mission to go looking for Lance on his own, violating Oliver's trust again. Rene is later reunited with his daughter, while Dinah and Curtis leave Team Arrow, unable to trust Oliver, John and Felicity. Through a hidden camera, Oliver, John and Felicity are shown being monitored by the cabal of James, his second in command Boots, Black Siren, Anatoli, Vincent and Ricardo Diaz.\n\n\n125\n10\n\"Divided\"\nJames Bamford\nBen Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich\nJanuary 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)\nT27.13460\n1.38[136]\n\n\nOliver continues being the Green Arrow while refusing to have Rene, Dinah, and Curtis help him, while Felicity and Curtis struggle to cure John of his tremors, in the process discovering that their hideout has been bugged forcing them to relocate to A.R.G.U.S. Oliver once again faces Cayden James, discovering that he has a cabal at his command. Dinah spends time with Vincent before discovering he has allied with Cayden James and attempts to arrest him before being overpowered. After his fight with Cayden James's Cabal, Oliver, Felicity, and John discover that in order to win, they need to bring the team back together. Oliver apologizes to Rene, Dinah and Curtis, but despite his apology, they refuse to return to the team. Instead, they decide to start their own team, with Oliver wishing them luck. Curtis shows Dinah and Rene their new hideout.\n\n\n126\n11\n\"We Fall\"\nWendey Stanzler\nSpeed Weed & Spiro Skentzos\nJanuary 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)\nT27.13461\n1.38[137]\n\n\nCayden James attacks the city’s critical Internet infrastructure, causing numerous casualties including police captain Frank Pike, before demanding ransom payment of $10 million dollars a day from Oliver to prevent a deadlier attack from happening. James reveals details of his vendetta against Oliver; a misfired arrow believed was from the Green Arrow killed his son Owen a year ago. However, Oliver knows that he is not responsible because he was in Hub City at the time, therefore there is another suspect. Vincent claims that he is undercover with James’ cabal, and he gives Curtis, Rene, and Dinah some Intel. When one of James’ attacks endangers William and his class during a fieldtrip, Oliver is forced to reveal to his son that he resumed being the Green Arrow when rescuing him. Oliver and Quentin set up safe zones for citizens following the attacks, eventually James' cabal targets them. Oliver and his former team put aside of their differences and stop James’ party's attack on the safe zones' occupants. Despite William being hurt by Oliver's lies, Felicity helps William to see it was for good intentions and gets him to accept his father’s duty. Unable to find proof of his innocence before the deadline, Oliver gives into James’ demands to buy time to find it.\n\n\n127\n12\n\"All for Nothing\"\nMairzee Almas\nBeth Schwartz & Oscar Balderrama\nFebruary 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)\nT27.13462\n1.24[138]\n\n\nOliver is almost out of money to pay Cayden James. Fearing he will detonate the bomb, Vince, who infiltrated James' organization, agrees to download data that could lead the two vigilante teams to find where the bomb is located. Despite being successful in transmitting the data to Felicty, he is identified as the traitor, caught, and tortured by Anatoli. The location of the bomb is revealed, but Dinah, Curtis, and Rene decide not to follow Oliver in order to save Vince. However, James anticipates this and used Vince as bait. Dinah is immobilized because of rubble collapsing on top of her and is forced to watch as Black Siren executes Vince. Lacking the manpower, Green Arrow and Spartan are unable to retrieve the bomb before it's moved to a new location. However, they retrieve the falsified proof that shows Green Arrow killing James' son; the video was edited using the same technology that was used to forge the picture that exposed Oliver as the Green Arrow, implying another adversary is operating behind the scenes.\n\n\n128\n13\n\"The Devil's Greatest Trick\"\nJJ Makaro\nSarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich\nFebruary 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)\nT27.13463\n1.30[139]\n\n\nCayden James threatens to set the bomb off at midnight. Alena and Felicity are able to decode the video of Oliver killing Cayden's son, proving it was someone else, and clearing Oliver. With help from Barry Allen, Oliver is able to delay James from leaving town by showing him the new evidence. James concludes that it was someone in his group who is behind it and asks for his former allies to be brought to him or he will set off the bomb. The team brings Laurel, Diaz and Anatoli to James, but Laurel says she was behind his son's death and her actions allow everyone but James to escape. Diaz approaches Cayden in custody, revealing himself as the person responsible for the death of his son and that he has the new police captain on his payroll, killing Cayden before he leaves.\n\n\n129\n14\n\"Collision Course\"\nKen Shane\nOscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto\nMarch 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)\nT27.13464\n1.11[140]\n\n\nDinah, Curtis and Rene analyse the latest place Laurel was seen and manage to determine that she was dragged away by somebody. It turns out Quentin took Laurel to a secure cabin to allow her to heal, which Thea eventually finds out and informs Oliver. Oliver demands the return of the city's money, which Laurel promises, if they get her out of the country. Curtis deactivates the chip preventing John's tremors, allowing them to track down Oliver, John and Felicity and hence find Laurel, though Quentin refuses to let Dinah kill Laurel. The two teams fight, with Rene eventually getting injured, and Oliver throwing a device that prohibits Dinah's scream, allowing Laurel to incapacitate them with her own scream and escape. At the hospital, when John and Felicity come to see Rene, Curtis and Dinah turn them away, saying they want nothing to do with them anymore. At the edge of the city, Laurel begs a van driver to help her.\n\n\n130\n15\n\"Doppelganger\"\nKristin Windell\nStory by : Christos Gage & Ruth Fletcher Gage\nTeleplay by : Speed Weed\nMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)\nT27.13465\n1.28[141]\n\n\nLaurel appears at City Hall, revealing her story about how she was kidnapped and held against her will. Oliver and Thea find out that Ricardo is keeping a hostage, which is revealed to be former Team Arrow member Roy Harper, prompting Thea to once again assume the mantel of Speedy to try and rescue Roy. Dinah, upon hearing of the situation, says she is willing to help out this once, but Oliver refuses, saying if she does not trust him, he does not trust her. Oliver and John eventually take on Ricardo and his minions, who escape, but they do manage to rescue Roy. Oliver goes to see Laurel, who claims she cannot change who she is, but she will try to be good, if Oliver gives her the space to do so, which Oliver agrees to. But when he leaves, Black Siren receives a message from Diaz and smiles, implying that she works with him. Roy and Thea spend an evening together, where they are observed by a woman who reports that the heir of Ra's al Ghul has been located.\n\n\n131\n16\n\"The Thanatos Guild\"\nJoel Novoa\nBeth Schwartz & Ben Sokolowski\nMarch 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)\nT27.13466\nTBD\n\n\nNyssa comes to Star City for Thea, claiming that a splinter group from the League of Assassins, The Thanatos Guild, lead by a woman called Athena, are coming for her for the location of a map that Malcolm supposedly knew the location of. Thea reluctantly agrees to help Nyssa, but claims she is leaving afterward. Team Arrow eventually find the box containing the map and use mathematics to unlock it, only for the map to be blank when opened, but Felicity helps to reveal the hidden markers underneath. Dinah grows suspicious of her superior in the police, suspecting that she might be peddling Diaz's drugs. Thea talks to Oliver about handing the Green Arrow mantle back to John, but Oliver worries that the current circumstances may be a little too much for John at the moment. Thea, Roy and Nyssa eventually depart and Oliver says goodbye.\n\n\n132\n17\n\"Brothers in Arms\"[142]\nMark Bunting\nSarah Tarkoff & Jeane Wong\nApril 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)\nT27.13467\nTBD\n\n\n133\n18\n\"Fundamentals\"[143]\nBen Bray\nSpeed Weed & Emilio Ortega Aldrich\nApril 12, 2018 (2018-04-12)\nT27.13468\nTBD\n\n"
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-6815046110811087429 | Seventh grade | Seventh grade - wikipedia Seventh grade Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Seventh grade ( called Year 8 in the England and Wales , called First Year in Scotland ) is a year of education in many nations . The seventh grade is the seventh school year after kindergarten . Students are usually 12 -- 13 years old . Contents ( hide ) 1 Around the world 1.1 United States 1.2 Great Britain 1.3 Hong Kong 1.4 Australia 1.5 Ireland 1.6 Iran 1.7 Brazil 1.8 Bulgaria 1.9 Philippines 1.10 Israel 1.11 South Africa 1.12 Sweden and Finland 1.13 New Zealand 1.14 South Asia 1.15 Singapore 1.16 France 1.17 Romania 1.18 Canada 1.19 Taiwan 1.20 Greece 1.21 Russia 1.22 The Netherlands 1.23 Malaysia 1.24 Saudi Arabia 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Around the World ( edit ) United States ( edit ) In the United States , in math , students focus commonly on an introduction to pre-algebra or the beginnings of algebra including ratio , proportion , and percent . New topics sometimes include scientific notation , concepts with negative numbers , and more advanced geometry . In social studies , advanced pre-Civil War History is taught . Though American history is usually the norm , other cultures and time periods may be taught . In science , it is usually moderate - level biology . In some parts of the United States , seventh grade is the first school year in which students have different teachers for each of their subjects , and so they change classrooms at the end of each period . Foreign language is often introduced at this level . The students can typically choose from several languages depending on school ability . Great britain ( edit ) In England and Wales , pupils aged between 12 and 13 are in Year 8 which is the second year of Secondary School . The Scottish equivalent is Secondary 1 or S1 - the first year of Secondary education . The Northern Irish equivalent is Year 9 or Second Form , the second year of secondary education . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , pupils aged 12 to 14 are in Secondary 2 or Form 2 , the second year of secondary education . Australia ( edit ) In some states of Australia including Victoria , New South Wales , Australian Capital Territory , and Tasmania , Year 7 is the first year of secondary school , but it is actually the eighth year of schooling ( Prep / Kindergarten , 1 through 6 then Year 7 ) . In Australia , Year 7 students are aged 12 -- 13 years old . Ireland ( edit ) The Irish equivalent to seventh grade is First Year , which is the first year of secondary education . Students are usually 12 - 13 years old . Iran ( edit ) In Iran , Grade 7 is the first year of Highschool A. There are 2 stages of Highschool in Iran : A and B. A ranges from grade 7 to 9 and B ranges from 9 to 12 . Most of Iranian 7 graders are 13 years old . Brazil ( edit ) In Brazil , the time for elementary school was recently raised from 8 to 9 years , and the minimum age required to enter the seventh grade was changed from 11 to 12 years old . The students are usually between 12 and 13 years old . Bulgaria ( edit ) In Bulgaria , it would correspond to седми клас or 7 - ми клас . Students are usually 13 years old . Philippines ( edit ) In the Philippines , Grade 7 is the first year of Junior High School . Topics mainly discussed are the following subjects like , for the major subjects are Elementary - based Algebra ( Math in Grade 7 ) , Integrated Science ( Science in Grade 7 ) , Filipino subject with Ibong Adarna , English and Philippines History ( Political Studies in Grade 7 ) . Values Education , World Literature , MAPEH ( Music , Arts , Physical Education and Health ) , Computer and TLE ( Technology and Livelihood Education ) are some of the minor subjects . Students are usually 12 -- 13 years old . Israel ( edit ) In Israel , in most formal places , the seventh grade is the first year of middle school . South Africa ( edit ) In South Africa , Grade 7 is the final year of primary school and is also the final year before High School as there is no such thing as Middle School in South Africa . Pupils ( called Learners by the Department of Education ) are usually between the ages of 11 , 12 and 13 . Sweden and Finland ( edit ) In Sweden and Finland , this is the seventh year of compulsory school and the first year of `` junior high '' . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , the equivalent is Year 8 . It is the final year of education at either intermediate school ( which is Year 7 & 8 ) or a full primary school . ( A normal primary school finishes at Year 6 ) . Students are usually 12 to 13 years old . There are some high schools that start at Year 7 . South ASIA ( edit ) In India , Pakistan and other South Asian Countries , grade seven is called Class Seven and forms middle school . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore , seventh grade is called Secondary One , and it is the start of one 's secondary education after one completes primary education . Pupils are typically at the age of 13 in seventh grade . France ( edit ) In France , seventh grade is called 5ème ( 5 years before Terminale , where most students take the Baccalauréat ) . 5ème is the second year of French secondary school , which is call collège . Romania ( edit ) In Romania , seventh grade is called Seventh Class . Canada ( edit ) The elementary school curriculum varies with the organisation and educational aims of individual schools and local communities . Promotion from one grade to the next is based on testing and a child whose performance is poor may be required to repeat a year , while a gifted child may be allowed to skip a year . Elementary schools provide instruction in the fundamental skills of reading , writing and maths , as well as history , geography , crafts , music , science , art , and physical education ( phys ed. or gym ) . French and ' foreign ' languages , which used to be taught only at high schools , are now introduced during the last few years of elementary school in some areas and students can enter an ' early French immersion programme ' at kindergarten or grade 1 level . Taiwan ( edit ) In Taiwan , seventh grade refers to two things : students in the first year of junior - high but also to people born between the years 70 - 79 ( the seventh decade ) of the Minguo calendar , which equates to between 1981 and 1989 . Greece ( edit ) In Greece , seventh grade is called 1st year of middle school ( 1η γυμνασίου in Greek ) . It is the first year of Greece 's middle school ( γυμνάσιο ) . Students are taught subjects such as : Physical Education , Science ( Chemistry , Physics , Biology ) , Religious Education , and language subjects Russia ( edit ) In Russia , students in seventh grade are usually 12 -- 14 years old . It is third grade of the middle school . Children study such subjects as : Algebra , Geometry , Russian language , foreign language ( often English ) , Physics , Biology , History , Social studies , Geography , Arts , Literature , Music , Physical Education , Information Technologies , labour training ( wood processing , sewing , cooking ) , in some regions native languages . The Netherlands ( edit ) In the Netherlands the 7th grade is called `` de eerste klas '' or `` brugklas '' , the first year of high school ( middle school does n't exist in the Netherlands , when you 're 12 you go from primary school ( basisschool ) to high school ( middelbare school ) ) . After 4 / 5 / 6 years ( depending on your level of education ) you can get your diploma . Malaysia ( edit ) In Malaysia , seventh grade can be referred as Form 1 . It is the beginning of student 's secondary school after completing primary school at the age of 13 . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) In Saudi Arabia , seventh grade is the first year of Middle School . See also ( edit ) Educational stage References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 7th Grade Math Worksheets -- Topics To Study '' . 7th Grade Math . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SEVENTH GRADE AFRICA , ASIA , AND AUSTRALIA '' . Standard Course of Study . Public Schools of North Carolina . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . External links ( edit ) 7th grade math practice Preceded by Sixth grade Seventh grade age 12 - 13 Succeeded by Eighth grade ( hide ) Educational years Pre-kindergarten / Preschool Kindergarten First grade Second grade Third grade Fourth grade Fifth grade Sixth grade Seventh grade Eighth grade Ninth grade Tenth grade Eleventh grade Twelfth grade Thirteenth grade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seventh_grade&oldid=801675897 '' Categories : Educational years Secondary education Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 03 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what grade is 12 years old in usa | [
"Seventh grade (called Year 8 in the England and Wales, called First Year in Scotland) is a year of education in many nations. The seventh grade is the seventh school year after kindergarten. Students are usually 12–13 years old."
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-1301901672263080845 | Count Dracula | Count Dracula - wikipedia Count Dracula Jump to : navigation , search For the film , see Count Dracula ( 1970 film ) . For other uses , see Dracula ( disambiguation ) . Count Dracula Dracula character Bela Lugosi as Count Dracula in the 1931 film Dracula . Created by Bram Stoker Portrayed by See below Information Nickname ( s ) Evil Eye Ordog Pokol Stregoika Vrolok Vlkoslag D . Nosferatu Aliases Dracula Count De Ville Mr. De Ville Species Vampire Undead human Werewolf Gender Male Title Transylvanian Noble Voivode of Wallachia Solomonari Vampire King Spouse ( s ) Possibly Brides of Dracula ( unclear ) Nationality Székely Count Dracula is the title character of Bram Stoker 's 1897 gothic horror novel Dracula . He is considered to be both the prototypical and the archetypal vampire in subsequent works of fiction . He is also depicted in the novel to be the origin of werewolf legends . Some aspects of the character are believed to have been inspired by the 15th - century Wallachian Prince Vlad the Impaler , who was also known as Dracula . Other character aspects have been added or altered in subsequent popular fictional works . The character has subsequently appeared frequently in popular culture , from films to animated media to breakfast cereals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Stoker 's creation 1.1 Early life 1.2 Narrative 1.2. 1 Short story 1.2. 2 Novel 1.3 Characteristics 2 Powers and weaknesses 2.1 Shapeshifting 2.2 Vampirism 2.2. 1 Bloodletting 2.2. 2 Vampire 's Baptism of Blood 2.3 Limitations of his powers 2.4 Weaknesses 2.4. 1 Thirst 2.4. 2 Religious symbolism 2.4. 3 Death - sleep 2.5 Other abilities 3 Character development subsequent to the novel 4 Modern and postmodern analyses of the character 5 Screen portrayals 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Stoker 's creation ( edit ) Bram Stoker 's novel takes the form of an epistolary tale , in which Count Dracula 's characteristics , powers , abilities and weaknesses are narrated by multiple narrators , from different perspectives . Count Dracula is an undead , centuries - old vampire , and a Transylvanian nobleman who claims to be a Székely descended from Attila the Hun . He inhabits a decaying castle in the Carpathian Mountains near the Borgo Pass . Unlike the vampires of Eastern European folklore , which are portrayed as repulsive , corpse - like creatures , Dracula wears a veneer of aristocratic charm . In his conversations with Jonathan Harker , he reveals himself as deeply proud of his boyar heritage and nostalgic for the past , which he admits have become only a memory of heroism , honour and valour in modern times . Early life ( edit ) Details of his early life are obscure , but it is mentioned `` he was in life a most wonderful man . Soldier , statesman , and alchemist . Which latter was the highest development of the science knowledge of his time . He had a mighty brain , a learning beyond compare , and a heart that knew no fear and no remorse ... there was no branch of knowledge of his time that he did not essay . '' He studied the black arts at the academy of Scholomance in the Carpathian Mountains , overlooking the town of Sibiu ( also known as Hermannstadt ) and has a deep knowledge of alchemy and magic . Taking up arms , as befitting his rank and status as a voivode , he led troops against the Turks across the Danube . According to his nemesis Abraham Van Helsing , `` He must indeed have been that Voivode Dracula who won his name against the Turk , over the great river on the very frontier of Turkey - land . If it be so , then was he no common man : for in that time , and for centuries after , he was spoken of as the cleverest and the most cunning , as well as the bravest of the sons of the land beyond the forest . '' Dead and buried in a great tomb in the chapel of his castle , Dracula returns from death as a vampire and lives for several centuries in his castle with three terrifyingly beautiful female vampires beside him . Narrative ( edit ) Cover of Dracula 's Guest , a collection of short stories authored by Bram Stoker Short story ( edit ) In `` Dracula 's Guest '' , the narrative follows an unnamed Englishman traveller as he wanders around Munich before leaving for Transylvania . It is Walpurgis Night and the young Englishman foolishly leaves his hotel , in spite of the coachman 's warnings , and wanders through a dense forest alone . Along the way , he feels that he is being watched by a tall and thin stranger ( possibly Count Dracula ) . The short story climaxes in an old graveyard , where the Englishman encounters a sleeping female vampire called Countess Dolingen in a marble tomb with a large iron stake driven into it . This malevolent and beautiful vampire awakens from her marble bier to conjure a snowstorm before being struck by lightning and returning to her eternal prison . However , the Englishman 's troubles are not quite over , as he is dragged away by an unseen force and rendered unconscious . He awakens to find a `` gigantic '' wolf lying on his chest and licking at his throat ; however , the wolf merely keeps him warm and protects him until help arrives . When the Englishman is finally taken back to his hotel , a telegram awaits him from his expectant host Dracula , with a warning about `` dangers from snow and wolves and night '' . Novel ( edit ) As the Dracula novel begins in the late 19th century , Dracula acts on a long - contemplated plan for world domination , and infiltrates London to begin his reign of terror . He summons Jonathan Harker , a newly qualified English solicitor , to provide legal support for a real estate transaction overseen by Harker 's employer . Dracula at first charms Harker with his cordiality and historical knowledge , and even rescues him from the clutches of the three female vampires in the castle . In truth , however , Dracula merely wishes to keep Harker alive long enough to complete the legal transaction and to learn as much as possible about England . Dracula leaves his castle and boards a Russian ship , the Demeter , taking along with him 50 boxes of Transylvanian soil , which he needs in order to regain his strength and rest during daylight . During the voyage to Whitby , a coastal town in northern England , he sustains himself on the ship 's crew members . Only one body is later found , that of the captain , who is found tied up to the ship 's helm . The captain 's log is recovered and tells of strange events that had taken place during the ship 's journey . Dracula leaves the ship in the form of a dog . Soon the Count is menacing Harker 's fiancée , Wilhelmina `` Mina '' Murray , and her friend , Lucy Westenra . There is also a notable link between Dracula and Renfield , a patient in an insane asylum overseen by John Seward , who is compelled to consume insects , spiders , birds , and other creatures -- in ascending order of size -- in order to absorb their `` life force '' . Renfield acts as a kind of sensor , reacting to Dracula 's proximity and supplying clues accordingly . Dracula begins to visit Lucy 's bed chamber on a nightly basis , draining her of blood while simultaneously infecting her with the curse of vampirism . Not knowing the cause for Lucy 's deterioration , her three suitors - Seward , Arthur Holmwood and Quincey Morris - call upon Seward 's mentor , the Dutch doctor Abraham Van Helsing. Van Helsing soon deduces her condition 's supernatural origins , but does not speak out . Despite an attempt at keeping the vampire at bay with garlic , Dracula attacks Lucy 's house one final time , killing her mother and transforming Lucy herself into one of the undead . Harker escapes Dracula 's castle and returns to England , barely alive and deeply traumatized . On Seward 's suggestion , Mina seeks Van Helsing 's assistance in assessing Harker 's health . She reads his journal and passes it along to Van Helsing . This unfolds the first clue to the identity of Lucy 's assailant , which later prompts Mina to collect all of the events of Dracula 's appearance in news articles , saved letters , newspaper clippings and the journals of each member of the group . This assists the group in investigating Dracula 's movements and later discovering that Renfield 's behaviour is directly influenced by Dracula . They then discover that Dracula has purchased a residence just next door to Seward 's . The group gathers intelligence to track the location of Dracula for the purpose of destroying him . Max Schreck as Count Orlok , the first confirmed cinematic representation of Dracula ( in Nosferatu , 1922 ) . After the undead Lucy attacks several children , Van Helsing , Seward , Holmwood and Morris enter her crypt and destroy her to save her soul . Later , Harker joins them and the party work to discover Dracula 's intentions . Harker aids the party in tracking down the locations of the boxes to the various residences of Dracula and discovers that Dracula purchased multiple real estate properties ' over the counter ' throughout the North , South , East and West sides of London under the alias ' Count De Ville ' . Dracula 's main plan was to move each of his 50 boxes of earth to his various properties in order to arrange multiple lairs throughout and around the perimeter of London . The party pries open each of the graves , places wafers of Sacramental bread within each of them , and seals them shut . This deprives the Count of his ability to seek safety in those boxes . Dracula gains entry into Seward 's residence by coercing an invitation out of Renfield . As he attempts to enter the room in which Harker and Mina are staying , Renfield tries to stop him ; Dracula then mortally wounds him . With his dying breath , Renfield tells Seward and Van Helsing that Dracula is after Mina. Van Helsing and Seward discover Dracula biting Mina then forcing her to drink his blood . The group repel Dracula using crucifixes and sacramental bread , forcing Dracula to flee by turning into a dark vapor . The party continue to hunt Dracula to search for his remaining lairs . Although Dracula 's ' baptism ' of Mina grants him a telepathic link to her , it backfires when Van Helsing hypnotizes Mina and uses her supernatural link with Dracula to track him as he flees back to Transylvania . The heroes follow Dracula back to Transylvania , and in a climactic battle with Dracula 's gypsy bodyguards , finally destroy him . Despite the popular image of Dracula having a stake driven through his heart to kill him , Mina 's narrative describes his decapitation by Harker 's kukri while Morris simultaneously pierced his heart with a Bowie knife ( Mina Harker 's Journal , 6 November , Dracula Chapter 27 ) . His body then turns into dust , but not before Mina sees an expression of peace on his face . Characteristics ( edit ) Although early in the novel Dracula dons a mask of cordiality , he often flies into fits of rage when his plans are frustrated . When the three vampire women who live in his castle attempt to seduce Jonathan Harker , Dracula physically assaults one and ferociously berates them for their insubordination . He then relents and talks to them more kindly , telling them that he does indeed love each of them . He has an appreciation for ancient architecture , and when purchasing a home he prefers them to be aged , saying `` A new home would kill me '' , and that to make a new home habitable to him would take a century . Dracula is very proud of his warrior heritage , proclaiming his pride to Harker on how the Székely people are infused with the blood of heroes . He also expresses an interest in the history of the British Empire , speaking admiringly of its people . He has a somewhat primal and predatory worldview ; he pities ordinary humans for their revulsion to their darker impulses . He is not without human emotions , however ; he often says that he too can love . Though usually portrayed as having a strong Eastern European accent , the original novel only specifies that his spoken English is excellent , though strangely toned . His appearance varies in age . He is described early in the novel as thin , with a long white mustache , pointed ears and sharp teeth . It is also noted later in the novel ( Chapter 11 subsection `` The Escaped Wolf '' ) by a zookeeper who sees him that he has a hooked nose and a pointed beard with a streak of white in it . He is dressed all in black and has hair on his palms . Jonathan Harker described him as an old man , `` cruel looking '' and giving an effect of `` extraordinary pallor '' . When angered , the Count showed his true bestial nature , his blue eyes flaming red . I saw ... Count Dracula ... with red light of triumph in his eyes , and with a smile that Judas in hell might be proud of . -- Jonathan Harker 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 4 As the novel progresses , Dracula is described as taking on a more and more youthful appearance . After Harker strikes him with a shovel , he is left with a scar on his forehead which he bears throughout the course of the novel . Dracula also possesses great wealth and having Gypsies in his homeland who are loyal to him as servants and protectors . Powers and weaknesses ( edit ) Count Dracula is portrayed in the novel using many different supernatural abilities , and is believed to have gained his abilities through dealings with the Devil . Chapter 18 of the novel describes many of the abilities , limitations and weaknesses of vampires and Dracula in particular . Dracula has superhuman strength which , according to Van Helsing , is equivalent to that of 20 strong men . He does not cast a shadow or have a reflection from mirrors . He is immune to conventional means of attack ; a sailor tries to stab him in the back with a knife , but the blade goes through his body as though it is air . Why Harker 's and Morris ' physical attacks are able to harm him in other parts of the book is never explained although it is noteworthy that the failed stabbing by the sailor occurred at night and the successful attacks were during daylight hours . The Count can defy gravity to a certain extent and possesses superhuman agility , able to climb vertical surfaces upside down in a reptilian manner . He can travel onto `` unhallowed '' ground such as the graves of suicides and those of his victims . He has powerful hypnotic , telepathic and illusionary abilities . He also has the ability to `` within limitations '' vanish and reappear elsewhere at will . If he knows the path , he can come out from anything or into anything regardless of how close it is bound even if it is fused with fire . He has amassed cunning and wisdom throughout centuries , and he is unable to die by the mere passing of time alone . He can command animals such as rats , owls , bats , moths , foxes and wolves . However , his control over these animals is limited , as seen when the party first enters his house in London . Although Dracula is able to summon thousands of rats to swarm and attack the group , Holmwood summons his trio of terriers to do battle with the rats . The dogs prove very efficient rat killers , suggesting they are Manchester terriers trained for that purpose . Terrified by the dogs ' onslaught , the rats flee and any control which Dracula had over them is gone . Dracula can also manipulate the weather and , within his range , is able to direct the elements , such as storms , fog and mist . Shapeshifting ( edit ) Dracula can shapeshift at will , able to grow and become small , his featured forms in the novel being that of a bat , a wolf , a large dog and a fog or mist . When the moonlight is shining , he can travel as elemental dust within its rays . He is able to pass through tiny cracks or crevices while retaining his human form or in the form of a vapour ; described by Van Helsing as the ability to slip through a hairbreadth space of a tomb door or coffin . This is also an ability used by his victim Lucy as a vampire . When the party breaks into her tomb , they dismantle the secured coffin to find it completely empty ; her corpse being no longer located within . Vampirism ( edit ) One of Dracula 's most mysterious powers is the ability to turn others into vampires by biting them . According to Van Helsing : When they become such , there comes with the change the curse of immortality ; they can not die , but must go on age after age adding new victims and multiplying the evils of the world . For all that die from the preying of the Un-dead become themselves Un-dead , and prey on their kind . And so the circle goes on ever widening , like as the ripples from a stone thrown in the water . Friend Arthur , if you had met that kiss which you know of before poor Lucy die , or again , last night when you open your arms to her , you would in time , when you had died , have become nosferatu , as they call it in Eastern Europe , and would for all time make more of those Un-Deads that so have filled us with horror . -- Dr. Seward 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 16 The vampire bite itself does not cause death . It is the method vampires use to drain blood of the victim and to increase their influence over them . This is described by Van Helsing : The Nosferatu do not die like the bees when they sting once . He is only stronger , and being stronger , have yet more power to work evil . -- Mina Harker 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 18 Victims who are bitten by a vampire and do not die , are hypnotically influenced by them : Those children whose blood she suck are not yet so much worse ; but if she live on , Un-Dead , more and more lose their blood and by her power over them they come to her . -- Mina Harker 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 18 Van Helsing later describes the aftermath of a bitten victim when the vampire has been killed : But if she die in truth , then all cease ; the tiny wounds of the throats disappear , and they go back to their plays unknowing of whatever has been . -- Mina Harker 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 18 As Dracula slowly drains Lucy 's blood , she dies from acute blood loss and later transforms into a vampire , despite the efforts of Seward and Van Helsing to provide her with blood transfusions . He is aided by powers of necromancy and divination of the dead , that all who die by his hand may reanimate and do his bidding . Bloodletting ( edit ) Dracula requires no other sustenance but fresh human blood , which has the effect of rejuvenating him and allowing him to grow younger . His power is drawn from the blood of others , and he can not survive without it . Although drinking blood can rejuvenate his youth and strength , it does not give him the ability to regenerate ; months after being struck on the head by a shovel , he still bears a scar from the impact . Dracula 's preferred victims are women . Harker states that he believes Dracula has a state of fasting as well as a state of feeding . Dracula does state to Mina however that exerting his abilities caused a desire to feed . Vampire 's baptism of blood ( edit ) Count Dracula is depicted as the `` King Vampire '' , and can control other vampires . To punish Mina and the party for their efforts against him , Dracula bites her on at least three occasions . He also forces her to drink his blood ; this act curses her with the effects of vampirism and gives him a telepathic link to her thoughts . However , hypnotism was only able to be done before dawn . Van Helsing refers to the act of drinking blood by both the vampire and the victim `` the Vampire 's Baptism of Blood '' . `` you , their best beloved one , are now to me , flesh of my flesh , blood of my blood , kin of my kin , my bountiful wine - press for a while , and shall be later on my companion and my helper . You shall be avenged in turn , for not one of them but shall minister to your needs . But as yet you are to be punished for what you have done . You have aided in thwarting me . Now you shall come to my call . When my brain says ' Come ! ' to you , you shall cross land or sea to do my bidding . '' The effects changes Mina ' physically and mentally over time . A few moments after Dracula attacks her , Van Helsing takes a wafer of sacramental bread and places it on her forehead to bless her ; when the bread touches her skin , it burns her and leaves a scar on her forehead . Her teeth start growing longer but do not grow sharper . She begins to lose her appetite , feeling repulsed by normal food , begins to sleep more and more during the day ; can not wake unless at sunset and stops writing in her diary . When Van Helsing later crumbles the same bread in a circle around her , she is unable to cross or leave the circle , discovering a new form of protection . Dracula 's death can release the curse on any living victim of eventual transformation into vampire . However , Van Helsing reveals that were he to successfully escape , his continued existence would ensure that even if he did not victimize Mina further , she would transform into a vampire upon her eventual natural death . Limitations of his powers ( edit ) Dracula is much less powerful in daylight and is only able to shift his form at dawn , noon , and dusk ( he can shift his form freely at night or if he is at his grave ) . The sun is not fatal to him , as sunlight does not burn and destroy him upon contact , though most of his abilities cease . The sun that rose on our sorrow this morning guards us in its course . Until it sets to - night , that monster must retain whatever form he now has . He is confined within the limitations of his earthly envelope . He can not melt into thin air nor disappear through cracks or chinks or crannies . If he go through a doorway , he must open the door like a mortal . -- Johnathan Harker 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 22 His power ceases , as does that all of all evil things , at the coming of the day . Only at certain times can he have limited freedom . If he be not at the place whither he is bound , he can only change himself at noon or exact sunrise or sunset . -- Mina Harker 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 18 He is also limited in his ability to travel , as he can only cross running water at low or high tide . Due to this , he is unable to fly across a river in the form of a bat or mist or even by himself board a boat or step off a boat onto a dock unless he is physically carried over with assistance . He is also unable to enter a place unless invited to do so by someone of the household , even a visitor ; once invited , he can enter and leave the premises at will . Weaknesses ( edit ) Thirst ( edit ) Dracula has a bloodlust which he is seemingly unable to control . At the sight of blood he becomes enveloped in a demonic fury which is fueled by the need to feed . Other adaptations call this uncontrollable state ' the thirst ' . Religious symbolism ( edit ) There are items which afflict him to the point he has no power and can even calm him from his insatiable appetite for blood . He is repulsed by garlic , as well as sacred items and symbols such as crucifixes , and sacramental bread . at the instant I saw that the cut had bled a little , and the blood was trickling over my chin . I laid down the razor , turning as I did so half round to look for some sticking plaster . When the Count saw my face , his eyes blazed with a sort of demoniac fury , and he suddenly made a grab at my throat . I drew away and his hand touched the string of beads which held the crucifix . It made an instant change in him , for the fury passed so quickly that I could hardly believe that it was ever there . -- Jonathan Harker 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 2 Placing the branch of a wild rose upon the top of his coffin will render him unable to escape it ; a sacred bullet fired into the coffin could kill him so that he remain true - dead . Mountain Ash is also described as a form of protection from a vampire although the effects are unknown . This was believed to be used as protection against evil spirits and witches during the Victorian era . Death - sleep ( edit ) The state of rest to which vampires are prone during the day is described in the novel as a deathlike sleep in which the vampire sleeps open - eyed , is unable to awaken or move , and also may be unaware of any presence of individuals who may be trespassing . Dracula is portrayed as being active in daylight at least once in order to pursue a victim . Dracula also purchases many properties throughout London ' over the counter ' which shows that he does have the ability to have some type of presence in daylight . `` on a pile of newly dug earth , lay the Count ! He was either dead or asleep . I could not say which , for eyes were open and stony , but without the glassiness of death , and the cheeks had the warmth of life through all their pallor . The lips were as red as ever . But there was no sign of movement , no pulse , no breath , no beating of the heart . I bent over him , and tried to find any sign of life , but in vain ... I thought he might have the keys on him , but when I went to search I saw the dead eyes , and in them dead though they were , such a look of hate , though unconscious of me or my presence , that I fled from the place , and leaving the Count 's room by the window '' He requires Transylvanian soil to be nearby to him in a foreign land or to be entombed within his coffin within Transylvania in order to successfully rest ; otherwise , he will be unable to recover his strength . This has forced him to transport many boxes of Transylvanian earth to each of his residences in London . It should be noted however that he is most powerful when he is within his Earth - Home , Coffin - Home , Hell - Home , or any place unhallowed . Further , if Dracula or any vampire has had their fill in blood upon feeding , they will be caused to rest in this dead state even longer than usual . Other abilities ( edit ) While universally feared by the local people of Transylvania and even beyond , Dracula commands the loyalty of gypsies and a band of Slovaks who transport his boxes on their way to London and to serve as an armed convoy bringing his coffin back to his castle . The Slovaks and gypsies appear to know his true nature , for they laugh at Harker when he tries to communicate his plight , and betray Harker 's attempt to send a letter through them by giving it to the Count . Dracula seems to be able to hold influence over people with mental disorders , such as Renfield , who is never bitten but who worships Dracula , referring to him over the course of the novel as `` Master '' and `` Lord '' . Dracula also afflicts Lucy with chronic sleepwalking , putting her into a trance - like state that allows them not only to submit to his will but also seek him and satisfy his need to feed . Dracula 's powers and weaknesses vary greatly in the many adaptations . Previous and subsequent vampires from different legends have had similar vampire characteristics . Character development subsequent to the novel ( edit ) Main article : Dracula in popular culture Christopher Lee starred as Dracula in numerous British horror films produced by Hammer Films . Shown here is the 1958 film Dracula . It was Lee who fixed the image of the fanged vampire in popular culture . Dracula is one of the most famous characters in popular culture . He has been portrayed by more actors in more visual media adaptations of the novel than any other horror character . Actors who have played him include Max Schreck , Béla Lugosi , John Carradine , Christopher Lee , Francis Lederer , Denholm Elliott , Jack Palance , Louis Jourdan , Frank Langella , Klaus Kinski , Gary Oldman , Leslie Nielsen , George Hamilton , Keith - Lee Castle , Gerard Butler , Duncan Regehr , Richard Roxburgh , Marc Warren , Rutger Hauer , Stephen Billington , Thomas Kretschmann , Dominic Purcell , Luke Evans and Lon Chaney Jr ... In 2003 , Count Dracula , as portrayed by Lugosi in the 1931 film , was named as the 33rd greatest movie villain by the AFI . Gary Oldman as Dracula in Bram Stoker 's Dracula . The character is closely associated with the western cultural archetype of the vampire , and remains a popular Halloween costume . Count Dracula appears in Mad Monster Party ? voiced by Allen Swift . This version is shown to be wearing a monocle . Count Dracula is among the monsters that Baron Boris von Frankenstein invites to the Isle of Evil in order to show off the secret of total destruction and announce his retirement from the Worldwide Organization of Monsters . In Sesame Street , there is a character called Count von Count who was based on Bela Lugosi 's interpretation of Count Dracula and Jack Davis ' design for Dracula from Mad Monster Party ? . Count Dracula appears in Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( a `` prequel of sorts '' to Mad Monster Party ? ) voiced again by Allen Swift . He and his son are invited by Baron Henry von Frankenstein to attend the wedding of Frankenstein 's Monster and its mate at the Transylvania Astoria Hotel . Dracula is the primary antagonist of the Castlevania video game series and the main protagonist of the Lords of Shadow reboot series . Dracula appears as the lead character of Dracula the Un-dead , a novel by Stoker 's great - grand nephew Dacre presented as a sequel to the original . Count Dracula is the main character of the Hotel Transylvania franchise , voiced by Adam Sandler . Dracula , going by an inversion of his name , `` Alucard , '' serves as the main character of the anime and manga series Hellsing and Hellsing Ultimate where he serves Integra Hellsing , Abraham 's great - granddaughter , as an anti-vampire warrior devoted to the British Crown . Modern and postmodern analyses of the character ( edit ) Portrait of Vlad III Dracula . Already in 1958 , Cecil Kirtly proposed that Count Dracula shared his personal past with the historical Transylvanian - born Voivode Vlad III Dracula of Wallachia , also known as Vlad the Impaler or Vlad Țepeș . Following the publication of In Search of Dracula by Radu Florescu and Raymond McNally in 1972 , this supposed connection attracted much popular attention . This work argued that Bram Stoker based his Dracula on Vlad the Impaler . Historically , the name `` Dracula '' is the given name of Vlad Țepeș ' family , a name derived from a secret fraternal order of knights called the Order of the Dragon , founded by Sigismund of Luxembourg ( king of Hungary and Bohemia , and Holy Roman Emperor ) to uphold Christianity and defend the Empire against the Ottoman Turks . Vlad II Dracul , father of Vlad III , was admitted to the order around 1431 because of his bravery in fighting the Turks and was dubbed Dracul ( Dragon ) thus his son became Dracula ( son of the dragon ) . From 1431 onward , Vlad II wore the emblem of the order and later , as ruler of Wallachia , his coinage bore the dragon symbol . Stoker came across the name Dracula in his reading on Romanian history , and chose this to replace the name ( Count Wampyr ) that he had originally intended to use for his villain . However , some Dracula scholars , led by Elizabeth Miller , have questioned the depth of this connection as early as 1998 . They argue that Stoker in fact knew little of the historic Vlad III , Vlad the Impaler and that he used only the name `` Dracula '' and some miscellaneous scraps of Romanian history . As well , and there are no comments about Vlad III in the author 's working notes . While having a conversation with Jonathan Harker in Chapter 3 , Dracula refers to his own background , and these speeches show elements which Stoker directly copied from Wilkinson 's book . Stoker mentions the Voivode of the Dracula race who fought against the Turks after the defeat in the Battle of Kosovo , and was later betrayed by his brother , historical facts which unequivocally point to Vlad III , described as `` Voïvode Dracula '' by Wilkinson : Who was it but one of my own race who as Voivode crossed the Danube and beat the Turk on his own ground ? This was a Dracula indeed ! Woe was it that his own unworthy brother , when he had fallen , sold his people to the Turk and brought the shame of slavery on them ! Was it not this Dracula , indeed , who inspired that other of his race who in a later age again and again brought his forces over the great river into Turkey - land ; who , when he was beaten back , came again , and again , though he had to come alone from the bloody field where his troops were being slaughtered , since he knew that he alone could ultimately triumph ! ( Chapter 3 , pp. 19 ) The Count 's intended identity is later commented by Professor Van Helsing , referring to a letter from his friend Arminius : He must , indeed , have been that Voivode Dracula who won his name against the Turk , over the great river on the very frontier of Turkey - land . ( Chapter 18 , pp. 145 ) This indeed encourages the reader to identify the Count with the Voivode Dracula first mentioned by him in Chapter 3 , the one betrayed by his brother : Vlad III Dracula , betrayed by his brother Radu the Handsome , who had chosen the side of the Turks . But as noted by the Dutch author Hans Corneel de Roos , in Chapter 25 , Van Helsing and Mina drop this rudimentary connection to Vlad III and instead describe the Count 's personal past as that of `` that other of his race '' who lived `` in a later age '' . By smoothly exchanging Vlad III for a nameless double , Stoker avoided that his main character could be unambiguously linked to a historical person traceable in any history book . Similarly , the novelist did not want to disclose the precise site of the Count 's residence , Castle Dracula . As confirmed by Stoker 's own handwritten research notes , the novelist had a specific location for the Castle in mind while writing the narrative : an empty mountain top in the Transylvanian Kelemen Alps near the former border with Moldavia . Efforts to promote the Poenari Castle ( ca . 200 km away from the novel 's place of action near the Borgo Pass ) as the `` real Castle Dracula '' have no basis in Stoker 's writing ; Stoker did not know this building . Regarding the Bran Castle near Brașov , Stoker possibly saw an illustration of Castle Bran ( Törzburg ) in Charles Boner 's book on Transylvania . Although Stoker may have been inspired by its romantic appearance , neither Boner , nor Mazuchelli nor Crosse ( who also mention Terzburg or Törzburg ) associate it with Vlad III ; for the site of his fictitious Castle Dracula , Stoker preferred an empty mountain top . Furthermore , Stoker 's detailed notes reveal that the novelist was very well aware of the ethnic and geo - political differences between the `` Roumanians '' or `` Wallachs '' / `` Wallachians '' , descendants of the Dacians , and the Székelys or Szeklers , allies of the Magyars or Hungarians , whose interests were opposed to that of the Wallachians . In the novel 's original typewritten manuscript , the Count speaks of throwing off the `` Austrian yoke '' , which corresponds to the Szekler political point of view . This expression is crossed out , however , and replaced by `` Hungarian yoke '' ( as appearing in the printed version ) , which matches the historical perspective of the Wallachians . This has been interpreted by some to mean that Stoker opted for the Wallachian , not the Szekler interpretation , thus lending more consistency to the Romanian identity of his Count : although not identical with Vlad III , the Vampire is portrayed as one of the `` Dracula race '' . Screen portrayals ( edit ) Year Title Actor playing Dracula Notes 1921 Dracula 's Death Vanko ! Erik Vanko 1922 Nosferatu Schreck ! Max Schreck Renamed Count Orlok for legal reasons 1931.1 ! 1931 Dracula Lugosi ! Bela Lugosi 1931.2 ! 1931 Dracula Villar ! Carlos Villar Spanish version using Lugosi 's sets and a different cast and crew . 1943 Son of Dracula Chaney ! Lon Chaney , Jr . 1944 House of Frankenstein Carradine ! John Carradine 1945 House of Dracula Carradine ! John Carradine 1948 Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein Lugosi ! Bela Lugosi 1953 Drakula İstanbul'da Kaptan ! Atıf Kaptan 1958.1 ! 1958 Dracula Lee ! Christopher Lee 1958.2 ! 1958 return ! The Return of Dracula Lederer ! Francis Lederer 1966.1 ! 1966 Dracula : Prince of Darkness Lee ! Christopher Lee 1966.2 ! 1966 Billy the Kid vs Dracula Carradine ! John Carradine 1968.1 ! 1968 Dracula Has Risen from the Grave Lee ! Christopher Lee 1968.2 ! 1968 Dracula Elliott ! Denholm Elliott Episode of UK TV series Mystery and Imagination 1969 magic ! The Magic Christian Lee ! Christopher Lee 1970.1 ! 1970 Count Dracula Lee ! Christopher Lee 1970.2 ! 1970 Taste the Blood of Dracula Lee ! Christopher Lee 1970.3 ! 1970 One More Time Lee ! Christopher Lee 1970.4 ! 1970 Scars of Dracula Lee ! Christopher Lee 1971 Cuadecuc , vampir Lee ! Christopher Lee 1972.1 ! 1972 Blacula Macaulay ! Charles Macaulay 1972.2 ! 1972 Dracula A.D. 1972 Lee ! Christopher Lee 1972.3 ! 1972 Count Dracula 's Great Love Naschy ! Paul Naschy 1974.1 ! 1974 Dan Curtis ' Dracula Palance ! Jack Palance TV movie 1974.2 ! 1974 Blood for Dracula Kier ! Udo Kier 1974.3 ! 1974 Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires Forbes - Robertson ! John Forbes - Robertson 1976 Dracula and Son Lee ! Christopher Lee 1977 Count Dracula Jourdan ! Louis Jourdan 1979.1 ! 1979 Nosferatu the Vampyre Kinski ! Klaus Kinski Remake of Nosferatu ( 1922 ) with the novel 's character names restored . 1979.2 ! 1979 Cliffhangers Nouri ! Michael Nouri Episode : `` The Curse of Dracula '' 1979.3 ! 1979 Love at First Bite Hamilton ! George Hamilton 1979.4 ! 1979 Dracula Langella ! Frank Langella mons ! The Monster Squad Regehr ! Duncan Regehr Waxwork O'Keeffe ! Miles O'Keeffe Bram Stoker 's Dracula Oldman ! Gary Oldman 1995 Dracula : Dead and Loving It Nielsen ! Leslie Nielsen 2000.1 ! 2000 Dracula 2000 Butler ! Gerard Butler 2000.2 ! 2000 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Martin ! Rudolf Martin Episode : `` Buffy vs. Dracula '' Dracula , the Musical Hewitt ! Tom Hewitt 2004.1 ! 2004 Van Helsing Roxburgh ! Richard Roxburgh 2004.2 ! 2004 Blade : Trinity Purcell ! Dominic Purcell 2004.3 ! 2004 Dracula 3000 Kirkwood ! Langley Kirkwood 2005 bat ! The Batman vs. Dracula Stormare ! Peter Stormare Animated film 2006 Dracula Warren ! Marc Warren Television film 2006 - 2014 Young Dracula Castle ! Keith - Lee Castle TV series 2012.1 ! 2012 Dracula 3D Kretschmann ! Thomas Kretschmann 2012.2 ! 2012 Hotel Transylvania Sandler ! Adam Sandler Animated film 2013 Dracula Meyers ! Jonathan Rhys Meyers TV series 2014 Dracula Untold Evans ! Luke Evans 2015 Hotel Transylvania 2 Sandler ! Adam Sandler Animated film 2016 Penny Dreadful Camargo ! Christian Camargo TV series 2016 Welcome To Monster High Sorich ! Michael Sorich Animated Film 2017 Monster High : Electrified Sorich ! Michael Sorich Animated Film 2017 -- Present Monster High : The Adventures of the Ghoul Squad Sorich ! Michael Sorich Animated TV Series 2018 Hotel Transylvania 3 Sandler ! Adam Sandler Animated film See also ( edit ) Novels portal Fictional characters portal Horror fiction portal Elizabeth Báthory Carmilla Clinical vampirism List of fictional vampires List of horror film antagonists List of vampire traits in folklore and fiction Varney the Vampire Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . pp. 10 , 14 , 499 , 517 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 2 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 9 . ' Ordog ' -- Satan , ' Pokol ' -- hell , ' stregoica ' -- witch , ' vrolok ' and ' vlkoslak ' -- both mean the same thing , one being Slovak and the other Servian for something that is either werewolf or vampire . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 23 , Dr Seward 's Diary . p. 436 . ' Look out for D. He has just now , 12 : 45 , come from Carfax hurriedly and hastened towards the South . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Drracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 20 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal , LETTER , MITCHELL , SONS & CANDY TO LORD GODALMING , October 1st . p. 391 . The purchaser is a foreign nobleman , Count de Ville Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 6 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 500 . He had received a letter from Mr. de Ville of London Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . pp. 9 , 42 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula 's Guest ( PDF ) . p. 11 . A wolf -- and yet not a wolf ! '' another put in shudderingly . `` No use trying for him without the sacred bullet . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 2 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 35 . We Transylvanian nobles love not to think that our bones may lie amongst the common dead . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . pp. 43 , 344 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 18 , Dr. Seward 's Diary . p. 344 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 27 , DR . VAN HELSING 'S MEMORANDUM , 5 November . p. 531 . DRACULA This then was the Undead home of the King Vampire , to whom so many more were due . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 3 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 42 . ' We Szekelys have a right to be proud , for in our veins flows the blood of many brave races who fought as the lion fights , for lordship . Here , in the whirlpool of European races , the Ugric tribe bore down from Iceland the fighting spirit which Thor and Wodin gave them , which their Berserkers displayed to such fell intent on the seaboards of Europe , aye , and of Asia and Africa too , till the peoples thought that the werewolves themselves had come . Jump up ^ Carol N. Senf `` Dracula : The Unseen Face in the Mirror '' in the Norton Critical Edition of Dracula ( 1997 ) by Bram Stoker , edited by Nina Auerbach and David J. Skal : 421 - 31 Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 23 . p. 434 . Jump up ^ Dracula Chapter 18 and Chapter 23 Jump up ^ Mina Harker 's Journal , 30 September , Dracula , Chapter 18 Jump up ^ Dracula Chapter 27 Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 20 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . pp. 373 , 374 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 20 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal , Letter , Mitchell , Sons , and Candy to Lord Godalming . p. 329 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 20 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . pp. 373 , 374 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 18 , Dr. Seward 's Diary . p. 346 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 21 , Dr. Seward 's Diary . p. 404,405,406 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 2 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 3 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 57 . ' Yes , I too can love . You yourselves can tell it from the past . Is it not so ? ^ Jump up to : Dracula , Chapter 2 Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula . Chapter 7 , Log of the Demeter , 3 August . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 742008 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Dracula , Chapter 18 Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula . p. 303 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 742008 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 15 , Dr. Stweard 's Diary . pp. 281 , 282 . Taking the edge of the loose flange , he bent it back towards the foot of the coffin , and holding up the candle into the aperture , motioned to me to look . I drew near and looked . The coffin was empty . It was certainly a surprise to me , and gave me a considerable shock Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula . Chapter 10 , Dr. Seward 's Diary . p. 174 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 18 , Dr. Seward 's Diary . p. 341 . on the blood of the living . Even more , we have seen amongst us that he can even grow younger , that his vital faculties grow strenuous , and seem as though they refresh themselves when his special pabulum is plenty . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 21 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . pp. 411 -- 412 . I knew him at once from the description of the others ... I knew , too , the red scar on his forehead where Jonathan had struck him . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 15 , Westminster Gazette . pp. 252 -- 254 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 19 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 358 . and when I had seen him he was either in the fasting stage of his existence in his rooms or , when he was bloated with fresh blood , Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 21 , Dr. Seward 's Diary , 3 October . p. 412 . First , a little refreshment to reward my exertions . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 23 , Dr. Stweard 's Diary . p. 448 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 20 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 376 . hypnotize before dawn Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . pp. 462 , 492 , 523 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 21 , Dr. Seward 's Diary . p. 413 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch. 27 , Mina Harker 's Journal , 6 November . p. 533 . But I could not eat , to even try to do so was repulsive to me , and much as I would have liked to please him , I could not bring myself to the attempt . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 27 , Memorandum by Abraham Van Helsing , 4 November . pp. 519 -- 527 . Jump up ^ Dracula , Chapter 3 , second page Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 4 , Johnathon Harker 's ournal . pp. 70 , 71 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 18 , Doctor Seward 's Diary . p. 343 . Thus , whereas he can do as he will within his limit , when he have his earth - home , his coffin - home , his hell - home , the place unhallowed , as we saw when he went to the grave of the suicide at Whitby , still at other time he can only change when the time come . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 22 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal , October 23 . p. 424 . The Count may come to Piccadilly earlier than we think . ' ' Not so ! ' said Van Helsing , holding up his hand . ' But why ? ' I asked . ' Do you forget , ' he said , with actually a smile , ' that last night he banqueted heavily , and will sleep late ? Jump up ^ J Gordon Melton ( 2010 ) . `` The Vampire Book : The Encyclopedia of the Undead '' . p. 247 . Visible Ink Press Jump up ^ `` Fangs for the memories : The A-Z of vampires '' ( October 31 , 2009 ) . The Independent . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records Experience Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Greatest Heroes & Villains '' . AFI. 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Dearden , Lizzie ( 20 May 2014 ) . `` Radu Florescu dead : Legacy of the Romanian ' Dracula professor ' remembered '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Vlad III Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Berni , Simone ( 2016 ) . `` The Romanian Edition ( 1990 ) '' . Dracula by Bram Stoker The Mystery of The Early Editions . Translated by Bigliardi , Stefano . United States : Lulu Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 326 - 62179 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cain , Jimmie E. ( 2006 ) . `` Notes -- Chapter Four '' . Bram Stoker and Russophobia : Evidence of the British Fear of Russia in Dracula and The Lady of the Shroud . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co. p. 182 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2407 - 9 . Jump up ^ Miller , Elizabeth ( 2005 ) . `` The Voivode and the Count '' . A Dracula Handbook . Philadelphia , PA : Xlibris . pp. 112 -- 113 . ISBN 1 - 4134 - 8095 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hans Corneel de Roos , The Dracula Maps , in : The Ultimate Dracula , Moonlake Editions , Munich , 2012 . Jump up ^ Charles Boner , Transylvania : Its Products and Its People . London : Longmans , 1865 . Referred to by Marius Crişan , The Models for Castle Dracula in Stoker 's Sources on Transylvania , Journal of Dracula Studies Nr 10 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Hans Corneel de Roos , Stoker 's Vampire Trap : Vlad the Impaler and his Nameless Double , Linkoeping University Electronic Press , Linköping Electronic Articles in Computer and Information Science , ISSN 1401 - 9841 , Vol. 15 ( 2012 ) : no . 2 . 2012 , p. 7 . References ( edit ) Clive Leatherdale ( 1985 ) Dracula : the Novel and the Legend . Desert Island Books . Bram Stoker ( 1897 ) Dracula . Norton Critical Edition ( 1997 ) edited by Nina Auerbach and David J. Skal . Senf , Carol . Dracula : Between Tradition and Modernism ( Twayne , 1998 ) . Senf , Carol A. Bram Stoker . University of Wales Press , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Count Dracula on IMDb Bram Stoker Online Full text , PDF and audio versions of Dracula . Bram Stoker 's Dracula Characters Original novel Count Dracula Abraham Van Helsing Jonathan Harker Mina Harker Lucy Westenra Arthur Holmwood Dr. John Seward Quincey Morris Renfield Brides Other works Adri Nital Alucard Count Alucard Count Orlok Count von Count Doctor Sun Eva Hamilton Slade Janus Postmortem Turac Historical Vlad Călugărul Vlad the Impaler Vlad II Dracul Films Universal series Dracula ( 1931 English - language ) Drácula ( 1931 Spanish - language ) Dracula 's Daughter ( 1936 ) Son of Dracula ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Hammer series Dracula ( 1958 ) The Brides of Dracula ( 1960 ) Dracula : Prince of Darkness ( 1966 ) Dracula Has Risen from the Grave ( 1968 ) Taste the Blood of Dracula ( 1970 ) Scars of Dracula ( 1970 ) Dracula A.D. 1972 ( 1972 ) The Satanic Rites of Dracula ( 1973 ) The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires ( 1974 ) Dracula 2000 Dracula 2000 ( 2000 ) Dracula II : Ascension ( 2003 ) Dracula III : Legacy ( 2005 ) Parodies Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Batman Fights Dracula ( 1967 ) Blacula ( 1972 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) Blood for Dracula ( 1974 ) Vampira ( 1974 ) Son of Dracula ( 1974 ) Dracula in the Provinces ( 1975 ) Dracula and Son ( 1976 ) Love at First Bite ( 1979 ) The Halloween That Almost Was n't ( 1979 ) Fracchia contro Dracula ( 1985 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Reluctant Werewolf ( 1988 ) Dracula : Dead and Loving It ( 1995 ) Monster Mash ( 1995 ) Monster Mash ( 2000 ) Zora the Vampire ( 2000 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Other Dracula 's Death ( 1921 ) Nosferatu ( 1922 ) The Return of the Vampire ( 1943 ) Drakula İstanbul'da ( 1953 ) Blood of Dracula ( 1957 ) The Return of Dracula ( 1958 ) Batman Dracula ( 1964 ) Billy the Kid Versus Dracula ( 1966 ) Dracula ( 1968 ) Blood of Dracula 's Castle ( 1969 ) Count Dracula ( 1970 ) Los Monstruos del Terror ( 1970 ) Cuadecuc , vampir ( 1971 ) Vampyros Lesbos ( 1971 ) Dracula vs. Frankenstein ( 1971 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1973 ) Count Dracula 's Great Love ( 1974 ) Count Dracula ( 1977 ) Dracula 's Dog ( 1978 ) Doctor Dracula ( 1978 ) Nosferatu the Vampyre ( 1979 ) Dracula ( 1979 ) Nocturna : Granddaughter of Dracula ( 1979 ) Dracula 's Widow ( 1988 ) To Die For ( 1989 ) Sundown : The Vampire in Retreat ( 1989 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Nadja ( 1994 ) Shadow of the Vampire ( 2000 ) Dark Prince : The True Story of Dracula ( 2000 ) Dracula : Pages from a Virgin 's Diary ( 2002 ) Dracula ( 2002 ) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 2003 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Van Helsing : The London Assignment ( 2004 ) Dracula 3000 ( 2004 ) The Vulture 's Eye ( 2004 ) Blade : Trinity ( 2004 ) The Batman vs. Dracula ( 2005 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula 's Curse ( 2006 ) Dracula ( 2006 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula 's Guest ( 2008 ) The Librarian : Curse of the Judas Chalice ( 2008 ) House of the Wolf Man ( 2009 ) Young Dracula ( 2011 ) Dracula Reborn ( 2012 ) Dracula 3D ( 2012 ) Saint Dracula 3D ( 2012 ) Dracula 2012 ( 2013 ) Dracula : The Dark Prince ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Television Series Draculas ring ( 1978 ) Cliffhangers ( 1979 ) Drak Pack ( 1980 ) Count Duckula ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Dracula : The Series ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Little Dracula ( 1991 -- 1999 ) Ace Kilroy ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Young Dracula ( 2006 -- 2014 ) characters episodes Dracula ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Episodes `` Treehouse of Horror IV '' ( 1993 ) `` Treehouse of Horror XXI '' ( 2010 ) `` Buffy vs. Dracula '' ( 2000 ) Other novels The Dracula Tape and sequels ( 1975 -- 2002 ) Anno Dracula series ( 1992 -- present ) Anno Dracula The Bloody Red Baron Dracula Cha Cha Cha Dracula 's Guest and Other Weird Stories ( 1914 ) The Revenge of Dracula ( 1978 ) Little Dracula ( 1986 ) Dracula the Undead ( 1997 ) The Historian ( 2005 ) The Book of Renfield ( 2005 ) Bloodline ( 2005 ) Young Dracula and Young Monsters ( 2006 ) Fangland ( 2007 ) Dracula the Un-dead ( 2009 ) Plays Dracula ( 1924 ) Dracula ( 1995 ) Dracula ( 1996 ) Musicals Dracula ( Czech musical ) ( 1995 ) Dracula : A Chamber Musical ( 1997 ) Dracula , the Musical ( 2004 ) Dracula -- Entre l'amour et la mort ( 2006 ) Dracula : the Musical ( 2010 ) Dracula -- L'amour plus fort que la mort ( 2011 ) Comics The Tomb of Dracula Dracula ( Marvel Comics ) Dracula ( Dell Comics ) Dracula Lives Hellsing The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Sword of Dracula Batman & Dracula : Red Rain Victorian Undead Wolves at the Gate X-Men : Apocalypse vs. Dracula Purgatori Video games The Count ( 1981 ) Ghost Manor ( 1983 ) Castlevania series 1986 -- present Dracula Dracula ( 1986 ) Dracula the Undead ( 1991 ) Dracula Hakushaku ( 1992 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1993 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( handheld ) ( 1993 ) Dracula Unleashed ( 1993 ) Dracula : Resurrection ( 2000 ) Dracula 2 : The Last Sanctuary ( 2000 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Dracula 3 : The Path of the Dragon ( 2008 ) Dracula : Origin ( 2008 ) Vampire Season Monster Defense ( 2012 ) Dracula 4 : The Shadow of the Dragon ( 2013 ) Dracula 5 : The Blood Legacy ( 2013 ) The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing ( 2013 ) Drac 's Night Out ( unreleased ) Pinball Dracula ( 1979 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1993 ) Monster Bash ( 1998 ) Other games The Fury of Dracula Castles Castle Dracula Bran Castle Poenari Castle Corvin Castle Albums Dracula Dracula 2000 Iubilaeum Anno Dracula 2001 Perfect Selection : Dracula Battle Transylvania Van Helsing Songs `` Love Song for a Vampire '' Audio dramas Legend of the Cybermen Related topics Dracula in popular culture Don Dracula Transylvanian Society of Dracula Dracula Society Dracula tourism Lugosi v. Universal Pictures `` Dracula / The Rose '' Universal Monsters Films Dracula Dracula ( English ) / ( Spanish ) ( 1931 ) Dracula 's Daughter ( 1936 ) Son of Dracula ( 1943 ) Remakes Dracula ( 1979 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Frankenstein Frankenstein ( 1931 ) Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ; character ) Son of Frankenstein ( 1939 ) The Ghost of Frankenstein ( 1942 ) Edgar Allan Poe Murders in the Rue Morgue ( 1932 ) The Black Cat ( 1934 ) The Raven ( 1935 ) The Black Cat ( 1941 ) The Mystery of Marie Roget ( 1942 ) Mummy ( Imhotep Kharis ) The Mummy ( 1932 ) The Mummy 's Hand ( 1940 ) The Mummy 's Tomb ( 1942 ) The Mummy 's Ghost The Mummy 's Curse ( 1944 ) Dark Universe The Mummy ( 2017 ) The Mummy The Mummy ( 1999 ) Returns ( 2001 ) Tomb of the Dragon Emperor ( 2008 ) Invisible Man The Invisible Man ( 1933 ) Returns The Invisible Woman ( 1940 ) Invisible Agent ( 1942 ) The Invisible Man 's Revenge ( 1944 ) Werewolves ( The Wolf Man ) Werewolf of London ( 1935 ) The Wolf Man ( 1941 ) She - Wolf of London ( 1946 ) The Wolfman ( 2010 remake ) Crossovers Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Killer , Boris Karloff ( 1949 ) Invisible Man ( 1951 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1953 ) Mummy ( 1955 ) Ape Woman Captive Wild Woman ( 1943 ) Jungle Woman ( 1944 ) The Jungle Captive ( 1945 ) Inner Sanctum Mysteries Calling Dr. Death ( 1943 ) Weird Woman Dead Man 's Eyes ( 1944 ) The Frozen Ghost Strange Confession Pillow of Death ( 1945 ) Gill - man Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) The Creature Walks Among Us ( 1956 ) Other films The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1923 ) The Cat and the Canary ( 1927 ) The Man Who Laughs ( 1928 ) The Last Warning The Last Performance ( 1929 ) The Cat Creeps La Voluntad del muerto ( 1930 ) The Old Dark House ( 1932 ) Secret of the Blue Room ( 1933 ) The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1935 ) The Invisible Ray ( 1936 ) Night Key ( 1937 ) The Phantom Creeps ( 1939 ) Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) Tower of London ( 1939 ) Black Friday ( 1940 ) Man Made Monster Horror Island ( 1941 ) The Mad Doctor of Market Street The Strange Case of Doctor Rx Night Monster ( 1942 ) The Mad Ghoul ( 1943 ) The Climax ( 1944 ) The Spider Woman Strikes Back Cat Creeps ( 1946 ) The Creeper House of Horrors ( 1946 ) The Brute Man ( 1946 ) The Strange Door ( 1951 ) The Black Castle ( 1952 ) It Came from Outer Space ( 1953 ) Tarantula Cult of the Cobra This Island Earth ( 1955 ) Curucu , Beast of the Amazon The Mole People ( 1956 ) The Incredible Shrinking Man The Deadly Mantis The Land Unknown The Monolith Monsters ( 1957 ) The Thing That Could n't Die Monster on the Campus ( 1958 ) Curse of the Undead ( 1959 ) The Leech Woman ( 1960 ) Tributes Boo ! ( 1932 ) Shock Theater ( 1957 ) Tales of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) The Munsters ( 1964 -- 66 ) Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1974 ) Monster Squad ( 1976 -- 77 ) Love at First Bite ( 1979 ) Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Dracula : Dead and Loving It ( 1995 ) Van Helsing : The London Assignment ( 2004 ) House of the Wolf Man ( 2009 ) Monster High ( 2010 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( 2017 -- present ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Count_Dracula&oldid=815230231 '' Categories : Dracula Dracula characters Dracula in written fiction Fictional alchemists Fictional characters introduced in 1897 Fictional characters with weather abilities Fictional characters who can morph animal or plant forms Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional counts and countesses Fictional Hungarian people Fictional hypnotists and indoctrinators Fictional mass murderers Fictional shapeshifters Fictional telepaths Fictional vampires Cultural depictions of people Literary villains Characters in British novels of the 19th century Supervillains with their own comic book titles Video game bosses Artificial mythology Vlad the Impaler Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Use dmy dates from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Dansk Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 15 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how did dracula become a vampire in the book | [
"Details of his early life are obscure, but it is mentioned \"he was in life a most wonderful man. Soldier, statesman, and alchemist. Which latter was the highest development of the science knowledge of his time. He had a mighty brain, a learning beyond compare, and a heart that knew no fear and no remorse... there was no branch of knowledge of his time that he did not essay.\"[14] He studied the black arts at the academy of Scholomance in the Carpathian Mountains, overlooking the town of Sibiu (also known as Hermannstadt) and has a deep knowledge of alchemy and magic.[15] Taking up arms, as befitting his rank and status as a voivode, he led troops against the Turks across the Danube. According to his nemesis Abraham Van Helsing, \"He must indeed have been that Voivode Dracula who won his name against the Turk, over the great river on the very frontier of Turkey-land. If it be so, then was he no common man: for in that time, and for centuries after, he was spoken of as the cleverest and the most cunning, as well as the bravest of the sons of the land beyond the forest.\"[16] Dead and buried in a great tomb in the chapel of his castle, Dracula returns from death as a vampire and lives for several centuries in his castle with three terrifyingly beautiful female vampires beside him.[17]"
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"Dead and buried in a great tomb in the chapel of his castle, Dracula returns from death as a vampire"
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-4919992011423650845 | Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 | Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 - Wikipedia Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 Jump to : navigation , search Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 Totality as seen from Simpsonville , South Carolina Map Type of eclipse Nature Total Gamma 0.4367 Magnitude 1.0306 Maximum eclipse Duration 160 sec ( 2 m 40 s ) 37 ° 00 ′ N 87 ° 42 ′ W / 37 ° N 87.7 ° W / 37 ; - 87.7 Max . width of band 115 km ( 71 mi ) Times ( UTC ) ( P1 ) Partial begin 15 : 46 : 48 ( U1 ) Total begin 16 : 48 : 32 Greatest eclipse 18 : 26 : 40 ( U4 ) Total end 20 : 01 : 35 ( P4 ) Partial end 21 : 04 : 19 References Saros 145 ( 22 of 77 ) Catalog # ( SE5000 ) 9546 The solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 was a total eclipse visible within a band across the entire contiguous United States , passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts . As a partial solar eclipse , it was visible on land from Nunavut in northern Canada to as far south as northern South America . In northwestern Europe and Africa , it was partially visible in the late evening . In Asia it was visible only at the eastern extremity , the Chukchi Peninsula . Play media Video of the eclipse second contact in Simpsonville , South Carolina . Crowd reaction is heard on audio . Prior to this event , no solar eclipse had been visible across the entire contiguous United States since June 8 , 1918 ; not since the February 1979 eclipse had a total eclipse been visible from anywhere in the mainland United States . The path of totality touched 14 states , and the rest of the U.S. had a partial eclipse . The area of the path of totality was about 16 percent of the area of the United States , with most of this area over the ocean , not land . The event 's shadow began to cover land on the Oregon coast as a partial eclipse at 4 : 05 p.m. UTC ( 9 : 05 a.m. PDT ) , with the total eclipse beginning there at 5 : 16 p.m. UTC ( 10 : 16 a.m. PDT ) ; the total eclipse 's land coverage ended along the South Carolina coast at about 6 : 44 p.m. UTC ( 2 : 44 p.m. EDT ) . Visibility as a partial eclipse in Honolulu , Hawaii began with sunrise at 4 : 20 p.m. UTC ( 6 : 20 a.m. HST ) and ended by 5 : 25 p.m. UTC ( 7 : 25 a.m. HST ) . This total solar eclipse marked the first such event in the smartphone and social media era in America . Information , personal communication , and photography were widely available as never before , capturing popular attention and enhancing the social experience . Logistical problems were expected with the influx of visitors , especially for smaller communities . The sale of counterfeit eclipse glasses was also anticipated to be a hazard for eye injuries . Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 ( 12 states ) and August 2045 ( 10 states ) , and annular solar eclipses -- wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun -- will occur in October 2023 ( 9 states ) and June 2048 ( 9 states ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Visibility 2 Other celestial bodies 3 Other eclipses over the United States 4 Total eclipse viewing events 4.1 Oregon 4.2 Idaho 4.3 Wyoming 4.4 Nebraska 4.5 Missouri 4.6 Illinois 4.7 Kansas 4.8 Kentucky 4.9 Tennessee 4.10 North Carolina 4.11 Georgia 4.12 South Carolina 5 Viewing from outside the United States 5.1 Canada 5.2 Mexico , Central America , Caribbean islands , South America 5.3 Russia 5.4 West Africa 5.5 Europe 6 Media and scientific coverage 7 Counterfeit eclipse glasses 8 Eye damage 9 Videos 10 Gallery 11 Planning 12 Post-eclipse traffic problems 13 Impact on solar power 14 Commemorative stamp 15 Related eclipses 15.1 Solar eclipses 2015 -- 2018 15.2 Saros series 145 15.3 Metonic series 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links Visibility ( edit ) Play media Time - lapse footage of Falls Park on the Reedy in Greenville , South Carolina during the eclipse Play media Video of shadow bands on the ground as seen in Simpsonville , South Carolina . The total eclipse had a magnitude of 1.0306 and was visible within a narrow corridor 70 miles ( 110 km ) wide , crossing fourteen of the contiguous United States : Oregon , Idaho , Montana , Wyoming , Nebraska , Kansas , Iowa , Missouri , Illinois , Kentucky , Tennessee , Georgia , North Carolina , and South Carolina . It was first seen from land in the U.S. shortly after 10 : 15 a.m. PDT ( 17 : 15 UTC ) at Oregon 's Pacific coast , and then it progressed eastward through Salem , Oregon ; Idaho Falls , Idaho ; Casper , Wyoming ; Lincoln , Nebraska ; Kansas City , Missouri ; St. Louis , Missouri ; Hopkinsville , Kentucky ; Nashville , Tennessee ; Columbia , South Carolina about 2 : 41 p.m. ; and finally Charleston , South Carolina . A partial eclipse was seen for a greater time period , beginning shortly after 9 : 00 a.m. PDT along the Pacific Coast of Oregon . Weather forecasts predicted clear skies in Western U.S. and some Eastern states , but clouds in the Midwest and East Coast . Animation of the eclipse shadow . The dot in the center represents the path of totality . View of the lunar shadow tracking across Earth from the Deep Space Climate Observatory ( DSCOVR ) satellite The longest ground duration of totality was 2 minutes 41.6 seconds at about 37 ° 35 ′ 0 '' N 89 ° 7 ′ 0 '' W / 37.58333 ° N 89.11667 ° W / 37.58333 ; - 89.11667 in Giant City State Park , just south of Carbondale , Illinois , and the greatest extent ( width ) was at 36 ° 58 ′ 0 '' N 87 ° 40 ′ 18 '' W / 36.96667 ° N 87.67167 ° W / 36.96667 ; - 87.67167 near the village of Cerulean , Kentucky , located in between Hopkinsville and Princeton . This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the Southeastern United States since the solar eclipse of March 7 , 1970 . Two NASA WB - 57F flew above the clouds , prolonging the observation time spent in the umbra . A partial solar eclipse was seen from the much broader path of the Moon 's penumbra , including all of North America , particularly areas just south of the totality pass , where the eclipse lasted about 3 -- 5 hours , northern South America , Western Europe , and some of Africa and north - east Asia . Other celestial bodies ( edit ) During totality stars and 4 planets were visible , including Regulus close to the Sun . Mars was 8 degrees to the right , and Venus 34 degrees right . Mercury was 10 degrees left , and Jupiter 51 degrees left . Solar eclipse and star - system Regulus ( upper left ) viewed from Cullowhee , NC . During the eclipse for a long span of its path of totality , several bright stars and four planets were visible . The star - system Regulus was visible slightly to the west of the Sun . Mars was 8 degrees to the right , and Venus 34 degrees right . Mercury was 10 degrees left , and Jupiter 51 degrees left . Other eclipses over the United States ( edit ) This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the United States since that of July 11 , 1991 -- which was seen only from part of Hawaii -- and the first visible from the contiguous United States since 1979 . An eclipse of comparable length ( up to 3 minutes , 8 seconds , with the longest eclipse being 6 minutes and 54 seconds ) occurred over the contiguous United States on March 7 , 1970 along the southern portions of the Eastern Seaboard , from Florida to Virginia . The path of totality of the solar eclipse of February 26 , 1979 crossed only the states of Washington , Oregon , Idaho , Montana , and North Dakota . Many enthusiasts traveled to the Pacific Northwest to view the eclipse , since it would be the last chance to view such an eclipse in the contiguous United States for almost four decades . Some American scientists and interested amateurs who wanted to experience a total eclipse participated in a four - day Atlantic Ocean cruise to view the solar eclipse of July 10 , 1972 as it passed near Nova Scotia . ( This is referenced in the Carly Simon hit song `` You 're So Vain '' in the lyric , `` Then you flew your Lear Jet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the Sun . '' ) Organizers of the cruise advertised in astronomical journals and in planetarium announcements , emphasizing the rarity of the event . The path of totality across the United States The August 2017 eclipse was the first with a path of totality crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. since 1918 . Also , its path of totality made landfall exclusively within the United States , making it the first such eclipse since the country 's declaration of independence in 1776 . Prior to this , the path of totality of the eclipse of June 13 , 1257 , was the last to make landfall exclusively on lands currently part of the United States . The path of the 2017 eclipse crosses with the path of the upcoming total solar eclipse of April 8 , 2024 , with the intersection of the two paths being in southern Illinois in Makanda Township at Cedar Lake , just south of Carbondale . An area of about 9,000 square miles , including the cities of Makanda , Carbondale , Cape Girardeau , Missouri , and Paducah , Kentucky , will thus experience two total solar eclipses within a span of less than seven years . The cities of Benton , Carbondale , Chester , Harrisburg , Marion , and Metropolis in Illinois ; Cape Girardeau , Farmington , and Perryville in Missouri , as well as Paducah , Kentucky , will also be in the path of the 2024 eclipse , thereby earning the distinction of witnessing two total solar eclipses in seven years . The solar eclipse of August 12 , 2045 will have a very similar path of totality over the U.S. to the 2017 eclipse : about 400 km ( 250 mi ) to the southwest , also crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the country ; however , totality will be more than twice as long . Total eclipse viewing events ( edit ) Oregon ( edit ) Viewing the eclipse at Oregon State University Campers on a field near Madras , Oregon , three days before the eclipse . Totality over Timothy Lake , Oregon Diamond Ring effect at the end of totality in Oregon . Some prominences can also be seen . Corvallis -- The Corvallis campus of Oregon State University hosted `` OSU150 Space Grant Festival : A Total Eclipse Experience '' , a weekend - long celebration of the eclipse . A watch party was also hosted on campus the day of the eclipse . Keizer -- The Salem - Keizer Volcanoes , a Class A baseball team , played a morning game against the visiting Hillsboro Hops that featured the first ever `` eclipse delay '' in baseball history . Huntington -- Historic Farewell Bend State Recreation Area hosted the RASC : Yukon Centre ( Yukon Astronomical Society ) and the RASC : Okanagan Centre . Solar viewing and presentations on the eclipse were given along with a dark - sky presentation Madras -- The city sponsored a four - day Solarfest at two locations . Prineville -- Symbiosis Gathering hosted a global eclipse gathering dubbed Oregon Eclipse . Rickreall -- The Polk County Fairgrounds organized a series of events and an eclipse gathering . Salem -- The Oregon Museum of Science and Industry hosted an event at the Oregon State Fairgrounds . Idaho ( edit ) A display of books related to eclipses and astronomy Craters of the Moon -- The National Monument and Preserve hosted NASA presentations , evening star parties hosted by the Idaho Falls Astronomical Society , high altitude balloon launches by the USC Astronautical Engineering department and NASA , and presentations by the New Mexico Chapter of the Charlie Bates Solar Astronomy Project . Idaho Falls -- Free entertainment and educational seminars and an eclipse - watching event at the Museum of Idaho ( an official NASA viewing site ) and elsewhere , and a free eclipse - watching event at Melaleuca Field . Rexburg -- Brigham Young University Idaho offered a series of eclipse - related educational events . Weiser -- The city sponsored a five - day festival prior to the eclipse . Total Eclipse seen from Weiser , Idaho . Wyoming ( edit ) People watching and photographing the eclipse in Yellowstone National Park Casper -- The Astronomical League , an alliance of amateur astronomy clubs , held its annual Astrocon conference , and there were other public events , called Wyoming Eclipse Festival 2017 . Fort Laramie -- Fort Laramie held an eclipse viewing event , which included a Special `` Great American Eclipse '' Program . Nebraska ( edit ) A crowd observes the eclipse in Ravenna , Nebraska Alliance -- Entertainment and educational seminars were offered . ABC News reported live from Carhenge during totality . Auburn -- Nemaha County Hospital hosted an eclipse viewing event , including sharing safety tips from Lifetime Vision Center . Grand Island -- Stuhr Museum hosted an eclipse viewing event , including the launch of a NASA eclipse observing balloon . Beatrice -- Homestead National Monument of America -- Events were held with representatives from NASA on Saturday , Sunday and the day of the eclipse . Lincoln -- At Haymarket Park , the Lincoln Saltdogs , an independent baseball team in the American Association , defeated the Gary SouthShore RailCats 8 - 5 in a special eclipse game , with 6,956 in attendance . The game was paused for 26 minutes in the middle of the third inning to observe the eclipse . The Saltdogs players wore special eclipse - themed uniforms that were auctioned off after the game . Missouri ( edit ) St. Louis -- David Tipper hosted his Tipper & Friends 4321 electronic music event at Astral Valley Art Park featuring 5 days of music , art , and eclipse viewing . Kansas City -- A 5 - mile ( 8 km ) bicycle ride from downtown KCMO ( where totality only lasted about 30 seconds ) to Macken Park in North Kansas City ( where totality lasted 1 minute 13 seconds ) was organized by KC Pedal Party Club , a local Meetup group . Columbia -- The Cosmo Park and the Gans Creek Park were open for the eclipse . There was a watch party on campus for the students of the University of Missouri , and the MU Health Care system released eye safety information . Lathrop -- The city celebrated its 150th anniversary with an eclipse festival . Potosi -- Hora Eclipse , an Israeli folkdance camp coordinated with the eclipse , was held at YMCA Trout Lodge and Camp Lakewood , near the Mark Twain National Forest . More information at the event 's website , especially its post-mortem page . Parkville -- TotalEclipseofthePark -- August 20 educational program featuring NASA Glenn Research Center Hall of Famer Lynn Bondurant , ' 61 , and August 21 watch party organized by Park University . St. Clair -- An event organized by the St. Clair City Chamber of Commerce . St. Joseph -- An event organized by Front Page Science was held at Rosecrans Memorial Airport . Illinois ( edit ) Carbondale -- Southern Illinois University sponsored many eclipse related educational events , including the two day Crossroads Astronomy , Science and Technology Expo , and viewing at Saluki Stadium . Amtrak ran a special train , the Eclipse Express , from Chicago to Carbondale . NASA EDGE was there broadcasting live from Southern Illinois University Carbondale with a four - hour and thirty - minute show ( 11 : 45 a.m. -- 4 : 15 p.m. EDT ) . Carterville -- A three - day rock festival called Moonstock was headlined by Ozzy Osbourne , who performed during the eclipse . Goreville -- View the eclipse with the University of Illinois Astronomy Department . Kansas ( edit ) Atchison -- Benedictine College hosted thousands in its football stadium . There were students from schools from Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska and Oklahoma attending , plus numerous other guests who heard from , amongst others , astronomers from the Vatican Observatory . An eclipse photographer in Madisonville , Kentucky Kentucky ( edit ) Bowling Green -- Western Kentucky University hosted thousands of K - 12 students in its football stadium . At Bowling Green Ballpark , the Bowling Green Hot Rods , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting West Michigan Whitecaps . Hopkinsville -- A four - day eclipse festival was held at Jefferson Davis State Historic Site . Tennessee ( edit ) Totality as seen from Tennessee Technological University in Cookeville , Tennessee NASA TV 's live coverage was being watched by 4.4 million people at 1 : 40 EDT , accounting for 87 % of all traffic to U.S. federal government websites Athens -- The City of Athens hosted `` Total Eclipse of the Park '' at Athens Regional Park , including entertainment , food , and vendors . Clarksville -- Austin Peay State University presented several educational events , including an appearance by astronaut Rhea Seddon . Cookeville -- Tennessee Technological University hosted a solar eclipse viewing party at Tucker Stadium . Cookeville hosted special events Saturday - Monday . McMinnville -- celebrated the eclipse by hosting BLACKOUT 2017 , an eclipse viewing event held in the city square . In addition to the viewing , a selection of food trucks and musical acts which features The Pink Floyd Appreciation Society band who performed Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety prior to the totality event . Memphis -- At AutoZone Park , the Memphis Redbirds , a Class AAA baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting New Orleans Baby Cakes . Nashville -- offered many special events , including the Music City Eclipse Science & Technology Festival at the Adventure Science Center . The Italian Lights Festival hosted the largest Eclipse Viewing Party in Nashville , a free NASA - Certified Eclipse Event held at the Bicentennial Mall . Two astrophysicists from NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory emceed the countdown . North Carolina ( edit ) Bryson City -- Planetarium shows were offered , as well as rides on the Great Smoky Mountains Railroad to an eclipse location . Cullowhee -- The eclipse was visible in totality , and classes were cancelled for several hours during the first day of classes at Western Carolina University . Rosman -- Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute ( PARI ) hosted a viewing event . The event at PARI has garnered international attention and the visitors included amateur astronomers . Georgia ( edit ) Athens -- Viewing at Sanford Stadium at the University of Georgia . Blairsville -- Get off the Grid Festival on three days preceding the eclipse . Elberty County - Approximately 400 people gathered at the Georgia Guidestones . South Carolina ( edit ) Anderson - Viewing at the Green Pond Landing on Lake Hartwell with food trucks , astronomer , and music . Unfortunately clouds blocked the sun at the time of totality . Charleston - The College of Charleston hosted NASA 's `` eclipse headquarters '' broadcast as part of an afternoon eclipse viewing celebration on the green behind the campus library . Clemson -- Viewing at Clemson University . Columbia -- The South Carolina State Museum hosted four days of educational events , including an appearance by Apollo 16 astronaut Charles Duke . At Spirit Communications Park , the Columbia Fireflies , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting Rome Braves . Greenville -- Viewing at Furman University . Events include streaming coverage from NASA , educational activities , and live music . At Fluor Field , the Greenville Drive , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting West Virginia Power . Sumter -- Viewing at Dillon Park . Eclipse viewing glasses given away for free . Viewing from outside the United States ( edit ) Boundaries of the sunset partial eclipse in Western Europe Canada ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible across the width of Canada , ranging from 89 percent in Victoria , British Columbia to 11 percent in Resolute , Nunavut . In Toronto , viewing parties were held at the CNE and the Ontario Science Centre Mexico , central America , Caribbean islands , South America ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible from Central America , Mexico , the Caribbean islands , and ships and aircraft in and above the adjacent oceans , as well as the northern countries of South America such as Colombia , Venezuela , and several others . Russia ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible only in the Chukchi Peninsula . In Anadyr , the maximum obscuration was 27 , 82 % . West Africa ( edit ) In some locations in West Africa and western North Africa , a partial eclipse was seen just before and during sunset . Europe ( edit ) In northwestern Europe , the eclipse was only visible partially , in the evening or at sunset . Only those in Iceland , Ireland , Northern Ireland , Scotland and the Portuguese Azores archipelago saw the eclipse from beginning to end ; in the rest of the UK , Norway , the Netherlands , Belgium , France , Spain , and Portugal , sunset occurred before the end of the eclipse . In Germany , the beginning of the eclipse was visible just at sunset only in the extreme northwest of the country . In all regions east of the orange line in the map , the eclipse was not visible . Media and scientific coverage ( edit ) The Moon 's umbra , as seen from the International Space Station A large number of media outlets broadcast coverage of the eclipse , including television and internet outlets . NASA announced plans to offer streaming coverage through its NASA TV and NASA Edge outlets , using cameras stationed on the ground along the path of totality , along with cameras on high - altitude balloons , jets , and coverage from the International Space Station ; NASA stated that `` never before will a celestial event be viewed by so many and explored from so many vantage points -- from space , from the air , and from the ground . '' ABC , CBS , and NBC announced that they would respectively broadcast live television specials to cover the eclipse with correspondents stationed across the path of totality , along with CNN , Fox News Channel , Science , and The Weather Channel . The PBS series Nova presented streaming coverage on Facebook hosted by Miles O'Brien , and aired a special episode chronicling the event -- `` Eclipse Over America '' -- later in the day ( which marked the fastest production turnaround time in Nova history ) . Other institutions and services also announced plans to stream their perspectives of the eclipse , including the Exploratorium in San Francisco , the Elephant Sanctuary of Hohenwald , Tennessee , the Slooh robotic telescope app , and The Virtual Telescope Project . The Eclipse Ballooning Project , a consortium of schools and colleges that sent 50 high - altitude balloons into the sky during the eclipse to conduct experiments , provided streams of footage and GPS tracking of its launches . Contact with one balloon with $13,000 of scientific equipment , launched under the aegis of the LGF Museum of Natural History near Vale , Oregon , was lost at 20,000 feet ( 6,100 m ) . Given that the balloon was believed to have burst at 100,000 feet ( 30,000 m ) it could have parachuted down anywhere from eastern Oregon to Caldwell , Idaho ( most likely ) to Sun Valley , Idaho ; a $1,000 reward is offered for its recovery . The National Solar Observatory organized Citizen CATE volunteers to man 60 identical telescopes and instrumentation packages along the totality path to study changes in the corona over the duration of the eclipse . In orbit , the satellites Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter , the International Space Station , the Solar Dynamics Observatory , the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer , Solar and Heliospheric Observatory , and Hinode gathered data from the eclipse . A viewing party was held at the White House , during which President Donald Trump appeared on the Truman Balcony with First Lady Melania Trump . With the sun partially eclipsed , President Trump looked briefly in the general direction of the sun before using solar viewing glasses . The rapper Joey Badass boasted of watching the solar eclipse without viewing glasses , considering that `` our ancestors ai n't have no fancy eyewear ( and ) they ai n't all go blind '' . Unlike the US president , he did not wear viewing glasses during the entire eclipse . Later , he complained of vision problems and had to cancel his Cleveland , Chicago & Toronto shows on the Everybody Tour , due to `` unforeseen circumstances '' . The eclipse generated reports of abnormal behavior in animal and plant life . Some farm animals including domestic chickens came out from under their coops and began grooming , usually an evening activity . Horses also displayed increased whinnying , running , and jumping after the event . Cicadas were reported to grow louder before going silent during totality . Various birds were also observed flying in unusually large formations . Flowers such as the Hibiscus closed their petals which typically happens at night , before opening again after the solar event . NASA reported over 90 million page views of the eclipse on its websites , making it the agency 's biggest online event ever , beating the previous web traffic record about seven times over . Counterfeit eclipse glasses ( edit ) See also : Solar viewer In the months leading up to the eclipse , many counterfeit glasses were put up for sale . Effective eclipse glasses must not only block most visible light , but most UV and infrared light as well . For visible light , the user should only be able to see the Sun , sunglint reflected off shiny metal , halogen bulbs , the filament in unfrosted incandescent bulbs , and similarly intense sources . Determining whether the glasses effectively block enough UV and infrared light requires the use of spectrophotometer , which is a rather expensive piece of lab equipment . The eye 's retina lacks pain receptors , and thus damage can occur without one 's awareness . The American Astronomical Society ( AAS ) said products meeting the ISO 12312 - 2 standard avoid risk to one 's eyes , and issued a list of reputable vendors of eclipse glasses . The organization warned against products claiming ISO certification or even citing the same number , but not tested by an accredited laboratory . Another problem was counterfeits of reputable vendors ' products , some even claiming the company 's name such as with American Paper Optics which published information detailing the differences between its glasses and counterfeits . Andrew Lund , the owner of a company which produces eclipse glasses , noted that not all counterfeit glasses were necessarily unsafe . He stated to Quartz that the counterfeits he tested blocked the majority of harmful light spectrum , concluding that `` the IP is getting ripped off , but the good news is there are no long - term harmful effects . '' As one example , the Springdale Library in metropolitan Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , accidentally passed out dozens of pairs of counterfeit eclipse glasses , but as of August 23 had not received any reports of eye damage . On July 27 , 2017 , Amazon required all eclipse viewing products sold on its website have a submission of origin and safety information , and proof of an accredited ISO certification . In mid-August 2017 , Amazon recalled and pulled listings for eclipse viewing glasses that `` may not comply with industry standards '' , and gave refunds to customers who had purchased them . Eye damage ( edit ) Short - term damage includes solar keratitis , which is similar to sunburn of the cornea . Symptoms usually occur within twenty - four hours and include eye pain and light sensitivity . Long - term or permanent damage includes solar retinopathy , which occurs when the sun burns a hole in the retina , usually at the fovea ( the focus of the retina ) . Symptoms can occur as long as several weeks after the incident , and can include loss of central vision and / or other vision , as well as eye pain and light sensitivity , afterimages , and changes in color vision . Depending on the severity of damage , vision problems can last for several months or be permanent . Dr. Avnish Deobhakta , an ophthalmologist in New York , states that , `` `` If you 're looking at the sun you 're actually focusing , intentionally , the light of the sun onto the spot ( fovea ) where you want the most precise vision . '' Following a total eclipse in the United Kingdom in 1999 , at least 14 cases of permanent damage were confirmed . One story of solar eclipse danger was illustrated by the case of Mr. Tomososki , who damaged his eyesight when viewing a 1962 eclipse , leaving him with a pea - sized blind spot for the rest of his life . During the 2017 eclipse he warned the country to not make the mistake he did . While some can recover , the danger of an eclipse comes in part because the excitement can override the instinct to not look at the sun . Videos ( edit ) Play media Illustration showing umbra ( black oval ) , penumbra ( concentric shaded ovals ) , and path of totality ( red ) . Play media Illustration featuring several visualizations of the event . Illustration showing shadow as seen from space . Play media Short time - lapse showing umbra as it moves across the clouds . Play media Video of the moment totality occurred in Newberry , South Carolina Gallery ( edit ) Totality Sequence starting at 9 : 06am , totality at 10 : 19am , and ending at 10 : 21am PDT , as seen from Corvallis , Oregon Totality as seen from Columbia , Missouri Totality as seen from Sweetwater , Tennessee Totality as seen from Saint Paul , Clarendon County , South Carolina Transition ( Baily 's beads and Diamond Ring ) Diamond ring as seen from Corvallis , Oregon Diamond ring as seen from Jay Em , Wyoming Baily 's beads before totality from far western Nebraska Diamond ring ( with large flare ) as seen from Cullowhee , NC Diamond ring as seen from Saint Paul , South Carolina Partial Seattle , Washington North Cascades National Park , Washington San Francisco , California Mira Mesa in San Diego , California Far western Nebraska White House , Tennessee Maine at 2 : 41 p.m. EDT before maximum 68 % coverage at 2 : 45 p.m. Brooklyn , New York Ellicott City , Maryland shortly before maximum eclipse ( ~ 80 % ) Virginia Beach , Virginia Simpsonville , South Carolina Images produced by natural pinholes ( Pinholes formed by tree leaves will produce replica images of the eclipse ) . North Cascade mountains ( British Columbia and Washington ) . Moon , Pennsylvania Views outside of the US Tuxtla Gutiérrez ( Chiapas ) , Mexico at 12 : 36 GMT - 6 . Chihuahua , Mexico at 11 : 40 a.m. Sunset from Zarautz , Basque Country Spain Sunset , viewed from Coimbra , Portugal Planning ( edit ) A message board on U.S. Route 64 in North Carolina alerting drivers of the eclipse Officials inside and near the path of totality planned -- sometimes for years -- for the sudden influx of people . Smaller towns struggled to arrange viewing sites and logistics for what could have been a tourism boom or a disaster . In the American West , illegal camping was a major concern , including near cities like Jackson Hole , Wyoming . Idaho 's Office of Emergency Management said Idaho was a prime viewing state , and advised jurisdictions to prepare for service load increases ; nearly every hotel and motel room , campground , and in some cases backyards for nearly 100 miles ( 160 km ) north and south of the path of totality had been reserved several months , if not years , in advance . The state anticipated up to 500,000 visitors to join its 1.6 million residents . Oregon deployed six National Guard aircraft and 150 soldiers because the influx of visitors coincided with the state 's fire season . Hospital staffing , and supplies of blood and anti -- snake bite antidote , were augmented along the totality line . In Oregon , there were reports of hoteliers canceling existing reservations made at the regular market rate and increasing their rate , sometimes threefold or more , for guests staying to view the eclipse . The Oregon Department of Justice ( DOJ ) investigated various complaints and reached settlements with affected customers of at least 10 hotels in the state . These settlements included refunds to the customers and fines paid to the DOJ . Post-eclipse traffic problems ( edit ) Although traffic to areas within the path of totality was somewhat spread out over the days prior to the eclipse , there were widespread traffic problems across the United States after the event ended . Michael Zeiler , an eclipse cartographer , had estimated that between 1.85 million and 7.4 million people would travel to the path of the eclipse . In Oregon , an estimated one million people were expected to arrive that the Oregon National Guard was called in to help manage traffic in Madras along US 26 and US 97 . Madras Municipal Airport received more than 400 mostly personal planes that queued for hours while waiting to leave after the eclipse . Officials in Idaho , where the totality path crossed the center of the state , began planning for the eclipse a year in advance . The state Transportation Department suspended construction projects along Interstate 15 , which traverses Eastern Idaho , from August 18 -- 22 in order to have all lanes open ; their counterparts in neighboring Utah , where many were expected to travel the 220 miles ( 350 km ) north via the highway from the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , did the same . On the morning of the eclipse , many drivers left before dawn , creating traffic volume along I - 15 normally not seen until morning rush hour ; northbound traffic on the interstate in Box Elder County north of Salt Lake City slowed to 10 -- 15 miles per hour ( 16 -- 24 km / h ) . The Idaho State Police ( ISP ) stationed a patrol car along I - 15 every 15 miles ( 24 km ) between Shelley and the Utah border . Traffic backed up on I - 15 / US 26 south of Idaho Falls After the eclipse , traffic more than doubled along I - 15 southbound , with extensive traffic jams continuing for eight hours as viewers who had traveled north into the totality path from Utah returned there and to points south . The ISP tweeted a picture of bumper - to - bumper traffic stalled on the interstate just south of Idaho Falls . Motorists reported to local news outlets that it was taking them two hours to travel the 47 miles ( 76 km ) from that city to Pocatello to the south , a journey that normally takes 45 minutes , and another hour to reach Blackfoot , 30 miles ( 48 km ) further south . In the rest of the state the impact was less severe . Traffic nearly doubled on US 93 , and was up 55 percent on US 20 . For some northbound travelers on I - 15 , the Montana Department of Transportation had failed to make similar plans to those in Idaho , scheduling a road construction project to begin on August 21 that narrowed a section of the highway to a single northbound lane near the exit to Clark Canyon Dam south of Dillon . Though that stretch of highway generally has a traffic count of less than 1000 vehicles per day , on the day of the eclipse there were over a thousand vehicles per hour at peak times . As a result , traffic backed up as far as Lima , creating a delay of at least an hour for travelers heading northward . Further , as construction had not yet begun , drivers observed cones set up but no workers present on the road . While the state traditionally halts construction projects during high traffic periods , a state official admitted `` we ... probably made a bad mistake here in this regard . '' Traffic waiting to get on Interstate 25 at Glendo , Wyoming , after the eclipse In Wyoming , estimates were that the population of the state , officially 585,000 , may have doubled or even tripled , with traffic counts on August 21 showing 536,000 more cars than the five - year average for the third Monday in August ; a 68 percent increase . One official offered an estimate of `` two people in every car '' to arrive at a one - million - visitor figure , and others noted that one million was a conservative estimate based on a one - day traffic count of limited portions of major highways . There were additional arrivals by aircraft , plus travelers who arrived early or stayed for additional days . Two days before the eclipse , traffic increased 18 percent over a five - year average , with an additional 131,000 vehicles on the road . Sunday saw an additional 217,000 - vehicle increase . Following the eclipse , more than 500,000 vehicles traveled Wyoming roads , creating large traffic jams , particularly on southbound and eastbound highways . Drivers reported that it took up to 10 hours to travel 160 miles ( 260 km ) into northern Colorado . There was one traffic fatality , and another fatality related to an off - highway ATV accident , but in general there were far fewer incidents and traffic citations than authorities had anticipated . In Tennessee , the Knoxville News Sentinel described the traffic problems created by the eclipse as the worst ever seen in that part of the state . One backup along Interstate 75 reached 34 miles ( 55 km ) in length , between Niota and the Interstate 40 interchange at Farragut . A spokesman for the state 's Department of Transportation allowed that the traffic jams were the worst he had seen in six and a half years on the job , noting that accidents had aggravated the already heavy traffic flows , attributed the I - 75 congestion to Knoxville - area residents heading for the totality path at Sweetwater and returning during what was the city 's normal afternoon rush hour . Before the eclipse , state officials had described their traffic expectations as equivalent to that generated by the Bonnaroo Music Festival , the twice - a-season NASCAR Monster Energy Cup races at Bristol or the formerly - held Boomsday fireworks festival . `` Maybe they should have considered a tsunami of traffic combining all three of those heavily attended events '' , the News Sentinel commented . The Tennessee Highway Patrol made sure that `` ( e ) very trooper not on sick leave or military leave or pre-approved leave ( wa ) s working '' the day of the eclipse ; the state DOT made sure its full complement of emergency - aid HELP trucks were available as well . Alert signs on the highways also warned motorists not to pull over onto the shoulders to watch the eclipse as it could increase the risk of dangerous accidents and block the path of emergency vehicles . In North Carolina , the Department of Transportation added cameras , message boards and safety patrols in the counties where the total eclipse would take place , as well as stopping road work . The department warned that due to `` unprecedented '' traffic ordinary activities requiring driving might prove difficult , and advised people to act as if there were snow . Impact on solar power ( edit ) An eclipse causes a reduction of solar power generation where the Moon shadow covers any solar panel , as do clouds . The North American Electric Reliability Corporation predicted minor impacts , and attempted to measure the impact of the 2017 eclipse . In California , solar power was projected to decrease by 4 -- 6,000 megawatts at 70 MW / minute , and then ramp up by 90 MW / minute as the shadow passes . CAISO 's typical ramp rate is 29 megawatts per minute . Around 4 GW mainly in North Carolina and Georgia were expected to be 90 percent obscured . After the 2017 eclipse , grid operators in California reported having lost 3,000 -- 3,500 megawatts of utility - scale solar power , which was made up for by hydropower and gas reliably and as expected , mimicking the usual duck curve . Energy demand management was also used to mitigate the solar drop . NV Energy prepared for the solar eclipse months in advance and collaborated with 17 western states . When the eclipse began covering California with partial darkness , which reduced its usual amount of solar - generated electricity , NV Energy sent power there . Likewise , when Nevada received less sunlight , other west coast states supplied electricity to it . During the solar eclipse , the state of Nevada lost about 450 megawatts of electricity , the amount used by about a quarter million typical residences . The 2015 eclipse caused manageable solar power decreases in Europe ; in Germany , solar power dropped from 14 GW to 7 GW , of a 38 GW solar power capacity . Commemorative stamp ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Total Solar Eclipse stamp On June 20 , 2017 , the United States Postal Service released the first application of thermochromic ink to postage stamps in its Total Eclipse of the Sun Forever stamp to commemorate the solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 . When pressed with a finger , body heat turns the black circle in the center of the stamp into an image of the full moon . The stamp image is a photo of the solar eclipse of March 29 , 2006 seen in Jalu , Libya . The photo was taken by retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak . Related eclipses ( edit ) Photograph of the 1871 eclipse . Solar eclipses are prized by artists and scientists alike because they allow for the normally obscured corona of the Sun to be photographed ( see Astrophotography ) . Astronomers Without Borders began collecting eclipse glasses for redistribution to Latin America for the total solar eclipse occurring on July 2 , 2019 and to Asia for the annular eclipse on December 26 , 2019 . A partial lunar eclipse took place on August 7 , 2017 , in the same eclipse season . It was visible over Africa , Asia , Australia , and eastern Europe . Solar eclipses 2015 -- 2018 ( edit ) Each member in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours ( a semester ) at alternating nodes of the Moon 's orbit . ( show ) Solar eclipse series sets from 2015 -- 18 Descending node Ascending node Saros Map Saros Map 120 Longyearbyen , Svalbard March 20 , 2015 Total 125 September 13 , 2015 Partial 130 Balikpapan , Indonesia March 9 , 2016 Total 135 L'Étang - Salé , Réunion September 1 , 2016 Annular 140 Partial from Buenos Aires February 26 , 2017 Annular 145 Oregon August 21 , 2017 Total 150 February 15 , 2018 Partial 155 August 11 , 2018 Partial Partial solar eclipses on July 13 , 2018 , and January 6 , 2019 , occur during the next semester series . Saros series 145 ( edit ) This solar eclipse is a part of Saros cycle 145 , repeating every 18 years , 11 days , 8 hours , containing 77 events . The series started with a partial solar eclipse on January 4 , 1639 , and reached a first annular eclipse on June 6 , 1891 . It was a hybrid event on June 17 , 1909 , and total eclipses from June 29 , 1927 , through September 9 , 2648 . The series ends at member 77 as a partial eclipse on April 17 , 3009 . The longest eclipse will occur on June 25 , 2522 , with a maximum duration of totality of 7 minutes , 12 seconds . ( show ) Series members 16 -- 26 occur between 1901 and 2100 16 17 18 June 17 , 1909 June 29 , 1927 July 9 , 1945 19 20 21 July 20 , 1963 July 31 , 1981 August 11 , 1999 22 23 24 August 21 , 2017 September 2 , 2035 September 12 , 2053 25 26 September 23 , 2071 October 4 , 2089 Metonic series ( edit ) The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years ( 6939.69 days ) , lasting about 5 cycles . Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date . In addition , the octon subseries repeats 1 / 5 of that or every 3.8 years ( 1387.94 days ) . ( show ) 21 eclipse events , progressing from north to south between June 10 , 1964 , and August 21 , 2036 June 10 -- 11 March 27 -- 29 January 15 -- 16 November 3 August 21 -- 22 117 119 121 123 125 June 10 , 1964 March 28 , 1968 January 16 , 1972 November 3 , 1975 August 22 , 1979 127 129 131 133 135 June 11 , 1983 March 29 , 1987 January 15 , 1991 November 3 , 1994 August 22 , 1998 137 139 141 143 145 June 10 , 2002 March 29 , 2006 January 15 , 2010 November 3 , 2013 August 21 , 2017 147 149 151 153 155 June 10 , 2021 March 29 , 2025 January 14 , 2029 November 3 , 2032 August 21 , 2036 See also ( edit ) List of solar eclipses visible from the United States Notable total solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050 : Solar eclipse of June 8 , 1918 Solar eclipse of April 8 , 2024 Solar eclipse of August 12 , 2045 Notable annular solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050 : Solar eclipse of May 10 , 1994 Solar eclipse of October 14 , 2023 Solar eclipse of June 11 , 2048 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chan , Melissa ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Total Solar Eclipse : Everything You Need to Know '' . 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Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . a unique opportunity for professional astronomers to intermingle with knowledgeable amateurs ; gathering together to learn from each other and exchange ideas . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Eclipse Festival 2017 '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Great American Eclipse , Fort Laramie '' . National Park Service . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Events '' . 2017 Solar Eclipse in Alliance . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crowds at Carhenge in Nebraska eager to view solar eclipse ( ABC News , Aug 21 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Lunch on the Lawn '' . Nemaha County Hospital . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 -- via Facebook . Jump up ^ `` Gem of the Prairie Eclipse Event '' . stuhrmuseum.org . Stuhr Museum . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Solar Eclipse Weekend of Events at Homestead National Monument of America -- Homestead National Monument of America '' . U.S. National Park Service . 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Jump up ^ `` Darkening of the Sun -- Eclipse 2017 -- St. Clair MO '' . Jump up ^ `` St. Joseph Eclipse '' . Front Page Science . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Illinois : eclipse crossroads of America '' . Southern Illinois University Carbondale . May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Bob ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Amtrak announces ' Eclipse Express ' special to southern Illinois '' . Trains . Jump up ^ `` Southern Illinois University Carbondale ( NASA EDGE ) '' . NASA . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carley , Sean ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Remainder of `` Moonstock '' eclipse festival lineup announced `` . Daily Egyptian . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` View the Eclipse with University of Illinois Astronomers in Goreville , IL '' . University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Great American Eclipse Viewing at Benedictine College '' . Benedictine College . Jump up ^ `` WKU Eclipse Events '' . Western Kentucky University . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen , Eric ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Solar eclipse 2017 : The 5 minor league games being played during Aug. 21 event '' . SBNation . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Monumental Solar Eclipse Festival : August 18 -- August 21 '' . Solar Eclipse Hopkinsville , KY . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Park '' . athenschamber.org . Athens Area Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse : Events '' . Austin Peay State University . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse 2017 '' . Oakley STEM Center . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blackout 2017 '' . mainstreetmcminnville.org . Main Street McMinville . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse - Themed Programs & Events '' . Music City Solar Eclipse . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nashville 's Italian Lights festival is official NASA location for solar eclipse '' . Music City Eclipse at Italian Lights Festival . WKRN News2 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse 2017 Viewing Event , Free Music City Eclipse Party '' . Music City Eclipse at Italian Lights Festival . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Total Solar Eclipse Will Pass Through the Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina '' . Bryson City North Carolina . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reinhart , Vince ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse - Cullowhee North Carolina '' -- via Flickr . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse leaves thousands breathless at UGA 's Sanford Stadium '' . WXIA . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Off the Grid Fest '' . Get Off the Grid Fest . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eclipse awes those gathered at Georgia Guidestones , by Wayne Ford ( Athens Banner - Herald , Aug 21 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` NASA to Broadcast Eclipse from . CofC '' . The College Today . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melvin , Jim ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Live : When , where and how to watch the total solar eclipse at Clemson University '' . Clemson University . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse 2017 at the South Carolina State Museum '' . South Carolina State Museum . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse at Furman '' . Furman University . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse Watch Party '' . sumtersc.gov . City of Sumter . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mortillaro , Nicole ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` When day turns into night : Canadians , Americans prepare for total solar eclipse '' . CBC News . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where to watch the eclipse in the Toronto area Toronto Star '' . thestar.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler Will Sing ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' During the Actual Total Solar Eclipse '' . Space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Sun '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Local Circumstances of the partial eclipse in Anadyr '' . Jump up ^ Littmann , Espenak , Willcox : Totality : Eclipses of the Sun . pp 253ff ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Molly ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` How to watch the Great American Eclipse , no matter where you are in the world '' . Quartz . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Katz , A.J. ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Here Are The TV Network Plans For Covering the Total Solar Eclipse '' . TVNewser . Adweek . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Solar Eclipse Coverage : TV Goes Totally Looney for Lunar Moment '' . Variety . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Potenza , Alessandra ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why NASA is sending bacteria into the sky on balloons during the eclipse '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MOELLER , KATY ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse observation balloon went missing . Did it land in Treasure Valley ? '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Eclipse 2017 Umbra Viewed from Space '' . NASA . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wong , Herman . `` Trump celebrates solar eclipse by looking up without special viewing glasses '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Am I crazy for watching the eclipse with no glasses ? ' Rapper Joey Bada $ $ is forced to pull out of his live tour after staring directly at the sun '' . Daily Mail Online . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Solar Eclipse Had a Spooky Effect on Nature '' . Live Science . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The solar eclipse was viewed over 90 million times on NASA website '' . The Economic Times . August 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfson , Elijah ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Solar - eclipse fever means counterfeit glasses are flooding Amazon 's market '' . Quartz . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Tell If Your Eclipse Glasses or Handheld Solar Viewers Are Safe '' . Solar Eclipse Across America -- August 21 , 2017 . American Astronomical Society . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Includes photos of genuine and fake eclipse glasses . Jump up ^ Pittman , Travis ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's How Fast Your Retina Could Burn Looking at Eclipse Unprotected '' . Denver , Colorado : 9 News . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Glasses Safety '' . Eclipse Glasses.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Czebiniak , Madasyn ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Springdale library ' sickened ' by discovery of counterfeit eclipse glasses '' . Trib Live . metro Pittsburgh . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Matt ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` How to tell if your solar eclipse glasses are safe or fake '' . CNET . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Signs of Potential Eye Damage After Watching Solar Eclipse , According to an Eye Care Expert '' . NBC Chicago . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Questions and answers with Linda Chous , a doctor and `` chief eye care officer for UnitedHealthcare '' . Jump up ^ Price , Mark ( 2017 - 08 - 21 ) . `` What are the symptoms of eye damage from viewing a solar eclipse ? '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Will eye damage follow the Great American Eclipse ? , Los Angeles Times , Amina Khan , August 22 , 2017 . Dr. Avnish Deobhakta is an ophthalmologist at the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai . Jump up ^ Do n't let the solar eclipse destroy your eyes : Experts explain signs , symptoms of vision damage , Ashley Williams , AccuWeather staff writer . ^ Jump up to : `` Man With Eye Damage From 1962 Eclipse Warns Others To Be Careful '' . simplemost.com . August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What looking at the solar eclipse without glasses could do to your eyes '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Mariano , Nick ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Local tourism , businesses make plans for solar eclipse in 2017 '' . The Southern Illinosian . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serven , Ruth ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Total solar eclipse offers small towns a tourism boom -- if they can get ready '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richy , Brad ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` Letter to Eclipse Communities '' ( PDF ) . Idaho Office of Emergency Management . Jump up ^ Moeller , Katy ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Oregon eclipse traffic is already backing up . Idaho has an app for that . '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon governor authorizes National Guard for solar eclipse '' . KBTX - TV . Associated Press . July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynne , Terry ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse 2017 : Hospitals stock up on blood , rattlesnake bite antidote '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hale , Jamie ( 3 April 2017 ) . `` Oregon hotels unapologetic , silent about widespread eclipse cancellations '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Guevarra , Ericka ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Customers Get Payments From Oregon Hotels That Canceled , Raised Prices For Eclipse '' . Oregon Public Broadcasting . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bach , Jonathan ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Grand Hotel to pay customers for eclipse reservation problems '' . Statesman Journal . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , David ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse : Construction causes huge I - 15 traffic jam ; Montana official apologizes '' . Missoulian . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rao , Joe ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Get Ready for Major Traffic Jams During the 2017 Solar Eclipse '' . Space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Russ ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Solar eclipse gridlock : It was so busy in Madras , Ore. , they called in the National Guard '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harbager , Molly ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse jams traffic on runways , not just roads , with hundreds of planes in Madras waiting '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I - 15 projects to shut down for eclipse '' . KIFI - TV . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mims , Bob ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Traffic into Utah jammed as eclipse fans head home on Interstate 15 '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carr , Ada ; Breslin , Sean ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Solar Eclipse Traffic : Interstates Busy as Final Travelers Hit the Road '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sunderland , Nate ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Bumper - to - bumper traffic on I - 15 as eclipse viewers leave Idaho '' . KSL - TV . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse Traffic Counts '' . Idaho Transportation Department . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Christine ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` More than a million people may have visited Wyoming for eclipse ; one person came by sea plane '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic increases 18 percent over a five - year average on Saturday as Aug. 21 eclipse nears '' . Wyoming Department of Transportation . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rainey , Libby ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Wyoming solar eclipse traffic jam was one for the record books '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Shane ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Highway patrol releases new details about Colorado motorcyclist killed in Eclipse traffic '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Shane . `` Eclipse keeps highway patrol busy , but local authorities respond to fewer incidents than expected '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Don ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Worst traffic snarls ever seen in East Tennessee . '' . Knoxville News Sentinel . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Western NC ready for eclipse , but roads clogged '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Associated Press . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Wide - Area Perspective on the August 21 , 2017 Total Solar Eclipse '' ( PDF ) . North American Electric Reliability Corporation . April 2017 . p. 20 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . The analysis performed in this study showed no reliability impacts to bulk power system ( BPS ) operations . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Long - Term Reliability Assessment '' ( PDF ) . North American Electric Reliability Corporation . December 2016 . p. 70 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . causes substantial effects to wide - scale solar generation within a very short amount of time . The output generated by PV / solar systems will be either diminished or drastically reduced within the window of this event . Sudden widespread diminishing of solar irradiance may heavily affect areas with large amounts of utility scale PV energy installations or behind - the - meter DERs . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar eclipse on August 21 will affect photovoltaic generators across the country -- Today in Energy '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` This Summer 's Eclipse Will Put California 's Solar - Powered Grid to the Test '' . Greentech Media . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grandoni , Dino ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` California is the state that most depends on the sun for energy . It survived the eclipse without losing any . '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , David R. ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` California power grid survives solar eclipse unscathed '' . SFGate . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Looking Beyond the Eclipse : How the Historic Event Tested Customer Engagement on the Electric Grid '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Today 's eclipse is a test run for the electricity community . So we have exactly the same challenge on a regular basis within the grid because of solar . Jump up ^ Mendoza , Jullie Anne ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` NV Energy all set for solar eclipse in Nevada , despite loss of power '' . Centrio News . Henderson , Nevada : Centrio Media Network . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` European power grids keep lights on through solar eclipse '' . Reuters . March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` German power net survives solar eclipse '' . dw.com . Deutsche Welle . March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Sun to be commemorated on a Forever Stamp '' . United States Postal Service . April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Eclipse of the Sun '' . United States Postal Service ( store ) . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Wait ! Dig those eclipse glasses out of the garbage Here comes the sun . Astronomers Without Borders will be collecting the protective eyewear for use in future eclipses worldwide . '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ( September 26 , 2009 ) . `` Statistics for Solar Eclipses of Saros 145 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Bakich , Michael E. ( 2016 ) . Your Guide to the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse . The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series . New York , NY : Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 27630 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSolar eclipse of August 21 , 2017at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Data from Wikidata August 21 , 2017 eclipse -- NASA Color map -- NASA Photos and videos Space.com Solar eclipses Lists of eclipses By century Antiquity 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Saros series 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Visibility Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States Historical Mursili 's eclipse ( 1312 BC ) Assyrian eclipse ( 763 BC ) Eclipse of Thales ( 585 BC ) Total / hybrid eclipses → symbol denotes next total / hybrid eclipse 1560 Aug 21 1598 Mar 7 1652 Apr 8 1654 Aug 12 1673 Aug 12 1699 Sep 23 1715 May 3 1724 May 22 1766 Feb 9 1778 Jun 24 1780 Oct 27 1806 Jun 16 1816 Nov 19 1824 Jun 26 1842 Jul 8 1851 Jul 28 1853 Nov 30 1857 Mar 25 1858 Sep 7 1860 Jul 18 1865 Apr 25 1867 Aug 29 1868 Aug 18 1869 Aug 7 1870 Dec 22 1871 Dec 12 1874 Apr 16 1875 Apr 6 1878 Jul 29 1882 May 17 1883 May 6 1885 Sep 8 1886 Aug 29 1887 Aug 19 1889 Jan 1 1889 Dec 22 1893 Apr 16 1896 Aug 9 1898 Jan 22 1900 May 28 1901 May 18 1903 Sep 21 1904 Sep 9 1905 Aug 30 1907 Jan 14 1908 Jan 3 1908 Dec 23 1909 Jun 17 1910 May 9 1911 Apr 28 1912 Apr 17 1912 Oct 10 1914 Aug 21 1916 Feb 3 1918 Jun 8 1919 May 29 1921 Oct 1 1922 Sep 21 1923 Sep 10 1925 Jan 24 1926 Jan 14 1927 Jun 29 1928 May 19 1929 May 9 1930 Apr 28 1930 Oct 21 1932 Aug 31 1934 Feb 14 1936 Jun 19 1937 Jun 8 1938 May 29 1939 Oct 12 1940 Oct 1 1941 Sep 21 1943 Feb 4 1944 Jan 25 1944 Jul 20 1945 Jul 9 1947 May 20 1948 Nov 1 1950 Sep 12 1952 Feb 25 1954 Jun 30 1955 Jun 20 1956 Jun 8 1957 Oct 23 1958 Oct 12 1959 Oct 2 1961 Feb 15 1962 Feb 5 1963 Jul 20 1965 May 30 1966 Nov 12 1967 Nov 2 1968 Sep 22 1970 Mar 7 1972 Jul 10 1973 Jun 30 1974 Jun 20 1976 Oct 23 1977 Oct 12 1979 Feb 26 1980 Feb 16 1981 Jul 31 1983 Jun 11 1984 Nov 22 1985 Nov 12 1986 Oct 3 1987 Mar 29 1988 Mar 18 1990 Jul 22 1991 Jul 11 1992 Jun 30 1994 Nov 3 1995 Oct 24 1997 Mar 9 1998 Feb 26 1999 Aug 11 2001 Jun 21 2002 Dec 4 2003 Nov 23 2005 Apr 8 2006 Mar 29 2008 Aug 1 2009 Jul 22 2010 Jul 11 2012 Nov 13 2013 Nov 3 2015 Mar 20 2016 Mar 9 2017 Aug 21 → 2019 Jul 2 2020 Dec 14 2021 Dec 4 2023 Apr 20 2024 Apr 8 2026 Aug 12 2027 Aug 2 2028 Jul 22 2030 Nov 25 2031 Nov 14 2033 Mar 30 2034 Mar 20 2035 Sep 2 2037 Jul 13 2038 Dec 26 2039 Dec 15 2041 Apr 30 2042 Apr 20 2043 Apr 9 2044 Aug 23 2045 Aug 12 2046 Aug 2 2048 Dec 5 2049 Nov 25 2050 May 20 2052 Mar 30 2053 Sep 12 2055 Jul 24 2057 Jan 5 2057 Dec 26 2059 May 11 2060 Apr 30 2061 Apr 20 2063 Aug 24 2064 Aug 12 2066 Dec 17 2067 Dec 6 2068 May 31 2070 Apr 11 2071 Sep 23 2072 Sep 12 2073 Aug 3 2075 Jan 16 2076 Jan 6 2077 May 22 2078 May 11 2079 May 1 2081 Sep 3 2082 Aug 24 2084 Dec 27 2086 Jun 11 2088 Apr 21 2089 Oct 4 2090 Sep 23 2091 Aug 15 2093 Jan 27 2094 Jan 16 2095 Jun 2 2096 May 22 2097 May 11 2099 Sep 14 2100 Sep 4 2114 Jun 3 2132 Jun 13 2150 Jun 25 2168 Jul 5 2186 Jul 16 Annular eclipses → symbol denotes next annular eclipse 1820 Sep 7 1854 May 26 1879 Jan 22 1889 Jun 28 1901 Nov 11 1903 Mar 29 1904 Mar 17 1905 Mar 6 1907 Jul 10 1908 Jun 28 1911 Oct 22 1914 Feb 25 1915 Feb 14 1915 Aug 10 1916 Jul 30 1917 Dec 14 1918 Dec 3 1919 Nov 22 1921 Apr 8 1922 Mar 28 1923 Mar 17 1925 Jul 20 1926 Jul 9 1927 Jan 3 1929 Nov 1 1932 Mar 7 1933 Feb 24 1933 Aug 21 1934 Aug 10 1935 Dec 25 1936 Dec 13 1937 Dec 2 1939 Apr 19 1940 Apr 7 1941 Mar 27 1943 Aug 1 1945 Jan 14 1947 Nov 12 1948 May 9 1950 Mar 18 1951 Mar 7 1951 Sep 1 1952 Aug 20 1954 Jan 5 1954 Dec 25 1955 Dec 14 1957 Apr 30 1958 Apr 19 1959 Apr 8 1961 Aug 11 1962 Jul 31 1963 Jan 25 1965 Nov 23 1966 May 20 1969 Mar 18 1969 Sep 11 1970 Aug 31 1972 Jan 16 1973 Jan 4 1973 Dec 24 1976 Apr 29 1977 Apr 18 1979 Aug 22 1980 Aug 10 1981 Feb 4 1983 Dec 4 1984 May 30 1987 Sep 23 1988 Sep 11 1990 Jan 26 1991 Jan 15 1992 Jan 4 1994 May 10 1995 Apr 29 1998 Aug 22 1999 Feb 16 2001 Dec 14 2002 Jun 10 2003 May 31 2005 Oct 3 2006 Sep 22 2008 Feb 7 2009 Jan 26 2010 Jan 15 2012 May 20 2013 May 10 2014 Apr 29 2016 Sep 1 2017 Feb 26 → 2019 Dec 26 2020 Jun 21 2021 Jun 10 2023 Oct 14 2024 Oct 2 2026 Feb 17 2027 Feb 6 2028 Jan 26 2030 Jun 1 2031 May 21 2032 May 9 2034 Sep 12 2035 Mar 9 2038 Jan 5 2038 Jul 2 2039 Jun 21 2041 Oct 25 2042 Oct 14 2043 Oct 3 2044 Feb 28 2045 Feb 16 2046 Feb 5 2048 Jun 11 2049 May 31 2052 Sep 22 2053 Mar 20 2056 Jan 16 2056 Jul 12 2057 Jul 1 2059 Nov 5 2060 Oct 24 2061 Oct 13 2063 Feb 28 2064 Feb 17 2066 Jun 22 2067 Jun 11 2070 Oct 4 2071 Mar 31 2074 Jan 27 2074 Jul 24 2075 Jul 13 2077 Nov 15 2078 Nov 4 2079 Oct 24 2081 Mar 10 2082 Feb 27 2084 Jul 3 2085 Jun 22 2085 Dec 16 2088 Oct 14 2089 Apr 10 2092 Feb 7 2092 Aug 3 2093 Jul 23 2095 Nov 27 2096 Nov 15 2097 Nov 4 2099 Mar 21 2100 Mar 10 Partial eclipses → symbol denotes next partial eclipse 1902 Apr 8 1902 May 7 1902 Oct 31 1906 Feb 23 1906 Jul 21 1906 Aug 20 1909 Dec 12 1910 Nov 2 1913 Apr 6 1913 Aug 31 1913 Sep 30 1916 Dec 24 1917 Jan 23 1917 Jun 19 1917 Jul 19 1920 May 18 1920 Nov 10 1924 Mar 5 1924 Jul 31 1924 Aug 30 1927 Dec 24 1928 Jun 17 1928 Nov 12 1931 Apr 18 1931 Sep 12 1931 Oct 11 1935 Jan 5 1935 Feb 3 1935 Jun 30 1935 Jul 30 1938 Nov 21 1942 Mar 16 1942 Aug 12 1942 Sep 10 1946 Jan 3 1946 May 30 1946 Jun 29 1946 Nov 23 1949 Apr 28 1949 Oct 21 1953 Feb 14 1953 Jul 11 1953 Aug 9 1956 Dec 2 1960 Mar 27 1960 Sep 20 1964 Jan 14 1964 Jun 10 1964 Jul 9 1964 Dec 4 1967 May 9 1968 Mar 28 1971 Feb 25 1971 Jul 22 1971 Aug 20 1974 Dec 13 1975 May 11 1975 Nov 3 1978 Apr 7 1978 Oct 2 1982 Jan 25 1982 Jun 21 1982 Jul 20 1982 Dec 15 1985 May 19 1986 Apr 9 1989 Mar 7 1989 Aug 31 1992 Dec 24 1993 May 21 1993 Nov 13 1996 Apr 17 1996 Oct 12 1997 Sep 2 2000 Feb 5 2000 Jul 1 2000 Jul 31 2000 Dec 25 2004 Apr 19 2004 Oct 14 2007 Mar 19 2011 Jan 4 2011 Jun 1 2011 Jul 1 2011 Nov 25 2014 Oct 23 2015 Sep 13 → 2018 Feb 15 2018 Jul 13 2018 Aug 11 2019 Jan 6 2022 Apr 30 2022 Oct 25 2025 Mar 29 2025 Sep 21 2029 Jan 14 2029 Jun 12 2029 Jul 11 2032 Nov 3 2033 Sep 23 2036 Feb 27 2036 Jul 23 2036 Aug 21 2037 Jan 16 2040 May 11 2040 Nov 4 2047 Jan 26 2047 Jun 23 2047 Jul 22 2047 Dec 16 2050 Nov 14 2051 Apr 11 2051 Oct 4 2054 Mar 9 2054 Aug 3 2054 Sep 2 2055 Jan 27 2058 May 22 2058 Jun 21 2058 Nov 16 2062 Mar 11 2062 Sep 3 2065 Feb 5 2065 Jul 3 2065 Aug 2 2065 Dec 27 2068 Nov 24 2069 Apr 21 2069 May 20 2069 Oct 15 2072 Mar 19 2073 Feb 7 2076 Jun 1 2076 Jul 1 2076 Nov 26 2083 Feb 16 2083 Jul 15 2083 Aug 13 2084 Jan 7 2086 Dec 6 2087 May 2 2087 Jun 1 2087 Oct 26 2090 Mar 31 2091 Feb 18 2094 Jun 13 2094 Jul 12 2094 Dec 7 2098 Apr 1 2098 Sep 25 2098 Oct 24 Other bodies Mars Moon Jupiter Neptune Pluto Saturn Uranus Related topics Eclipse chasing Solar viewer Solar eclipses in fiction Book Commons Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_eclipse_of_August_21,_2017&oldid=802424420 '' Categories : 2017 in science 2017 in space 21st - century solar eclipses August 2017 events August 2017 events in the United States Total solar eclipses Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Use American English from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar მარგალური မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Română Русский Scots Simple English ไทย اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 02 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the solar eclipse last the longest | [
"The longest ground duration of totality was 2 minutes 41.6 seconds at about 37°35′0″N 89°7′0″W / 37.58333°N 89.11667°W / 37.58333; -89.11667 in Giant City State Park, just south of Carbondale, Illinois, and the greatest extent (width) was at 36°58′0″N 87°40′18″W / 36.96667°N 87.67167°W / 36.96667; -87.67167 near the village of Cerulean, Kentucky, located in between Hopkinsville and Princeton.[10] This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the Southeastern United States since the solar eclipse of March 7, 1970. Two NASA WB-57F flew above the clouds, prolonging the observation time spent in the umbra.[11] A partial solar eclipse was seen from the much broader path of the Moon's penumbra, including all of North America, particularly areas just south of the totality pass, where the eclipse lasted about 3–5 hours, northern South America, Western Europe, and some of Africa and north-east Asia."
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"in Giant City State Park, just south of Carbondale, Illinois"
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-6882727335014710590 | Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta | Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta - wikipedia Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta Jump to : navigation , search Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta Genre Reality television Starring Bow Wow Zonnique Pullins Reginae Carter Shaniah Mauldin Ayana Fite Brandon Barnes Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 9 Production Executive producer ( s ) Tara Long Datari Turner Shad Moss $ ir D Da Realist Ayana Fite Amy ( Co ) Running time 42 to 44 minutes Release Original network WE tv Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release May 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Growing Up Hip Hop External links Website www.wetv.com/shows/growing-up-hip-hop-atlanta Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta is the second installment of the Growing Up Hip Hop reality television franchise on WE tv . The series premiered on May 25 , 2017 , and chronicles the lives of the children of hip hop legends in Atlanta . On November 2 , 2017 , WE tv announced that Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta was renewed for a second season , which will premiere in January 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Supporting 2 Series overview 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 4 References Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Cast member Seasons Bow Wow Main TBA Zonnique Pullins Main TBA Reginae Carter Main TBA Shaniah Mauldin Main TBA Ayana Fite Main TBA Brandon Barnes Main TBA Bow Wow Real name Shad Moss , Moss his self is already a Hip Hop legend . Moss having released his first album Beware of Dog in 2000 as Lil ' Bow Wow at the age of 13 under the guidance of Snoop Dogg and Jermaine Dupri . He has released five other studio albums since his debut . Moss was the host of the music video countdown show 106 & Park from 2012 to 2014 . Moss has acted in many movies and television shows including Like Mike and CSI : Cyber . The first season showcases Bow Wow returning to Atlanta to record his final studio album and reconnecting with his father . Zonnique Pullins Daughter of R&B legend Tameka `` Tiny '' Cottle - Harris and stepdaughter of Hip Hop legend T.I. . Pullins first came to public attention appearing in Tiny & Toya and later in T.I. & Tiny : The Family Hustle . Pullins was formerly a member of the OMG Girlz , which released a number of singles including `` Gucci This ( Gucci That ) '' and were nominated for a `` NAACP Image Award '' for Best New Artist . Pullins recently released her first solo EP titled `` Love Jones '' . In the first season , Zonnique attempts take control of her music career by finding a new manager in Deb Antney . Reginae Carter Daughter of Hip Hop legend Lil Wayne and Toya Wright . Carter has previously appeared in Tiny & Toya with her mother . Carter was a founding member of the OMG Girlz , but left the group before any singles were released . Carter appeared on My Super Sweet 16 in 2015 , which showcased her Sweet 16 . In the first season , Reginae comes to a major conflict with Brandon when he disrespects her father . Shaniah Mauldin Daughter of legendary Hip Hop producer Jermaine Dupri . Ayana Fite Daughter of the legendary DJ Hurricane . In the first season , Ayana tries to become more serious with her girlfriend Amy and finds herself in the middle of Reginae and Brandon 's beef being Brandon 's cousin . Brandon Barnes Son of legendary Hip Hop manager Debra Antney . The first season showcases a major conflict between he and Reginae after he disrespects her father . Also , he tries to become a well known artisit developer Supporting ( edit ) Cast member Seasons Deb Antney Supporting TBA Da Brat Supporting TBA Jermaine Dupri Supporting TBA Toya Wright Supporting TBA Tameka `` Tiny '' Harris Supporting TBA DJ Hurricane Supporting TBA Deb Antney Mother of Brandon Barnes and Waka Flocka Flame . Deb has developed the career of her son Waka along with Gucci Mane and Nicki Minaj . Deb comes into conflict with Brandon , Toya , and Tiny in the first season . Da Brat Da Brat is a female rapper who was the first female rapper to go platinum with her album Funkdafied . Da Brat is currently apart of The Rickey Smiley Morning Show and Dish Nation . Da Brat serves as a support system for Bow Wow in the first season , and both Bow Wow and $ ir D Da Realist in season two . Jermaine Dupri Father of Shaniah Mauldin . Jermaine Dupri is a rapper who has produced many songs and create many careers , including Bow Wow . Jermaine pushes Bow Wow to move to Atlanta to be more focused with his music . Toya Wright Mother of Reginae Carter . Toya has previously appeared on Tiny & Toya and Toya : A Family Affair . Toya comes into conflict with Deb and Brandon after Brandon disrespects Lil Wayne . Tameka `` Tiny '' Harris Mother of Zonnique Pullins . Tiny is a member of the R&B group Xscape and has appeared on other reality shows like Tiny & Toya and T.I. & Tiny : The Family Hustle . In the first season , Tiny has an issue with Zonnique finding another manager and she supports Toya . DJ Hurricane Father of Ayana Fite . DJ Hurricane is a producer and DJ best known for working with the Beastie Boys . Hurricane supports Ayana with her future clothing line and her relationship with Amy . Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 May 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) July 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) 9 January 2018 TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) `` Lil ' Trouble in the A '' May 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) N / A `` You Do n't Work with Rihanna '' June 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 01 ) N / A `` Bow Down to Your Mother '' June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) N / A `` U Do n't Know Me '' June 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) N / A 5 5 `` Watch Me Flip , Watch Me Nae Nae '' June 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) N / A 6 6 `` Problems and Sound is One '' June 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) N / A 7 7 `` Pop 's Locked ... And Drops It '' July 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) N / A 8 8 `` A-Town Goin ' Down '' July 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) N / A Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 9 TBA TBD TBD 10 TBA TBD TBD 11 TBA TBD TBD 12 TBA TBD TBD 13 5 TBA TBD TBD 14 6 TBA TBD TBD 15 7 TBA TBD TBD 16 8 TBA TBD TBD 17 9 TBA TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 20 ' EXCLUSIVE : Snoop Dogg Lectures Bow Wow About His Music Career in ' Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta ' Sneak Peak '' . June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 20 ' Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta - Meet the Cast '' . July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 20 ' Square Up : Watch Toya Wright Defend Reginae Carter Against a Hater '' . June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 20 ' Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta - Meet the Cast '' . July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 20 ' Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta - Meet the Cast '' . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Growing_Up_Hip_Hop:_Atlanta&oldid=808780328 '' Categories : American reality television series 2010s American television series 2017 American television series debuts Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 03 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is growing up hip hop atlanta coming back on | [
"Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta is the second installment of the Growing Up Hip Hop reality television franchise on WE tv. The series premiered on May 25, 2017, and chronicles the lives of the children of hip hop legends in Atlanta. On November 2, 2017, WE tv announced that Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta was renewed for a second season, which will premiere in January 2018."
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"January 2018"
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-3642501235579480533 | First Battle of Bull Run | First battle of Bull Run - wikipedia First battle of Bull Run This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search First Battle of Bull Run First Battle of Manassas Part of the American Civil War First Battle of Bull Run . Chromolithograph by Kurz & Allison , 1889 Date July 21 , 1861 ( 1861 - 07 - 21 ) Location Fairfax County and Prince William County , Virginia 38 ° 48 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 31 ′ 22 '' W / 38.8147 ° N 77.5227 ° W / 38.8147 ; - 77.5227 Coordinates : 38 ° 48 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 31 ′ 22 '' W / 38.8147 ° N 77.5227 ° W / 38.8147 ; - 77.5227 Result Decisive Confederate victory Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States ( Confederacy ) Commanders and leaders Political leaders : Abraham Lincoln Military commanders : Winfield Scott Irvin McDowell Robert Patterson Political leaders : Jefferson Davis Military commanders : P.G.T. Beauregard Thomas `` Stonewall '' Jackson ( WIA ) Joseph E. Johnston Units involved Department of Northeastern Virginia : Army of Northeastern Virginia Department of Pennsylvania : Patterson 's Command ( not engaged ) Army of the Potomac Army of the Shenandoah Strength Army of Northeastern Virginia : 35,732 ( c. 18,000 engaged ) Patterson 's Command : 14 -- 18,000 ( not engaged ) 32,000 -- 34,000 ( c. 18,000 engaged ) Casualties and losses 2,708 ( 481 killed ; 1,011 wounded ; 1,216 missing ) 1,982 ( 387 killed ; 1,582 wounded ; 13 missing ) Manassas Campaign Fairfax Court House ( June 1861 ) Arlington Mills Vienna , Virginia Hoke 's Run Blackburn 's Ford 1st Bull Run Virginia ( 1861 ) Northeastern Virginia ( 1861 ) The First Battle of Bull Run ( the name used by Union forces ) , also known as the First Battle of Manassas ( the name used by Confederate forces ) , was fought on July 21 , 1861 in Prince William County , Virginia , just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west - southwest of Washington , D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War . The Union 's forces were slow in positioning themselves , allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail . Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle . It was a Confederate victory , followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces . Just months after the start of the war at Fort Sumter , the Northern public clamored for a march against the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia , which was expected to bring an early end to the rebellion . Yielding to political pressure , Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell led his unseasoned Union Army across Bull Run against the equally inexperienced Confederate Army of Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard camped near Manassas Junction . McDowell 's ambitious plan for a surprise flank attack on the Confederate left was poorly executed by his officers and men ; nevertheless , the Confederates , who had been planning to attack the Union left flank , found themselves at an initial disadvantage . Confederate reinforcements under Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the Shenandoah Valley by railroad , and the course of the battle quickly changed . A brigade of Virginians under the relatively unknown brigadier general from the Virginia Military Institute , Thomas J. Jackson , stood its ground , which resulted in Jackson receiving his famous nickname , `` Stonewall '' . The Confederates launched a strong counterattack , and as the Union troops began withdrawing under fire , many panicked and the retreat turned into a rout . McDowell 's men frantically ran without order in the direction of Washington , D.C. Both armies were sobered by the fierce fighting and many casualties , and realized that the war was going to be much longer and bloodier than either had anticipated . The Battle of First Bull Run highlighted many of the problems and deficiencies that were typical of the first year of the war . Units were committed piecemeal , attacks were frontal , infantry failed to protect exposed artillery , tactical intelligence was nil , and neither commander was able to employ his whole force effectively . McDowell , with 35,000 men , was only able to commit about 18,000 , and the combined Confederate forces , with about 32,000 men , committed only 18,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Military and political situation 1.2 Irvin McDowell 1.3 Intelligence 1.4 McDowell 's plan and initial movements in the Manassas Campaign 1.5 Prelude to battle 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 Battle 3.1 Morning phase 3.1. 1 Matthews Hill 3.2 Noon phase 3.2. 1 Henry House Hill 3.3 Union retreat 4 Aftermath 4.1 Brief observations 4.2 Detailed casualties 4.2. 1 Union 4.2. 2 Confederate 4.3 Effect on the Union and subsequent events 4.4 Effect on the Confederacy 4.5 Confederate victory : turning point of the American Civil War 4.6 `` Bull Run '' vs. `` Manassas '' 4.7 Confusion between the battle flags 4.8 Conclusions 5 Additional battle maps 5.1 Gallery : the First Bull Run hour by hour 6 In popular culture 7 Sesquicentennial 8 Battlefield preservation 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Memoirs and primary sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Background ( edit ) Military and political situation ( edit ) Main article : Manassas Campaign Further information : Origins of the American Civil War ; Battle of Fort Sumter ; Western Virginia Campaign ; Border states ( American Civil War ) ; President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers ; Eastern Theater of the American Civil War ; and American Civil War Opposing political leaders Pres . Abraham Lincoln , USA Pres . Jefferson Davis , CSA Northern Virginia Theater in July 1861 Confederate Union Further map details , see : Additional Map 1 and Additional Map 2 . On April 15 , 1861 , the day after South Carolina military forces attacked and captured Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor , President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring an insurrection against the laws of the United States . Earlier , South Carolina and seven other Southern states had declared their secession from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America . To suppress the rebellion and restore Federal law in the Southern states , Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers with ninety - day enlistments to augment the existing U.S. Army of about 15,000 . He later accepted an additional 40,000 volunteers with three - year enlistments and increased the strength of the U.S. Army to almost 20,000 . Lincoln 's actions caused four more Southern states , including Virginia , to secede and join the Confederacy , and by 1 June the Confederate capital had been moved from Montgomery , Alabama , to Richmond , Virginia . In Washington , D.C. , as thousands of volunteers rushed to defend the capital , General in Chief Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott laid out his strategy to subdue the rebellious states . He proposed that an army of 80,000 men be organized and sail down the Mississippi River and capture New Orleans . While the Army `` strangled '' the Confederacy in the west , the U.S. Navy would blockade Southern ports along the eastern and Gulf coasts . The press ridiculed what they dubbed as Scott 's `` Anaconda Plan '' . Instead , many believed the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond , only one hundred miles south of Washington , would quickly end the war . By July 1861 thousands of volunteers were camped in and around Washington . Since General Scott was seventy - five years old and physically unable to lead this force , the administration searched for a more suitable field commander . Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott , General in Chief , USA Cartoon map illustrating Gen. Winfield Scott 's plan to crush the Confederacy , economically . It is sometimes called the `` Anaconda plan '' . Irvin McDowell ( edit ) Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase championed fellow Ohioan , 42 - year - old Maj . Irvin McDowell . Although McDowell was a West Point graduate , his command experience was limited . In fact , he had spent most of his career engaged in various staff duties in the Adjutant General 's Office . While stationed in Washington he had become acquainted with Chase , a former Ohio governor and senator . Now , through Chase 's influence , McDowell was promoted three grades to brigadier general in the Regular Army and on 27 May was assigned command ( by President Abraham Lincoln ) of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , which included the military forces in and around Washington ( Army of Northeastern Virginia ) . McDowell immediately began organizing what became known as the Army of Northeastern Virginia , 35,000 men arranged in five divisions . Under public and political pressure to begin offensive operations , McDowell was given very little time to train the newly inducted troops . Units were instructed in the maneuvering of regiments , but they received little or no training at the brigade or division level . He was reassured by President Lincoln , `` You are green , it is true , but they are green also ; you are all green alike . '' Against his better judgment , McDowell commenced campaigning . Intelligence ( edit ) During the previous year , U.S. Army captain Thomas Jordan set up a pro-Southern spy network in Washington City , including Rose O'Neal Greenhow , a prominent socialite with a wide range of contacts . He provided her with a code for messages . After he left to join the Confederate Army , he gave her control of his network but continued to receive reports from her . On July 9 and 16 , 1861 , Greenhow passed secret messages to Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard containing critical information regarding military movements for what would be the First Battle of Bull Run , including the plans of Union general McDowell . McDowell 's plan and initial movements in the Manassas Campaign ( edit ) On July 16 , 1861 , McDowell departed Washington with the largest field army yet gathered on the North American continent , about 35,000 men ( 28,452 effectives ) . McDowell 's plan was to move westward in three columns and make a diversionary attack on the Confederate line at Bull Run with two columns , while the third column moved around the Confederates ' right flank to the south , cutting the railroad to Richmond and threatening the rear of the Confederate army . He assumed that the Confederates would be forced to abandon Manassas Junction and fall back to the Rappahannock River , the next defensible line in Virginia , which would relieve some of the pressure on the U.S. capital . McDowell had hoped to have his army at Centreville by 17 July , but the troops , unaccustomed to marching , moved in starts and stops . Along the route soldiers often broke ranks to wander off to pick apples or blackberries or to get water , regardless of the orders of their officers to remain in ranks . The Confederate Army of the Potomac ( 21,883 effectives ) under Beauregard was encamped near Manassas Junction , approximately 25 miles ( 40 km ) from the United States capital . McDowell planned to attack this numerically inferior enemy army . Union Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson 's 18,000 men engaged Johnston 's force ( the Army of the Shenandoah at 8,884 effectives , augmented by Maj. Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes 's brigade of 1,465 ) in the Shenandoah Valley , preventing them from reinforcing Beauregard . Movements July 16 -- 21 , 1861 Situation July 18 Battlefield of Manassas After two days of marching slowly in the sweltering heat , the Union army was allowed to rest in Centreville . McDowell reduced the size of his army to approximately 31,000 by dispatching Brig. Gen. Theodore Runyon with 5,000 troops to protect the army 's rear . In the meantime , McDowell searched for a way to outflank Beauregard , who had drawn up his lines along Bull Run . On July 18 , the Union commander sent a division under Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler to pass on the Confederate right ( southeast ) flank. Tyler was drawn into a skirmish at Blackburn 's Ford over Bull Run and made no headway . Also on the morning of 18 July Johnston had received a telegram suggesting he go to Beauregard 's assistance if possible . Johnston marched out of Winchester about noon , while Stuart 's cavalry screened the movement from Patterson . Patterson was completely deceived . One hour after Johnston 's departure Patterson telegraphed Washington , `` I have succeeded , in accordance with the wishes of the General - in - Chief , in keeping General Johnston 's force at Winchester . '' For the maneuver to be successful McDowell felt he needed to act quickly . He had already begun to hear rumors that Johnston had slipped out of the valley and was headed for Manassas Junction . If the rumors were true , McDowell might soon be facing 34,000 Confederates , instead of 22,000 . Another reason for quick action was McDowell 's concern that the ninety - day enlistments of many of his regiments were about to expire . `` In a few days I will lose many thousands of the best of this force '' , he wrote Washington on the eve of battle . In fact , the next morning two units of McDowell 's command , their enlistments expiring that day , would turn a deaf ear to McDowell 's appeal to stay a few days longer . Instead , to the sounds of battle , they would march back to Washington to be mustered out of service . Becoming more frustrated , McDowell resolved to attack the Confederate left ( northwest ) flank instead . He planned to attack with Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler 's division at the Stone Bridge on the Warrenton Turnpike and send the divisions of Brig . Gens . David Hunter and Samuel P. Heintzelman over Sudley Springs Ford . From here , these divisions could march into the Confederate rear . The brigade of Col. Israel B. Richardson ( Tyler 's Division ) would harass the enemy at Blackburn 's Ford , preventing them from thwarting the main attack . Patterson would tie down Johnston in the Shenandoah Valley so that reinforcements could not reach the area . Although McDowell had arrived at a theoretically sound plan , it had a number of flaws : it was one that required synchronized execution of troop movements and attacks , skills that had not been developed in the nascent army ; it relied on actions by Patterson that he had already failed to take ; finally , McDowell had delayed long enough that Johnston 's Valley force was able to board trains at Piedmont Station and rush to Manassas Junction to reinforce Beauregard 's men . Prelude to battle ( edit ) On July 19 -- 20 , significant reinforcements bolstered the Confederate lines behind Bull Run . Johnston arrived with all of his army , except for the troops of Brig. Gen. Kirby Smith , who were still in transit . Most of the new arrivals were posted in the vicinity of Blackburn 's Ford , and Beauregard 's plan was to attack from there to the north toward Centreville . Johnston , the senior officer , approved the plan . If both of the armies had been able to execute their plans simultaneously , it would have resulted in a mutual counterclockwise movement as they attacked each other 's left flank . McDowell was getting contradictory information from his intelligence agents , so he called for the balloon Enterprise , which was being demonstrated by Prof. Thaddeus S.C. Lowe in Washington , to perform aerial reconnaissance . Opposing forces ( edit ) Union ( edit ) Further information : Union order of battle Key Union commanders Brig. Gen . Irvin McDowell , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( Commanding ) , USA Brig. Gen . Daniel Tyler , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 1st Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . David Hunter , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 2nd Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . Samuel P. Heintzelman , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 3rd Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . Theodore Runyon , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 4th Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . Dixon S. Miles , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 5th Div . ) USA Maj. Gen . Robert Patterson , Patterson 's Command , USA McDowell 's Army of Northeastern Virginia was organized into five infantry divisions of three to five brigades each . Each brigade contained three to five infantry regiments . An artillery battery was generally assigned to each brigade . The total number of Union troops present at the Battle of First Bull Run was about 35,000 , although only about 18,000 were actually engaged . The Union army was organized as follows : 1st Division of Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler the largest in the army , contained four brigades , led by Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck , Col. Erasmus Keyes , Col. William T. Sherman , and Col. Israel B. Richardson ; 2nd Division of Col. David Hunter of two brigades . These were led by Cols . Andrew Porter and Ambrose E. Burnside ; 3rd Division of Col. Samuel P. Heintzelman included 3 brigades , led by Cols . William B. Franklin , Orlando B. Willcox , and Oliver O. Howard ; 4th Division of Brig. Gen. Theodore Runyon without brigade organization and not engaged , contained seven regiments of New Jersey and one regiment of New York volunteer infantries ; 5th Division of Col. Dixon S. Miles included 2 brigades , commanded by Cols . Louis Blenker and Thomas A. Davies ; While McDowell organized the Army of Northeastern Virginia , a smaller Union command was organized and stationed northwest of Washington , near Harper 's Ferry . Commanded by Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson , 18,000 men of the Department of Pennsylvania protected against a Confederate incursion from the Shenandoah Valley . Abstract from the returns of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , commanded by Brigadier - General McDowell , U.S.A. , for July 16 and 17 , 1861 . ARMY OF NORTHEASTERN VIRGINIA Commands Present For duty Total Aggregate Officers Men General staff 19 21 First ( Tyler 's ) Division 569 12,226 9,494 9,936 Second ( Hunter 's ) Division 121 2,364 2,525 2,648 Third ( Heintzelman 's ) Division 382 8,680 9,385 9,777 Fourth ( Runyon 's ) Division 247 5,201 5,502 5,752 Fifth ( Miles ' ) Division 289 5,884 5,917 6,207 Twenty - first New York Volunteers 37 684 707 745 Twenty - fifth New York Militia 39 519 534 573 Second United States Cavalry , Company E 56 63 73 Total 1,707 35,614 34,127 35,732 Abstract from return of the Department of Pennsylvania , commanded by Major - General Patterson , June 28 , 1861 . PATTERSON 'S COMMAND Commanding officer Troops Present for duty Infantry Cavalry Artillery Officers Men Officers Men Officers Men Bvt . Maj. Gen. Geo . Cadwalader First division 322 6,637 11 307 7 251 Maj. Gen. W.H. Keim Second division 322 6,410 74 Total 644 13,047 14 381 7 251 Aggregate present for duty Infantry 13,691 Cavalry 395 Artillery 258 Total 14,344 Confederate ( edit ) Further information : Confederate order of battle Key Confederate commanders Brig. Gen . P.G.T. Beauregard , CSA Army of the Potomac Brig. Gen . Joseph E. Johnston , CSA Army of the Shenandoah , ( Commanding ) Joseph E. Johnston 's forces was organized as follows : The Army of the Potomac ( Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard ) was organized into six infantry brigades , with each brigade containing three to six infantry regiments . Artillery batteries were assigned to various infantry brigades . The total number of troops in the Confederate Army of the Potomac was approximately 22,000 . Beauregard 's army also contained thirty - nine pieces of field artillery and a regiment of Virginia cavalry . The Army of the Potomac was organized into seven infantry brigades . These were : 1st Brigade , under Brig. Gen. Milledge Luke Bonham ; 2nd Brigade , under Brig. Gen. Richard S. Ewell ; 3rd Brigade , under Brig. Gen. David R. Jones ; 4th Brigade , under Brig. Gen. James Longstreet ; 5th Brigade , under Col. Philip St. George Cocke ; 6th Brigade , under Col. Jubal Early ; 7th Brigade , under Col. Nathan G. Evans . Reserve Brigade , under Brig. Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes The Army of the Shenandoah ( Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston ) was also organized into brigades . It consisted of four brigades of three to five infantry regiments each , which totaled approximately 12,000 men . Each brigade was assigned one artillery battery . In addition to the infantry , there were twenty pieces of artillery and about 300 Virginia cavalrymen under Col. J.E.B. Stuart . Although the combined strength of both Confederate armies was about 34,000 , only about 18,000 were actually engaged at First Bull Run . The Army of the Shenandoah consisted of four infantry brigades : 1st Brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson ; 2nd Brigade , commanded by Col. Francis S. Bartow ; 3rd Brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Barnard E. Bee ; 4th Brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith . Abstract front field return , First Corps ( Army of the Potomac ) , July 21 , 1861 . ( Dated September 25 , 1861 . ) ARMY OF THE POTOMAC Commands . General and Staff Officers Infantry . Cavalry . Artillery . Officers Men . Officers Men . Officers Men . First Brigade 211 4,070 Second Brigade 133 2,307 Third Brigade 128 1,989 Fourth Brigade 160 2,364 Fifth Brigade 208 8,065 Sixth Brigade 261 2,356 Seventh Louisiana 44 773 Eighth Louisiana 43 803 Hampton Legion 27 627 Thirteenth Virginia 34 642 Harrison 's Battalion ( three companies ) 13 196 Troops ( ten ) of cavalry 38 545 Washington ( Louisiana ) Artillery 19 201 Kemper 's battery 76 Latham 's battery 86 Loudoun Battery 55 Shield 's battery 82 Camp Pickens ( heavy artillery ) 18 275 Total 22 1,215 18,354 85 1,383 51 775 Aggregates : Infantry 19,569 Cavalry 1,468 Artillery 826 21,863 Abstract from monthly report of Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston 's division , or Army of the Shenandoah ( C.S.A. ) , for June 30 , 1861 . ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH Commanding officer . Troops . PRESENT FOR DUTY . Infantry . Cavalry . Artillery . Officers . Men . Officers . Men . Officers . Men . Colonel Jackson First brigade 128 2,043 81 Col. F.S. Bartow Second brigade 155 2,391 59 Brigadier - General Bee Third brigade 161 2,629 78 Col. A. Elzey Fourth brigade 156 2,106 45 Col. J.E.B. Stuart First Virginia Cavalry 21 313 Col. A.C. Cummings Virginia Volunteers 14 227 Total 614 9,396 21 313 15 263 Aggregate present for duty . General staff 32 Infantry 10,010 Cavalry 334 Artillery 278 10,654 Battle ( edit ) Morning phase ( edit ) Matthews Hill ( edit ) Situation morning , July 21 Situation at 05 : 30 -- 06 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) On the morning of July 21 , 1861 , McDowell sent the divisions of Hunter and Heintzelman ( about 12,000 men ) from Centreville at 2 : 30 a.m. , marching southwest on the Warrenton Turnpike and then turning northwest toward Sudley Springs . Tyler 's division ( about 8,000 ) marched directly toward the Stone Bridge . The inexperienced units immediately developed logistical problems . Tyler 's division blocked the advance of the main flanking column on the turnpike . The later units found the approach roads to Sudley Springs were inadequate , little more than a cart path in some places , and did not begin fording Bull Run until 9 : 30 a.m. Tyler 's men reached the Stone Bridge around 6 a.m. At 5 : 15 a.m. , Richardson 's brigade fired a few artillery rounds across Mitchell 's Ford on the Confederate right , some of which hit Beauregard 's headquarters in the Wilmer McLean house as he was eating breakfast , alerting him to the fact that his offensive battle plan had been preempted . Nevertheless , he ordered demonstration attacks north toward the Union left at Centreville . Bungled orders and poor communications prevented their execution . Although he intended for Brig. Gen. Richard S. Ewell to lead the attack , Ewell , at Union Mills Ford , was simply ordered to `` hold ... in readiness to advance at a moment 's notice '' . Brig. Gen. D.R. Jones was supposed to attack in support of Ewell , but found himself moving forward alone . Holmes was also supposed to support , but received no orders at all . U.S. cavalry at Sudley Spring Ford An 1862 illustration of a Confederate officer forcing slaves to fire a cannon at U.S. forces at gunpoint . According to John Parker , a former slave , he was forced by his Confederate captors to fire a cannon at U.S. soldiers at the Battle of Bull Run . All that stood in the path of the 20,000 Union soldiers converging on the Confederate left flank were Col. Nathan `` Shanks '' Evans and his reduced brigade of 1,100 men . Evans had moved some of his men to intercept the direct threat from Tyler at the bridge , but he began to suspect that the weak attacks from the Union brigade of Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck were merely feints . He was informed of the main Union flanking movement through Sudley Springs by Captain Edward Porter Alexander , Beauregard 's signal officer , observing from 8 miles ( 13 km ) southwest on Signal Hill . In the first use of wig - wag semaphore signaling in combat , Alexander sent the message `` Look out for your left , your position is turned . '' Evans hastily led 900 of his men from their position fronting the Stone Bridge to a new location on the slopes of Matthews Hill , a low rise to the northwest of his previous position . The Confederate delaying action on Matthews Hill included a spoiling attack launched by Major Roberdeau Wheat 's 1st Louisiana Special Battalion , `` Wheat 's Tigers '' . After Wheat 's command was thrown back , and Wheat seriously wounded , Evans received reinforcement from two other brigades under Brig. Gen. Barnard Bee and Col. Francis S. Bartow , bringing the force on the flank to 2,800 men . They successfully slowed Hunter 's lead brigade ( Brig. Gen. Ambrose Burnside ) in its attempts to ford Bull Run and advance across Young 's Branch , at the northern end of Henry House Hill . One of Tyler 's brigade commanders , Col. William Tecumseh Sherman , crossed at an unguarded ford and struck the right flank of the Confederate defenders . This surprise attack , coupled with pressure from Burnside and Maj . George Sykes , collapsed the Confederate line shortly after 11 : 30 a.m. , sending them in a disorderly retreat to Henry House Hill . ( Further map details , see : Additional Map 4 , Additional Map 5 , Additional Map 6 and Additional Map 7 . ) Noon phase ( edit ) Henry House Hill ( edit ) As they retreated from their Matthews Hill position , the remainder of Evans 's , Bee 's , and Bartow 's commands received some cover from Capt . John D. Imboden and his battery of four 6 - pounder guns , who held off the Union advance while the Confederates attempted to regroup on Henry House Hill . They were met by generals Johnston and Beauregard , who had just arrived from Johnston 's headquarters at the M. Lewis Farm , `` Portici '' . Fortunately for the Confederates , McDowell did not press his advantage and attempt to seize the strategic ground immediately , choosing to bombard the hill with the batteries of Capts . James B. Ricketts ( Battery I , 1st U.S. Artillery ) and Charles Griffin ( Battery D , 5th U.S. ) from Dogan 's Ridge . Attacks on Henry House Hill , noon -- 2 p.m Union retreat , after 4 p.m. Brig. Gen Thomas J. Jackson 's Virginia Brigade came up in support of the disorganized Confederates around noon , accompanied by Col. Wade Hampton and his Hampton 's Legion , and Col. J.E.B. Stuart 's cavalry . The Hampton Legion , some 600 men strong , managed to buy Jackson time to construct a defensive line on Henry House Hill by firing repeated volleys at Sherman 's advancing brigade . Hampton had purchased about 400 British Enfield rifles to equip the men with , however it is not clear if his troops had them at Bull Run or if the weapons arrived after the battle . If so , they would have been the only foreign - made weapons on the field . The 79th New York was thoroughly decimated by Hampton 's musket fire and began to disintegrate . Wade Hampton gestured towards their colonel , James Cameron , and remarked `` Look at that brave officer trying to lead his men and they wo n't follow him . '' Shortly afterwards , Cameron , the brother of US Senator Simon Cameron , was fatally wounded . It has been claimed that Hampton deliberately targeted officers of the 79th New York in revenge for the death of his nephew earlier in the day , although he had in fact been killed by soldiers of the 69th New York . Jackson posted his five regiments on the reverse slope of the hill , where they were shielded from direct fire , and was able to assemble 13 guns for the defensive line , which he posted on the crest of the hill ; as the guns fired , their recoil moved them down the reverse slope , where they could be safely reloaded . Meanwhile , McDowell ordered the batteries of Ricketts and Griffin to move from Dogan 's Ridge to the hill for close infantry support . Their 11 guns engaged in a fierce artillery duel across 300 yards ( 270 m ) against Jackson 's 13 . Unlike many engagements in the Civil War , here the Confederate artillery had an advantage . The Union pieces were now within range of the Confederate smoothbores and the predominantly rifled pieces on the Union side were not effective weapons at such close ranges , with many shots fired over the head of their targets . Ruins of Judith Henry 's house , `` Spring Hill '' , after the battle Postwar house on site of Judith Henry house in Manassas Judith Henry grave One of the casualties of the artillery fire was Judith Carter Henry , an 85 - year - old widow and invalid , who was unable to leave her bedroom in the Henry House . As Ricketts began receiving rifle fire , he concluded that it was coming from the Henry House and turned his guns on the building . A shell that crashed through the bedroom wall tore off one of the widow 's feet and inflicted multiple injuries , from which she died later that day . `` The Enemy are driving us '' , Bee exclaimed to Jackson . Jackson , a former U.S. Army officer and professor at the Virginia Military Institute , is said to have replied , `` Then , Sir , we will give them the bayonet . '' Bee exhorted his own troops to re-form by shouting , `` There is Jackson standing like a stone wall . Let us determine to die here , and we will conquer . Rally behind the Virginians . '' This exclamation was the source for Jackson 's ( and his brigade 's ) nickname , `` Stonewall '' . Bee was shot through the stomach shortly after speaking and died the next day , thus it is unclear exactly what he meant , moreover none of his subordinates wrote reports of the battle . Col. States Rights Gist , serving as Bee 's aide - de-camp , took command of the brigade . Major Burnett Rhett , chief of staff to General Johnston , claimed that Bee was angry at Jackson 's failure to come immediately to the relief of Bee 's and Bartow 's brigades while they were under heavy pressure . Those who subscribe to this opinion believe that Bee 's statement was meant to be pejorative : `` Look at Jackson standing there like a stone wall ! '' Artillery commander Griffin decided to move two of his guns to the southern end of his line , hoping to provide enfilade fire against the Confederates . At approximately 3 p.m. , these guns were overrun by the 33rd Virginia , whose men were outfitted in blue uniforms , causing Griffin 's commander , Maj . William F. Barry , to mistake them for Union troops and to order Griffin not to fire on them . Close range volleys from the 33rd Virginia and Stuart 's cavalry attack against the flank of the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment ( Ellsworth 's Fire Zouaves ) , which was supporting the battery , killed many of the gunners and scattered the infantry . Capitalizing on this success , Jackson ordered two regiments to charge Ricketts 's guns and they were captured as well . As additional Federal infantry engaged , the guns changed hands several times . Capture of Ricketts ' Battery , painting by Sidney E. King , National Park Service The capture of the Union guns turned the tide of battle . Although McDowell had brought 15 regiments into the fight on the hill , outnumbering the Confederates two to one , no more than two were ever engaged simultaneously . Jackson continued to press his attacks , telling soldiers of the 4th Virginia Infantry , `` Reserve your fire until they come within 50 yards ! Then fire and give them the bayonet ! And when you charge , yell like furies ! '' For the first time , Union troops heard the disturbing sound of the Rebel yell . At about 4 p.m. , the last Union troops were pushed off Henry House Hill by a charge of two regiments from Col. Philip St. George Cocke 's brigade . To the west , Chinn Ridge had been occupied by Col. Oliver Otis Howard 's brigade from Heintzelman 's division . Also at 4 p.m. , two Confederate brigades - Col. Jubal Early 's , which had moved from the Confederate right , and Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith 's ( commanded by Col. Arnold Elzey after Smith was wounded ) , which had just arrived from the Shenandoah Valley -- crushed Howard 's brigade . Beauregard ordered his entire line forward . At 5 p.m. everywhere McDowell 's army was disintegrating . Thousands , in large and small groups or as individuals , began to leave the battlefield and head for Centreville . McDowell rode around the field trying to rally regiments and groups of soldiers , but most had had enough . Unable to stop the mass exodus , McDowell gave orders for Porter 's regular infantry battalion , near the intersection of the turnpike and Manassas - Sudley Road , to act as a rear guard as his army withdrew . The unit briefly held the crossroads , then retreated eastward with the rest of the army . McDowell 's force crumbled and began to retreat . ( Further map details , see : Additional Map 8 , Additional Map 9 , Additional Map 10 , Additional Map 11 and Additional Map 12 . ) Union retreat ( edit ) The retreat was relatively orderly up to the Bull Run crossings , but it was poorly managed by the Union officers . A Union wagon was overturned by artillery fire on a bridge spanning Cub Run Creek and incited panic in McDowell 's force . As the soldiers streamed uncontrollably toward Centreville , discarding their arms and equipment , McDowell ordered Col. Dixon S. Miles 's division to act as a rear guard , but it was impossible to rally the army short of Washington . In the disorder that followed , hundreds of Union troops were taken prisoner . Wagons and artillery were abandoned , including the 30 - pounder Parrott rifle , which had opened the battle with such fanfare . Expecting an easy Union victory , the wealthy elite of nearby Washington , including congressmen and their families , had come to picnic and watch the battle . When the Union army was driven back in a running disorder , the roads back to Washington were blocked by panicked civilians attempting to flee in their carriages . Since their combined army had been left highly disorganized as well , Beauregard and Johnston did not fully press their advantage , despite urging from Confederate President Jefferson Davis , who had arrived on the battlefield to see the Union soldiers retreating . An attempt by Johnston to intercept the Union troops from his right flank , using the brigades of Brig . Gens . Milledge L. Bonham and James Longstreet , was a failure . The two commanders squabbled with each other and when Bonham 's men received some artillery fire from the Union rear guard , and found that Richardson 's brigade blocked the road to Centreville , he called off the pursuit . In Washington President Lincoln and members of the cabinet waited for news of a Union victory . Instead , a telegram arrived stating `` General McDowell 's army in full retreat through Centreville . The day is lost . Save Washington and the remnants of this army . '' The tidings were happier in the Confederate capital . From the battlefield President Davis telegraphed Richmond , `` We have won a glorious but dear - bought victory . Night closed on the enemy in full flight and closely pursued . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Brief observations ( edit ) First Bull Run was a clash between relatively large , ill - trained bodies of recruits , led by inexperienced officers . Neither army commander was able to deploy his forces effectively ; although nearly 60,000 men were present at the battle , only 18,000 had actually been engaged . Although McDowell had been active on the battlefield , he had expended most of his energy maneuvering nearby regiments and brigades , instead of controlling and coordinating the movements of his army as a whole . Other factors contributed to McDowell 's defeat : Patterson 's failure to hold Johnston in the valley ; McDowell 's two - day delay at Centreville ; allowing Tyler 's division to lead the march on 21 July thus delaying the flanking divisions of Hunter and Heintzelman ; and the 2 1 / 2 - hour delay after the Union victory on Matthews ' Hill , which allowed the Confederates to bring up reinforcements and establish a defensive position on Henry Hill . On Henry Hill Beauregard had also limited his control to the regimental level , generally allowing the battle to continue on its own and only reacting to Union moves . Johnston 's decision to transport his infantry to the battlefield by rail played a major role in the Confederate victory . Although the trains were slow and a lack of sufficient cars did not allow the transport of large numbers of troops at one time , almost all of his army arrived in time to participate in the battle . After reaching Manassas Junction , Johnston had relinquished command of the battlefield to Beauregard , but his forwarding of reinforcements to the scene of fighting was decisive . Jackson and Bee 's brigades had done the largest share of fighting in the battle ; Jackson 's brigade had fought almost alone for four hours and sustained over 50 % casualties . Detailed casualties ( edit ) Bull Run was the largest and bloodiest battle in United States history up to that point . Union casualties were 460 killed , 1,124 wounded , and 1,312 missing or captured ; Confederate casualties were 387 killed , 1,582 wounded , and 13 missing . Among the Union dead was Col. James Cameron , brother of President Lincoln 's first Secretary of War , Simon Cameron . Among the Confederate casualties was Col. Francis S. Bartow , who was the first Confederate brigade commander to be killed in the Civil War . General Bee was mortally wounded and died the following day . Compared to later battles , casualties at First Bull Run had not been especially heavy . Both Union and Confederate killed , wounded , and missing were a little over one thousand seven hundred each . Two Confederate brigade commanders , Jackson and Edmund Kirby - Smith , were wounded in the battle . No Union officers above the regimental level were killed ; two division commanders ( Samuel Heintzelman and David Hunter ) , and one brigade commander ( Orlando Willcox ) were wounded . Union ( edit ) Union casualties at the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . ARMY OF NORTHEASTERN VIRGINIA Troops Killed Wounded Missing Remarks Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men General staff First Division , General TYLER : First Brigade , Colonel Keyes 19 46 5 149 Eighteen others slightly wounded . Second Brigade , General Schenck 16 15 15 Third Brigade , Colonel Sherman 117 15 193 13 240 Fourth Brigade , Colonel Richardson Not engaged . Guarding Blackburn 's Ford . Total , First Division 6 152 19 254 19 404 Second Division , Colonel HUNTER : First Brigade , Colonel Porter 83 9 139 9 236 Four surgeons missing . Second Brigade , Colonel Burnside 5 35 85 59 Five surgeons missing . Total Second Division 6 118 12 224 11 295 Third Division , Colonel HEINTZELMAN : Division headquarters . First Brigade , Colonel Franklin 68 13 183 22 Second Brigade , Colonel Willcox 70 11 161 186 Third Brigade , Colonel Howard 48 7 108 6 174 Total , Third Division 6 186 32 452 10 382 Fourth Division , General RUNYON In reserve on the Potomac . Fifth Division , Colonel MILES : First Brigade Colonel Blenker 6 16 94 Second Brigade , Colonel Davies Total , Fifth Division 6 17 95 Grand total 19 462 64 947 40 1,176 Union artillery lost in the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . Batteries Commanders Guns lost Remarks Rifled Smooth Total First U.S. Artillery , Company G ( two 20 - pounder Parrotts , one 30 - pounder Parrott ) . Lieutenant Edwards 20 - pounders saved First U.S. Artillery , Company I ( six 10 - pounder Parrots ) Captain Ricketts 6 6 None saved Second U.S. Artillery , Company D Captain Arnold None saved Second U.S. Artillery , Company E ( two 13 - pounder James , two 6 - pounders ( old ) , two 12 - pounder howitzers ) . Captain Carlisle Two 6 - pounders saved Fifth S. Artillery ( Company D ) , ( two 10 - pounder Parrotts , two 6 - pounders ( old ) , two 12 - pounder howitzers ) . Captain Griffin 5 One 10 - pounder saved Rhode Island Battery ( six 13 - pounder James ) 5 5 One saved Total lost 17 8 25 Confederate ( edit ) Confederate casualties at the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . Command Killed Wounded Missing Aggregate Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men ARMY OF THE POTOMAC INFANTRY First Louisiana ( battalion ) 8 5 33 48 Seventh Louisiana 23 26 Thirteenth Mississippi 6 6 Seventeenth Mississippi 9 11 Eighteenth Mississippi 6 28 38 Fifth North Carolina Second South Carolina 5 6 37 48 Fourth South Carolina 10 9 70 6 96 Fifth South Carolina 23 26 Eighth South Carolina 5 20 28 Hampton Legion 19 100 121 First Virginia 6 6 Seventh Virginia 9 37 47 Eighth Virginia 6 23 30 Seventeenth Virginia Eighteenth Virginia 6 12 19 Nineteenth Virginia 6 Twenty - eighth Virginia 9 9 Forty - ninth Virginia 9 29 40 ARTILLERY Alexandria Light Artillery Latham 's Loudoun Washington ( La . ) CAVALRY Thirtieth Virginia 9 Hanover ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH INFANTRY Fourth Alabama 36 6 151 Seventh Georgia 18 12 122 Eighth Georgia 38 6 153 First Maryland 5 Second Mississippi 21 79 Eleventh Mississippi 7 21 Sixth North Carolina 22 46 Third Tennessee Second Virginia 15 69 Fourth Virginia 30 100 Fifth Virginia 6 47 Tenth Virginia 6 10 Twenty - seventh Virginia 18 122 Thirty - third Virginia 44 101 Total First Corps 6 99 29 490 12 632 Total Second Corps 19 263 34 1,029 Grand total 25 362 63 1,519 12 632 Today will be known as BLACK MONDAY . We are utterly and disgracefully routed , beaten , whipped by secessionists . -- Union diarist George Templeton Strong If the war had turned out to be of short duration , Bull Run would have been a disaster for the Union . But if , as now seemed more plausible , a long and nasty war was inevitable , that battle had a curiously salutary effect for the Union side . It provided a wake - up call for those optimists -- like Seward or even Lincoln -- who had hoped for or counted on a quick result . -- David Detzer , Donnybrook Bull Run was a turning point in the American Civil War ... in the sense that the battle struck with impelling force upon public opinion at home and abroad , upon Congress , and upon the Commander - in - chief . It framed new patterns of thought and led to far - reaching changes in the conduct of the war . The failure at Bull Run inspired a second Northern rising . Volunteering accelerated , 90 - day men reenlisted , states rushed fresh regiments forward in plenitude ... As they realized victory would not come readily , a new mood fastened upon Northerners . An iron resolve entered the Northern soul ... -- James A. Rawley , Turning Points of the Civil War Effect on the Union and subsequent events ( edit ) Union forces and civilians alike feared that Confederate forces would advance on Washington , D.C. , with very little standing in their way . On July 24 , Prof. Thaddeus S.C. Lowe ascended in the balloon Enterprise to observe the Confederates moving in and about Manassas Junction and Fairfax . He saw no evidence of massing Confederate forces , but was forced to land in Confederate territory . It was overnight before he was rescued and could report to headquarters . He reported that his observations `` restored confidence '' to the Union commanders . The Northern public was shocked at the unexpected defeat of their army when an easy victory had been widely anticipated . Both sides quickly came to realize the war would be longer and more brutal than they had imagined . On July 22 President Lincoln signed a bill that provided for the enlistment of another 500,000 men for up to three years of service . On July 25 , eleven thousand Pennsylvanians who had earlier been rejected by the U.S. Secretary of War , Simon Cameron , for federal service in either Patterson 's or McDowell 's command arrived in Washington , D.C. , and were finally accepted . Three months after First Bull Run Union forces suffered another , smaller defeat at the Battle of Ball 's Bluff , near Leesburg , Virginia . The perceived military incompetence at First Bull Run and Ball 's Bluff led to the establishment of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War , a congressional body created to investigate Northern military affairs . Concerning the Battle of First Bull Run , the committee listened to testimony from a variety of witnesses connected with McDowell 's army . Although the committee 's report concluded that the principal cause of defeat was Patterson 's failure to prevent Johnston from reinforcing Beauregard , Patterson 's enlistment had expired a few days after the battle , and he was no longer in the service . The Northern public clamored for another scapegoat , and McDowell bore the chief blame . On 25 July 1861 , he was relieved of army command and replaced by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan , who was named general - in - chief of all the Union armies . McDowell was also present to bear significant blame for the defeat of Maj. Gen. John Pope 's Army of Virginia by Gen. Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia thirteen months later , at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Effect on the Confederacy ( edit ) The reaction in the Confederacy was more muted . There was little public celebration as the Southerners realized that despite their victory , the greater battles that would inevitably come would mean greater losses for their side as well . Once the euphoria of victory had worn off , Jefferson Davis called for 400,000 additional volunteers . Beauregard was considered the Confederate hero of the battle and was promoted that day by C.S. President Davis to full general in the Confederate army . Stonewall Jackson , arguably the most important tactical contributor to the victory , received no special recognition , but would later achieve glory for his 1862 Valley Campaign . Privately , Davis credited Greenhow with ensuring Confederate victory . Jordan sent a telegram to Greenhow : `` Our President and our General direct me to thank you . We rely upon you for further information . The Confederacy owes you a debt . ( Signed ) JORDAN , Adjutant - General . '' The battle also had long - term psychological consequences . The decisive victory led to a degree of over-confidence on the part of Confederate forces , while prompting a determined organizational effort on the part of the Union . In hindsight commentators on both sides agreed that the one - sided outcome `` proved the greatest misfortune that would have befallen the Confederacy '' . Although modern historians generally agree with this interpretation , James M. McPherson has argued that the esprit de corps attained by Confederate troops on the heels of their victory , together with a new sense of insecurity felt by northern commanders , also gave the Confederacy a military edge in the following months . Confederate victory : turning point of the American Civil War ( edit ) Further information : Turning point of the American Civil War § Confederate victory in First Battle of Bull Run ( July 1861 ) `` Bull Run '' vs. `` Manassas '' ( edit ) The name of the battle has caused controversy since 1861 . The Union Army frequently named battles after significant rivers and creeks that played a role in the fighting ; the Confederates generally used the names of nearby towns or farms . The U.S. National Park Service uses the Confederate name for its national battlefield park , but the Union name ( Bull Run ) also has widespread currency in popular literature . Confusion between the battle flags ( edit ) Battlefield confusion between the battle flags , especially the similarity of the Confederacy 's `` Stars and Bars '' and the Union 's `` Stars and Stripes '' when fluttering , led to the adoption of the Confederate Battle Flag , which eventually became the most popular symbol of the Confederacy and the South in general . Conclusions ( edit ) First Bull Run demonstrated that the war would not be won by one grand battle , and both sides began preparing for a long and bloody conflict . The battle also showed the need for adequately trained and experienced officers and men . One year later many of the same soldiers who had fought at First Bull Run , now combat veterans , would have an opportunity to test their skills on the same battlefield at the Second Battle of Bull Run / Manassas . Additional battle maps ( edit ) Gallery : the First Bull Run hour by hour ( edit ) Map 1 : Situation Mid-July 1861 Map 2 : Beauregard 's defensive situation ( Mid-July 1861 ) Map 3 : Situation at 05 : 30 - 06 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 4 : Situation at 10 : 30 - 11 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 5 : Situation at 11 : 00 - 11 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 6 : Situation at 12 : 00 - 12 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 7 : Situation at 13 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 8 : Situation at 14 : 30 - 15 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 9 : Situation at 15 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 10 : Situation at 15 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 11 : Situation at 16 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 12 : Situation at 16 : 30 - 17 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) In popular culture ( edit ) The First Battle of Bull Run is mentioned in the novel Gods and Generals , but is depicted more fully in its film adaptation . The battle forms the climax of the film Class of ' 61 . It also appears in the first episode of the second season of the mini-series North and South , in the second episode of the first season of the mini-series How the West Was Won and in the first episode of the mini-series The Blue and the Gray . Manassas ( 1999 ) is the first volume in the James Reasoner Civil War Series of historical novels . The battle is described in Rebel ( 1993 ) , the first volume of Bernard Cornwell 's The Starbuck Chronicles series of historical novels . The battle is described from the viewpoint of a Union infantryman in Upton Sinclair 's novella Manassas , which also depicts the political turmoil leading up to the Civil War . The battle is also depicted in John Jakes 's The Titans , the fifth novel in The Kent Family Chronicles , a series that explores the fictional Confederate cavalry officer Gideon Kent . The battle is the subject of the Johnny Horton song , `` Battle of Bull Run '' . Shaman , second in the Cole family trilogy by Noah Gordon , includes an account of the battle . The battle is also depicted in the song `` Yankee Bayonet '' by indie - folk band The Decemberists . In Murder at 1600 , Detective Harlan Regis ( Wesley Snipes ) has built a plan - relief of the battle which plays a certain role in the plot . Sesquicentennial ( edit ) The National Jubilee of Peace building at Grant and Lee avenues in Manassas , Virginia , is draped with the U.S. flag for the 150th anniversary commemoration , held on July 21 , 2011 , of the First Battle of Bull Run . Prince William County staged special events commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Civil War through 2011 . Manassas was named the No. 1 tourist destination in the United States for 2011 by the American Bus Association for its efforts in highlighting the historical impact of the Civil War . The cornerstone of the commemoration event featured a reenactment of the battle on July 23 -- 24 , 2011 . Throughout the year , there were tours of the Manassas battlefield and other battlefields in the county and a number of related events and activities . The City of Manassas commemorated the 150th anniversary of the battle July 21 -- 24 , 2011 . Battlefield preservation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of the site of the battle is now Manassas National Battlefield Park . Located north of Manassas , in Prince William County , Virginia , it preserves the site of two major American Civil War battles : the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21 , 1861 , and the Second Battle of Bull Run which was fought between August 28 and August 30 , 1862 ( also known as the First Battle of Manassas and the Second Battle of Manassas , respectively ) . The peaceful Virginia countryside bore witness to clashes between the armies of the North ( Union ) and the South ( Confederacy ) , and it was there that Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson acquired his nickname `` Stonewall . '' Today the National Battlefield Park provides the opportunity for visitors to explore the historic terrain where men fought and died more than a century ago . More than 900,000 people visit the battlefield each year . ( In comparison , roughly 15 million people annually visit nearby Washington , DC . ) As a historic area under the National Park Service , the park was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Second Battle of Bull Run Armies in the American Civil War Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1861 List of costliest American Civil War land battles Origins of the American Civil War Battle of Fort Sumter Manassas Campaign Manassas National Battlefield Park Bull Run Mountains Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Park Service . Jump up ^ National Park Service Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II pages 314 -- 315 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II pages 469 -- 470 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Abtract from returns of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , commanded by Brigadier - General McDowell , U.S.A. , for July 16 and 17 , 1861 ( Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 309 ) . ^ Jump up to : Strength figures vary by source . Eicher , p. 87 - 88 : 35,000 Union , 32,000 Confederate ; Esposito , map 19 : 35,000 Union , 29,000 Confederate ; Ballard , 35,000 Union ( 18,000 engaged ) , 34,000 Confederate ( 18,000 engaged ) ; Salmon , p. 20 : 28,450 Union , 32,230 Confederate ; Kennedy , p. 14 : 35,000 Union , 33,000 Confederate ; Livermore , p. 77 : 28,452 Union `` effectives '' , 32,323 Confederate engaged . Writing in The Century Magazine , adjutant generals James B. Fry cites Archived May 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . 18,572 Union men ( including stragglers not on the field ) and 24 guns engaged , Thomas Jordan cites Archived August 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . 18,052 Confederate men and 37 guns engaged . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 187 and pages 568 -- 569 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Casualties at the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . ( Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 327 ) . Jump up ^ 2,896 ( 460 killed ; 1,124 wounded ; 1,312 captured / missing ) , according to Eicher , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Casualties in the Army of the Potomac ( Confederate ) July 21 , 1861 . ( Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 570 ) . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page V ( Preface ) . Jump up ^ Ballard , 3 . Jump up ^ Ballard , 4 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 4 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 77 ; Williams , p. 21 ; McPherson , p. 336 ; Davis , p. 110 , attributes the remark to general - in - chief Winfield Scott . ^ Jump up to : Fishel , Edwin C. , The Secret War For The Union : The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1996 , pp. 59 -- 63 ^ Jump up to : `` Greenhow , Rose O'Neal '' , ( 1817 -- 1864 ) , The National Archives -- People Description. 1817 -- 1864 , ( accessed February 5 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Letter Written in Cipher on Mourning Paper by Rose Greenhow '' , National Archives and Records Administration , World Digital Library Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 110 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 8 . ^ Jump up to : Livermore , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 9 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 10 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 91 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 187 . Jump up ^ Beatie , pp. 285 -- 88 ; Esposito , text for Map 21 ; Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 94 ; Esposito , Map 22 . Jump up ^ Masur , Kate ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Slavery and Freedom at Bull Run '' . The New York Times . New York : The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Andy ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Memory : Frederick Douglass ' Black Confederate '' . Dead Confederates : A Civil War Blog . WordPress . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Brown , pp. 43 -- 45 ; Alexander , pp. 50 -- 51 . Alexander recalls that the signal was `` You are flanked . '' Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , pp. 312 -- 13 ; Rafuse , A Single Grand Victory `` , p. 131 ; Esposito , Map 22 ; Eicher , pp. 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 313 ; Eicher , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 357 ; Davis , pp. 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Robertson , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 1 , p. 82 ; Robertson , p. 264 . McPherson , p. 342 , reports the quotation after `` stone wall '' as being `` Rally around the Virginians ! '' Jump up ^ See , for instance , McPherson , p. 342 . There are additional controversies about what Bee said and whether he said anything at all . See Freeman , vol. 1 , pp. 733 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 96 -- 98 ; Esposito , Map 23 ; Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , pp. 314 -- 15 ; McPherson , pp. 342 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 315 ; Eicher , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 32 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , pp. 315 -- 16 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 344 ; Eicher , p. 98 ; Esposito , Map 24 . Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 1 , p. 76 ; Esposito , Map 24 ; Davis , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 35 . Jump up ^ Ballard , pages 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 434 -- 435 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 383 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard , page 36 . Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 328 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 488 . Jump up ^ Rawley , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Haydon , pp. 192 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Rawley , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Curtin , Andrew G. ( January 8 , 1862 ) . `` Message of Andrew G. Curtin , Governor of Pennsylvania , to the Legislature , '' . Executive Department : 8 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 492 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 1 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Greenhow , Rose O'Neal , My Imprisonment and the First Year of Abolition Rule at Washington , London : Richard Bentley , 1863 , p. 18 , full text online at Documenting the American South , University of North Carolina Jump up ^ James M. McPherson ( 1988 ) . The Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford University Press . pp. 347 -- 350 . ISBN 9780199743902 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 346 , n . 7 . McPherson 's popular one - volume history of the war uses the two names interchangeably because he states that `` neither name has any intrinsic superiority over the other . '' Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 342 . Jump up ^ `` Plan a trip and discover your story '' . visitpwc.com . Jump up ^ `` manassascivilwar.org '' . manassascivilwar.org . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Washington DC GO ! References ( edit ) Alexander , Edward P. Fighting for the Confederacy : The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander . Edited by Gary W. Gallagher . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4722 - 4 . Ballard , Ted . First Battle of Bull Run : Staff Ride Guide . Washington , DC : United States Army Center of Military History , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 068078 - 6 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Beatie , Russel H. Army of the Potomac : Birth of Command , November 1860 -- September 1861 . New York : Da Capo Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81141 - 3 . Brown , J. Willard . The Signal Corps , U.S.A. in the War of the Rebellion . U.S. Veteran Signal Corps Association , 1896 . Reprinted 1974 by Arno Press . ISBN 0 - 405 - 06036 - X . Davis , William C. , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . First Blood : Fort Sumter to Bull Run . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4704 - 5 . Detzer , David . Donnybrook : The Battle of Bull Run , 1861 . New York : Harcourt , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 603143 - 1 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Praeger , 1959 . Freeman , Douglas S. Lee 's Lieutenants : A Study in Command . 3 vols . New York : Scribner , 1946 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85979 - 3 . Haydon , F. Stansbury . Military Ballooning during the Early Civil War . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1941 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6442 - 9 . Livermore , Thomas L. Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America 1861 -- 65 . Reprinted with errata , Dayton , OH : Morninside House , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 527 - 57600 - X . First published in 1901 by Houghton Mifflin . McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Rafuse , Ethan S. `` First Battle of Bull Run . '' In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History , edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . Rafuse , Ethan S. A Single Grand Victory : The First Campaign and Battle of Manassas . The American Crisis Series . Wilmington , DE : SR Books , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2875 - 7 . Rawley , James A. Turning Points of the Civil War . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1966 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8935 - 9 . Robertson , James I. , Jr . Stonewall Jackson : The Man , The Soldier , The Legend . New York : MacMillan Publishing , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864685 - 1 . Salmon , John S . The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2868 - 4 . Williams , T. Harry . Lincoln and His Generals . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1952 . ISBN 0 - 9654382 - 6 - 0 . National Park Service battle description Professor Thaddeus Lowe 's Official Report ( Part I ) Memoirs and primary sources ( edit ) Dyer , Frederick H. , A compendium of the War of the Rebellion , Volume 1 , 1908 , Des Moines IA Longstreet , James . From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America . New York : Da Capo Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80464 - 6 . First published in 1896 by J.B. Lippincott and Co . Robert Underwood Johnson , Clarence Clough Buell , Battles and Leaders of the Civil War : The Opening Battles , Volume 1 ( Pdf ) , New York : The Century Co. , 1887 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 Further reading ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bull Run . Cunningham , Horace H. ( 1968 ) . Field medical services at the Battles of Manassas ( Bull Run ) . Athens : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 9780820333557 . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Davis , William C. Battle at Bull Run : A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1977 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0867 - 7 . Goldfield , David , et al . The American Journey : A History of the United States . 2nd ed . New York : Prentice Hall , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 088243 - 7 . Gottfried , Bradley M. The Maps of First Bull Run : An atlas of the First Bull Run ( Manassas ) Campaign , including the Battle of Ball 's Bluff , June -- October 1861 . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 60 - 9 . Hankinson , Alan . First Bull Run 1861 : The South 's First Victory . Osprey Campaign Series # 10 . London : Osprey Publishing , 1991 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 133 - 5 . Hennessy , John , Ethan Rafuse , and Harry Smeltzer . `` Historians ' Forum : The First Battle of Bull Run . '' Civil War History 57 # 2 ( June 2011 ) : 106 -- 120 . Hines , Blaikie . The Battle of First Bull Run , Manassas Campaign -- July 16 -- 22 , 1861 : An Illustrated Atlas and Battlefield Guide . Maine : American Patriot Press , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61364 - 129 - 3 . Longacre , Edward G . The Early Morning of War : Bull Run , 1861 ( 2014 ) . Rable , George . `` The Battlefield and Beyond . '' Civil War History 53 # 3 ( September 2007 ) : 244 -- 51 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Battle of Bull Run . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manassas National Battlefield Park . Battle of Bull Run : Battle maps , photos , history articles , and battlefield news ( Civil War Trust ) `` Map of the Battles of Bull Run , 1861 '' , prepared by Army engineer , National Archives and Record Administration , at World Digital Library Manassas National Battlefield Park website First Battle of Manassas : An End to Innocence , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Harper 's Weekly 1861 Report on the Battle of Bull Run Civil War Home website on First Bull Run Animated history of the First Battle of Bull Run FirstBullRun.co.uk The First Battle of Bull Run public domain audiobook at LibriVox First Manassas Campaign with Official Records and Reports Map of the Battles of Bull Run Near Manassas . Solomon Bamberger . Zoomable high - resolution map . Newspaper coverage of the First Battle of Bull Run Manassas Civil War 150th Anniversary July 21 -- 24 , 2011 Texts on Wikisource : Guernsey , Alfred H. ( 1879 ) . `` Bull Run '' . The American Cyclopædia . Eastern Theater of the American Civil War 1861 Campaigns Chesapeake blockade ( May -- Jun ) Western Virginia ( Jun -- Dec ) Manassas ( Jul ) Carolina coast blockade ( Aug ) McClellan 's Operations ( Oct -- Dec ) Potomac blockade ( Oct -- Jan 1862 ) Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run 1862 Campaigns Burnside 's NC Expedition ( Feb -- Jun ) Jackson 's Valley ( Mar -- Jun ) Peninsula ( Mar -- Jul ) Northern Virginia ( Jul - Sep ) Maryland ( Sep ) Fredericksburg ( Nov -- Dec ) Goldsboro Expedition ( Dec ) Major battles Hampton Roads Williamsburg Seven Pines Seven Days Battles Oak Grove Beaver Dam Creek Gaines 's Mill Garnett 's & Golding 's Farm Savage 's Station White Oak Swamp Glendale Malvern Hill 2nd Bull Run Antietam Fredericksburg 1863 Campaigns Tidewater Operations ( Mar -- Apr ) Chancellorsville ( Apr -- May ) Gettysburg ( Jun -- Jul ) Bristoe ( Oct -- Nov ) Mine Run ( Nov -- Dec ) Major battles Chancellorsville Gettysburg 1864 Campaigns Valley Campaigns ( May -- Oct ) : Lynchburg , Early 's B&O Raid , Sheridan 's Campaign Operations Against Plymouth ( Apr -- May ) Bermuda Hundred ( May ) Overland ( May -- Jun ) Petersburg ( Jun -- Mar 1865 ) Major battles Wilderness Spotsylvania Court House North Anna Cold Harbor Trevilian Station 2nd Petersburg Crater 2nd Deep Bottom Globe Tavern 3rd Winchester Chaffin 's Farm Cedar Creek Boydton Plank Road 1865 Campaigns Wilmington ( Dec -- Feb ) Appomattox ( Mar -- Apr ) Major battles 2nd Fort Fisher Bentonville Fort Stedman Five Forks 3rd Petersburg Sailor 's Creek Appomattox Court House Armies James Potomac Virginia Shenandoah Northern Virginia Geography Departments Monongahela Susquehanna Landforms Cumberland Valley Gettysburg - Newark Lowlands Shenandoah Valley Fairfax County in the American Civil War Battles Battle of Blackburn 's Ford Battle of Chantilly Battle of Dranesville Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1861 ) Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1863 ) First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Battle of Vienna , Virginia Skirmishes Bog Wallow Ambush Raids Burke 's Station Raid Mosby 's Raids Units 8th Virginia Infantry 17th Virginia Infantry 1st Virginia Cavalry 43rd Battalion of Virginia Cavalry Georgia Hussars ( later Jeff Davis Cavalry Legion , Company F ) 3rd New Jersey Volunteer Infantry 3rd Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment 45th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment 16th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry First New Jersey Brigade 2nd Vermont Brigade XXII Corps ( Union Army ) Union Army Balloon Corps People Clara Barton Michael Corcoran Antonia Ford Thaddeus Lowe John Quincy Marr John S. 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Education George Mason University University of Fairfax Northern Virginia Community College Prince William County , Virginia Northern Virginia Washington Metropolitan Area Administration Prince William Board of County Supervisors Prince William County Public Schools Prince William County Department of Parks & Recreation Prince William County Public Library Prince William County Department of Fire and Rescue Prince William County Police Department Prince William County Sheriff 's Office Organizations Prince William Chamber of Commerce Landmarks National Museum of the Marine Corps Marine Corps Base Quantico Hylton Performing Arts Center Manassas National Battlefield Park Jiffy Lube Live Old Dominion Speedway Prince William Forest Park Leesylvania State Park Potomac Mills Transportation OmniRide Washington Dulles International Airport Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport Manassas Regional Airport Prince William Parkway Virginia State Route 234 Interstate 66 Interstate 95 U.S. Route 1 Culture Battles First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Events Dale City 4th of July Parade Education George Mason University Northern Virginia Community College Strayer University University of Northern Virginia Municipalities and communities of Prince William County , Virginia , United States County seat : Manassas Towns Dumfries Haymarket Occoquan Quantico CDPs Buckhall Bull Run Bull Run Mountain Estates Cherry Hill County Center Dale City Gainesville Independent Hill Lake Ridge Linton Hall Loch Lomond Marumsco Montclair Neabsco Nokesville Potomac Mills Quantico Base ‡ Sudley Triangle Woodbridge Yorkshire Unincorporated communities Aden Agnewville Antioch Batestown Bethel Brentsville Bristow Buckland Canova Catharpin Cornwell Featherstone Greenwich Groveton Hickory Ridge Hoadly Joplin Kopp Locust Hill Minnieville Rixlew Southbridge Sudley Springs Thoroughfare Wellington West Gate Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Bull_Run&oldid=843651763 '' Categories : Fairfax County in the American Civil War Manassas Campaign Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Confederate victories of the American Civil War Prince William County in the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War in Virginia United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries 1861 in the American Civil War 1861 in Virginia July 1861 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 15 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the battle of bull run in virginia | [
"The First Battle of Bull Run (the name used by Union forces), also known as the First Battle of Manassas[1] (the name used by Confederate forces), was fought on July 21, 1861 in Prince William County, Virginia, just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west-southwest of Washington, D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War. The Union's forces were slow in positioning themselves, allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail. Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle. It was a Confederate victory, followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces."
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"Confederate"
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-5464903725080048981 | Agra | Agra - Wikipedia Agra This article is about the municipality in Uttar Pradesh India . For its namesake district , see Agra district . For other uses , see Agra ( disambiguation ) . City in Uttar Pradesh , India Agra City Taj Mahal in Agra Nickname ( s ) : Akbarabad ; The Taj City Agra Agra Show map of Uttar Pradesh Show map of India Show all Coordinates : 27 ° 11 ′ N 78 ° 01 ′ E / 27.18 ° N 78.02 ° E / 27.18 ; 78.02 Coordinates : 27 ° 11 ′ N 78 ° 01 ′ E / 27.18 ° N 78.02 ° E / 27.18 ; 78.02 Country India State Uttar Pradesh Division Agra District Agra Government Type Municipal Corporation Body Agra Municipal Corporation Mayor Naveen Jain ( BJP ) Divisional Commissioner Anil Kumar , IAS Deputy Inspector General Love Kumar , IPS District Magistrate and Collector Ravi Kumar N.G. , IAS Senior Superintendent of Police Amit Pathak , IPS Elevation 171 m ( 561 ft ) Population ( 2011 ) City 1,585,704 Rank 24th Metro 1,760,285 Languages , Official Hindi , English Time zone UTC + 5 : 30 ( IST ) Telephone code 0562 Vehicle registration UP - 80 Sex ratio 0.868 ♂ / ♀ Literacy 71.58 % Website Official District Website Agra ( / ˈɑːɡrə / ( listen ) ) is a city on the banks of the river Yamuna in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh , India . It is 378 kilometres ( 235 mi ) west of the state capital , Lucknow , 206 kilometres ( 128 mi ) south of the national capital New Delhi , 58 kilometres ( 31 mi ) south of Mathura and 125 kilometres ( 78 mi ) north of Gwalior . Agra is one of the most populous cities in Uttar Pradesh , and the 24th most populous in India . Agra is a major tourist destination because of its many Mughal - era buildings , most notably the Tāj Mahal , Agra Fort and Fatehpūr Sikrī , all of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Agra is included on the Golden Triangle tourist circuit , along with Delhi and Jaipur ; and the Uttar Pradesh Heritage Arc , tourist circuit of UP state , along Lucknow and Varanasi . Agra falls within the Braj cultural region . The city was first mentioned in the epic Mahābhārata , where it was called Agrevaṇa ( derived from Sanskrit ( अग्रेवण ) meaning `` the border of the forest '' ) . However , the 11th - century Persian poet Mas'ūd Sa 'd Salmān writes of a desperate assault on the fortress of Agra , then held by the Shāhī King Jayapala , by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni . It was mentioned for the first time in 1080 AD when a Ghaznavide force captured it . Sultan Sikandar Lodī ( 1488 -- 1517 ) was the first to move his capital from Delhi to Agra in 1506 . He governed the country from here and Agra assumed the importance of the second capital . He died in 1517 and his son , Ibrāhīm Lodī , remained in power there for nine more years and several palaces , wells and a mosque were built by him in the fort during his period , finally being defeated at the Battle of Panipat in 1526 . Between 1540 and 1556 , Afghans , beginning with Sher Shah Suri ruled the area . It was the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1556 to 1648 . Contents 1 Climate 2 Population 2.1 Demographics 2.2 Religion 3 History 3.1 Origins 3.2 Mughal era 3.3 Later periods 3.4 Legacies 4 Administration and politics 4.1 Administration 4.1. 1 General administration 4.1. 2 Police administration 4.1. 3 Infrastructure and civic administration 4.2 Politics 5 Transport 5.1 Air 5.2 Rail 5.2. 1 Railway stations 5.2. 2 Agra - Delhi Semi-High Speed Train -- Gatimaan Express 5.3 Road 5.4 Local transport 5.5 City low floor buses 5.6 E-rickshaw and Ola Cabs 5.7 Agra Metro Rail Transport 6 Monumental Mughal legacy 6.1 Tāj Mahal 6.2 Agra Fort 6.3 Fatehpur Sikri 6.4 I'timād - Ud - Daulah 6.5 Akbar 's Tomb , Sikandra 6.6 Jamā Masjid 6.7 Chīnī kā Rauza 6.8 Ram Bagh ( Aaram Bāgh ) 6.9 Mariam 's Tomb 6.10 Mehtāb Bāgh 6.11 Keetham Lake 6.12 Mughal Heritage Walk 7 Other places of interest 7.1 Mankameshwar Temple 7.2 Indrabhan Girls ' Inter College 7.3 Gurudwara Guru ka Taal 7.4 The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception 7.5 Paliwal Park ( Hewitt Park ) 7.6 Soamibagh Samadhi 8 Economy 9 Development 10 Education 10.1 Universities and colleges 11 Media 11.1 Radio stations 12 Fairs and festivals 12.1 Taj Mahotsav 12.2 Ram Barat 12.3 Taj Literature Festival 12.4 Kailash Fair 12.5 Gangaur Fair 12.6 Taj Municipal Museum in Paliwal Park Agra 12.7 Balloon Festival 13 Notable individuals 14 Sister cities 15 See also 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Agra Agra features a semiarid climate that borders on a humid subtropical climate . The city features mild winters , hot and dry summers and a monsoon season . However the monsoons , though substantial in Agra , are not quite as heavy as the monsoon in other parts of India . This is a primary factor in Agra featuring a semiarid climate as opposed to a humid subtropical climate . hide Climate data for Agra , India Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 42.8 ( 109 ) 46.5 ( 115.7 ) 48.6 ( 119.5 ) 48.5 ( 119.3 ) 46.5 ( 115.7 ) 43.0 ( 109.4 ) 41.4 ( 106.5 ) 41.1 ( 106 ) 36.1 ( 97 ) 31.0 ( 87.8 ) 48.6 ( 119.5 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 22.3 ( 72.1 ) 25.2 ( 77.4 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 38.5 ( 101.3 ) 41.6 ( 106.9 ) 40.7 ( 105.3 ) 35.2 ( 95.4 ) 33.7 ( 92.7 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 34.3 ( 93.7 ) 29.7 ( 85.5 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) 34.0 ( 93.2 ) 34.6 ( 94.3 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) 29.6 ( 85.3 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 27.0 ( 80.6 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 26.0 ( 78.8 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 8.0 ( 46.4 ) 10.4 ( 50.7 ) 15.9 ( 60.6 ) 22.3 ( 72.1 ) 26.4 ( 79.5 ) 28.5 ( 83.3 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 25.8 ( 78.4 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 19.9 ( 67.8 ) 13.7 ( 56.7 ) 9.1 ( 48.4 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 2.2 ( 28 ) − 1.7 ( 28.9 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 12.0 ( 53.6 ) 14.5 ( 58.1 ) 12.0 ( 53.6 ) 13.0 ( 55.4 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 2.8 ( 37 ) − 0.6 ( 30.9 ) − 2.2 ( 28 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 13.2 ( 0.52 ) 17.6 ( 0.693 ) 9.3 ( 0.366 ) 6.3 ( 0.248 ) 11.3 ( 0.445 ) 55.7 ( 2.193 ) 203.3 ( 8.004 ) 243.2 ( 9.575 ) 129.7 ( 5.106 ) 24.8 ( 0.976 ) 4.3 ( 0.169 ) 6.1 ( 0.24 ) 724.8 ( 28.535 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 1.0 mm ) 1.6 1.5 1.6 2.0 4.7 13.6 13.7 6.5 1.5 0.6 0.8 49.2 Average relative humidity ( % ) 64 55 45 35 34 46 72 77 67 54 56 64 56 Source # 1 : NOAA ( 1971 -- 1990 ) , World Meteorological Organization ( precipitation 1901 -- 2000 ) Source # 2 : India Meteorological Department ( records ) Population ( edit ) Demographics ( edit ) See also : List of cities in Uttar Pradesh As of 2011 India census , Agra city has a population of 1,585,704 , while the population of Agra cantonment is 53,053 . The urban agglomeration of Agra has a population of 1,760,285 . Males constitute 53 % of the population and females 47 % . Agra city has an average literacy rate of 75 % , above the national average of 74 % . Literacy rate of males is considerably higher than that of women . The sex ratio in the city was 875 females per thousand males while child sex ratio stood at 857 . Agra district literacy rate is 62.56 % . According to the 2011 census , Agra district has a population of 4,380,793 , roughly equal to the nation of Moldova or the US state of Kentucky . This gives it a ranking of 41st in India ( out of a total of 640 ) . The district has a population density of 1,084 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 2,810 / sq mi ) . 52.5 % of Agra 's population is in the 15 -- 59 years age category . Around 11 % of the population is under 6 years of age . Religions in Agra Religion Percent Hindus 80.68 % Muslims 15.37 % Not Stated 1.66 % Jains 1.04 % Sikh 0.62 % Christian 0.42 % Buddhist 0.19 % Others 0.02 % Distribution of religions Religion ( edit ) Hindus are 88.8 % while Muslims are 9.3 % of the population in Agra district . Hinduism , Islam and Jainism are the major religions in Agra city with 80.7 % , 15.4 % viz. 1.0 % of the population adhering to them ; others are 1.5 % . The Catholic minority is served by its own Metropolitan Archdiocese of Agra . History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) It is generally accepted that Agra was both an ancient city from the times of the Mahabharata ( see above ) and yet nevertheless Sultan Sikandar Lodī , the Muslim ruler of the Delhi Sultanate , founded Agra in the year 1504 . After the Sultan 's death , the city passed on to his son , Sultan Ibrāhīm Lodī . He ruled his Sultanate from Agra until he fell fighting to Mughal Badshah Bābar in the First battle of Panipat fought in 1526 . Mughal era ( edit ) The Red fort , Agra , c. 1820 The golden age of the city began with the Mughals . It was known then as Akbarabād and remained the capital of the Mughal Empire under the Badshahs Akbar , Jahāngīr and Shāh Jahān . Akbar made it the eponymous seat of one of his original twelve subahs ( imperial top - level provinces ) , bordering ( Old ) Delhi , Awadh ( Oudh ) , Allahabad , Malwa and Ajmer subahs . Shāh Jahān later shifted his capital to Shāhjahānabād in the year 1648 . Since Akbarabād was one of the most important cities in India under the Mughals , it witnessed a lot of building activity . Babar , the founder of the Mughal dynasty , laid out the first formal Persian garden on the banks of river Yamuna . The garden is called the Arām Bāgh or the Garden of Relaxation . His grandson Akbar the Great raised the towering ramparts of the Great Red Fort , besides making Agra a centre for learning , arts , commerce and religion . Akbar also built a new city on the outskirts of Akbarabād called Fatehpūr Sikrī . This city was built in the form of a Mughal military camp in stone . Kos Minar # 793 at 12 mile on Agra - Fatehpur Sikri Road section of National Highway 21 His son Jahāngīr had a love of flora and fauna and laid many gardens inside the Red Fort or Lāl Qil'a . Shāh Jahān , known for his keen interest in architecture , gave Akbarabād its most prized monument , the Tāj Mahal . Built in loving memory of his wife Mumtāz Mahal , the mausoleum was completed in 1653 . Shāh Jahān later shifted the capital to Delhi during his reign , but his son Aurangzeb moved the capital back to Akbarabād , usurping his father and imprisoning him in the Fort there . Akbarabād remained the capital of India during the rule of Aurangzeb until he shifted it to Aurangabad in the Deccan in 1653 . Later periods ( edit ) After the decline of the Mughal Empire , the city came under the influence of Marathas and was called Agra , before falling into the hands of the British Raj in 1803 . Agra , Main Street , c. 1858 Map of the city , c. 1914 In 1835 when the Presidency of Agra was established by the British , the city became the seat of government , and just two years later it was witness to the Agra famine of 1837 -- 38 . During the Indian rebellion of 1857 British rule across India was threatened , news of the rebellion had reached Agra on 11 May and on 30 May two companies of native infantry , the 44th and 67th regiments , rebelled and marched to Delhi . The next morning native Indian troops in Agra were forced to disarm , on 15 June Gwalior ( which lies south of Agra ) rebelled . By 3 July , the British were forced to withdraw into the fort . Two days later a small British force at Sucheta were defeated and forced to withdraw , this led to a mob sacking the city . However , the rebels moved onto Delhi which allowed the British to restore order by 8 July . Delhi fell to the British in September , the following month rebels who had fled Delhi along with rebels from Central India marched on Agra but were defeated . After this British rule was again secured over the city until the independence of India in 1947 . Legacies ( edit ) Agra is the birthplace of the religion known as Dīn - i Ilāhī , which flourished during the reign of Akbar and also of the Radhaswami Faith , which has around two million followers worldwide . Agra has historic linkages with Shauripur of Jainism and Runukta of Hinduism , of 1000 BC . The Tāj Mahal , Agra Fort and Fatehpur Sikri are all UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Administration and politics ( edit ) Administration ( edit ) General administration ( edit ) Agra division which consists of four districts , and is headed by the divisional commissioner of Agra , who is an IAS officer , the commissioner is the head of local government institutions ( including municipal corporations ) in the division , is in charge of infrastructure development in his division , and is also responsible for and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division . The district magistrate of Agra reports to the divisional commissioner . The current commissioner is K. Ram Mohan Rao . Agra district administration is headed by the district magistrate and collector ( DM ) of Agra , who is an IAS officer . The DM is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees the elections held in the city . The DM is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the city . The DM is assisted by a chief development officer ; six additional district magistrates for finance / revenue , city , administration , land acquisition , civil supply , and protocol ; one city magistrate ; and three additional city magistrates . The district has six tehsils viz . Sadar , Etmadapur , Kirawali , Fatehabad , Khairagarh and Bah , each headed by a sub-divisional magistrate . The current DM is Gaurav Dayal . Police administration ( edit ) Agra district comes under the Agra Police Zone and Agra Police Range , Agra Zone is headed by an additional director general ( ADG ) - ranked Indian Police Service ( IPS ) officer , and the Agra Range is headed by a deputy inspector general ( DIG ) - ranked IPS officer . The current ADG , Agra Zone is Ajay Anand , and DIG , Agra Range is Love Kumar . The district police is headed by a senior superintendent of police ( SSP ) , who is an IPS officer , and is assisted by six superintendents of police or additional superintendents of police for city , east , west , crime , traffic , and protocol , either from the IPS or the Provincial Police Service . Each of the several police circles is headed by a circle officer in the rank of deputy superintendent of police . The current SSP is Amit Pathak . Infrastructure and civic administration ( edit ) The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by Agra Development Authority ( ADA ) , which comes under the Department of Housing and Urban Planning of the Uttar Pradesh government . The divisional commissioner of Agra acts as the ex-officio Chairman of ADA , whereas a Vice Chairman , a government - appointed IAS officer , looks after the daily matters of the authority . The current vice-chairman of ADA is Shubhra Saxena . The Agra Municipal Corporation oversees the city 's civic infrastructure . The head of the corporation is the mayor , but the executive and administration of the corporation is the responsibility of the municipal commissioner , who is a Uttar Pradesh government - appointed Provincial Civil Service officer of high seniority . The current mayor of Agra is Naveen Jain from the Bharatiya Janata Party , whereas the municipal commissioner is Arun Prakash . Politics ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Agra district has two Lok Sabha viz . Agra and Fatehpur Sikri , and nine Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha ( Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly ) constituencies in it . The current member of parliament ( MP ) for Agra in the Lok Sabha ( House of the People ) is Ram Shankar , and the current MP for Fatehpur Sikri in the House of the People is Babulal Chaudhary . Transport ( edit ) Air ( edit ) Air India flies to Agra airport on the following route : Delhi -- Varanasi -- Agra -- Khajuraho -- Varanasi -- Delhi Rail ( edit ) Main article : Railways in Agra Agra Cantt Railway Station Agra City Comes Under the Jurisdiction Of Agra Division Of North Central Railways Zone Of the Indian Railways . Agra is on the Central Train line between Delhi ( Station Code : NDLS ) and Mumbai ( Station Code : CSTM ) and between Delhi and Chennai ( Station Code : MAS ) and many trains like Bhopal Shatabdi , Taj Express , Gatiman Express , Bhopal Express , Malwa Express , Gondwana Express , Jabalpur - Jammutawi Express , Shreedham Express , Garib Rath , Tamil Nadu Express , Chennai Rajdhani , Agra Mathura Express etc. connect Agra with all major Indian cities like New Delhi , Hyderabad , Mumbai , Kolkata , Chennai , Visakhapatnam , Bengaluru , Pune , Bhopal , Indore , Kochi , Gwalior , Jabalpur , Ujjain , Jaipur , Aligarh , Mathura , Alwar , Lucknow , Thiruvananthapuram etc. every day . Some east - bound trains from Delhi also travel via Agra , so direct connections to points in Eastern India ( including Kolkata ) are also available . There are close to 20 trains to New Delhi and Gwalior Junction every day , and at least three or four to Bhopal , Indore , Nagpur , Mumbai and Chennai . There are three main railway stations in Agra : Agra Cantt , Raja Ki Mandi , and Agra Fort . Railway stations ( edit ) Railway Stations served by the Agra Division , North Central Railways network at Agra are : Agra Cantonment Railway Station , Agra Agra Fort Railway Station , Agra Agra City Railway Station , Agra Raja Ki Mandi Railway Station , Agra Idgah Railway Station , Agra Yamuna Bridge Railway Station , Agra Agra Cantt . Railway Station Agra - Delhi semi-high speed train -- Gatimaan Express ( edit ) In July 2014 , a trial run of a `` semi-high speed train '' with 10 coaches and 2 generators reached a speed of 160 km / h ( 99 mph ) between New Delhi and Agra . The railways plan to introduce such trains commercially from November 2014 . New Delhi Agra Shatabdi Express is the same type of train , which takes 2 hours to complete its journey . A new semi-high speed train Gatimaan Express that reduces travel time between Delhi and Agra to 100 minutes has been started from 5 April 2016 . Road ( edit ) Inner Ring Road , Agra Idgah Bus Stand , Taj Depot , Fort Depot and Inter State Bus Terminal ( I.S.B.T. ) are the major bus stands in Agra , connecting Agra to most of the bigger cities in North India . It is a major junction of highways with three national highways and two expressways ( Yamuna Expressway & Agra Lucknow Expressway ) originating from Agra . From Delhi : NH 19 ( old number : NH 2 ) , a modern divided highway , connects the 200 km ( 124 mi ) distance from Delhi to Agra . From Delhi / Noida : Yamuna Expressway , a modern access controlled highway connects the 200 km ( 124 mi ) distance from Delhi to Agra . Yamuna Expressway ( formerly Taj Expressway ) is a six lane ( extendable to eight lanes ) , 165 km ( 103 mi ) long , controlled - access expressway , that connects New Delhi with Agra via Greater Noida and Mathura in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . NH 509 ( old number : NH 93 ) connects Agra to Moradabad via Aligarh . Agra Lucknow Expressway is a six lane ( extendable to 8 lanes ) , 302 km ( 188 mi ) long , controlled - access expressway , that connects Lucknow with Agra via Kannauj and Etawah in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . Local transport ( edit ) City low floor buses ( edit ) Bus services are run by the Agra Municipal Corporation . Other para-transit modes include rickshaws and autorickshaws . Polluting vehicles are not allowed near the Tāj Mahal . E-rickshaw and ola Cabs ( edit ) Electric rickshaws have been increasing in the city . Ola Cabs and Agra Cabs & Taxi also operate their services in the city round the clock and can be used via mobile app and website . Agra Metro Rail transport ( edit ) Rail India Technical and Economic Service ( RITES ) has proposed 30 stations , 11 underground and 19 elevated , for two corridors of the Metro Rail in the city . The two routes are Sikandra to the Taj Mahal 's east gate via Agra Fort and Agra Cantt to Kalindi Vihar . On 24 March 2017 , State Chief Minister Aditya Nath Yogi approved the project . In December 2017 , the cabinet of the UP Government approved the DPR as per New Metro Policy . Work was expected to commence in March 2018 . Monumental Mughal legacy ( edit ) Taj Mahal from Agra fort Tāj Mahal ( edit ) Main article : Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal is one of the most famous buildings in the world , the mausoleum of Shah Jahan 's favourite wife , Mumtaz Mahal . It is one of the New Seven Wonders of the world , and one of the three World Heritage Sites in Agra . Agra is commonly identified as the `` City of Taj '' . Tombs of Shah Jahan and his beloved wife , Mumtaz Mahal Completed in 1653 , the Tāj Mahal was built by the Mughal king Shah Jahan as the final resting place for his beloved wife , Mumtāz Mahal . Finished in marble , it is perhaps India 's most beautiful monument and is set amidst landscaped gardens . Built by the Persian architect , Ustād ' Īsā , the Tāj Mahal is on the south bank of the Yamuna River . It can be observed from Agra Fort from where Emperor Shāh Jahān gazed at it for the last eight years of his life , a prisoner of his son Aurangzeb . Verses of the Quran are inscribed on it and at the top of the gate are 22 small domes , signifying the number of years the monument took to build . The Tāj Mahal was built on a marble platform that stands above a sandstone one . The most elegant dome of the Tāj Mahal has a diameter of 60 feet ( 18 m ) , and rises to a height of 80 feet ( 24 m ) ; directly under this dome is the tomb of Mumtāz Mahal . Shah Jahān 's tomb was erected next to hers by his son Aurangzeb . The interiors are decorated with fine inlay work , incorporating semi-precious stones . A panoramic view of Taj Mahal Agra Fort ( edit ) Main article : Agra Fort Amar Singh Gate , one of two entrances into Agra 's Red Fort Agra Fort ( sometimes called the Red Fort ) , was commissioned by the conquering Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great in 1565 , and is another of Agra 's World Heritage Sites . A stone tablet at the gate of the Fort states that it had been built before 1000 but was later renovated by Akbar . The red sandstone fort was converted into a palace during Shāh Jahān 's time , and reworked extensively with marble and pietra dura inlay . Notable buildings in the fort include the Pearl Mosque or Motī Masjid , the Dīwān - e - ' Ām and Dīwān - e-Khās ( halls of public and private audience ) , Jahāngīr 's Palace , Khās Mahal , Shīsh Mahal ( mirrored palace ) , and the Musamman Burj . The forbidding exteriors of this fort conceal an inner paradise . The fort is crescent shaped , flattened on the east with a long , nearly straight wall facing the river . It has a total perimeter of 2.4 kilometres ( 1.5 mi ) , and is ringed by double castellated ramparts of red sandstone punctuated at regular intervals by bastions . A moat 9 metres ( 30 ft ) wide and 10 metres ( 33 ft ) deep surrounds the outer wall . Chhatrapati Shīvajī visited the Agra Fort , as a result of the conditions of the Treaty of Purandar entered into with Mirzā Rājā Jaisingh to meet Aurangzeb in the Dīwān - i - Khās ( Special Audience Chamber ) . In the audience he was deliberately placed behind men of lower rank . An insulted Shīvajī stormed out of the imperial audience and was confined to Jai Sing 's quarters on 12 May 1666 . Fearing the dungeons and execution he escaped on 17 August 1666 . The fort is a typical example of Mughal architecture , effectively showing how the North Indian style of fort construction differed from that of the South . In the South , the majority of forts were built on the seabed like the one at Bekal in Kerala . Fatehpūr Sikrī ( edit ) Main article : Fatehpur Sikri Dīwān - i - Khās -- hall of private audience The Mughal Emperor Akbar built Fatehpūr Sikrī about 35 km ( 22 mi ) from Agra , and moved his capital there . Later abandoned , the site displays a number of buildings of significant historical importance . A World Heritage Site , it is often visited by tourists . The name of the place came about after the Mughal Emperor Bābar defeated Rāṇā Sāngā in a battle at a place called Sikrī ( about 40 km ( 25 mi ) from Agra ) . Then the Mughal Emperor Akbar wanted to make Fatehpūr Sikrī his headquarters , so he built a majestic fort ; due to shortage of water , however , he had to ultimately move his headquarters to Agra Fort . Buland Darwāza or ' the lofty gateway ' was built by the great Mughal emperor , Akbar in 1601 CE . at Fatehpūr Sikrī . Akbar built the Buland Darwāza to commemorate his victory over Gujarat . The Buland Darwāza is approached by 52 steps . The Buland Darwāza is 53.63 metres ( 175.95 feet ) high and 35 metres ( 115 feet ) wide . it is made of red and buff sandstone , decorated by carving and black and white marble inlays . An inscription on the central face of the Buland Darwāza demonstrates Akbar 's religious broadmindedness , it is a message from Jesus advising his followers not to consider this world as their permanent home . I'timād - Ud - Daulah ( edit ) Main article : Itmad - Ud - Daulah 's Tomb The Itmad - Ud - Daulah 's Tomb The Empress Nūr Jahān built I'timād - Ud - Daulah 's Tomb , sometimes called the `` Baby Tāj '' , for her father , Mirzā Ghiyās Beg , the Chief Minister of the Emperor Jahāngīr . Located on the left bank of the Yamuna river , the mausoleum is set in a large cruciform garden , criss - crossed by water courses and walkways . The area of the mausoleum itself is about 23 m ( 250 sq ft ) , and is built on a base that is about 50 m ( 540 sq ft ) and about one metre ( 3.3 feet ) high . On each corner are hexagonal towers , about thirteen metres ( 43 feet ) tall . Small in comparison to many other Mughal - era tombs , it is sometimes described as a jewel box . Its garden layout and use of white marble , pietra dura , inlay designs and latticework presage many elements of the Tāj Mahal . The walls are white marble from Rajasthan encrusted with semi-precious stone decorations -- cornelian , jasper , lapis lazuli , onyx , and topaz in images of cypress trees and wine bottles , or more elaborate decorations like cut fruit or vases containing bouquets . Light penetrates to the interior through delicate jālī screens of intricately carved white marble . Many of Nūr Jahān 's relatives are interred in the mausoleum . The only asymmetrical element of the entire complex are the tombs of her father and mother , which have been set side - by - side , a formation replicated in the Taj Mahal . Akbar 's tomb , Sikandra ( edit ) Main article : Tomb of Akbar the Great Tomb of Akbar the Great Sikandra , the last resting place of the Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great , is on the Delhi - Agra Highway , only 13 kilometres ( 8.1 miles ) from the Agra Fort . Akbar 's tomb reflects the completeness of his personality . The vast , beautifully carved , red - ochre sandstone tomb with deers , rabbits and langurs is set amidst a lush garden . Akbar himself planned his own tomb and selected a suitable site for it . To construct a tomb in one 's lifetime was a Turkic custom which the Mughals followed religiously . Akbar 's son Jahāngīr completed construction of this pyramidal tomb in 1613 . The 99 names of Allah have been inscribed on the tomb . Jāma Masjid ( edit ) Main article : Jama Masjid ( Agra ) The Jāma Masjid is a large mosque attributed to Shah Jahan 's daughter , Princess Jahanara Begum , built in 1648 , notable for its unusual dome and absence of minarets . The inscription at its entrance shows that it cost Rs 5 Lakhs at that time for its completion . Chīnī kā Rauza Chīnī ka Rauza ( edit ) Main article : Chini Ka Rauza Notable for its Persian influenced dome of blue glazed tiles , the Chīnī kā Rauza is dedicated to the Prime Minister of Shāh Jahān , ' Allāma Afzal Khāl Mullā Shukrullāh of Shiraz . Ram Bāgh ( aaram Bāgh ) ( edit ) Main article : Ram Bagh ( Aaram Bagh ) The oldest Mughal garden in India , the Rām Bāgh was built by the Emperor Bābar in 1528 on the bank of the Yamuna . It lies about 2.34 km ( 1 mi ) north of the Tāj Mahal . The pavilions in this garden are designed so that the wind from the Yamuna , combined with the greenery , keeps them cool even during the peak of summer . The original name of the gardens was Ārām Bāgh , or ' Garden of Relaxation ' , and this was where the Mughal emperor Bābar used to spend his leisure time and where he eventually died . His body was kept here for some time before sending it to Kabul . On Ram Bagh to Tundla road near Etmadpur , there is a famed Yoga Ashram of Mahaprabhu Ramlal ji Maharaja ( First Guru Gaddi ) , Yogeshwar Mulakhraj Ji Maharaja ( Second Guru Gaddi ) & Yogeshwar DeviDayal Ji Mahadev ( Third GuruGaddi ) blessed Swami Chandra Mohan Ji Maharaj named Shri Siddha Gufa Sawai . Thousands of devotees and seekers visit this holy place . Mariam 's tomb ( edit ) Main article : Mariams Tomb Mariams Tomb , is the tomb of Mariam , the wife of great Mughal Emperor Akbar . The tomb is within the compound of the Christian Missionary Society . Mehtāb Bāgh ( edit ) Main article : Mehtab Bagh Plan of the Taj complex with the Mehtab Bagh gardens to the left The Mehtāb Bāgh , or ' Moonlight Garden ' , is on the opposite bank of the River Yamuna from the Tāj Mahal . Keetham lake ( edit ) Main article : Keetham Lake Also known as Sur Sarovar , Keetham Lake is situated about 7 kilometres ( 4.3 miles ) from the Akbar tomb in Agra , within the Surdas Reserved Forest . The lake has an impressive variety of aquatic life and water birds . Mughal Heritage Walk ( edit ) The Mughal Heritage Walk is a part of community development programme being implemented with support of Agra Municipal corporation , USAID and an NGO ; Center for Urban and Regional Excellence . It seeks to build sustainable livelihoods for youth and women from low resource communities and improve their living environments through infrastructure services and integration within the city . The Mughal Heritage Walk is a one - kilometre ( 0.62 - mile ) loop which connects the agricultural fields with the Rajasthani culture , river bank connected with the ancient village of Kuchhpura , the Heritage Structure of Mehtab Bagh , the Mughal aqueduct system , the Humanyun Mosque and the Gyarah Sidi . Other places of interest ( edit ) Mankameshwar Temple ( edit ) Main article : Mankameshwar Temple The Mankameshwar Temple is one of four ancient temples dedicated to Lord Shiva located on the four corners of Agra City . It is located near the Jāma Masjid and is about 2.5 kilometres ( 1.6 miles ) from the Tāj Mahal and less than 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) from Agra Fort . Being located in the old city , the temple is surrounded by markets , many of which date back to the Mughal Era . Indrabhan girls ' Inter college ( edit ) The college is widely considered to be the birthplace of great poet Mirza Ghalib . It is located near the Mankameshwar Temple and is about 3 kilometres ( 1.9 miles ) from the Tāj Mahal and less than 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) from Agra Fort . Being located in the old city , the College is surrounded by markets . Approximately four or five years ago , the birth room of Mirza Ghalib was hidden behind the wall by the Management of the college to keep the identity of the place secret . Gurudwara Guru ka taal ( edit ) Main article : Guru ka Tal Guru ka Tal was originally a reservoir meant to collect and conserve rainwater built in Agra , near Sikandra , during Jahangir 's reign next to the Tomb of I'tibār Khān Khwājasara in 1610 . In the 1970s a gurudwara was erected here . Guru ka Tal is a holy place of worship for the Sikhs . Four of the ten Sikh Gurus are said to have paid it a visit . Enjoying both historical and religious importance , this shrine attracts a large number of devotees and tourists . Boasting elaborate stone carvings and eight of the twelve original towers . It is located by national ( Delhi - Agra ) highway - 2 . The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception ( edit ) The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra . Paliwal Park ( Hewitt Park ) ( edit ) Paliwal Park , during the British Raj was known as Hewitt Park , is now renamed in memory of Shri Krishna Datta Paliwal , who was the first finance minister of Uttar Pradesh , when Shri Govind Ballabh Pant was the Chief Minister of the State . Paliwal Park is located in the heart of Agra , spread over an area of around 70 acres ( 280,000 m ) . It also has a small lake and a vast variety of trees . Paliwal Park links the residential areas of Vijay Nagar Colony and Gandhi Nagar to the financial Hub of the city i.e. Sanjay Place . John 's Public Library , also known as the Agra Municipal Library , is also located here and has rare books on diverse topics . Many people come here for morning walk , as a result this place is full especially during the summer holidays when youngsters play all sort of different games . Soamibagh Samadhi ( edit ) Located in Dayalbagh area , Soamibagh Samadhi is another magnificent marble building and a popular tourist attraction . The carving of the marble pillars and posts is intricate and exhibits good craftsmanship . It is a place of worship for Radhasoami Faith followers and is dedicated to the founder of Radhasoami Faith , Param Purush Puran Dhani Soami Ji Maharaj ( Sri Shiv Dayal Singh Seth ) . It is very quiet and peaceful inside the Satsang hall , an environment built for meditation . Economy ( edit ) A shopping mall situated on the Fatehabad Road A marble table top in Pietra Dura , a craft practised since the Mughal era in Agra The Sadar Bazar market An Agra craftsman working with marble stone inlays . The marble is coloured red to give contrast while working . Due to the presence of the Taj Mahal and other historic monuments , Agra has a booming tourism industry as well as royal crafts like Pietra Dura , marble inlay and carpets . Today 40 % of the population depends largely on agriculture , and others on the leather and footwear business and iron foundries . Agra is the second most self - employed in India in 2007 , behind Varanasi , followed by Bhopal , Indore and Patna . According to the National Sample Survey Organization , in 1999 -- 2000 , 431 of every 1,000 employed males were self - employed in the city , which grew to 603 per 1,000 in 2004 -- 05 . Tourism contributes to the economy of Agra . Agra is home to Asia 's largest spa called Kaya Kalp -- The Royal Spa , at the Hotel Mughal in Agra . Agra has many industries . Uttar Pradesh 's first plant biotech company Harihar Biotech is located near the Taj . There are about 7,000 small scale industrial units . Agra city is also known for its leather goods , the oldest and famous leather firm Taj Leather World is in Sadar bazar . The carpets , handicrafts , zari and zardozi ( embroidery work ) , marble and stone carving and inlay work . Agra is known for its sweets ( Petha and Gajak ) and snacks ( Dalmoth ) , garment manufacturers and exporters and an automobile industry . Carpet making was introduced to the city by Moghul Emperor Babur and since then this art has flourished . The city centre place at Agra has jewellery and garments shops . The silver and gold jewellery hub is at Choube Ji Ka Fatak . The Shah Market area is an electronics market while Sanjay Place is the trade centre of Agra . Development ( edit ) Agra ranked fifth on both the financial penetration index , which measures things like the presence of ATMs and bank branches , and on the consumption index , indicating the city 's transformation into an urban town . There are many new buildings , shopping complexes , malls , roads , flyovers and apartments coming up . On the India City Competitiveness Index , the city ranked 26th in 2010 , 32nd in 2011 and 37th in 2012 Education ( edit ) It was during the advent of the Mughal era that Agra grew as a centre of Islamic education . British people introduced the western concept of education in Agra . In the year 1823 , Agra College , one of the oldest colleges in India was formed out of a Sanskrit school established by the Scindia rulers . In the British era , Agra became a great centre of Hindi literature with people like Babu Gulab Rai at the helm . Universities and colleges ( edit ) Agra University was established on 1 July 1927 and catered to colleges spread across the United Provinces , the Rajputana , the Central Provinces and almost to entire North India , at present 10 institutes comprising various departments and around 700 Colleges are affiliated to this university . The historic Agra University was later rechristened as Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University by the then Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh , Ms. Mayawati . Sachdeva Institute of Technology , Also known as SIT , Mathura since 2001 . The Institute of Mental Health and Hospital , formerly known as Agra Lunatic Asylum , was established in September 1859 governed by the State of Uttar Pradesh . It is spread over on extensive and beautiful ground of 172.8 acres ( 69.9 ha ) land and is well known centre for the treatment , training and research on mental disorders in Northern India . The institute was renamed as Mental Hospital , Agra in 1925 . It was being managed under the provisions of Indian Lunacy Act , 1912 till 1993 . Presently all admissions and discharges are being done under the provisions of Mental Health Act , 1987 . Following a public writ , the Supreme Court of India in the year 1994 , renamed the Institution as Agra Mansik Arogyashala , made it an autonomous institution and outlined the objectives to improve treatment and care of mentally ill persons including rehabilitation as well as to develop activities for professional teaching , training and research . In compliance of the order of the Supreme Court , the UP government declared the hospital as an autonomous institution on 31 January 1995 . In view of the objectives laid down by the court , it was renamed as Institute of Mental Health and Hospital on 8 February 2001 . Central Institute of Hindi , ( also known as Kendriya Hindi Sansthan ) is an autonomous institute under Ministry of Human Resource Development , Government of India engaged in teaching Hindi as a foreign and second language . Apart from running residential Hindi language courses for foreign students , the institute also conducts regular training programmes for teachers of Hindi belonging to non-Hindi states of India . The institute is situated at a 11 acres ( 4.5 ha ) campus on the outskirts of Agra city . Headquartered in Agra the institute has eight regional centres in Delhi , Hyderabad , Mysore , Shillong , Dimapur , Guwahati , Ahmedabad and Bhubneshwar . The institute is the only government run institution in India established solely for research and teaching of Hindi as a foreign and second language . Sarojini Naidu Medical College , is one of the three oldest medical colleges of India . It is located in Agra , Uttar Pradesh state . It is named after the first lady Governess of Uttar Pradesh , poet and freedom fighter , Bharat Kokila Smt . Sarojini Naidu . Agra College , is one of the oldest institutions in India . Pandit Gangadhar Shastri , a noted Sanskrit scholar founded the college in 1823 . Till 1883 the institute was a government college and after that a Board of Trustees and a Committee of Management managed the college . Agra College produced the first graduate in Uttar Pradesh and the first Law graduate to Northern India . St. John 's College , Agra , is a college established in 1850 , now part of the Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University , earlier known as Agra University . It is amongst the oldest and one of the most beautiful Christian colleges in India . The college runs a study centre of Indira Gandhi National Open University ( ignou ) , a central university . Raja Balwant Singh College , Established in 1885 owes its existence to Raja Balwant Singh Ji of Awagarh who enabled the institution to grow as one of the oldest and biggest colleges of Uttar Pradesh . Raja Balwant Singh College is located at Bichpuri , Agra , Uttar Pradesh , India . The college is affiliated to Uttar Pradesh Technical University , Lucknow , and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University , Agra . Dayalbagh Educational Institute , Radhasoami Satsang Sabha , started the Radhasoami Educational Institute , as a co-educational Middle School , open to all , on 1 January 1917 . It became a Degree College in 1947 , affiliated to Agra University . In 1975 , it formulated a programme of undergraduate studies which received approbation from the Government of Uttar Pradesh and the University Grants Commission , as a result of which in 1981 the Ministry of Education , Government of India , conferred the status of an institution deemed to be a University on the Dayalbagh Educational Institute , to implement the new scheme . UEI Global , consecutively ranked among the top management institutes of India by Competition Success Review for year 2013 and 2012 . The college has 12 campuses across India and provide programs in Hotel Management and Business Management . Media ( edit ) Agra is home to the Dainik Jagran newspaper , the most read Hindi newspaper in India . Other widely read papers include Amar Ujala , Rajasthan Patrika , Aaj , Hindustan , The Sea Express , Deepsheel Bharat , DLA . The English dailies published are The Times of India , Hindustan Times , Economic Times , and The Pioneer . The Urdy dailies published are Prabhanjan Sanket , and Inksaaf . There is also the Hindi and English mixed newspaper tabloid I - NEXT . Morphers Animation Studios LLP is an animation studio in Agra , which caters 3d visualisation services to clients . State - owned All India Radio has a local station in Agra which transmits various programs of mass interest . There are four private FM radio stations , 92.7 BIG FM ( Reliance Broadcast Network Limited ) , 93.7 Fever FM , 94.5 Tadka FM and Radio City 91.9 FM . There is a community Radio Station 90.4 FM . Radio stations ( edit ) 90.4 MHz -- Agra ki Awaaz 90.8 MHz -- Aap ki Awaaz 93.7 MHz -- Fever FM 91.9 MHz -- Radio City 92.7 MHz -- Big 92.7 FM 94.5 MHz -- Tadka FM 105.6 MHz -- IGNOU Gyan Vani Fairs and festivals ( edit ) Tāj Mahotsav ( edit ) Taj Mahotsav is a cultural festival that was started in year 1992 and has grown since then . The year 2017 is the 26th year of this Mahotsav . This festival also figures in the calendar of events of the Department of Tourism , Government of India . A large number of Indian and foreign tourists coming to Agra join this festivity in the month of February ( 18 to 27 ) . One of the objectives of this craft fair is to provide encouragement to the artisans . It also makes available works of art and craft at reasonable prices that are not inflated by high maintenance cost . Ram Barat ( edit ) Ram Barat ( Hindi : राम बारात ) is a part of Ramlila celebration in Agra . It is one of the biggest annual events in North India . Ram Barat literally means Baraat Marriage procession of Sri Ram . Every year a new locality is chosen in Agra and is elaborately decorated with lights & flowers . The area is given a major face lift befitting the venue for the divine marriage . Tāj literature festival ( edit ) Taj Literature Festival saw stars of the literary world manifest themselves on the earth of Agra . The galaxy included the stalwarts , Muzaffar Ali , Shobha De , Prahlad Kakker and Raghu Rai . The stage shone brilliant and the heritage city breathed life . This festival , an attempt to rejuvenate that aesthetic spirit which is a soul of this historically rich city , Agra . The city that nurtured the likes of Ghalib , Tansen , Surdas , Nazeer and many more . Kailash fair ( edit ) The Kailash Fair is held in the town of Kailash , about 12 km ( 7 mi ) from Agra , in the month of August / September . It is a major fair celebrated in honour of Lord Shiva who is believed to have appeared here in the form of stone Lingam . Gangaur Fair ( edit ) Gokulpura / Moti Katra , Agra Tāj Municipal museum in Paliwal Park Agra ( edit ) The museum - cum - public library is housed in an old heritage structure , built in 1922 and renovated in the 1940s . Queen Victori 's bronze statue 's are also exposed in this Museum . The other old statues and memories of the Mughal Era are exposed for the attraction of tourists , something new other than usual attraction . Balloon festival ( edit ) Agra Balloon Festival is organised in February every year . Notable individuals ( edit ) Abdul Karim ( the Munshi ) , Huzur Shiv Dayal Singh Hazur Rai Saligram Bahadur , second revered leader of Radhasoami faith , poet Surdas , Ram Sharma , Amrit Lal Nagar , Rajendra Yadav , Mirza Ghalib , Mir Taqi Mir , Nazir Akbarabadi Motilal Nehru , actress Nimmi and Raj Babbar are some notable people from Agra . Sister cities ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in India Agra is twinned with : Chengdu , Sichuan , China Petra , Jordan See also ( edit ) Nand Ram Ka Tila Runakta References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` जिलाधिकारी / मंडलायुक्त की सूची '' Devanagari ( List of District Magistrates and Divisional Commissioners ) . Department of Appointment and Personnel , Government of Uttar Pradesh ( in Hindi ) . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Officers posted at A ( gra ) '' . Uttar Pradesh Police . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lavania , Deepak ( 2 December 2017 ) . `` BJP wins post of Agra mayor for fifth consecutive time '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . ^ Jump up to : `` Census 2011 '' . The Registrar General & Census Commissioner , India . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` VDA Board Members '' . Varanasi Development Authority ( in Hindi ) . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Staff List '' . Agra Development Authority . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PCS OFFICERS ( Posted as HOD ) '' . Department of Appointment and Personnel , Government of Uttar Pradesh . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Details '' . Agra Municipal Corporation . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gopal , Madan ( 1990 ) . K.S. Gautam , ed. India through the ages . Publication Division , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of India . p. 173 . Jump up ^ Koroth , Nandakumar . History of Bekal Fort . Jump up ^ `` Samadhi Swamiji Maharaj Bagh '' . www.lonelyplanet.com . Jump up ^ `` India 's new Entrepreneurs '' . Mint. 16 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ITC unveils Asia 's largest spa in Agra '' . Economic Times ( India ) . 9 March 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Srikant Srinivas ; Amit Kapoor ( 13 December 2010 ) . `` Boulevards of Dreams '' ( PDF ) . Businessworld . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` India 's 50 most Competitive cities '' . Rediff. 13 December 2011 . Retrieved 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ranks of 50 Cities as per the India City Competitiveness Index 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Competitiveness , India . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Radio City 91.1 FM Agra -- Top 10 Songs of the Week '' . www.radiocity.in . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soamiji Maharaj '' . www.radhasoami-faith.info . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Huzur Maharaj '' . www.radhasoami-faith.info . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Agra , Chengdu of China are now sister cities - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` List of MoUs / Agreements signed during the Visit of the King of Jordan to India ( March 01 , 2018 ) '' . pib.nic.in . Further reading ( edit ) Cole , Henry Hardy ( 1873 ) . Illustrations of buildings near Muttra and Agra . India Office . Agra , Archaeological Society of ( 1874 ) . Transactions of the Archaeological Society of Agra , Jan -- June 1874 . Delhi Gazette Press . Mukerji , Satya Chandra ( 1892 ) . The Traveller 's Guide to Agra . Sen & Co. , Delhi . Fanthome , Frederic ( 1895 ) . Reminiscences of Agra . Thacker , Spink & Co . Latif , Muḥammad ( 1896 ) . Agra , Historical & Descriptive . Calcutta Central Press . Keene , Henry George ( 1899 ) . A Handbook for Visitors to Agra and Its Neighbourhood ( Sixth ed . ) . Thacker , Spink & Co . Smith , Edmund W. ( 1901 ) . Moghul Colour Decoration of Agra , Part I. Govt . Press , Allahabad . Havell , Ernest Binfield ( 1904 ) . A Handbook to Agra and the Taj , Sikandra , Fatehpur - Sikri , and the Neighbourhood . Longmans , Green & Co. , London . Agranama : The authentic book about the history of Agra by Mr. Satish Chandra Chaturvedi Vidhya Society , ( 2009 ) . Vidhya Society ( NGO ) is a leading charitable organisation of Uttar Pradesh ( India ) established under society registration act 21 - 1860 on the special occasion of World Disable Year 2009 . Director Mr. Pavan Upadhyay Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava , History and Culture of Agra ( Souvenir ) , 1956 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAgraat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website of Agra district Agra at Curlie University of Washington digital collections Uttar Pradesh portal Links to related articles Agra district topics History Akbar Mughal empire United Provinces of Agra and Oudh Cities and towns Achhnera Agra Azizpur Bah Dayalbagh Dhanauli Etmadpur Fatehabad Fatehpur Sikri Jagner Kheragarh Kiraoli Nainana Jat Pinahat Shamsabad Swamibagh Buildings Agra Fort Buland Darwaza Taj Mahal Other districts Aligarh Allahabad Ambedkar Nagar Amethi Amroha Auraiya Azamgarh Badaun Bagpat Bahraich Ballia Balrampur Banda Barabanki Bareilly Basti Bhimnagar Bijnor Bulandshahr Chandauli Chitrakoot Deoria Etah Etawah Faizabad Farrukhabad Fatehpur Firozabad Gautam Buddha Nagar Ghaziabad Ghazipur Gonda Gorakhpur Hamirpur Hardoi Hathras Jalaun Jaunpur Jhansi Kannauj Kanpur Nagar Kanshi Ram Nagar Kaushambi Kushinagar Lakhimpur Kheri Lalitpur Lucknow Maharajganj Mahoba Mainpuri Mathura Mau Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Muzaffarnagar Panchsheel Nagar Pilibhit Prabuddhanagar Pratapgarh Raebareli Ramabai Nagar Rampur Saharanpur Sant Kabir Nagar Sant Ravidas Nagar Shahjahanpur Shravasti Siddharthnagar Sitapur Sonbhadra Sultanpur Unnao Varanasi State of Uttar Pradesh Capital : Lucknow Topics History Geography Government Economy Culture Achitecture Tourism Demographics Education Administration Government Legislative Assembly Chief Ministers Governors High Court Police Seal Political Party Regions Western Uttar Pradesh Eastern Uttar Pradesh Central Uttar Pradesh Divisions Agra Aligarh Allahabad Azamgarh Bareilly Basti Chitrakoot Devipatan Faizabad Gorakhpur Jhansi Kanpur Lucknow Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Saharanpur Varanasi Districts Agra Aligarh Allahabad Ambedkar Nagar Amethi Amroha Auraiya Azamgarh Badaun Bagpat Bahraich Ballia Balrampur Banda Barabanki Bareilly Basti Bijnor Bulandshahr Chandauli Chitrakoot Devaria Etah Etawah Faizabad Farrukhabad Fatehpur Firozabad Gautam Buddha Nagar Ghaziabad Ghazipur Gonda Gorakhpur Hamirpur Hardoi Hathras Jalaun Jaunpur Jhansi Kannauj Kanpur Dehat ( Akbarpur ) Kanpur Nagar Kanshiram Nagar Kaushambi Kushinagar ( Padrauna ) Lakhimpur Kheri Lalitpur Lucknow Maharajganj Mahoba Mainpuri Mathura Mau Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Muzaffarnagar Pilibhit Pratapgarh Raebareli Rampur Saharanpur Sambhal Sant Kabir Nagar Sant Ravidas Nagar ( Bhadohi ) Shahjahanpur Shamli Shravasti Siddharthnagar Sitapur Sonbhadra Sultanpur Unnao Varanasi Major cities Kanpur Lucknow Ghaziabad Agra Varanasi Faizabad Meerut Allahabad Bareilly Aligarh Moradabad Saharanpur Gorakhpur Noida Jhansi Mathura Villages Adhkatiya Kala Khas Aharak Ahiran , Pindra Ahirani , Pindra Airla Aitha Ajaipur Akhari Akorha Amaut Amawar Amilo , Varanasi Araji Line Babhanpura Baghirua Baliakheri Bhelupura Chadpur Dabethuwa Deorai Eshipur Harora Aht . Harora Must . Janakpatti Jayapur Kathiraon Khanzadipur Kudi Lamhi Mehdiganj Phoolpur Raghunathpur Rajpur Saifai Tisaura Vyaspur Zafarabad Portal : Uttar Pradesh Agra division topics General Doab Braj Saman Sanctuary Mythology , history Mathura related Krishna Krishna Janmashtami Agra related Mughal Empire United Provinces of Agra and Oudh Places of tourist interest In and around Agra Taj Mahal Agra Fort Fatehpur Sikri Buland Darwaza Tomb of Akbar the Great I'timād - ud - Daulah 's Tomb Chini Ka Rauza Tomb of Mariam Zamani Gyarah Sidi Jama Masjid Moti Masjid Mankameshwar Temple Guru ka Tal Ram Bagh Mehtab Bagh Paliwal Park Taj Mahotsav Tourist attractions in Agra In and around Mathura Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir Prem Mandir Banke Bihari Temple Krishna Balaram Mandir Districts Agra Firozabad Mainpuri Mathura Rivers , dams , lakes , canals Yamuna Keetham Lake Agra Canal Languages , people Braj Bhasa Hindustani Khariboli Standard Hindi Urdu Jatav Transport National Highway 2 Grand Trunk Road National Highway 3 National Highway 11 National Highway 93 Lok Sabha constituencies Firozabad Agra Fatehpur Sikri Mathura Mainpuri See also Agra district topics Cities and towns in Firozabad district Cities and towns in Mainpuri district Cities and towns in Mathura district Villages in Agra district Villages in Firozabad district Villages in Mathura district People from Agra People from Firozabad People from Mainpuri People from Mathura Other divisions Aligarh Allahabad Azamgarh Bareilly Basti Chitrakoot Devipatan Faizabad Gorakhpur Jhansi Kanpur Lucknow Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Saharanpur Varanasi Million - plus agglomerations in India North Chandigarh Delhi Haryana : Faridabad Jammu and Kashmir : Srinagar Punjab : Ludhiana Amritsar Rajasthan : Jaipur Jodhpur Kota Central Chhattisgarh : Raipur Bhilai Madhya Pradesh : Indore Bhopal Jabalpur Gwalior Uttar Pradesh : Kanpur Lucknow Ghaziabad Agra Varanasi Meerut Prayagraj Eastern Bihar : Patna Jharkhand : Jamshedpur Dhanbad Ranchi West Bengal : Kolkata Asansol Western Gujarat : Ahmedabad Surat Vadodara Rajkot Maharashtra : Mumbai Pune Nagpur Nashik Vasai - Virar Aurangabad Southern Andhra Pradesh : Visakhapatnam Vijayawada Karnataka : Bangalore Kerala : Kochi Kozhikode Thrissur Malappuram Thiruvananthapuram Kannur Kollam Tamil Nadu : Chennai Coimbatore Madurai Tiruchirappalli Telangana : Hyderabad Hindustani - speaking areas of India See also : Hindi Belt Bihar Araria Arwal Aurangabad Banka Begusarai Bhagalpur Bhojpur Buxar Darbhanga East Champaran Gaya Gopalganj Jamui Jehanabad Kaimur Katihar Khagaria Kishanganj Lakhisarai Madhepura Madhubani Munger Muzaffarpur Nalanda Nawada Patna Purnia Rohtas Saharsa Samastipur Saran Sheikhpura Sheohar Sitamarhi Siwan Supaul Vaishali West Champaran Chhattisgarh Bastar Bilaspur Dantewada Dhamtari Durg Janjgir - Champa Jashpur Kabirdham Kanker Korba Koriya Mahasamund Narayanpur Raigarh Raipur Rajnandgaon Surguja Delhi Central Delhi East Delhi New Delhi North Delhi North East Delhi North West Delhi South Delhi South West Delhi West Delhi Haryana Ambala Bhiwani Faridabad Fatehabad Gurgaon Hisar Jhajjar Jind Kaithal Karnal Kurukshetra Mahendragarh Mewat Panchkula Palwal Panipat Rewari Rohtak Sirsa Sonipat Yamuna Nagar Himachal Pradesh Bilaspur Chamba Hamirpur Kangra Kinnaur Kullu Lahul and Spiti Mandi Shimla Sirmaur Solan Una Jharkhand Bokaro Chatra Deoghar Dhanbad Dumka East Singhbhum Garhwa Giridih Godda Gumla Hazaribagh Jamtara Khunti Koderma Latehar Lohardaga Pakur Palamu Ramgarh Ranchi Saraikela Kharsawan Simdega Singhbhum Sahebganj Madhya Pradesh Anuppur Ashoknagar Balaghat Barwani Betul Bhind Bhopal Burhanpur Chhatarpur Chhindwara Damoh Datia Dewas Dhar Dindori Guna Gwalior Harda Hoshangabad Indore Jabalpur Jhabua Katni Khandwa Khargone Mandla Mandsaur Morena Narsinghpur Neemuch Panna Raisen Rajgarh Ratlam Rewa Sagar Satna Sehore Seoni Shahdol Shajapur Sheopur Shivpuri Sidhi Tikamgarh Ujjain Umaria Vidisha Rajasthan Ajmer Alwar Banswara Baran Barmer Bhilwara Bikaner Bharatpur Bundi Chittorgarh Churu Dausa Dholpur Dungarpur Ganganagar Hanumangarh Jaipur Jaisalmer Jalore Jhalawar Jhunjhunu Jodhpur Karauli Kota Nagaur Pali Pratapgarh Rajsamand Sawai Madhopur Sikar Sirohi Tonk Udaipur Uttar Pradesh Agra Aligarh Allahabad Ambedkar Nagar Amethi Amroha Auraiya Azamgarh Badaun Bagpat Bahraich Balarampur Ballia Banda Barabanki Bareilly Basti Bijnor Bulandshahr Chandauli Chitrakoot Devaria Etah Etawah Faizabad Farrukhabad Fatehpur Firozabad Ghaziabad Gonda Gorakhpur Gautam Buddha Nagar Ghazipur Hamirpur Hardoi Hathras Jalaun Jaunpur Jhansi Kannauj Kanpur Kanpur Dehat Kaushambi Kushinagar Khair City Lakhimpur Kheri Lalitpur Lucknow Maharajganj Mahoba Mainpuri Mathura Mau Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Muzaffarnagar Pilibhit Pratapgarh Raebareli Rampur Saharanpur Sant Kabir Nagar Sant Ravidas Nagar Shahjahanpur Shravasti Siddharthnagar Sitapur Sonbhadra Sultanpur Unnao Varanasi Uttarakhand Almora Bageshwar Chamoli Champawat Dehradun Haridwar Nainital New Tehri Pauri Pithoragarh Rudraprayag Rudrapur Uttarkashi Tourist attractions in Agra World Heritage Sites Agra Fort Fatehpur Sikri Taj Mahal Mughal architecture Chini Ka Rauza Gyarah Sidi Itmad - Ud - Daulah Mariam 's Tomb Sikandra Mosques Jama Masjid Moti Masjid Other religious places Bateshwar Guru ka Tal Mankameshwar Temple Swamibagh Shopping Kinari Bazaar Loha Mandi Raja ki mandi Sadar Bazaar Sanjay Place Gardens Mehtab Bagh Paliwal Park Ram Bagh Wildlife sanctuaries Keetham Lake National Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary Patna Bird Sanctuary Fairs Ram Barat Taj Mahotsav WorldCat Identities GND : 4000745 - 5 VIAF : 153574610 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agra&oldid=865498671 '' Categories : Agra Cities and towns in Agra district Former capital cities in India Populated places established in 1504 Tourism in Uttar Pradesh Municipal corporations in Uttar Pradesh Cities in Uttar Pradesh Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Hindi - language sources ( hi ) Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from September 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who established the city of agra at its present location | [
"It is generally accepted that Agra was both an ancient city from the times of the Mahabharata (see above) and yet nevertheless Sultan Sikandar Lodī, the Muslim ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, founded Agra in the year 1504. After the Sultan's death, the city passed on to his son, Sultan Ibrāhīm Lodī. He ruled his Sultanate from Agra until he fell fighting to Mughal Badshah Bābar in the First battle of Panipat fought in 1526.\n"
] | [
"Sultan Sikandar Lodī, the Muslim ruler of the Delhi Sultanate"
] |
7498103112137171218 | macOS | MacOS - Wikipedia MacOS Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the current Apple operating system for Mac computers . For pre-2001 versions , see Classic Mac OS . `` OSX '' and `` OS X '' redirect here . For other uses , see OSX ( disambiguation ) . macOS Screenshot of the macOS High Sierra desktop Developer Apple , Inc . Written in C++ Objective - C Swift OS family Macintosh , Unix Working state Current Source model Closed source ( with open source components ) Initial release March 24 , 2001 ; 17 years ago ( 2001 - 03 - 24 ) Latest release 10.13. 4 ( 17E202 ) ( April 24 , 2018 ; 36 days ago ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) ) ( ± ) Latest preview 10.13. 5 beta 5 ( 17F70a ) ( May 14 , 2018 ; 16 days ago ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) ) ( ± ) Marketing target Personal computing Available in 34 languages List of languages As of macOS Sierra : Arabic , Catalan , Croatian , Chinese ( Simplified ) , Chinese ( Traditional ) , Czech , Danish , Dutch , English , Finnish , French , German , Greek , Hebrew , Hungarian , Indonesian , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Malay , Norwegian , Polish , Portuguese ( Brazil ) , Portuguese ( Portugal ) , Romanian , Russian , Slovak , Spanish ( Mexico ) , Spanish ( Spain ) , Swedish , Thai , Turkish , Ukrainian , Vietnamese Update method Mac App Store ( 10.8 + ) Software Update ( 10.0 -- 10.7 ) Platforms x86 - 64 ( 10.4. 7 - present ) IA - 32 ( 10.4. 4 -- 10.6. 8 ; discontinued ) PowerPC ( 10.0 -- 10.5. 8 ; discontinued ) Kernel type Hybrid ( XNU ) Default user interface Graphical ( Aqua ) License Commercial software , proprietary software Preceded by Classic Mac OS Official website www.apple.com/macos Support status Supported macOS ( / ˌmækoʊˈɛs / ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac family of computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the `` classic '' Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after landmarks in California . Apple shortened the name to `` OS X '' in 2012 and then changed it to `` macOS '' in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS High Sierra , which was publicly released in September 2017 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 . After this , new versions were introduced concurrently with the desktop version of Mac OS X . Beginning with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion , the server functions were made available as a separate package on the Mac App Store . macOS is based on technologies developed between 1985 and 1997 at NeXT , a company that Apple co-founder Steve Jobs created after leaving the company . The `` X '' in Mac OS X and OS X is the Roman numeral for the number 10 and is pronounced as such . The X was a prominent part of the operating system 's brand identity and marketing in its early years , but gradually receded in prominence since the release of Snow Leopard in 2009 . UNIX 03 certification was achieved for the Intel version of Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard and all releases from Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard up to the current version also have UNIX 03 certification . macOS shares its Unix - based core , named Darwin , and many of its frameworks with iOS , tvOS and watchOS . A heavily modified version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was used for the first - generation Apple TV . Releases of Mac OS X from 1999 to 2005 can run only on the PowerPC - based Macs from that time period . After Apple announced that they were switching to Intel CPUs from 2006 onwards , a separate version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was made and distributed exclusively with early Intel - based Macs ; it included an emulator known as Rosetta , which allowed users to run most PowerPC applications on Intel - based Macs . Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was the sole release to be built as a universal binary , meaning that the installer disc supported both Intel and PowerPC processors . Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was the first release to be available exclusively for Intel - based Macs . In 2011 , Apple released Mac OS X 10.7 Lion , which no longer supported 32 - bit Intel processors and also did not include Rosetta . All versions of the system released since then run exclusively on 64 - bit Intel CPUs and do not support PowerPC applications . Part of a series on macOS Features ( show ) History Transition to Intel processors Architecture Technologies List of applications List of games Components Versions ( show ) Hera ( 1.0 ) Kodiak ( Public Beta ) Cheetah ( 10.0 ) Puma ( 10.1 ) Jaguar ( 10.2 ) Panther ( 10.3 ) Tiger ( 10.4 ) Leopard ( 10.5 ) Snow Leopard ( 10.6 ) Lion ( 10.7 ) Mountain Lion ( 10.8 ) Mavericks ( 10.9 ) Yosemite ( 10.10 ) El Capitan ( 10.11 ) Sierra ( 10.12 ) High Sierra ( 10.13 ) Applications ( show ) Automator Calculator Calendar Chess Contacts Dashboard Dictionary DVD Player FaceTime Finder Grapher iTunes ( version history ) Mac App Store Mail Messages Photo Booth Preview QuickTime Safari ( version history ) Stickies TextEdit Utilities ( show ) Activity Monitor AirPort Utility Archive Utility Audio MIDI Setup Bluetooth File Exchange ColorSync Console Crash Reporter DigitalColor Meter Directory Utility DiskImageMounter Disk Utility Font Book Grab Help Viewer Image Capture Installer Keychain Access Migration Assistant Network Utility ODBC Administrator Remote Install Mac OS X Screen Sharing System Preferences System Information Terminal Universal Access VoiceOver Related ( show ) Classic Mac OS Copland NeXTSTEP Rhapsody Darwin Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Development 1.2 Mac OS X 1.2. 1 Launch of Mac OS X 1.2. 2 Following releases 1.3 OS X 1.4 macOS 2 Architecture 2.1 Software compatibility 2.2 Hardware compatibility 2.3 PowerPC -- Intel transition 3 Features 3.1 Aqua user interface 3.2 Components 3.3 Multilingual support 3.4 Updating methods 4 Release history 4.1 Mac OS X Public Beta 4.2 Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah 4.3 Mac OS X 10.1 Puma 4.4 Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar 4.5 Mac OS X 10.3 Panther 4.6 Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger 4.7 Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard 4.8 Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard 4.9 Mac OS X 10.7 Lion 4.10 OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion 4.11 OS X 10.9 Mavericks 4.12 OS X 10.10 Yosemite 4.13 OS X 10.11 El Capitan 4.14 macOS 10.12 Sierra 4.15 macOS 10.13 High Sierra 5 Reception 5.1 Usage share 5.2 Malware and spyware 5.3 Promotion 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History Development Simplified history of Unix - like operating systems Main article : History of macOS The heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT , a company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985 . There , the Unix - like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed , and then launched in 1989 . The kernel of NeXTSTEP is based upon the Mach kernel , which was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University , with additional kernel layers and low - level user space code derived from parts of BSD . Its graphical user interface was built on top of an object - oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective - C programming language . Throughout the early 1990s , Apple had tried to create a `` next - generation '' OS to succeed its classic Mac OS through the Taligent , Copland and Gershwin projects , but all of them were eventually abandoned . This led Apple to purchase NeXT in 1996 , allowing NeXTSTEP , then called OPENSTEP , to serve as the basis for Apple 's next generation operating system . This purchase also led to Steve Jobs returning to Apple as an interim , and then the permanent CEO , shepherding the transformation of the programmer - friendly OPENSTEP into a system that would be adopted by Apple 's primary market of home users and creative professionals . The project was first code named `` Rhapsody '' and then officially named Mac OS X . Mac OS X Launch of Mac OS X Mac OS X was originally presented as the tenth major version of Apple 's operating system for Macintosh computers ; current versions of macOS retain the major version number `` 10 '' . Previous Macintosh operating systems ( versions of the classic Mac OS ) were named using Arabic numerals , as with Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9 . The letter `` X '' in Mac OS X 's name refers to the number 10 , a Roman numeral . It is therefore correctly pronounced `` ten '' / tɛn / in this context . However , it is also commonly pronounced like the letter `` X '' / ɛks / . The first version of Mac OS X , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was a transitional product , featuring an interface resembling the classic Mac OS , though it was not compatible with software designed for the older system . Consumer releases of Mac OS X included more backward compatibility . Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the Carbon API ; many could also be run directly through the Classic Environment with a reduction in performance . The consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with Mac OS X 10.0 . Reviews were variable , with extensive praise for its sophisticated , glossy Aqua interface but criticizing it for sluggish performance . With Apple 's popularity at a low , the makers of several classic Mac applications such as FrameMaker and PageMaker declined to develop new versions of their software for Mac OS X . Ars Technica columnist John Siracusa , who reviewed every major OS X release up to 10.10 , described the early releases in retrospect as ' dog - slow , feature poor ' and Aqua as ' unbearably slow and a huge resource hog ' . Following releases Apple rapidly developed several new releases of Mac OS X . Siracusa 's review of version 10.3 , Panther , noted `` It 's strange to have gone from years of uncertainty and vaporware to a steady annual supply of major new operating system releases . '' Version 10.4 , Tiger , reportedly shocked executives at Microsoft by offering a number of features , such as fast file searching and improved graphics processing , that Microsoft had spent several years struggling to add to Windows with acceptable performance . As the operating system evolved , it moved away from the classic Mac OS , with applications being added and removed . Considering music to be a key market , Apple developed the iPod music player and music software for the Mac , including iTunes and GarageBand . Targeting the consumer and media markets , Apple emphasized its new `` digital lifestyle '' applications such as the iLife suite , integrated home entertainment through the Front Row media center and the Safari web browser . With increasing popularity of the internet , Apple offered additional online services , including the . Mac , MobileMe and most recently iCloud products . It later began selling third - party applications through the Mac App Store . Newer versions of Mac OS X also included modifications to the general interface , moving away from the striped gloss and transparency of the initial versions . Some applications began to use a brushed metal appearance , or non-pinstriped titlebar appearance in version 10.4 . In Leopard , Apple announced a unification of the interface , with a standardized gray - gradient window style . In 2006 , the first Intel Macs released used a specialized version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger . A key development for the system was the announcement and release of the iPhone from 2007 onwards . While Apple 's previous iPod media players used a minimal operating system , the iPhone used an operating system based on Mac OS X , which would later be called `` iPhone OS '' and then iOS . The simultaneous release of two operating systems based on the same frameworks placed tension on Apple , which cited the iPhone as forcing it to delay Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard . However , after Apple opened the iPhone to third - party developers its commercial success drew attention to Mac OS X , with many iPhone software developers showing interest in Mac development . In 2007 , Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was the sole release with universal binary components , allowing installation on both Intel Macs and select PowerPC Macs . It is also the final release with PowerPC Mac support . Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was the first version of OS X to be built exclusively for Intel Macs , and the final release with 32 - bit Intel Mac support . The name was intended to signal its status as an iteration of Leopard , focusing on technical and performance improvements rather than user - facing features ; indeed it was explicitly branded to developers as being a ' no new features ' release . Since its release , several OS X or macOS releases ( namely OS X Mountain Lion , OS X El Capitan and macOS High Sierra ) follow this pattern , with a name derived from its predecessor , similar to the ' tick - tock model ' used by Intel . In two succeeding versions , Lion and Mountain Lion , Apple moved some applications to a highly skeuomorphic style of design inspired by contemporary versions of iOS , at the same time simplifying some elements by making controls such as scroll bars fade out when not in use . This direction was , like brushed metal interfaces , unpopular with some users , although it continued a trend of greater animation and variety in the interface previously seen in design aspects such as the Time Machine backup utility , which presented past file versions against a swirling nebula , and the glossy translucent dock of Leopard and Snow Leopard . In addition , with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion , Apple ceased to release separate server versions of Mac OS X , selling server tools as a separate downloadable application through the Mac App Store . A review described the trend in the server products as becoming `` cheaper and simpler ... shifting its focus from large businesses to small ones . '' OS X OS X logo from 2012 -- 2013 In 2012 , with the release of OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion , the name of the system was shortened from Mac OS X to OS X . That year , Apple removed the head of OS X development , Scott Forstall , and design was changed towards a more minimal direction . Apple 's new user interface design , using deep color saturation , text - only buttons and a minimal , ' flat ' interface , was debuted with iOS 7 in 2013 . With OS X engineers reportedly working on iOS 7 , the version released in 2013 , OS X 10.9 Mavericks , was something of a transitional release , with some of the skeuomorphic design removed , while most of the general interface of Mavericks remained unchanged . The next version , OS X 10.10 Yosemite , adopted a design similar to iOS 7 but with greater complexity suitable for an interface controlled with a mouse . From 2012 onwards , the system has shifted to an annual release schedule similar to that of iOS . It also steadily cut the cost of updates from Snow Leopard onwards , before removing upgrade fees altogether from 2013 onwards . Some journalists and third - party software developers have suggested that this decision , while allowing more rapid feature release , meant less opportunity to focus on stability , with no version of OS X recommendable for users requiring stability and performance above new features . Apple 's 2015 update , OS X 10.11 El Capitan , was announced to focus specifically on stability and performance improvements . MacOS In 2016 , with the release of macOS 10.12 Sierra , the name was changed from OS X to macOS to streamline it with the branding of Apple 's other primary operating systems : iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . macOS 10.12 Sierra 's main features are the introduction of Siri to macOS , Optimized Storage , improvements to included applications , and greater integration with Apple 's iPhone and Apple Watch . The Apple File System ( APFS ) was announced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference in 2016 as a replacement for HFS+ , a highly criticized file system . At the 2017 Worldwide Developers Conference Apple previewed macOS 10.13 High Sierra . It uses APFS , rather than HFS+ , on solid state drives . Architecture Main article : Architecture of macOS At macOS 's core is a POSIX compliant operating system built on top of the XNU kernel , with standard Unix facilities available from the command line interface . Apple has released this family of software as a free and open source operating system named Darwin . On top of Darwin , Apple layered a number of components , including the Aqua interface and the Finder , to complete the GUI - based operating system which is macOS . With its original introduction as Mac OS X , the system brought a number of new capabilities to provide a more stable and reliable platform than its predecessor , the classic Mac OS . For example , pre-emptive multitasking and memory protection improved the system 's ability to run multiple applications simultaneously without them interrupting or corrupting each other . Many aspects of macOS 's architecture are derived from OPENSTEP , which was designed to be portable , to ease the transition from one platform to another . For example , NeXTSTEP was ported from the original 68k - based NeXT workstations to x86 and other architectures before NeXT was purchased by Apple , and OPENSTEP was later ported to the PowerPC architecture as part of the Rhapsody project . Prior to macOS High Sierra , and on drives other than solid state drives ( SSDs ) , the default file system is HFS+ , which it inherited from the classic Mac OS . Operating system designer Linus Torvalds has criticized HFS+ , saying it is `` probably the worst file system ever '' , whose design is `` actively corrupting user data '' . He criticized the case insensitivity of file names , a design made worse when Apple extended the file system to support Unicode . Initially , HFS+ was designed for classic Mac OS , which runs on big - endian 68K and PowerPC systems . When Apple switched Macintosh to little - endian Intel processors , it continued to use big - endian byte order on HFS+ file systems . As a result , macOS on current Macs must do byte swap when it reads file system data . These concerns are being addressed with the new Apple File System , which is used for file systems on SSDs in macOS High Sierra . The Darwin subsystem in macOS is in charge of managing the file system , which includes the Unix permissions layer . In 2003 and 2005 , two Macworld editors expressed criticism of the permission scheme ; Ted Landau called misconfigured permissions `` the most common frustration '' in macOS , while Rob Griffiths suggested that some users may even have to reset permissions every day , a process which can take up to 15 minutes . More recently , another Macworld editor , Dan Frakes , called the procedure of repairing permissions vastly overused . He argues that macOS typically handles permissions properly without user interference , and resetting permissions should only be tried when problems emerge . The architecture of macOS incorporates a layered design : the layered frameworks aid rapid development of applications by providing existing code for common tasks . Apple provides its own software development tools , most prominently an integrated development environment called Xcode . Xcode provides interfaces to compilers that support several programming languages including C , C++ , Objective - C , and Swift . For the Apple -- Intel transition , it was modified so that developers could build their applications as a universal binary , which provides compatibility with both the Intel - based and PowerPC - based Macintosh lines . First and third - party applications can be controlled programatically using the AppleScript framework , retained from the classic Mac OS , or using the newer Automator application that offers pre-written tasks that do not require programming knowledge . Software compatibility See also : List of Macintosh software List of macOS versions and the software they run Operating system Safari Mail QuickTime iTunes Messages / iChat iWork 10.13 `` High Sierra '' 11.0 11.0 10.4 12.7 11.0 2017 10.12 `` Sierra '' 10.0 10.11 `` El Capitan '' 9.3 9.2 2016 10.10 `` Yosemite '' 9.1. 3 8.0 2014 10.9 `` Mavericks '' 7.3 10.3 12.6. 2 2013 10.8 `` Mountain Lion '' 6.1 ? 10.2 12.4. 3 ' 09 10.7 `` Lion '' 10.1 12.2. 2 8.0 b or 6.0. 1 10.6 `` Snow Leopard '' 5.1. 10 4.5 11.4 5.0 10.5 `` Leopard '' 5.0. 6 3.6 7.7 10.6. 3 4.0 10.4 `` Tiger '' 4.1. 3 2.1. 3 7.6. 4 9.2. 1 3.0 10.3 `` Panther '' 1.3. 2 1. x 7.5 7.7. 1 2.1 ' 05 10.2 `` Jaguar '' 1.0. 3 6.5. 3 6.0. 5 2.0 Keynote 10.1 `` Puma '' N / A 6.3. 1 4.7. 1 N / A N / A 10.0 `` Cheetah '' 5.0 2.0. 4 Jump up ^ Messages 8.0 b was a beta release that only functioned from February 16 to December 12 , 2012 . Afterwards , users could either revert to iChat or upgrade to a newer version of OS X ( 10.8 `` Mountain Lion '' for US $19.99 , or 10.9 `` Mavericks '' or newer for free ) to continue using Messages . Jump up ^ Keynote 1.0 is the only iLife program that is compatible with Mac OS X 10.2 `` Jaguar '' . Two minor updates , 1.1 and 1.1. 1 , can be applied to this version . Jump up ^ iTunes 2.0. 4 can only run if Classic is installed . Otherwise , Mac OS X 10.0 can only run iTunes 1.1. 1 natively . Apple offered two main APIs to develop software natively for macOS : Cocoa and Carbon . Cocoa was a descendant of APIs inherited from OPENSTEP with no ancestry from the classic Mac OS , while Carbon was an adaptation of classic Mac OS APIs , allowing Mac software to be minimally rewritten in order to run natively on Mac OS X . The Cocoa API was created as the result of a 1993 collaboration between NeXT Computer and Sun Microsystems . This heritage is highly visible for Cocoa developers , since the `` NS '' prefix is ubiquitous in the framework , standing variously for NeXTSTEP or NeXT / Sun . The official OPENSTEP API , published in September 1994 , was the first to split the API between Foundation and ApplicationKit and the first to use the `` NS '' prefix . Traditionally , Cocoa programs have been mostly written in Objective - C , with Java as an alternative . However , on July 11 , 2005 , Apple announced that `` features added to Cocoa in Mac OS X versions later than 10.4 will not be added to the Cocoa - Java programming interface . '' macOS also used to support the Java Platform as a `` preferred software package '' -- in practice this means that applications written in Java fit as neatly into the operating system as possible while still being cross-platform compatible , and that graphical user interfaces written in Swing look almost exactly like native Cocoa interfaces . Since 2014 , Apple has promoted its new programming language Swift as the preferred language for software development on Apple platforms . Apple 's original plan with macOS was to require all developers to rewrite their software into the Cocoa APIs . This caused much outcry among existing Mac developers , who threatened to abandon the platform rather than invest in a costly rewrite , and the idea was shelved . To permit a smooth transition from Mac OS 9 to Mac OS X , the Carbon Application Programming Interface ( API ) was created . Applications written with Carbon were initially able to run natively on both classic Mac OS and Mac OS X , although this ability was later dropped as Mac OS X developed . Carbon was not included in the first product sold as Mac OS X : the little - used original release of Mac OS X Server 1.0 , which also did not include the Aqua interface . Apple limited further development of Carbon from the release of Leopard onwards , announcing Carbon applications would not receive the ability to run at 64 - bit . A number of macOS applications continued to use Carbon for some time afterwards , especially ones with heritage dating back to the classic Mac OS and for which updates would be difficult , uneconomic or not necessary . This included Microsoft Office up to Office 2016 , and Photoshop up to CS5 . Early versions of macOS could also run some classic Mac OS applications through the Classic Environment with performance limitations ; this feature was removed from 10.5 onwards and all Macs using Intel processors . Because macOS is POSIX compliant , many software packages written for the other Unix - like systems including Linux can be recompiled to run on it , including much scientific and technical software . Third - party projects such as Homebrew , Fink , MacPorts and pkgsrc provide pre-compiled or pre-formatted packages . Apple and others have provided versions of the X Window System graphical interface which can allow these applications to run with an approximation of the macOS look - and - feel . The current Apple - endorsed method is the open - source XQuartz project ; earlier versions could use the X11 application provided by Apple , or before that the XDarwin project . Applications can be distributed to Macs and installed by the user from any source and by any method such as downloading ( with or without code signing , available via an Apple developer account ) or through the Mac App Store , a marketplace of software maintained by Apple by way of a process requiring the company 's approval . Apps installed through the Mac App Store run within a sandbox , restricting their ability to exchange information with other applications or modify the core operating system and its features . This has been cited as an advantage , by allowing users to install apps with confidence that they should not be able to damage their system , but also as a disadvantage due to blocking the Mac App Store 's use for professional applications that require elevated privileges . Applications without any code signature can not be run by default except from a computer 's administrator account . Apple produces macOS applications , some of which are included and some sold separately . This includes iWork , Final Cut Pro , Logic Pro , iLife , and the database application FileMaker . Numerous other developers also offer software for macOS . Hardware compatibility List of macOS versions , the supported systems on which they run , and their RAM requirements Operating system Supported systems RAM requirement 10.12 -- 10.13 Intel Macs ( 64 - bit ) released in : 2009 ( iMac and main MacBook line ) , 2010 ( other ) or later 2 GB 10.8 -- 10.11 Intel Macs ( 64 - bit ) released in : 2007 ( prosumer and iMac ) , 2008 ( other consumer ) , 2009 ( Xserve ) or later 10.7 Intel Macs ( 64 - bit ) Rosetta support dropped from 10.7 and newer . 10.6 Intel Macs ( 32 - bit or 64 - bit ) 1 GB 10.5 G4 , G5 and Intel Macs ( 32 - bit or 64 - bit ) at 867 MHz or faster Classic support dropped from 10.5 and newer . 512 MB 10.4 Macs with built - in FireWire and either a New World ROM or Intel processor 256 MB 10.3 Macs with a New World ROM 128 MB 10.0 -- 10.2 G3 , G4 and G5 iBook and PowerBook , Power Mac and iMac ( except PowerBook G3 `` Kanga '' ) Tools such as XPostFacto and patches applied to the installation media have been developed by third parties to enable installation of newer versions of macOS on systems not officially supported by Apple . This includes a number of pre-G3 Power Macintosh systems that can be made to run up to and including Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar , all G3 - based Macs which can run up to and including Tiger , and sub-867 MHz G4 Macs can run Leopard by removing the restriction from the installation DVD or entering a command in the Mac 's Open Firmware interface to tell the Leopard Installer that it has a clock rate of 867 MHz or greater . Except for features requiring specific hardware such as graphics acceleration or DVD writing , the operating system offers the same functionality on all supported hardware . As most Mac hardware components , or components similar to those , since the Intel transition are available for purchase , some technology - capable groups have developed software to install macOS on non-Apple computers . These are referred to as Hackintoshes , a portmanteau of the words `` hack '' and `` Macintosh '' . This violates Apple 's EULA ( and is therefore unsupported by Apple technical support , warranties etc . ) , but communities that cater to personal users , who do not install for resale and profit , have generally been ignored by Apple . These self - made computers allow more flexibility and customization of hardware , but at a cost of leaving the user more responsible for their own machine , such as on matter of data integrity or security . Psystar , a business that attempted to profit from selling macOS on non-Apple certified hardware , was sued by Apple in 2008 . PowerPC -- Intel transition Steve Jobs talks about the transition to Intel processors . Main article : Apple 's transition to Intel processors In April 2002 , eWeek announced a rumor that Apple had a version of Mac OS X code - named Marklar , which ran on Intel x86 processors . The idea behind Marklar was to keep Mac OS X running on an alternative platform should Apple become dissatisfied with the progress of the PowerPC platform . These rumors subsided until late in May 2005 , when various media outlets , such as The Wall Street Journal and CNET , announced that Apple would unveil Marklar in the coming months . On June 6 , 2005 , Steve Jobs announced in his keynote address at the annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference that Apple would be making the transition from PowerPC to Intel processors over the following two years , and that Mac OS X would support both platforms during the transition . Jobs also confirmed rumors that Apple had versions of Mac OS X running on Intel processors for most of its developmental life . Intel - based Macs would run a new recompiled version of OS X along with Rosetta , a binary translation layer which enables software compiled for PowerPC Mac OS X to run on Intel Mac OS X machines . The system was included with Mac OS X versions up to version 10.6. 8 . Apple dropped support for Classic mode on the new Intel Macs . Third party emulation software such as Mini vMac , Basilisk II and SheepShaver provided support for some early versions of Mac OS . A new version of Xcode and the underlying command - line compilers supported building universal binaries that would run on either architecture . PowerPC - only software is supported with Apple 's official emulation software , Rosetta , though applications eventually had to be rewritten to run properly on the newer versions released for Intel processors . Apple initially encouraged developers to produce universal binaries with support for both PowerPC and Intel . There is a performance penalty when PowerPC binaries run on Intel Macs through Rosetta . Moreover , some PowerPC software , such as kernel extensions and System Preferences plugins , are not supported on Intel Macs at all . Some PowerPC applications would not run on macOS at all . Plugins for Safari need to be compiled for the same platform as Safari , so when Safari is running on Intel , it requires plug - ins that have been compiled as Intel - only or universal binaries , so PowerPC - only plug - ins will not work . While Intel Macs are able to run PowerPC , Intel , and universal binaries ; PowerPC Macs support only universal and PowerPC builds . Support for the PowerPC platform was dropped following the transition . In 2009 , Apple announced at its Worldwide Developers Conference that Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard would drop support for PowerPC processors and be Intel - only . Rosetta continued to be offered as an optional download or installation choice in Snow Leopard before it was discontinued with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion . In addition , new versions of Mac OS X first - and third - party software increasingly required Intel processors , including new versions of iLife , iWork , Aperture and Logic Pro . Features Aqua user interface Main article : Aqua ( user interface ) The original Aqua user interface as seen in the Mac OS X Public Beta from 2000 One of the major differences between the classic Mac OS and the current macOS was the addition of Aqua , a graphical user interface with water - like elements , in the first major release of Mac OS X . Every window element , text , graphic , or widget is drawn on - screen using spatial anti-aliasing technology . ColorSync , a technology introduced many years before , was improved and built into the core drawing engine , to provide color matching for printing and multimedia professionals . Also , drop shadows were added around windows and isolated text elements to provide a sense of depth . New interface elements were integrated , including sheets ( dialog boxes attached to specific windows ) and drawers , which would slide out and provide options . The use of soft edges , translucent colors , and pinstripes , similar to the hardware design of the first iMacs , brought more texture and color to the user interface when compared to what Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X Server 1.0 's `` Platinum '' appearance had offered . According to Siracusa , the introduction of Aqua and its departure from the then conventional look `` hit like a ton of bricks . '' Bruce Tognazzini ( who founded the original Apple Human Interface Group ) said that the Aqua interface in Mac OS X 10.0 represented a step backwards in usability compared with the original Mac OS interface . Third - party developers started producing skins for customizable applications and other operating systems which mimicked the Aqua appearance . To some extent , Apple has used the successful transition to this new design as leverage , at various times threatening legal action against people who make or distribute software with an interface the company says is derived from its copyrighted design . Apple has continued to change aspects of the macOS appearance and design , particularly with tweaks to the appearance of windows and the menu bar . Since 2012 , Apple has sold many of its Mac models with high - resolution Retina displays , and macOS and its APIs have extensive support for resolution - independent development on supporting high - resolution displays . Reviewers have described Apple 's support for the technology as superior to that on Windows . The human interface guidelines published by Apple for macOS are followed by many applications , giving them consistent user interface and keyboard shortcuts . In addition , new services for applications are included , which include spelling and grammar checkers , special characters palette , color picker , font chooser and dictionary ; these global features are present in every Cocoa application , adding consistency . The graphics system OpenGL composites windows onto the screen to allow hardware - accelerated drawing . This technology , introduced in version 10.2 , is called Quartz Extreme , a component of Quartz . Quartz 's internal imaging model correlates well with the Portable Document Format ( PDF ) imaging model , making it easy to output PDF to multiple devices . As a side result , PDF viewing and creating PDF documents from any application are built - in features . Reflecting its popularity with design users , macOS also has system support for a variety of professional video and image formats and includes an extensive pre-installed font library , featuring many prominent brand - name designs . Components Main article : List of macOS components The Finder is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer , which has been modified throughout subsequent releases of macOS . Quick Look is part of the Finder since version 10.5 . It allows for dynamic previews of files , including videos and multi-page documents without opening any other applications . Spotlight , a file searching technology which has been integrated into the Finder since version 10.4 , allows rapid real - time searches of data files ; mail messages ; photos ; and other information based on item properties ( metadata ) and / or content . macOS makes use of a Dock , which holds file and folder shortcuts as well as minimized windows . Apple added `` Exposé '' in version 10.3 ( called Mission Control since version 10.7 ) , a feature which includes three functions to help accessibility between windows and desktop . Its functions are to instantly display all open windows as thumbnails for easy navigation to different tasks , display all open windows as thumbnails from the current application , and hide all windows to access the desktop . Also , FileVault was introduced , which is an optional encryption of the user 's files with the 128 - bit Advanced Encryption Standard ( AES - 128 ) . Features introduced in version 10.4 include Automator , an application designed to create an automatic workflow for different tasks ; Dashboard , a full - screen group of small applications called desktop widgets that can be called up and dismissed in one keystroke ; and Front Row , a media viewer interface accessed by the Apple Remote . Moreover , the Sync Services were included , which is a system that allows applications to access a centralized extensible database for various elements of user data , including calendar and contact items . The operating system then managed conflicting edits and data consistency . All system icons are scalable up to 512 × 512 pixels as of version 10.5 to accommodate various places where they appear in larger size , including for example the Cover Flow view , a three - dimensional graphical user interface included with iTunes , the Finder , and other Apple products for visually skimming through files and digital media libraries via cover artwork . That version also introduced Spaces , a virtual desktop implementation which enables the user to have more than one desktop and display them in an Exposé - like interface ; an automatic backup technology called Time Machine , which provides the ability to view and restore previous versions of files and application data ; and Screen Sharing was built in for the first time . In more recent releases , Apple has developed support for emoji characters by including the proprietary Apple Color Emoji font. Apple has also connected macOS with social networks such as Twitter and Facebook through the addition of share buttons for content such as pictures and text . Apple has brought several applications and features that originally debuted in iOS , its mobile operating system , to macOS in recent releases , notably the intelligent personal assistant Siri , which was introduced in version 10.12 of macOS . Multilingual support There are 34 system languages available in macOS for the user at the moment of installation ; the system language is used throughout the entire operating system environment . Input methods for typing in dozens of scripts can be chosen independently of the system language . Recent updates have added increased support for Chinese characters and interconnections with popular social networks in China . Updating methods macOS can be updated using the Mac App Store application or the softwareupdate command line utility . Until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion , a separate Software Update application performed this functionality . In Mountain Lion and later , this was merged into the Mac App Store application , although the underlying update mechanism remains unchanged and is fundamentally different than the download mechanism used when purchasing an App Store application . Release History Main article : History of macOS § Releases Box / Mac App Store artwork for every version of macOS . Left to right : Cheetah / Puma ( 1 ) , Jaguar ( 2 ) , Panther ( 3 ) , Tiger ( 4 ) , Leopard ( 5 ) , Snow Leopard ( 6 ) , Lion ( 7 ) , Mountain Lion ( 8 ) , Mavericks ( 9 ) , Yosemite ( 10 ) , El Capitan ( 11 ) , Sierra ( 12 ) , High Sierra ( 13 ) . Mac OS X , OS X , and macOS version information Version Codename Darwin version Processor support Application support Kernel Date announced Release date Most recent version Rhapsody Developer Release Grail1Z4 / Titan1U 32 - bit PowerPC 32 - bit PowerPC 32 - bit Unknown August 31 , 1997 DR2 ( May 14 , 1998 ) Mac OS X Server 1.0 Hera Unknown March 16 , 1999 1.2 v3 ( October 27 , 2000 ) Mac OS X Developer Preview Unknown May 11 , 1998 March 16 , 1999 DP4 ( April 5 , 2000 ) Mac OS X Public Beta Kodiak 1.2. 1 Unknown September 13 , 2000 N / A Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah 1.3. 1 Unknown March 24 , 2001 10.0. 4 ( June 22 , 2001 ) Mac OS X 10.1 Puma 1.4. 1 / 5 July 18 , 2001 September 25 , 2001 10.1. 5 ( June 6 , 2002 ) Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar 6 32 / 64 - bit PowerPC May 6 , 2002 August 24 , 2002 10.2. 8 ( October 3 , 2003 ) Mac OS X 10.3 Panther 7 32 / 64 - bit PowerPC June 23 , 2003 October 24 , 2003 10.3. 9 ( April 15 , 2005 ) Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger 8 32 / 64 - bit PowerPC and Intel 32 / 64 - bit PowerPC and Intel May 4 , 2004 April 29 , 2005 10.4. 11 ( November 14 , 2007 ) Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard 9 32 / 64 - bit PowerPC and Intel June 26 , 2006 October 26 , 2007 10.5. 8 ( August 5 , 2009 ) Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard 10 32 / 64 - bit Intel 32 / 64 - bit Intel 32 - bit PowerPC 32 / 64 - bit June 9 , 2008 August 28 , 2009 10.6. 8 v1. 1 ( July 25 , 2011 ) Mac OS X 10.7 Lion 11 64 - bit Intel 32 / 64 - bit Intel October 20 , 2010 July 20 , 2011 10.7. 5 ( September 19 , 2012 ) OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion 12 64 - bit February 16 , 2012 July 25 , 2012 10.8. 5 ( 12F45 ) ( October 3 , 2013 ) OS X 10.9 Mavericks 13 June 10 , 2013 October 22 , 2013 10.9. 5 ( 13F1112 ) ( September 18 , 2014 ) OS X 10.10 Yosemite 14 June 2 , 2014 October 16 , 2014 10.10. 5 ( 14F27 ) ( August 13 , 2015 ) OS X 10.11 El Capitan 15 June 8 , 2015 September 30 , 2015 10.11. 6 ( 15G31 ) ( July 18 , 2016 ) macOS 10.12 Sierra 16 June 13 , 2016 September 20 , 2016 10.12. 6 ( 16G29 ) ( July 19 , 2017 ) macOS 10.13 High Sierra 17 June 5 , 2017 September 25 , 2017 10.13. 4 ( 17E199 ) ( March 29 , 2018 ) Timeline of versions ( not including 2016 's macOS Sierra and 2017 's High Sierra ) The PowerMac G5 had special Jaguar builds . Tiger did not support 64 - bit GUI applications , only 64 - bit CLI applications . 32 - bit PowerPC applications were supported on Intel processors with Rosetta . With the exception of Mac OS X Server 1.0 and the original public beta , OS X versions were named after big cats until OS X 10.9 Mavericks , when Apple switched to using California locations . Prior to its release , Mac OS X 10.0 was code named `` Cheetah '' internally at Apple , and Mac OS X 10.1 was code named internally as `` Puma '' . After the immense buzz surrounding Mac OS X 10.2 , codenamed `` Jaguar '' , Apple 's product marketing began openly using the code names to promote the operating system . Mac OS X 10.3 was marketed as `` Panther '' , Mac OS X 10.4 as `` Tiger '' , Mac OS X 10.5 as `` Leopard '' , Mac OS X 10.6 as `` Snow Leopard '' , Mac OS X 10.7 as `` Lion '' , OS X 10.8 as `` Mountain Lion '' , and OS X 10.9 as `` Mavericks '' . `` Panther '' , `` Tiger '' and `` Leopard '' are registered as trademarks of Apple , but `` Cheetah '' , `` Puma '' and `` Jaguar '' have never been registered . Apple has also registered `` Lynx '' and `` Cougar '' as trademarks , though these were allowed to lapse . Computer retailer Tiger Direct sued Apple for its use of the name `` Tiger '' . On May 16 , 2005 a US federal court in the Southern District of Florida ruled that Apple 's use did not infringe on Tiger Direct 's trademark . Mac OS X public Beta Main article : Mac OS X Public Beta On September 13 , 2000 , Apple released a $29.95 `` preview '' version of Mac OS X internally codenamed Kodiak in order to gain feedback from users . The `` PB '' , as it was known , marked the first public availability of the Aqua interface and Apple made many changes to the UI based on customer feedback . Mac OS X Public Beta expired and ceased to function in Spring 2001 . Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah Main article : Mac OS X 10.0 Screenshot of OS X 10.0 On March 24 , 2001 , Apple released Mac OS X 10.0 ( internally codenamed Cheetah ) . The initial version was slow , incomplete , and had very few applications available at the time of its launch , mostly from independent developers . While many critics suggested that the operating system was not ready for mainstream adoption , they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to improve . Simply releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community as a great accomplishment , for attempts to completely overhaul the Mac OS had been underway since 1996 , and delayed by countless setbacks . Following some bug fixes , kernel panics became much less frequent . Mac OS X 101 Puma Main article : Mac OS X 10.1 Later that year on September 25 , 2001 , Mac OS X 10.1 ( internally codenamed Puma ) was released . It featured increased performance and provided missing features , such as DVD playback . Apple released 10.1 as a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users , in addition to the US $129 boxed version for people running Mac OS 9 . It was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used with Mac OS 9 systems by removing a specific file ; Apple later re-released the CDs in an actual stripped - down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems . On January 7 , 2002 , Apple announced that Mac OS X was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products by the end of that month . Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar Main article : Mac OS X 10.2 On August 23 , 2002 , Apple followed up with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar , the first release to use its code name as part of the branding . It brought great raw performance improvements , a sleeker look , and many powerful user - interface enhancements ( over 150 , according to Apple ) , including Quartz Extreme for compositing graphics directly on an ATI Radeon or Nvidia GeForce2 MX AGP - based video card with at least 16 MB of VRAM , a system - wide repository for contact information in the new Address Book , and an instant messaging client named iChat . The Happy Mac which had appeared during the Mac OS startup sequence for almost 18 years was replaced with a large grey Apple logo with the introduction of Mac OS X v10. 2 . Mac OS X 10.3 Panther Main article : Mac OS X Panther Mac OS X v10. 3 Panther was released on October 24 , 2003 . In addition to providing much improved performance , it also incorporated the most extensive update yet to the user interface . Panther included as many or more new features as Jaguar had the year before , including an updated Finder , incorporating a brushed - metal interface , Fast user switching , Exposé ( Window manager ) , FileVault , Safari , iChat AV ( which added videoconferencing features to iChat ) , improved Portable Document Format ( PDF ) rendering and much greater Microsoft Windows interoperability . Support for some early G3 computers such as `` beige '' Power Macs and `` WallStreet '' PowerBooks was discontinued . Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger Main article : Mac OS X Tiger Screenshot of Tiger Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was released on April 29 , 2005 . Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200 new features . As with Panther , certain older machines were no longer supported ; Tiger requires a Mac with 256 MB and a built - in FireWire port . Among the new features , Tiger introduced Spotlight , Dashboard , Smart Folders , updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes , QuickTime 7 , Safari 2 , Automator , VoiceOver , Core Image and Core Video . The initial release of the Apple TV used a modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services . On January 10 , 2006 , Apple released the first Intel - based Macs along with the 10.4. 4 update to Tiger . This operating system functioned identically on the PowerPC - based Macs and the new Intel - based machines , with the exception of the Intel release lacking support for the Classic environment . Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard Main article : Mac OS X Leopard Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was released on October 26 , 2007 . It was called by Apple `` the largest update of Mac OS X '' . It brought more than 300 new features . Leopard supports both PowerPC - and Intel x86 - based Macintosh computers ; support for the G3 processor was dropped and the G4 processor required a minimum clock rate of 867 MHz , and at least 512 MB of RAM to be installed . The single DVD works for all supported Macs ( including 64 - bit machines ) . New features include a new look , an updated Finder , Time Machine , Spaces , Boot Camp pre-installed , full support for 64 - bit applications ( including graphical applications ) , new features in Mail and iChat , and a number of new security features . Leopard is an Open Brand UNIX 03 registered product on the Intel platform . It was also the first BSD - based OS to receive UNIX 03 certification . Leopard dropped support for the Classic Environment and all Classic applications . It was the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture . Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard Main article : Mac OS X Snow Leopard Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was released on August 28 , 2009 . Rather than delivering big changes to the appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of Mac OS X , Snow Leopard focused on `` under the hood '' changes , increasing the performance , efficiency , and stability of the operating system . For most users , the most noticeable changes were : the disk space that the operating system frees up after a clean install compared to Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard , a more responsive Finder rewritten in Cocoa , faster Time Machine backups , more reliable and user - friendly disk ejects , a more powerful version of the Preview application , as well as a faster Safari web browser . Snow Leopard only supported machines with Intel CPUs , required at least 1 GB of RAM , and dropped default support for applications built for the PowerPC architecture ( Rosetta could be installed as an additional component to retain support for PowerPC - only applications ) . Snow Leopard also featured new 64 - bit technology capable of supporting greater amounts of RAM , improved support for multi-core processors through Grand Central Dispatch , and advanced GPU performance with OpenCL . The 10.6. 6 update introduced support for the Mac App Store , Apple 's digital distribution platform for macOS applications . Mac OS X Lion was announced at WWDC 2011 at Moscone West Mac OS X 10.7 Lion Main article : Mac OS X Lion Mac OS X 10.7 Lion was released on July 20 , 2011 . It brought developments made in Apple 's iOS , such as an easily navigable display of installed applications called Launchpad and a greater use of multi-touch gestures , to the Mac . This release removed Rosetta , making it incompatible with PowerPC applications . Changes made to the GUI include auto - hiding scrollbars that only appear when they are being used , and Mission Control which unifies Exposé , Spaces , Dashboard , and full - screen applications within a single interface . Apple also made changes to applications : they resume in the same state as they were before they were closed , similar to iOS . Documents auto - save by default . OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion Main article : OS X Mountain Lion OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion was released on July 25 , 2012 . Following the release of Lion the previous year , it was the first of the annual rather than two - yearly updates to OS X ( and later macOS ) , which also closely alined with the annual iOS operating system updates . It incorporates some features seen in iOS 5 , which include Game Center , support for iMessage in the new Messages messaging application , and Reminders as a to - do list app separate from iCal ( which is renamed as Calendar , like the iOS app ) . It also includes support for storing iWork documents in iCloud . Notification Center , which makes its debut in Mountain Lion , is a desktop version similar to the one in iOS 5.0 and higher . Application pop - ups are now concentrated on the corner of the screen , and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen . Mountain Lion also includes more Chinese features including support for Baidu as an option for Safari search engine , QQ , 163.com and 126.com services for Mail , Contacts and Calendar , Youku , Tudou and Sina Weibo are integrated into share sheets . Starting with Mountain Lion , Apple software updates ( including the OS ) are distributed via the App Store . This updating mechanism replaced the Apple Software Update utility . A screenshot of OS X Mavericks OS X 10.9 Mavericks Main article : OS X Mavericks OS X 10.9 Mavericks was released on October 22 , 2013 . It was a free upgrade to all users running Snow Leopard or later with a 64 - bit Intel processor . Its changes include the addition of the previously iOS - only Maps and iBooks applications , improvements to the Notification Center , enhancements to several applications , and many under - the - hood improvements . OS X 10.10 Yosemite Main article : OS X Yosemite OS X 10.10 Yosemite was released on October 16 , 2014 . It features a redesigned user interface similar to that of iOS 7 , intended to feature a more minimal , text - based ' flat ' design , with use of translucency effects and intensely saturated colors . Apple 's showcase new feature in Yosemite is Handoff , which enables users with iPhones running iOS 8.1 or later to answer phone calls , receive and send SMS messages , and complete unfinished iPhone emails on their Mac . As of OS X 10.10. 3 , Photos replaced iPhoto and Aperture . OS X 10.11 El Capitan Main article : OS X El Capitan Screenshot of El Capitan OS X 10.11 El Capitan was released on September 30 , 2015 . Similar to Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard , Apple described this release as containing `` refinements to the Mac experience '' and `` improvements to system performance '' rather than new features . Refinements include public transport built into the Maps application , GUI improvements to the Notes application , adopting San Francisco as the system font for clearer legibility , and the introduction of System Integrity Protection . The Metal API , first introduced in iOS 8 , was also included in this operating system for `` all Macs since 2012 '' . MacOS 10.12 Sierra Main article : macOS Sierra macOS 10.12 Sierra was released to the public on September 20 , 2016 . New features include the addition of Siri , Optimized Storage , and updates to Photos , Messages , and iTunes . MacOS 10.13. High Sierra Main article : macOS High Sierra The fall release of macOS 10.13 High Sierra was announced on June 5 , 2017 at Apple 's WWDC event . On September 12 , 2017 at Apple 's iPhone event , they announced its release to be September 25 , 2017 . Like OS X El Capitan and OS X Mountain Lion , High Sierra is a refinement - based update having very few new features . High Sierra uses the new Apple File System and includes enhancements to Safari , Photos , and Mail , among other changes . Reception Usage share See also : Usage share of operating systems As of July 2016 , macOS is the second-most - active general - purpose desktop client operating system in use on the World Wide Web following Microsoft Windows , with a 4.90 % usage share according to statistics compiled by the Wikimedia Foundation . It is the second most widely used desktop operating system ( for web browsing ) , after Windows , and is estimated at approximately five times the usage of Linux ( which has 1.01 % ) . Usage share generally continues to shift away from the desktop and toward mobile operating systems such as iOS and Android . Malware and spyware In its earlier years , Mac OS X enjoyed a near - absence of the types of malware and spyware that have affected Microsoft Windows users . macOS has a smaller usage share compared to Windows , but it also has traditionally more secure Unix roots . Worms , as well as potential vulnerabilities , were noted in 2006 , which led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple 's Mac OS X is not immune to malware . Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks . In early 2011 , Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks , and malware such as Mac Defender , MacProtector , and MacGuard were seen as an increasing problem for Mac users . At first , the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password , but later versions were able to install without user input . Initially , Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue , but as the malware spread , a support document was issued . Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem . An estimated 100,000 users were affected . Apple releases security updates for macOS on a regular basis , as well as signature files for Xprotect , an anti-malware feature part of File Quarantine present since Mac OS X Snow Leopard . Promotion As a devices company , most large - scale Apple promotion for macOS has been part of the sale of Macs , with promotion of macOS updates generally focused on existing users , promotion at Apple Store and other retail partners , or through events for developers . In larger scale advertising campaigns , Apple specifically promoted macOS as better for handling media and other home - user applications , and comparing Mac OS X ( especially versions Tiger and Leopard ) with the heavy criticism Microsoft received for the long - awaited Windows Vista operating system . See also Apple portal Macintosh operating systems Classic Mac OS ( 1984 -- 2001 ) Comparison of BSD operating systems Comparison of operating systems List of operating systems List of Macintosh software List of macOS technologies Dock ( macOS ) References Jump up ^ `` What 's New in Swift '' . Apple Developer ( Video ) . June 14 , 2016 . At 2 : 40 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Juli Clover ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Apple Releases macOS High Sierra 10.13. 4 Security Update '' . MacRumors . Jump up ^ `` macOS High Sierra 10.13. 4 ( 17E202 ) - Releases '' . Apple Developer . Apple Inc . April 24 , 2018 . 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Apple . January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` XProtect Explained : How Your Mac 's Built - in Anti-malware Software Works '' . How - To Geek . May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nudd , Tim . `` Apple 's Get a Mac campaign '' . AdWeek . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles . `` Apple tweaks Microsoft over Vista ad spending '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . 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421812891750827340 | List of player salaries in the NHL | List of player salaries in the NHL - wikipedia List of player salaries in the NHL Jump to : navigation , search For a year - by - year list of each team 's payroll , see List of team payrolls in the NHL . Here are several lists of National Hockey League players ' salaries since the 1989 -- 90 NHL season . This list does not include income from corporate endorsements or salaries before 1988 -- 89 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top 20 salaries in the NHL since 1989 2 Top five contracts by season 2.1 1989 -- 90 season 2.2 1990 -- 91 season 2.3 1991 -- 92 season 2.4 1992 -- 93 season 2.5 1993 -- 94 season 2.6 1994 -- 95 season 2.7 1995 -- 96 season 2.8 1996 -- 97 season 2.9 1997 -- 98 season 2.10 1998 -- 99 season 2.11 1999 -- 00 season 2.12 2000 -- 01 season 2.13 2001 -- 02 season 2.14 2002 -- 03 season 2.15 2003 -- 04 season 2.16 2004 -- 05 season 2.17 2005 -- 06 season 2.18 2006 -- 07 season 2.19 2007 -- 08 season 2.20 2008 -- 09 season 2.21 2009 -- 10 season 2.22 2010 -- 11 season 2.23 2011 -- 12 season 2.24 2012 -- 13 season 2.25 2013 -- 14 season 2.26 2014 -- 15 season 2.27 2015 -- 16 season 2.28 2016 -- 17 season 2.29 2017 -- 18 season 3 Sample salaries from earlier seasons 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Top 20 salaries in the NHL since 1989 This is a list of the twenty NHL players who have earned the most in salaries between the 1989 -- 90 season and the 2007 -- 08 season . These figures have been gleaned from different sources , and so may not be perfectly accurate . This is merely an estimation that , for the most part , does not take into account bonuses and sponsor contracts . These totals also do not take into account partial seasons played -- for which a player would only receive a partial salary -- except for the shortened 2004 -- 05 season , which affected every player . Thus , the listed totals are a sum of the amounts each player was contracted to receive for a full season . Top 20 NHL salary - earners from 1989 -- 90 to 2007 -- 08 Rank Player name Salary ( USD ) Years active Jaromir Jagr $ 99,874,893 19 ( 1990 -- 91 -- 2007 -- 08 ) ( 2011 - 12 - present ) Nicklas Lidstrom $ 94,065,000 19 ( 1991 -- 92 -- 2011 - 12 ) Joe Sakic $ 87,174,047 20 ( 1988 -- 89 -- 2008 -- 09 ) Mats Sundin $ 74,042,632 18 ( 1990 -- 91 -- 2008 -- 09 ) 5 Keith Tkachuk $ 73,848,674 17 ( 1991 -- 92 -- 2009 - 10 ) 6 Rob Blake $ 73,067,982 19 ( 1989 -- 90 -- 2009 - 10 ) 7 Paul Kariya $ 70,686,100 14 ( 1994 -- 95 -- 2010 - 11 ) 8 Peter Forsberg $ 70,405,214 12 ( 1994 -- 95 -- 2007 -- 08 ) 9 Mike Modano $ 70,087,650 19 ( 1989 -- 90 -- 2010 - 11 ) 10 Chris Pronger $ 66,200,500 15 ( 1993 -- 94 -- present ) 11 Steve Yzerman $ 64,672,616 22 ( 1983 -- 84 -- 2005 -- 06 ) 12 Sergei Fedorov $ 61,519,036 18 ( 1990 -- 91 -- 2008 -- 09 ) 13 Brian Leetch $ 59,501,250 18 ( 1987 -- 88 -- 2005 -- 06 ) 14 Mark Messier $ 58,958,639 25 ( 1979 -- 80 -- 2003 -- 04 ) 15 Brendan Shanahan $ 58,615,000 21 ( 1987 -- 88 -- 2008 -- 09 ) 16 Teemu Selanne $ 57,857,790 16 ( 1992 -- 93 -- present ) 17 Patrick Roy $ 56,771,988 19 ( 1984 -- 85 -- 2002 -- 03 ) 18 Pavel Bure $ 56,369,794 12 ( 1991 -- 92 -- 2002 -- 03 ) 19 Doug Weight $ 54,354,775 17 ( 1991 -- 92 -- 2010 - 11 ) 20 Dominik Hasek $ 54,152,300 16 ( 1990 -- 91 -- 2007 -- 08 ) † `` Years active '' excludes the 2004 -- 05 NHL season , as the league was not operating that year . It also includes seasons prior to the 1989 -- 90 NHL season , although the salaries paid during this time may not be included in the total due to scarcity of information . a Peter Forsberg missed the 2001 -- 02 NHL season and almost all of the 2007 -- 08 NHL season due to injury . b Dominik Hasek did not play the 2002 -- 03 NHL season because he had retired , though he returned the following season . Top five contracts by season 1989 -- 90 season Although Wayne Gretzky is considered one of the greatest hockey players of all time , his total salaries are not among the top 20 salary earners of all time . Mario Lemieux ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $2 million Wayne Gretzky ( Los Angeles Kings ) $1.72 million Mark Messier ( Edmonton Oilers ) $0.86 million Steve Yzerman ( Detroit Red Wings ) $0.7 million Bryan Trottier ( New York Islanders ) $0.575 million 1990 -- 91 season Wayne Gretzky ( Los Angeles Kings ) $3 million Mario Lemieux ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $2.18 million Steve Yzerman ( Detroit Red Wings ) $1.3 million Ray Bourque ( Boston Bruins ) $1.194 million Brett Hull ( St. Louis Blues ) $1.116 million 1991 -- 92 season Wayne Gretzky ( Los Angeles Kings ) $3 million Mario Lemieux ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $2.34 million Brett Hull ( St. Louis Blues ) $1.5 million Pat LaFontaine ( Buffalo Sabres ) $1.4 million Steve Yzerman ( Detroit Red Wings ) $1.4 million 1992 -- 93 season Eric Lindros ( Philadelphia Flyers ) $3.5 million Wayne Gretzky ( Los Angeles Kings ) $3 million Mario Lemieux ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $2.408 million Mark Messier ( New York Rangers ) $2.385 million Pat LaFontaine ( Buffalo Sabres ) $1.775 million 1993 -- 94 season Martin Brodeur is the highest - paid goaltender of all time , with approximately $82 million earned in salaries alone . Eric Lindros ( Philadelphia Flyers ) $3.35 million Steve Yzerman ( Detroit Red Wings ) $3.2 million Mario Lemieux ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $3 million Wayne Gretzky ( Los Angeles Kings ) $3 million Patrick Roy ( Montreal Canadiens ) $2.6593 million 1994 -- 95 season After the 1994 -- 95 NHL season was shortened to 48 games due to a lockout , players earned only about 56 % of their predicted salary . Wayne Gretzky ( Los Angeles Kings ) $3.66 million ( Predicted salary of $6.54 million ) Mark Messier ( New York Rangers ) $3.45 million ( Predicted salary of $6.29 million ) Scott Stevens ( New Jersey Devils ) $3.24 million ( Predicted salary of $5.8 million ) Pavel Bure ( Vancouver Canucks ) $2.61 million ( Predicted salary of $4.5 million ) Mario Lemieux ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $2.361 , 429 million ( Predicted salary of $4.071429 million ) 1995 -- 96 season Wayne Gretzky ( Los Angeles Kings / St. Louis Blues ) $6.54 million Mark Messier ( New York Rangers ) $6.29 million Keith Tkachuk ( Winnipeg Jets ) $6 million Mario Lemieux ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $4.5714 million Pavel Bure ( Vancouver Canucks ) $4.5 million 1996 -- 97 season Mario Lemieux ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $11.35 million Mark Messier ( New York Rangers ) $6 million Pavel Bure ( Vancouver Canucks ) $5 million Pat LaFontaine ( Buffalo Sabres ) $4.6 million Patrick Roy ( Colorado Avalanche ) $4.567 million 1997 -- 98 season Joe Sakic ( Colorado Avalanche ) $16.45 million Chris Gratton ( Philadelphia Flyers ) $10.15 million Wayne Gretzky ( New York Rangers ) $6.25 million Mark Messier ( New York Rangers ) $6 million Pavel Bure ( Vancouver Canucks ) $5.5 million 1998 -- 99 season Sergei Fedorov ( Detroit Red Wings ) $14.5 million Paul Kariya ( Anaheim Ducks ) $8.25 million Eric Lindros ( Philadelphia Flyers ) $8 million Dominik Hasek ( Buffalo Sabres ) $8 million Mats Sundin ( Toronto Maple Leafs ) $6.347 million 1999 -- 00 season Jaromir Jagr has earned more in salaries than any other hockey player -- more than $120 million . Jaromir Jagr ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $11.7 million Paul Kariya ( Anaheim Ducks ) $11 million Peter Forsberg ( Colorado Avalanche ) $9 million Theoren Fleury ( New York Rangers ) $8.5 million Eric Lindros ( Philadelphia Flyers ) $8.5 million 2000 -- 01 season Peter Forsberg ( Colorado Avalanche ) $10 million Paul Kariya ( Anaheim Ducks ) $10 million Jaromir Jagr ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $9.842708 million Pavel Bure ( Florida Panthers ) $9 million Keith Tkachuk ( St. Louis Blues ) $7.3 million 2001 -- 02 season Jaromir Jagr ( Washington Capitals ) $11 million Pavel Bure ( Florida Panthers / New York Rangers ) $10 million Paul Kariya ( Anaheim Ducks ) $10 million Joe Sakic ( Colorado Avalanche ) $9.832727 million Chris Pronger ( St. Louis Blues ) $9.5 million Teemu Selanne ( San Jose Sharks ) $9.5 million 2002 -- 03 season Jaromir Jagr ( Washington Capitals ) $11.483333 million Keith Tkachuk ( St. Louis Blues ) $11 million Nicklas Lidstrom ( Detroit Red Wings ) $10.5 million Pavel Bure ( New York Rangers ) $10 million Paul Kariya ( Mighty Ducks of Anaheim ) $10 million 2003 -- 04 season Pavel Bure amassed $56,369,794 in his twelve - year career . He would have earned $10 million in 2003 -- 04 , but due to injuries , he was forced to retire early , having played his final game around the time of his 32nd birthday . Peter Forsberg ( Colorado Avalanche ) $11 million Jaromir Jagr ( Washington Capitals ) $11 million Sergei Fedorov ( Mighty Ducks of Anaheim ) $10 million Nicklas Lidstrom ( Detroit Red Wings ) $10 million Keith Tkachuk ( St. Louis Blues ) $10 million 2004 -- 05 season Season cancelled ( see 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout ) . 2005 -- 06 season The team salary cap was $39 million . Under the latest NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement , no player could earn more than 20 percent of the team salary cap ( $7.8 million ) . Jaromir Jagr ( New York Rangers ) $8.36 million Nicklas Lidstrom ( Detroit Red Wings ) $7.6 million Keith Tkachuk ( St. Louis Blues ) $7.6 million Alexei Yashin ( New York Islanders ) $7.6 million Jarome Iginla ( Calgary Flames ) $7 million 2006 -- 07 season The team salary cap was $44 million . No player could earn more than $8.8 million . Jaromir Jagr ( New York Rangers ) $8.36 million Brad Richards ( Tampa Bay Lightning ) $7.8 million Nicklas Lidstrom ( Detroit Red Wings ) $7.6 million Mats Sundin ( Toronto Maple Leafs ) $7.6 million Alexei Yashin ( New York Islanders ) $7.6 million 2007 -- 08 season The team salary cap was $50.3 million . No player could earn more than $10.06 million . Daniel Briere ( Philadelphia Flyers ) $10 million Scott Gomez ( New York Rangers ) $10 million Thomas Vanek ( Buffalo Sabres ) $10 million Jaromir Jagr ( New York Rangers ) $8.36 million Kimmo Timonen ( Philadelphia Flyers ) $8 million 2008 -- 09 season The team salary cap was $56.7 million . No player could earn more than $11.34 million . Dany Heatley ( Ottawa Senators ) $10 million Sidney Crosby ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $9 million Alexander Ovechkin ( Washington Capitals ) $9 million Mats Sundin ( Vancouver Canucks ) $8.6 million Miikka Kiprusoff ( Calgary Flames ) $8.5 million 2009 -- 10 season The team salary cap was $56.8 million . No player could earn more than $11.36 million . Vincent Lecavalier ( Tampa Bay Lightning ) $10 million Sidney Crosby ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $9 million Evgeni Malkin ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $9 million Alexander Ovechkin ( Washington Capitals ) $9 million Chris Drury ( New York Rangers ) $8.05 million 2010 -- 11 season The team salary cap was $59.4 million . No player could earn more than $11.88 million . Vincent Lecavalier ( Tampa Bay Lightning ) $10 million Roberto Luongo ( Vancouver Canucks ) $10 million Sidney Crosby ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $9 million Evgeni Malkin ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $9 million Alexander Ovechkin ( Washington Capitals ) $9 million 2011 -- 12 season The team salary cap was $64.3 million . No player could earn more than $12.86 million . Brad Richards ( New York Rangers ) $12 million Ilya Bryzgalov ( Philadelphia Flyers ) $10 million Christian Ehrhoff ( Buffalo Sabres ) $10 million Vincent Lecavalier ( Tampa Bay Lightning ) $10 million Sidney Crosby ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $9 million 2012 -- 13 season The team salary cap was $70.2 million . No player could earn more than $14.04 million . Shea Weber ( Nashville Predators ) $14 million Tyler Myers ( Buffalo Sabres ) $12 million Zach Parise ( Minnesota Wild ) $12 million Brad Richards ( New York Rangers ) $12 million Ryan Suter ( Minnesota Wild ) $12 million 2013 -- 14 season The team salary cap was $64.3 million . No player could earn more than $12.86 million . Shea Weber ( Nashville Predators ) $14 million Sidney Crosby ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $12 million Zach Parise ( Minnesota Wild ) $12 million Ryan Suter ( Minnesota Wild ) $12 million Eric Staal ( Carolina Hurricanes ) $9.25 million 2014 -- 15 season The team salary cap was $69 million . No player could earn more than $13.8 million . Shea Weber ( Nashville Predators ) $14 million Sidney Crosby ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $12 million Henrik Lundqvist ( New York Rangers ) $11 million Zach Parise ( Minnesota Wild ) $11 million Ryan Suter ( Minnesota Wild ) $11 million 2015 -- 16 season The team salary cap was $71.4 million . No player could earn more than $14.28 million . Shea Weber ( Nashville Predators ) $14 million Patrick Kane ( Chicago Blackhawks ) $13.8 million Jonathan Toews ( Chicago Blackhawks ) $13.8 million Sidney Crosby ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $12 million Phil Kessel ( Pittsburgh Penguins ) $10 million 2016 -- 17 season The team salary cap was $73 million . No player could earn more than $14.6 million . Anze Kopitar ( Los Angeles Kings ) $14 million Patrick Kane ( Chicago Blackhawks ) $13.8 million Jonathan Toews ( Chicago Blackhawks ) $13.8 million Shea Weber ( Montreal Canadiens ) $12 million Ryan O'Reilly ( Buffalo Sabres ) $11 million 2017 -- 18 season The team salary cap is $75 million . No player can earn more than $15 million . Patrick Kane ( Chicago Blackhawks ) $13.8 million Jonathan Toews ( Chicago Blackhawks ) $13.8 million Jamie Benn ( Dallas Stars ) $13 million Anze Kopitar ( Los Angeles Kings ) $13 million Shea Weber ( Montreal Canadiens ) $12 million Sample salaries from earlier seasons Newsy Lalonde was earning CAN $ 1,300 during the 1917 -- 18 NHL season , which is equivalent to approximately $25,000 CAD in today 's funds . Salary figures prior to the 1989 -- 90 season are not readily available . The following table presents a sample of salaries from various seasons ; the players listed were not necessarily the highest paid that year . Season Player name Salary 1917 -- 18 Newsy Lalonde CAN $1,300 1921 -- 22 Newsy Lalonde CAN $2,000 1923 -- 24 Howie Morenz CAN $3,500 1925 -- 26 Frank Fredrickson CAN $3,500 1953 -- 54 Jean Beliveau CAN $21,000 1954 -- 55 Jean Beliveau CAN $21,000 1955 -- 56 Jean Beliveau CAN $21,000 1956 -- 57 Jean Beliveau CAN $21,000 1957 -- 58 Jean Beliveau CAN $21,000 1959 -- 60 Doug Harvey CAN $25,000 1959 -- 60 Maurice Richard CAN $25,000 1962 -- 63 Frank Mahovlich CAN $25,000 1963 -- 64 ( NHL minimum salary ) CAN $7,000 1963 -- 64 Phil Esposito US $54,990 1965 -- 66 Gump Worsley CAN $28,000 1966 -- 67 Bobby Orr US $35,000 1967 -- 68 Bobby Orr US $35,000 1967 -- 68 Derek Sanderson US $10,000 1969 -- 70 Derek Sanderson US $13,000 1974 -- 75 Mario Tremblay CAN $80,000 1977 -- 78 Bobby Hull † US $1,000,000 1977 -- 78 Bernie Parent US $1,000,000 1977 -- 78 Derek Sanderson US $1,000,000 1982 -- 83 Brian Hayward US $65,000 † Bobby Hull was playing the World Hockey Association at this time , a short - lived rival to the NHL . See also Ice hockey portal List of team payrolls in the NHL , for yearly team payrolls Salary cap NHL Players Association Highest - paid NBA players by season List of highest paid Major League Baseball players Notes Jump up ^ Sources : Sports Illustrated , Forbes , l'Équipe magazine , NHL.com , and certain financial sites dedicated to professional sports . ^ Jump up to : The given salary includes a signing bonus . Jump up ^ $7.8 million + $0.56 million in arrears from the Washington Capitals . Jump up ^ Hockey Zone Plus : Historic Salaries External links USA Today Salaries Database NHL salaries from 2000 -- 2007 NHLSCAP - Up to date NHL Salary cap information CapGeek.com http://www.hockeybuzz.com/cap-central/index.php http://www.nhlnumbers.com/ NHL players ' salary history ( hide ) List of NHL - related topics History Pre-NHL seasons National Hockey Association 1917 -- 42 1942 -- 67 1967 -- 92 1992 -- present All - time standings All - time team performance Seasons Most frequent playoff series Retired numbers First NHL player by country Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Personnel Famous linemates Captains Head coaches General managers Owners Notable families Presidents and Commissioners Referees and linesmen Records League records ( individual , team ) Statistical leaders ( by country of birth ) Points , career ( min . 1000 ) Assists , career ( min . 1000 ) Goals , career ( min . 500 ) Points , season ( min . 100 ) Goals , season ( min . 50 ) 50 goals in 50 games Games , career ( min . 1000 ) Consecutive games , career ( min . 500 ) PIMs , career ( min . 2000 ) 5 + goals , game 8 + points , game 300 wins , goaltender Goaltenders who have scored Wayne Gretzky 's records Gordie Howe 's records Related International games with NHL teams International games with NHL players World Cup of Hockey Hockey Fights Cancer Other Trade deadline Player salaries Team payrolls Video games Mascots National Hockey League lore Advanced statistics NHL uniform Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_player_salaries_in_the_NHL&oldid=804649312 '' Categories : National Hockey League lists National Hockey League labor relations Income of sportspeople Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 09 : 08 . About Wikipedia | who gets paid the most in the nhl | [
"\nPatrick Kane (Chicago Blackhawks) $13.8 million\n\nJonathan Toews (Chicago Blackhawks) $13.8 million\n\n\nJamie Benn (Dallas Stars) $13 million\n\nAnze Kopitar (Los Angeles Kings) $13 million\n\n\nShea Weber (Montreal Canadiens) $12 million\n",
"\nPatrick Kane (Chicago Blackhawks) $13.8 million\n\nJonathan Toews (Chicago Blackhawks) $13.8 million\n\n\nJamie Benn (Dallas Stars) $13 million\n\nAnze Kopitar (Los Angeles Kings) $13 million\n\n\nShea Weber (Montreal Canadiens) $12 million\n"
] | [
"Patrick Kane",
"Jonathan Toews"
] |
-1165940079930854630 | Stan Lee | Stan Lee - wikipedia Stan Lee Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the comics creator . For other uses , see Stan Lee ( disambiguation ) . Stan Lee Lee in 2014 Stanley Martin Lieber ( 1922 - 12 - 28 ) December 28 , 1922 ( age 95 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Area ( s ) Comic book writer , editor , publisher Collaborators Jack Kirby Steve Ditko John Romita Sr . Awards The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame Jack Kirby Hall of Fame Spouse ( s ) Joan Boocock Lee ( m . 1947 ; d . 2017 ) Children Signature therealstanlee.com Stan Lee ( born Stanley Martin Lieber / ˈliːbər / , December 28 , 1922 ) is an American comic - book writer , editor , film executive producer , and publisher . He was formerly editor - in - chief of Marvel Comics , and later its publisher and chairman before leaving the company to become its chairman emeritus , as well as a member of the editorial board . In collaboration with several artists , including Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko , he co-created fictional characters including Spider - Man , the Hulk , Doctor Strange , the Fantastic Four , Daredevil , Black Panther , the X-Men , and , with the addition of co-writer Larry Lieber , the characters Ant - Man , Iron Man and Thor . In addition , he challenged the comics industry 's censorship organization , the Comics Code Authority , indirectly leading to it updating its policies . Lee subsequently led the expansion of Marvel Comics from a small division of a publishing house to a large multimedia corporation . He was inducted into the comic book industry 's Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame in 1994 and the Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1995 . Lee received a National Medal of Arts in 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 Marvel revolution 2.3 Later career 3 Charity work 4 Fictional portrayals 5 Film and television appearances 5.1 Marvel television 5.1. 1 Animation 5.1. 2 Live - action 5.2 Marvel films 5.2. 1 Animation 5.2. 2 Live - action 5.3 Warner Bros. / DC properties 5.4 Other film , TV , and video 5.5 Video games and applications 6 Personal life 7 Filmography 7.1 Film 7.2 Television 7.3 Video games 8 Accolades 9 Bibliography 9.1 Books 9.2 Comics bibliography 9.2. 1 DC 9.2. 2 Marvel 9.2. 3 Simon & Schuster 9.2. 4 Other 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early life Stanley Martin Lieber was born on December 28 , 1922 in Manhattan , New York City , in the apartment of his Romanian - born Jewish immigrant parents , Celia ( née Solomon ) and Jack Lieber , at the corner of West 98th Street and West End Avenue in Manhattan . His father , trained as a dress cutter , worked only sporadically after the Great Depression , and the family moved further uptown to Fort Washington Avenue , in Washington Heights , Manhattan . Lee has one younger brother named Larry Lieber . He said in 2006 that as a child he was influenced by books and movies , particularly those with Errol Flynn playing heroic roles . By the time Lee was in his teens , the family was living in an apartment at 1720 University Avenue in The Bronx . Lee has described it as `` a third - floor apartment facing out back '' . Lee and his brother shared the bedroom , while their parents slept on a foldout couch . Lee attended DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx . In his youth , Lee enjoyed writing , and entertained dreams of one day writing the `` Great American Novel '' . He has said that in his youth he worked such part - time jobs as writing obituaries for a news service and press releases for the National Tuberculosis Center ; delivering sandwiches for the Jack May pharmacy to offices in Rockefeller Center ; working as an office boy for a trouser manufacturer ; ushering at the Rivoli Theater on Broadway ; and selling subscriptions to the New York Herald Tribune newspaper . He graduated from high school early , aged 161⁄2 in 1939 , and joined the WPA Federal Theatre Project . Career Early career With the help of his uncle Robbie Solomon , Lee became an assistant in 1939 at the new Timely Comics division of pulp magazine and comic - book publisher Martin Goodman 's company . Timely , by the 1960s , would evolve into Marvel Comics. Lee , whose cousin Jean was Goodman 's wife , was formally hired by Timely editor Joe Simon . His duties were prosaic at first . `` In those days ( the artists ) dipped the pen in ink , ( so ) I had to make sure the inkwells were filled '' , Lee recalled in 2009 . `` I went down and got them their lunch , I did proofreading , I erased the pencils from the finished pages for them '' . Marshaling his childhood ambition to be a writer , young Stanley Lieber made his comic - book debut with the text filler `` Captain America Foils the Traitor 's Revenge '' in Captain America Comics # 3 ( cover - dated May 1941 ) , using the pseudonym Stan Lee , which years later he would adopt as his legal name . Lee later explained in his autobiography and numerous other sources that he had intended to save his given name for more literary work . This initial story also introduced Captain America 's trademark ricocheting shield - toss . He graduated from writing filler to actual comics with a backup feature , `` ' Headline ' Hunter , Foreign Correspondent '' , two issues later . Lee 's first superhero co-creation was the Destroyer , in Mystic Comics # 6 ( August 1941 ) . Other characters he co-created during this period fans and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books include Jack Frost , debuting in U.S.A. Comics # 1 ( August 1941 ) , and Father Time , debuting in Captain America Comics # 6 ( August 1941 ) . When Simon and his creative partner Jack Kirby left late in 1941 , following a dispute with Goodman , the 30 - year - old publisher installed Lee , just under 19 years old , as interim editor . The youngster showed a knack for the business that led him to remain as the comic - book division 's editor - in - chief , as well as art director for much of that time , until 1972 , when he would succeed Goodman as publisher . Lee entered the United States Army in early 1942 and served in the US in the Signal Corps , repairing telegraph poles and other communications equipment . He was later transferred to the Training Film Division , where he worked writing manuals , training films , and slogans , and occasionally cartooning . His military classification , he says , was `` playwright '' ; he adds that only nine men in the US Army were given that title . Vincent Fago , editor of Timely 's `` animation comics '' section , which put out humor and funny animal comics , filled in until Lee returned from his World War II military service in 1945 . In the mid-1950s , by which time the company was now generally known as Atlas Comics , Lee wrote stories in a variety of genres including romance , Westerns , humor , science fiction , medieval adventure , horror and suspense . In the 1950s , Lee teamed up with his comic book colleague Dan DeCarlo to produce the syndicated newspaper strip , My Friend Irma , based on the radio comedy starring Marie Wilson . By the end of the decade , Lee had become dissatisfied with his career and considered quitting the field . Marvel revolution In the late 1950s , DC Comics editor Julius Schwartz revived the superhero archetype and experienced a significant success with its updated version of the Flash , and later with super-team the Justice League of America . In response , publisher Martin Goodman assigned Lee to come up with a new superhero team . Lee 's wife suggested him to experiment with stories he preferred , since he was planning on changing careers and had nothing to lose . Lee acted on that advice , giving his superheroes a flawed humanity , a change from the ideal archetypes that were typically written for preteens . Before this , most superheroes were idealistically perfect people with no serious , lasting problems . Lee introduced complex , naturalistic characters who could have bad tempers , fits of melancholy , and vanity ; they bickered amongst themselves , worried about paying their bills and impressing girlfriends , got bored or even were sometimes physically ill . The first superhero group Lee and artist Jack Kirby created together was the Fantastic Four , based on previous Kirby superhero team Challengers of the Unknown published by DC Comics The team 's immediate popularity led Lee and Marvel 's illustrators to produce a cavalcade of new titles . Again working with Kirby , Lee co-created the Hulk , Thor , Iron Man , and the X-Men ; with Bill Everett , Daredevil ; and with Steve Ditko , Doctor Strange and Marvel 's most successful character , Spider - Man , all of whom lived in a thoroughly shared universe . Lee and Kirby gathered several of their newly created characters together into the team title The Avengers and would revive characters from the 1940s such as the Sub-Mariner and Captain America . Comics historian Peter Sanderson wrote that in the 1960s : DC was the equivalent of the big Hollywood studios : After the brilliance of DC 's reinvention of the superhero ... in the late 1950s and early 1960s , it had run into a creative drought by the decade 's end . There was a new audience for comics now , and it was n't just the little kids that traditionally had read the books . The Marvel of the 1960s was in its own way the counterpart of the French New Wave ... Marvel was pioneering new methods of comics storytelling and characterization , addressing more serious themes , and in the process keeping and attracting readers in their teens and beyond . Moreover , among this new generation of readers were people who wanted to write or draw comics themselves , within the new style that Marvel had pioneered , and push the creative envelope still further . Lee 's revolution extended beyond the characters and storylines to the way in which comic books engaged the readership and built a sense of community between fans and creators . He introduced the practice of regularly including a credit panel on the splash page of each story , naming not just the writer and penciller but also the inker and letterer . Regular news about Marvel staff members and upcoming storylines was presented on the Bullpen Bulletins page , which ( like the letter columns that appeared in each title ) was written in a friendly , chatty style . Lee has said that his goal was for fans to think of the comics creators as friends , and considered it a mark of his success on this front that , at a time when letters to other comics publishers were typically addressed `` Dear Editor '' , letters to Marvel addressed the creators by first name ( e.g. `` Dear Stan and Jack '' ) . By 1967 , the brand was well - enough ensconced in popular culture that a March 3 WBAI radio program with Lee and Kirby as guests was titled `` Will Success Spoil Spiderman '' ( sic ) . Throughout the 1960s , Lee scripted , art - directed and edited most of Marvel 's series , moderated the letters pages , wrote a monthly column called `` Stan 's Soapbox '' , and wrote endless promotional copy , often signing off with his trademark motto , `` Excelsior ! '' ( which is also the New York state motto ) . To maintain his workload and meet deadlines , he used a system that was used previously by various comic - book studios , but due to Lee 's success with it , became known as the `` Marvel Method '' . Typically , Lee would brainstorm a story with the artist and then prepare a brief synopsis rather than a full script . Based on the synopsis , the artist would fill the allotted number of pages by determining and drawing the panel - to - panel storytelling . After the artist turned in penciled pages , Lee would write the word balloons and captions , and then oversee the lettering and coloring . In effect , the artists were co-plotters , whose collaborative first drafts Lee built upon . Lee recorded messages to the newly formed Merry Marvel Marching Society fan club in 1965 . Following Ditko 's departure from Marvel in 1966 , John Romita Sr. became Lee 's collaborator on The Amazing Spider - Man . Within a year , it overtook Fantastic Four to become the company 's top seller . Lee and Romita 's stories focused as much on the social and college lives of the characters as they did on Spider - Man 's adventures . The stories became more topical , addressing issues such as the Vietnam War , political elections , and student activism . Robbie Robertson , introduced in The Amazing Spider - Man # 51 ( August 1967 ) was one of the first African - American characters in comics to play a serious supporting role . In the Fantastic Four series , the lengthy run by Lee and Kirby produced many acclaimed storylines as well as characters that have become central to Marvel , including the Inhumans and the Black Panther , an African king who would be mainstream comics ' first black superhero . The story frequently cited as Lee and Kirby 's finest achievement is the three - part `` Galactus Trilogy '' that began in Fantastic Four # 48 ( March 1966 ) , chronicling the arrival of Galactus , a cosmic giant who wanted to devour the planet , and his herald , the Silver Surfer . Fantastic Four # 48 was chosen as # 24 in the 100 Greatest Marvels of All Time poll of Marvel 's readers in 2001 . Editor Robert Greenberger wrote in his introduction to the story that `` As the fourth year of the Fantastic Four came to a close , Stan Lee and Jack Kirby seemed to be only warming up . In retrospect , it was perhaps the most fertile period of any monthly title during the Marvel Age . '' Comics historian Les Daniels noted that `` ( t ) he mystical and metaphysical elements that took over the saga were perfectly suited to the tastes of young readers in the 1960s '' , and Lee soon discovered that the story was a favorite on college campuses. Lee and artist John Buscema launched The Silver Surfer series in August 1968 . The following year , Lee and Gene Colan created the Falcon , comics ' first African - American superhero in Captain America # 117 ( September 1969 ) . Then in 1971 , Lee indirectly helped reform the Comics Code . The U.S. Department of Health , Education and Welfare had asked Lee to write a comic - book story about the dangers of drugs and Lee conceived a three - issue subplot in The Amazing Spider - Man # 96 -- 98 ( cover - dated May -- July 1971 ) , in which Peter Parker 's best friend becomes addicted to pills . The Comics Code Authority refused to grant its seal because the stories depicted drug use ; the anti-drug context was considered irrelevant . With Goodman 's cooperation and confident that the original government request would give him credibility , Lee had the story published without the seal . The comics sold well and Marvel won praise for its socially conscious efforts . The CCA subsequently loosened the Code to permit negative depictions of drugs , among other new freedoms . Lee also supported using comic books to provide some measure of social commentary about the real world , often dealing with racism and bigotry . `` Stan 's Soapbox '' , besides promoting an upcoming comic book project , also addressed issues of discrimination , intolerance , or prejudice . In 1972 , Lee stopped writing monthly comic books to assume the role of publisher . His final issue of The Amazing Spider - Man was # 110 ( July 1972 ) and his last Fantastic Four was # 125 ( August 1972 ) . Later career Signed photo of Lee at the 1975 San Diego Comic - Con In later years , Lee became a figurehead and public face for Marvel Comics . He made appearances at comic book conventions around America , lecturing at colleges and participating in panel discussions . Lee and John Romita Sr. launched the Spider - Man newspaper comic strip on January 3 , 1977 . Lee 's final collaboration with Jack Kirby , The Silver Surfer : The Ultimate Cosmic Experience , was published in 1978 as part of the Marvel Fireside Books series and is considered to be Marvel 's first graphic novel . Lee and John Buscema produced the first issue of The Savage She - Hulk ( February 1980 ) , which introduced the female cousin of the Hulk and crafted a Silver Surfer story for Epic Illustrated # 1 ( Spring 1980 ) . He moved to California in 1981 to develop Marvel 's TV and movie properties . He has been an executive producer for , and has made cameo appearances in , Marvel film adaptations and other movies . He occasionally returned to comic book writing with various Silver Surfer projects including a 1982 one - shot drawn by John Byrne , the Judgment Day graphic novel illustrated by John Buscema , the Parable limited series drawn by French artist Mœbius , and The Enslavers graphic novel with Keith Pollard. Lee was briefly president of the entire company , but soon stepped down to become publisher instead , finding that being president was too much about numbers and finance and not enough about the creative process he enjoyed . Peter Paul and Lee began a new Internet - based superhero creation , production , and marketing studio , Stan Lee Media , in 1998 . It grew to 165 people and went public through a reverse merger structured by investment banker Stan Medley in 1999 , but , near the end of 2000 , investigators discovered illegal stock manipulation by Paul and corporate officer Stephan Gordon . Stan Lee Media filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in February 2001 . Paul was extradited to the U.S. from Brazil and pleaded guilty to violating SEC Rule 10b - 5 in connection with trading of his stock in Stan Lee Media . Lee was never implicated in the scheme . In 2001 , Lee , Gill Champion , and Arthur Lieberman formed POW ! ( Purveyors of Wonder ) Entertainment to develop film , television and video game properties . Lee created the risqué animated superhero series Stripperella for Spike TV . In 2004 POW ! Entertainment went public . Also that year , Lee announced a superhero program that would feature Ringo Starr , the former Beatle , as the lead character . Additionally , in August of that year , Lee announced the launch of Stan Lee 's Sunday Comics , a short - lived subscription service hosted by Komikwerks.com . On March 15 , 2007 , after Stan Lee Media had been purchased by Jim Nesfield , the company filed a lawsuit against Marvel Entertainment for $5 billion , claiming Lee had given his rights to several Marvel characters to Stan Lee Media in exchange for stock and a salary . On June 9 , 2007 , Stan Lee Media sued Lee ; his newer company , POW ! Entertainment ; and POW ! subsidiary QED Entertainment . In 2008 , Lee wrote humorous captions for the political fumetti book Stan Lee Presents Election Daze : What Are They Really Saying ? . In April of that year , Brighton Partners and Rainmaker Animation announced a partnership POW ! to produce a CGI film series , Legion of 5 . Other projects by Lee announced in the late 2000s included a line of superhero comics for Virgin Comics , a TV adaptation of the novel Hero , a foreword to Skyscraperman by skyscraper fire - safety advocate and Spider - Man fan Dan Goodwin , a partnership with Guardian Media Entertainment and The Guardian Project to create NHL superhero mascots and work with the Eagle Initiative program to find new talent in the comic book field . Lee promoting Stan Lee 's Kids Universe at the 2011 New York Comic Con In October , Lee announced he would partner with 1821 Comics on a multimedia imprint for children , Stan Lee 's Kids Universe , a move he said addressed the lack of comic books targeted for that demographic ; and that he was collaborating with the company on its futuristic graphic novel Romeo & Juliet : The War , by writer Max Work and artist Skan Srisuwan . At the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International , Lee announced his YouTube channel , Stan Lee 's World of Heroes , which airs programs created by Lee , Mark Hamill , Peter David , Adrianne Curry , and Bonnie Burton among others . Lee wrote the book , Zodiac released in January 2015 , with Stuart Moore . The film Stan Lee 's Annihilator , based on a Chinese prisoner - turned - superhero named Ming and in production since 2013 , is set for a 2015 release . In his later career , Lee 's contributions continued to expand outside the style that he helped pioneer . An example of this is his first work for DC Comics in the 2000s , launching the Just Imagine ... series , in which Lee re-imagined the DC superheroes Superman , Batman , Wonder Woman , Green Lantern , and the Flash . Manga projects involving Lee include Karakuridôji Ultimo , a collaboration with Hiroyuki Takei , Viz Media and Shueisha , and Heroman , serialized in Square Enix 's Monthly Shōnen Gangan with the Japanese company Bones . In 2011 , Lee started writing a live - action musical , The Yin and Yang Battle of Tao . This period also saw a number of collaborators honor Lee for his influence on the comics industry . In 2006 , Marvel commemorated Lee 's 65 years with the company by publishing a series of one - shot comics starring Lee himself meeting and interacting with many of his co-creations , including Spider - Man , Doctor Strange , the Thing , Silver Surfer , and Doctor Doom . These comics also featured short pieces by such comics creators as Joss Whedon and Fred Hembeck , as well as reprints of classic Lee - written adventures . At the 2007 Comic - Con International , Marvel Legends introduced a Stan Lee action figure . The body beneath the figure 's removable cloth wardrobe is a re-used mold of a previously released Spider - Man action figure , with minor changes . Comikaze Expo , Los Angeles ' largest comic book convention , was rebranded as Stan Lee 's Comikaze Presented by POW ! Entertainment in 2012 . At the 2016 Comic - Con International , Lee introduced his digital graphic novel Stan Lee 's ' God Woke ' , with text originally written as a poem he presented at Carnegie Hall in 1972 . The print - book version won the 2017 Independent Publisher Book Awards ' Outstanding Books of the Year Independent Voice Award . Charity work The Stan Lee Foundation was founded in 2010 to focus on literacy , education , and the arts . Its stated goals include supporting programs and ideas that improve access to literacy resources , as well as promoting diversity , national literacy , culture and the arts . Stan Lee has donated portions of his personal effects to the University of Wyoming at various times , between 1981 and 2001 . Fictional portrayals See also : List of comics creators appearing in comics § Stan Lee Lee and Kirby ( bottom left ) as themselves on the cover of The Fantastic Four # 10 ( January 1963 ) . Art by Kirby and Dick Ayers . Stan Lee and his collaborator Jack Kirby appear as themselves in The Fantastic Four # 10 ( January 1963 ) , the first of several appearances within the fictional Marvel Universe . The two are depicted as similar to their real - world counterparts , creating comic books based on the `` real '' adventures of the Fantastic Four . Lee was parodied by Kirby in comics published by rival DC Comics as Funky Flashman . Kirby later portrayed himself , Lee , production executive Sol Brodsky , and Lee 's secretary Flo Steinberg as superheroes in What If # 11 ( October 1978 ) , `` What If the Marvel Bullpen Had Become the Fantastic Four ? '' , in which Lee played the part of Mister Fantastic . Lee has also made numerous cameo appearances in many Marvel titles , appearing in audiences and crowds at many characters ' ceremonies and parties , and hosting an old - soldiers reunion in Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos # 100 ( July 1972 ) . Lee appeared , unnamed , as the priest at Luke Cage and Jessica Jones ' wedding in New Avengers Annual # 1 ( June 2006 ) . He pays his respects to Karen Page at her funeral in Daredevil vol. 2 , # 8 ( June 1998 ) , and appears in The Amazing Spider - Man # 169 ( June 1977 ) . In 1994 , artist Alex Ross rendered Lee as a bar patron on page 44 of Marvels # 3 . In Marvel 's `` Flashback '' series of titles cover - dated July 1997 , a top - hatted caricature of Lee as a ringmaster introduced stories that detailed events in Marvel characters ' lives before they became superheroes , in special `` - 1 '' editions of many Marvel titles . The `` ringmaster '' depiction of Lee was originally from Generation X # 17 ( July 1996 ) , where the character narrated a story set primarily in an abandoned circus . Though the story itself was written by Scott Lobdell , the narration by `` Ringmaster Stan '' was written by Lee , and the character was drawn in that issue by Chris Bachalo . Lee and other comics creators are mentioned on page 479 of Michael Chabon 's 2000 novel about the comics industry The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay . Chabon also acknowledges a debt to Lee and other creators on the book 's Author 's Note page . On one of the last pages of Truth : Red , White & Black , Lee appears in a real photograph among other celebrities on a wall of the Bradley home . Under his given name of Stanley Lieber , Stan Lee appears briefly in Paul Malmont 's 2006 novel The Chinatown Death Cloud Peril . In Stan Lee Meets Superheroes , which Lee wrote , he comes into contact with some of his favorite creations . Stan Lee and Jack Kirby appear as professors in Marvel Adventures Spider - Man # 19 . In Lavie Tidhar 's 2013 The Violent Century , Lee appears -- under his birth name of `` Stanley Martin Lieber '' -- as a historian of superhumans . Film and television appearances See also : Stan Lee cameos Lee has had cameo appearances in many Marvel film and television projects . A few of these appearances are self - aware and sometimes reference Lee 's involvement in the creation of certain characters . Lee has been a credited executive producer on most Marvel film and television projects since the 1990 direct - to - video Captain America film . Marvel television Animation One of Lee 's earliest contributions to animation based on Marvel properties was narrating the 1980s Incredible Hulk animated series , always beginning his narration with a self - introduction and ending with `` This is Stan Lee saying , Excelsior ! '' Lee had previously narrated the `` Seven Little Superheroes '' episode of Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends , which the Hulk series was paired with for broadcast . Lee did the narration for the original 1989 X-Men animated series pilot titled X-Men : Pryde of the X-Men . Lee was an executive producer of the 1990s animated TV series Spider - Man . He appeared as himself in animated form in the final episode titled `` Farewell , Spider - Man '' . Spider - Man is transported by Madame Web into the `` real '' world where he is a fictional character . He meets Lee and the two swing around until Spider - Man drops him off on top of a building ; Madame Web appears and brings Spider - Man back to his homeworld . Realizing he is stuck on a roof , Lee muses , hoping the Fantastic Four will show up and lend a hand . He also voices the character `` Frank Elson '' in an episode of Spider - Man : The New Animated Series broadcast by MTV in 2003 , titled `` Mind Games '' ( Parts 1 and 2 , originally aired on August 15 and 22 , 2003 ) . He voiced a loading - dock worker named Stan on The Spectacular Spider - Man in the episode `` Blueprints '' . In several episodes of The Super Hero Squad Show , Lee voices the Mayor of Super Hero City . Lee has appeared in episodes of the Disney XD TV series Ultimate Spider - Man as a high school janitor named Stan , in which he makes references to Lee 's real - life career . In the pilot `` Great Power '' and the episode `` Why I Hate Gym '' , he mentions Irving Forbush , an in - joke character Lee co-created in 1955 as a literary device . Stan the Janitor also appears in Episode 18 , `` Out of Damage Control '' , as a part - time worker for Damage Control . In the episode `` Stan By Me '' , he , along with Mary Jane Watson , Agent / Principal Coulson , and Harry Osborn , helped Spider - Man fight the Lizard . At the end of the episode it is revealed that Lee 's character is secretly a top S.H.I.E.L.D. agent and is aware of Peter Parker 's secret identity as Spider - Man , and that he is a founding member of S.H.I.E.L.D. who named the organization , which Lee named in reality . Stan Lee has appeared in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. . He was first alluded to as Stan the Salesman in the first episode and later appeared in a recurring role as Mayor Stan of Vista Verde . Stan Lee will reprise his role as Fred 's dad in Big Hero 6 : The Series . The first episode implies that his name is Frederick Frederickson III . Live - action In the TV - movie The Trial of the Incredible Hulk ( 1989 ) , Lee 's first appearance in a Marvel movie or TV project is as a jury foreman in the trial of Dr. David Banner . Lee appears in `` T.R.A.C.K.S. '' , an episode of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. originally broadcast February 4 , 2014 . He appears in `` The Blitzkrieg Button '' , the Agent Carter episode originally broadcast January 27 , 2015 . Lee cameos in Marvel 's Netflix series via a photograph of Lee as a police officer of the New York City Police Department , appearing in Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , Iron Fist , The Defenders and The Punisher . In Iron Fist , he is identified as Captain Irving Forbush . Lee has a non-speaking cameo in the 2017 X-Men TV series The Gifted . Lee again appears as a limo driver in the Hulu series Runaways . Marvel films Animation In Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) , Lee 's voice and likeness are used for the father of character Fred . Though he appears in a portrait earlier in the film , Lee 's cameo is a post-credits scene in which he demonstrates to his son that they have many things to talk about . Lee was not involved with the creation of the original Big Hero 6 comic book from which the movie is sourced . Live - action In X-Men ( 2000 ) , Lee appears as a hotdog stand vendor on the beach when the newly mutated Senator Kelly emerges naked onshore after escaping from Magneto . In Spider - Man ( 2002 ) , he appeared during Spider - Man 's first battle with the Green Goblin , pulling a little girl away from falling debris . In the DVD 's deleted scenes , Lee plays a street vendor who tries to sell Peter Parker a pair of sunglasses . In Daredevil ( 2003 ) , as a child , Matt Murdock stops Lee from crossing the street and getting hit by a bus . This is also a reference to an incident in the comics which was omitted from the origin story of the film . In Hulk ( 2003 ) , he appears walking alongside former TV - series Hulk Lou Ferrigno in an early scene , both as security guards at Bruce Banner 's lab . It was his first speaking role in a film based on one of his characters . In Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) , Lee pulls an innocent person away from danger during Spider - Man 's first battle with Doctor Octopus . In a blooper scene that appears as an extra on the film 's DVD release , Lee has another cameo , saying , `` Look , Spider - Man stole that kid 's sneakers . '' In Man - Thing ( 2005 ) , a photograph of Lee is seen on a board of missing people . In Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) , Lee appears for the first time as a character that he created for the comics , Willie Lumpkin , the mail carrier who greets the Fantastic Four as they enter the Baxter Building . In X-Men : The Last Stand ( 2006 ) , Lee and Chris Claremont appear as two of Jean Grey 's neighbors in the opening scenes set 20 years in the past . Lee , credited as `` Waterhose Man '' , is watering the lawn when Jean telekinetically redirects the water from the hose into the air . In Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( 2007 ) , Lee appears as himself at Reed Richards ' and Susan Storm 's first wedding , being turned away by a security guard for not being on the guest list . In Fantastic Four Annual # 3 ( 1965 ) , in which the couple married , Lee and Jack Kirby are similarly turned away . In Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) , Lee appears in a credited role as `` Man in Times Square '' . He stands next to Peter Parker , both of them reading a news bulletin about Spider - Man , and commenting to Peter that , `` You know , I guess one person can make a difference '' . He then says his catchphrase , `` ' Nuff said '' and leaves Peter to dwell on that thought . In Iron Man ( 2008 ) , Lee , credited as `` Himself '' , appears at a gala cavorting with three blondes , where Tony Stark mistakes him for Hugh Hefner . In the theatrical release of the film , Stark simply greets Lee as `` Hef '' and moves on ; another version of the scene was filmed where Stark realizes his mistake , but Lee graciously responds , `` That 's okay , I get this all the time . '' In 2008 , Stan Lee named this as his favorite cameo appearance to that date . In The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) , Lee appears as a hapless citizen who accidentally ingests a soft drink mixed with Bruce Banner 's blood , subsequently dropping it and leading to the discovery of Dr. Banner 's location in a bottling plant in Brazil . In Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , during the Stark Expo , Lee , wearing suspenders and a red shirt and black and purple tie , is mistakenly greeted by Tony Stark as `` Larry King '' . In Thor ( 2011 ) , Lee appears among many people at the site where Thor 's hammer Mjolnir lands on earth . He tears the bed off his pickup truck in an attempt to pull Mjolnir out of the ground with a chain and causes everyone in the scene to laugh by asking , `` Did it work ? '' . His character is credited as `` Stan the Man '' , a nickname he 'd adopted in the Silver Age of Comic Books . In Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) , Lee plays a general in World War II who mistakes another man for Captain America / Steve Rogers , commenting , `` I thought he 'd be taller . '' Lee had nothing to do with the basic creation of the title character . However , Lee began his writing career in the character 's original series where he created the idea of Captain America using his shield as a throwing weapon . Furthermore , he was responsible for reviving the character in the Silver Age of Comic Books and co-wrote most of the character 's stories in The Avengers and his solo stories in that period . In The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Lee 's character is interviewed about the Avengers saving Manhattan . Lee 's character responds , `` Superheroes in New York ? Give me a break '' , and then returns to his game of chess . He also appears in a deleted scene in which , when a waitress flirts with Steve Rogers , Lee says to him , `` Ask for her number , you moron ! '' In The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) , Lee is a librarian at Midtown Science High School , comically oblivious to the fight between Spider - Man and the Lizard happening behind him ( a table nearly hits him as well ) due to the fact that he is listening to classical music . He walks out of the library as the fight continues . In Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) , Lee portrays a beauty pageant judge who appears on a television monitor and happily gives one of the contestants a 10 . In Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) , Lee appears as a mental ward patient who loans his shoe to Erik Selvig for a demonstration about `` the Convergence '' in his delusions . When Selvig finishes and asks if anyone has questions , Lee says , `` Yeah , can I have my shoe back '' ? In Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) , Lee plays a security guard at the Smithsonian Institution who after discovering that Captain America stole his own World War II uniform from an exhibit , says , `` Oh man , I am so fired . '' In The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) , Lee is a guest at Peter Parker and Gwen Stacy 's graduation . He notes that he recognizes Peter Parker . In Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , Lee appears as an elderly gentleman having a conversation with a significantly younger woman . Rocket , viewing him through a scanning device , dismisses him as part of what he saw was wrong with the planet Xandar . With the exception of Groot , Ronan and The Collector , Lee did not have a hand in the creation of the Guardians of the Galaxy . In Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , he appears as a military veteran who attends the Avengers ' victory party . He claims he fought at Omaha Beach and that it proves he can handle a shot of Asgardian liquor from Thor , but is then carried away drunk , muttering his catchphrase , `` Excelsior ! '' Lee noted that this was his favorite cameo . In Ant - Man ( 2015 ) , Lee appears as a bartender in a story Luis tells to Scott Lang explaining that Falcon was looking for him . In Deadpool ( 2016 ) , Lee appears as himself , working as an MC at a strip club . Lee did not have a hand in the creation of the character Deadpool . In Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) , Lee appears as a FedEx postman , delivering a package from Steve Rogers to Tony Stark at the end of the film , mispronouncing Stark 's name as Tony `` Stank '' . In X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) , Lee is shown viewing the rising nuclear weapons launched by Apocalypse next to his wife Joan . In Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) , Lee appears as a bus rider reading Aldous Huxley 's The Doors of Perception , oblivious to a battle between Doctor Strange and Mordo and Kaecilius and his followers . Lee makes a cameo appearance in No Good Deed ( 2017 ) , a short film aired before Logan in North America , in which Lee plays himself and says to Deadpool `` Wow , nice suit ! '' to which Deadpool replies `` Zip it , Stan Lee ! '' . Lee 's cameo appearance was cut from the theatrical version of the short film but was restored in the version released on star Ryan Reynolds ' Youtube account page . Lee later thanked Reynolds for restoring his cameo . In Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) , Lee appears as an astronaut telling a story to The Watchers , mentioning his stint as a deliveryman in Captain America : Civil War . He appears again in one of the end credits scenes , where the Watchers leave , tired of his stories as he quotes to them that they are his only ride back to Earth . The Watchers , along with Ego , were co-created by Lee . Lee also makes an appearance in the music video for the song `` Guardians Inferno '' . In Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) , Lee appears as an annoyed neighbor named Gary who , after witnessing Spider - Man mistakenly accosting an innocent civilian says to him , `` Do n't make me come down there , you punk ! '' In Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) , Lee appears as a servant to the Grandmaster on Sakaar who cuts Thor 's hair . In Black Panther ( 2018 ) , Lee appears as a patron of a casino in Busan , South Korea . In Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , Lee appears as the driver of Peter Parker 's school bus . When the students on the bus watch Ebony Maw 's ship arriving , the driver says , `` What 's the matter with you kids ? You never seen a spaceship before ? '' In Deadpool 2 , Lee appears in graffiti art as Domino is flying through the city . Lee will make a cameo appearance in Ant - Man and the Wasp ( 2018 ) . Warner Bros. / DC properties Stan Lee mourning on Dan Turpin 's funeral . Above TV capture from original episode and below storyboard art by Bruce Timm and text comments by Paul Dini . In the original February 7 , 1998 , broadcast airing of the Superman : The Animated Series episode `` Apokolips ... Now ! Part 2 '' on the Kids ' WB programming block , an animated Funky Flashman was visible mourning the death of Daniel `` Terrible '' Turpin , a character based on his longtime Marvel Comics collaborator Jack Kirby . This shot was later modified to remove the likeness of Lee and of other background Marvel characters when the episode was released on DVD . Other film , TV , and video In the 1990s , Lee hosted the documentary series The Comic Book Greats and interviewed notable comic book creators such as Chris Claremont , Jim Lee , Todd McFarlane , Rob Liefeld , and Whilce Portacio . In the 1994 - 1995 syndicated television block The Marvel Action Hour , Lee appeared as himself to give brief introductions to each episode of Iron Man and the Fantastic Four animated series . Lee has an extensive cameo in the 1995 Kevin Smith film Mallrats . He plays himself , this time visiting the mall to sign books at a comic store . Later , he takes on the role of a sage - like character , giving Jason Lee 's character , Brodie Bruce ( a longtime fan of Stan 's ) , advice on his love life . He also recorded interviews with Smith for the non-fiction video Stan Lee 's Mutants , Monsters & Marvels ( 2002 ) . Lee made a second cameo in Smith 's 2016 film Yoga Hosers as a police officer . Lee is the host of the 2010 History Channel documentary series Stan Lee 's Superhumans . Lee plays himself in the 2011 Frankie Muniz film Pizza Man . Lee makes a cameo appearance as the `` Three Stooges Wedding Guest '' in the 2004 Disney film The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement . Lee hosted and judged contestants in the SyFy series Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? Lee appears with director Kevin Smith and 2000s Marvel editor - in - chief Joe Quesada in the DVD program Marvel Then & Now : An Evening with Stan Lee and Joe Quesada , hosted by Kevin Smith . Lee was interviewed on the History Channel show Superhuman by Daniel Browning Smith , who held several Guinness Records for extreme flexibility due to having Ehlers - Danlos syndrome , a genetic condition affecting collagen formation . Smith had created his own comic book to display his own struggles as an outcast for his flexibility , and legitimately surprised Lee with a quick demonstration of his talent . In the animated series Jim Henson 's Muppet Babies , Lee plays himself in a live - action scene of the `` Comic Capers '' episode . Lee appeared as himself in an extended self - parodying sketch on the episode `` Tapping a Hero '' of Robot Chicken . Lee appears as himself in writer - director Larry Cohen 's The Ambulance ( 1990 ) , in which Eric Roberts plays an aspiring comics artist . In `` I Am Furious ( Yellow ) '' , a season 13 episode of The Simpsons , Lee voices an animated version of himself . Lee also appeared on the commentary track along with other Simpsons writers and directors on the episode for The Simpsons Season 13 box set released in 2010 . In a later episode , `` Worst Episode Ever '' , Lee 's picture is seen next to several others on the wall behind the register , under the heading `` Banned for life '' . Lee later officiated Comic Book Guy 's wedding in `` Married to the Blob '' . Lee appears as himself in Mark Hamill 's 2004 film Comic Book : The Movie , a direct - to - video mockumentary primarily filmed at the 2002 San Diego Comic - Con . Lee made an appearance on December 21 , 2006 , on the NBC game show Identity . Lee appeared as himself in `` The Excelsior Acquisition '' , a third season episode of The Big Bang Theory , in March 2010 . He appears at the front door of his house wearing Fantastic Four pajamas ( ultimately calling back into the house , `` Joanie , call the police ! '' to get rid of Sheldon , who showed up after missing a comic book signing at the local store ) , and orders a restraining order against him . He plays a bus driver in the sixteenth episode of the first season of Heroes . Lee made a guest appearance as himself in `` Bottom 's Up '' , a season seven episode of the TV series Entourage . He guest - starred as Dr. Lee ( aka : Generalissimo ) in `` Glimpse '' , a season four episode of Eureka that aired in July 2011 . Lee appears in `` The Guardian '' , the October 7 , 2010 , episode of Nikita , as Hank Excelsior , a witness to a bank robbery who is interviewed by a TV reporter . Lee was interviewed in the 2011 documentary Superheroes . Lee appears in X Japan 's unreleased music video for their song `` Born to Be Free '' . Lee portrayed himself at a CIA holiday party in the fifth season of Chuck , in which it is revealed in that universe he secretly works for the government and has a romantic interest in General Beckman . Lee appeared in the eleventh episode of season five of The Guild , in which he was captured at a convention by the character Zaboo 's Master Chief cosplaying henchmen . Lee lent his voice to `` The Amazing Man - Spider '' , a segment of the May 13 , 2013 episode of the satirical animated TV series MAD . The segment depicts the story of what happened to the radioactive spider that bit Peter Parker . Lee portrayed a future version of Tony Stark in `` Episode 205 -- The Future ! '' of the comedy web series Avengers Assemble ! . In this episode , he delivered from the future a cryptic message to the rest of his fellow Avengers , but constantly frustrated his companions due to his ineptness with the technology of his future era . He was the subject of an April 2012 Epix cable - network documentary , `` With Great Power : The Stan Lee Story . '' Lee appeared as a judge in the second season premiere of the web series Video Game High School . In the Phineas and Ferb crossover special , Mission Marvel , Lee cameos as a New York City hot dog vendor . Lee is among the interview subjects in Superheroes : A Never - Ending Battle , a three - hour documentary narrated by Liev Schreiber , which premiered on PBS in October 2013 . Lee 's Chakra the Invincible was scheduled to premiere on Rovio Entertainment 's ToonsTV channel in 2014 . Lee filmed a cameo in the 2010 film Kick - Ass , as a man watching news footage of the title character but was cut out from the film . Lee made a brief cameo in the 2014 animated film Jay & Silent Bob 's Super Groovy Cartoon Movie . During his appearance , Lee visits Bluntman and Chronic to talk to them about the `` Avenger Initiative '' . Lee made a cameo in Bart Baker 's parody of `` Elastic Heart '' by Sia when he bails Sia ( played by Amanda Hosler ) out of jail for the pedophilia in her Elastic Heart video to star in her own superhero movie with Shia LaBeouf ( played by Baker ) and Kanye West ( played by Warren Barrow ) as the main villain . Lee appears several times in the refurbished version of The Amazing Adventures of Spider - Man . Lee was slated to portray himself in the sequel to Mallrats , Mallbrats . Lee made a cameo appearance in a web - series called `` Super Power Beat Down '' where he plays a man reading a newspaper who tells Spider - Man and Darth Maul to keep the noise down or else he will get angry . Lee makes a cameo in a short film called Spider - Man : Homecoming -- NBA Finals , which aired on ABC as a promotion for Spider - Man : Homecoming ; Lee utters the exact same dialogue as the Graduation guest he portrayed in the 2014 film The Amazing Spider - Man 2 . Lee makes a cameo as one of the Collector 's prisoners in Guardians of the Galaxy Mission Breakout . Video Games and applications Lee narrates the 2000 video game Spider - Man , the 2001 sequel Spider - Man 2 : Enter Electro , and 2010 's Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions . Lee made his first - ever onscreen video game appearance as a senator named after himself in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 2 . Lee narrates The Avengers Origins : Hulk and Avengers Origins : Assemble ! apps for the iPad , iPhone , and iPod Touch , which were released by Disney Publishing Worldwide in February 2012 . Lee is a playable character in Activision 's The Amazing Spider - Man video game , which was released in June 2012 , as a tie - in to the film of the same name . In the game , Lee is depicted as having the same superpowers as Spider - Man , and uses them to retrieve the pages of a new comic book manuscript that he had lost and were subsequently scattered around Manhattan . He also voices a character with his first name in the main story mode , who calls Peter about the charges to his credit card when Peter 's walking to Dr. Connor 's sewer lab . Lee appears as a playable Lego version of himself in Lego Marvel Super Heroes where he was able to turn into Stan - Hulk released October 2013 . Lee reprised his role , appearing as himself in The Amazing Spider - Man 2 video game , which was released in April 2014 , as a tie - in to the film of the same name . Lee appears as a playable Lego version of himself in Lego Marvel 's Avengers where he is able to turn into Stan - Hulk , Iron Stan and the StanBuster . Lee appears as a playable Lego version of himself in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 where he has the powers of Thor , Galactus , and Spider - Man is able to complete Gwenpool missions Personal life Lee was raised in a Jewish family . In a 2002 survey of whether he believes in God , he stated , `` Well , let me put it this way ... ( Pauses . ) No , I 'm not going to try to be clever . I really do n't know . I just do n't know . '' From 1945 to 1947 , Lee lived in the rented top floor of a brownstone in the East 90s in Manhattan . He married Joan Clayton Boocock on December 5 , 1947 , and in 1949 , the couple bought house at 1084 West Broadway in Woodmere , New York , on Long Island , living there through 1952 . Their daughter Joan Celia `` J.C. '' Lee was born in 1950 . Another child , daughter Jan Lee , died three days after delivery in 1953 . The Lees resided at 226 Richards Lane in the Long Island town of Hewlett Harbor , New York , from 1952 to 1980 . They also owned a condominium at 220 East 63rd Street in Manhattan from 1975 to 1980 , and , during the 1970s , a vacation home on Cutler Lane in Remsenburg , New York . For their move to the west coast in 1981 , he and his wife bought a home in West Hollywood , California previously owned by comedian Jack Benny 's radio announcer , Don Wilson . In late September 2012 , Lee underwent an operation to insert a pacemaker , cancelling planned appearances at conventions . On July 6 , 2017 , his wife of 69 years , Joan , died of complications from a stroke . She was 95 years old . Filmography See also : Stan Lee cameos Film Year Film Role Notes 1973 L'An 01 Cameo 1989 The Trial of the Incredible Hulk Jury Foreman TV movie The Ambulance Himself Cameo 1995 Mallrats 2000 X-Men Hotdog Stand Vendor 2000 Citizen Toxie : The Toxic Avenger IV Narrator ( voice ) 2000 The Adventures of Cinderella 's Daughter Priest 2002 Spider - Man Man Saving Girl 2003 Daredevil Man Crossing Street 2003 Hulk Security Guard Spider - Man 2 Man Saving Innocent Person Comic Book : The Movie Himself The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Three Stooges Wedding Guest 2005 Fantastic Four Willie Lumpkin 2005 Conflict Trevor Short film , cameo 2006 X-Men : The Last Stand Man with waterhose Cameo 2007 Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer Himself 2007 Spider - Man 3 Man in Times Square 2007 Mosaic Stanley 2007 The Condor Grandfather 2008 Iron Man Himself ; Credited as `` Man mistaken as Hugh Hefner '' 2008 The Incredible Hulk Himself ; Credited as `` Hapless citizen '' Iron Man 2 Himself ; Credited as `` Man mistaken as Larry King '' 2011 Thor Himself ; Credited as `` Pickup truck driver '' 2011 Captain America : The First Avenger Himself ; Credited as `` General '' 2011 Pizza Man Himself 2012 The Avengers Himself ; Credited as `` Random citizen '' 2012 The Amazing Spider - Man Librarian 2013 Jay & Silent Bob 's Super Groovy Cartoon Movie Himself ( voice ) 2013 Iron Man 3 Himself ; Credited as `` Beauty pageant judge '' 2013 Thor : The Dark World Himself ; Credited as `` Mental ward patient '' 2013 Return to Nuke ' Em High Volume 1 Narrator ( Uncredited ) 2014 Captain America : The Winter Soldier Himself ; Credited as `` Smithsonian guard '' 2014 The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Graduation guest 2014 Guardians of the Galaxy Himself ; Credited as `` Xandarian ladies ' man '' 2014 Big Hero 6 Fred 's Dad ( voice ) Post-credits cameo 2015 Avengers : Age of Ultron Himself ; Credited as `` Military veteran '' Cameo 2015 Ant - Man Himself ; Credited as `` Bartender '' 2016 Deadpool Stripclub DJ 2016 Captain America : Civil War Himself ; Credited as `` FedEx delivery worker '' 2016 X-Men : Apocalypse Himself 2016 Yoga Hosers Dispatcher 2016 Doctor Strange Himself ; Credited as `` Bus passenger '' 2017 No Good Deed Himself Short film , aired before Logan , cameo only appears in online version . 2017 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Himself ; Credited as `` The Watchers ' Informant '' Cameo 2017 Spider - Man : Homecoming -- NBA Finals Himself ; Credited as `` Old Man on Street '' Short film , aired on ABC as a promotion for Spider - Man : Homecoming , Lee utters the exact same dialogue as the Graduation guest portrayed by him in the 2014 film The Amazing Spider - Man 2 . 2017 Spider - Man : Homecoming Himself ; Credited as `` Gary '' Cameo 2017 Thor : Ragnarok Himself ; Credited as `` Barber '' 2018 Black Panther Himself ; Credited as `` Thirsty Gambler '' 2018 Avengers : Infinity War Himself ; Credited as `` School Bus driver '' 2018 Ant - Man and the Wasp TBA Post-production , cameo 2019 Captain Marvel TBA 2019 Untitled Avengers film TBA Post-production , cameo Television Year Series Role Notes 1981 -- 1983 Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends Narrator ( voice ) 15 episodes ; Also Executive producer 1982 -- 1983 The Incredible Hulk 13 episodes ; Also Executive producer 1989 X-Men : Pryde of the X-Men Himself / Narrator ( voice ) Episode : `` Pilot '' 1989 Muppet Babies Himself ( voice ) Episode : `` Comic Capers '' 1991 -- 1992 The Comic Book Greats Himself ( host ) 13 episodes ; Also Creator , executive producer 1998 Spider - Man Himself ( voice ) Episode : `` Spider Wars , Chapter 2 : Farewell Spider - Man '' ; Also Executive producer 1994 Fantastic Four 2 episodes ; Also Executive producer The Incredible Hulk Cliff Walters ( voice ) Episode : `` Down Memory Lane '' ; Also Executive producer 2002 The Simpsons Himself ( voice ) Episode : `` I Am Furious ( Yellow ) '' 2003 Spider - Man : The New Animated Series Frank Elson ( voice ) Episode : `` Mind Games : Part 1 '' 2003 Stripperella Jerry ( voice ) Episode : `` Crime Does n't Pay ... Seriously , It Does n't '' ; Also Creator , Executive producer 2003 -- 2004 Madtv Himself 2 episodes 2006 Identity Himself Episode : `` 1.4 '' 2006 -- 2007 Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? Himself ( host ) 14 episodes ; Also Creator , Executive Producer 2007 -- 2013 Robot Chicken Himself ( voice ) 3 episodes 2007 Heroes Bus Driver Episode : `` Unexpected '' 2009 The Spectacular Spider - Man Stan ( voice ) Episode : `` Blueprints '' ; Also Executive producer 2009 -- 2011 The Super Hero Squad Show Mayor of Superhero City ( voice ) 12 episodes ; Also Creator , executive producer Black Panther General Wallace ( voice ) Episode : `` Pilot '' The Big Bang Theory Himself Episode : `` The Excelsior Acquisition '' Entourage Episode : `` Bottoms Up '' Nikita Hank Excelsior Episode : `` The Guardian '' 2010 -- 2014 Stan Lee 's Superhumans Himself ( co-host ) Also Creator , Executive Producer 2011 Eureka Himself Episode : `` Glimpse '' 2011 The Guild Episode : `` Costume Contest '' 2011 -- 2014 Avengers Assemble ! Future Tony / Future Tony Stark Episodes : `` The Future ! '' , `` Stop & Frisk '' , `` Copyright Infringement '' 2012 -- 2017 Ultimate Spider - Man Stan the Janitor ( voice ) Recurring Role 2013 Mad Bird Scientist , Papa Smurf , The Amazing Man - Spider Announcer ( voice ) Episode : `` Papa / 1600 Finn '' 2013 Phineas and Ferb New York City Hot Dog Vendor ( voice ) Episode : `` Phineas and Ferb : Mission Marvel '' 2013 Superheroes : A Never - Ending Battle Himself 3 Episodes 2013 Fangasm Himself Episode : `` Beam Me Up , Stan '' 2013 Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Maximum Overload Hot Dog Vendor ( voice ) Episode : `` Assault , Off - Asgard ! '' 2013 -- 2015 Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. Stan the Salesman ( voice ) Recurring Role 2014 The Simpsons Himself ( voice ) Episode : `` Married to the Blob '' 2014 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Himself ; Credited as `` Debonair Gentleman '' Episode : `` T.R.A.C.K.S. '' 2014 Hell 's Kitchen Himself Season 12 Episode 18 : 5 Chef 's Compete 2014 Marvel 75 Years : From Pulp to Pop ! Himself 2015 Agent Carter Himself ; Credited as `` Shoeshine customer '' Episode : `` The Blitzkrieg Button '' 2016 Captain America : 75 Heroic Years Himself 2016 Stan Lee 's Lucky Man Season 1 Episode 1 : More Yang Than Yin 2017 Big Hero 6 : The Series Fred 's Dad 2017 The Gifted Himself Episode : eXposed ( Non-speaking cameo ) 2017 Runaways Himself Episode : Metamorphosis Video games Year Video Game Voice 2000 Spider - Man Narrator Spider - Man 2 : Enter Electro 2009 Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 Senator Lieber Marvel Super Hero Squad Mayor of Superhero City Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions Narrator 2012 The Amazing Spider - Man Himself 2013 Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2014 The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff 2016 Lego Marvel Avengers 2017 Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 Accolades Year Award Nominated work Result Inkpot Award Won 1994 The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame 1995 Jack Kirby Hall of Fame 2002 Saturn Award The Life Career Award 2008 National Medal of Arts 2009 Hugo Award Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation - Iron Man Nominated Scream Awards Comic - Con Icon Award Won 2011 Hollywood Walk of Fame 2012 Visual Effects Society Awards Lifetime Achievement Award Producers Guild of America Vanguard Award 2017 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Performance in a Comedy , Supporting The County of Los Angeles declared October 2 , 2009 `` Stan Lee Day '' . The City of Long Beach declared October 2 , 2009 `` Stan Lee Day '' . On July 14 , 2017 , Lee and Jack Kirby were named Disney Legends for their creation of numerous characters that would comprise Disney 's Marvel Cinematic Universe . On July 18 , 2017 , as part of D23 Disney Legends event , a ceremony was held on TCL Chinese Theatre in Hollywood Boulevard where Stan Lee imprinted his hands , feet and signature in cement . Bibliography Books Lee , Stan ; Mair , George ( 2002 ) . Excelsior ! : The Amazing Life of Stan Lee . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 2800 - 8 . Lee , Stan ( 1997 ) ( Originally published by Simon & Schuster in 1974 ) . Origins of Marvel Comics . Marvel Entertainment Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 0551 - 0 . Lee , Stan ; David , Peter ( 2015 ) . Amazing , Fantastic , Incredible . Simon & Schuster . Comics bibliography Lee 's comics work includes : DC DC Comics Presents : Superman # 1 ( 2004 ) Detective Comics # 600 ( 1989 , text piece ) Just Imagine Stan Lee creating : Aquaman ( with Scott McDaniel ) ( 2002 ) Batman ( with Joe Kubert ) ( 2001 ) Catwoman ( with Chris Bachalo ) ( 2002 ) Crisis ( with John Cassaday ) ( 2002 ) Flash ( with Kevin Maguire ) ( 2002 ) Green Lantern ( with Dave Gibbons ) ( 2001 ) JLA ( with Jerry Ordway ) ( 2002 ) Robin ( with John Byrne ) ( 2001 ) Sandman ( with Walt Simonson ) ( 2002 ) Secret Files and Origins ( 2002 ) Shazam ! ( with Gary Frank ) ( 2001 ) Superman ( with John Buscema ) ( 2001 ) Wonder Woman ( with Jim Lee ) ( 2001 ) Marvel The Amazing Spider - Man # 1 -- 100 , 105 -- 110 , 116 -- 118 , 200 , Annual # 1 -- 5 , 18 ( 1962 -- 84 ) ; ( backup stories ) : # 634 -- 645 ( 2010 -- 11 ) The Amazing Spider - Man , strips ( 1977 -- present ) Avengers # 1 -- 35 ( 1963 -- 66 ) Captain America # 100 -- 141 ( 1968 -- 71 ) ( continues from Tales of Suspense # 99 ) Daredevil , # 1 -- 9 , 11 -- 50 , 53 , Annual # 1 ( 1964 -- 69 ) Daredevil , vol. 2 , # 20 ( backup story ) ( 2001 ) Epic Illustrated # 1 ( Silver Surfer ) ( 1980 ) Fantastic Four # 1 -- 114 , 120 -- 125 , Annual # 1 -- 6 ( 1961 -- 72 ) ; # 296 ( 1986 ) The Incredible Hulk # 1 -- 6 ( continues to Tales to Astonish # 59 ) The Incredible Hulk , vol. 2 , # 108 -- 120 ( 1968 -- 69 ) Journey into Mystery ( Thor ) plotter # 83 -- 96 ( 1962 -- 63 ) , writer # 97 -- 125 , Annual # 1 ( 1963 -- 66 ) ( continues to Thor # 126 ) The Mighty Thor # 126 -- 192 , 200 , Annual # 2 ( 1966 -- 72 ) , 385 ( 1987 ) Nightcat # 1 ( 1991 ) Ravage 2099 # 1 -- 7 ( 1992 -- 93 ) Savage She - Hulk # 1 ( 1980 ) Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos # 1 -- 28 , Annual # 1 ( 1963 -- 66 ) Silver Surfer # 1 -- 18 ( 1968 -- 70 ) Silver Surfer , vol. 2 , # 1 ( 1982 ) Silver Surfer : Judgment Day ( 1988 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 87135 - 427 - 3 Silver Surfer : Parable # 1 -- 2 ( 1988 -- 89 ) Silver Surfer : The Enslavers ( 1990 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 87135 - 617 - 8 Solarman # 1 -- 2 ( 1989 -- 90 ) The Spectacular Spider - Man Annual # 10 ( 1990 ) Strange Tales ( diverse stories ) : # 9 , 11 , 74 , 89 , 90 -- 100 ( 1951 -- 62 ) ; ( Human Torch ) : # 101 -- 109 , 112 -- 133 , Annual # 2 ; ( Doctor Strange ) : # 110 -- 111 , 115 -- 142 , 151 -- 158 ( 1962 -- 67 ) ; ( Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. : # 135 -- 147 , 150 -- 152 ( 1965 -- 67 ) Tales to Astonish ( diverse stories ) : # 1 , 6 , 12 -- 13 , 15 -- 17 , 24 -- 33 ( 1956 -- 62 ) ; Ant - Man / Giant Man : # 35 -- 69 ( 1962 -- 65 ) ( The Hulk : # 59 -- 101 ( 1964 -- 1968 ) ; Sub-Mariner : # 70 -- 101 ( 1965 -- 68 ) Tales of Suspense ( diverse stories ) : # 7 , 9 , 16 , 22 , 27 , 29 -- 30 ( 1959 -- 62 ) ; ( Iron Man ) : plotter # 39 -- 46 ( 1963 ) , writer # 47 -- 98 ( 1963 -- 68 ) ( Captain America ) : # 58 -- 86 , 88 -- 99 ( 1964 -- 68 ) Web of Spider - Man Annual # 6 ( 1990 ) What If ( Fantastic Four ) # 200 ( 2011 ) The X-Men # 1 -- 19 ( 1963 -- 66 ) Simon & Schuster The Silver Surfer : The Ultimate Cosmic Experience , 114 pages , September 1978 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 24225 - 1 Other Heroman How to Draw Comics the Marvel Way Ultimo ( manga original concept ) See also Biography portal Comics portal Film portal Greater Los Angeles portal New York City portal Speculative fiction portal Superhero fiction portal United States portal Characters created by Stan Lee List of American comics creators List of American Jews List of Eisner Award winners List of Harvey Award winners List of Jewish American authors List of Marvel Comics people List of pseudonyms List of science fiction authors Notes Jump up ^ Lee 's account of how he began working for Marvel 's predecessor , Timely , has varied . He has said in lectures and elsewhere that he simply answered a newspaper ad seeking a publishing assistant , not knowing it involved comics , let alone his cousin Jean 's husband , Martin Goodman : I applied for a job in a publishing company ... I did n't even know they published comics . I was fresh out of high school , and I wanted to get into the publishing business , if I could . There was an ad in the paper that said , `` Assistant Wanted in a Publishing House . '' When I found out that they wanted me to assist in comics , I figured , ' Well , I 'll stay here for a little while and get some experience , and then I 'll get out into the real world . ' ... I just wanted to know , ' What do you do in a publishing company ? ' How do you write ? ... How do you publish ? I was an assistant . There were two people there named Joe Simon and Jack Kirby -- Joe was sort - of the editor / artist / writer , and Jack was the artist / writer . Joe was the senior member . They were turning out most of the artwork . Then there was the publisher , Martin Goodman ... And that was about the only staff that I was involved with . After a while , Joe Simon and Jack Kirby left . I was about 17 years old ( sic ) , and Martin Goodman said to me , ' Do you think you can hold down the job of editor until I can find a real person ? ' When you 're 17 , what do you know ? I said , ' Sure ! I can do it ! ' I think he forgot about me , because I stayed there ever since . However , in his 2002 autobiography , Excelsior ! The Amazing Life of Stan Lee he writes : My uncle , Robbie Solomon , told me they might be able to use someone at a publishing company where he worked . The idea of being involved in publishing definitely appealed to me ... So I contacted the man Robbie said did the hiring , Joe Simon , and applied for a job . He took me on and I began working as a gofer for eight dollars a week ... Joe Simon , in his 1990 autobiography The Comic Book Makers , gives the account slightly differently : `` One day ( Goodman 's relative known as ) Uncle Robbie came to work with a lanky 17 - year - old in tow . ' This is Stanley Lieber , Martin 's wife 's cousin , ' Uncle Robbie said . ' Martin wants you to keep him busy . ' '' In an appendix , however , Simon appears to reconcile the two accounts . He relates a 1989 conversation with Lee : Lee : I 've been saying this ( classified - ad ) story for years , but apparently it is n't so . And I ca n't remember because I ( 've ) said it so long now that I believe it . '' ... Simon : `` Your Uncle Robbie brought you into the office one day and he said , ' This is Martin Goodman 's wife 's nephew . ' ( sic ) ... You were seventeen years old . '' Lee : `` Sixteen and a half ! '' Simon : `` Well , Stan , you told me seventeen . You were probably trying to be older ... I did hire you . '' References Jump up ^ Lee & Mair 2002 , p. 27 ^ Jump up to : Kupperberg , Paul ( 2006 ) . The Creation of Spider - Man . New York , New York : Rosen Publishing . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4042 - 0763 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gilroy , Dan ( September 17 , 1986 ) . `` Marvel Now a $100 Million Hulk : Marvel Divisions and Top Execs '' . Variety . p. 81 . Archived from the original ( jpeg ) on February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Entertainment Group Inc . Form 10 - K / A '' . Securities and Exchange Commission . May 15 , 1997 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee '' . POW ! Entertainment . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , John Jackson ( June 10 , 2005 ) . `` Comics Industry Birthdays '' . Comics Buyer 's Guide . Iola , Wisconsin . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lee & Mair 2002 , p. 5 Jump up ^ The Celebrity Who 's Who -- World Almanac . Google Books . September 1986 . p. 213 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 33990 - 4 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewine , Edward ( September 4 , 2007 ) . `` Sketching Out His Past : Image 1 '' . The New York Times Key Magazine . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lewine . `` Image 2 '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kugel , Allison ( March 13 , 2006 ) . `` Stan Lee : From Marvel Comics Genius to Purveyor of Wonder with POW ! Entertainment '' . PR.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee and Mair , p. 17 Jump up ^ Sedlmeier , Cory , ed . Marvel Masterworks : The Incredible Hulk Volume 2 . Marvel Comics . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 5883 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . StanLeeWeb.com ( fan site by minority shareholders of POW ! Entertainment . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Apuzzo , Jason ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` With Great Power : A Conversation with Stan Lee at Slamdance 2012 '' . Moviefone . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee '' . WebOfStories . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Lee and Mair , p. 18 Jump up ^ `` I Let People Do Their Jobs ! ' : A Conversation with Vince Fago -- Artist , writer , and Third Editor - in - Chief of Timely / Marvel Comics '' . Alter Ego. 3 ( 11 ) . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing . November 2001 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lee , Mair , p. 22 Jump up ^ `` Interview with Stan Lee ( Part 1 of 5 ) '' . IGN FilmForce . June 26 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Jack Kirby , the abandoned hero of Marvel 's grand Hollywood adventure , and his family 's quest '' . Hero Complex ( column ) , Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2008 ) . `` 1940s '' . Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . London , United Kingdom : Dorling Kindersley . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 4123 - 8 . Joe Simon and Jack Kirby 's assistant Stanley Lieber wrote his first story for Timely , a text story called ' Captain America Foils the Traitor 's Revenge ' . It was also his first superhero story , and the first work he signed using his new pen name of Stan Lee . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Roy ( 2006 ) . Stan Lee 's Amazing Marvel Universe . New York : Sterling Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 4225 - 5 . With the speed of thought , he sent his shield spinning through the air to the other end of the tent , where it smacked the knife out of Haines ' hand ! '' It became a convention starting the following issue , in a Simon & Kirby 's comics story depict the following : `` Captain America 's speed of thought and action save Bucky 's life -- as he hurls his shield across the room . Jump up ^ Sanderson `` 1940s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ Brooks , Brad ; Tim Pilcher ( 2005 ) . The Essential Guide to World Comics . London , United Kingdom : Collins & Brown . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84340 - 300 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Boatz , Darrel L. ( December 1988 ) . `` Stan Lee '' . Comics Interview ( 64 ) . Fictioneer Books . pp. 5 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Conan , Neal ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` Stan Lee , Mastermind of the Marvel Universe '' . Talk of the Nation . National Public Radio . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Jeff ; Stan Lee ( 2007 ) . Stan Lee : Conversations . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 985 - 9 . Jump up ^ Heintjes , Tom ( 2009 ) . `` Everybody 's Friend : Remembering Stan Lee and Dan DeCarlo 's My Friend Irma '' . Hogan 's Alley . Bull Moose Publishing ( 16 ) . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Arie ( 2006 ) . Masters of the Comic Book Universe Revealed ! . Chicago Review Press . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 633 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : McLaughlin , Jeff ; Stan Lee ( 2007 ) . Stan Lee : Conversations . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 985 - 9 . Jump up ^ Noted comic - book writer Alan Moore described the significance of this new approach in a radio interview on the BBC Four program Chain Reaction , transcribed at `` Alan Moore Chain Reaction Interview Transcript '' . Comic Book Resources . January 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2010 . : The DC comics were ... one dimensional characters whose only characteristic was they dressed up in costumes and did good . Whereas Stan Lee had this huge breakthrough of two - dimensional characters . So , they dress up in costumes and do good , but they 've got a bad heart . Or a bad leg . I actually did think for a long while that having a bad leg was an actual character trait . Jump up ^ Wright , Bradford W. ( 2003 ) . Comic Book Nation : The Transformation of Youth Culture in America . Baltimore , Maryland : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 7450 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kimball , Kirk ( n.d. ) . `` Secret Origins of the Fantastic Four '' . Dial B For Blog . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeFalco , Tom `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 84 : `` It did not take long for editor Stan Lee to realize that The Fantastic Four was a hit ... the flurry of fan letters all pointed to the FF 's explosive popularity . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 85 : `` Based on their collaboration on The Fantastic Four , ( Stan ) Lee worked with Jack Kirby . Instead of a team that fought traditional Marvel monsters however , Lee decided that this time he wanted to feature a monster as the hero . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 88 : `` ( Stan Lee ) had always been fascinated by the legends of the Norse gods and realized that he could use those tales as the basis for his new series centered on the mighty Thor ... The heroic and glamorous style that ... Jack Kirby ( had ) was perfect for Thor . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 91 : `` Set against the background of the Vietnam War , Iron Man signaled the end of Marvel 's monster / suspense line when he debuted in Tales of Suspense # 39 ... ( Stan ) Lee discussed the general outline for Iron Man with Larry Lieber , who later wrote a full script for the origin story . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 94 : `` The X-Men # 1 introduced the world to Professor Charles Xavier and his teenage students Cyclops , Beast , Angel , Iceman , and Marvel Girl . Magneto , the master of magnetism and future leader of the evil mutants , also appeared . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 100 : `` Stan Lee chose the name Daredevil because it evoked swashbucklers and circus daredevils , and he assigned Bill Everett , the creator of the Sub-Mariner to design and draw Daredevil # 1 . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 93 : ( Stan Lee ) decided his new superhero feature would star a magician . Since Lee was enjoying his collaborations with Steve Ditko on The Amazing Spider - Man , he decided to assign the new feature to Ditko , who usually handled at least one of the backups in Strange Tales . Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 87 : `` Deciding that his new character would have spider - like powers , ( Stan ) Lee commissioned Jack Kirby to work on the first story . Unfortunately , Kirby 's version of Spider - Man 's alter ego Peter Parker proved too heroic , handsome , and muscular for Lee 's everyman hero . Lee turned to Steve Ditko , the regular artist on Amazing Adult Fantasy , who designed a skinny , awkward teenager with glasses . '' Jump up ^ Wright , p. 218 Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 94 : `` Filled with some wonderful visual action , The Avengers # 1 has a very simple story : the Norse god Loki tricked the Hulk into going on a rampage ... The heroes eventually learned about Loki 's involvement and united with the Hulk to form the Avengers . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 86 : `` Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced one of Marvel 's most popular Golden Age heroes -- Namor , the Sub-Mariner . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 99 : `` ' Captain America lives again ! ' announced the cover of The Avengers # 4 ... Cap was back . '' Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter ( October 10 , 2003 ) . `` Continuity / Discontinuity '' . Comics in Context ( column ) No. 14 , IGN . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Bullpen Bulletins '' . ( reprinted on fan site ) . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Radio '' . The New York Times . March 3 , 1967 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Abstract only ; full article requires payment or subscription Jump up ^ `` Audio of Merry Marvel Marching Society record '' . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2005 . Retrieved January 30 , 2006 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , including voice of Stan Lee Jump up ^ Thomas , Roy ; Sanderson , Peter ( 2007 ) . The Marvel Vault : A Museum - in - a-Book with Rare Collectibles from the World of Marvel . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Running Press . p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7624 - 2844 - 1 . Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . London , United Kingdom : Dorling Kindersley . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 9236 - 0 . ( Stan Lee ) knew that most readers tuned in every month for a glimpse of that side of Spider - Man 's life as much as they did to see the wall - crawler battle the latest supervillain . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manning `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 39 : The Amazing Spider - Man # 47 ( April 1967 ) `` Kraven 's latest rematch with Spidey was set during a going - away party for Flash Thompson , who was facing the very real issue of the Vietnam War draft . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 43 : The Spectacular Spider - Man # 1 ( July 1968 ) `` Drawn by Romita and Jim Mooney , the mammoth 52 - page lead story focused on corrupt politician Richard Raleigh 's plot to terrorize the city . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 46 : The Amazing Spider - Man # 68 ( January 1969 ) `` Stan Lee tackled the issues of the day again when , with artists John Romita and Jim Mooney , he dealt with social unrest at Empire State University . '' Jump up ^ David , Peter ; Greenberger , Robert ( 2010 ) . The Spider - Man Vault : A Museum - in - a-Book with Rare Collectibles Spun from Marvel 's Web . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Running Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7624 - 3772 - 6 . Joseph ' Robbie ' Robertson made his debut in The Amazing Spider - Man # 51 , in a manner that was as quiet and unassuming as the character himself . His debut was n't treated like the landmark event that it was ; he was simply there one day , no big deal . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( September 18 , 2010 ) . `` A Year of Cool Comics -- Day 261 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 111 : `` The Inhumans , a lost race that diverged from humankind 25,000 years ago and became genetically enhanced . '' Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( September 19 , 2010 ) . `` A Year of Cool Comics -- Day 262 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 117 : Stan Lee wanted to do his part by co-creating the first black super hero . Lee discussed his ideas with Jack Kirby and the result was seen in Fantastic Four # 52 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Stan Lee 's Amazing Marvel Universe , pp. 112 -- 115 Jump up ^ Hatfield , Charles ( February 2004 ) . `` The Galactus Trilogy : An Appreciation '' . The Collected Jack Kirby Collector. 1 : 211 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( February 19 , 2010 ) . `` A Year of Cool Comics -- Day 50 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 115 : `` Stan Lee may have started the creative discussion that culminated in Galactus , but the inclusion of the Silver Surfer in Fantastic Four # 48 was pure Jack Kirby . Kirby realized that a being like Galactus required an equally impressive herald . '' Jump up ^ Greenberger , Robert , ed . ( December 2001 ) . 100 Greatest Marvels of All Time . Marvel Comics . p. 26 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Daniels , Les ( 1991 ) . Marvel : Five Fabulous Decades of the World 's Greatest Comics . Harry N. Abrams . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 3821 - 2 . Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 131 : `` When Stan Lee was told to expand the Marvel line , he immediately gave the Surfer his own title ... Since Jack Kirby had more than enough assignments , Lee assigned John Buscema the task of illustrating the new book . '' Jump up ^ Daniels , p. 139 : `` Beautifully drawn by John Buscema , this comic book represented an attempt to upgrade the medium with a serious character of whom Lee had grown very fond . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1960s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 137 : `` The Black Panther may have broken the mold as Marvel 's first black superhero , but he was from Africa . The Falcon , however , was the first black American superhero . '' Jump up ^ Wright , p. 239 Jump up ^ Saffel , Steve ( 2007 ) . `` Bucking the Establishment , Marvel Style '' . Spider - Man the Icon : The Life and Times of a Pop Culture Phenomenon . Titan Books . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84576 - 324 - 4 . The stories received widespread mainstream publicity , and Marvel was hailed for sticking to its guns . Jump up ^ Daniels , pp. 152 and 154 : `` As a result of Marvel 's successful stand , the Comics Code had begun to look just a little foolish . Some of its more ridiculous restrictions were abandoned because of Lee 's decision . '' Jump up ^ van Gelder , Lawrence ( February 4 , 1971 ) . `` A Comics Magazine Defies Code Ban on Drug Stories ; Comics Magazine Defies Industry Code '' . The New York Times . p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Geek Speak : Episode 83 '' . 2005 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 National Medal of Arts -- Stan Lee '' . National Endowment for the Arts . November 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Biography linked to NEA press release `` White House Announces 2008 National Medal of Arts Recipients '' , Archived August 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Comtois , Pierre ; Montejo , Gregorio ( July 16 , 2007 ) . `` Silver Age Marvel Comics Cover Index Reviews '' . Samcci.Comics.org . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Manning `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 61 : `` Stan Lee had returned to The Amazing Spider - Man for a handful of issues after leaving following issue # 100 ( September 1971 ) . With issue # 110 . Lee once again departed the title into which he had infused so much of his own personality over his near 10 - year stint as regular writer . '' Jump up ^ Sanderson `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 157 Jump up ^ Saffel , `` An Adventure Each Day '' , p. 116 : `` On Monday January 3 , 1977 , The Amazing Spider - Man comic strip made its debut in newspapers nationwide , reuniting writer Stan Lee and artist John Romita . '' Jump up ^ Sanderson `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 187 : `` ( In 1978 ) , Simon & Schuster 's Fireside Books published a paperback book titled The Silver Surfer by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby ... This book was later recognized as Marvel 's first true graphic novel . '' Jump up ^ DeFalco `` 1980s '' in Gilbert ( 2008 ) , p. 197 : `` With the help of artist John Buscema , ( Stan ) Lee created Jennifer Walters , the cousin of Bruce Banner . '' ^ Jump up to : Stan Lee at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Catron , Michael ( August 1981 ) . `` Silver Surfer Special Set '' . Amazing Heroes . Seattle , Washington : Fantagraphics Books ( 3 ) : 17 . Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ; Buscema , John ( 1988 ) . Silver Surfer : Judgement Day . Marvel Comics . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87135 - 427 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lofficier , Jean - Marc ( December 1988 ) . `` Moebius '' . Comics Interview ( 64 ) . Fictioneer Books . pp. 24 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ; Pollard , Keith ( 1990 ) . Silver Surfer : The Enslavers . Marvel Comics . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87135 - 617 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lee , Mair Jump up ^ Dean , Michael ( August 2005 ) . `` How Michael Jackson Almost Bought Marvel and Other Strange Tales from the Stan Lee / Peter Paul Partnership '' ( 270 ) . ( excerpt ) The Comics Journal . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ SEC Litigation Release No . LR - 18828 , August 11 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Media CEO Kenneth Williams Accused of Shareholder Fraud and Libel in Court Filing By Former Stan Lee Media Executive : Accusations Against Peter Paul Retracted and Corrected in Court Filing '' . Freund & Brackey LLP press release . May 7 , 2001 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Attorney 's Office ( March 8 , 2005 ) . `` Peter Paul , Co-founder of Stan Lee Media , Inc. , Pleads Guilty to Securities Fraud Fraud Scheme Caused $25 Million in Losses to Investors and Financial Institutions '' . press release . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2005 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Witt , April ( October 9 , 2005 ) . `` House of Cards '' . The Washington Post . p . W10 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ringo Starr to become superhero '' . BBC News . August 6 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee in Lovecedate = April 1 , 2007 , Frank . `` Fast Chat : Stan Lee '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Launches New Online Comic Venture '' . CBC . August 6 , 2004 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Sued for $5 Billion '' . Library Journal . March 21 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` June 9 : Stan Lee Media , Inc . Files Expected Lawsuit Against Stan Lee '' . TheComicsReporter.com . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stan Lee Media , Inc. v. Stan Lee , QED Productions , Inc. , and POW ! Entertainment , Inc . , CV 07 4438 SJO ( C.D. Cal . July 9 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( 2008 ) . Election Daze : What Are They Really Saying ? . Filsinger Publishing . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9702631 - 5 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Launching Legion of 5 '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( April 19 , 2008 ) . `` Stan Lee to oversee Virgin Comics ' superheroes '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee ' to create world 's first gay superhero ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . January 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Skyscraperman '' . skyscraperman.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL , Spider - Man creator Stan Lee join on new superheroes project '' . National Hockey League . October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Langshaw , Mark ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` Stan Lee backs Eagle Initiative '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kepler , Adam W. ( October 16 , 2011 ) . `` Monsters v. Kittens '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore , Matt ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee 's got a new universe , and it 's for kids '' . Associated Press / MSNBC . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Greenberger , Robert ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` Enter Stan Lee 's World of Heroes '' . ComicMix . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sacks , Jason ( n.d. ) . `` Peter David and Jace Hall Join the World of Heroes '' . Comics Bulletin . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Van , Alan ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` SDCC : ' Stan Lee 's World of Heroes ' YouTube Channel '' . NMR . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Mark ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` The Stan Channel : Stan Lee , Peter David , Mark Hamill , Adrianne Curry , America Young , And Bonnie Burton On Stan Lee 's World Of Heroes '' . BleedingCool.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Publishing Worldwide Announces New Zodiac - Based Book with Comics Legend Stan Lee '' ( Press release ) . November 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Frater , Patrick ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` Josephson joins Annihilator '' . Film Business Asia . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Aric ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Annihilator : Chinese Superhero Coming To Big Screen '' . The Inquisitr . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Konow , David ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` Stan Lee is back with Annihilator '' . TG Daily . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cowsill , Alan ; Dolan , Hannah , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` 2000s '' . DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle . London , United Kingdom : Dorling Kindersley . p. 300 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 6742 - 9 . It was quite a coup . Stan `` The Man '' Lee ... swapped sides to write for DC . Teaming up with comicdom 's top artists , Lee put his own unique take on DC 's iconic heroes . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` NYCC 08 : Stan Lee Dives into Manga '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee , Bones Confirmed to be Working on Hero Man '' . Anime News Network . April 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee & Bones ' Heroman Anime Now in Production '' . Anime News Network . October 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee Encouraged by Spider - Man ; New Projects on the Horizon '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , Dave ( August 24 , 2006 ) . `` The Man Comes Around : Lee talks Stan Lee Meets '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Archive requires scrolldown Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee : Marvel Legends '' . OAFE.net . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Duke , Alan ( April 11 , 2012 ) . `` Stan Lee launches his own comic convention '' . CNN . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wiebe , Sheldon ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con 2016 : POW ! Entertainment and Shatner Singularity Introduce Stan Lee 's God Woke ! '' ( Press release ) . Shatner Singularity . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 -- via EclipseMagazine.com . Additional on December 22 , 2016 . ( WebCitation page requires text - blocking to make text visible ) Jump up ^ LeBlanc , Sarah ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stan Lee puts philosophical spin on comic book adventure '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Niu , Mark ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Comic book legend Stan Lee treated like royalty at Comic - Con '' . China Central Television . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Jeff ( 2007 ) . Stan Lee : Conversations . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . p . Chronology xvii . ISBN 978 - 1578069859 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Independent Publisher Book Awards '' . Independent Publisher Book Awards . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Foundation official site '' . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inventory of the Stan Lee Papers , 1942 -- 2001 '' . University of Wyoming . 2007 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , Jeff ( February 15 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Lee ( as a character ) '' . The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jensen , K. Thor . `` Jack Kirby 's Greatest WTF Creations '' . UGO.com . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brick , Scott ( March 2007 ) . `` Alex Ross '' . Wizard Xtra ! . p. 92 . Jump up ^ Morales , Robert ( w ) , Baker , Kyle ( p ) , Baker , Kyle ( i ) . `` The Blackvine '' Truth : Red , White & Black 7 ( July 2003 ) Jump up ^ Lott , Rod ( July 18 , 2006 ) . `` Q&A with The Chinatown Death Cloud Peril 's Paul Malmont '' . Bookgasm.com . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Stuart ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` The Violent Century by Lavie Tidhar -- review '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why I Hate Gym '' . Ultimate Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 6 . April 29 , 2012 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Out of Damage Control '' . Ultimate Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 18 . August 19 , 2012 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Stan By Me '' . Ultimate Spider - Man . Season 2 . Episode 15 . August 4 , 2013 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Lee Previews His Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD Cameo '' . IGN . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Hero 6 ' : Maya Rudolph & More Reprise Roles for Disney XD Animated Series '' . Deadline . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heneveld , Stephen and Ben Juwono ( director ) ; Sharon Flynn and Paiman Kalayen ( writer ) ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Baymax Returns '' . Big Hero 6 : The Series . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : ' T.R.A.C.K.S. ' '' . Marvel.com . January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Travels Back to 1946 in New Marvel 's Agent Carter : ' The Blitzkrieg Button ' '' . February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Daredevil ' Easter Eggs , Trivia & Comic References '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` '' Jessica Jones '' Stan Lee Cameo Spotted `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Luke Cage : Stan Lee cameo revealed in new trailer '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Commandeur , Jordan ( March 25 , 2017 ) . `` Iron Fist : 15 Easter Eggs And References '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Cameo In ' The Gifted ' Premiere Revealed '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Runaways ' first look : Stan Lee to make cameo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Andy Perez ( September 24 , 2016 ) . `` Stan Lee cameo in Man - Thing 2005 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( May 4 , 2007 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Further Superhero Adventures '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Iron Man Ultimate 2 - Disc Edition DVD , disc 2 , I Am Iron Man documentary Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee : Santa Monica , CA , July 2 , 2008 '' . AtGoogleTalks . July 18 , 2008 . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Talks Upcoming Cameo Roles '' . SuperheroHype.com . May 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( August 29 , 2012 ) . `` Avengers Deleted Scene Focuses on Captain America , Features Bonus Stan Lee Cameo '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee Back in Action for Next Spider - Man '' . SuperheroHype.com . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Stan Lee in Iron Man 3 is . '' LatinoReview.com . July 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NTF Scoop -- Stan Lee Confirms Cameo in Thor : The Dark World '' . NukeThe Fridge.com . September 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leston , Ryan ( July 13 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Lee Confirms Avengers : Age Of Ultron Cameo '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Comments on Favorite Cameo '' . Tomorrow Show YouTube Channel . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Errico , Marcus ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` That Stealthy Spider - Man Reference and Every Other ' Ant - Man ' Easter Egg We Spotted ( Spoilers ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2015 . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Stan the Man makes his customary cameo , this time as a bartender in one of Luis 's scene - stealing stories , noting a patron is ' super fine . ' Lee does n't actually speak , but mimes his lines over the narration . Note : Click `` Read More '' link . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` SDCC ' 15 : Stan Lee 's Cameo And More From Deadpool '' . BleedingCool.com . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Buxton , Marc ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stan Lee Holds Forth On His Comic Book Origins & His Secret Disney Role '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' I probably should have just called 911 ' ; Deadpool fails to save the day in new teaser trailer for sequel '' . Toronto Sun . Postmedia Network . March 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaye , Don ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Stan Lee Cameo Explained '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knapp , JD ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : James Gunn Shares Retro ' Inferno ' Music Video ( Watch ) '' . Variety . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tsirbas , Christos ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Stan Lee Reveals Next Three Marvel Cameos '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Jack ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming : Easter Eggs and references to wider MCU '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fitch , Adam ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Stan Lee Has Already Filmed Cameos for Black Panther Avengers 4 , & More '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' : David Leitch on That Superhero Cameo and the Requisite Stan Lee Appearance '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Khouri , Andy ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` Parting Thought : Jack Kirby Tribute From Superman : The Animated Series ( Video ) '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The original sketches created by Bruce Timm and commented upon by Paul Dini appear in Eury , Michael ( 2006 ) . The Krypton Companion . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing . pp. 226 -- 227 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 893905 - 61 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Contortionist Daniel Browning Smith the Rubberboy '' . Therubberboy.com . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCave , Joseph ( 2009 - 07 - 27 ) . `` SDCC 2009 : Stan Lee talks ' Time Jumper ' ! '' . Fearnet . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Moody , Mike ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` Stan Lee to play himself on Big Bang '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee to make Heroes cameo '' . SuperHeroHype.com . February 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , Denise ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Stan Lee to Guest - Star on Eureka '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Yoshiki teams up with Stan Lee for comic book series '' . Tokyograph . October 10 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Becker , Sean Michael ( director ) ; Day , Felicia ( writer ) ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` Costume Contest '' . The Guild . Season 5 . 8 : 28 minutes in . Xbox Live Marketplace . Jump up ^ Webb , Charles ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Watch Stan Lee Go MAD For Man - Spider '' . MTV . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 205 -- The Future ! '' . Avengersassembletheseries.com . September 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jordan ( April 29 , 2012 ) . `` A Marvel in Comics '' . The Times of Israel . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lazar , Shira ( July 27 , 2013 ) . `` Freddie Wong Brings Half Hour Video Game High School Season 2 To YouTube '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Channel Sets Premiere Date for Phineas and Ferb : Mission Marvel '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` The Comics ' Real Heroes '' . TV Guide . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rovio Announces Second Season of Angry Birds Toons Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seven things to know about ' Kick - Ass ' '' . The Independent . UK . April 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Hidden Secrets on The Amazing Adventures of Spider - Man at Universal Islands of Adventure '' . Theme Park Tourist . Jump up ^ Smith , Kevin ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Goin ' back to the MALL , ya 'll ! @ TheRealStanLee , @ JayMewes @ RookerOnline & me make a # 2 . A pre-review of the movie ? pic.twitter.com/vKOeotK2I1 '' . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Doloff , Matt . `` Stan Lee 's Cameo in Guardians of the Galaxy Ride Revealed '' . screenrant.com . Jump up ^ Perry , Douglass C. ( August 25 , 2000 ) . `` Spider - Man : In a case of style over substance , Neversoft 's action game does almost all the right things '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Villoria , Gerald ( October 16 , 2001 ) . `` Spider - Man 2 : Enter : Electro Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lavallee , Jon ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions Behind - the - Scenes with Stan Lee '' . Game Rant . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Appears in Activision 's Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 '' . IGN . July 22 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Freeberg , Brandon ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Stan Lee Narrates Two New Marvel Storybook Apps For Disney Publishing '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sunu , Steve ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Play as Stan Lee in the Amazing Spider - Man Video Game '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Archive requires scrolldown Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Characters and Cast Revealed '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Marvel Superheroes : Stan Lee Hulks Out -- Comic - Con 2013 '' . IGN . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee in `` Is there a God ? '' . The A.V. Club . October 9 , 2002 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewine . `` Image 2 '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stan & Joan Lee 's Love Story '' . Daily Entertainment News . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lee , Mair , p. 69 Jump up ^ Lewine . `` Images 4 -- 5 '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lee , Mair , p. 74 Jump up ^ Lewine . `` Images 6 -- 7 '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lewine . `` Image 10 '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lewine . `` Image 8 '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lewine . `` Image 11 '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Book Legend Stan Lee Gets a Pacemaker '' . City News Service . September 28 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 -- via Beverly Hills Courier ... the procedure performed last week . Jump up ^ `` Pow ! Entertainment Releases a Message from Its Chairman Stan Lee '' ( Press release ) . POW ! Entertainment . September 28 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Andy ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Joan Lee , Wife of Marvel Comics Legend Stan Lee , Dies at 93 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Feige Endorses Stan Lee MCU Cameo Fan Theory '' . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Anthony Russo and Joe Russo Talk Captain America : The Winter Soldier , Stan Lee 's Cameo , the Post-Credits Scene , and Much More '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Photos of Stan Lee Filming His Amazing Spider - Man 2 Cameo '' . SuperHeroHype.com . June 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee Will Appear in Guardians of the Galaxy After All '' . ign.com. April 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Amazing Way Stan Lee Filmed Some Of His Future Marvel Cameos '' . September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Khoury , Andy ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Fangasm : Unreality and the Devaluation of Geek Cultural Currency '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney XD Details ' Big Hero 6 ' Series Cast '' . November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Singer , Bryan ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` # throwbackthursday Shooting my 3rd cameo with my epic friend @ therealstanlee a few weeks ago at the famous # doublwide # bar in # Dallas # Texas . My first cameo with Stan was in # Xmen 1 , nearly two decades ago in # malibu , he 's a man of unstoppable energy and humor . Photo @ aelvishaye with @ dan_ryniker thank you @ brightidea # maxanderson '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inkpot Award '' . San Diego Comic - Con . 2016 . Archived from the original on 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will Eisner Hall of Fame '' . The Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards . 2014 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Curry , Stormy ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Stan Lee : It 's All In The Cameos With Marvel Movies '' . KTTV . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Garreau , Joel ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` Stan Lee and Olivia de Havilland Among National Medal of Arts Winners '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV : Video Highlights from the 2009 Spike TV Scream Awards '' . Bloody-disgusting.com . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Simpson , David ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Video : Stan Lee Picks Up 2,428 th Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Lee to Receive 2012 Producers Guild Vanguard Award '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Awards '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Meeks , Robert ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` L.B. Comic Con : It 's Stan Lee Day ! '' . Insidesocal.com . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Jack Kirby to Be Named ' Disney Legend ' at D23 Expo in July '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stan Lee imprints his hands and feet in concrete at TCL Chinese Theatre '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cassell , Dewey ( October 2010 ) . `` One Day at a Time : The Amazing Spider - Man Newspaper Strips '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 63 -- 67 . Lee has penned The Amazing Spider - Man newspaper strip since the beginning . Further reading McLaughlin , Jeff , ed. ( 2007 ) . Stan Lee : Conversations . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 985 - 9 . Ro , Ronin ( 2005 ) ( first published 2004 ) . Tales to Astonish : Jack Kirby , Stan Lee , and the American Comic Book Revolution . Bloomsbury USA . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58234 - 566 - 6 . Jordan , Raphael ; Spurgeon , Tom ( 2003 ) . Stan Lee and the Rise and Fall of the American Comic Book . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 506 - 3 . External links Find more aboutStan Leeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Stan Lee at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Stan Lee at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators Stan Lee at the Comic Book DB Stan Lee at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Stan Lee on IMDb Stan Lee interview video at the Archive of American Television Stan Lee at Web of Stories Business positions Preceded by Joe Simon Marvel Comics Editor - in - Chief 1941 -- 1942 Succeeded by Vincent Fago Preceded by Vincent Fago Marvel Comics Editor - in - Chief 1945 -- 1972 Succeeded by Roy Thomas Preceded by n / a Fantastic Four writer 1961 -- 1971 Succeeded by Archie Goodwin Preceded by Archie Goodwin Fantastic Four writer 1972 Succeeded by Roy Thomas Preceded by n / a The Amazing Spider - Man writer 1962 -- 1971 Succeeded by Roy Thomas Preceded by Roy Thomas The Amazing Spider - Man writer 1972 -- 1973 Succeeded by Gerry Conway Preceded by n / a The Incredible Hulk writer ( including Tales to Astonish stories ) 1962 -- 1968 Succeeded by Gary Friedrich Preceded by Gary Friedrich The Incredible Hulk writer 1968 -- 1969 Succeeded by Roy Thomas Preceded by n / a Thor writer ( including Journey into Mystery stories ) 1962 -- 1971 ( with Larry Lieber in 1962 ) ( with Robert Bernstein in 1963 ) Succeeded by Gerry Conway Preceded by n / a The Avengers writer 1963 -- 1966 Succeeded by Roy Thomas Preceded by n / a ( Uncanny ) X-Men writer 1963 -- 1966 Succeeded by Roy Thomas Preceded by n / a Captain America writer ( including Tales of Suspense stories ) 1964 -- 1971 Succeeded by Gary Friedrich Preceded by n / a Daredevil writer 1964 -- 1969 Succeeded by Roy Thomas Jack Kirby Bibliography Marvel Comics 2001 : A Space Odyssey Adam Warlock Amazing Adventures Astonishing Tales Avengers Black Panther Captain America Devil Dinosaur Doctor Druid Eternals Fantastic Four Mister Fantastic Invisible Woman Human Torch Thing Galactus Hank Pym Hercules Hulk Inhumans Black Bolt Medusa Karnak Triton Crystal Lockjaw Maximus Iron Man Jasper Sitwell Journey into Mystery Ka - Zar Machine Man Moon - Boy Nick Fury Peggy Carter Sharon Carter Silver Surfer Sgt . 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Black Spectre Damon Dran HYDRA Femizons Red Guardian Madame Hydra Publications Amazing Adventures Marvel Fanfare Fury / Black Widow : Death Duty The Twelve Widowmaker In other media Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher Related articles Alternative versions of Black Widow Red Room Category Brotherhood of Mutants Creators Stan Lee Jack Kirby Original members Magneto Toad Quicksilver Scarlet Witch Mastermind Key members Blob Unus the Untouchable Vanisher Astra Burner Lifter Peeper Shocker Slither Mystique Destiny Avalanche Pyro Rogue Phantazia Sauron Masque Thornn Fatale Random Aurora Post Sabre Sabretooth Fever Pitch Juggernaut Domino Multiple Man Related topics List of Brotherhood of Mutants members X-Men Captain Marvel Stan Lee Gene Colan Characters Mar - Vell Monica Rambeau Genis - Vell Phyla - Vell Khn'nr Noh - Varr Carol Danvers Supporting characters Eon Eros Rick Jones Mentor Ms. Marvel Enemies Doctor Minerva Entropy ISAAC Mercurio the 4 - D Man Nitro Ronan the Accuser Skrull Super-Skrull Thanos Yon - Rogg Related topics Kree `` Kree -- Skrull War '' Mahr Vehl Civil War II Other media Captain Marvel Daredevil Stan Lee and Bill Everett Supporting characters Black Widow The Chaste Stick Stone Big Ben Donovan Milla Donovan Echo Elektra Gladiator Master Izo Brett Mahoney Jack Murdock Maggie Murdock Foggy Nelson Dakota North Karen Page Punisher Blake Tower Ben Urich White Tiger Antagonists Common antagonists Bullseye Gladiator The Hand Jester Elektra Kingpin Mister Fear Owl Purple Man Stilt - Man Typhoid Mary Group enemies Ani - Men Emissaries of Evil Enforcers Other supervillains Blackwing Black Tarantula Bullet Bushwacker Crusher Damon Dran Electro Fancy Dan Kirigi Lady Bullseye Leap - Frog Machinesmith Man - Bull Masked Marauder Matador Mister Hyde Montana Nuke Ox Shock Stunt - Master Synapse Tombstone Turk Barrett Other media Daredevil ( film ) soundtrack Daredevil ( video game ) Elektra ( film ) Daredevil ( TV series ) season 1 characters Publications Daredevil Daredevil / Batman : Eye for an Eye Batman / Daredevil : King of New York Daredevil / Bullseye : The Target Daredevil : End of Days Ultimate Daredevil and Elektra Ultimate Elektra Daredevil : Reborn The Daredevils Storylines `` Born Again '' `` Guardian Devil '' `` Without Fear '' `` Return of the King '' `` Shadowland '' `` Daredevil : Ninja '' `` Daredevil : Chinatown '' Related articles Alternative versions of Daredevil Category Doctor Strange Created by : Stan Lee Steve Ditko Supporting characters Avengers Ancient One Clea Defenders Hamir the Hermit Linda Carter Spider - Man Strangers Topaz Vishanti Wong Enemies Baron Mordo Chthon D'Spayre Death Dormammu Dracula Dweller - in - Darkness Juggernaut Kaluu Mephisto Mindless Ones Mister Rasputin Nightmare Satannish Shuma - Gorath Silver Dagger Sons of Satannish Tazza Tiboro Umar Undying Ones Yandroth Zom Equipment Book of the Vishanti Cloak of Levitation Eye of Agamotto Orb of Agamotto Publications Strange Tales Doctor Strange ( comic book ) Doctor Strange : The Oath Damnation Other media Dr. Strange Doctor Strange : The Sorcerer Supreme Doctor Strange soundtrack Related articles Alternative versions of Doctor Strange Sanctum Sanctorum Doctor Mordrid Fantastic Four Stan Lee Jack Kirby Original members Mister Fantastic Invisible Woman Human Torch Thing Supporting cast Agatha Harkness H.E.R.B.I.E. Hulk Inhumans Crystal Medusa Willie Lumpkin Lyja Alicia Masters Namor She - Hulk Ms. Marvel / She - Thing Silver Surfer Spider - Man Thundra Frankie Raye Nathaniel Richards Franklin Richards Valeria Richards Franklin Storm Uatu the Watcher Wyatt Wingfoot Yancy Street Gang Villains Air - Walker Annihilus Aron the Rogue Watcher Awesome Android Blastaar Brute Devos the Devastator Diablo Doctor Doom Doombots Dragon Man Firelord Frightful Four Galactus Impossible Man Klaw Kree Ronan the Accuser Mad Thinker Maker Maximus Mole Man Molecule Man Nicholas Scratch Occulus Overmind Psycho - Man Puppet Master Red Ghost Salem 's Seven Skrulls Dorrek VII Paibok Super-Skrull Stardust Terrax Thanos Trapster Kristoff Vernard Wizard Locations Baxter Building Four Freedoms Plaza Latveria Negative Zone Publications Previous Fantastic Four Fantastic Force Fantastic Four FF Marvel Knights 4 Marvel Two - in - One Super-Villain Team - Up The Thing Limited Fantastic Four : 1234 Fantastic Four : The End Spider - Man and the Fantastic Four Other continuities Doom 2099 Fantastic Five Fantastic Four : Unstable Molecules Fantastic Four 2099 Marvel 1602 : Fantastick Four Superman / Fantastic Four Ultimate Fantastic Four Storylines `` The Galactus Trilogy '' `` This Man ... This Monster ! '' `` Days of Future Present '' Alternate versions Mister Fantastic Invisible Woman Human Torch The Thing Doctor Doom Related articles Doctor Doom 's Fearfall Fantastic Four Incorporated Fantastic Four in popular media Fantasticar Future Foundation Spider - Man List of Fantastic Four members List of Ultimate Fantastic Four story arcs Unstable molecules Ant - Man and Wasp Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Characters Ant - Man Hank Pym Scott Lang Eric O'Grady Giant - Man Bill Foster Goliath Clint Barton Erik Josten Tom Foster Yellowjacket Rita DeMara Wasp Nadia van Dyne Supporting characters Avengers Avengers A.I. Cassie Lang Hope Pym Henry Pym Jr . S.H.I.E.L.D. Enemies A.I.M. Beetle Black Knight Cross Technological Enterprises Crossfire Darren Cross Yellowjacket Doctor Nemesis Egghead Equinox Ghost Hijacker MODAM Magician Mitchell Carson People 's Defense Force Plantman Porcupine Power Broker Radioactive Man Taskmaster Ultron Voice Whirlwind Comic book titles Tales to Astonish Marvel Feature In other media The Avengers : United They Stand The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes Ant - Man soundtrack Ant - Man and the Wasp Hawkeye Stan Lee Don Heck Characters Kate Bishop Bullseye Supporting characters Black Widow Dominic Fortune Lucky the Pizza Dog Mockingbird Enemies Albino Barney Barton Crossfire Death - Throws Javelynn Swordsman Trick Shot Publications Solo Avengers Hawkeye & Mockingbird Widowmaker Hawkeye : Blindspot Related articles Alternative versions Avengers Wyatt McDonald Cross Technological Enterprises Goliath The Hawkeye Initiative Ronin Trick arrows World Counter-terrorism Agency Hercules ( Marvel Comics ) Stan Lee Jack Kirby Supporting characters Amadeus Cho Athena Delphyne Gorgon Hermes Neptune Thor Zeus Enemies Amatsu - Mikaboshi Ares Hera Hippolyta Huntsman Pluto Typhon Comic books The Incredible Hercules Related articles Olympians Howling Commandos Stan Lee Jack Kirby Original members Nick Fury Dum Dum Dugan Gabe Jones Rebel Ralston Dino Manelli Junior Juniper Pinky Pinkerton Eric Koenig Other members Clay Quartermain Frankenstein 's Monster ( clone version ) Gorilla - Man Vampire by Night N'Kantu , the Living Mummy Warwolf Zombie Man - Thing Orrgo Hit - Monkey Jasper Sitwell Manphibian Supporting characters Happy Sam Sawyer Captain America Shiklah Opponents Baron Strucker Baron Zemo Adolf Hitler Merlin Red Skull Publications Main Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos Shotgun Opera Nick Fury 's Howling Commandos Howling Commandos of S.H.I.E.L.D. Mrs. Deadpool and the Howling Commandos Spin - offs Captain Savage and his Leatherneck Raiders Combat Kelly and the Deadly Dozen Related Leatherneck Raiders Category The Hulk Stan Lee Jack Kirby Hulk family Hulk ( Bruce Banner ) She - Hulk ( Jennifer Walters ) Skaar Red Hulk Thunderbolt Ross Robert Maverick A-Bomb ( Rick Jones ) She - Hulk ( Lyra ) Hiro - Kala Red She - Hulk ( Betty Ross ) Hulk ( Amadeus Cho ) Supporting characters Doc Samson Gamma Corps Jarella Jim Wilson Marlo Chandler Pantheon Rebecca Banner Warbound Caiera Elloe Kaifi Hiroim Korg No - Name Wolverine Enemies Common villains Abomination Absorbing Man Bi-Beast Leader Maestro Thunderbolt Ross / Red Hulk Tyrannus U-Foes Wendigo Zzzax Group enemies Circus of Crime Hulkbusters Intelligencia Riot Squad Thunderbolts Other enemies Brian Banner Constrictor Devil Hulk Flux John Ryker Juggernaut Madman MODOK Moonstone Mercy Metal Master Miek Ogress Psyklop Ravage Red King Rhino Ringmaster Xemnu Neutral rivals Doc Samson Glenn Talbot Wolverine Television Live action The Incredible Hulk ( 1977 -- 1982 ) episodes soundtrack home video releases The Incredible Hulk Returns ( TV film , 1988 ) The Trial of the Incredible Hulk ( TV film , 1989 ) The Death of the Incredible Hulk ( TV film , 1990 ) Animation The Marvel Super Heroes ( 1966 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 1982 -- 1983 ) ( characters ) The Incredible Hulk ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. ( 2013 - 2015 ) ( episodes ) Films Live action Hulk ( 2003 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) soundtrack Animation Marvel Animated Features Iron Man and Hulk : Heroes United Hulk : Where Monsters Dwell Video games Questprobe featuring the Hulk ( 1984 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 1994 ) The Incredible Hulk : The Pantheon Saga ( 1996 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 2003 ) Hulk ( 2003 ) The Incredible Hulk : Ultimate Destruction ( 2005 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) Titles The Incredible Hulk Hulk Comic Hulk : The End Hulk : The Manga Tales to Astonish The Rampaging Hulk 5 Ronin Storylines `` Planet Hulk '' `` World War Hulk '' `` Fall of the Hulks '' `` World War Hulks '' Related articles The Incredible Hulk ( comic strip ) Other versions Hulk 2099 Hulk Hands The Incredible Hulk ( roller coaster ) The Incredible Hulks Hulk Classics Category Inhumans Stan Lee Jack Kirby Publications Inhuman Storylines Son of M Silent War Secret Invasion : Inhumans `` War of Kings '' `` Realm of Kings '' `` Infinity '' `` Inhumanity '' Civil War II Inhumans vs. X-Men Members Inhuman Royal Family Black Bolt Crystal Gorgon Karnak Lockjaw Luna Maximus Medusa Triton New Generation Jolen Nahrees Other Auran Donnie Gill Inferno Iron Cross Iso Daisy Johnson Kid Kaiju Lash Maelstrom Moon Girl Ms. Marvel Phaeder Synapse Toro Tusk Yeti Supporting characters Avengers Fantastic Four Kree Ronan the Accuser Marvel Boy Quicksilver X-Men Enemies Blastaar Enclave Emma Frost Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrulls Thanos Ultron Universe Terrigen Mist In other media Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Iron Man Don Heck Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Characters Supporting Black Widow Bethany Cabe Doctor Doom Friday Rumiko Fujikawa Guardsman Maria Hill Happy Hogan H.O.M.E.R. Edwin Jarvis Pepper Potts Howard Stark Maria Stark War Machine Riri Williams Ho Yinsen Antagonists Main enemies A.I.M Blizzard Controller Crimson Dynamo Dreadknight Fin Fang Foom Ghost Justin Hammer Iron Monger Living Laser Madame Masque Mandarin Melter MODOK Spymaster Zeke Stane Temugin Titanium Man Ultimo Unicorn Whiplash Other enemies Blood Brothers Crimson Cowl Aldrich Killian Detroit Steel Kearson DeWitt Firebrand Firepower Sasha Hammer Hypnotia Mallen Technovore Sunset Bain Comic books Iron Man and Sub-Mariner Iron Man ( vol. 4 ) Enter the Mandarin Infamous Iron Man The Invincible Iron Man Iron Man vs. Whiplash Storylines `` Demon in a Bottle '' `` Doomquest '' `` Armor Wars '' `` Extremis '' `` Civil War '' `` Civil War II '' Ultimate Marvel series Ultimate Iron Man Ultimate Human Ultimate Comics : Armor Wars Ultimate Comics : Iron Man In other media Films Marvel Cinematic Universe Tony Stark / Iron Man Iron Man soundtrack Iron Man 2 soundtrack Iron Man 3 soundtrack Marvel Animated Features Iron Man : Rise of Technovore Television The Marvel Super Heroes Iron Man episodes Iron Man : Armored Adventures episodes Marvel Anime Video games Iron Man / X-O Manowar in Heavy Metal The Invincible Iron Man Iron Man Iron Man 2 Iron Man 3 Attraction Iron Man Experience Alternative versions Iron Man 2020 Mainframe Ultimate Iron Man Incarnations Related articles Avengers Mansion Force Works Iron Man 's armor other media War Machine in other media Iron Patriot Roxxon Energy Corporation S.H.I.E.L.D. Stark Industries Stark Tower Iron Man : The Armored Avenger Category Ka - Zar Stan Lee Jack Kirby Supporting characters Devil Dinosaur Mockingbird Moon - Boy Shanna the She - Devil Zabu Enemies Belasco Garokk Gog High Evolutionary Magneto Plunderer Rhino Sauron Savage Land Mutates Stegron the Dinosaur Man Thanos Zaladane Related articles Ka - Zar ( magazine ) Savage Land Man - Thing Creators Stan Lee Roy Thomas Gerry Conway Gray Morrow Characters Foolkiller Howard the Duck Jennifer Kale Richard Rory Dakimh the Enchanter Korrek Legion of Monsters Thog Wundarr the Aquarian Publications Adventure into Fear Savage Tales Film Man - Thing Related articles Steve Gerber Swamp Thing Nick Fury Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Supporting Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Dum Dum Dugan Gabe Jones Rebel Ralston Junior Juniper Pinky Pinkerton Eric Koenig Nick Fury Jr . Punisher Happy Sam Sawyer Sharon Carter Jasper Sitwell Iron Man Captain America Bucky Barnes Black Widow Hawkeye Wolverine Clay Quartermain Falcon Mockingbird Avengers Enemies A.I.M. Baron Strucker Baron Zemo Centurius Hate - Monger Hydra Madame Hydra Viper Mitchell Carson Red Skull Scorpio Super-Patriot Werner von Strucker Teams Howling Commandos S.H.I.E.L.D. Team White Comics Ongoing Sgt . Fury and his Howling Commandos Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. 1965 feature Secret Warriors Nick Fury 's Howling Commandos Nick Fury Miniseries and storylines Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D. Fury / Agent 13 Ennis Fury ( 2001 ) Fury : Peacemaker Fury : My War Gone By Avengers 1959 Battle Scars Nick Fury , Agent of Nothing Original Sin Fury 's Big Week Graphic novels and one - shots Fury ( 1994 ) Fury : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Wolverine / Nick Fury The Scorpio Connection Bloody Choices Scorpio Rising Marvel Knights : Double Shot # 2 `` Nick 's World '' Fury / Black Widow : Death Duty Captain America and Nick Fury : Blood Truce Captain America and Nick Fury : The Otherworld War Sgt . Fury & his Howling Commandos : Shotgun Opera In other media Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Empyre `` For Your Eye Only '' Related Life Model Decoy Dirk Anger Jim Steranko Strange Tales Alternative versions Ultimate Nick Fury Category Peggy Carter Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Supporting Captain America Edwin Jarvis Howard Stark Howling Commandos Dum Dum Dugan Junior Juniper Jim Morita Pinky Pinkerton Happy Sam Sawyer Sharon Carter Antagonists Hydra Johann Fennhoff Leviathan Whitney Frost Dottie Underwood Publications Agent Carter : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Operation S.I.N. Other media Marvel One Shot : Agent Carter Marvel 's Agent Carter Characters Season 1 Season 2 Category S.H.I.E.L.D. Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Executive Directors George W. Bridge Sharon Carter Timothy Dugan Nick Fury Maria Hill Daisy Johnson Norman Osborn Steve Rogers Tony Stark Field Agents Clay Quartermain Victoria Hand Jasper Sitwell Al MacKenzie Mitch Carson Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Jessica Drew Clint Barton Natasha Romanova Barbara Morse Jimmy Woo Alexander Goodwin Pierce John Garrett Nick Fury Jr . Sam Wilson Antagonists A.I.M. H.A.M.M.E.R. Hand Hydra Leviathan Maggia Masters of Evil Mys - Tech Purifiers Secret Empire Squadron Supreme Thunderbolts Taskmaster Zodiac Affiliations Avengers Dark Mighty Secret Howling Commandos Project Livewire Team White ( Secret Warriors ) S.T.R.I.K.E. S.T.A.K.E. S.W.O.R.D. Bases and facilities Camp Hammond Helicarrier Stark Tower The Vault Triskelion Technology and units Life Model Decoy Mandroid SJ3RX ( Red Ronin ) Superhuman Restraint Unit SPIN Tech Iron Patriot Publications Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. 1965 feature Nick Fury vs. S.H.I.E.L.D. Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D. Kitty Pryde , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. S.H.I.E.L.D. 2010 series 2014 series Howling Commandos of S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Carter : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Fury : S.H.I.E.L.D. 50th Anniversary Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. In other media Marvel Cinematic Universe Phil Coulson Item 47 Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters episodes season 1 5 Slingshot Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Nick Fury , Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Empyre Related S.H.I.E.L.D. Flying Car Ultimate Nick Fury Peggy Carter Category She - Hulk Stan Lee John Buscema Supporting characters Awesome Andy Blonde Phantom Elaine Banner Goodman , Lieber , Kurtzberg & Holliway Hellcat Hulk John Jameson Jazinda Lyra Morbius Red She - Hulk Richard Rory Southpaw Wyatt Wingfoot Group memberships A-Force Avengers Defenders Fantastic Force Fantastic Four Heroes for Hire Lady Liberators Magistrati S.H.I.E.L.D. Enemies Abomination Abominatrix Absorbing Man A.I.M. Apocalypse Armadillo Batroc the Leaper Beetle Black Talon Blizzard Boomerang Bushwacker Champion of the Universe Circus of Crime Constrictor Death Doctor Bong Doctor Doom Doctor Faustus Dragon Man Eel Electro Grey Gargoyle Grizzly Headmen Chondu the Mystic Gorilla - Man Ruby Thursday Ralphie Hutchins Juggernaut Krang Leader Madcap Mad Thinker Man - Elephant Master Mold Mephisto Mole Man Morgan le Fay Mysterio Ogress Orka Ox Plantman Puppet Master Radioactive Man Rhino Thunderbolt Ross Sabretooth Scarecrow Shocker Alistair Smythe Stilt - Man Super-Skrull Taskmaster Tiger Shark Tinkerer Titania Trapster U-Foes Venom Vulture Whirlwind Winter Guard Wrecking Crew Xemnu the Titan Television The Incredible Hulk and She - Hulk ( 1996 - 1997 ) Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. ( 2013 - 2015 ) ( episodes ) Silver Surfer Stan Lee Jack Kirby Supporting characters Adam Warlock Air - Walker Alicia Masters Avengers Beta Ray Bill Drax the Destroyer Fantastic Four Eternals Firelord Galactus Guardians of the Galaxy Infinity Watch Mantis Nova ( Richard Rider ) Nova ( Frankie Raye ) Pip the Troll Shalla - Bal Stardust Thor Enemies Abomination Annihilus Champion of the Universe Doctor Doom Ego the Living Planet Elders of the Universe Galactus Korvac Kree Loki Mephisto Midnight Sun Morg Nebula Obliterator Possessor Reptyl Red Shift Ronan Skrulls Stranger Terrax Thanos Tyrant Group affiliations Annihilators Defenders Heralds of Galactus The Order Titles and storylines Silver Surfer ( comic book ) Annihilation Fantastic Four The Galactus Trilogy Heroes Reborn The Infinity Gauntlet Ultimate Fantastic Four Other media Silver Surfer ( 1990 video game ) Silver Surfer ( 1998 animated series ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( film ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( video game ) See also Power Cosmic Supreme Intelligence Surfing with the Alien The Power Cosmic Sinister Six Stan Lee Steve Ditko Members Original Doctor Octopus Electro Kraven the Hunter Mysterio Sandman Vulture Recurring Beetle Abner Jenkins Janice Lincoln Boomerang Chameleon Gog Green Goblin Norman Osborn Grim Reaper Hammerhead Hobgoblin Jason Macendale Hydro - Man Lizard Overdrive Rhino Scorpion Mac Gargan Shocker Speed Demon Swarm Tombstone Trapster Venom In other media Spider - Man : Return of the Sinister Six Spider - Man 2 : The Sinister Six Other Spider - Man All Spider - Man enemies In other media Savage Six Sinister Syndicate The Superior Foes of Spider - Man Ultimate Six Skrulls Stan Lee Jack Kirby Skrulls Anelle Dorrek VII Dorrek VIII / Hulkling / Teddy Altman Ethan Edwards Jazinda John the Skrull Lyja Khn'nr Morrat Paibok Revolutionary Sk'ym'x / Skrullian Skymaster Titannus Veranke Z'Reg / Crusader Super-Skrulls Kl'rt Xavin Enemies Avengers Captain America Captain Marvel Deadpool Fantastic Four Galactus Guardians of the Galaxy Hulk Inhumans Iron Man Kree New Warriors Nova Runaways Silver Surfer Spider - Man Thor Wolverine X-Men Storylines Kree -- Skrull War Annihilation Secret Invasion Related articles Deviant Dire Wraith Shaper of Worlds Skrull Kill Krew Captain Marvel Spider - Man Stan Lee Steve Ditko Characters List of incarnations of Spider - Man List of Spider - Man supporting characters List of Spider - Man enemies Alternative versions of Spider - Man Locations Midtown High School Daily Bugle Empire State University Oscorp Parker Industries Alchemax Comic books The Amazing Spider - Man issues Storylines In other media In film In television In video games In literature novels book series Toys Spider - Man ( 2010 toy line ) Spider - Man Classics Spider - Man and Friends Lego Spider - Man Spider - Man ( pinball ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( pinball ) Related topics Powers and equipment Category Thor ( Marvel Comics ) Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Allies Angela Balder Beta Ray Bill Eitri Jane Foster Frigga Gaea Heimdall Hercules Hermod Hrimhari Kelda Odin Sif Thor Girl Thunderstrike Eric Masterson Kevin Masterson Tyr Valkyrie Vidar Volla Warriors Three Fandral Hogun Volstagg Zeus Enemies Recurring enemies Absorbing Man Destroyer Enchantress Executioner Hela Karnilla Loki Lorelei Malekith the Accursed Mangog Midgard Serpent Mr. Hyde Surtur Ulik Wrecking Crew Bulldozer Piledriver Thunderball Wrecker Ymir Other enemies Ares Bloodaxe Cobra Crusader Dark Gods Desak Ego the Living Planet Enchanters Three Perrikus Fafnir Fenris Wolf Grey Gargoyle Growing Man Kurse Laufey Man - Beast Mercurio the 4 - D Man Minotaur Mongoose Pluto Possessor Quicksand Radioactive Man Ragnarok Serpent Zarrko Bibliography Journey into Mystery Thor : Blood Oath Thor : Son of Asgard Thor : Vikings Ultimate Comics : Thor In other media Television The Marvel Super Heroes The Incredible Hulk Returns Film Marvel Animated Features Thor soundtrack Thor : The Dark World soundtrack Team Thor Thor : Ragnarok soundtrack Video games Thor : God of Thunder Thor : Son of Asgard Thor & Loki : Blood Brothers Related articles Thor in Norse mythology Alternative versions Ultimate Thor Asgard Dwarves Elves Giants Hugin and Munin Mjolnir Norns Norn Stones Trolls Valkyrior Thor ( comics ) Category X-Men Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Founding members Professor X Cyclops Iceman Beast Angel Phoenix recurring members Anole Ariel Armor Aurora Banshee Bishop Blindfold Blink Boom - Boom Box Cable Cannonball Chamber Changeling Cipher Cloak and Dagger Colossus Cypher Darwin Dazzler Deadpool Doctor Nemesis Domino Dust Elixir Fantomex Firestar Forge Frenzy Emma Frost Gambit Gentle Graymalkin Havok Hellion Hepzibah Hope Husk Ink Joseph Jubilee Karma Lady Mastermind Lifeguard Lockheed Longshot Maggott Magik Magma Magneto Marrow Mercury Mimic Moonstar Mystique Namor Nightcrawler Northstar Omega Sentinel Petra Pixie Polaris Prodigy Psylocke Revanche Rockslide Rogue Sabretooth Sage Shadowcat Slipstream Spyke Stacy X Storm Rachel Summers Sunfire Sunspot Surge Sway Thunderbird ( John Proudstar ) Thunderbird ( Neal Shaara ) Warlock Warpath Wolf Cub Wolverine X-23 X-Man Shen Xorn Secondary teams Alpha Squadron Excalibur Generation X New Mutants Paragons X-Corporation X-Corps X-Factor X-Force X-Statix X-Terminators X.S.E. X-Treme Sanctions Executive Xavier 's Security Enforcers Supporting characters Senator Robert Kelly Legion Moira MacTaggert Lilandra Neramani Antagonists Apocalypse Arcade Arkon Bastion Belasco Beyonder Black Tom Cassidy Cobalt Man Abraham Cornelius Graydon Creed Count Nefaria Dark Beast Deathbird Demon Bear Dire Wraiths Doctor Doom Dracula Enchantress Exodus Firelord Trevor Fitzroy Emma Frost Galactus Henry Peter Gyrich Cameron Hodge High Evolutionary Juggernaut Kang Kid Omega Kree Lady Deathstrike Steven Lang Living Monolith Mandarin Master Mold Mastermind Mesmero Mister Sinister Mojo Moses Magnum Mystique N'astirh Negasonic Teenage Warhead Nimrod Cassandra Nova Omega Red Onslaught Predator X Proteus Madelyne Pryor Red Skull Sauron Selene Shadow King Sebastian Shaw Shinobi Shaw Silver Samurai Skrull Spiral Stryfe William Stryker Sublime Super-Adaptoid Super-Skrull Terrax Thanos Toad Bolivar Trask Lawrence Trask Viper Vulcan X-Cutioner Kuan - Yin Xorn Villain teams Acolytes A.I.M. Alliance of Evil Black Order Brood Brotherhood of Mutants Children of the Vault Clan Akkaba Dark Avengers Dark Riders Enclave Externals Factor Three Fenris Freedom Force Friends of Humanity Gene Nation H.A.M.M.E.R. Hand Hellfire Club Hellions Horsemen of Apocalypse Humanity 's Last Stand Hydra Maggia Marauders Mutant Liberation Front Mys - Tech Nasty Boys Neo Norman Osborn 's X-Men Phalanx Purifiers Reavers Savage Land Mutates Sentinels Serpent Society Shadow - X Sinister Six Super-Apes U-Men Upstarts Weapon X Wrecking Crew Locations Asteroid M Avalon Crossmore District X / Mutant Town Genosha Graymalkin Industries Limbo Madripoor Massachusetts Academy Muir Island Providence Savage Land Utopia X-Mansion Equipment Blackbird Cerebro Danger Room Miscellanea Alpha Flight Crimson Dawn Fastball Special Inhumans vs. X-Men Legacy Virus M'Kraan Crystal Morlocks Mutants Mutant Registration Act Phoenix Force Project Wideawake Shi'ar Imperial Guard Starjammers Storm Force Accelatron Technarchy X-Babies X-Men in other media television X-Men ' 92 X-Men comics Wolverine and the X-Men ( toyline ) X-Men Classics ( action figure ) X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( toyline ) Category The Life Career Award Fritz Lang ( 1976 ) Samuel Z . Arkoff ( 1977 ) Christopher Lee ( 1979 ) Gene Roddenberry ( 1980 ) William Shatner ( 1980 ) John Agar ( 1981 ) Ray Harryhausen ( 1982 ) Martin B. Cohen ( 1983 ) Vincent Price ( 1986 ) Leonard Nimoy ( 1987 ) Roger Corman ( 1988 ) Ray Walston ( 1990 ) Arnold Schwarzenegger ( 1992 ) David Lynch ( 1993 ) Alfred Hitchcock ( 1994 ) Steve Reeves ( 1994 ) Whit Bissell ( 1994 ) Joel Silver ( 1995 ) Richard Fleischer ( 1995 ) Sean Connery ( 1995 ) Wes Craven ( 1995 ) Albert R. Broccoli ( 1996 ) Edward R. Pressman ( 1996 ) Harrison Ford ( 1996 ) Dino De Laurentiis ( 1997 ) John Frankenheimer ( 1997 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 1997 ) James Coburn ( 1998 ) James Karen ( 1998 ) Michael Crichton ( 1998 ) Nathan H. Juran ( 1999 ) Dick Van Dyke ( 2000 ) George Barris ( 2000 ) Brian Grazer ( 2001 ) Robert Englund ( 2001 ) Drew Struzan ( 2002 ) Stan Lee ( 2002 ) Kurt Russell ( 2003 ) Sid and Marty Krofft ( 2003 ) Blake Edwards ( 2004 ) Stephen J. Cannell ( 2005 ) Tom Rothman ( 2005 ) Robert Halmi ( 2008 ) Lance Henriksen ( 2009 ) Irvin Kershner ( 2010 ) Bert Gordon ( 2011 ) Michael Biehn ( 2011 ) Frank Oz ( 2012 ) James Remar ( 2012 ) Jonathan Frakes ( 2013 ) Malcolm McDowell ( 2014 ) Nichelle Nichols ( 2016 ) Lee Majors ( 2017 ) Marvel Comics Marvel Entertainment Publishing lines and imprints Historical Timely Comics Atlas Comics Current imprints Icon Marvel Press Disney joint Timely Comics Current lines Masterworks Essential Unlimited Defunct imprints Marvel MC2 2099 Absurd Adventures / Age Knights Music UK Ultimate Illustrated MAX Other Amalgam CrossGen Disney property Epic Malibu New Universe Paramount Razorline Star Tsunami Defunct lines Next CyberComics Edge Noir The End Editors - in - Chief Joe Simon Stan Lee Vincent Fago Roy Thomas Len Wein Marv Wolfman Gerry Conway Archie Goodwin Jim Shooter Tom DeFalco Bob Harras Joe Quesada Axel Alonso C.B. Cebulski Adaptations Films Novels Role - playing games Television series Video games Universe Marvel Universe Multiverse Characters Crossovers Superhero debuts Teams and organizations Criminal organizations First appearances Features Cosmic entities Alien races Demons Monsters Planets Related Comics ( A-M ) Comics ( N-Z ) Kimble v. Marvel Marvel No - Prize People Comparison to DC Comics Marvel Books Marvel Index OHOTMU Category Book BIBSYS : 90892667 BNE : XX863526 BNF : cb119120685 ( data ) GND : 124784755 ISNI : 0000 0001 2138 6158 LCCN : n83169267 MusicBrainz : cff1d473 - a21b - 4df5 - 9f09 - c818bfbeadfe NDL : 00881380 NKC : jx20050713006 RKD : 303924 SNAC : w6h43zz4 SUDOC : 026978245 VIAF : 71393805 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stan_Lee&oldid=842749739 '' Categories : Stan Lee 1922 births Living people 20th - century American writers 21st - century American writers American agnostics American comics writers American military personnel of World War II American people of Romanian - Jewish descent Atlas Comics Comic book editors DeWitt Clinton High School alumni Golden Age comics creators Inkpot Award winners Jack Kirby Hall of Fame inductees Jewish agnostics Jewish American male actors Jewish American writers Male actors from New York City Marvel Comics people Marvel Entertainment People from Washington Heights , Manhattan People from Woodmere , New York Pseudonymous writers Silver Age comics creators United States Army soldiers United States National Medal of Arts recipients Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees Works Progress Administration workers Writers from New York City Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2015 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2014 Redundant infobox title param Comics infobox image less alt text Comics creator pop Comics creator BLP pop Track variant DoB Track variant DoD All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with Curlie links Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends name Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 54 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 12 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is stan lee's role in marvel | [
"Stan Lee[1] (born Stanley Martin Lieber /ˈliːbər/, December 28, 1922) is an American comic-book writer, editor, film executive producer, and publisher. He was formerly editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics,[2] and later its publisher[3] and chairman[4] before leaving the company to become its chairman emeritus, as well as a member of the editorial board.[5]"
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"formerly editor-in-chief of Marvel Comics,[2] and later its publisher[3] and chairman[4] before leaving the company to become its chairman emeritus, as well as a member of the editorial board"
] |
-3856982618838080088 | Pretty Woman | Pretty Woman - wikipedia Pretty Woman Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the song sometimes known as `` Pretty Woman '' , see Oh , Pretty Woman . For the song in the musical Sweeney Todd , see Pretty Women . Not to be confused with Pretty Lady ( disambiguation ) . Pretty Woman Theatrical release poster Directed by Garry Marshall Produced by Arnon Milchan Steven Reuther Gary W. Goldstein Written by J.F. Lawton Starring Richard Gere Julia Roberts Music by James Newton Howard Cinematography Charles Minsky Edited by Raja Gosnell Priscilla Nedd Production company Touchstone Pictures Silver Screen Partners IV Regency International Pictures ( uncredited ) Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date March 23 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 23 ) ( United States ) Running time 119 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $14 million Box office $463.4 million Pretty Woman is a 1990 American romantic comedy film directed by Garry Marshall from a screenplay by J.F. Lawton . The film stars Richard Gere and Julia Roberts , and features Hector Elizondo , Ralph Bellamy ( in his final performance ) , Laura San Giacomo and Jason Alexander in supporting roles . Its story centers on down - on - her - luck Hollywood hooker Vivian Ward , who is hired by Edward Lewis , a wealthy businessman , to be his escort for several business and social functions , and their developing relationship over the course of her week - long stay with him . Originally intended to be a dark cautionary tale about class and sex work in Los Angeles , the film was reconceived as a romantic comedy with a large budget . It was widely successful at the box office and became one of the highest - grossing films of 1990 . The film saw the highest number of ticket sales in the U.S. ever for a romantic comedy , with Box Office Mojo listing it as the # 1 romantic comedy by the highest estimated domestic tickets sold at 42,176,400 , slightly ahead of My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) at 41,419,500 tickets . The film received positive reviews , with Roberts 's performance being praised , for which she received a Golden Globe Award and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . In addition , screenwriter J.F. Lawton was nominated for a Writers Guild Award and a BAFTA Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 5 Music 5.1 Soundtrack 5.1. 1 Track listing 6 Musical adaptation 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) At the beginning of the film , Edward Lewis accidentally ends up on Hollywood Boulevard in the city 's red - light district , after breaking up with his girlfriend during an unpleasant phone call in which he appears highly controlling ; he asks her to escort him during his trip , but she is offended that he treats her as his ' beck and call girl ' . Leaving a party , he takes his lawyer 's Lotus Esprit luxury car , and encounters a prostitute , Vivian Ward . He stops for her , having difficulties driving the car , and asks for directions to Beverly Hills . He asks her to get in and guide him to the Beverly Hills Regent Hotel , where he is staying . It becomes clear that Vivian knows more about the Lotus than he does , and he lets her drive . Vivian charges Lewis $20 for the ride , and they separate . She goes to a bus stop , where he finds her and offers to hire her for the night ; later , he asks Vivian to play the role his girlfriend has refused , offering her $3000 to stay with him for the next six days as well as paying for a new , more acceptable wardrobe for her . That evening , visibly moved by her transformation , Edward begins seeing Vivian in a different light . He begins to open up to her , revealing his personal and business lives . Edward takes Vivian to a polo match in hopes of networking for his business deal . His attorney , Phillip , suspects Vivian is a corporate spy , and Edward tells him how they truly met . Phillip later approaches Vivian , suggesting they do business once her work with Edward is finished . Insulted , and furious that Edward has revealed their secret , Vivian wants to end the arrangement . Edward apologizes , and admits to feeling jealous of a business associate to whom Vivian paid attention at the match . Vivian 's straightforward personality is rubbing off on Edward , and he finds himself acting in unaccustomed ways . Clearly growing involved , Edward takes Vivian in his private jet to see La Traviata in San Francisco . Vivian is moved to tears by the story of the prostitute who falls in love with a rich man . Vivian breaks her `` no kissing on the mouth '' rule ( which her friend Kit taught her ) and they have sex ; in the aftermath , Vivian tells Edward she loves him , but he does not respond . Edward offers to put her up in an apartment so she can be off the streets . Hurt , she refuses , says this is not the `` fairy tale '' she dreamed of as a child , in which a knight on a white horse rescues her . Meeting with the tycoon whose shipbuilding company he is in the process of `` raiding , '' Edward changes his mind . His time with Vivian has shown him a different way of looking at life , and he suggests working together to save the company rather than tearing it apart and selling off the pieces . Phillip , furious at losing so much money , goes to the hotel to confront Edward , but finds only Vivian . Blaming her for the change in Edward , he attempts to rape her . Edward arrives and throws Phil out of the room . With his business in L.A. complete , Edward asks Vivian to stay one more night with him -- because she wants to , not because he 's paying her . She refuses . At the end of the film , Edward re-thinks his life and has the hotel chauffeur detour to Vivian 's apartment building , where he leaps from out the white limo 's sun roof and `` rescues her '' , an urban visual metaphor for the knight on a white horse of her dreams . The film ends with the famous last line from Vivian : Edward Lewis : So what happens after he climbed up the tower and rescues her ? Vivian : She rescues him right back . Cast ( edit ) Richard Gere as Edward Lewis , a rich corporate raider and womanizer from New York . Julia Roberts as Vivian Ward , an assertive freelance hooker with a heart of gold on Hollywood Boulevard . Ralph Bellamy as James Morse , owner of a troubled shipbuilding company Edward plans to take over . This was Bellamy 's final acting performance before his death in 1991 . Jason Alexander as Phillip Stuckey , Edward 's insensitive lawyer . Alexander is best known for the sitcom Seinfeld , in which a VHS copy of Pretty Woman appears in Seinfeld 's apartment . Héctor Elizondo as Barney Thompson , the dignified but soft - hearted hotel manager . Laura San Giacomo as Kit De Luca , Vivian 's wisecracking friend and roommate , who has taught her the prostitution trade . Alex Hyde - White as David Morse , James Morse 's grandson , who is being groomed to take over the company . Amy Yasbeck as Elizabeth Stuckey , Phillip 's wife . Elinor Donahue as Bridget , a friend of Barney Thompson who works in a women 's clothing store . John David Carson as Mark Roth , a businessman in Edward 's office . Judith Baldwin as Susan , one of Edward 's ex-girlfriends . Laurelle Brooks Mehus as the hotel 's night desk clerk . James Patrick Stuart as the day bellhop . Dey Young as a snobbish saleswoman in a dress store . Larry Miller as Mr. Hollister , the manager of a clothing store where Vivian buys her new wardrobe . Patrick Richwood as Dennis , the hotel elevator operator . Hank Azaria as a detective . This was Azaria 's first speaking role . Amzie Strickland as Matron Lynda Goodfriend as a Tourist . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The film was initially conceived as a dark drama about sex work in Los Angeles in the 1980s . The relationship between Vivian and Edward also originally involved controversial themes , including Vivian being addicted to drugs ; part of the deal was that she had to stay off cocaine for a week . Edward eventually throws her out of his car and drives off . The original script ended with Vivian and her sex - worker friend on the bus to Disneyland . Producer Laura Ziskin considered these elements detrimental to a sympathetic portrayal of Vivian , and they were removed or assigned to Kit . The deleted scenes have been found , and some were included on the DVD released for the film 's 15th anniversary . In one , Vivian tells Edward , `` I could just pop ya good and be on my way '' , indicating her disinterest in `` pillow talk '' . In another , she is confronted by drug dealers , then rescued by Edward . The film bears striking resemblances to Pygmalion myths : particularly George Bernard Shaw 's play of the same name , which also formed the basis for the Broadway musical My Fair Lady . It was Walt Disney Studios then - president Jeffrey Katzenberg who insisted the film be re-written as a modern - day fairy tale and love story , as opposed to the original dark drama . It was pitched to Touchstone Pictures and re-written as a romantic comedy . The original script was titled $3,000 , in reference to the amount Edward pays for a week 's company from Vivian . However , this title was changed because Disney executives thought it sounded like a title for a science fiction film . The script also has unconfirmed references to That Touch of Mink , starring Doris Day and Cary Grant . The film is one of two movies that triggered a resurgence of romantic comedy in Hollywood , the other being When Harry Met Sally . After the 1960s Doris Day / Rock Hudson romantic comedies , the genre had fallen out of favor . Following this film 's success , Roberts became the romantic comedy queen of the 1990s . Casting ( edit ) Casting of the film was a rather lengthy process . Marshall had initially considered Christopher Reeve , Daniel Day - Lewis , and Denzel Washington for the role of Edward , and Al Pacino and Burt Reynolds turned it down . Pacino went as far as doing a casting reading with Roberts before rejecting the part . Gere initially refused but when he met with Roberts , she persuaded him and he eventually agreed to play Lewis . He reportedly started off much more active in his role ; but Garry Marshall took him aside and said `` No , no , no , Richard . In this movie , one of you moves and one of you does not . Guess which one you are ? '' Julia Roberts was not the first choice for the role of Vivian , and was not wanted by Disney . Many other actresses were considered . Marshall originally envisioned Karen Allen for the role ; when she declined , auditions went to many better - known actresses of the time including Molly Ringwald , who turned it down because she felt uncomfortable playing a sex worker . Winona Ryder auditioned , but was turned down because Marshall felt she was `` too young '' . Jennifer Connelly was also dismissed for the same reason . Meg Ryan , who was a top choice of Marshall 's , turned it down as well . According to a note written by Marshall , Mary Steenburgen was also among the first choices . Diane Lane came very close to being cast ( the script was much darker at the time ) ; they had gone as far as costume fittings , but due to scheduling conflicts she could not accept . Michelle Pfeiffer turned the role down , saying she did not like the script 's `` tone . '' Daryl Hannah was also considered , but believed the role was `` degrading to women '' . Valeria Golino declined , doubting it would work with her thick Italian accent . And Jennifer Jason Leigh had auditioned . When all the other actresses turned down the role , 21 - year - old Julia Roberts , a relative unknown , with only the sleeper hit Mystic Pizza ( 1988 ) and the yet - to - be-released Steel Magnolias ( 1989 ) to her credit , won the role of Vivian . Her performance made her a star . Filming ( edit ) The film 's budget was substantial , at $14 million , so producers could shoot in many locations . Most filming took place in Los Angeles , California , specifically in Beverly Hills , and inside soundstages at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank . The escargot restaurant the `` Voltaire '' was shot at the restaurant `` Rex , '' now called `` Cicada '' . Scenes set in the Beverly Wilshire Hotel lobby were shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles . Filming commenced on July 24 , 1989 , but was immediately plagued by problems . These included Ferrari and Porsche declining the product placement opportunity for the car Edward drove , neither firm wishing to be associated with sex workers . Lotus Cars saw the placement value , and supplied a Silver 1989.5 Esprit SE ( which was later sold ) . Shooting was a generally pleasant , easy - going experience , as the budget was broad and the shooting schedule was not tight . While shooting the scene where Vivian is lying down on the floor of Edward 's penthouse , watching reruns of I Love Lucy , Garry Marshall had to tickle Roberts ' feet ( out of camera range ) to get her to laugh . The scene in which Gere playfully snaps the lid of a jewelry case on her fingers was improvised , and her surprised laugh was genuine . The red dress Vivian wears to the opera has been listed among the most unforgettable dresses of all time . During the scene in which Roberts sang to a Prince song in the bathtub , slid down and submerged her head under the bubbles ; she emerged to find the crew had left except for the cameraman , who captured the moment on film . In the love scene , she was so stressed that a vein become noticeable on her forehead and had to be massaged by Marshall and Gere . She also developed a case of hives , and calamine lotion was used to soothe her skin until filming resumed . The filming was completed on October 18 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) In its opening weekend , the film was at number one at the box office , grossing $11,280,591 and averaging $8,513 per theater . Despite dropping to number two in its second weekend , it grossed more with $12,471,670 . It was number one at the box office for four non-consecutive weeks , and in the Top 10 for 16 weeks . It has grossed $178,406,268 in the United States and $285,000,000 in other countries for a total worldwide gross of $463,406,268 . It was also the fourth highest - grossing film of the year in the United States and the third highest - grossing worldwide . The film remains Disney 's highest - grossing R - rated release ever . Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 61 % of 55 film critics have given it a positive review , with a rating average of 5.7 out of 10 . Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , gives it a score of 51 based on 17 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a D , saying it `` starts out as a neo-Pygmalion comedy '' and with `` its tough - hooker heroine , it can work as a feminist version of an upscale princess fantasy . '' Gleiberman also said it `` pretends to be about how love transcends money , '' but `` is really obsessed with status symbols . '' On its twentieth anniversary , Gleiberman wrote another article , saying that while he felt he was right , he would have given it a B today . Carina Chocano of The New York Times said the movie `` was n't a love story , it was a money story . Its logic depended on a disconnect between character and narrative , between image and meaning , between money and value , and that made it not cluelessly traditional but thoroughly postmodern . '' Accolades ( edit ) Awards 48th Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Julia Roberts Nominations 16th César Awards Best Foreign Film 63rd Academy Awards Best Actress -- Julia Roberts 48th Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture ( Comedy or Musical ) Best Actor -- Richard Gere Best Supporting Actor -- Hector Elizondo Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay -- J.F. Lawton Music ( edit ) The film is noted for its musical selections . The hugely successful soundtrack features the song `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' by Roy Orbison , which inspired its title . Roxette 's `` It Must Have Been Love '' reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1990 . The soundtrack also features `` King of Wishful Thinking '' by Go West , `` Show Me Your Soul '' by Red Hot Chili Peppers , `` No Explanation '' by Peter Cetera , `` Wild Women Do '' by Natalie Cole and `` Fallen '' by Lauren Wood . The soundtrack went on to be certified triple platinum by the RIAA . The opera featured in the film is La Traviata , which also served as inspiration for its plot . The highly dramatic aria fragment that is repeated is the end of `` Dammi tu forza ! '' ( `` Give me strength ! '' ) , from the opera . The piano piece Gere 's character plays in the hotel lobby was actually composed by and performed by him . Roberts sings the song `` Kiss '' by Prince while she is in the tub and Gere 's character is on the phone . Background music is composed by James Newton Howard . Entitled `` He Sleeps / Love Theme '' , this piano composition is inspired by Bruce Springsteen 's `` Racing in the Street '' . Soundtrack ( edit ) Pretty Woman Soundtrack album by Various artists Released March 13 , 1990 Recorded 1964 , 1988 -- 1989 Genre Pop Rock Length 43 : 36 Label EMI Producer Various artists Singles from Pretty Woman `` Show Me Your Soul '' Released : February 14 , 1990 `` King of Wishful Thinking '' Released : 1990 `` It Must Have Been Love '' Released : 20 May 1990 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic link The soundtrack was released on March 13 , 1990 by EMI . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Wild Women Do '' ( performed by Natalie Cole ) 4 : 06 2 . `` Fame ' 90 '' ( performed by David Bowie ) 3 : 36 3 . `` King of Wishful Thinking '' ( performed by Go West ) 4 : 00 4 . `` Tangled '' ( performed by Jane Wiedlin ) 4 : 18 5 . `` It Must Have Been Love '' ( performed by Roxette ) 4 : 17 6 . `` Life in Detail '' ( performed by Robert Palmer ) 4 : 07 7 . `` No Explanation '' ( performed by Peter Cetera ) 4 : 19 8 . `` Real Wild Child ( Wild One ) '' ( performed by Christopher Otcasek ) 3 : 39 9 . `` Fallen '' ( performed by Lauren Wood ) 3 : 59 10 . `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' ( performed by Roy Orbison ) 2 : 55 11 . `` Show Me Your Soul '' ( performed by Red Hot Chili Peppers ) 4 : 20 Total length : 43 : 36 Musical adaptation ( edit ) A stage musical adaptation of the film is scheduled to open on Broadway in the fall of 2018 . This follows an out - of - town tryout at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago , which will run from March 13 to April 15 , 2018 . The musical has music and lyrics by Bryan Adams and Jim Vallance ; the late Garry Marshall and J.F. Lawton will co-write the book and Jerry Mitchell is the director and choreographer . The Chicago and Broadway casts will feature Samantha Barks , in her Broadway debut as Vivian and Steve Kazee as Edward . Orfeh will portray Kit , and Jason Danieley will play Philip Stuckey . Eric Anderson will portray the role of Mr. Thompson . Kingsley Leggs will play the role of James Morse . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prince , Rosa ( March 21 , 2012 ) . `` Danny DeVito : Pretty Woman a ' Silly Romantic Comedy ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo '' . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Pretty Woman : 15th anniversary ( DVD ) . Buena Vista Home Entertainment , Touchstone. 2005 . Jump up ^ Lawton , Jonathan . `` $3,000 '' ( PDF ) . AwesomeFile.com . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Hilary Lewis ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` 8 Movies With Major Title Changes '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , James B. ( 2005 ) . DisneyWar . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 6709 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pretty Woman ' Casting Information and Trivia '' . IMDb . Retrieved May 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pacino , Al ( June 15 , 2007 ) . `` '' Al Pacino Interview `` '' . Larry King Live ( Interview ) . Interview with Larry King . CNN . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ub6BdLFWyg Jump up ^ Tiffin , George ( 2015 ) . A Star is Born : The Moment an Actress becomes an Icon . Head of Zeus . p. 493 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78185 - 936 - 0 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Monica ( June 28 , 2008 ) . `` Molly Ringwald : Pretty in Pucci '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Darly Hannah Pleased to Decline Pretty Woman '' . Jump up ^ Kachka , Boris ( December 4 , 2005 ) . `` Lone Star : Jennifer Jason Leigh Plays an Extroverted Striver in Abigail 's Party , Now , that 's a stretch '' . New York Magazine : 2 . Jump up ^ Dumas , Daisy ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` From Pretty Woman and Atonement to The Seven Year Itch , the Most Unforgettable Dresses of All Time '' . Daily Mail . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) -- Weekend Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DOMESTIC GROSSES BY MPAA RATING '' . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman Reviews at Metacritic.com '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 23 , 1990 ) . `` Pretty Woman '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen . `` ' Pretty Woman ' : 20 Years after My Most Infamous Review ( Yes , I gave it a D ) , Here 's My Mea Culpa -- and Also My Defense '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chocano , Carina ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Thelma , Louise and All the Pretty Women '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman 's Soundtrack RIAA Multi Platinum Award '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman Original Soundtrack '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman Original Soundtrack '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McPhee , Ryan . `` Jason Danieley Joins Broadway - Bound ' Pretty Woman ' Musical '' Playbill , October 6 , 2017 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pretty Woman Pretty Woman on IMDb Pretty Woman at AllMovie Pretty Woman at Rotten Tomatoes Pretty Woman at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Films directed by Garry Marshall Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) The Flamingo Kid ( 1984 ) Nothing in Common ( 1986 ) Overboard ( 1987 ) Beaches ( 1988 ) The Lottery ( 1989 ) Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) Frankie and Johnny ( 1991 ) Exit to Eden ( 1994 ) Dear God ( 1996 ) The Other Sister ( 1999 ) Runaway Bride ( 1999 ) The Princess Diaries ( 2001 ) Raising Helen ( 2004 ) The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) Georgia Rule ( 2007 ) Valentine 's Day ( 2010 ) New Year 's Eve ( 2011 ) Mother 's Day ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Woman&oldid=809681413 '' Categories : 1990 films English - language films 1990s romantic comedy films 1990s sex comedy films American films American romantic comedy films American sex comedy films Films about businesspeople Films about prostitution Films directed by Garry Marshall Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance Film scores by James Newton Howard Films set in Beverly Hills , California Films set in hotels Films set in Los Angeles Touchstone Pictures films Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2014 Use mdy dates from July 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 18 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played julia roberts roommate in pretty woman | [
"\nRichard Gere as Edward Lewis, a rich corporate raider and womanizer from New York.\nJulia Roberts as Vivian Ward, an assertive freelance hooker with a heart of gold on Hollywood Boulevard.\nRalph Bellamy as James Morse, owner of a troubled shipbuilding company Edward plans to take over. This was Bellamy's final acting performance before his death in 1991.\nJason Alexander as Phillip Stuckey, Edward's insensitive lawyer. Alexander is best known for the sitcom Seinfeld, in which a VHS copy of Pretty Woman appears in Seinfeld's apartment.\nHéctor Elizondo as Barney Thompson, the dignified but soft-hearted hotel manager.\nLaura San Giacomo as Kit De Luca, Vivian's wisecracking friend and roommate, who has taught her the prostitution trade.\nAlex Hyde-White as David Morse, James Morse's grandson, who is being groomed to take over the company.\nAmy Yasbeck as Elizabeth Stuckey, Phillip's wife.\nElinor Donahue as Bridget, a friend of Barney Thompson who works in a women's clothing store.\nJohn David Carson as Mark Roth, a businessman in Edward's office.\nJudith Baldwin as Susan, one of Edward's ex-girlfriends.\nLaurelle Brooks Mehus as the hotel's night desk clerk.\nJames Patrick Stuart as the day bellhop.\nDey Young as a snobbish saleswoman in a dress store.\nLarry Miller as Mr. Hollister, the manager of a clothing store where Vivian buys her new wardrobe.\nPatrick Richwood as Dennis, the hotel elevator operator.\nHank Azaria as a detective. This was Azaria's first speaking role.\nAmzie Strickland as Matron\nLynda Goodfriend as a Tourist.\n"
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"Laura San Giacomo"
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-1512228710092939975 | Deepwater Horizon (film) | Deepwater Horizon ( film ) - wikipedia Deepwater Horizon ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Deepwater Horizon Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Berg Produced by Lorenzo di Bonaventura Mark Vahradian Mark Wahlberg Stephen Levinson David Womark Screenplay by Matthew Michael Carnahan Matthew Sand Story by Matthew Sand Based on Deepwater Horizon 's Final Hours by David Barstow David Rohde Stephanie Saul Starring Mark Wahlberg Kurt Russell John Malkovich Gina Rodriguez Dylan O'Brien Kate Hudson Music by Steve Jablonsky Cinematography Enrique Chediak Edited by Colby Parker Jr . Gabriel Fleming Production companies Participant Media Di Bonaventura Pictures Closest to the Hole Productions Leverage Entertainment Distributed by Summit Entertainment Release date September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) ( TIFF ) September 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 30 ) ( United States ) Running time 107 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $156 million ( gross ) $110 -- 120 million ( net ) Box office $121.8 million Deepwater Horizon is a 2016 American disaster film based on actual events . It was directed by Peter Berg from a screenplay by Matthew Michael Carnahan and Matthew Sand . It stars Mark Wahlberg , Kurt Russell , John Malkovich , Gina Rodriguez , Dylan O'Brien and Kate Hudson . It is based on a 2010 article by David Barstow , David Rohde and Stephanie Saul on the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico . Principal photography began on April 27 , 2015 in New Orleans , Louisiana . The film premiered at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival and was theatrically released in the United States on September 30 , 2016 . It received generally positive reviews and grossed over $121 million worldwide . The film was nominated for two Oscars at the 89th Academy Awards : Best Sound Editing and Best Visual Effects , and a BAFTA Award for Best Sound at the 70th British Academy Film Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) On April 20 , 2010 , Deepwater Horizon , an oil drilling rig operated by private contractor Transocean , is set to begin drilling off the southern coast of Louisiana on behalf of BP . Chief Electronics Technician Michael `` Mike '' Williams ( Mark Wahlberg ) and rig supervisor James `` Mr. Jimmy '' Harrell ( Kurt Russell ) are surprised to learn that the workers assigned to pump the cement intended to keep the well stable are being sent home early , without conducting a pressure test , at the insistence of BP managers Donald Vidrine ( John Malkovich ) and Robert Kaluza ( Brad Leland ) . While Mike prepares the drilling team , including Caleb Holloway ( Dylan O'Brien ) , Harrell meets with Vidrine and persuades him to conduct a test , which only serves to weaken the already poorly placed cement further . His patience thinning , and without waiting for Harrell to confirm the results , Vidrine orders the well to be flowed . At first , the operation goes smoothly , but the cement job eventually fails completely , triggering a massive blowout that overpowers and kills Keith Manuel , Shane Roshto , Roy Kemp , Karl Kleppigner , Adam Weise and Gordon Jones . A chain of equipment malfunctions , coupled with a failed attempt to seal the well , ignites the oil , killing Dewey Revette , Stephen Curtis , Jason Anderson ( Ethan Suplee ) and Donald Clark . Andrea Fleytas ( Gina Rodriguez ) , the rig 's navigation officer , tries to alert the Coast Guard , only to be overruled by her superior , Captain Curt Kuchta , on the grounds that the rig is not in any imminent danger . With oil now spewing into the ocean , a frightened , oil covered pelican flies into the bridge of a nearby vessel , which heads towards the rig just as the workers begin a frantic evacuation . Harrell , still alive , although seriously injured in the explosion , is rescued by Mike and assumes control of the situation , only to discover that the rig could not be saved . Dale Burkeen , a close friend of Mike 's , sacrifices himself to keep a burning crane from collapsing onto the surviving crew , while Mike and Caleb are able to rescue Vidrine and Kaluza and get them to safety . As night falls and the burning oil lights up the area , the Coast Guard becomes aware of the incident and sends a ship to collect the survivors , which are being ferried in the lifeboats to the Damon Bankston . With all the lifeboats full , Mike locates the emergency life raft , but it becomes separated from the rig before he and Andrea can board , causing the latter to suffer a panic attack . Just as the oil in the well itself ignites and destroys the rig , the two jump into the water and are picked up by rescuers , who then ferry them to the Damon Bankston . Returned home , the workers reunite with their families in a hotel lobby , during which a relative of one of the dead crew members family angrily confronts Mike for failing to save his son , resulting in Mike having a panic attack himself . The film ends with a series of clips showing the aftermath of the disaster , including testimony from the real - life Mike Williams and the revelation that not a single employee of either Transocean or BP was prosecuted for their actions . Pictures appear of the 11 men who lost their lives before the credits . The movie postscript reads : `` The blowout lasted for 87 days , spilling an estimated 210 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico . It was the worst oil disaster in U.S. history . '' Cast ( edit ) Mark Wahlberg as Mike Williams Kurt Russell as Jimmy Harrell ( Mr. Jimmy ) John Malkovich as Donald Vidrine Gina Rodriguez as Andrea Fleytas Dylan O'Brien as Caleb Holloway Kate Hudson as Felicia Williams Ethan Suplee as Jason Anderson Trace Adkins as grieving father in hotel Brad Leland as Robert Kaluza Joe Chrest as David Sims James DuMont as Patrick O'Bryan Dave Maldonado as Captain Curt Kutcha Douglas M. Griffin as Alwin Landry Juston Street as Anthony Gervasio Production ( edit ) On March 8 , 2011 , it was announced that Summit Entertainment , Participant Media , and Image Nation had acquired the film rights to The New York Times ' article Deepwater Horizon 's Final Hours , written by David Barstow , David S. Rohde , and Stephanie Saul , and published on December 25 , 2010 , about the 2010 Deepwater Horizon explosion and subsequent oil spill . Matthew Sand was set to write the screenplay , while Lorenzo di Bonaventura was in talks to produce the film under his Di Bonaventura Pictures banner . Summit and Participant Media / Imagination would also finance the film . On acquiring the article to develop into a film , the president of Participant Media , Ricky Strauss said , This is a perfect fit for us -- a suspenseful and inspiring real - life account of everyday people whose values are tested in the face of an impending environmental disaster . On July 24 , 2012 , Ric Roman Waugh was in talks with the studios to direct the film , Mark Vahradian was set to produce the film along with Bonaventura , and Lions Gate Entertainment also joined the project to produce and distribute . On July 11 , 2014 , it was announced that All Is Lost 's director J.C. Chandor had been hired to direct the film ; the screenplay 's first draft was written by Sand , while Matthew Michael Carnahan wrote the second draft . In early October , it was confirmed that Summit would distribute the film , not Lionsgate . On January 30 , 2015 , it was reported that Lone Survivor director Peter Berg had replaced Chandor , and would re-team with Wahlberg on the film . Chandor exited due to creative differences . Casting ( edit ) On August 19 , 2014 , casting began , with actor Mark Wahlberg added in the lead role of the film . Wahlberg plays Mike Williams , a real - life electronics technician on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig . On March 18 , 2015 , Gina Rodriguez was set to play a woman named Andrea Fleytas , who was on the bridge on board the Deepwater Horizon at the time of the blowout , and frantically tried to contact the Coast Guard . On April 10 , 2015 , Deadline reported that Dylan O'Brien was in talks to play Caleb Holloway . Kurt Russell joined the film on the same day O'Brien was in talks . Soon after , John Malkovich was confirmed cast , as a BP representative who fatally underestimates the dangers of working on the rig . Kate Hudson was announced as a cast member in May , 2015 , and playing the wife of Wahlberg 's character ; her role will be her first on - screen pairing with Russell , her stepfather , although they shared no dialogue in the film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on April 27 , 2015 . It was officially announced by Lionsgate on May 18 , 2015 that filming had begun in New Orleans , Louisiana . The film cost a total of $156 million to produce , with $122 million spent in Louisiana . As a result , Lionsgate ( the studio financing the film ) received a $37.7 million subsidy from the state , under Louisiana 's film incentive program . Later estimates put the amount at $110 million . Release ( edit ) Deepwater Horizon had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival , on September 13 , where it received a standing ovation from audiences after the screening . It opened in theaters on September 30 , 2016 , distributed by Summit Entertainment in the United States and Canada , and by Lionsgate Entertainment internationally . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Deepwater Horizon grossed $61.4 million in the United States and Canada and $60.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $121.8 million . In the United States and Canada , Deepwater Horizon was projected to gross $16 -- 20 million from 3,259 theaters in its opening weekend , although some publications noted Wahlberg 's films tend to outperform box office projections . The film made $860,000 from its Thursday night previews at 2,400 theaters , and $7.1 million on its first day . In total , the film earned $20.2 million during its opening weekend , debuting at number two at the box office behind Tim Burton 's Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children . The film was released at a time when the marketplace was already dominated by two other adult - skewing pictures , The Magnificent Seven and Sully . The film over-performed in the Gulf Coast region , and also did exceptionally well in IMAX , which earned $2.7 million of the film 's total opening weekend . The film 's opening weekend was regarded as underwhelming and a disappointment , given its hefty production budget , but dramas released during the fall , and Wahlberg 's films , tend to have box office legs . Forbes called the opening `` good , but not great '' , especially considering the solid reviews . While most adult - skewing films would generally be made on a conservative budget in order to protect themselves financially , Deepwater Horizon was produced for $110 -- 120 million ( after tax rebates ) . Box office analyst Jeff Block said the film was `` a hard sell . This should have been a $60 million film . The budget was out of control . '' Recent real - life drama films such as Sully ( $60 million budget ) , Bridge of Spies ( $40 million ) and Captain Phillips ( $55 million ) were made for more moderate amounts . The Hollywood Reporter noted that when Hollywood spends north of $100 million on a film , it is intended for a much broader audience , but that was not the case for Deepwater Horizon , as the main demographics were adults , with 67 % of the total ticket buyers during its opening weekend being over the age of 35 . Another possible reason for the film 's mediocre debut was its marketing miss , which was also a subject of criticism ; from the outset , Lionsgate marketed the film as a heroic tale versus an issues - oriented movie . The name `` Deepwater Horizon '' itself is more associated with the aftermath of the spill than the heroics of the men who survived and helped their fellow workers . Outside North America , Deepwater Horizon opened simultaneously in 52 markets , and grossed $12.4 million , of which IMAX made up $1 million 119 IMAX screens . The U.K. was the top earning market , with $2.6 million , followed by the Middle East ( $1.5 million ) , Taiwan ( $1.4 million ) , Australia ( $1.3 million ) , and Russia ( $1.2 million ) . In China , the film opened on Tuesday , November 15 , where it delivered a six - day opening weekend of $7.9 million , debuting in third place , behind local film I Am Not Madame Bovary and the continuation of Doctor Strange . The next major markets to open were Germany ( November 24 ) and Spain ( November 25 ) . Critical response ( edit ) Deepwater Horizon received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 84 % based on 222 reviews with an average rating of 7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Deepwater Horizon makes effective use of its titular man - made disaster to deliver an uncommonly serious -- yet still suitably gripping -- action thriller . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score 68 out of 100 based on 52 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review , writing , `` ruggedness and resilience counts for far more in the characterizations here than does nuance , and everyone delivers as required . From a craft and technical point of view , the film is all but seamless , a credit to the extra care taken to avoid a CGI look . '' Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the film 's performances and ability to make audiences angry at BP : `` I 'll be honest , I did n't think we needed a movie about this subject . I 've changed my mind . And , if nothing else , I hope it gets people angry again , because the people who did this to our planet , and killed 11 people in the process , got off too easy . '' Benjamin Lee of The Guardian praised Berg 's direction as `` admirably , uncharacteristically restrained ... ( He ) stages the action horribly well , capturing the panic and gruesome mayhem without the film ever feeling exploitative . It 's spectacularly constructed , yet it does n't forget about the loss of life , ensuring that , despite thin characterisation , the impact is felt . '' Former crew members started their own crowd - funded documentary project before the film 's release , out of frustration with factual liberties taken in the film script and in the media . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref . 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice AnTEENcipated Movie Actor Dylan O'Brien Won 2017 National Board of Review Spotlight Award Mark Wahlberg and Peter Berg ( also for Patriots Day ) Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Movie Deepwater Horizon Nominated Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Animated Effects in a Live Action Production Raul Essig , Mark Chataway , George Kuruvilla and Mihai Cioroba Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature Craig Hammack , Petra Holtorf - Stratton , Jason Snell , John Galloway and Burt Dalton Won Outstanding Model in a Photoreal or Animated Project Kelvin Lau , Jean Bolte , Kevin Sprout and Kim Vongbunyong Won British Academy Film Awards Best Sound Mike Prestwood Smith , Dror Mohar , Wylie Stateman and David Wyman Nominated Society of Camera Operators Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Film Jacques Jouffret Nominated MPSE Golden Reel Awards Feature English Language -- Effects / Foley Wylie Stateman , Renée Tondelli , Gary Hecker , Rick Owens , Sylvain Lasseur , Dror Mohar and Kris Fenske Nominated Academy Awards Best Sound Editing Wylie Stateman and Renée Tondelli Nominated Best Visual Effects Craig Hammack , Jason Snell , Jason Billington and Burt Dalton Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Deepwater Horizon ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Box - Office Analysis : Can ' Deepwater Horizon ' Be Rescued '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deepwater Horizon ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto To Open With ' The Magnificent Seven ' ; ' La La Land ' , ' Deepwater Horizon ' Among Galas & Presentations '' . Deadline . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evry , Max ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` First Look at Mark Wahlberg in Deepwater Horizon '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Deepwater Horizon 's Final Hours , By DAVID BARSTOW , DAVID ROHDE and STEPHANIE SAUL , New York Times , December 25 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` Summit , Participant And Imagenation Target Oil Rig Tragedy '' . deadline.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Summit and Participant Acquire Deepwater Horizon 's Final Hour '' . comingsoon.net . March 8 , 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Summit , Participant Tap Ric Roman Waugh To Helm ' Deepwater Horizon ' Oil Rig Disaster '' . deadline.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` Deepwater Horizon Disaster Movie Draws ' All Is Lost ' Director J.C. Chandor '' . variety.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deepwater Horizon , Starring Mark Wahlberg , Set for 2016 Release '' . comingsoon.net . October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Peter Berg in Talks to Replace J.C. Chandor on ' Deepwater Horizon ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Mark Wahlberg in Talks to Star in J.C. Chandor 's ' Deepwater Horizon ' '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` Gina Rodriguez in Talks to Co-Star With Mark Wahlberg in ' Deepwater Horizon ' ( Exclusive ) '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Dylan O'Brien In Talks To Board ' Deepwater Horizon ' Opposite Mark Wahlberg '' . deadline.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Kurt Russell Joins Mark Wahlberg in ' Deepwater Horizon ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` John Malkovich Joins Mark Wahlberg in ' Deepwater Horizon ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Kate Hudson Joins Mark Wahlberg 's ' Deepwater Horizon ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 4 / 27 / 15 : Jennifer Lawrence Wraps David O. Russell 's Joy & Starts on X-Men : Apocalypse '' . ssninsider.com. April 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Louisiana Sends Dollars To ' Deepwater Horizon ' Disaster Flick As Charities And Feds Hunt Money For Disaster Aid '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Box Office : ' Deepwater Horizon ' No Match for Tim Burton 's ' Miss Peregrine 's ' '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Scott Feinberg ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Toronto : ' Deepwater Horizon ' Could Stake a Claim in Oscar 's Tech Categories '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Miss Peregrine ' To Punish Competition At Weekend Box Office -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' expected to top ' Deepwater Horizon ' and ' Magnificent Seven ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Miss Peregrine ' Enrolls Moviegoers On Thursday Night -- Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Miss Peregrine 's ' Blows Past ' Deepwater Horizon ' With $28.5 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' Rules With $28 M+ ; ' Deepwater Horizon ' Pulls $20.6 M ; ' Masterminds ' Bombs -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Erich Schwartzel ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ' Wins Weekend Box Office '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Tim Burton 's ' Miss Peregrine 's ' Tops ' Deepwater Horizon ' With Strong $28.5 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' Books $36.5 M ; ' Finding Dory ' , ' Bridget Jones ' Reach Milestones ; Big Frame For Local Pics -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' Nears $100 M Overseas ; ' Girl On The Train ' Chugs $16.5 M ; ' A Monster Calls ' In Spain -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' Finds Magical $143.3 M Overseas ; ' Doctor Strange ' Passes $100 M In China ; WW Cume $572 M -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Deepwater Horizon ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Deepwater Horizon Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Deepwater Horizon ' : Film Review TIFF 2016 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` ' Deepwater Horizon ' Just Debuted At TIFF And It Will , And Should , Make You Angry '' . Uproxx . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Deepwater Horizon review -- Mark Wahlberg v BP in angry disaster movie '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Industry Veteran Raising Funds for Deepwater Horizon Documentary '' . by Karen Boman , Rigzone , October 03 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards : Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . HollywoodReporter.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Board of Review Announces 2016 Award Winners '' . National Board of Review . November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 People 's Choice Awards nominees '' . USA Today . usatoday.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annual Annie Awards Nominees & Winners '' . Annie Awards . annieawards.org . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VES Awards : ' Rogue One ' Leads With 7 Film Noms ; ' Game Of Thrones ' Slays TV Rivals '' . Deadline . deadline.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Awards : ' La La Land ' Leads Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . HollywoodReporter.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Reel Awards : ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Tops Feature Competition at Sound Editors ' Ceremony '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations : ' La La Land ' Ties Record With 14 Noms ; ' Arrival ' & ' Moonlight ' Snag 8 Apiece '' . Deadline . deadline.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Deepwater Horizon on IMDb Deepwater Horizon at Rotten Tomatoes Deepwater Horizon at Metacritic Deepwater Horizon at AllMovie Films directed by Peter Berg Very Bad Things ( 1998 ) The Rundown ( 2003 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2004 ) The Kingdom ( 2007 ) Hancock ( 2008 ) Battleship ( 2012 ) Lone Survivor ( 2013 ) Deepwater Horizon ( 2016 ) Patriots Day ( 2016 ) Deepwater Horizon oil spill Events Deepwater Horizon explosion Volume and extent Efforts to stem the spill Timeline May 2010 June 2010 July 2010 August 2010 Companies and organisations Owners Anadarko Petroleum BP Mitsui Oil Exploration Major contractors Cameron International Halliburton Nalco Holding Company Transocean Wild Well Control Other Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Flow Rate Technical Group Minerals Management Service National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling Unified Command U.S. Coast Guard Worst Case Discharge People BP Bob Dudley Tony Hayward Doug Suttles Carl - Henric Svanberg Darryl Willis MMS S. Elizabeth Birnbaum Michael R. Bromwich Chris Oynes U.S. Coast Guard Thad Allen Mary Landry James A. Watson Paul F. Zukunft Other Kenneth Feinberg Places Macondo Prospect Mississippi Canyon Perdido Pass Vessels Drilling Deepwater Horizon Relief ships / rigs Development Driller III Discoverer Clear Leader Discoverer Enterprise GSF Development Driller II Helix Producer 1 Loch Rannoch Mighty Servant 3 Overseas Cascade Q4000 Seacor Lee Toisa Pisces A Whale Pacific Responder California Responder Reactions and impact Environmental Environmental impact Health consequences GuLF Study Socio - economic Deepwater drilling moratorium court case Economic effects Investigation Litigation Response fund Other If God Is Willing and da Creek Do n't Rise ( 2010 documentary ) `` Coon 2 : Hindsight '' ( 2010 South Park episode ) Deepwater Horizon ( 2016 film ) Hornbeck Offshore Services LLC v. Salazar Spillcam Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge United States offshore drilling debate Category Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepwater_Horizon_(film)&oldid=800050927 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2010s disaster films 2010s thriller films American films American disaster films American thriller films Deepwater Horizon oil spill Di Bonaventura Pictures films Disaster films based on actual events Films directed by Peter Berg Films set in 2010 Films set in Louisiana Films shot in New Orleans IMAX films Lions Gate Entertainment films Participant Media films Screenplays by Matthew Michael Carnahan Summit Entertainment films Thriller films based on actual events Works about petroleum Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 08 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who starred in the movie deep water horizon | [
"Deepwater Horizon is a 2016 American disaster film based on actual events. It was directed by Peter Berg from a screenplay by Matthew Michael Carnahan and Matthew Sand. It stars Mark Wahlberg, Kurt Russell, John Malkovich, Gina Rodriguez, Dylan O'Brien and Kate Hudson. It is based on a 2010 article by David Barstow, David Rohde and Stephanie Saul on the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.",
"Deepwater Horizon is a 2016 American disaster film based on actual events. It was directed by Peter Berg from a screenplay by Matthew Michael Carnahan and Matthew Sand. It stars Mark Wahlberg, Kurt Russell, John Malkovich, Gina Rodriguez, Dylan O'Brien and Kate Hudson. It is based on a 2010 article by David Barstow, David Rohde and Stephanie Saul on the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.",
"Deepwater Horizon is a 2016 American disaster film based on actual events. It was directed by Peter Berg from a screenplay by Matthew Michael Carnahan and Matthew Sand. It stars Mark Wahlberg, Kurt Russell, John Malkovich, Gina Rodriguez, Dylan O'Brien and Kate Hudson. It is based on a 2010 article by David Barstow, David Rohde and Stephanie Saul on the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.",
"Deepwater Horizon is a 2016 American disaster film based on actual events. It was directed by Peter Berg from a screenplay by Matthew Michael Carnahan and Matthew Sand. It stars Mark Wahlberg, Kurt Russell, John Malkovich, Gina Rodriguez, Dylan O'Brien and Kate Hudson. It is based on a 2010 article by David Barstow, David Rohde and Stephanie Saul on the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.",
"Deepwater Horizon is a 2016 American disaster film based on actual events. It was directed by Peter Berg from a screenplay by Matthew Michael Carnahan and Matthew Sand. It stars Mark Wahlberg, Kurt Russell, John Malkovich, Gina Rodriguez, Dylan O'Brien and Kate Hudson. It is based on a 2010 article by David Barstow, David Rohde and Stephanie Saul on the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.",
"Deepwater Horizon is a 2016 American disaster film based on actual events. It was directed by Peter Berg from a screenplay by Matthew Michael Carnahan and Matthew Sand. It stars Mark Wahlberg, Kurt Russell, John Malkovich, Gina Rodriguez, Dylan O'Brien and Kate Hudson. It is based on a 2010 article by David Barstow, David Rohde and Stephanie Saul on the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico."
] | [
"Mark Wahlberg",
"Kurt Russell",
"John Malkovich",
"Gina Rodriguez",
"Dylan O'Brien",
"Kate Hudson"
] |
-6905840516534115577 | Currency of Ecuador | Currency of Ecuador - wikipedia Currency of Ecuador This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Economy of Ecuador Overview Agriculture Central Bank of Ecuador Companies Mining Currency Tourism Ecuador topics Culture Education Geography History Ecuador portal The article provides a historical summary of the currency used in Ecuador . The present currency of Ecuador is the United States dollar . Contents 1 1822 -- 1830 Gran Colombia 2 1830 -- 1850 Peso 2.1 1830 -- 1836 State of Ecuador 2.1. 1 Countermarked coin 2.1. 2 Silver coin 2.1. 3 Big Coin 2.2 1836 -- 1843 Republic of Ecuador 2.2. 1 History 2.2. 2 Silver coin 2.2. 3 Gold coin 2.3 1843 monetary law and coin 3 1846 -- 1856 Peso fuerte 3.1 History 3.2 Silver coin 3.3 Gold coin 4 1856 -- 1871 Franco 4.1 History 4.2 Paper 4.3 Coin 5 1871 -- 1884 Peso 5.1 History 5.2 Paper 5.3 Coin 6 1884 -- 1898 Sucre ( silver standard ) 6.1 History 6.2 Paper 6.3 Coin 7 1898 -- 1914 Sucre ( gold standard ) 7.1 History 7.2 Paper 7.3 Coin 8 1914 -- 1927 Sucre ( unconvertible paper ) 8.1 History 8.2 Coin 9 1927 -- 1932 Sucre ( gold exchange standard ) 9.1 History 9.2 Paper 9.3 Coin 10 1932 -- 2000 Sucre 11 2000 Dollarization 12 References 13 Bibliography 1822 -- 1830 Gran Colombia ( edit ) Main article : Currency of Colombia § 1821 -- 1830 Gran Colombia See also : Ecuadorian real Peso = 8 Reales ( silver ) Onza = 8 Escudos = 16 Pesos ( diamonds ) Quito was part of Gran Colombia until 1830 as Departamento del Sur . Gran Colombia 's monetary regulations retained the old Spanish colonial system , with both milled and hammered coin circulating . Gold and silver were minted at Popayán and Bogotá , copper at Caracas . On July 28 , 1823 , Bolívar authorized a mint at Quito , but almost a decade would pass before one opened there . Cobs ( macuquina ) were ordered withdrawn in 1826 , but because of the lack of other coin , they continued to circulate . All kinds of foreign coin circulated on the coast as a result of foreign trade , but in the interior provinces only old Spanish colonial coin and macuquina circulated , mostly Peruvian . 1830 -- 1850 peso ( edit ) See also : Ecuadorian peso 1830 -- 1836 state of Ecuador ( edit ) Countermarked coin ( edit ) The 1832 countermark was intended solely for coin minted at Bogotá ( Cundinamarca ) between 1815 and 1821 . But coins of below - standard fineness had been minted at Bogotá in 1823 -- 1826 , but dated 1821 , and most were put into circulation in the Quito department during the Gran Colombia period . Coins of Cundinamarca and Granada , dated 1818 -- 1821 , counterstamped ' MdQ ' ( quantities unknown ) : 1 / 4 real 1 / 2 real real 2 reales 8 reales Silver coin ( edit ) Obv . arms of Colombia , rim inscription EL ECUADOR EN COLOMBIA and QUITO below the arms ; rev . denomination , rim inscribed EL PODER EN LA CONSTITUCION ; below the year and GJ ( assayer 's initials ) . A 1 - real coin was authorized February 28 , 1833 . Minting of the medio real began September 30 , 1832 , before its characteristics had been established , which explains why some have the letter `` M '' ( according to the law ) while others have `` 1 / 2 '' . silver 666 fine dated 1833 -- 1836 1 / 2 real 16 mm real , 20 mm , 3.00 -- 3.95 g 2 reales , 25 mm Big coin ( edit ) Obv . Indian head with band reading LIBERTAD , the rim inscribed EL ECUADOR EN COLOMBIA , and under the head QUITO . The minting of 2 - escudo pieces began in 1834 . Some have their value expressed as 2 - E ( 2 escudos ) , others as 1 - D ( 1 doblóon ) . gold 875 fine dated 1836 -- 1838 escudo , 18 mm , 3.383 g doblón , 22 mm , 6.766 g 1836 -- 1843 republic of Ecuador ( edit ) History ( edit ) See also : Moby Dick Coin After Ecuador became `` República del Ecuador '' on June 28 , 1835 , the inscription ( rev . ) `` EL ECUADOR EN COLOMBIA '' was changed to `` REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR '' ( but the Colombian arms were retained ) . The minting of 1 and 2 escudo coins ceased because of an influx of counterfeits of these coins . In their place , President Vicente Rocafuerte authorized a media onza ( 4 - escudo or doblón de a quatro ) . After more minting equipment was obtained from Chile and installed at Quito , the minting of onzas ( 8 - escudo pieces ) was authorized ( February 1838 ) . A 4 - real coin was authorized October 8 , 1841 , with the same features as the other denominations , but with the added inscription `` MORAL INDUSTRIA '' around the circumference , making the coin more difficult to counterfeit . Poor quality and counterfeit coin from Colombia and Bolivia entered circulation in Ecuador , and the coins produced by the Quito mint had many flaws , so that currency standards were difficult to maintain . The use of merchant tokens became widespread . In an attempt to end the use of tokens , the government introduced a cuartillo ( 1 / 4 real ) in 1842 . The cuartillo was 333 fine and was called a calé ( the name given in Spain to the 4 - maravedí coin and which in Ecuador came to be applied to any small coin of low value ) . Silver coin ( edit ) silver 333 fine cuartillo , 16 mm ( 1842 ) silver 666 fine 1 / 2 real , 17 mm ( 1838 , 1840 ) real , 20 mm ( 1836 -- 1841 ) 2 reales , 25 mm , 5.80 -- 6.10 g ( 1836 -- 1841 ) 4 reales , 31.5 mm ( 1841 -- 1843 ) Gold coin ( edit ) gold 875 fine 1 / 2 onza ( 4 escudos ) , 28 mm , 13.500 ( 1836 -- 1839 , 1841 ) onza ( 8 escudos ) , 34 mm , 27.064 g ( 1838 -- 1843 ) 1843 monetary law and coin ( edit ) Counterfeiting had reached alarming proportions during 1842 . At this time , Ecuador was on the verge of bankruptcy . The National Convention passed a new monetary law in June 1843 , changing the coin type ( design ) in an effort to distinguish good money from bad . It adopted a new coat of arms for the obverse and placed a bust of Simón Bolívar on the reverse on both gold and silver . It authorized a gold onza ( E. 8 ) , 1 / 2 onza ( E. 4 ) , doblón ( E. 2 ) , escudo , and 1 / 2 escudo ( never minted ) . Silver coins were the peso fuerte ( R. 8 ) , medio peso ( R. 4 ) , peseta ( R. 2 ) , real , medio ( R. 1 / 2 ) , and cuarto ( R. 1 / 4 ) . But the absurdly low quantities of coin minted in 1844 -- 1845 resulted in an influx of worn coin and coin of inferior quality from neighboring countries . medio peso ( R. 4 ) , 33 mm ( 1844 , 1845 ) onza ( E. 8 ) , 36 mm ( 1844 , 1845 ) 1846 -- 1856 peso fuerte ( edit ) History ( edit ) On December 29 , 1845 , President Vicente Ramón Roca authorized a coin to compete with the fuertes ( full - bodied coin ) of other countries . This was the peso fuerte , 903 fine . The standard of 875 fine for gold was identical to that of Ecuador 's neighbors and presented no problem . The standard of 903 fine for silver , however , resulted in a heavy export of the coin . It disappeared as soon as it entered circulation ( Gresham 's law ) , grabbed up by the merchants of Guayaquil . On July 7 , 1846 , the value of the fuerte was raised from 8 to 9 reales in a vain attempt to keep it in circulation . The November 1846 monetary law adopted a new type with a bust of Bolívar for gold and a Liberty bust for silver . These appeared on coins dated 1847 . The bulk of the circulating currency consisted of poor quality , worn coins . As soon as the new silver coins appeared , they were clipped and perforated in order to reduce their value to that of the circulating currency , while gold coins immediately disappeared abroad . By the 1850s the Quito mint was not receiving enough precious metals to justify its operation . It had to coin a minimum of 6,000 pesos a year just to meet overhead . The mint was shut down during 1853 while the government considered the options of keeping it open or shutting it down . The mint equipment was worn and could not produce coin in sufficient quantity to compete with the foreign coin that entered Ecuador , especially through the port of Guayaquil . Many coins in circulation were pierced with a hole , and this was causing problems in financial transactions . The governor of Pichincha Province proclaimed that anyone piercing a coin minted after 1855 would be punished according to existing penal regulations and that anyone receiving such a pierced coin had to make note of the person passing it . Silver coin ( edit ) silver 666 fine dated 1847 -- 1852 1 / 4 real , 12 mm , 1849 -- 1862 1 / 2 real , 17 mm , 1848 -- 1849 2 reales , 27 mm , 1847 -- 1852 silver 903 fine dated 1846 peso fuerte , 38 mm , 27.000 g ( 1,386 pieces ) Gold coin ( edit ) gold , 875 fine dated 1847 -- 1856 onza , 37 mm , 27.064 g 1856 -- 1871 Franco ( edit ) Peso = 5 Francos = 10 Reales See also : Ecuadorian peso History ( edit ) Congress passed a new monetary law on December 5 , 1856 , adopting the French decimal system , a standard of 0.900 for silver , and the Ecuadorian Franco , equal to 4.500 g fine silver or 290.3225 mg fine gold . The peso remained a unit of account equal to 5 francos . This measure was intended to avoid the error committed with the peso fuerte of 1846 . Only decimal standard coins were to be accepted after October 15 , 1866 . The Ecuadorian silver coinage had been debased ever since 1833 . The government wanted to produce coins of high silver content to finance foreign exchange , so the debased silver had to be withdrawn and replaced with 900 fine silver . This was the reason for the 5 - Franco coin , but its appearance in October 1858 caused some confusion . The decimal system was quite unfamiliar to the public and , despite the Franco 's introduction , the custom of counting in pesos of 8 reales or tostones of 4 reales continued . Production of the 5 francos could not be sustained and it proved impossible to replace all the poor coin ( moneda feble , i.e. , coin 666 fine ) . The 1859 earthquake closed the Quito mint until 1861 . Banco Particular de Guayaquil obtained permission in June 1861 to have 200,000 pesos in coin 666 fine minted on the pre-1856 octal system ( Sistema Octavario ) . Dies for the coins were engraved in Paris and arrived in Quito in October 1862 . These were the last coins produced at the Quito mint . In February 1863 the mint equipment gave out and the government did not attempt to replace it . Besides , Banco de Guayaquil had no wish to continue minting : in minting 35,580 pesos , it had suffered a loss of 6,776 pesos ( 19 % ) . Thus , after 1863 , all Ecuadorian coin was minted abroad . To keep coin in circulation , President Gabriel García Moreno prohibited the export of coin 666 fine . The circulation of various kinds of tokens became common . Imbabura Province , in the north , was authorized to allow the free circulation of Colombian francos . Paper ( edit ) Banco de Circulación y Descuento de Manuel Antonio de Luzarraga , Guayaquil , issued Ecuador 's first banknotes in 1859 in denominations of 1 , 4 , 5 , 10 , and 20 pesos . All its notes were redeemed . La Caja de Amortización , Guayaquil , opened in 1860 , issuing notes for 5 and 10 pesos in the amount of 100,000 pesos . It closed in 1861 . Banco Particular de Descuento i Circulación de Guayaquil , founded in 1861 by an association of 50 merchants , began issuing notes in 1862 in denominations of 1 , 5 , 10 , and 20 pesos , adding a 50 and 100 in 1864 , and notes for 2 and 4 reales in 1865 . This bank did much to popularize the use of paper money . It merged into Banco del Ecuador in 1870 . Banco de Circulacion y Descuento de Planas , Pérez y Obarrio opened at Guayaquil in 1865 and , without government authorization , issued 300,000 pesos in notes of 4 reales and 1 , 5 , 10 , and 20 pesos . In 1867 it was obliged to recall its notes and close its doors . Banco del Ecuador , founded in 1867 , began operations at Guayaquil in 1868 , issuing overprinted notes of the Luzarraga bank for 1 , 4 , 5 , and 10 pesos . It issued new notes in 1870 for 2 and 4 reales and 1 peso . ' ' Coin ( edit ) silver 666 fine 1 / 4 real , 12 mm ( 1855 , 1856 , 1862 ) 2 reales , 26 mm ( 1857 , 1862 ) 4 reales , 33.5 mm ( 1855 , 1857 , 1862 ) silver 900 fine 5 francos , 37.5 mm , 25.000 g ( 1858 ) 1871 -- 1884 peso ( edit ) Peso = 10 Reales = 100 Centavos Conversion : 1 peso = 5 francos History ( edit ) The silver peso of 25.000 g 900 fine was made the monetary unit on November 21 , 1871 , and it was decimalized November 21 , 1873 . The issue of 1 and 2 centavo copper coins ( minted in Birmingham ) was decreed June 8 , 1872 , and President García Moreno provided that the new coins would be received by the government at the rate of 10 centavos per real or 100 centavos per peso fuerte of 10 reales . This established a legal equivalence between the old money and the new . It was further arranged to have Banco del Ecuador import coin based on the French decimal system . García Moreno thus settled the basic problems of Ecuador 's currency . In 1877 President Ignacio de Veintimilla authorized the free circulation of coin less than 900 fine , with the immediate result that good quality coin disappeared from circulation , replaced by coin from Chile and Bolivia that was only 500 fine . Paper ( edit ) Banco del Ecuador issued notes for 2 & 4 reales and 1 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 100 , 500 & 1000 pesos . Banco Nacional , Guayaquil , issued notes briefly in 1871 for 2 and 4 reales and for 1 , 5 , 10 , 20 , and 100 pesos . It was taken over by Banco del Eduador , which began withdrawing Banco Nacional 's notes in 1872 . Banco de Quito was the first Quito - based bank . It began issuing notes in 1874 for 2 reales and 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , and 100 pesos . A new series appeared in 1880 for 1 , 5 , 10 , 20 , and 100 pesos . Banco de la Union , Quito , issued notes from 1882 for 1 , 5 , 10 , 20 , and 100 pesos . It handled the personal finances of President Veintimilla . Banco Anglo - Ecuatoriano was established in 1884 at Montecristi , later moving to Guayaquil . It issued notes for 1 , 5 , and 10 pesos . Coin ( edit ) copper , Birmingham , dated 1872 centavo , 25.5 mm 2 centavos , 31 mm 1884 -- 1898 sucre ( silver standard ) ( edit ) Sucre = 10 Décimos = 100 Centavos Conversion : 1 sucre = 1 peso History ( edit ) Ecuador 's monetary unit , the peso , was renamed Sucre ( decree of March 22 , 1884 , effective April 1 ) , equal to 22.500 g fine silver . The Sucre was named after the Latin American revolutionary Antonio José de Sucre . The 1884 monetary law permitted free circulation of gold coin of France , Italy , Belgium , Switzerland , Colombia , Peru , and the United States . As for silver , the law permitted the import of 5 - franc pieces of France , Italy , Belgium , and Switzerland , of the pesos of Chile and Colombia , of the Peruvian sol , and of the United States dollar and its fractions . Copper ( vellón ) was made legal tender to 5 décimos . Bank reserves were in silver coin and banknotes were convertible solely into silver . Ecuador was on a de facto silver standard and did not coin any gold between 1884 and 1892 . The government had silver coin minted abroad through the offices of the private banks , usually taking 25 % of the profit . The Government signed a contract , October 6 , 1887 , with Banco del Ecuador to withdraw Chilean coin and low - quality national coin and replace it with coin of standard fineness . A decree of April 12 , 1889 , made the Bolivian coin circulating in the southern part of Ecuador equal to other coin , since its holders had been losing 20 % on exchange . Banco Internacional was entrusted with withdrawing the Bolivian coin , paying partly in good coin and partly in notes . In 1890 Colombian coin 835 fine was exchanged at its face value . Between 1887 and 1892 over 1.75 million sucres worth of substandard coin was withdrawn , so that only high quality silver coin remained in circulation . President Antonio Flores Jijón ( son of Presidente Juan José Flores ) announced that from August 15 , 1890 , only national coin was allowed to circulate in Ecuador , and Ecuador 's monetary system was finally unified . But the total face value of coin in circulation had been reduced . In order to alleviate the shortage of small change , the President authorized ( June 14 , 1890 ) the minting of 30,000 sucres in copper coins of 1 / 2 and 1 centavo . The fall in the price of silver had been gradual in 1884 -- 1890 , but became very pronounced after 1893 , and the government began looking at ways to adopt the gold standard . In 1897 , the Monetary Commission reported that of the 4,790,730 sucres that had been minted up to then , 2,810,850 had been in 1 - sucre coins and 2,079,000 in halves , tenths , and twentieths . It also reported that of the total , 2,931,081.15 was deposited with the banks and that half of the remainder was still in circulation , the other half either exported or used by industry . Paper ( edit ) Banco del Ecuador issued notes of 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , 100 , 500 & 1000 sucres . It was one of the most powerful banks of the period . Banco de la Union issued notes for 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 & 100 sucres until it closed in 1895 . Banco Anglo - Ecuatoriano issued notes for 1 , 5 & 10 sucres until it was reorganized as Banco Internacional in 1887 . Banco de Londres y Ecuador , Quito , evidently issued notes for 1 , 5 , and 10 sucres . ( No information about this bank is available . ) Banco Internacional was reorganized in 1885 from Banco Anglo - Ecuatoriano . It issued notes for 1 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 100 , 500 & 1000 sucres . New designs of the 50 & 100 appeared in 1889 . It was reorganized in 1894 as Comercial y Agricola . Banco Comercial y Agricola , reorganized in 1894 from Banco Internacional , issued notes for 1 , 5 , 20 , 100 , 500 & 1000 sucres . The color of the 1 - sucre note was changed in 1897 , Coin ( edit ) copper - nickel , dated 1884 -- 1886 centavo , 17.5 mm medio décimo , 25 mm silver 900 fine dated 1884 -- 1916 medio décimo , 15 mm , 1.250 g décimo , 18 mm , 2.500 g 2 décimos , 23 mm , 5.000 g medio sucre , 30 mm , 12.500 g sucre , 37 mm , 25.000 g 1898 -- 1914 sucre ( gold standard ) ( edit ) Sucre ( S / . ) = 10 Décimos = 100 Centavos History ( edit ) The gold standard was adopted November 3 , 1898 , the gold coin to be called the cóndor ecuatoriano , 8.136 g , 900 fine , with a value of 10 sucres . This made the sucre equal to 732.22382 mg fine gold or 2 shillings sterling . Gold par was 10 sucres per pound sterling , 2.055 per US $1 , and 2.522 francs per sucre . Silver pieces were the peseta ( 2 décimos ) , the real or décimo ( 10 centavos ) , and the medio ( 5 centavos ) . The 1898 law also made the sovereign legal tender . A subsequent decree ( October 29 , 1908 ) authorized a gold 1 / 5 cóndor and vellón coins ( 75 % copper , 25 % nickel ) of 1 / 2 , 1 , 2 , and 5 centavos . Paper ( edit ) Banco del Ecuador and Banco Comercial y Agricola continued issuing . They were joined by two new issuing banks . Banco del Pichincha , Quito , issued notes for 1 , 5 , 10 , and 20 sucres from 1906 . A second issue was for 1 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 & 100 sucres . Banco del Azuay , Cuenca , issued notes from 1913 for 1 , 2 , 5 , and 10 sucres . Coin ( edit ) copper - nickel , Heaton mint , dated 1909 1 / 2 centavo , 15 mm ( 4 million ) centavo , 17 mm ( 3 million ) 2 centavos , 19 mm ( 2.5 million ) 5 centavos , 21 mm ( 2 million ) gold 900 fine dated 1899 -- 1900 ( Heaton mint ) 10 sucres , 22 mm , 8.136 g ( 100,000 pieces ) To mint the cóndor , the government sold 3 million sucres in silver coin ( all the half - sucre coins and all the foreign silver that it had taken from circulation in southern Ecuador ) . The cóndor was minted at Birmingham and issued through the private banks Banco Comercial y Agrícola and Banco del Ecuador . 1914 -- 1927 sucre ( unconvertible paper ) ( edit ) History ( edit ) The gold standard was suspended in 1914 and banknotes were declared unconvertible tender . The price of silver rose and its export was embargoed . The exchange rate remained at par ( 2.055 per US $1 ) until 1918 , when progressive depreciation set in . The government established a complete monopoly on foreign bills of exchange . Late in 1922 the free market rate fell to 5.405 per dollar . The government took draconian measures , requiring exporters to surrender foreign exchange earnings at a rate set by the Exchange Commission ( 3.60 / US $ ) . The government struggled with the foreign exchange problem until the sucre was finally stabilized in 1926 at 5 sucres per US dollar . The economic situation was disastrous , due in part to the fraud of the commercial banks , the most notorious of which was Banco Comercial y Agrícola 's issue of notes in excess of the legal limit in the huge amount of 18 million sucres . The Junta de Gobierno produced by the July Revolution ( Revolución Juliana , July 9 , 1925 ) wished to create a central bank , despite violent opposition . There were then six banks of issue : del Ecuador , Commercial y Agricola , de Pichincha , Credito Agricola e Industrial , del Azuay , and the recently opened ( 1920 ) Banco de Descuento . Coin ( edit ) copper - nickel , Philadelphia mint , dated 1917 , 1918 21⁄2 centavos , 19 mm ( 1.60 million 1917 ) 5 centavos , 21 mm ( 1.20 million 1917 , 1.98 million 1918 ) 10 centavos , 22 mm ( 1.00 million 1918 ) copper - nickel , Providence mint , dated 1919 5 centavos , 20 mm ( 12.00 million ) 10 centavos , 25 mm ( 2.00 million ) copper - nickel , Heaton mint , dated 1924 5 centavos , 16.5 mm ( 10.00 million ) * 10 centavos , 19.5 mm ( 5.00 million ) 1927 -- 1932 sucre ( gold exchange standard ) ( edit ) Sucre = 100 Centavos Cóndor = 25 Sucres History ( edit ) A government decree of October 9 , 1925 , authorized a central bank , and on June 23 , 1926 , President Isidro Ayora created the Caja Central de Emisión y Amortización ( central office for note issue and withdrawal ) in anticipation of the central bank . Its main task was to assume control of the notes and metallic reserves of the six private banks of issue , and to withdraw their notes in exchange for notes of its own . Caja began exchanging private banknotes for notes of its own in December 1926 , continuing its operations until August 12 , 1927 . The Kemmerer Financial Mission ( Comisión de Expertos Financieros ) arrived in 1926 , and its report was the basis for the monetary reform of March 4 , 1927 , which created El Banco Central del Ecuador and put the sucre on the gold exchange standard , with devaluation ( 58.8 % ) to 300.933 mg Au ( equivalent to US $0.20 ) . The new cóndor was 8.35925 g 900 fine , valued at 25 sucres ( equivalent to the US half eagle ) . Banco Central 's statutes were approved June 3 , it was formally inaugurated August 10 , and it began operations October 1 . Ecuadorian gold was recoined at Birmingham , silver at Philadelphia . Paper ( edit ) Private banknotes ceased to circulate after 1927 . Caja Central de Emisión y Amortización overprinted certain private banknotes of 1 , 2 , 5 , and 10 sucres with its own name , domiciled them Quito , and put them into circulation in December 1926 . This was a provisional series to prepare for a central bank of issue . El Banco Central del Ecuador , Sociedad Anonima released notes for 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , and 100 sucres in 1928 . These notes had a gold redemption clause , e.g. , `` Pagará al portador á la vista CINCO SUCRES en oro ó giros oro '' ( promises to pay the bearer at sight FIVE SUCRES in gold or gold exchange ) . The gold clause was retained on Banco Central 's notes until 1939 . Coin ( edit ) The great variety in type and size of the copper and nickel coins introduced between 1914 and 1925 was awkward and confusing , so they were all replaced by coins minted at Philadelphia and dated 1928 . bronze , Philadelphia mint , dated 1928 centavo , 20.5 mm ( 2.016 million ) copper - nickel , Philadelphia mint , dated 1928 21⁄2 centavos , 18.5 mm ( 4 million ) 5 centavos , 19.5 mm ( 16 million ) 10 centavos , 21 mm ( 16 million ) silver 720 fine dated 1928 , 1930 , 1934 ( Philadelphia ) 50 centavos , 18 mm , 2.500 g sucre , 23.5 mm , 5.000 g 2 sucres , 28.75 mm , 10.000 g Banco Central sent 63,680 cóndores of the 1898 standard to Birmingham to be recoined into 20,000 new cóndores , the remainder to be sold as bullion . gold 900 fine dated 1928 ( Birmingham ) cóndor ( 25 sucres ) , 22 mm , 8.35925 g ( 20,000 pieces ) 1932 -- 2000 sucre ( edit ) Main article : Ecuadorian sucre The gold exchange standard was suspended February 8 , 1932 . Exchange controls were adopted April 30 and the official rate was fixed at 5.95 ( buying ) per US dollar . After the price of silver rose above the nominal value of most silver coins in the 1930s , Ecuador embargoed the export of silver ( May 17 , 1935 ) . This was followed by numerous adjustments to the foreign exchange system as the sucre continued to depreciate . Foreign exchange controls were finally lifted in September 1937 and the official rate was set at 13.50 per US dollar . The sucre was devalued to 14.77 per dollar on June 4 , 1940 , and exchange controls were reimposed . The official rate became 14.00 per in 1942 and 13.50 per in 1944 . Parity was registered with the International Monetary Fund on December 18 , 1946 , at 65.827 mg fine gold ( 13.50 per US $ ) , but a system of multiple exchange rates was adopted in 1947 . The sucre 's IMF par was devalued to 15 per dollar in 1950 , to 18 per in 1961 , and to 25 per in 1970 . The sucre maintained a fairly stable exchange rate against the US dollar until 1983 , when it was devalued to 42 per dollar and a crawling peg was adopted . Depreciation gained momentum and the free market rate was over 800 per dollar by 1990 and almost 3000 per in 1995 . The sucre lost 67 % of its foreign exchange value during 1999 , then in one week nosedived 17 % , ending at 25,000 / US $1 on January 7 , 2000 . On January 9 , President Jamil Mahuad announced that the US dollar would be adopted as Ecuador 's official currency . Protests led to his removal . Vice President Gustavo Noboa became president , only to confirm the government 's commitment to dollarization . On March 9 , 2000 , Noboa signed a law passed by Congress , replacing the sucre with the United States dollar at an official exchange rate of 25,000 sucres per US $1 . Both currencies were to circulate , the dollar being used for all but the smallest transactions . Only coins would continue in the local currency . 2000 dollarization ( edit ) Main article : United States dollar US Dollar Conversion : 1 US dollar = 25,000 sucres The US dollar became legal tender in Ecuador March 13 , 2000 , and sucre notes ceased being legal tender on September 11 . Sucre notes remained exchangeable at Banco Central until March 30 , 2001 , at 25,000 sucres per dollar . Ecuador now only issues its own centavo coins . References ( edit ) Banco Central del Ecuador Museo Numismatico , Archivo base de numismática , archived from the original ( -- ) on January 24 , 2016 , retrieved May 7 , 2008 ( in Spanish ) Digital publication of Banco Central del Ecuador Museo y biblioteca virtuales . Zipped PDF file , 220 pages . Bruce II , Colin R. , ed. ( 2007 ) , 2008 Standard catalog of world coins 1901 -- 2000 ( 35th ed . ) , Iola , WI : Krause , pp. 712 -- 717 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 89689 - 500 - 3 . Cribb , Joe ; Cook , Barrie ; Carradice , Ian ( 1990 ) , The coin atlas , New York : Facts on File , pp. 302 -- 303 , ISBN 0 - 8160 - 2097 - 3 . Chester L. Krause and Clifford Mishler. ( 2001 ) , Krause , Chester L. ; Mishler , Clifford , eds. , Standard catalog of world coins 1801 -- 1900 ( 3rd ed . ) , Iola , WI : Krause , pp. 295 -- 299 , ISBN 0 - 87349 - 305 - 2 . Sédillot , René ( 1955 ) , Toutes les monnaies du monde , Paris : Recueil Sirey , pp. 166 , 394 , 502 -- 504 . based on the original writings of Albert Pick ; edited by Neil Shafer & George S. Cuhaj ; Randy Thern , numismatic cataloging supervisor ; special consultants Colin R. Bruce ... ( 2002 ) , Shafer , Neil ; Cuhaj , George S. , eds. , Standard catalog of world paper money : specialized issues , 1 ( 9th ed . ) , Iola , WI : Krause , pp. 554 -- 565 , ISBN 0 - 87349 - 466 - 0 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) . Las casas de moneda españolas en América del sur ( in Spanish ) , archived from the original on April 5 , 2008 , retrieved May 7 , 2008 On - line book detailing the history of the Spanish mints in South America . Marr , Df ( Oct 1987 ) , `` Numismática '' , Indian journal of leprosy ( in Spanish ) , 59 ( 4 ) : 463 -- 7 , ISSN 0254 - 9395 , PMID 3330556 , retrieved May 7 , 2008 Historical information on Ecuadorian currency by Banco Central del Ecuador 's Museo y biblioteca virtuales . Bibliography ( edit ) Hoyos Galarza , Melvin : La Moneda Ecuatoriana a través de los tiempos . Banco de Guayaquil , Editorial El Conejo , Quito , 1998 , ISBN 9978 - 87 - 181 - 0 ( 173 pp , illus . ) . Iza Terán , Carlos : Catálogo Museo Numismático Quito , Banco Central del Ecuador , Quito , 2000 , ISBN 9978 - 72 - 336 - 6 . Ortuño , Carlos : Historia Numismatica del Ecuador . Banco Central del Ecuador , Quito , 1977 ( 234 pp. illus , some in colour ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Currency_of_Ecuador&oldid=850047365 '' Categories : Currencies of Ecuador Economic history of Ecuador Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles lacking in - text citations from October 2010 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 07 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did ecuador change to the us dollar | [
"The US dollar became legal tender in Ecuador March 13, 2000, and sucre notes ceased being legal tender on September 11.[citation needed] Sucre notes remained exchangeable at Banco Central until March 30, 2001, at 25,000 sucres per dollar.[citation needed] Ecuador now only issues its own centavo coins.[citation needed]\n"
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"March 13, 2000"
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-3067815764274002013 | The Mother (How I Met Your Mother) | The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) - wikipedia The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) Tracy McConnell How I Met Your Mother character The Mother appearing in `` The Locket '' First appearance `` Lucky Penny ( unseen ) '' `` Something New '' ( seen ) Last appearance `` Last Forever '' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Cristin Milioti Information Aliases The Mother Gender Female Spouse ( s ) Ted Mosby Significant other ( s ) Max ( deceased former boyfriend ) Louis ( ex-boyfriend ) Children Penny Mosby ( daughter , born in 2015 , played by Lyndsy Fonseca ) Luke Mosby ( son , born in 2017 , played by David Henrie ) Nationality American Birthdate September 19 , 1984 ( 1984 - 09 - 19 ) ( age 34 ) Tracy McConnell ( colloquial : `` The Mother '' ) is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted ( Bob Saget ) , tells the story of how Ted Mosby ( Josh Radnor ) met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in eight episodes , from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' , as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti . The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series , including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment . Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson ( Neil Patrick Harris ) and Robin Scherbatsky 's ( Cobie Smulders ) wedding ; this scene is shown in `` Last Forever '' , the series finale . The Mother 's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024 , also revealed in the series finale , received a mixed reaction from fans . An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD . In the alternate ending , Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . In the video , Future Ted is heard saying , `` ... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning , I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was ... '' , indirectly stating that The Mother is alive . The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling , implying that Ted never went back to Robin and went on to have a long , happy marriage with Tracy . Contents 1 Casting 2 Character history 2.1 Name 3 Death 4 Notes 5 References Casting ( edit ) During its first eight seasons , How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother . Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted to cast a lesser known actress in the role to avoid audiences associating the Mother with the actresses ' previous roles , similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had `` kept the show alive '' when it began . Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call . They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful , as The Mother had been described as a band member . Milioti filmed her first scene for the last episode of season 8 having never watched How I Met Your Mother before . She only learned of the character 's importance after binge watching the show during the summer . Character history ( edit ) The Mother was born on September 19 , 1984 . The Mother , joined by her roommate Kelly ( Ahna O'Reilly ) , awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max , only to receive a call informing her of his death . After the funeral service , she returns to the apartment to open Max 's last gift to her -- a ukulele . The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love . In `` Wait for It '' , it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella . In `` No Tomorrow '' , Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party which she also attended , as it had been two and a half years since Max 's death . She is still grieving , but Kelly encourages her to go out and date again , bringing her to the same bar where Barney Stinson ( Neil Patrick Harris ) and Ted are celebrating . The two women run into Mitch ( Adam Paul ) , her old orchestra instructor ; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment . Mitch tries to seduce her with a move called `` The Naked Man '' , but she turns him down . Whilst Mitch is still naked , prompting the Mother to crack some jokes at him , they sit on her couch and start talking . That is when Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams . The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college . On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby , as seen in the season 4 finale `` The Leap '' , he is seen in front of the classroom of students , one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother . But in the first episode of season 5 , `` Definitions '' , it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture . At the same time in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) , whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate . They see Ted enter the room , but when he announces the subject , The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off . She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom . Later , in `` Girls Versus Suits '' , Ted dates Cindy , not knowing that her roommate is his future wife . Throughout the episode , Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate . When in Cindy and the mother 's apartment he picks up many of The Mother 's belongings , attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are ( thinking the items are Cindy 's ) and glimpses the mother 's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower . Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band . Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions , `` this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back . '' In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is revealed that , after Ted left the apartment , the Mother had discovered the umbrella and , upon going to question Cindy , finds her in a state . As she tried to console her , Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted , and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive , before spontaneously kissing her , revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush . While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian , it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating , as the kiss was her first in a long time . Some time after this , a man named Darren ( Andrew Rannells ) approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics . Darren gradually takes over the band . In the season 6 opener `` Big Days '' it is revealed Ted meets his future wife `` the day of '' the wedding at which he is the best man . In the episode `` False Positive '' Robin asks Ted to be her future best man , should she ever get married . In the episode `` Challenge Accepted '' , it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney 's wedding . In the last episode of season 7 , `` The Magician 's Code '' it is shown that Barney will marry Robin , and Ted will meet the mother `` the day of '' their wedding . On the premiere of season 8 , Ted 's wife appears after Barney and Robin 's wedding , outside at the `` Farhampton '' station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar . In the season 8 episode `` Band or DJ ? , '' Ted runs into Cindy and her partner on the subway and tells them that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute . The end result of the encounter is that Cindy 's ( now ex - ) roommate 's band plays at Barney and Robin 's wedding . The Mother is first shown meeting Louis ( Louis Ferrigno Jr . ) in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now - lead band member Darren talks to his fans . Later at MacLaren 's Pub , she tells him she 's not yet ready to date . Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind , and they begin dating not long after . They live together for the next two years , but she knows deep down that she does n't love him . The Mother meets all of Ted 's best friends - Barney , Robin , Lily Aldrin ( Alyson Hannigan ) , and Marshall Eriksen ( Jason Segel ) - before she meets him . The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin , as revealed through a flashback in `` Platonish '' . In `` The Locket '' , Tracy meets Lily on a train journey . In `` Bass Player Wanted '' , the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall , carrying his infant son Marvin , on her way to Farhampton Inn . On their way , it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception , but Darren forced her to quit . The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band . Before she can , however , Darren walks up to her , furious the groom 's best man punched him for `` no reason '' , and quits the band . In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is shown that after this incident , the Mother returns to Louis ' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend . As she walks in the door , Louis proposes to her , but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes . She looks skyward and asks Max for permission to let him go and move on ; she takes a sudden gust of wind as a `` yes '' , says goodbye , and declines Louis ' proposal when she goes back inside . She leaves his cottage and checks in at Farhampton Inn . On her room 's balcony , she plays the ukulele and sings `` La Vie en Rose '' . Ted hears her singing from his room next door . In `` Gary Blauman '' , Ted and the Mother are on their first date . Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish - Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner . On the way there , Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run - in with Louis . She says that she is in the `` weirdest place on earth '' right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating . Ted walks her back to her apartment . They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away . The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her . When the story is over , they say goodnight again . The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time , before deciding to carry on their date . In a flashforward in `` The Lighthouse '' , Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn . She immediately accepts . In another flashfoward in `` Unpause '' , the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child , Luke , in the year 2017 . She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton . Name ( edit ) The Mother 's real name is not revealed until the series finale , `` Last Forever '' . When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station , she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell . In the season 1 episode `` Belly Full of Turkey '' , Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says `` ... that , kids , is the true story of how I met your mother '' . The children are horrified , but then he says he is joking , which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother 's name is Tracy . Death ( edit ) See also : Last Forever In the series finale , it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children , Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness . In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead . Ted says that she `` became sick '' and his children said that she has been `` gone '' for six years . Many fans expressed considerable disappointment with The Mother 's death . Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die , but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning . Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was `` an amazing character '' and that `` over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy . Kuchman said that `` asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '' , that the finale `` advanced too quickly '' and that `` HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue '' . A petition was started , aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale . The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage . On April 5 , 2014 , Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD . No new material was shot for this scene . In the alternate ending , The Mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that `` Pilot '' is set . The pilot is set on September 19 , 2005 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release '' . The Independent . London , England : Independent Print Ltd . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rachel ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending '' . Metro UK . London , England : DMG Media . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Burning questions about the mother '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Mother Revealed : Meet Cristin Milioti '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` How Cristin Milioti Met ' Fargo ' -- And Left ' How I Met Your Mother ' Behind '' . The Daily Beast . ^ Jump up to : `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 16 . January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 19 , 2005 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : Kuchman , Bill ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' ' Last Forever ' Recap : A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM ' '' . Popculturology . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rullo , Samantha ( March 10 , 2014 ) . `` What is The Mother 's Name on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret '' . Bustle . New York City : Bustle Digital Group . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( 4 October 2014 ) . `` Why Cristin Milioti Sobbed When She Found Out Her Character 's Fate in ' How I Met Your Mother ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kuchman , Bill ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' Finale Instant Reaction '' . Popculturology . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Brian ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending '' . Uproxx . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed '' . New York Daily News . New York City : Tronc . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ @ CarterBays ( 9 April 2014 ) . `` Update for those who 've been asking : Alt # himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ James , Lauren ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition , Says Carter Bays '' . Contact Music . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky Tracy McConnell Soundtracks `` Let 's Go to the Mall '' `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mother_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=865372876 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional female musicians Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Italiano Magyar Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 14 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who ends up being the mother in how i met your mother | [
"Tracy McConnell (colloquial: \"The Mother\") is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother. The show, narrated by Future Ted (Bob Saget), tells the story of how Ted Mosby (Josh Radnor) met The Mother. Tracy McConnell appears in eight episodes, from \"Lucky Penny\" to \"The Time Travelers\", as an unseen character; she was first seen fully in \"Something New\" and was promoted to a main character in season 9. The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti.\n"
] | [
"Tracy McConnell"
] |
-1281789696739484246 | Robert Hardy | Robert Hardy - wikipedia Robert Hardy Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Robert Hardy , see Robert Hardy ( disambiguation ) . This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( September 2017 ) Robert Hardy CBE Timothy Sydney Robert Hardy ( 1925 - 10 - 29 ) 29 October 1925 Cheltenham , Gloucestershire , England 3 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) ( aged 91 ) Northwood , London , England Alma mater Magdalen College , Oxford Occupation Actor Years active 1958 -- 2017 Spouse ( s ) Elizabeth Fox ( m . 1952 -- 56 ) Sally Pearson ( m . 1961 -- 86 ) Robert Hardy 's voice Timothy Sydney Robert Hardy , CBE , FSA ( 29 October 1925 -- 3 August 2017 ) was an English actor who enjoyed a long career in the theatre , film and television . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Awards 4 Personal life 5 TV and filmography 5.1 Films 5.2 Television 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Hardy was born in Cheltenham in 1925 to Jocelyn ( née Dugdale ) and Henry Harrison Hardy , the headmaster of Cheltenham College and later of Shrewsbury School . He was educated at Rugby School and Magdalen College , Oxford , where his studies were interrupted by service in the Royal Air Force during World War II . He trained as a pilot , receiving part of his instruction in Terrell , Texas , in the British Flying Training School Program . While he visited Los Angeles when on leave from flight training at Terrell , his later acting career never gained a foothold in Hollywood . After service in the RAF , he returned to gain a BA ( Hons ) in English . On BBC Radio 4 's Desert Island Discs he described the degree he obtained as `` shabby '' , although he treasured the time spent studying under C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien . Career ( edit ) Hardy began his career as a classical actor . In 1959 he appeared as Sicinius opposite Laurence Olivier in Coriolanus at Stratford - upon - Avon , directed by Peter Hall . He then appeared in Shakespeare 's Henry V on stage and in television 's An Age of Kings ( 1960 ) , and subsequently played Coriolanus in The Spread of the Eagle ( BBC , 1963 ) and Sir Toby Belch for the BBC Television Shakespeare production of Twelfth Night in 1980 . Over the years , Hardy played a range of parts on television and film . His first continuing role in a TV series was as businessman Alec Stewart in the award - winning oil company drama The Troubleshooters for the BBC , which he played from 1966 to 1970 . He won further acclaim for his portrayal of the mentally - unhinged Abwehr Sgt . Gratz in LWT 's 1969 war drama Manhunt . In 1975 , Hardy portrayed Albert , Prince Consort in the award - winning 13 - hour serial Edward the Seventh ( known as Edward the King to the American audience ) , which he regarded as one of his best performances . `` I thought I 'd done a good job there , although I believe the Royal Family did n't like it all . There are always people who do n't like what one does . '' He was seen as the irascible senior veterinarian Siegfried Farnon in the long - running All Creatures Great and Small ( 1978 -- 90 ) , an adaptation of James Herriot 's semi-autobiographical books . Hardy also made an appearance in the 1986 -- 88 ITV comedy series Hot Metal , in which he played the dual roles of newspaper proprietor Twiggy Rathbone ( who bore more than a passing resemblance to Rupert Murdoch ) and his editor , Russell Spam . In 1993 Hardy appeared in an episode of Inspector Morse , playing Andrew Baydon in `` Twilight of the Gods '' . In 2002 , he played the role of pompous and eccentric Professor Neddy Welch in a WTTV / WGBH Boston co-production of Lucky Jim , adapted from the novel by Kingsley Amis . It aired originally as part of the Masterpiece series on PBS in the U.S. and starred Stephen Tompkinson in the title role of Jim Dixon , a luckless lecturer at a provincial British university . Hardy played both Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt , each on more than one occasion . He played Churchill most notably in Winston Churchill : The Wilderness Years ( 1981 ) , for which he won a BAFTA award , but also in The Sittaford Mystery , Bomber Harris and War and Remembrance . On 20 August 2010 , he read Churchill 's famous wartime address `` Never was so much owed by so many to so few '' at a ceremony to mark the 70th anniversary of the speech . He played Roosevelt in the BBC serial , Bertie and Elizabeth , and in the French TV mini-series , Le Grand Charles , about the life of Charles de Gaulle . He also played Robert Dudley , Earl of Leicester , in Elizabeth R , and took the role of Sir John Middleton in the 1995 film version of Sense and Sensibility . His big screen roles included Professor Krempe in Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein and Minister of Magic Cornelius Fudge in the Harry Potter films . His voice performance as Robin Hood in Tale Spinners For Children , an LP from the 1960s , is considered one of the best Robin Hood renditions . His voice was also the voice of D'Artagnan in The Three Musketeers , and of Frédéric Chopin , in The Story of Chopin . Awards ( edit ) Hardy was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 1981 Birthday Honours . Personal life ( edit ) His first marriage , in 1952 , was to Elizabeth Fox , the daughter of Sir Lionel Fox ; they had a son , Paul . This marriage ended in 1956 . In 1961 he married Sally Pearson , the daughter of the baronet Sir Neville Pearson and Dame Gladys Cooper as well as a sister - in - law of Robert Morley . From this marriage , which ended in 1986 , Hardy had two other children , one of whom is Justine Hardy , a journalist , activist , and psychotherapist who founded Healing Kashmir . His second daughter , Emma , is a mother of three and a photographer . He was a close friend of actor Richard Burton , whom he met at Oxford University . He shared some memories of their wartime friendship and read extracts from Burton 's newly - published diaries at the Cheltenham Literature Festival in 2012 . While playing Henry V , Hardy developed an interest in medieval warfare , and in 1963 he wrote and presented an acclaimed television documentary on the subject of the Battle of Agincourt . He also wrote two books on the subject of the longbow , Longbow : A Social and Military History , and The Great Warbow ; From Hastings to the Mary Rose with Matthew Strickland . He was one of the experts consulted by the archaeologist responsible for raising the Mary Rose . He was Master of the Worshipful Company of Bowyers of the City of London from 1988 to 1990 . In 1996 he was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries . In February 2013 , Hardy withdrew from his scheduled performance as Winston Churchill in Peter Morgan 's play , The Audience , after suffering cracked ribs as the result of a fall . Hardy died on 3 August 2017 , aged 91 , at Denville Hall , a home for retired actors . TV and filmography ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Torpedo Run ( 1958 ) ... Lt. Redley The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( 1965 ) ... Dick Carlton Berserk ! ( 1967 ) ... Supt . Brooks How I Won the War ( 1967 ) ... British General Psychomania ( 1971 ) ... Chief Inspector Hesseltine 10 Rillington Place ( 1971 ) ... Malcolm Morris Young Winston ( 1972 ) ... Headmaster Demons of the Mind ( 1972 ) ... Zorn Gawain and the Green Knight ( 1973 ) ... Sir Bertilak Yellow Dog ( 1973 ) ... Alexander The Gathering Storm ( 1974 ) ... Joachim von Ribbentrop The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1984 ) ... King Richard The Shooting Party ( 1985 ) ... Lord Bob Lilburn Paris by Night ( 1988 ) ... Adam Gillvray Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ( 1994 ) ... Professor Krempe A Feast at Midnight ( 1995 ) ... Headmaster Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) ... Sir John Middleton Gulliver 's Travels ( 1996 ) ... Dr. Parnell Mrs. Dalloway ( 1997 ) ... Sir William Bradshaw The Tichborne Claimant ( 1998 ) ... Lord Rivers An Ideal Husband ( 1998 ) ... Lord Caversham The 10th Kingdom ( 2000 ) ... Chancellor Griswold The Gathering ( 2002 ) ... The Bishop Thunderpants ( 2002 ) ... Doctor Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) ... Cornelius Fudge Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) ... Cornelius Fudge Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) ... Cornelius Fudge Lassie ( 2005 ) ... Judge Murray Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) ... Cornelius Fudge Margaret ( 2009 ) ... Willie Whitelaw Old Harry ( Short ) ( 2009 ) ... Old Harry Churchill : 100 Days That Saved Britain ( 2015 ) ... Winston Churchill Joseph 's Reel ( short ) ( 2015 ) ... Old Joseph Snapshot Wedding ( 2017 pre-production ) ... Donald Television ( edit ) An Age of Kings ( 1960 ) The Spread of the Eagle ( 1963 ) ... Coriolanus The Troubleshooters ( 1966 - 70 ) The Baron ( 1966 ) , episode `` A Memory of Evil '' The Saint ( 1968 ) , season 6 , episode 4 , `` The Desperate Diplomat '' Manhunt ( 1969 ) ... Abwehr Sgt Graz Elizabeth R ( 1971 ) ... Robert Dudley Edward the Seventh ( 1975 ) ... Albert , Prince Consort Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1975 ) , season 5 , episode 8 , `` Such A Lovely Man '' The Duchess of Duke Street ( 1976 ) Episode : `` A Lady of Virtue '' All Creatures Great and Small ( 1978 -- 1980 and 1988 -- 1990 ; entire series ) ... Siegfried Farnon Twelfth Night ( 1980 ) The Pied Piper of Hamelin ( 1980 ) , narrator of BAFTA winning animation by Cosgrove Hall Films Winston Churchill : The Wilderness Years ( 1981 ) , Winston Churchill The Case - Book of Sherlock Holmes , episode `` The Master Blackmailer '' ( 1991 ) ... Charles Milverton Jenny 's War ( 1985 ) ... Klein Northanger Abbey ( 1986 ) ... General Tilney Hot Metal ( 1986 - 88 ) ... Terence `` Twiggy '' Rathbone War and Remembrance ( 1988 ) ... Winston Churchill Middlemarch ( 1994 ) ... Mr. Brooke Inspector Morse , episode `` Twilight of the Gods '' Midsomer Murders ( 1999 ) , season 2 , episode 3 , `` Dead Man 's Eleven '' Foyle 's War , `` The German Woman '' Spooks ( 2003 ) , second series , episode 4 , `` Blood and Money '' ... Bank of England supreme manager Making Waves ( 2004 ) Agatha Christie 's Marple , series 2 , episode `` The Sittaford Mystery '' ( 2006 ) ... Winston Churchill Little Dorrit ( 2008 ) Lewis , series 4 , episode `` Dark Matter '' ( 2010 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Robert Hardy '' . Desert Island Discs. 20 November 2011 . BBC Radio 4 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter actor Robert Hardy dies at 91 '' . BBC News . 2017 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Robert Hardy Biography ( 1925 -- ) Jump up ^ Terrell Municipal Airporta Jump up ^ `` Goodbye To The Minister Of Magic , Actor Robert Hardy '' , Vivian Hughbanks , The Federalist , August 7 , 2017 , https://thefederalist.com/2017/08/07/goodbye-minister-magic-actor-robert-hardy/ Jump up ^ Robert Hardy 's Path To ' Middlemarch ' April 10 , 1994 SUSAN KING http://articles.latimes.com/1994-04-10/news/tv-44110_1_robert-hardy Jump up ^ Michael Coveney , `` Robert Hardy Obituary '' , The Guardian , August 3 , 2017 https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2017/aug/03/robert-hardy-obituary Jump up ^ Robert Hardy at oxford student.com . Retrieved 14 October 2012 Jump up ^ BBC Radio Four -- broadcast 25 November 2011 Jump up ^ `` ROB WILTON THEATRICALIA Stratford 1955 -- 60 '' . Phyllis.demon.co.uk . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Coveney ( 3 August 2017 ) . `` Robert Hardy obituary '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ All Memories Great & Small , Oliver Crocker ( 2016 ; MIWK ) Jump up ^ `` Hot Metal - ITV Sitcom '' . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Bradford ( 19 April 2003 ) . `` Filming Lucky Jim '' . Spectator archive . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawless , Jill. `` 70 years on from WWII , Britain remembers ' the few ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tale Spinners for Children : Robin Hood '' UAC 11001 : `` Starring Robert Hardy as Robin Hood with the Famous Theater Company and the Hollywood Studio Orchestra '' ; cf. also Arts Reformation . ^ Jump up to : `` Obituary : Robert Hardy '' . BBC New Online . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Meneses , Geeta Alvares ( 2009 ) . `` A Humane Being '' ( PDF ) . Libas International : 74 -- via Justine Hardy website . Jump up ^ `` ' Kashmiris have felt isolated during conflict ' '' . The Times of India . 27 January 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Aled Thomas ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` Harry Potter actor Robert Hardy dies aged 91 '' . GloucestershireLive . Jump up ^ `` The Picardy Affair '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Longbow : A Social and Military History Jump up ^ Sutton Publishing 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3167 - 1 ISBN 978 - 0750931670 Jump up ^ `` List of Fellows -- H '' . Society of Antiquaries of London . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Hardy withdraws from Churchill role in Helen Mirren play '' . BBC News . BBC . 26 February 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . External links ( edit ) Robert Hardy on IMDb Robert Hardy ( Aveleyman ) findagrave ( memorial ) VIAF : 107601877 LCCN : n88051162 ISNI : 0000 0001 1479 6490 GND : 17215149X SUDOC : 059208252 BNF : cb140712348 ( data ) BIBSYS : 3014847 MusicBrainz : 154c0c03 - d6b4 - 4310 - 8872 - ce3eb2722e55 NKC : pna2004259298 BNE : XX1507037 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hardy&oldid=801437269 '' Categories : 1925 births 2017 deaths Commanders of the Order of the British Empire English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors People educated at Rugby School Alumni of Magdalen College , Oxford People from Cheltenham Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London Male actors from Gloucestershire 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use dmy dates from November 2013 Use British English from November 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 17 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did robert hardey play in harry potter | [
"His big screen roles included Professor Krempe in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Minister of Magic Cornelius Fudge in the Harry Potter films.[2]"
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"Cornelius Fudge"
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8069318900443460521 | Mrs. California | Mrs. California - wikipedia Mrs. California Not to be confused with Miss California . `` Mrs. California '' The Office episode Episode no . Season 8 Episode 9 Directed by Charlie Grandy Written by Dan Greaney Production code 809 Original air date December 1 , 2011 Running time 22 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Lindsey Broad as Cathy Simms Maura Tierney as Susan California Episode chronology ← Previous `` Gettysburg '' Next → `` Christmas Wishes '' The Office ( U.S. season 8 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes `` Mrs. California '' is the ninth episode of the eighth season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's 161st episode overall . `` Mrs. California '' aired on NBC in the United States on December 1 , 2011 . The episode was written by consulting producer Dan Greaney , marking his first writing credit for the series , and was directed by Charlie Grandy . The series -- presented as if it were a real documentary -- depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , Robert California ( James Spader ) brings his wife ( Maura Tierney ) into the office for a job , and tells Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) behind her back not to give her one . Meanwhile , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) opens a gym in the building and tries to get Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) to join it . Tierney was brought in to play the role of California 's wife because showrunner Paul Lieberstein stated that he was `` a big fan of hers '' . `` Mrs. California '' received mixed responses from television critics . According to Nielsen Media Research , the episode received 5.74 million viewers and received a 2.9 rating / 7 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 , staying even with the ratings from the previous episode , `` Gettysburg '' . The episode also ranked at first in its time slot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Cultural references 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 4.2 Reviews 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) While Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) is having a meeting with Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) in his office , Robert California ( James Spader ) appears at the window and frantically says that his wife Susan ( Maura Tierney ) is looking for a job in the office , and that Andy must not give her one . When Susan arrives , Andy compliantly tells her that they have no openings , but Robert insists that they have a look around before coming to any conclusions . Susan looks at the different departments , and decides on accounting . Andy again claims the office is already fully staffed , but Robert insists that he give her a job , even pressuring Andy by reminding him of his power as CEO . Confused by Robert 's mixed messages , Andy relents and gives her a job , but Robert later calls Andy on the phone to berate him for hiring Susan . Andy asks everyone in the office to treat her poorly to drive her out , which makes everyone uncomfortable as they like her , but end up doing so nevertheless . When Susan notices their behavior , she complains to Robert , who asks Andy to discuss the issues with Susan in the conference room and leaves . Susan eventually realizes it was Robert 's idea to drive her away . When they call Robert out , he vehemently denies it . Andy tells them Jim also heard him say he did not want her working at the office , which Jim overhears , prompting him to flee the office . Robert orders security to close the gate , preventing him from leaving . Jim then runs all over the building , but Andy and Robert find him and take him back to the office . After trying unsuccessfully to deflect their questions about what Robert told Andy , Jim blurts out that he is baffled at Robert 's attitude , since Jim enjoys working in the same place as his wife Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) and misses her while she is on maternity leave . Andy and Jim leave the conference room and after a short while , Robert and Susan leave . In the parking lot , Andy apologizes to Susan and after brief small talk , Susan asks Andy out on a date , leaving him surprised . Meanwhile , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) opens a gym in the building , which intrigues Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) , who 's been looking to lose weight . However , Dwight 's gym is only filled with his farming equipment as exercising equipment . Darryl says he needs actual equipment , which Dwight finally gets , but sees that Darryl is barely using it . Dwight asks more employees to join to help motivate Darryl to exercise harder . During a bench - press , Dwight refuses to spot Darryl unless he says his motivation to work out . Darryl finally says it is to impress the new female warehouse worker Val . Production ( edit ) `` Mrs. California '' was written by consulting producer Dan Greaney , his first writing credit for the series after joining the writing staff in the eighth season . Greaney had previously worked with executive producer Greg Daniels on The Simpsons . It was directed by co-executive producer and frequent Office writer Charlie Grandy , the first episode he has directed for the series after previously directing The Podcast webisodes . `` Mrs California '' features a guest appearance from Maura Tierney played Robert California 's wife , Susan California . Showrunner Paul Lieberstein stated that he was `` a big fan of hers '' and said he was excited for her guest appearance . The episode also marks the third appearance of Lindsey Broad who plays Cathy , Pam 's replacement during her maternity leave . She is currently set to appear in a recurring role for the season . Due to Jenna Fischer 's actual pregnancy Pam did not appear in the episode . The Season Eight DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . Notable cut scenes include more office workers joining Dwight 's gym , Andy and Jim trying to get out of Mr. and Mrs. California 's difficulties , and more scenes of Jim running away . Cultural references ( edit ) Ryan mentions his desire to found the `` Dream for a Wish Foundation , '' a play on the actual Make - A-Wish Foundation . During Dwight and Darryl 's gym scenes , Darryl sardonically corrects Dwight by telling him that the pronunciation for LeBron James is actually `` LeJon Brames . '' Later , Dwight attempts to get Darryl to stretch his pelvic bowl by telling him that The Fonz did it to become cool . Near the end of the episode , Darryl admits that he is attempting to impress Val from the warehouse , but Dwight believes he is talking about male actor Val Kilmer . In addition , several films are mentioned or alluded to . Erin makes a reference to the 2006 film The Devil Wears Prada . Darryl comments that Dwight 's gym looks like `` a scene out of Saw V . '' Finally , Andy mentions that he `` was watching a movie , and a bunch of apes took over San Francisco . '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) In its original American broadcast on December 2 , 2011 , `` Mrs. California '' was viewed by an estimated 5.74 million viewers and received a 2.9 rating share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 2.9 % of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds , and 7 % of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . The episode stayed even with the ratings from the previous episode , `` Gettysburg '' . Despite this , the episode ranked first in its timeslot , beating Bones which received a 2.8 rating / 7 % share in the 18 -- 49 demographic , CMA Country Christmas which received a 2.2 rating / 6 % share , a rerun of Person of Interest which received a 1.6 rating / 4 % share and a rerun of The Secret Circle which received a 0.4 rating / 1 % share , although the former three shows received more total viewers . Added with DVR viewers , who viewed the episode within three days of the original broadcast , the episode received a 4.2 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic , adding a 1.3 rating to the original viewership . For the week of November 28 -- December 4 , 2011 , `` Mrs. California '' placed nineteenth in the ratings among all prime - time broadcasts in the 18 -- 49 demographic . Reviews ( edit ) `` Mrs. California '' received mixed responses from critics . The A.V. Club reviewer Myles McNutt said the episode had the possibility of being a great episode of The Office , but that it did not live up to that possibility . He suggested that the writers could tell jokes , but could not successfully `` break a story anymore '' . He also called the subplot a mixed bag for featuring Dwight as a caricature of his former self , but complimented the character development for Darryl which started in `` Lotto '' . He gave the episodes a C+ . Hannah Lawrence of Hollywood.com called the episode a large improvement over `` Gettysburg '' and also called it possibly her `` favorite episode of the season so far '' . Chris Plante of New York called Robert California the worst part of The Office and said that he kept Andy from being more of a lead character for the series . TV Guide writer Bruce Fretts criticized the episode for under using guest star Maura Tierney . He also said that the episode suffered without former series star Steve Carell to serve as the comic foil . IGN writer Cindy White said the episode did not feel like The Office and called it `` the exact opposite '' . Despite this , she went on to compliment Susan asking Andy on a date and the pairing of Darryl and Val as a couple , saying that the latter had possibilities . She ultimately gave the episode a 7.5 / 10 . Joseph Kratzer from What Culture ? gave the episode three out of five stars and wrote , `` I 'm going to go out on a bit of a limb here and say that while ' Mrs. California ' was of course not a return to form for The Office , it was a good example of how the series might define itself in this new Michael-less era . '' M. Giant of Television without Pity gave the episode a B+ . After viewing `` Mrs. California , '' Washington Post writer Hank Stuever named The Office one of the ten best TV shows of 2011 and said that the episode proved the series could still deliver cringe humor without Carell . Multiple critics complimented the cold open to the episode . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Office : Mrs. California '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Staffing Season Highlights : Who Got Hottest Jobs , Which Shows Attracted Most Writers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Greaney , Dan ( 2005 ) . The Simpsons season 7 DVD commentary for the episode `` King - Size Homer '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Maura Tierney Is Heading to Dunder - Mifflin '' . New York . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Office ' scoop : Maura Tierney guest - starring as ... -- From Inside the Box -- Zap2it '' . Zap2it . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` The Office Exclusive : ' Til Death 's Lindsey Broad Befriends Pam '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hochberg , Mina ( August 21 , 2011 ) . `` The Office 's Jenna Fischer Confirms That Baby No. 2 Is On the Way for Pam and Jim -- Vulture '' . New York . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Deleted scenes for `` Mrs. California '' ( DVD ) . The Office : Season Eight Disc 2 : Universal Studios Home Entertainment . 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McNutt , Myles ( December 1 , 2011 ) . `` Mrs. California '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved December 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kratzer , Joseph . `` TV Review : THE OFFICE 8.9 , `` Mrs. California '' `` . What Culture ? . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Greaney ( writer ) ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Mrs. California '' . The Office . Season 8 . Episode 9 . NBC . I was watching a movie , and a bunch of apes took over San Francisco . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Thursday : A Steady ' X Factor ' & ' Bones ' Win the Night ; ' Community , ' ' Prime Suspect ' Inch Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' Bones ' Grows , ' Person of Interest ' Matches Low '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' New Girl ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Ringer ' Tops % Gains In Week 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football , ' ' Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ' Top Week 11 Among Adults 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Hannah ( December 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Office ' Recap : Mrs. California '' . Hollywood.com . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Plante , Chris ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` The Office : California 's Better Half '' . New York . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cheers & Jeers : The Office Misuses Maura Tierney -- Today 's News : Our Take '' . TV Guide . December 2 , 2011 . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : White , Cindy ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` The Office : `` Mrs. California '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Giant , M. ( December 1 , 2011 ) . `` The Office TV Show -- Mrs. California '' . Television Without Pity . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( December 9 , 2011 ) . `` Hank Stuever 's 10 best ( and 1 worst ) TV shows of 2011 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) `` Mrs. California '' at NBC.com `` Mrs. California '' on IMDb `` Mrs. California '' at TV.com hide The Office ( U.S. ) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter ? '' `` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye , Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott 's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick 's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary 's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover - Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy 's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye , Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mrs._California&oldid=844013053 '' Categories : The Office ( U.S. season 8 ) episodes 2011 American television episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Good articles Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 June 2018 , at 00 : 32 . About Wikipedia | who plays robert california's wife on the office | [
"The series—presented as if it were a real documentary—depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, Robert California (James Spader) brings his wife (Maura Tierney) into the office for a job, and tells Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) behind her back not to give her one. Meanwhile, Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) opens a gym in the building and tries to get Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson) to join it."
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"Maura Tierney"
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4385571659565414196 | The Lone Ranger (TV series) | The Lone Ranger ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Lone Ranger ( TV series ) This article is about the television series . For other uses , see Lone Ranger ( disambiguation ) . The Lone Ranger Clayton Moore as The Lone Ranger Created by George W. Trendle Fran Striker Starring Clayton Moore Jay Silverheels John Hart Chuck Courtney Narrated by Gerald Mohr Fred Foy Opening theme `` William Tell Overture '' by Gioachino Rossini Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 221 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 30 minutes Production company ( s ) Apex Film Wrather Productions Release Original network ABC Picture format Black - and - white ( 1949 -- 1956 ) Color ( 1956 -- 1957 ) Audio format Monaural Original release September 15 , 1949 ( 1949 - 09 - 15 ) -- June 6 , 1957 ( 1957 - 06 - 06 ) The Lone Ranger is an American western drama television series that aired on the ABC Television network from 1949 to 1957 , with Clayton Moore in the starring role . Jay Silverheels , a member of the Mohawk Aboriginal people in Canada , played The Lone Ranger 's Indian companion Tonto . John Hart replaced Moore in the title role from 1952 to 1954 due to a contract dispute . Fred Foy , who had been both narrator and announcer of the radio series from 1948 until its ending , was the announcer . Gerald Mohr was originally employed as the narrator for the television series , but story narration was dropped after 16 episodes . The Lone Ranger was the highest - rated television program on ABC in the early 1950s and its first true `` hit '' . The series finished # 7 in the Nielsen ratings for the 1950 - 1951 season , # 18 for 1951 - 1952 and # 29 for 1952 - 1953 . Contents 1 Series premise 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Cast 5 Guest stars 6 DVD releases 7 References 8 External links Series premise ( edit ) The fictional story line maintains that a patrol of six Texas Rangers is massacred , with only one member surviving . The `` lone '' survivor thereafter disguises himself with a black mask and travels with Tonto throughout Texas and the American West to assist those challenged by the lawless elements . A silver mine supplies The Lone Ranger with the name of his horse as well as the funds required to finance his wandering life - style and the raw material for his signature bullets . At the end of most episodes , after the Lone Ranger and Tonto leave , someone asks the sheriff or other person of authority who the masked man was . The person then responds that it was the Lone Ranger , who is then heard yelling `` Hi - Yo Silver , away ! '' as he and Tonto ride away on their horses . Production ( edit ) George W. Trendle retained the title of producer , although he recognized that his experience in radio was not adequate for producing the television series . For this , he hired veteran MGM film producer Jack Chertok . Chertok served as the producer for the first 182 episodes . The first 78 episodes were produced and broadcast for 78 consecutive weeks without any breaks or reruns . Then the entire 78 episodes were shown again before any new episodes were produced . All were shot in Kanab , Utah and California . Much of the series was filmed on the former Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth , California , including the iconic opening sequence to each episode , in which the cry of `` Hi - yo Silver '' is heard before the Lone Ranger and Silver gallop to a distinctive rock and Silver rears up on his hind legs . The rock seen next to Silver is known as Lone Ranger Rock and remains in place today on the site of the former movie ranch . When it came time to produce another batch of 52 episodes , there was a wage dispute with Clayton Moore ( until his death , the actor insisted that the problem was creative differences ) , and John Hart was hired to play the role of the Lone Ranger . Once again , the 52 new episodes were aired in sequence followed by 52 weeks rerunning them . Despite expectations that the mask would make the switch workable , Hart was not accepted in the role , and his episodes were not seen again until the 1980s . At the end of the fifth year of the television series , Trendle sold the Lone Ranger rights to Jack Wrather , who bought them on August 3 , 1954 . Wrather immediately rehired Clayton Moore to play the Lone Ranger , and another 52 episodes were produced . Once again , they were broadcast as a full year of new episodes followed by a full year of reruns . The final season saw a number of changes , including an episode count of 39 , which had become the industry standard . Wrather invested money from his own pocket to film in color , although ABC telecast only in black and white . Wrather also went outdoors for action footage . Otherwise , the series was mostly filmed on a studio sound stage . Another big change , not readily detectable by the viewers , was replacing Jack Chertok with producer Sherman A. Harris . By this time , Chertok had established his own television production company and was busy producing other programs . Wrather decided not to negotiate further with the network and took the property to the big screen and canceled television production . The last new episode of the color series was broadcast on June 6 , 1957 , and the series ended September 12 , 1957 , although ABC reaped the benefits of daytime reruns for several more years . Wrather 's company produced two modestly budgeted theatrical features , The Lone Ranger ( 1956 ) and The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold ( 1958 ) . The cast included former child actress Bonita Granville , who had married Wrather after his divorce from a daughter of former Texas Governor W. Lee O'Daniel . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Lone Ranger episodes Cast ( edit ) Clayton Moore and Jay Silverheels in 1956 Clayton Moore as The Lone Ranger ( 169 episodes ; 1949 -- 1951 , 1954 -- 1957 ) John Hart as The Lone Ranger ( 52 episodes ; 1952 -- 1953 ) Jay Silverheels as Tonto ( 217 episodes ; 1949 -- 1957 ) Chuck Courtney as Dan Reid ( Lone Ranger 's nephew ) ( 14 episodes ; 1950 -- 1955 ) Guest stars ( edit ) Michael Ansara - Angry Horse in episode 74 - `` Trouble at Black Rock '' ( 1951 ) . James Arness - Deputy Bud Titus in episode 33 - `` Matter of Courage '' ( 1950 ) . John Banner - Von Baden in episode 39 - `` Damsels in Distress '' ( 1950 ) Frances Bavier - Aunt Maggie Sawtelle in episode 159 - `` Sawtelle Saga 's End '' ( 1955 ) . Hugh Beaumont - Reverend Randy Roberts in episode 99 - `` The Godless Men '' ( 1953 ) . Lane Bradford - Jake in episode 4 - `` The Legion of Old Timers '' ( 1949 ) , Slick in episode 19 - `` Greed for Gold '' ( 1950 ) , Sergeant Pala in episode 44 - `` White Man 's Magic '' ( 1950 ) , Lige Watkin in episode 58 - `` Crime in Time '' ( 1950 ) , Joe in episode 64 - `` Desert Adventure '' ( 1950 ) , Gat Towson in episode 71 - `` The Outcast '' ( 1951 ) , Dusty in episode 76 - `` The Hooded Men '' ( 1951 ) , Rufe in episode 84 - `` Jeb 's Gold Mine '' ( 1952 ) , Zeke in episode 105 - `` A Stage for Mademoiselle '' ( 1953 ) , Smiley Hawks in episode 111 - `` The Deserter '' ( 1953 ) , Gus in episode 133 - `` Message to Fort Apache '' ( 1954 ) , Matt Rusk in episode 138 - `` Stage to Teshimingo '' ( 1954 ) , Jed in episode 187 - `` The Cross of Santo Domingo '' ( 1956 ) , George Stark in episode 197 - `` Christmas Story '' ( 1956 ) , and Duke Wade in episode 216 - `` Mission for Tonto '' ( 1957 ) . Robert Bray - Al Davis in episode 84 - `` Jeb 's Gold Mine '' ( 1952 ) , Ben in episode 98 - `` Bandits in Uniform '' ( 1953 ) , Dan Glick in episode 125 - `` The Perfect Crime '' ( 1953 ) , Joe Tarbuck in episode 137 - `` Outlaw 's Trail '' ( 1954 ) , Mace in episode 146 - `` Two for Juan Ringo '' ( 1954 ) , and Mike Barty in episode 163 - `` False Accusation '' ( 1955 ) . Harry Carey , Jr . - Jay Thomasson in episode 174 - `` The Return of Dice Dawson '' ( 1955 ) . Harry Cheshire - Judge Wells in episode 90 - `` Word of Honor '' ( 1952 ) , Doc Wilson in episode 123 - `` The Midnight Rider '' ( 1953 ) . Phyllis Coates - Ann Wyman in episode 124 - `` Stage to Estacado '' ( 1953 ) Naomi Courtwright in episode 125 - `` The Perfect Crime '' ( 1953 ) and Jane Johnson in 166 - `` Woman in the White Mask '' ( 1955 ) . Christopher Dark - Dr. William Hubbard in episode 139 - `` Texas Draw '' ( 1954 ) , Kat - Kem in episode 176 - `` The Return '' ( 1955 ) Gail Davis - episodes 25 - `` Buried Treasure '' and 38 - `` Spanish Gold '' ( both 1950 ) . episode 77 - `` Friend In Need '' ( 1951 ) John Doucette - Dirk in episode 14 - `` The Masked Rider '' ( 1949 ) , Ox Martin in episode 31 - `` Gold Fever '' ( 1950 ) , Rocky Hanford in episode 46 - `` Sheriff of Gunstock '' ( 1950 ) , Pierre Dumont in episode 60 - `` Thieves ' Money '' ( 1950 ) , Flack in episode 76 - `` The Hooded Men '' ( 1951 ) , Andrew Gage in episode 98 - `` Bandits in Uniform '' ( 1953 ) , Blaze in episode 131 - `` The Fugitive '' ( 1954 ) , Kelso in episode 140 - `` Rendezvous at Whipsaw '' ( 1954 ) , Lew Cates in episode 150 - `` The School Story '' ( 1955 ) , Deputy Sawyer in episode 178 - `` Trapped '' ( 1955 ) , and Beau Slate in episode 181 - `` Counterfeit Redskins '' ( 1955 ) Frank Ferguson - episode 149 - `` Enfield Rifle '' ( 1955 ) . Margaret Field - episode 19 - `` Greed for Gold '' ( 1950 ) . John Hart - episodes 34 - `` Rifles and Renegades '' and 46 - `` Sheriff at Gunstock '' ( both 1950 ) . Hart would return to the series in the title role for one season in 1952 - 1953 . Percy Helton - episode 148 - `` Dan Reid 's Sacrifice '' ( 1955 ) . Dwayne Hickman , along with his brother Darryl Hickman - episode 75 - `` Two Gold Lockets '' ( 1951 ) . David Holt - episode 30 - the prison warden 's kidnapped son in `` Never Say Die '' ( 1950 ) . I. Stanford Jolley - Asa Jones in episode 34 - `` Rifles and Renegades '' ( 1950 ) , Stark Durfee in episode 42 - `` Eye for an Eye '' ( 1950 ) , Seth in episode 67 - `` Lady Killer '' ( 1950 ) , Will Motter in episode 97 - `` Trader Boggs '' ( 1953 ) , Don Esteban in episode 98 - `` Bandits in Uniform '' ( 1953 ) , and Dave in episode 119 - `` Hidden Fortune '' ( 1953 ) . Dick Jones - episode 40 - `` Man Without a Gun '' ( 1950 ) . Stacy Keach , Sr. - episode 168 - `` Showdown at Sand Creek '' ( 1955 ) . DeForest Kelley - three episodes : 4 - `` The Legion of Old Timers '' ( 1949 ) , 27 - `` Gold Trains '' ( 1950 ) , and 117 - `` Death in the Forest '' ( 1953 ) . Douglas Kennedy - Curley Bates in episode 41 - `` A Pardon for Curley '' ( 1950 ) , Slim Roberts in episode 82 - `` Desperado at Large '' ( 1952 ) , Bull Gunderson in episode 86 - `` Ranger in Danger '' ( 1952 ) , George Milliner in episode 101 - `` Right to Vote '' ( 1953 ) , Sheriff Tom Lowell in episode 136 - `` Six Gun Sanctuary '' ( 1954 ) , and John Trent in episode 161 - `` Trigger Finger '' ( 1955 ) . Nan Leslie - Nancy Barton in episode 14 - `` The Masked Rider '' ( 1949 ) , Alicia Scoville in episode 47 - `` The Wrong Man '' ( 1950 ) , Leia Anson in episode 67 - `` Lady Killer '' ( 1950 ) , Martha Neal in episode 81 - `` Special Edition '' ( 1952 ) , Molly O'Connel in episode 110 - `` The Durango Kid '' ( 1953 ) , Kitty Martin in episode 118 - `` Gentleman from Julesburg '' ( 1953 ) , Jean Scott in episode 143 - `` A Broken Match '' ( 1954 ) , and Susan Starr in episode 175 - `` Adventure at Arbuckle '' ( 1956 ) . `` The Masked Rider '' was her television debut . Marjorie Lord - episode 155 - `` The Law Lady '' ( 1955 ) . Tyler MacDuff - Brad Stanton in episode 182 - `` One Nation , Indivisible '' ( 1955 ) , Clint Harkey in episode 194 - `` The Twisted Track '' ( 1956 ) , Kip Holloway in episode 216 - `` Mission for Tonto '' ( 1957 ) Is the only television actor to have spoken both of the lines `` Who was that masked man ? '' and `` That was the Lone Ranger ! '' David McMahon - Clay Durfee in episode 42 - `` Eye for an Eye '' ( 1950 ) , Jim Collins in episode 60 - `` Thieves ' Money '' ( 1950 ) , Mr. Herbert in episode 78 - `` Mr. Trouble '' ( 1951 ) , and Bert in episode 90 - `` Word of Honor '' ( 1952 ) Martin Milner - episode 28 - `` Pay Dirt '' ( 1950 ) . Ewing Mitchell - Major in episode 201 - `` The Courage of Tonto '' and Tom Bryan in 218 - `` The Banker 's Son '' ( both 1957 ) . Noel Neill - episode 69 - `` Letter of the Law '' ( 1951 ) . John M. Pickard - Smokey Baines in episode 79 - `` Outlaw 's Son '' ( 1952 ) , Jeff Seaton in episode 94 - `` Best Laid Plans '' ( 1952 ) , Henry Flack in episode 126 - `` The Ghost of Coyote Canyon '' ( 1953 ) , Matt Coleman in episode 158 - `` Sunstroke Mesa '' ( 1955 ) , Moose Miller in episode 169 - `` Heart of a Cheater '' ( 1955 ) , Jess Tyler in episode 196 - `` Trouble at Tylerville '' ( 1956 ) , and Lem Hollister in episode 221 - `` Outlaws in Grease Paint '' ( 1957 ) . Slim Pickens - episode 184 - `` The Sheriff of Smoke Tree '' ( 1956 ). episode 192 - `` The Letter Bride '' ( 1956 ) . Denver Pyle - episodes 71 - `` The Outcast '' , 72 - `` Backtrail '' and 76 - `` The Hooded Men '' ( 1951 ) , episode 166 - `` The Woman in the White Mask '' ( 1955 ) , and episodes 187 - `` The Cross of Santo Domingo '' and 190 - `` Quicksand '' ( both 1956 ) . Mike Ragan - Curly in episode 21 - `` Barnaby Boggs , Esquire '' ( 1950 ) , Pike Lane in episode 34 - `` Bullets for Ballots '' ( 1950 ) , Crane in episode 50 - `` The Black Widow '' ( 1950 ) , Al in episode 57 - `` Danger Ahead '' ( 1950 ) , Chad Hackett in episode 70 - `` Silent Voice '' ( 1951 ) , Jeff Durbin in episode 83 - `` Through the Wall '' ( 1952 ) , Dave in episode 188 - `` White Hawk 's Decision '' ( 1956 ) , Slim Wiley in episode 191 - `` Quarter Horse War '' ( 1956 ) , Sloat in episode 198 - `` Ghost Canyon '' ( 1956 ) . Marion Ross - episode 139 - `` Texas Draw '' ( 1954 ) . Victor Sen Yung - episode 192 - `` The Letter Bride '' ( 1956 ) . Kim Spalding - Moose in episode 53 - `` Million Dollar Wallpaper '' ( 1950 ) , Ed in episode 72 - `` Backtrail '' ( 1951 ) , and Joe in episode 103 - `` Tumblerock Law '' ( 1953 ) . Glenn Strange - played Butch Cavendish in episodes 1 - `` Enter the Lone Ranger '' ( 1949 ) , 2 - `` The Lone Ranger Fights On '' ( 1949 ) , 3 - `` The Lone Ranger 's Triumph '' ( 1949 ) , and 30 - `` Never Say Die '' ( 1950 ) . Also appeared as Bart Walton in episode 95 - `` Indian Charlie '' ( 1953 ) , Tom Casley in episode 122 - `` Gunpowder Joe '' ( 1953 ) , and as a stagecoach driver in episodes 132 - `` Ex-Marshal '' ( 1954 ) and 160 - `` The Too - Perfect Signature '' ( 1955 ) . William Tannen - Curly in episode 20 - `` Man of the House '' ( 1950 ) , Major Halliday in episode 191 - `` Quarter Horse War '' ( 1956 ) , and Seth McKeever in episode 195 - `` Decision for Chris McKeever '' ( 1956 ) Carol Thurston - Beata in episode 13 - `` Finders Keepers '' ( 1949 ) and Mary Turner in 62 - `` Masked Deputy '' ( 1950 ) . Minerva Urecal - episode 29 - `` Ghost Town Fury '' ( 1950 ) and episode 145 - `` Homer With a High Hat '' ( 1954 ) . Lee Van Cleef - episode 82 - `` Desperado at Large '' ( 1952 ) , and episodes 114 - `` The Brown Pony '' and 124 - `` Stage to Estacado '' ( both 1953 ) . Eddy Waller - Jules in episode 118 - `` The Gentleman from Julesburg '' ( 1953 ) , Jim Haskell in episode 169 - `` Heart of a Cheater '' ( 1955 ) , and Hardrock Hazen in episode 170 - `` The Swami '' ( 1955 ) . Frank Wilcox - Ross Colby in episode 88 - `` The Map '' ( 1952 ) , Samuel DeWitt in episode 105 - `` A Stage for Mademoiselle '' ( 1953 ) , Slate Corbaley in episode 128 - `` Prisoner in Jeopardy '' ( 1953 ) , and Bradford in episode 176 - `` The Return '' ( 1955 ) . Guy Williams - played a love - struck sheriff in episode 42 - `` Six - Gun Artist '' ( 1955 ) . Was later known for playing Zorro , one of the inspirations for the Lone Ranger character . Michael Winkelman - Chip Truett in episode 212 - `` The Prince of Buffalo Gap '' ( 1957 ) . Sheb Wooley - episodes 116 - `` The Wake of War '' and 124 - `` Stage to Estacado '' ( both 1953 ) , episode 133 - `` Message to Fort Apache '' ( 1954 ) , and episode 165 - `` Wanted : The Lone Ranger '' ( 1955 ) . Hank Worden - Rusty Bates in episode 9 - `` The Tenderfeet '' ( 1949 ) , Stage Driver Whip in episode 121 - `` Woman from Omaha '' ( 1953 ) , Ed in episode 126 - `` The Ghost of Coyote Canyon '' ( 1953 ) , Ike Beatty in episode 138 - `` Stage to Teshimingo '' ( 1954 ) , Jud in episode 179 - `` The Bait : Gold '' ( 1955 ) , and Bruckner in episode 218 - `` The Banker 's Son '' ( 1957 ) . DVD releases ( edit ) On March 31 , 2009 , Mill Creek Entertainment released the box set Gun Justice featuring The Lone Ranger with other westerns , including Annie Oakley , The Adventures of Kit Carson , The Cisco Kid , Cowboy G - Men , Judge Roy Bean , The Gabby Hayes Show , and The Roy Rogers Show . On November 11 , 2009 , Classic Media released The Lone Ranger : 75th Anniversary Edition to commemorate the show . On June 4 , 2013 , Classic Media released The Lone Ranger : Collector 's Edition , a 30 - disc set featuring all 221 episodes of the series on DVD for the very first time , though many of the episodes are the syndicated edits missing 2 -- 3 minutes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( December 29 , 1999 ) . `` Clayton Moore , Television 's Lone Ranger And a Persistent Masked Man , Dies at 85 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Clayton Moore , the ' Lone Ranger , ' dead at 85 '' . CNN . December 28 , 1999 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ClassicTVHits.com : TV Ratings '' . Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis ( 1993 - 06 - 12 ) . `` After 60 Years , the Lone Ranger Still Lives '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Clayton Moore , the `` Lone Ranger '' , dead at 85 `` . CNN . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Vallance , Tom ( 1999 - 12 - 30 ) . `` Obituary : Clayton Moore '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Stassel , Stephanie ( 1999 - 12 - 29 ) . `` Clayton Moore , TV 's `` Lone Ranger '' , Dies `` . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Ranger star dies '' . BBC . 1999 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis ( 1993 - 06 - 09 ) . `` A Gathering of Kemo Sabes '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's That Masked Man ? Hi - Yo - It 's Clayton Moore ! '' . The Los Angeles Times . 1985 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis . `` John Hart dies at 91 ; the other ' Lone Ranger ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Biography for Tyler MacDuff '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` MichaelWinkelman ( 1946 - 1999 ) '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Lone Ranger - Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Lone Ranger DVD news : Package Art for The Lone Ranger - Collector 's Edition '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . External links ( edit ) The Lone Ranger at TV.com The Lone Ranger on IMDb The Lone Ranger at YouTube Lone Ranger Rock at the Iverson Movie Ranch Iverson Movie Ranch : History , vintage photos . The Lone Ranger Tonto Creators Fran Striker George W. Trendle Television TV series ( 1949 -- 57 ) episodes First animated TV series ( 1966 -- 69 ) The Tarzan / Lone Ranger Adventure Hour ( 1980 -- 82 ) The Lone Ranger TV film ( 2003 ) Film The Lone Ranger ( 1938 serial ) The Lone Ranger Rides Again ( 1939 serial ) The Lone Ranger ( 1956 ) The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold ( 1958 ) The Legend of the Lone Ranger ( 1981 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) soundtrack Other Video game ( 1991 ) The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven ( 1993 ) Jack Wrather `` Ke - mo sah - bee '' Green Hornet `` William Tell Overture '' Disney Infinity `` The Lone Stranger '' ( 2007 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lone_Ranger_(TV_series)&oldid=866409631 '' Categories : 1949 American television series debuts 1957 American television series endings 1940s American television series 1950s American television series American Broadcasting Company network shows Black - and - white television programs English - language television programs Television series based on Lone Ranger Television series based on radio programs Western ( genre ) television series Hidden categories : TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Television articles using insufficient disambiguation Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Deutsch Español Français Italiano Português Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 04 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who were the actors that played the lone ranger | [
"Clayton Moore as The Lone Ranger (169 episodes; 1949–1951, 1954–1957)[9][10]\nJohn Hart as The Lone Ranger (52 episodes; 1952–1953)[11]\nJay Silverheels as Tonto (217 episodes; 1949–1957)\nChuck Courtney as Dan Reid (Lone Ranger's nephew) (14 episodes; 1950–1955)",
"Clayton Moore as The Lone Ranger (169 episodes; 1949–1951, 1954–1957)[9][10]\nJohn Hart as The Lone Ranger (52 episodes; 1952–1953)[11]\nJay Silverheels as Tonto (217 episodes; 1949–1957)\nChuck Courtney as Dan Reid (Lone Ranger's nephew) (14 episodes; 1950–1955)"
] | [
"Clayton Moore",
"John Hart"
] |
-8468975257195940800 | Cori cycle | Cori cycle - wikipedia Cori cycle Cori cycle The Cori cycle ( also known as the Lactic acid cycle ) , named after its discoverers , Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Cori , refers to the metabolic pathway in which lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the liver and is converted to glucose , which then returns to the muscles and is metabolized back to lactate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cycle 2 Significance 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources Cycle ( edit ) Carl Cori and Gerty Cori jointly won the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , not however for their discovery of the Cori cycle but for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen . Muscular activity requires ATP , which is provided by the breakdown of glycogen in the skeletal muscles . The breakdown of glycogen , a process known as glycogenolysis , releases glucose in the form of glucose - 1 - phosphate ( G - 1 - P ) . The G - 1 - P is converted to G - 6 - P by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase . G - 6 - P is readily fed into glycolysis , ( or can go into the pentose phosphate pathway if G - 6 - P concentration is high ) a process that provides ATP to the muscle cells as an energy source . During muscular activity , the store of ATP needs to be constantly replenished . When the supply of oxygen is sufficient , this energy comes from feeding pyruvate , one product of glycolysis , into the Krebs cycle . When oxygen supply is insufficient , typically during intense muscular activity , energy must be released through anaerobic metabolism . Lactic acid fermentation converts pyruvate to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase . Most importantly , fermentation regenerates NAD , maintaining the NAD concentration so that additional glycolysis reactions can occur . The fermentation step oxidizes the NADH produced by glycolysis back to NAD , transferring two electrons from NADH to reduce pyruvate into lactate . ( Refer to the main articles on glycolysis and fermentation for the details . ) Instead of accumulating inside the muscle cells , lactate produced by anaerobic fermentation is taken up by the liver . This initiates the other half of the Cori cycle . In the liver , gluconeogenesis occurs . From an intuitive perspective , gluconeogenesis reverses both glycolysis and fermentation by converting lactate first into pyruvate , and finally back to glucose . The glucose is then supplied to the muscles through the bloodstream ; it is ready to be fed into further glycolysis reactions . If muscle activity has stopped , the glucose is used to replenish the supplies of glycogen through glycogenesis . Overall , the glycolysis part of the cycle produces 2 ATP molecules at a cost of 6 ATP molecules consumed in the gluconeogenesis part . Each iteration of the cycle must be maintained by a net consumption of 4 ATP molecules . As a result , the cycle can not be sustained indefinitely . The intensive consumption of ATP molecules indicates that the Cori cycle shifts the metabolic burden from the muscles to the liver . Significance ( edit ) The cycle 's importance is based on the prevention of lactic acidosis in the muscle under anaerobic conditions . However , normally before this happens the lactic acid is moved out of the muscles and into the liver . The cycle is also important in producing ATP , an energy source , during muscle activity . The Cori cycle functions more efficiently when muscle activity has ceased . This allows the oxygen debt to be repaid such that the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain can produce energy at peak efficiency . The Cori cycle is a much more important source of substrate for gluconeogenesis than food . The contribution of Cori cycle lactate to overall glucose production increases with fasting duration . Specifically , after 12 , 20 , and 40 hours of fasting by human volunteers , the contribution of Cori cycle lactate to gluconeogenesis is 41 % , 71 % , and 92 % , respectively . The drug metformin can cause lactic acidosis in patients with renal failure because metformin inhibits the hepatic gluconeogenesis of the Cori cycle , particularly the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex 1 . The buildup of lactate and its substrates for lactate production , pyruvate and alanine , lead to excess lactate . Normally , the excess lactate would be cleared by the kidneys , but in patients with renal failure , the kidneys can not handle the excess lactic acid . See also ( edit ) Alanine cycle Tricarboxylic acid cycle ( Krebs cycle ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/carbohydratemetabolism.html Jump up ^ Nelson , David L. , & Cox , Michael M. ( 2005 ) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry Fourth Edition . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company , p. 543 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cori Cycle Archived 2008 - 04 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Retrieved May 3 , 2008 , from Elmhurst , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Gerich JE , Meyer C , Woerle HJ , Stumvoll M ( 2001 ) . `` Renal gluconeogenesis : Its importance in human glucose homeostasis '' ( PDF ) . Diabetes Care . 24 ( 2 ) : 382 -- 391 . doi : 10.2337 / diacare. 24.2. 382 . PMID 11213896 . Jump up ^ Nuttall FQ , Ngo A , Gannon MC ( 2008 ) . `` Regulation of hepatic glucose production and the role of gluconeogenesis in humans : is the rate of gluconeogenesis constant ? '' ( PDF ) . Diabetes / metabolism Research and Reviews . 24 ( 6 ) : 438 -- 458 . doi : 10.1002 / dmrr. 863 . PMID 18561209 . ^ Jump up to : Katz J , Tayek JA ( 1998 ) . `` Gluconeogenesis and the Cori cycle in 12 - , 20 - , and 40 - h - fasted humans '' . American Journal of Physiology. 275 ( 3 Pt 1 ) : E537 -- E542 . PMID 9725823 . Jump up ^ Vecchio , S. et al. `` Metformin accumulation : lactic acidosis and high plasmatic metformin levels in a retrospective case series of 66 patients on chronic therapy . '' , Clin Toxicol. 2014 ; 52 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Sirtori CR , Pasik C. `` Re-evaluation of a biguanide , metformin : mechanism of action and tolerability '' . Pharmacol Res 1994 ; 30 . Sources ( edit ) Smith , A.D. , Datta , S.P. , Smith , G. Howard , Campbell , P.N. , Bentley , R. , ( Eds . ) et al. ( 1997 ) Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . New York : Oxford University Press . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) hide Metabolism : carbohydrate metabolism : glycolysis / gluconeogenesis enzymes Glycolysis Hexokinase ( HK1 , HK2 , HK3 , Glucokinase ) → / Glucose 6 - phosphatase ← Glucose isomerase Phosphofructokinase 1 ( Liver , Muscle , Platelet ) → / Fructose 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase ← Fructose - bisphosphate aldolase ( Aldolase A , B , C ) Triosephosphate isomerase Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase Phosphoglycerate kinase Phosphoglycerate mutase Enolase Pyruvate kinase ( PKLR , PKM2 ) Gluconeogenesis only to oxaloacetate : Pyruvate carboxylase Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from lactate ( Cori cycle ) : Lactate dehydrogenase from alanine ( Alanine cycle ) : Alanine transaminase from glycerol : Glycerol kinase Glycerol dehydrogenase Regulatory Fructose 6 - P , 2 - kinase : fructose 2 , 6 - bisphosphatase PFKFB1 , PFKFB2 , PFKFB3 , PFKFB4 Bisphosphoglycerate mutase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cori_cycle&oldid=837636740 '' Categories : Metabolic pathways Exercise physiology 1929 in science Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from April 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 01 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the cori cycle is a metabolic pathway that involves | [
"The Cori cycle (also known as the Lactic acid cycle), named after its discoverers, Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Cori,[1] refers to the metabolic pathway in which lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the liver and is converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is metabolized back to lactate.[2]"
] | [
"lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the liver and is converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is metabolized back to lactate"
] |
2836066541762725749 | Supra (grammar) | Supra ( grammar ) - Wikipedia Supra ( grammar ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Supra . Look up supra in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Supra ( Latin for `` above '' ) is an academic and legal citation signal used when a writer desires to refer a reader to an earlier - cited authority . For example , an author wanting to refer to a source in his or her third footnote would cite : See supra note 3 . Or for text in that note : See supra text accompanying note 3 . Supra can also be used to provide a short form citation to an earlier ( but not immediately preceding ) authority . For example : Stephen J. Legatzke , Note , The Equitable Recoupment Doctrine in United States v. Dalm : Where 's the Equity , 10 Va . Tax Rev. 861 ( 1991 ) . Legatzke , supra at 862 . In this example , the second citation refers the reader to page 862 in the journal in which the article by Legatzke appears . The use of supra should be done with care and only when the user fully understands its usage as it could be very confusing to readers if not used appropriately . More generally , the phrase vide supra or v.s. , often enclosed in parentheses , is used simply to refer the reader to preceding text . See also ( edit ) Bibliography Ibid . Op . cit . IUS This legal article about a Latin phrase is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supra_(grammar)&oldid=777711526 '' Categories : Latin legal terminology Latin words and phrases Bibliography Latin legal phrase stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 April 2017 , at 20 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do you use supra in legal writing | [
"Supra (Latin for \"above\") is an academic and legal citation signal used when a writer desires to refer a reader to an earlier-cited authority. For example, an author wanting to refer to a source in his or her third footnote would cite: See supra note 3. Or for text in that note: See supra text accompanying note 3."
] | [
"when a writer desires to refer a reader to an earlier-cited authority"
] |
-2839675341798150411 | Galvanometer | Galvanometer - wikipedia Galvanometer Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An early D'Arsonval galvanometer showing magnet and rotating coil A galvanometer is an electromechanical instrument for detecting and indicating electric current . A galvanometer works as an actuator , by producing a rotary deflection ( of a `` pointer '' ) , in response to electric current flowing through a coil in a constant magnetic field . Early galvanometers were not calibrated , but their later developments were used as measuring instruments , called ammeters , to measure the current flowing through an electric circuit . Galvanometers developed from the observation that the needle of a magnetic compass is deflected near a wire that has electric current flowing through it , first described by Hans Oersted in 1820 . They were the first instruments used to detect and measure small amounts of electric currents . André - Marie Ampère , who gave mathematical expression to Ørsted 's discovery and named the instrument after the Italian electricity researcher Luigi Galvani , who in 1791 discovered the principle of the frog galvanoscope -- that electric current would make the legs of a dead frog jerk . Sensitive galvanometers have been essential for the development of science and technology in many fields . For example , they enabled long range communication through submarine cables , such as the earliest Transatlantic telegraph cables , and were essential to discovering the electrical activity of the heart and brain , by their fine measurements of current . Galvanometers also had widespread use as the visualising part in other kinds of analog meters , for example in light meters , VU meters , etc. , where they were used to measure and display the output of other sensors . Today the main type of galvanometer mechanism , still in use , is the moving coil , D'Arsonval / Weston type . Contents ( hide ) 1 Operation 2 Uses 2.1 Modern uses 2.2 Past uses 3 History 3.1 Hans Oersted 3.2 Schweigger and Ampère 3.3 Poggendorff and Thomson 3.4 Georg Ohm 3.5 D'Arsonval and Deprez 3.6 Edward Weston 4 Types 4.1 Tangent galvanometer 4.1. 1 Theory 4.1. 2 Geomagnetic field measurement 4.2 Astatic galvanometer 4.3 Mirror galvanometer 4.4 Ballistic galvanometer 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Operation ( edit ) Diagram of D'Arsonval / Weston type galvanometer . As the current flows from + through the coil ( the orange part ) to − , a magnetic field is generated in the coil . This field is counteracted by the permanent magnet and forces the coil to twist , moving the pointer , in relation to the field 's strength caused by the flow of current . Modern galvanometers , of the D'Arsonval / Weston type , are constructed with a small pivoting coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet . The coil is attached to a thin pointer that traverses a calibrated scale . A tiny torsion spring pulls the coil and pointer to the zero position . When a direct current ( DC ) flows through the coil , the coil generates a magnetic field . This field acts against the permanent magnet . The coil twists , pushing against the spring , and moves the pointer . The hand points at a scale indicating the electric current . Careful design of the pole pieces ensures that the magnetic field is uniform , so that the angular deflection of the pointer is proportional to the current . A useful meter generally contains provision for damping the mechanical resonance of the moving coil and pointer , so that the pointer settles quickly to its position without oscillation . The basic sensitivity of a meter might be , for instance , 100 microamperes full scale ( with a voltage drop of , say , 50 millivolts at full current ) . Such meters are often calibrated to read some other quantity that can be converted to a current of that magnitude . The use of current dividers , often called shunts , allows a meter to be calibrated to measure larger currents . A meter can be calibrated as a DC voltmeter if the resistance of the coil is known by calculating the voltage required to generate a full scale current . A meter can be configured to read other voltages by putting it in a voltage divider circuit . This is generally done by placing a resistor in series with the meter coil . A meter can be used to read resistance by placing it in series with a known voltage ( a battery ) and an adjustable resistor . In a preparatory step , the circuit is completed and the resistor adjusted to produce full scale deflection . When an unknown resistor is placed in series in the circuit the current will be less than full scale and an appropriately calibrated scale can display the value of the previously unknown resistor . These capabilities to translate different kinds of electric quantities , in to pointer movements , make the galvanometer ideal for turning output of other sensors that outputs electricity ( in some form or another ) , into something that can be read by a human . Because the pointer of the meter is usually a small distance above the scale of the meter , parallax error can occur when the operator attempts to read the scale line that `` lines up '' with the pointer . To counter this , some meters include a mirror along the markings of the principal scale . The accuracy of the reading from a mirrored scale is improved by positioning one 's head while reading the scale so that the pointer and the reflection of the pointer are aligned ; at this point , the operator 's eye must be directly above the pointer and any parallax error has been minimized . Uses ( edit ) Modern closed - loop galvanometer - driven laser scanning mirror from Scanlab . Probably the largest use of galvanometers was of the D'Arsonval / Weston type used in analog meters in electronic equipment . Since the 1980s , galvanometer - type analog meter movements have been displaced by analog to digital converters ( ADCs ) for many uses . A digital panel meter ( DPM ) contains an analog to digital converter and numeric display . The advantages of a digital instrument are higher precision and accuracy , but factors such as power consumption or cost may still favour application of analog meter movements . Modern uses ( edit ) Most modern uses for the galvanometer mechanism are in positioning and control systems . Galvanometer mechanisms are divided into moving magnet and moving coil galvanometers ; in addition , they are divided into closed - loop and open - loop - or resonant - types . Mirror galvanometer systems are used as beam positioning or beam steering elements in laser scanning systems . For example , for material processing with high - power lasers , closed loop mirror galvanometer mechanisms are used with servo control systems . These are typically high power galvanometers and the newest galvanometers designed for beam steering applications can have frequency responses over 10 kHz with appropriate servo technology . Closed - loop mirror galvanometers are also used in similar ways in stereolithography , laser sintering , laser engraving , laser beam welding , laser TVs , laser displays and in imaging applications such as retinal scanning with Optical Coherence Tomography ( OCT ) . Almost all of these galvanometers are of the moving magnet type . The closed loop is obtained measuring the position of the rotating axis with an infrared emitter and 2 photodiodes . This feedback is an analog signal . Open loop , or resonant mirror galvanometers , are mainly used in some types of laser - based bar - code scanners , printing machines , imaging applications , military applications and space systems . Their non-lubricated bearings are especially of interest in applications that require functioning in a high vacuum . A galvanometer mechanism ( center part ) , used in an automatic exposure unit of an 8 mm film camera , together with a photoresistor ( seen in the hole on top of the leftpart ) . Moving coil type galvanometer mechanisms ( called ' voice coils ' by hard disk manufacturers ) are used for controlling the head positioning servos in hard disk drives and CD / DVD players , in order to keep mass ( and thus access times ) , as low as possible . Past uses ( edit ) A major early use for galvanometers was for finding faults in telecommunications cables . They were superseded in this application late in the 20th century by time - domain reflectometers . Galvanometer mechanisms were also used to get readings from photoresistors in the metering mechanisms of film cameras ( as seen in the adjacent image ) . In analog strip chart recorders such as used in electrocardiographs , electroencephalographs and polygraphs , galvanometer mechanisms were used to position the pen . Strip chart recorders with galvanometer driven pens may have a full scale frequency response of 100 Hz and several centimeters of deflection . History ( edit ) Hans Oersted ( edit ) The deflection of a magnetic compass needle by current in a wire was first described by Hans Oersted in 1820 . The phenomenon was studied both for its own sake and as a means of measuring electric current . Schweigger and Ampère ( edit ) The earliest galvanometer was reported by Johann Schweigger at the University of Halle on 16 September 1820 . André - Marie Ampère also contributed to its development . Early designs increased the effect of the magnetic field generated by the current by using multiple turns of wire . The instruments were at first called `` multipliers '' due to this common design feature . The term `` galvanometer , '' in common use by 1836 , was derived from the surname of Italian electricity researcher Luigi Galvani , who in 1791 discovered that electric current would make a dead frog 's leg jerk . Poggendorff and Thomson ( edit ) Thomson mirror galvanometer , patented in 1858 . Originally , the instruments relied on the Earth 's magnetic field to provide the restoring force for the compass needle . These were called `` tangent '' galvanometers and had to be oriented before use . Later instruments of the `` astatic '' type used opposing magnets to become independent of the Earth 's field and would operate in any orientation . The most sensitive form , the Thomson or mirror galvanometer , was patented in 1858 by William Thomson ( Lord Kelvin ) as an improvement of an earlier design invented in 1826 by Johann Christian Poggendorff . Thomson 's design , was able to detect very rapid current changes , by using small magnets attached to a lightweight mirror , suspended by a thread , instead of a compass needle . The deflection of a light beam on the mirror greatly magnified the deflection induced by small currents . Alternatively , the deflection of the suspended magnets could be observed directly through a microscope . Georg Ohm ( edit ) The ability to measure quantitatively voltage and current allowed Georg Ohm to formulate that -- the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current through it -- Ohm 's Law . D'Arsonval and Deprez ( edit ) The early moving - magnet form of galvanometer had the disadvantage that it was affected by any magnets or iron masses near it , and its deflection was not linearly proportional to the current . In 1882 Jacques - Arsène d'Arsonval and Marcel Deprez developed a form with a stationary permanent magnet and a moving coil of wire , suspended by fine wires which provided both an electrical connection to the coil and the restoring torque to return to the zero position . An iron tube between the magnet 's pole pieces defined a circular gap through which the coil rotated . This gap produced a consistent , radial magnetic field across the coil , giving a linear response throughout the instrument 's range . A mirror attached to the coil deflected a beam of light to indicate the coil position . The concentrated magnetic field and delicate suspension made these instruments sensitive ; d'Arsonval's initial instrument could detect ten microamperes . Edward Weston ( edit ) D'Arsonval / Weston galvanometer ( ca . 1900 ) . Part of the magnet 's left pole piece is broken out to show the coil . Edward Weston extensively improved the design . He replaced the fine wire suspension with a pivot , and provided restoring torque and electrical connections through spiral springs rather like those of a wristwatch balance wheel hairspring . He developed a method of stabilizing the magnetic field of the permanent magnet , so the instrument would have consistent accuracy over time . He replaced the light beam and mirror with a knife - edge pointer that could be read directly . A mirror under the pointer , in the same plane as the scale , eliminated parallax observation error . To maintain the field strength , Weston 's design used a very narrow circumferential slot through which the coil moved , with a minimal air - gap . This improved linearity of pointer deflection with respect to coil current . Finally , the coil was wound on a light - weight form made of conductive metal , which acted as a damper . By 1888 , Edward Weston had patented and brought out a commercial form of this instrument , which became a standard electrical equipment component . It was known as a `` portable '' instrument because it was affected very little by mounting position or by transporting it from place to place . This design is almost universally used in moving - coil meters today . Initially laboratory instruments relying on the Earth 's own magnetic field to provide restoring force for the pointer , galvanometers were developed into compact , rugged , sensitive portable instruments essential to the development of electro - technology . Types ( edit ) Some galvanometers use a solid pointer on a scale to show measurements ; other very sensitive types use a miniature mirror and a beam of light to provide mechanical amplification of low - level signals . Tangent galvanometer ( edit ) Tangent galvanometer made by J.H. Bunnell Co. around 1890 . A tangent galvanometer is an early measuring instrument used for the measurement of electric current . It works by using a compass needle to compare a magnetic field generated by the unknown current to the magnetic field of the Earth . It gets its name from its operating principle , the tangent law of magnetism , which states that the tangent of the angle a compass needle makes is proportional to the ratio of the strengths of the two perpendicular magnetic fields . It was first described by Claude Pouillet in 1837 . A tangent galvanometer consists of a coil of insulated copper wire wound on a circular non-magnetic frame . The frame is mounted vertically on a horizontal base provided with levelling screws . The coil can be rotated on a vertical axis passing through its centre . A compass box is mounted horizontally at the centre of a circular scale . It consists of a tiny , powerful magnetic needle pivoted at the centre of the coil . The magnetic needle is free to rotate in the horizontal plane . The circular scale is divided into four quadrants . Each quadrant is graduated from 0 ° to 90 ° . A long thin aluminium pointer is attached to the needle at its centre and at right angle to it . To avoid errors due to parallax , a plane mirror is mounted below the compass needle . In operation , the instrument is first rotated until the magnetic field of the Earth , indicated by the compass needle , is parallel with the plane of the coil . Then the unknown current is applied to the coil . This creates a second magnetic field on the axis of the coil , perpendicular to the Earth 's magnetic field . The compass needle responds to the vector sum of the two fields , and deflects to an angle equal to the tangent of the ratio of the two fields . From the angle read from the compass 's scale , the current could be found from a table . The current supply wires have to be wound in a small helix , like a pig 's tail , otherwise the field due to the wire will affect the compass needle and an incorrect reading will be obtained . Theory ( edit ) Top view of a tangent galvanometer made about 1950 . The indicator needle of the compass is perpendicular to the shorter , black magnetic needle . The galvanometer is oriented so that the plane of the coil is vertical and aligned along parallel to the horizontal component B of the Earth 's magnetic field ( i.e. parallel to the local `` magnetic meridian '' ) . When an electric current flows through the galvanometer coil , a second magnetic field B is created . At the center of the coil , where the compass needle is located , the coil 's field is perpendicular to the plane of the coil . The magnitude of the coil 's field is : B = μ 0 n I 2 r ( \ displaystyle B = ( \ mu _ ( 0 ) nI \ over 2r ) \ , ) where I is the current in amperes , n is the number of turns of the coil and r is the radius of the coil . These two perpendicular magnetic fields add vectorially , and the compass needle points along the direction of their resultant B + B . The current in the coil causes the compass needle to rotate by an angle θ : θ = tan − 1 B B H ( \ displaystyle \ theta = \ tan ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ frac ( B ) ( B_ ( H ) ) ) \ , ) From tangent law , B = B tan θ , i.e. μ 0 n I 2 r = B H tan θ ( \ displaystyle ( \ mu _ ( 0 ) nI \ over 2r ) = B_ ( H ) \ tan \ theta \ , ) or I = ( 2 r B H μ 0 n ) tan θ ( \ displaystyle I = \ left ( ( \ frac ( 2rB_ ( H ) ) ( \ mu _ ( 0 ) n ) ) \ right ) \ tan \ theta \ , ) or I = K tan θ , where K is called the Reduction Factor of the tangent galvanometer . One problem with the tangent galvanometer is that its resolution degrades at both high currents and low currents . The maximum resolution is obtained when the value of θ is 45 ° . When the value of θ is close to 0 ° or 90 ° , a large percentage change in the current will only move the needle a few degrees . Geomagnetic field measurement ( edit ) A tangent galvanometer can also be used to measure the magnitude of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field . When used in this way , a low - voltage power source , such as a battery , is connected in series with a rheostat , the galvanometer , and an ammeter . The galvanometer is first aligned so that the coil is parallel to the geomagnetic field , whose direction is indicated by the compass when there is no current through the coils . The battery is then connected and the rheostat is adjusted until the compass needle deflects 45 degrees from the geomagnetic field , indicating that the magnitude of the magnetic field at the center of the coil is the same as that of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field . This field strength can be calculated from the current as measured by the ammeter , the number of turns of the coil , and the radius of the coils . Astatic galvanometer ( edit ) Astatic galvanometer . Unlike the tangent galvanometer , the astatic galvanometer does not use the Earth 's magnetic field for measurement , so it does not need to be oriented with respect to the Earth 's field , making it easier to use . It has two magnetized needles parallel to each other , but with the magnetic poles reversed . suspended by a silk thread . The lower needle is inside a vertical current sensing coil of wire and is deflected by the magnetic field created by the passing current , as in the tangent galvanometer above . The purpose of the second needle is to cancel the dipole moment of the first needle , so the suspended armature has no net magnetic dipole moment , and thus is not affected by the earth 's magnetic field . The needle 's rotation is opposed by the torsional elasticity of the suspension thread , which is proportional to the angle . The astatic galvanometer was developed by Leopoldo Nobili in 1825 . Mirror galvanometer ( edit ) Main article : mirror galvanometer To achieve higher sensitivity to detect extremely small currents , the mirror galvanometer substituted a lightweight mirror for the pointer . It consisted of horizontal magnets suspended from a fine fiber , inside a vertical coil of wire , with a mirror attached to the magnets . A beam of light reflected from the mirror fell on a graduated scale across the room , acting as a long mass-less pointer . The mirror galvanometer was used as the receiver in the first trans - Atlantic submarine telegraph cables in the 1850s , to detect the extremely faint pulses of current after their thousand mile journey under the Atlantic . In a device called an oscillograph , the moving beam of light was used , to produce graphs of current versus time , by recording measurements on photographic film . The string galvanometer was a type of mirror galvanometer so sensitive that it was used to make the first electrocardiogram of the electrical activity of the human heart . Ballistic galvanometer ( edit ) Main article : Ballistic galvanometer A ballistic galvanometer is a type of sensitive galvanometer for measuring the quantity of charge discharged through it . In reality it is an integrator , unlike a current - measuring galvanometer , the moving part has a large moment of inertia that gives it a long oscillation period . It can be either of the moving coil or moving magnet type , commonly it is a mirror galvanometer . See also ( edit ) Vibration galvanometer Thermo galvanometer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schiffer , Michael Brian . ( 2008 ) `` Electromagnetism Revealed , '' Power Struggles : Scientific Authority and the Creation of Practical Electricity Before Edison . Page 24 . Jump up ^ `` Schweigger Multiplier -- 1820 '' . Maglab . National High Magnetic Field Laboratory . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Keithley , Joseph F. ( 1999 ) . The story of electrical and magnetic measurements : from 500 B.C. to the 1940s . John Wiley and Sons . pp. 196 -- 198 . ISBN 0 - 7803 - 1193 - 0 . Jump up ^ Greenslade , Jr. , Thomas B. `` Tangent Galvanometer '' . Kenyon College . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Theory '' . GALVANOMETER . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Greenslade , Thomas . `` Instruments for Natural Philosophy -- Astatic Galvanometer '' . Kenyon College . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Galvanometers . Galvanometer - Interactive Java Tutorial National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Selection of historic galvanometer in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Electrical and electronic measuring equipment Metering Ammeter Capacitance meter Distortionmeter Electricity meter Frequency counter Galvanometer LCR meter Microwave power meter Multimeter Megohmmeter Ohmmeter Peak meter Peak programme meter Psophometer Q meter Time - domain reflectometer Time - to - digital converter Transistor tester Tube tester Wattmeter Voltmeter VU meter Analysis Bus analyzer Logic analyzer Network analyzer Oscilloscope Signal analyzer Spectrum analyzer Waveform monitor Vectorscope Videoscope Generation Arbitrary waveform generator Digital pattern generator Function generator Signal generator Video - signal generator Sensors Acoustic , sound , vibration Geophone Hydrophone Microphone Seismometer Automotive , transportation Air -- fuel ratio meter Blind spot monitor Crankshaft position sensor Curb feeler Defect detector Engine coolant temperature sensor Hall effect sensor MAP sensor Mass flow sensor Omniview technology Oxygen sensor Parking sensors Radar gun Speed sensor Speedometer Throttle position sensor Tire - pressure monitoring system Torque sensor Transmission fluid temperature sensor Turbine speed sensor Variable reluctance sensor Vehicle speed sensor Water sensor Wheel speed sensor Chemical Breathalyzer Carbon dioxide sensor Carbon monoxide detector Catalytic bead sensor Chemical field - effect transistor Electrochemical gas sensor Electrolyte -- insulator -- semiconductor sensor Electronic nose Fluorescent chloride sensors Holographic sensor Hydrocarbon dew point analyzer Hydrogen sensor Hydrogen sulfide sensor Infrared point sensor Ion selective electrode Microwave chemistry sensor Nitrogen oxide sensor Nondispersive infrared sensor Olfactometer Optode Oxygen sensor Pellistor pH glass electrode Potentiometric sensor Redox electrode Smoke detector Zinc oxide nanorod sensor Electric , magnetic , radio Current sensor Electroscope Galvanometer Hall effect sensor Hall probe Magnetic anomaly detector Magnetometer MEMS magnetic field sensor Metal detector Planar Hall sensor Radio direction finder Test light Environment , weather , moisture Actinometer Bedwetting alarm Ceilometer Dew warning Electrochemical gas sensor Fish counter Frequency domain sensor Gas detector Hook gauge evaporimeter Humistor Hygrometer Leaf sensor Psychrometer Pyranometer Pyrgeometer Rain gauge Rain sensor SNOTEL Snow gauge Soil moisture sensor Stream gauge Tide gauge Weather radar Flow , fluid velocity Air flow meter Anemometer Flow sensor Gas meter Mass flow sensor Water metering Ionising radiation , subatomic particles Bubble chamber Cloud chamber Geiger -- Müller tube Geiger counter Ionization chamber Neutron detection Particle detector Proportional counter Scintillation counter Semiconductor detector Scintillator Thermoluminescent dosimeter Wire chamber Navigation instruments Airspeed indicator Machmeter Altimeter Attitude indicator Depth gauge Fluxgate compass Gyroscope Inertial navigation system Inertial reference unit Magnetic compass MHD sensor Ring laser gyroscope Turn coordinator Variometer Vibrating structure gyroscope Yaw - rate sensor Position , angle , displacement Accelerometer Angular rate sensor Auxanometer Capacitive displacement sensor Capacitive sensing Gravimeter Inclinometer Integrated circuit piezoelectric sensor Laser rangefinder Laser surface velocimeter Lidar Linear encoder Linear variable differential transformer Liquid capacitive inclinometers Odometer Photoelectric sensor Piezoelectric accelerometer Position sensor Rotary encoder Rotary variable differential transformer Selsyn Sudden Motion Sensor Tachometer Tilt sensor Ultrasonic thickness gauge Variable reluctance sensor Velocity receiver Optical , light , imaging Charge - coupled device Contact image sensor Electro - optical sensor Flame detector Infrared Kinetic inductance detector LED as light sensor Light - addressable potentiometric sensor Nichols radiometer Optical fiber Photodetector Photodiode Photoelectric sensor Photoionization detector Photomultiplier Photoresistor Photoswitch Phototransistor Phototube Position sensitive device Scintillometer Shack -- Hartmann wavefront sensor Single - photon avalanche diode Superconducting nanowire single - photon detector Transition edge sensor Tristimulus colorimeter Visible - light photon counter Wavefront sensor Pressure Barograph Barometer Boost gauge Bourdon gauge Hot - filament ionization gauge Ionization gauge McLeod gauge Oscillating U-tube Permanent Downhole Gauge Piezometer Pirani gauge Pressure gauge Pressure sensor Tactile sensor Time pressure gauge Force , density , level Bhangmeter Force gauge Hydrometer Level sensor Load cell Magnetic level gauge Nuclear density gauge Piezoelectric sensor Strain gauge Torque sensor Viscometer Thermal , heat , temperature Bimetallic strip Bolometer Calorimeter Exhaust gas temperature gauge Flame detection Gardon gauge Golay cell Heat flux sensor Infrared thermometer Microbolometer Microwave radiometer Net radiometer Quartz thermometer Resistance thermometer Silicon bandgap temperature sensor Special sensor microwave / imager Thermistor Thermocouple Thermometer Proximity , presence Alarm sensor Doppler radar Motion detector Occupancy sensor Passive infrared sensor Proximity sensor Reed switch Stud finder Touch switch Triangulation sensor Wired glove Sensor technology Active pixel sensor Back - illuminated sensor Biochip Biosensor Capacitance probe Carbon paste electrode Catadioptric sensor Digital sensors Displacement receiver Electromechanical film Electro - optical sensor Fabry -- Pérot interferometer Fisheries acoustics Image sensor Image sensor format Inductive sensor Intelligent sensor Lab - on - a-chip Leaf sensor Machine vision Microelectromechanical systems Photoelasticity Quantum sensor Radar Ground - penetrating radar Synthetic aperture radar Radar tracker Sensor array Sensor fusion Sensor grid Sensor node Soft sensor Sonar Staring array Transducer Ultrasonic sensor Video sensor technology Visual sensor network Wheatstone bridge Wireless sensor network Related List of sensors Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galvanometer&oldid=807708217 '' Categories : Galvanometers Electronic test equipment Historical scientific instruments Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles needing additional references from March 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 17 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is a galvanometer said to be sensitive | [
"The basic sensitivity of a meter might be, for instance, 100 microamperes full scale (with a voltage drop of, say, 50 millivolts at full current). Such meters are often calibrated to read some other quantity that can be converted to a current of that magnitude. The use of current dividers, often called shunts, allows a meter to be calibrated to measure larger currents. A meter can be calibrated as a DC voltmeter if the resistance of the coil is known by calculating the voltage required to generate a full scale current. A meter can be configured to read other voltages by putting it in a voltage divider circuit. This is generally done by placing a resistor in series with the meter coil. A meter can be used to read resistance by placing it in series with a known voltage (a battery) and an adjustable resistor. In a preparatory step, the circuit is completed and the resistor adjusted to produce full scale deflection. When an unknown resistor is placed in series in the circuit the current will be less than full scale and an appropriately calibrated scale can display the value of the previously unknown resistor."
] | [
"100 microamperes"
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-8003230316319557267 | Burning Man | Burning Man - wikipedia Burning Man Jump to : navigation , search `` The Burning Man '' redirects here . For the Twilight Zone episode , see The Burning Man ( The Twilight Zone ) . For the 2011 Aussie film , see Burning Man ( film ) . Burning Man A dust storm at Burning Man 2009 Begins August 26 , 2017 Ends September 3 , 2017 Frequency Annual Venue Seven Mile Playa Location ( s ) Black Rock Desert , Pershing County , Nevada , U.S. Coordinates 40 ° 47 ′ 13 '' N 119 ° 12 ′ 22 '' W / 40.787 ° N 119.206 ° W / 40.787 ; - 119.206 Coordinates : 40 ° 47 ′ 13 '' N 119 ° 12 ′ 22 '' W / 40.787 ° N 119.206 ° W / 40.787 ; - 119.206 Years active 31 Inaugurated June 21 , 1986 ; 31 years ago ( 1986 - 06 - 21 ) Founders Larry Harvey John Law Jerry James Scott `` The Hammer '' Mucci Attendance 67,290 ( 2016 ) Website www.burningman.org Black Rock City Location in the western United States Black Rock City Location in Nevada Burning Man is an annual gathering in the western United States at Black Rock City -- a temporary city erected in the Black Rock Desert of northwest Nevada , approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) north - northeast of Reno . The late summer event is described as an experiment in community and art , influenced by ten main principles : `` radical '' inclusion , self - reliance , and self - expression , as well as community cooperation , civic responsibility , gifting , decommodification , participation , immediacy , and leaving no trace . The event takes its name from its culmination , the symbolic ritual burning of a large wooden effigy ( `` the Man '' ) that traditionally occurs on the Saturday evening of the event . First held 32 years ago in 1986 on Baker Beach in San Francisco as a small function organized by Larry Harvey and a group of friends , it has since been held annually , spanning from the last Sunday in August to the first Monday in September ( Labor Day ) . Burning Man 2017 was held from August 27 to September 4 . At Burning Man , the community explores various forms of artistic self - expression , created in celebration for the pleasure of all participants . Participation is a key precept for the community -- selfless giving of one 's unique talents for the enjoyment of all is encouraged and actively reinforced . Some of these generous outpourings of creativity can include experimental and interactive sculpture , building , performance , and art cars among other media , often inspired by the yearly theme , chosen by organizers . Burning Man is organized by the Burning Man Project , a non-profit organization that , in 2014 , succeeded a for - profit limited liability company ( Black Rock City , LLC ) that was formed in 1997 to represent the event 's organizers , and is now considered a subsidiary of the non-profit organization . In 2010 , 51,515 people attended Burning Man . Attendance in 2011 was capped at 50,000 participants and the event sold out on July 24 ; the attendance rose to 70,000 in 2015 . Smaller regional events inspired by the principles of Burning Man have been held internationally ; some of these events are also officially endorsed by the Burning Man Project as regional branches of the event . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1986 to 1989 1.2 1990 to 1996 1.3 1997 to present 1.4 Transition to a non-profit organization 1.5 Timeline of the event 2 Principles 2.1 Radical inclusion 2.2 Gifting 2.3 Decommodification 2.4 Radical self - reliance 2.5 Radical self - expression 2.6 Communal effort 2.7 Civic responsibility 2.8 Leaving no trace 2.9 Participation 2.10 Immediacy 3 Art 3.1 Mutant vehicles 3.2 Bicycles 3.3 The Temple 3.4 Electronic music 4 Black Rock City 4.1 City planning 4.2 Center Camp 4.3 Villages and theme camps 4.4 Volunteers 4.5 Safety , policing and regulations 5 Transportation 5.1 Road access 5.2 Commercial airports 5.3 Temporary airstrip 5.4 Shuttles 5.5 Other 6 `` Leave No Trace '' policy 7 Criticism 7.1 Negative effects on the environment 7.2 Gentrification 7.3 Photography restrictions 8 Regional events 9 In popular culture 10 Films 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) 1986 to 1989 ( edit ) Two of the founders of Burning Man : John Law ( left ) and Michael Mikel One of the roots of the annual event now known as Burning Man began as a bonfire ritual on the summer solstice in 1986 when Larry Harvey , Jerry James , and a few friends met on Baker Beach in San Francisco and burned a 9 - foot ( 2.7 - meter ) wooden man as well as a smaller wooden dog . Harvey has described his inspiration for burning these effigies as a spontaneous act of `` radical self - expression '' . The event did have earlier roots , though . Sculptor Mary Grauberger , a friend of Harvey 's girlfriend Janet Lohr , held solstice bonfire gatherings on Baker Beach for several years prior to 1986 , some of which Harvey attended . When Grauberger stopped organizing it , Harvey `` picked up the torch '' so to speak , and ran with it . He and Jerry James built the first wooden effigy on the afternoon of June 21 , 1986 , cobbled together using scrap wood , to be torched later that evening . In 1987 , the effigy grew to almost 15 feet ( 4.6 meters ) tall , and by 1988 , it had grown to around 40 feet ( 12 meters ) . By 1988 , Larry Harvey formally named the summer solstice ritual `` Burning Man , '' by titling flyers for the happening as such ; to ward off references such as `` wicker man , '' referring to the practice of burning live sacrifices in wicker cages . Harvey has stated that he had not seen the 1973 cult film The Wicker Man until many years after and that it did not inspire the action . 1990 to 1996 ( edit ) In 1990 , a separate event was planned by Kevin Evans and John Law on the remote and largely unknown dry lake known as Black Rock Desert , about 110 miles north of Reno , Nevada . Evans conceived it as a dadaist temporary autonomous zone with sculpture to be burned and situationist performance art . He asked John Law , who also had experience on the dry lake and was a defining founder of Cacophony Society , to take on central organizing functions . In the Cacophony Society 's newsletter , it was announced as Zone # 4 , A Bad Day at Black Rock ( inspired by the 1955 film of the same name ) . Meanwhile , the beach burn was interrupted by the park police for not having a permit . After striking a deal to raise the Man but not to burn it , event organizers disassembled the effigy and returned it to the vacant lot where it had been built . Shortly thereafter , the legs and torso of the Man were chain - sawed and the pieces removed when the lot was unexpectedly leased as a parking lot . The effigy was reconstructed , led by Dan Miller , Harvey 's then - housemate of many years , just in time to take it to Zone Trip # 4 . Michael Mikel , another active Cacophonist , realized that a group unfamiliar with the environment of the dry lake would be helped by knowledgeable persons to ensure they did not get lost in the deep dry lake and risk dehydration and death . He took the name Danger Ranger and created the Black Rock Rangers . Thus the seed of Black Rock City was germinated , as a fellowship , organized by Law and Mikel , based on Evans ' idea , along with Harvey and James ' symbolic man . Drawing on experience in the sign business and with light sculpture , John Law prepared custom neon tubes for the Man in 1991 so it could be seen as a beacon at night . In its first years , the community grew by word of mouth alone , all were considered participants by virtue of surviving in the desolate surreal trackless plain of the Black Rock Desert . There were no paid or scheduled performers or artists , no separation between art - space and living - space , no rules other than `` Do n't interfere with anyone else 's immediate experience '' and `` no guns in central camp . '' 1991 marked the first year that the event had a legal permit , through the BLM ( the Bureau of Land Management ) . 1992 saw the birth of a smaller , intensive ( about 20 participants the first year ; about 100 in years two and three ) near - by event named `` Desert Siteworks , '' conceived and directed by William Binzen and co-produced ( in 1993 and ' 94 ) with Judy West . The annual , several weeks - long event , was held over summer Solstice at various fertile hot springs surrounding the desert . Participants built art and participated in self - directed performances . Some key organizers of Burning Man were also part of Desert Siteworks ( John Law , Michael Mikel ) and William Binzen was a friend of Larry Harvey . Hence , the two events saw lots of cross-pollination of ideas and participants . The Desert Siteworks project ran for three years ( 1992 -- 1994 ) . 1996 was the first year a formal partnership was created to own the name `` Burning Man '' and was also the last year that the event was held in the middle of the Black Rock Desert with no fence around it . Before the event opened to the public in 1996 , a festival worker named Michael Fury was killed in a motorcycle crash while riding from Gerlach , Nevada , to the Burning Man camp in the Black Rock Desert . Harvey insisted that the death had not occurred at Burning Man , since the gates were not yet open . Another couple was run over in their tent by an art car driving to `` rave camp , '' which was at that time distant from the main camp . After the 1996 event , co-founder and partner John Law broke with Burning Man and publicly said the event should not continue . 1997 to present ( edit ) The neon - tubed Man at the 1999 event 1997 marked another major pivotal year for the event . By 1996 , the event had grown to 8,000 attendees and unrestricted driving on the open playa was becoming a major safety hazard . To implement a ban on driving and re-create the event as a pedestrian / bicycle / art - car - only event , it was decided to move to private gated property . Fly Ranch , with the adjoining Hualapai mini dry lake - bed , just west of the Black Rock desert , was chosen . This moved Burning Man from Pershing county / federal BLM land into the jurisdiction of Washoe County , which brought a protracted list of permit requirements . To comply with the new requirements and to manage the increased liability load , the organizers formed Black Rock City , LLC . Will Roger Peterson and Flynn Mauthe created the Department of Public Works ( DPW ) to build the `` city '' grid layout ( a requirement so that emergency vehicles could be directed to an `` address '' ) designed by Rod Garrett , an architect . Rod continued as the city designer until his death , in 2011 , at the age of 76 . He is also credited with the design of all of the man bases from 2001 through 2012 , the center camp cafe and first camp . With the success of the driving ban , having no vehicular incidents , 1998 saw a return to the Black Rock desert , along with a temporary perimeter fence . The event has remained there since . As the population of Black Rock City grew , further rules were established in relation to its survival . Some critics of the event cite the addition of these rules as impinging on the original freedoms , altering the experience unacceptably , while others find the increased level of activity more than balances out the changes . A grid street structure . A speed limit of 5 mph ( 8 km / h ) . A ban on driving , except for approved `` mutant vehicles '' and service vehicles . Safety standards on mutant vehicles . Burning their own art must be done on an approved burn platform . A ban on fireworks . A ban on dogs . Light matter , Burning Man 2004 Another notable restriction to attendees is the 7 - mile - ( 11 km ) long temporary plastic fence that surrounds the event and defines the pentagon of land used by the event on the southern edge of the Black Rock dry lake . This 4 - foot ( 1.2 meter ) high barrier is known as the `` trash fence '' because its initial use was to catch wind - blown debris that might escape from campsites during the event . Since 2002 , the area beyond this fence has not been accessible to Burning Man participants during the week of the event . One visitor who was accidentally burned at the 2005 event unsuccessfully sued Black Rock City , LLC in San Francisco County Superior Court . On June 30 , 2009 , the California Court of Appeal for the First District upheld the trial court 's grant of summary judgment to Black Rock City , LLC on the basis that visitors who deliberately walk towards the Burning Man after it is lit assume the risk of getting burned by such an obviously hazardous object . In 2017 , a 41 year old man , Aaron Joel Mitchell , ran into the Burning Man and consequently died the next day due to cardiac arrest , bodily shock and 3rd degree burns to 98 % of his body . His death was ruled a suicide . Although the Burning Man was surrounded by fire fighters and volunteers to avoid such accidents , Mitchell made it through them and went up in flames . Transition to a non-profit organization ( edit ) In April 2011 , Larry Harvey announced that the LLC was beginning a three - year process to transfer ownership and control of the event over to a new non-profit organization called the `` Burning Man Project . '' The move towards becoming a non-profit organization was the result of `` bitter infighting '' between members of the board . At one point it looked like all of the board members were going to hire lawyers . Corporate appraisers were brought in to determine how much the company was worth , which Larry Harvey found `` abhorrent '' and against all of the values that Burning Man stood for . An earlier agreement stated that each member of the LLC would only receive `` sole compensation for many years of service , a golden parachute of $20,000 . '' But the members now agreed to an arrangement whereby each member of the LLC would receive an undisclosed sum prior to the transfer of their ownership rights to the Burning Man Project . Marian Goodell , board member and head of communication , addressed concerns about the lack of transparency with this statement : `` When you 're in the middle of a storm , if you 're going to explain all of how you got there , and how you 're going to get out , it often sets more panic among the survivors than if you just sail the boat out of the darkness . '' It was announced in March 2014 via the official Burning Man Blog that the non-profit transition was complete . Under the new non-profit structure Black Rock City LLC , the longtime for - profit responsible for the event , would be a subsidiary of the non-profit Burning Man Project . Although unmentioned in the initial announcement , the Terms and Conditions for ticket buyers were changed to reflect an alteration in the structure of the business . Under the new terms it was made known that a new LLC was created , Decommodification LLC , which in the new non-profit business structure , owns all of the intellectual property associated with the Burning Man brand , including ownership over logos and trademarks , and will be responsible for enforcement thereof . The non-profit Burning Man Project licenses usage of all intellectual property associated with Burning Man from Decommodification LLC . After questions were raised by the community about this new LLC within the comment section on the original non-profit announcement Larry Harvey confirmed that he and the other founders were the sole owners of this new LLC . Timeline of the event ( edit ) The statistics below illustrate the growth in attendance of the Burning Man event , from a few handfuls of people to more than 70,000 in 2015 , as well as other facts and figures . Burning Man 2006 was covered extensively for television for the first time by subscription television channel Current TV which handed out cameras to participants and broadcast daily updates via satellite from the dry lake . `` TV Free Burning Man '' also provided TV viewers an hour - long live feed of The Burn and was shown without commercial sponsorship . TV Free returned in 2007 and 2008 ; the 2007 coverage was nominated for a news Emmy Award . The height of the Burning Man itself has remained close to 40 feet ( 12 meters ) tall between 1989 - 2013 . During those years changes in the height and structure of the base account for the differing heights of the overall structures . In 2014 the configuration and height of the Man itself changed , and Burners were presented with a taller , more robust figure . For 2016 and 2017 the Man itself returned to its 40 - foot configuration . Year Height from ground to top of Man Location Participants BLM participant limit Admission price Theme Notes 1986 8 ft ( 2.4 m ) Baker Beach 20 N / A Free None Larry Harvey & Jerry James build & burn wooden man on Baker Beach on the summer solstice , following a ritual bonfire tradition begun by Mary Grauberger 20 ft ( 6.1 m ) Baker Beach 80 N / A Free None 30 ft ( 9.1 m ) Baker Beach 150 -- 200 N / A Free None 40 ft ( 12 m ) Baker Beach 300 + N / A Free None First listing of Burning Man in the San Francisco Cacophony Society newsletter , `` Rough Draft '' under `` sounds like cacophony . '' 40 ft ( 12 m ) Baker Beach & Black Rock Desert 500 ( Baker Beach ) + 120 Black Rock Desert Free None Figure erected at Baker Beach on Summer Solstice ( June 21 ) but not burned . Man is invited to San Francisco Cacophony Zone Trip # 4 on Labor Day weekend in the Black Rock Desert , Nevada . 1991 40 ft ( 12 m ) Black Rock Desert 250 $15 None First year of neon on the man . 40 ft ( 12 m ) Black Rock Desert 600 $25 None First year amplified music appeared at Burning Man . Craig Ellenwood and TerboTed set up a camp , approved by Larry Harvey one mile from center camp and launched the first EDM camp . 40 ft ( 12 m ) Black Rock Desert 1,000 $25 -- $40 None Theme camps : 1 -- `` Christmas Camp '' 40 ft ( 12 m ) Black Rock Desert 2,000 $30 None First year of wooden spires and lamplighting 1995 40 ft ( 12 m ) Black Rock Desert 4,000 $35 None Unofficial theme was `` Good and Evil '' . 48 ft ( 15 m ) Black Rock Desert 8,000 $35 Inferno Theme featuring Dante 's Inferno / HELCO ( a satire on corporate takeovers ) . First year the man is elevated on a straw bale pyramid and guns banned in central camp . First fatality in motorcycle collision . 3 people seriously injured in a tent run over by a car . 10 of 16 BLM stipulations violated , putting BM on probationary status for next year . An injury claim drives liability coverage up by a factor of 6 . Featured in an article in Wired magazine . Theme camps 130 + 50 ft ( 15 m ) Hualapai Playa 10,000 $65 Fertility : The Living Land The BM org . forms management structure , the DPW to meet strict permit requirements newly imposed . First year the city has grid streets and driving banned . Washoe County officials impounded gate receipts to ensure payment after the fire and protection fees along with more than 100 new fire and safety conditions are imposed before the event . Registered theme camps : 400 + 1998 52 ft ( 16 m ) Black Rock Desert 15,000 $65 -- $100 Nebulous Entity Burning Man returned to the Black Rock Desert although much closer to Gerlach than before . The `` Nebulous Entity '' was Harvey 's satirical concept of alien beings who thrive on information -- who consume it but do not understand it . 1999 54 ft ( 16 m ) Black Rock Desert 23,000 $65 -- $100 Wheel of Time Listed in the AAA 's RV guide under `` Great Destinations . '' Registered theme camps : 320 2000 54 ft ( 16 m ) Black Rock Desert 25,400 $95 -- $200 The Body First active law enforcement activity , 60 Bureau of Land Management ( BLM ) and police arrests and citations . Most are for minor drug charges following surveillance and searches . Registered theme camps : 460 70 ft ( 21 m ) Black Rock Desert 25,659 $200 Seven Ages See Seven Ages of Man . Over 100 BLM citations and 5 arrests . Registered theme camps : 466 , placed art : 150 2002 80 ft ( 24 m ) Black Rock Desert 28,979 $135 -- $200 The Floating World First year for FAA approved airport . 135 BLM citations and 4 Sheriff citations . Registered theme camps : 487 , placed art : 120 2003 79 ft ( 24 m ) Black Rock Desert 30,586 $145 -- $225 Beyond Belief Dogs are banned for the first time . 177 BLM citations , 9 police citations , 10 arrests and 1 fatality . Registered theme camps : 504 , placed art : 261 80 ft ( 24 m ) Black Rock Desert 35,664 The Vault of Heaven 218 BLM citations , some issued from decoy ' art car ' . Camps giving away alcohol subjected to state law compliance examinations and 1 arrest . Pershing County Sheriff 's office : 27 cases , 4 arrests , 2 citations . Nevada Highway Patrol : 2 DUI arrests , 217 citations , and 246 warnings were issued . Malcolm in the Middle used burning man in one of their episodes . Registered theme camps : 503 , placed art : 220 2005 72 ft ( 22 m ) Black Rock Desert 35,567 $145 -- $250 Psyche : The Conscious , Subconscious & Unconscious The Man , perched atop a `` fun house '' maze , can be turned by participants , confusing those at a distance who use it to navigate . Dream related art work . 218 BLM citations , 6 arrests and 1 fatality . Registered theme camps : 485 , placed art : 275 2006 72 ft ( 22 m ) Black Rock Desert 38,989 6 % > previous highest ( 37,803 ) $185 -- $280 Hope and Fear : The Future The Man goes up and down reflecting a hope / fear meter . Voting stations were set up around the playa , allowing residents to cast a Hopeful or Fearful vote for the future of Man . If the vote was hopeful he would burn with his hands in the air - not - hands down . They voted hopeful - and his arms were raised till the end . 155 BLM citations and 1 arrest . Pershing County Sheriff 's office : 1 citation and 7 arrests . Nevada Highway Patrol : 234 citations , 17 arrests , and 213 warnings . Placed art : 300 2007 65 ft ( 20 m ) Black Rock Desert 47,097 6 % > previous highest ( 41,328 ) $195 -- $280 The Green Man The Man was prematurely set on fire around 2 : 58 am , Tuesday August 28 , during full Lunar eclipse . A repeat Burning Man prankster , Paul Addis , was arrested and charged with arson , and the Man was rebuilt for regular Saturday burn . Addis pleaded guilty in May 2008 to one felony count of injury to property , was sentenced to up to four years in Nevada state prison , and was ordered to pay $30,000 in restitution . 331 BLM citations . Registered theme camps : 681 , placed art : 300 2008 100 ft ( 30 m ) Black Rock Desert 49,599 6 % > previous highest ( 50,207 ) $210 -- $295 American Dream First year that tickets are not sold at the gate . The size and layout of the city is enlarged to accommodate a larger central playa and a longer Esplanade . Because of excessively high winds and whiteout conditions on Saturday , the burning of the Man was delayed for over an hour and a half and the fire conclave was canceled . Many longtime contributors opted out allegedly due to the chosen theme ( `` The American Dream '' ) , jailing of dissenter Addis , and the founders ' rift . The perimeter of BRC extended to 9 miles . The BLM made 6 arrests and issued 129 citations . Registered theme camps : 746 , placed art : 285 2009 66 ft ( 20 m ) Black Rock Desert 43,558 6 % > previous highest ( 52,575 ) $210 -- $360 Evolution : A Tangled Bank Tickets sold at the gate once again . As the result of some criticism , the size and layout of the city was returned to roughly the same as the 2007 event . The BLM officials said that as of noon Saturday , 41,059 people were at Burning Man , and the crowd peaked at 43,435 at noon Friday , a noted decline after years of steady attendance growth , due mainly to the 2008 stock market crash . BLM issued 287 citations and 9 arrests . Registered theme camps : 618 , placed art : 215 100 ft ( 30 m ) Black Rock Desert 51,525 6 % > previous highest ( 52,575 ) $210 -- $360 Metropolis -- Life of Cities Attendance over 50,000 mark , for first time . The gate opened early , at 6 pm Sunday , for first time . Coincided with the inaugural Black Rock City Film Festival . BLM issued 293 citations and 8 arrests . Registered theme camps : 700 , placed art : 275 2011 104 ft ( 32 m ) Black Rock Desert 53,963 50,000 $210 -- $360 Rites of Passage According to Black Rock LLC , 27,000 tickets ( all discounted tiers ) were sold by midday the day following the opening of ticket sales . For the first time in Burning Man history , tickets sold out before the event on July 24 , 2011 . 2012 40 ft ( 12 m ) on a 50 ft ( 15 m ) base Black Rock Desert 56,149 60,900 $240 -- $420 Fertility 2.0 Due to the sellout of the event in 2011 , the BMOrg opted for a complex multi-round , random selection system of ticket sales with a separate low income program . On January 27 , BMOrg announced that the number of tickets requested in the Main Sale was around 120,000 vs the 40,000 that were available . In consequence a significant number of registrants would not be awarded tickets in the Main Sale . The Main Sale was originally planned to be followed by a secondary open sale of 10,000 tickets . However , as the huge demand from the Main Sale left many veteran burners and theme camps without tickets , BMOrg opted for a `` directed ticket distribution '' instead , i.e. , `` manually redirect them to some of the vital groups and collaborations that make up Black Rock City '' rather than an open sale . 2013 40 ft ( 12 m ) on a 55 ft ( 17 m ) base Black Rock Desert 69,613 68,000 $380 Cargo Cult The year 's theme was based on John Frum and Cargo Cults . Ticket tiers were eliminated and a flat rate price structure was adopted ( except for low - income ticket program ) . 2014 105 ft ( 32 m ) Black Rock Desert 65,922 68,000 $380 Vehicle pass : $40 Caravansary This year , the Burning Man Traffic Mitigation Plan went into effect . All vehicles entering Black Rock City needed a $40 vehicle pass . Only 35,000 passes were available . A woman is killed in a vehicle collision . 2015 60 ft ( 18 m ) Black Rock Desert 67,564 70,000 $390 Vehicle pass : $50 Carnival of Mirrors First time in nearly 10 years that the Man base is on the ground ( vs a raised base ) . Only 27,000 vehicle passes were made available this year . 2016 43 ft ( 13 m ) Black Rock Desert 67,290 70,000 $390 Vehicle pass : $80 DaVinci 's Workshop Tying in with the 2016 theme -- the works of Leonardo da Vinci , the Man was a large - scale interpretation of the Vitruvian Man on a circular frame ; contained within its base was a wheel and gear system that was to allow groups of visitors to manually rotate the Man . The gear system was damaged during setup , however , and was not functional during the event . 2017 42 ft ( 13 m ) Black Rock Desert 70,000 $425 Vehicle pass : $80 Radical Ritual Aaron Joel Mitchell died after choosing to run into the flames of the `` Man Burn '' effigy . Principles ( edit ) This Principles contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The effigy with fireworks immediately before being burned in 2011 Because of the variety of goals fostered by participatory attendees , known as `` Burners '' , Burning Man does not have a single focus . Features of the event are subject to the participants and include community , artwork , absurdity , decommodification , and revelry . Participation is encouraged . The Burning Man event and its affiliated communities are guided by ten principles that are meant to evoke the cultural ethos that has emerged from the event . They were originally written by Larry Harvey in 2004 as guidelines for regional organizing , then later became a universal criterion of the general culture of the multifaceted movement . They are : radical inclusion gifting decommodification radical self - reliance radical self - expression communal effort civic responsibility leaving no trace participation immediacy . The descriptions in quotes are the actual text : Radical inclusion ( edit ) `` Anyone may be a part of Burning Man . We welcome and respect the stranger . No prerequisites exist for participation in our community . '' This was written with a broad stroke for general organizing , meaning anyone is welcome to the Burning Man culture . Prerequisites for the Burning Man event are participants expected to provide for their own basic needs , follow the guidelines stated in the annually updated event `` survival guide , '' and purchase a ticket to get in . Gifting ( edit ) `` Burning Man is devoted to acts of gift giving . The value of a gift is unconditional . Gifting does not contemplate a return or an exchange for something of equal value . '' Instead of cash , participants at the Burning Man event in the Black Rock Desert are encouraged to rely on a gift economy , a sort of potlatch . In the earliest days of the event , an underground barter economy also existed , in which burners exchanged `` favors '' with each other . While this was originally supported by the Burning Man organization , this is now largely discouraged . Instead , burners are encouraged to give gifts to one another unconditionally . Decommodification ( edit ) `` In order to preserve the spirit of gifting , our community seeks to create social environments that are unmediated by commercial sponsorships , transactions , or advertising . We stand ready to protect our culture from such exploitation . We resist the substitution of consumption for participatory experience . '' No cash transactions are permitted between attendees of the Burning Man event in the Black Rock Desert . Cash can be used for a select few charity , fuel , and sanitation vendors as follows : Café beverages such as coffee , chai , lemonade , etc. , which are sold at Center Camp Café , operated by the organizers of the event . Ice sales benefit the local Gerlach - Empire school system . Tickets for the shuttle bus to the nearest Nevada communities of Gerlach and Empire which is operated by a contractor not participating in the event : Green Tortoise . A re-entry wristband , which allows a person to leave and re-enter the event and may be purchased at the gate upon exit . An airport use fee , payable at the airport upon first entry . Diesel and biodiesel sold by third - party contractors . RV dump service and camp graywater disposal service . Private portable toilets and servicing , which can be arranged with the official contractor . Radical self - reliance ( edit ) Dust storms are common at Burning Man , so many come prepared with appropriate provisions , such as goggles and masks to reduce dust inhalation . `` Burning Man encourages the individual to discover , exercise and rely on his or her inner resources . '' The event 's harsh environment and remote location the way it is makes participants expected to be responsible for their own subsistence . Since the LLC forbids most commerce , participants must be prepared and bring all their own supplies with the exception of the items stated in Decommodification . Radical self - expression ( edit ) Play media Trojan Horse Pull -- Burning Man 2011 `` Radical self - expression arises from the unique gifts of the individual . No one other than the individual or a collaborating group can determine its content . It is offered as a gift to others . In this spirit , the giver should respect the rights and liberties of the recipient . '' Participants at the Burning Man event in the Black Rock Desert are encouraged to express themselves in a number of ways through various art forms and projects . The event is clothing - optional and public nudity is common , though not practiced by the majority . Communal effort ( edit ) `` Our community values creative cooperation and collaboration . We strive to produce , promote and protect social networks , public spaces , works of art , and methods of communication that support such interaction . '' Participants at the Burning Man event in the Black Rock Desert are encouraged to work with and help fellow participants . Civic responsibility ( edit ) `` We value civil society . Community members who organize events should assume responsibility for public welfare and endeavor to communicate civic responsibilities to participants . They must also assume responsibility for conducting events in accordance with local , state and federal laws . '' Leaving no trace ( edit ) Burning Man Playa Restoration 2015 -- attendees carry MOOP ( matter out of place ) sticks and buckets and walk to pick up discarded materials , as part of the ' leave no trace ' policy . `` Our community respects the environment . We are committed to leaving no physical trace of our activities wherever we gather . We clean up after ourselves and endeavor , whenever possible , to leave such places in a better state than when we found them . '' Participation ( edit ) `` Our community is committed to a radically participatory ethic . We believe that transformative change , whether in the individual or in society , can occur only through the medium of deeply personal participation . We achieve being through doing . Everyone is invited to work . Everyone is invited to play . We make the world real through actions that open the heart . '' People are encouraged to participate , rather than observe . Immediacy ( edit ) `` Immediate experience is , in many ways , the most important touchstone of value in our culture . We seek to overcome barriers that stand between us and a recognition of our inner selves , the reality of those around us , participation in society , and contact with a natural world exceeding human powers . No idea can substitute for this experience . '' Art ( edit ) Coyote sculpture ( 2013 ) Art on the dry lake bed ( the playa ) is assisted by the Artery , which helps artists place their art in the desert and ensures lighting ( to prevent collisions ) , burn platform ( to protect the integrity of the dry lake bed ) , and that fire safety requirements are met . Some playa art is perennial , other art is inspired by the event 's annual - since 1995 - theme ( ostensibly decided upon by Larry Harvey ) : 1995 - Good and Evil 1996 - The Inferno 1997 - Mysteria 1998 - The Nebulous Entity 1999 - The Wheel of Time 2000 - The Body 2001 - The Seven Ages 2002 - The Floating World 2003 - Beyond Belief 2004 - Vault of Heaven 2005 - Psyche 2006 - Hope & Fear 2007 - The Green Man 2008 - American Dream 2009 - Evolution - A Tangled Bank 2010 - Metropolis - The Life Of Cities 2011 - Rites of Passage 2012 - Fertility 2.0 2013 - Cargo Cult 2014 - Caravansary 2015 - Carnival of Mirrors 2016 - Da Vinci 's Workshop 2017 - Radical Ritual 2018 - I , Robot Burning Man primarily features outsider art and visionary art , though a great variety of art forms appear during the event . Creative expression through the arts and interactive art are encouraged at Burning Man . Numerous Theme Camps , registered and placed by organizers , are created as event and residence centers by sizable sub-communities of participants and use extensive design and artistic elements to engage the greater community and meet interactivity requirements . Music , performance and guerrilla street theatre are art forms commonly presented within the camps and developed areas of the city . Adjacent to the city , the dry lake bed of Lake Lahontan serves as a tabula rasa for hundreds of isolated artworks , ranging from small to very large - scale art installations , often sculptures with kinetic , electronic and fire elements . Artwork is generally viewed as a freely given gift made by the artist to the community at his or her own expense . Art grants are , however , available to participants via a system of curation and oversight , with application deadlines early in the year . Grants are intended to help artists produce work beyond the scope of their own means , and are generally intended to cover only a portion of the costs associated with creation of the pieces , usually requiring considerable reliance on an artist 's community resources . Aggregate funding for all grants varies depending on the number and quality of the submissions ( usually well over 100 ) but amounts to several percent ( on the order of $500,000 in recent years ) of the gross receipts from ticket sales . In 2006 , 29 pieces were funded . Various standards regarding the nature of the artworks eligible for grants are set by the Art Department , but compliance with the theme and interactivity are important considerations . This funding has fostered artistic communities , most notably in the Bay Area of California , the region that has historically provided a majority of the event 's participants . There are active and successful outreach efforts to enlarge the regional scope of the event and the grant program . Among these is the Black Rock Arts Foundation ( BRAF ) . While BRAF does not fund any installations for the event itself , it relies on the donations from the Burning Man Project for a significant portion of its funding , and does facilitate presentation of work created for the event in outside venues as well as offering its own grants for artworks that typify interactivity and other principles and traditions the event . Mutant vehicles ( edit ) Praying Mantis truck ( 2010 ) Mutant Vehicles , often motorized , are purpose - built or creatively altered cars and trucks . Participants who wish to bring motorized mutant vehicles must submit their designs in advance to the event 's own DMV or `` Department of Mutant Vehicles '' for approval and for physical inspection at the time of the event . Not all designs and proposals are accepted . The event organizers , and in turn the DMV , have set the bar higher for what it deems an acceptable MV each year , in effect capping the number of Mutant Vehicles . This is in response to constraints imposed by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management , which grants permits to hold the event on federal property , and to participants who want to maintain a pedestrian - friendly environment . Vehicles that are minimally altered , and / or whose primary function is to transport participants , are discouraged and rejected . One of the criteria the DMV employs to determine whether an application for a proposed Mutant Vehicle is approved is `` can you recognize the base vehicle '' . For example , if a 1967 VW van covered with glitter , dolls ' heads , and old cooking utensils can still be recognized as a VW van , it is considered to be `` decorated not mutated '' and is less likely to be approved . This criterion led to the exclusion of some `` Art Cars '' , which historically have been a staple of the event . There were over six hundred approved Mutant Vehicles at the event in 2010 . Bicycles ( edit ) Cyclists at Burning Man ( 2010 ) Bicycles and tricycles are popular for getting around on the dry lake . Mountain bikes are generally preferred over road bikes for riding on the dried silt , which is normally hard but becomes loose with traffic . Participants often decorate their bikes to make them unique . Since lighting on the bikes is critically important for safety at night , many participants incorporate the lighting into their decorations , using electroluminescent wire ( a thin , flexible tube that glows with a neon - like effect when energized with electricity ) to create intricate patterns over the frame of the bike . Every night during Burning Man , thousands of bikes and art cars drive around , creating a visual display similar to Las Vegas at night , except that the lights are mobile . The Temple ( edit ) The Temple of Joy ( 2002 ) Temple of Transition exterior ( 2011 ) Temple of Transition interior ( 2011 ) The burning of a temple , as well as the Man , has become a tradition activity at the event . It takes place the evening after the destruction of the Man . Sculptor David Best 's temple projects were ritually burned from 2000 to 2004 . The tradition of participants inscribing the surfaces of the piece with personal messages has continued through all of the iterations of the temple . 2000 -- The Temple of the Mind 2001 -- The Temple of Tears 2002 -- The Temple of Joy 2003 -- The Temple of Honor 2004 -- The Temple of Stars 2005 -- The Temple of Dreams In 2005 , Best stepped aside to allow for another artist , Mark Grieve , to build his own interpretation of a Temple . Grieve 's temples were seen in both 2005 and 2006 . 2006 -- The Temple of Hope 2007 -- The Temple of Forgiveness In 2007 David Best took over the temple building duties for what he thought would be one last time . The 2007 Temple was named `` The Temple of Forgiveness . '' Best stated that after 2007 , it was time to hand the Temple over to the community . 2008 -- Basura Sagrada In 2008 the `` Basura Sagrada '' ( Spanish for `` sacred trash '' ) Temple was a collaboration of Shrine and Tucker Teutsch 3.0 , built with the extensive help of their friends and the greater Burning Man community . 2009 -- Fire of Fires In 2009 , the `` Fire of Fires '' Temple for Burning Man was built in Austin , Texas . 2010 -- The Temple of Flux In 2010 , the Temple of Flux was designed and orchestrated by artists Rebecca Anders , Jess Hobbs and Peter ( pk . ) Kimelman who formed the Flux Foundation . This group was notable for drawing from a broad section of the Burning Man community , including the large - scale sound camps and other existing BM art groups . The Flux Foundation has since continued to make large - scale public art outside Burning Man . The Temple of Flux broke from tradition and was highly abstract in nature , appearing as a series of landforms with canyon and cave - like spaces . 2011 -- The Temple of Transition The 2011 Temple was the first Temple built in Reno , Nevada . The International Arts Megacrew , helmed by Chris `` Kiwi '' Hankins , Diarmaid `` Irish '' Horkan and Ian `` Beave '' Beaverstock returned to a more traditional style . The Temple of Transition took the form of a 120 - foot tiered , hexagonal central tower , surrounded by five 58 - foot tiered , hexagonal towers . The towers were vaulted and lofty , cut with a profusion of gothic style arches . 2012 -- The Temple of Juno With the 2012 Temple came the return of David Best . The Temple of Juno incorporated a large central tower with central altar space , sitting within a 150 ' x 150 ' walled courtyard lined with benches , accessed from four entrances . Intricately cut wooden panels and detailed shapes covered the courtyard walls as well as the interior space and altars . 2013 -- The Temple of Whollyness This temple was created by The Otic Oasis team , led by architect and artist Gregg Fleishman , Terry Lightning `` Clearwater III '' Gross , and Melissa `` Syn '' Barron . This was the first Temple built without nails , bolts , adhesives , or fasteners of any kind . This Temple incorporated a massive 17 - ton black basalt Inuksuk sculpture created by artist , James LaFemina to act as the central altar . Conceptual artist and composer , Aaron ' Taylor ' Kuffner , who debuted at Burning Man with the 2011 Temple of Transition , returned to contribute musical elements with a different execution of the Gamelatron . 2014 -- The Temple of Grace Following the sudden withdrawal of chosen 2014 Temple builder Ross Asselstine , who was to build the Temple of Descendants , David Best came out of retirement a third time to build his eighth Temple . The Temple of Grace was intended to be a spiritual and sacred space for memorials , reflection , celebration , and to commemorate life transitions . The structure incorporated a central interior dome within a graceful curved body made of wood and steel . Again , it had intricately cut wooden panels for the exterior and interior skin . Eight altars surrounded the temple inside a low - walled courtyard , creating a large exterior grounds for the community . 2015 -- The Temple of Promise This temple was created by Dreamers Guild and built primarily in Alameda , CA . The temple welcomes participants through an archway soaring 97 feet overhead . As the path continues to curve , it opens into the contemplative altar and the heart of the Temple : a grove of three sculpted trees . The branches are initially bare . Participants will write messages on long strips of cloth and attach them to the trees , creating the gentle shade of Weeping Willows , increasing as the week progresses . The procession in memory of a Bureau of Land Management Special Agent in 2013 2016 -- The Temple ( no prepositional phrase ) David Best came out of retirement yet again to build a pagoda style temple . This year the wooden pieces were cut by hand without the use of a CNC machine . Electronic music ( edit ) Camps focusing on electronic music , often played by live DJs , began to appear in 1992 , as influenced by the rave culture of the San Francisco area . Terbo Ted was identified as having been the first ever DJ in Burning Man history , opening with a Jean Michel Jarre song played off a vinyl record . DJs typically occupied an area on the outskirts of the Playa nicknamed the `` Techno Ghetto '' . In later years , designated spokes of the main camp were designated for `` sound camps '' , with limits on volume and speaker positioning ( angled away from the center of Black Rock City ) . To work around the rules , mutant vehicles with live DJs and large sound systems began to appear as well . A number of major electronic music camps have been well - known recurrents at Burning Man , including Opulent Temple and Robot Heart . Major producers and DJs representing various eras and genres have performed at Burning Man , including Armin van Buuren , Carl Cox , Markus Schulz , François Kevorkian and Freq Nasty among others . In recent years , concerns began to surface among attendees that a growing number of `` mainstream '' electronic dance music acts ( such as Skrillex and Diplo 's Jack Ü in 2014 ) had begun to appear . In 2015 , organizers established a new area known as the `` Deep Playa Music Zone '' ( or DMZ ) , to serve as a new host for sound trucks featuring live DJs . Black Rock City ( edit ) `` Black Rock City '' redirects here . For the company that organizes Burning Man , see Black Rock City , LLC . Radar image of Black Rock City taken from the TerraSAR - X satellite in 2011 Black Rock City , often abbreviated to BRC , is the name of the temporary city created by Burning Man participants . Much of the layout and general city infrastructure is constructed by Department of Public Works ( DPW ) volunteers who often reside in Black Rock City for several weeks before and after the event . The remainder of the city including theme camps , villages , art installations and individual camping are all created by participants . City planning ( edit ) Oblique aerial photo of Black Rock City showing the familiar `` C '' pattern 2010 The developed part of the city is currently arranged as a series of concentric streets in an arc composing , since 1999 , two - thirds of a 1.5 - mile ( 2.4 - km ) diameter circle with the Man Sculpture and his supporting complex at the very center ( 40 ° 47 ′ 11 '' N 119 ° 12 ′ 23.40 '' W / 40.78639 ° N 119.2065000 ° W / 40.78639 ; - 119.2065000 in 2012 ) . Radial streets , sometimes called Avenues , extend from the Man to the outermost circle . The outlines of these streets are visible on aerial photographs . The innermost street is named the Esplanade , and the remaining streets are given names to coincide with the overall theme of the burn , and ordered in ways such as alphabetical order or stem to stern , to make them easier to recall . For example , in 1999 , for the `` Wheel of Time '' theme , and again in 2004 for `` The Vault of Heaven '' theme , the streets were named after the planets of the solar system . The radial streets are usually given a clock designation , for example , 6 : 00 or 6 : 15 , in which the Man is at the center of the clock face and 12 : 00 is in the middle of the third of the arc lacking streets ( usually at a bearing of 60 ° true from the Man ) . These avenues have been identified in other ways , notably in 2002 , in accordance with `` The Floating World '' theme , as the degrees of a compass , for example 175 degrees , and in 2003 as part of the Beyond Belief theme as adjectives ( `` Rational , Absurd '' ) that caused every intersection with a concentric street ( named after concepts of belief such as `` Authority , Creed '' ) to form a phrase such as `` Absurd Authority '' or `` Rational Creed '' . However , these proved unpopular with participants due to difficulty in navigating the city without the familiar clock layout . The Black Rock City Airport is constructed adjacent to the city , typically on its southern side . See Transportation section below . Center camp ( edit ) Center Camp is located along the mid line of Black Rock City , facing the Man at the 6 : 00 position on the Esplanade . This area serves as a central meeting place for the entire city and contains the Center Camp Cafe , Camp Arctica and a number of other city institutions . Villages and theme camps ( edit ) Satellite Image of Black Rock City , taken from NASA World Wind , 2005 Villages and theme camps are located along the innermost streets of Black Rock City , often offering entertainment or services to participants . Theme camps are usually a collective of people representing themselves under a single identity . Villages are usually a collection of smaller theme camps which have banded together in order to share resources and vie for better placement . Theme camps and villages often form to create an atmosphere in Black Rock City that their group envisioned . As Burning Man grows every year it attracts an even more diverse crowd . Subcultures form around theme camps at Black Rock City similar to what can be found in other cities . Volunteers ( edit ) The Burning Man event is heavily dependent on a large number of volunteers . Safety , policing and regulations ( edit ) Bureau of Land Management officers and a Ranger at Burning Man Play media Video about Burning Man 's air ambulance Black Rock City is patrolled by various local and state law enforcement agencies as well as the Bureau of Land Management Rangers . The local police issue $1500 fines for drug use and serving alcohol to minors . Burning Man also has its own in - house group of volunteers , the Black Rock Rangers , who act as informal mediators when disputes arise between participants . Firefighting , emergency medical services ( EMS ) , mental health , and communications support is provided by the volunteer Black Rock City Emergency Services Department ( ESD ) . Three `` MASH '' - like stations are set up in the city : station 3 , 6 and 9 . Station 6 is staffed by physicians and nurses working with a contracted state licensed ALS Medical provider , while Stations 3 and 9 are staffed by Black Rock City ESD personnel . While Station 3 and 9 provide emergency services and basic life support , the volunteers are generally doctors , nurses , EMTs / paramedics , and firefighters . Both station 3 and 9 have a small fire engines available in addition to a Hazardous material / Rescue truck and Quick response vehicle for medical emergencies . In documents from February 2013 first made public on August 29 , 2015 , it was revealed that in August 2010 , the FBI had sent a memo to its field offices in Nevada stating that it would patrol Burning Man to `` aid in the prevention of terrorist activities and intelligence collection . '' Although a threat assessment performed by the FBI in consort with Burning Man 's contracted security determined that drug usage and crowd control were the only major threats to Burning Man , the Bureau still sent an unspecified number of undercover officers to the event , with `` no adverse threats or reactions . '' Transportation ( edit ) See also : Black Rock Desert § Transportation Road access ( edit ) Highway 34 provides access to the main entrance to Black Rock City . The highway connects to Highway 447 north of Gerlach , which then runs south to Highway 427 in Wadsworth near Interstate 80 . Vehicles then proceed from the Highway 34 entrance north to the main gate via Gate Road , a desert dirt road with a speed limit of 10 mph . All vehicles driving into the city must have the appropriate vehicle pass , and all occupants are required to have valid ticket , in order to get in . Vehicles are also searched for any items that are prohibited in the city . For those who have their tickets held at Will Call , the booths are located between the Highway 34 entrance and the main gate . All tickets and vehicle passes must be bought in advance ; they are not directly sold outside the gate or at the Will Call booths . Furthermore , unless they have a valid early arrival pass for the pre-event set up , any vehicle who arrives before the gate opens is turned away and told to go back to Reno , and not to wait along the side of the road on either Highways 34 or 447 ( which would be a safety hazard ) , nor stay in Gerlach ( and overcrowd the small town ) . ' Exodus ' from Black Rock City in 2016 When the Burning Man ends , and the mass exodus out of Black Rock City begins , a road traffic control procedure called `` Pulsing '' is used to direct vehicles out of the city . At regular intervals ( usually an hour during the peak periods ) , all vehicles are `` pulsed '' forward all at once for about a mile along Gate Road . This allows vehicles to stop and turn off their engines , while those at southernmost mile of the multi-lane Gate Road slowly merge and then turn onto the two - lane Highway 34 . Commercial airports ( edit ) The airport with regular commercial service closest to the event is the Reno - Tahoe International Airport in Reno , Nevada , over two hours ' drive away . An airport spokesperson said in 2009 that 15,000 burners arrive to the event via the airport annually , making it the second - busiest time for them . In 2008 and 2009 , an information desk for burners was organized in Reno airport . San Francisco International Airport , nearly six hours away by car , is the nearest airport with a high volume of international service . Temporary airstrip ( edit ) A section of the Playa is used for a non-permanent airport , which is set up before each event and completely erased afterward . It serves both general aviation and charter flights . Pilots began camping there about 1995 , and once compelled to add structure , it was established in a form acceptable to the BLM in 1999 through the efforts of Tiger Tiger ( Lissa Shoun ) and LLC board member Mr. Klean ( Will Roger ) . In 2009 it was recognized by the FAA as a private airport and designated 88NV . It is found on the Klamath Falls Sectional , using a CTAF of 122.9 MHz . Black Rock Unicom and the airport are operational on that frequency from 6 : 00 am to 7 : 30 pm PDT each day during the event . The runway is simply a compacted strip of playa , and is not lighted . Because of the unique air traffic and safety issues associated with the airport , pilots are strongly encouraged to familiarize themselves with published information and procedures provided by , for example , AOPA . Because of the changes of the surface each year , information about the airport is subject to change . Shuttles ( edit ) There are prepaid shuttles , originating in Reno and San Francisco , that move participants to and from the event . During the event there is also a paid shuttle between the event and the nearby towns of Gerlach and Empire . Exiting and reentering the event requires an additional fee , and is highly discouraged . Other ( edit ) Participants also share rides and hitchhike . `` Leave no trace '' policy ( edit ) A collection of MOOP ( Matter Out Of Place ) , 2003 Burning Man takes place in the middle of a large playa , and while not inhabited by humans itself , the area around the playa is home to many animals and plants . Supporters of Burning Man point out that participants are encouraged to leave no trace ( LNT ) of their visit to Black Rock City ( BRC ) and not to contaminate the area with litter , commonly known as MOOP ( Matter Out Of Place ) . Despite the BLM and LLC 's insistence on the practice of LNT , the amount of residual trash at the site has increased over the years , ( t ) he number of items per plot in the City consistently increased over the 2006 to 2009 ( ... ) . Although the observed trend was not statistically significant , regression analysis indicated that the predicted trend explained over 97 % of the variance in the data . While fire is a primary component of many art exhibits and events , materials must be burned on a burn platform . From 1990 through 1999 , burning was allowed to take place directly on the surface of the playa , but this left burn scars ( fired pinkish clay - like playa surface ) . When it was finally determined that they did not dissipate with the annual winter rains and flooding , in 2000 , the organization declared that fires had to be elevated from the playa surface for its protection . When it was discovered by two of the founders of the Friends of Black Rock / High Rock ( Garth Elliott & Sue Weeks ) and BLM Winnemucca district director Terry Reid that Burn scars from prior sites ( numbering 250 ) still remained , they were finally eradicated in 2000 by the DPW clean up crew headed by Dan Miller . On the last day of the event , public shared burn areas are prepared for participants to use . It is an ongoing educational process each year to inform the public not to burn toxic materials for the protection of the environment and participants . Even gray water is not to be dumped on the playa , and used shower water must be captured and either evaporated off , or collected and carried home with each participant or disposed of by roving septic - pumping trucks , which also service RVs . Methods used for evaporating water normally include a plastic sheet with a wood frame . The Bureau of Land Management , which maintains the desert , has very strict requirements for the event . These stipulations include trash cleanup , removal of burn scars , dust abatement , and capture of fluid drippings from participant vehicles . For four weeks after the event has ended , the Black Rock City Department of Public Works ( BRC -- DPW ) Playa Restoration Crew remains in the desert , cleaning up after the temporary city in an effort to make sure that no evidence of the event remains . Criticism ( edit ) Negative Effects on the environment ( edit ) The man burns at Burning Man 2014 Burning Man 's carbon footprint is primarily from transportation to the remote area . The CoolingMan organization has estimated that the 2006 Burning Man was responsible for the generation of 27,000 tons of carbon dioxide , with 87 % being from transportation to and from the remote location . The Sierra Club has criticized Burning Man for the `` hundreds of thousands '' of plastic water bottles that end up in landfills , as well as ostentatious displays of flames and explosions . Burning Man 's 2007 theme , `` Green Man '' , received criticism for the artwork Crude Awakening , a 99 - foot oil derrick that consumed 900 gallons of jet fuel and 2,000 gallons of liquid propane to blast a mushroom cloud 300 feet high into the sky . In an attempt to offset some of the event 's carbon footprint , 30 - and 50 - kilowatt solar arrays were constructed in 2007 as permanent artifacts , providing an estimated annual carbon offset of 559 tons . The Burn Clean Project is a volunteer organization that has helped replace the use of fossil fuel with biodiesel . Gentrification ( edit ) Burning Man has attracted a number of billionaires and celebrities , many of them from Silicon Valley and Hollywood . It has become a networking event for them , with Tesla Motors CEO Elon Musk once stating that Burning Man `` is Silicon Valley '' . These billionaires have paid for more luxurious camps to be set up in recent years . Derisively nicknamed `` plug - n - play '' or `` turnkey '' camps , they in general consist of lavish RV 's and luxury restroom trailers that are driven into the city and connected together to form de facto gated areas . These billionaires then fly in to the airport on private planes , are driven to their camps , served by hired help ( nicknamed `` sherpas '' ) , and sleep in air - conditioned beds . One venture capitalist billionaire threw a $16,500 - per - head party at his camp . Despite allowing the rich to participate in Burning Man per the `` radical inclusion '' principle , many traditional Burners have spoken out against their exclusive practices . Larry Harvey wrote that they also conflict with the `` radical self - reliance '' and other principles , but has also stated that permitting the wealthy to attend is still beneficial for Burning Man . Vandalism that occurred at the White Ocean sound camp in 2016 was said to have been a `` revolution '' against these attendees , describing them as being a `` parasite class '' or `` rich parasites '' . Meanwhile , the regular admission price has increased over the years . In addition , Nevada lawmakers have modified the state 's entertainment and sales tax code to include such nonprofit organizations like Burning Man that sell more than 15,000 tickets . As a result , an individual ticket ( including taxes ) cost $424 in 2016 . Even tickets sold under Burning Man 's low income program are subject to these taxes . Including transportation , food , camp fees , clothing and costumes , and gifts , CNBC estimated in 2016 that the total cost of attending could range from $1,300 up to $20,000 . In 2017 , Money magazine estimated an average total cost of $2,348 to attend . According to the racial makeup of Burning Man attendees in 2014 , about 87 percent of them identified themselves as white , 6 percent as Hispanic / Latino , 6 percent as Asian , and 1 percent as black . When interviewed by The Guardian about these figures , Harvey replied , `` I do n't think black folks like to camp as much as white folks ... We 're not going to set racial quotas ... This has never been , imagined by us , as a utopian society '' . Photography restrictions ( edit ) Play media Video of the ' man ' sculpture burning in 2011 The terms of the Burning Man ticket require that participants wishing to use photo and video - recording equipment share a joint copyright of their images of Black Rock City with Burning Man , and forbid them from using their images for commercial purposes . This has been criticized by many , including the Electronic Frontier Foundation ( EFF ) . A Burning Man spokeswoman replied that the policies are not new , were written by a former head of the EFF , were used when suing to block pornographic videos and ultimately arose from participant concerns : `` We 're proud that Black Rock City ( a private event held on public land ) is widely acknowledged as a bastion of creative freedom . ( B ) ut that protection ( of participants ' freedoms ) does necessitate the acceptance of some general terms of engagement when it comes to cameras ... EFF seems to think that anyone attending any event somehow has an absolute right to take photographs , and then to do whatever they want with those images without any effective restriction or manner of enforcement . While we believe that such rights do make sense for any of us taking pictures in purely public spaces , this is not true in the private space of Burning Man -- if it were it would mean that Burning Man could n't protect participant privacy or prevent commercialization of imagery . '' The Burning Man organization has since worked with the EFF and with Creative Commons and other parties , and has revised and clarified the photography policies . Regional events ( edit ) See also : List of regional Burning Man events A camp at a regional burn in South Africa The popularity of Burning Man has encouraged other groups and organizations to hold events similar to Burning Man . In recent years , Burners wishing to experience Burning Man more frequently than once per year , without the need for travel to Nevada , or otherwise free from the specific restrictions of the Black Rock City event , have banded together to create local regional events such as Burning Flipside in Texas ; Apogaea in Colorado ; Playa del Fuego in Delaware ; Firefly in New England ; Kiwiburn in New Zealand ; Blazing Swan and Burning Seed in Australia ; Transformus in North Carolina ; AfrikaBurn in South Africa ; NoWhere near Zaragoza in Spain ; Midburn in Israel ; Dragon Burn in China ; and many others . Some of the events are officially affiliated with the Burning Man organization via the Burning Man Regional Network . This official affiliation usually requires the event to conform to the 10 principles and certain standards outlined by the Burning Man organization and to be accompanied by a `` Burning Man Regional Contact , '' a volunteer with an official relationship to the Burning Man Project via a legal Letter of Agreement . In exchange for conforming to these standards , the event is granted permission to officially communicate itself as a Burning Man Regional Event . Also , the regional event organizers are enabled to exchange best practices with each other on a global level via online platforms and in - person conferences , which are partly sponsored by the Burning Man Project . In popular Culture ( edit ) The South Park episode `` Coon vs. Coon and Friends '' features Cartman manipulating the Dark Lord Cthulhu to do his bidding , which includes destroying the Burning Man festival . Cory Doctorow 's 2013 novel Homeland opens at a near - future Burning Man . The 2016 video game Watch Dogs 2 features the characters visiting a Burning Man - themed festival . The Simpsons episode `` Blazed and Confused '' features a `` Blazing Guy '' festival based on Burning Man , with one character even referencing `` Burning Man '' before correcting herself to `` Blazing Guy '' . The first Google Doodle , a playful adaptation of the Google logo , announced the founders ' attendance at Burning Man in 1998 . The Malcolm in the Middle episode `` Burning Man '' 's entire plot centers on the Burning Man Festival . The Xavier : Renegade Angel episode `` Escape from Squatopian Freedom '' features protagonist Xavier going to an event known as `` Burning Person '' . Films ( edit ) Dust & Illusions , a 2009 documentary about 30 years of Burning Man history from the perspective of 20 interviewees . Taking My Parents to Burning Man , a 2014 film documenting the adventures and misadventures as Bryant Boesen takes his parents on their first Burn . Spark : A Burning Man Story , a 2013 documentary about Burning Man , which includes behind - the - scenes footage and interviews with the founders . See also ( edit ) Effigy & bonfire festivals Böögg Holika Dahan Lohri St John 's Eve Vijayadashami Music festivals Fusion Festival Transformational festival Places Arcosanti Auroville Temporary Autonomous Zone Others Pennsic War Wicker man References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 in Review : Better , Faster , Stronger . Still No Daft Punk '' . Burning Man . 2017 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times '' . Nytimes.com. 2009 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Dembowky , April ( 13 August 2008 ) . `` Priming for Burning Man , Flames in Hand '' . New York Times . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Chaplin , Julia ( 12 November 2006 ) . `` Burning Man spreads its flame '' . New York Times . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Saillant , Catherine ( 20 October 2010 ) . `` Burning Man becomes a hot academic topic '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Lundahl , Mark ( 5 September 2010 ) . `` Burning Man attendance up nearly 20 % over last year '' . Reno Gazette Journal . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Brent Begin . `` Burning Man sells out ; hopeful attendees scramble for tickets Brent Begin Local San Francisco Examiner '' . Sfexaminer.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 AfterBurn Report '' . Burning Man . Black Rock City , LLC . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ StJ 's Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements Archived February 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : ( Doherty , Brian ( July 2006 ) . This Is Burning Man . Benbella Books . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932100 - 86 - 0. ) ^ Jump up to : `` Burning Man 1986 -- 1990 -- The Early Years '' . Jump up ^ `` Timeline -- Burning Man '' . Jump up ^ Doherty , Brian ( 3 September 2007 ) . `` This Is Burning Man '' . Little , Brown -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Bad Day At Black Rock ( Cacophony Society Zone Trip # 4 ) '' . Laughingsquid.com. 2007 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` What is Burning Man ? : Early Years '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived September 23 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( Doherty , Brian ( July 2006 ) . This Is Burning Man . Benbella Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932100 - 86 - 0 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 13. ) Jump up ^ Olivier , Bonin ( March 2009 ) . `` Dust & Illusions . Documentary on 30 Years of Burning Man history '' . William Binzen was extensively interviewed for the film , with cross-references from Burning Man organizations ' co-founders . Jump up ^ ( Doherty , Brian ( July 2006 ) . This Is Burning Man . Benbella Books . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932100 - 86 - 0. ) Jump up ^ Andrew Dalton ( 2011 - 08 - 29 ) . `` Burning Man Architect Rod Garrett Dies at Age 76 '' . SFist . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Preparation -- 2007 BRC MAP '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` On The Playa : Playa Vehicles : DMV '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` On The Playa '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Playa Protection and Burn Scar Prevention '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Preparation : Law Enforcement at '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Pet Unfriendly '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man : AfterBurn Report 2006 : DPW : Set Up and Clean Up '' . Burning Man . 2006 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Register Volume 67 , Number 139 ( Friday , July 19 , 2002 ) '' . Gpo.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Beninati v. Black Rock City , LLC , 175 Cal . App . 4th 650 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man Festival : One Man Dead , Another in Critical Condition '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man death details emerge ; family , friends still wonder why '' . Reno Gazette Journal . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man victim was `` in high spirits '' , grieving mum says `` . NewsComAu . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Purtill , James ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Burning Man eyewitness describes horrific festival death '' . triple j . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Man on the move '' . Jump up ^ Bruder , Jessica ( 2011 - 08 - 27 ) . `` The Changing Face of the Burning Man Festival '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man Transitions to Non-Profit Organization '' . Burning Blog . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Terms and Conditions '' . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` a timeline on '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Emmy Awards -- 29th Annual News & Documentary Emmy Awards '' . Emmyonline.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` The population cap does not include volunteers , government personnel , emergency service providers , vendors and contractors . '' `` Burning Man 2014 Special Recreation Permit Stipulations '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . 2014 - 07 - 31 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man 1991 -- 1996 '' . Burn. Life . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Death and Ecstasy , The Rise and Fall of Burning Man 's Original Rave Ghetto Thump '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Desert Music : Burning Man Confronts The Rising Beat '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Portfolio : Writing -- `` Where the Wild Things Are '' `` . factoid labs . 1996 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Bruce ( November 1996 ) . `` Greetings from Burning Man ! '' . Wired. 4 ( 11 ) . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man Festival searches for new home '' . Las Vegas Reviewjournal.com. 1997 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Woman dies when run over by ' art car ' '' . CNN.com. 31 August 2003 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2008 . Retrieved 16 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Special Recreation Permit Stipulations Burning Man 2006 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . 2010 - 08 - 23 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Event Archive '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ohtake , Miyoko ( 2007 - 08 - 30 ) . `` A Fiery Q&A With the Prankster Accused of Burning the Man '' . wired.com . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Burningman.com 2007 news Jump up ^ `` 2008 AfterBurn Report History '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The ( hopefully ) All Inclusive List of Questions Regarding 2008 Tickets '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 AfterBurn Report History '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Event Archive '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Art Theme : Metropolis -- Life of Cities Burning Man '' . burningman.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Jack Rabbit Speaks Volume 16 , Issue # 3 October 24 , 2011 '' . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man 2011 Special Recreation Permit Stipulations '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . 2011 - 03 - 30 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Art Theme : Rites of Passage Burning Man '' . burningman.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Burning Man ticket information '' . Burning Man . Archived from the original on 25 May 2002 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Info '' . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Black Rock City 2012 Population Update '' . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man 2012 Special Recreation Permit Stipulations '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . 2012 - 06 - 11 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Art Theme : Fertility 2.0 Burning Man '' . burningman.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Black Rock City 2013 Population '' . Burning Man . Black Rock City , LLC. 2013 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man 2013 Special Recreation Permit Stipulations '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . 2013 - 07 - 17 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Art Theme : Cargo Cult Burning Man '' . burningman.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Art Theme : Cargo Cult '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Chase , Will . `` Burning Man 2013 Ticket Sales '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Art Theme : Caravansary '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jackrabbit Speaks Vol. 18 '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Emerson ( 28 August 2014 ) . `` Woman killed at Burning Man had ' caring spirit ' '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . Reno . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 AfterBurn Report '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man 2015 Special Recreation Permit Stipulations '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . 2015 - 08 - 07 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Jackrabbit Speaks V19 : # 9 : 12.23. 14 '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Art Theme : Carnival of Mirrors Burning Man '' . burningman.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man 2016 Special Recreation Permit Stipulations '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . 2016 - 08 - 03 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Art Theme : DaVinci 's Workshop Burning Man '' . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man 2016 Ticket Information Burning Man '' . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Scenes At The Most Ambitious Man Build In Burning Man History '' . Fast Company . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Update : Burning Man is fixed , kinda , and open '' . RGJ . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man 2017 Special Recreation Permit Stipulations '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . 2017 - 07 - 30 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man 2017 Ticket Information '' . Jump up ^ Bein , Kat ( 7 December 2016 ) . `` Burning Man Announces 2017 Theme '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man dies at Burning Man arts and music festival after running into flames '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ What is Burning Man ? `` There are no rules about how one must behave or express oneself at this event ( save the rules that serve to protect the health , safety , and experience of the community at large ) ; rather , it is up to each participant to decide how they will contribute and what they will give to this community ... Participants are encouraged to find a way to help make the theme come alive ... '' Jump up ^ Schmeiser , Lisa . `` '' Burning Man : Recession Proof ? '' SF Gate `` . Sfgate.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Harvey Talk Burning Man 2010 Regional Summit '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 principles of Burning Man '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Burning Man Survival Guide '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` No Cash Transactions '' . Burning Man . 2011 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Coffee '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Camp Arctica '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Shuttle Service '' . Burning Man . 2011 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` What is Burning Man ? : FAQ '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` On The Playa '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Preparation '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` preparation : : Radical Self Reliance '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Event Preparation '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` What I Saw at Burning Man '' . Jewishworldreview.com. 1999 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Wohltmann , Glenn ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` The Ultimate Festival -- Burning Man : a 50,000 - person celebration in the Nevada desert for one week each year '' . Pleasanton Weekly . Pleasanton , California . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Participate Main '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Burningman.com Art Installations Jump up ^ wandering-through-time-and-place.me Reflecting the Mind of Larry Harvey Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 1998 : The Nebulous Entity Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 1999 : The Wheel of Time Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2000 : The Body Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2001 : The Seven Ages Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2002 : The Floating World Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2003 : Beyond Belief Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2004 : Vault of Heaven Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2005 : Psyche Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2006 : Hope & Fear Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2007 : The Green Man ^ Jump up to : Scheff , Jonathan ( September 2007 ) . `` Data Points : Green Burning Man '' . Scientific American . 297 ( 3 ) . Black Rock City : Scientific American , Inc. p. 34 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2008 : American Dream Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2009 : Evolution - A Tangled Bank Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2010 : Metropolis - The Life Of Cities Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2011 : Rites of Passage Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2012 : Fertility 2.0 Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2013 : Cargo Cult Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2014 : Caravansary Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2015 : Carnival of Mirrors Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2016 : Da Vinci 's Workshop Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2017 : Radical Ritual Jump up ^ BurningMan.com Burning Man 2018 : I , Robot Jump up ^ `` Art of Burning Man '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man : AfterBurn Report 2005 : Art : Playa Art '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Current / / Items Archived September 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Community Art Makers '' . Community Art Makers. 2009 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Flux Foundation '' . The Flux Foundation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Temple of Flux '' . Temple2010.org . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Temple of Transition '' . International Arts Megacrew . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Temple of Juno '' . The Temple Crew . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gregg Fleishman Studio '' . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Temple of Whollyness '' . Jump up ^ `` Artist Interview with the Temple of Whollyness Builders '' . Ignitechannel.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Temple of Grace '' . The Temple Crew . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Art Installations Burning Man '' . burningman.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Temple of Promise '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Why this year 's Burning Man temple has no name '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Desert Music : Burning Man Confronts The Rising Beat '' . NPR . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On The Playa '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` On The Playa '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Black Rock City Airport '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ May , Meredith ( 2005 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Theme Camps '' . Sfgate.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Burningman.com Volunteering page Jump up ^ `` Who are the Ranges '' . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FBI admits to spying on Burning Man '' . RT . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada State Maintained Highways : Descriptions , Index and Maps '' ( PDF ) . Roadway Systems Division . January 2008 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2009 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Getting In : The Gate '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Will tickets be sold at the gate to Black Rock City ? '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Getting Out : Exodus '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hartley , Brandon . `` Burning Man Airport '' . AWB . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` On The Playa '' . Burning Man . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Black Rock City Airport '' . AOPA . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 05 . ( ) Jump up ^ `` rideshare.burningman.com '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man 2006 -- 2010 Environmental Assessment '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Bureau of Land Management . Burning Man Post-Event Inspection , 2009 Archived 2012 - 10 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Resources -- Burn Effects '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Preparation '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Land Management Archived May 25 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Cooling Man '' . Cooling Man . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Sierra Club '' . The Sierra Club . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Jolia Sidona Allen ( May 2008 ) `` Green Party '' , Archived 2008 - 06 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Common Ground Magazine Jump up ^ Elsa Wenzel ( September 17 , 2007 ) `` How green was Burning Man ? '' Jump up ^ Brian Doherty ( August 2007 ) `` Crude Awakening Arises at Burning Man '' , Wired Blog Network Underwire ^ Jump up to : Bilton , Nick ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` A Line Is Drawn in the Desert '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Bowles , Nellie ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Burning Man becomes a hot spot for tech titans '' . SFGate . Jump up ^ Spencer , Keith ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` Why the rich love Burning Man '' . Jacobin . Salon.com . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Nick ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Revolution against ' rich parasites ' at utopian Burning Man Festival as ' hooligans ' attack luxury camp '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Garfield , Leanna ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` Burning Man has a temporary airport for the 1 % who take luxury helicopter rides to the playa '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ `` The Billionaires at Burning Man '' . Bloomberg Business Week . February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man Camp Attacked by Vandals Over Outrage at ' Parasite Class ' '' . Time . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man plug - n - play camp vandalized '' . Reno Gazette Journal . Gannett Company . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Levin , Sam ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Burning Man tickets just got even more expensive thanks to new Nevada tax '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Anderson , Tom ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` How to enjoy Burning Man without burning your cash '' . CNBC . Jump up ^ Leonhardt , Megan ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` How Much It Really Costs to Go to Burning Man This Year '' . ' Money . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thrasher , Steven ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Burning Man founder : ' Black folks do n't like to camp as much as white folks ' '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Video / DV / Film / Digital Camera Personal Use Agreement Burning Man 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Snatching Rights On the Playa Electronic Frontier Foundation '' . Eff.org. 2009 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Blog '' Blog Archive '' `` Snatching Digital Rights '' or Protecting Our Culture ? Burning Man and the EFF `` . Burning Man . 2009 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Updated Terms and Conditions for 2011 . Burning Man blog . Jump up ^ `` regionals.burningman.com '' . Burning Man . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Sean ( 10 November 2010 ) . `` South Park : `` Coon vs. Coon and Friends '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Homeland '' . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Dogs 2 ( PS4 ) Review '' . ZTGD. 2016 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Dennis ( 16 November 2014 ) . `` The Simpsons : `` Blazed And Confused '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Doodle 4 Google '' . Google.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man Festival '' . Google.com. 1998 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Burning Man '' . IMBD . IMBD . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from Squatopian Freedom '' . IMBD . IMBD . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Bőnner , Bertine 2005 . Das Burning Man Projekt -- Religiosität und Spiritualität in Black Rock City ? Eine ethnologische Perspektive . Magisterarbeit . Grin Verlag Bowditch , Rachel . 2010 . On the edge of utopia : Performance and ritual at Burning Man . Seagull books . Bruder , Jessica 2007 . Burning Book : A Visual History of Burning Man . New York : Simon and Schuster . Chen , Katherine 2004 . The Burning Man Organization Grows Up : Blending Bureaucratic and Alternative Structures . Dissertation . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Chen , Katherine K. 2009 . Enabling Creative Chaos : The Organization Behind the Burning Man Event . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press . Chen , Katherine K. 2011 . `` Lessons for Creative Cities from Burning Man : How organizations can sustain and disseminate a creative context . '' City , Culture and Society 2 ( 2 ) : 93 -- 100 . Chen , Katherine K. 2012 . `` Artistic Prosumption : Cocreative Destruction at Burning Man . '' American Behavioral Scientist 56 ( 4 ) : 570 -- 595 . Chen , Katherine K. 2012 . `` Laboring for the Man : Augmenting Authority in a Voluntary Association . '' Research in the Sociology of Organizations 34 : 135 -- 164 . Chen , Katherine K. 2012 . `` Charismatizing the Routine : Storytelling for Meaning and Agency in the Burning Man Organization . '' Qualitative Sociology 35 ( 3 ) : 311 -- 334 . Chen , Katherine K. 2013 . `` Storytelling : An Informal Mechanism of Accountability for Voluntary Organizations . '' Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 42 ( 5 ) : 902 -- 922 . Chen , Katherine K. 2015 . `` Prosumption : From Parasitic to Prefigurative . '' The Sociological Quarterly 56 ( 3 ) : 446 -- 459 . Chen , Katherine K. 2016 . `` '' Plan Your Burn , Burn Your Plan '' : How Decentralization , Storytelling , and Communification Can Support Participatory Practices . '' The Sociological Quarterly 57 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 97 . Chen , Katherine K. and Siobhán O'Mahony. 2009 . `` Differentiating Organizational Boundaries . '' Research in the Sociology of Organizations 26 : 183 -- 220 . Clupper , Wendy . 2009 . The erotic politics of Critical Tits : Exhibitionism or feminist statement ? Political Performances : Theory and Practice . New York / Amsterdam : Rodopi Press . Clupper , Wendy . 2007 . Burning Man : Festival culture in the United States , Festival Culture in a Global Perspective . Festivalising ! Theatrical Events , Politics and Culture . New York / Amsterdam : Rodopi Press . Cortez , Donn 2005 . The Man Burns Tonight : A Black Rock City Mystery . Doherty , Brian . 2004 . This is Burning Man . The Rise of a New American Underground . Boston / New York : Little , Brown and Company . Diehl , Ronny. 2010 . The American Frontier in Acoustic Space . MA Thesis . Humboldt - University of Berlin . Grin Verlag . Gauthier , François. 2013 . `` The Enchantments of Consumer Capitalism : Beyond Belief at the Burning Man Festival '' in Religion in Consumer Society , ed . François Gauthier . Ashgate , 143 -- 158 . Gilmore , Lee and Mark Van Proyen , eds. 2005 . AfterBurn : Reflections on Burning Man . New Mexico : University of New Mexico Press . Guy , NK. 2015 . Art of Burning Man . Köln , Germany : Taschen . Hockett , Jeremy 2004 . Reckoning Ritual and Counterculture in the Burning Man Community : Communication , Ethnography , and the Self in Reflexive Modernism . Dissertation . Albuquerque , New Mexico : The University of New Mexico . Kozinets , Robert V. 2002 . Can Consumers Escape the Market ? Emancipatory Illuminations from Burning Man . Journal of Consumer Research 29 : 20 -- 38 . Kozinets , Robert V. 2003 . `` The Moment of Infinite Fire , '' in Time , Space , and the Market : Retroscapes Rising , ed . Stephen Brown and John F. Sherry . Jr. , New York : M.E. Sharpe , 199 -- 216 . Kozinets , Robert V. and John F. Sherry , Jr. 2005 . `` Welcome to the Black Rock Café , '' in Afterburn : Reflections on Burning Man , ed. Lee Gilmore and Mark van Proyen , Albuquerque , NM : University of New Mexico Press , 87 -- 106 . Kozinets , Robert V. and John F. Sherry , Jr. 2004 . `` Dancing on Common Ground : Exploring the Sacred at Burning Man , '' in Rave Culture and Religion , ed . Graham St. John , New York and London : Routledge , 287 -- 303 . Kreuter , Holly . 2002 . Drama in the Desert : The Sights and Sounds of Burning Man . San Francisco : Raised Barn Press . Kristen , Christine . `` Reconnecting art and life at Burning Man '' in : Raw Vision , Nr. 57 ( Winter 2006 ) , S. 28 -- 35 . Morehead , John W. 2007 . Burning Man Festival as Life - Enhancing , Post-Christendom ' Middle Way ' . MA Thesis . Salt Lake City , Utah : Salt Lake Theological Seminary . Nash , A. Leo . 2007 . Burning Man : Art in the Desert , Introduction by Daniel Pinchbeck . New York : Harry N. Abrams . Pike , Sarah M. 2001 . Desert Goddesses and Apocalyptic Art . Making Sacred Space at the Burning Man Festival . In : Mazur , Eric Michael / McCarthy , Kate ( Hrsg . ) : God in the Details . American Religion in Popular Culture . London / New York : Routledge , 155 -- 176 . Post , George P. 2012 . Dancing with the Playa Messiah : A 21 - Year Burning Man Photo Album . Richmond , CA : Dragon Fotografix . Roberts , Adrian , ed . `` Burning Man Live : 13 years of Piss Clear , Black Rock City 's alternative newspaper '' San Francisco : RE / Search Publications . Sherry , John F. Jr. and Robert V. Kozinets. 2007 . `` Comedy of the Commons : Nomadic Spirituality and the Burning Man Festival , '' in Russell W. Belk and John F. Sherry , Jr. , ed . Research in Consumer Behavior , Vol. 11 : Consumer Culture Theory , Oxford : Elsevier , 119 -- 147 . Sherry , John F. , Jr. and Robert V. Kozinets. 2004 . `` Sacred Iconography in Secular Space : Altars , Alters and Alterity at the Burning Man Project , '' in Contemporary Consumption Rituals : A Research Anthology , ed . Cele Otnes and Tina Lowry , Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum , 291 -- 311 . Sherry , John F. Jr. , Robert V. Kozinets , and Stefania Borghini. 2007 . `` Agents in Paradise : Experiential Co-Creation through Emplacement , Ritualization , and Community , '' in Consuming Experiences , ed . Antonella Carù and Bernard Cova , London and New York : Routledge , 17 -- 33 . St John , Graham . 2009 . Technomad : Global Raving Countercultures . London & Oakville , CT : Equinox Publishing . Traub , Barbara 2011 . Desert to Dream : A Dozen Years of Burning Man Photography . San Francisco : Immedium . ISBN 978 - 1597020268 Traub , Barbara 1997 . Burning Man Hardwired publications . ISBN 978 - 1888869132 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutBurning Manat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website Burning Man page Annual coverage from SFGate.com and the San Francisco Chronicle Burning Man at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Enabling Creative Chaos : The Organization Behind the Burning Man Event An ethnography of the growing organization that runs Burning Man . By Katherine K. Chen BURNcast.tv A video / audio podcast spreading the flames about the art , culture and community of Burning Man FBI file on Burning Man Burning Man 2016 A film by Kate Fehlhaber ( hide ) Burning Man People Larry Harvey John Law Brian Behlendorf Brian Doherty Cal Chamberlain Regional events AfrikaBurn Alchemy Apogaea Blazing Swan The Borderland Burning Flipside Firefly Arts Collective Kiwiburn Midburn Nowhere Playa del Fuego Transformus Past events Fuego de los Muertos Locations Baker Beach Black Rock Desert Hualapai Flat Organizations Black Rock City , LLC Black Rock Arts Foundation Burners Without Borders Burn Clean Project Cacophony Society Flaming Lotus Girls Bureau of Land Management Pink Mammoth Media bianca.com BMIR Black Rock Beacon Dust & Illusions SomaFM Spark : A Burning Man Story Taking My Parents to Burning Man Black Rock Desert Geography Antelope Range Badger Mountains Black Rock Range Calico Hills Division Range Empire Fox Range Gerlach Granite Range Hannan Range High Rock Canyon Hills Hog Ranch Mountains Jackson Mtns Kamma Mtns Kings River Lake Lahontan Little High Rock Mountains Massacre Range Montana Mountains Pine Forest Range Poker Brown Mountains Quinn River Selenite Range Sentinel Hills Seven Troughs Range Sheephead Mountains Smoke Creek Desert Smoke Creek Mountains Yellow Hills History Peter Lassen Applegate Trail Thrust2 land speed record ( 1983 ) Thrust SSC land speed record ( 1997 ) CSXT Space Shot ( 2004 ) Protected areas Black Rock -- High Rock NCA Black Rock Desert Wilderness Calico Mountains Wilderness East Fork High Rock Canyon Wilderness High Rock Canyon Wilderness High Rock Lake Wilderness Little High Rock Canyon Wilderness North Black Rock Range Wilderness North Jackson Mountains Wilderness Pahute Peak Wilderness South Jackson Mountains Wilderness Transportation Empire Airport Old SR 34 Old SR 48 Old SR 49 / Jungo Road SR 447 Uses and Activities Burning Man Camping High Power Rocketry Land sailing Mining Rockhounding GND : 7714807 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burning_Man&oldid=828232566 '' Categories : Burning Man Counterculture festivals Transformational festivals Festivals in Nevada Utopian communities New Age Ecovillages Public nudity Clothing - optional events Recurring events established in 1986 1986 establishments in California Cacophony Society Culture of San Francisco Black Rock Desert Tourist attractions in Pershing County , Nevada 1986 in San Francisco Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007 Articles with a promotional tone from April 2015 All articles with a promotional tone Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with Curlie links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 09 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did burning man move to black rock city | [
"To comply with the new requirements and to manage the increased liability load, the organizers formed Black Rock City, LLC. Will Roger Peterson and Flynn Mauthe created the Department of Public Works (DPW) to build the \"city\" grid layout (a requirement so that emergency vehicles could be directed to an \"address\") designed by Rod Garrett, an architect. Rod continued as the city designer until his death, in 2011, at the age of 76. He is also credited with the design of all of the man bases from 2001 through 2012, the center camp cafe and first camp.[20] With the success of the driving ban, having no vehicular incidents, 1998 saw a return to the Black Rock desert, along with a temporary perimeter fence. The event has remained there since."
] | [
"1998"
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7615759879807940916 | The Grinch (film) | The Grinch ( film ) - wikipedia The Grinch ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Or see How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 film ) , originally promoted as The Grinch . The Grinch Teaser poster Directed by Peter Candeland Yarrow Cheney Produced by Chris Meledandri Janet Healy Scott Mosier Written by Michael LeSieur Based on How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! by Dr. Seuss Starring Benedict Cumberbatch Music by Danny Elfman Edited by Chris Cartagena Production company Universal Pictures Illumination Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date November 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 09 ) ( United States ) Country United States Language English The Grinch ( also known as Dr. Seuss ' The Grinch ) is an upcoming American 3D computer - animated Christmas comedy film produced by Illumination Entertainment . Based on the 1957 Dr. Seuss story How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! , it is being directed by Peter Candeland and Yarrow Cheney , co-directed by Matthew O'Callaghan , written by Michael LeSieur and stars Benedict Cumberbatch . The film is scheduled to be released by Universal Pictures on November 9 , 2018 . The film will be given a Real D 3D and IMAX 3D release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The Grinch ( Benedict Cumberbatch ) hatches a scheme to ruin Christmas when the residents of Whoville plan their annual holiday celebration . Cast ( edit ) Benedict Cumberbatch as the Grinch Production ( edit ) In February 2013 , it was announced that Illumination Entertainment is developing a 3D animated feature film based on the Dr. Seuss book , with Peter Candeland and Yarrow Cheney set to direct it and Benedict Cumberbatch voicing the title character . Release ( edit ) The film was originally scheduled to be released on November 10 , 2017 , but in June 2016 it was pushed back to November 9 , 2018 . A balloon of The Grinch and Max debuted in the 91st Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade in 2017 to promote the film . See also ( edit ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( TV special ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 film ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Danny Elfman to Score Illumination 's ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ' '' . Film Music Reporter . November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Grinch Poster Shows the Title Character Before He Got Mean '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Benedict Cumberbatch to Voice the Grinch in ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ' Remake in the Works at Universal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Dates ' Despicable Me 3 , ' New ' Grinch Who Stole Christmas ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2011 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Illumination 's ' The Grinch ' Pushed Back to 2018 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) The Grinch on IMDb Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Fox in Socks Hop on Pop I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew Come over to My House The Cat in the Hat Songbook The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories My Book about ME Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff Wacky Wednesday Great Day for Up ! Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? Hunches in Bunches The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! There 's a Wocket in My Pocket I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) ( episodes ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T . Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! Characters Grinch Book How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) Music `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( 1966 ) Adaptations Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 , TV special ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 , TV special ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 , TV special ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical ( 1994 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 live action film ) Dr. Seuss ' The Grinch ( 2018 animated film ) Related Dr. Seuss Memorial Illumination Entertainment Feature films Released Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Hop ( 2011 ) Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) Sing ( 2016 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Upcoming Dr. Seuss ' The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Secret Life of Pets 2 ( 2019 ) Minions 2 ( 2020 ) Sing 2 ( 2020 ) Franchises Despicable Me ( 2010 -- present ) People Chris Meledandri See also Despicable Me : Minion Mayhem Mac Guff Illumination Mac Guff Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grinch_(film)&oldid=820683824 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2018 films English - language films 2018 3D films 2018 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s comedy films 2010s fantasy films Upcoming animated films Upcoming English - language films American 3D films American animated films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American Christmas films American computer - animated films American fantasy - comedy films American films Animated comedy films Animated films based on children 's books Films based on works by Dr. Seuss Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films scored by Danny Elfman Illumination Entertainment animated films Universal Pictures films Universal Pictures animated films Santa Claus in film Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 00 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the grinch in the new movie | [
"The Grinch (Benedict Cumberbatch) hatches a scheme to ruin Christmas when the residents of Whoville plan their annual holiday celebration.[4]"
] | [
"Benedict Cumberbatch"
] |
-3108202159212729275 | T.J. Miller | T.J. Miller - wikipedia T.J. Miller Jump to : navigation , search T.J. Miller Miller at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con Todd Joseph Miller ( 1981 - 06 - 04 ) June 4 , 1981 ( age 36 ) Denver , Colorado , U.S. Alma mater George Washington University Occupation Actor , stand - up comedian , producer , writer Years active 2007 -- present Spouse ( s ) Kate Gorney ( m . 2015 ) Website Official website Todd Joseph `` T.J. '' Miller ( born June 4 , 1981 ) is an American actor , stand - up comedian , producer , and writer . From 2014 to 2017 , he starred as Erlich Bachman in the HBO sitcom Silicon Valley . Miller has also performed in several movies , and hosts The Gorburger Show on Comedy Central . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Stand - Up 2.2 Television 2.3 Film 2.4 Music 2.5 Podcasting 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Miller was born in Denver , Colorado , the son of Leslie Miller , a clinical psychologist , and Kent Miller , an attorney . He attended Graland Country Day School and graduated from Denver 's East High School , where he participated in drama productions . His drama teacher at East High , Melody Duggan , confirms Miller was a `` typical class clown '' , but said he was much more intuitive than the average teenager . `` He understands the frailty of the human condition better than any kid I 've ever had . In 2003 , Miller graduated from George Washington University in Washington , D.C. with a B.A. in psychology with a concentration in situation theory and social influence . At GWU , he was a member of the comedy group receSs and the Lambda chapter of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity . While in college , Miller studied the circus arts at Frichess Theatre Urbain in Paris , and attended the British American Drama Academy in London , where he studied Shakespeare for a summer . Career ( edit ) Stand - up ( edit ) After college , Miller moved to Chicago and began to perform improvisation and stand - up comedy , performing with many local troupes . He toured with The Second City for two years . In 2008 , he was named one of Variety 's 10 Comics To Watch . In 2011 , Miller released an hour comedy special , No Real Reason , and a comedy album , Mash Up Audiofile in 2012 . In 2015 , he was part of Funny or Die 's Oddball Comedy and Curiosity Festival , a touring show which included Amy Schumer , Aziz Ansari , and other comics . On June 17 , 2017 , HBO premiered his hourlong comedy special , T.J. Miller : Meticulously Ridiculous , which was filmed in Miller 's native Denver at the end of his 2016 Meticulously Ridiculous Tour . Television ( edit ) Miller appeared frequently as a member of the `` round table '' on Chelsea Lately . He appeared as Marmaduke Brooker in Carpoolers , which ran for 13 episodes on ABC in 2007 -- 2008 . In 2012 , he voiced Robbie Valentino on the Disney channel cartoon Gravity Falls . On December 13 , 2010 , October 28 , 2011 , and June 14 , 2012 , he performed stand - up on Conan . On November 15 , 2011 , his stand - up special No Real Reason premiered on Comedy Central . In 2011 , he hosted a special called Mash Up , which was picked up in 2012 for a full season by Comedy Central . He starred in the Fox TV series The Goodwin Games as Jimmy Goodwin . Miller starred in the HBO sitcom Silicon Valley , which has been met with widespread critical acclaim and he won the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 2015 . In May 2017 , Miller and HBO jointly announced that Miller will not be returning for the 5th season of Silicon Valley . As a commercial actor , he voices a talking ball of mucus in commercials for Mucinex and stars as Greg the Genie in a promotional campaign for Slim Jim meat snacks . Film ( edit ) In Miller 's film debut , Cloverfield , he appeared onscreen for only a few minutes , but his voice was heard in almost every scene as the character who videotaped most of the events depicted . In 2009 , he played Cessna Jim in The Goods : Live Hard , Sell Hard and the dim - witted grindcore musician Rory in Mike Judge 's comedy Extract . In 2010 , he co-starred in She 's Out of My League as Stainer , played Brian the Concierge in Get Him to the Greek and appeared in a supporting role in the film Unstoppable . He voiced the character ' Tuffnut ' in the Oscar - nominated animated films How to Train Your Dragon and How to Train Your Dragon 2 . He also played Dan in Gulliver 's Travels , released in December 2010 . He played the supporting character of Ranger Jones in the live - action / animated Yogi Bear 2010 film . Unlike his character on the cartoon show , he is `` dumb - but - not - in - a-funny - way '' , according to the Buffalo News . He was cast in the part after two auditions ; as a joke , he sent Warner Bros. an improvised video audition with an actual bear , though he had already been offered the part before they received it . In 2011 , he appeared in the film Our Idiot Brother . He had a cameo as administrative personnel for Rolling Stone in the 2012 film Rock of Ages . He starred in the 2016 movie Search Party alongside Adam Pally . In 2014 , he appeared in Transformers : Age of Extinction . In November 2014 , he was the voice of Fred in the superhero CGI film Big Hero 6 . Miller portrayed Weasel in Deadpool . In 2017 , he portrayed the voice of the main protagonist Gene , a meh emoji with different expressions , in the animated The Emoji Movie . Music ( edit ) On September 12 , 2011 , Miller released a comedy rap concept album titled The Extended Play E.P. The album features comedians Bo Burnham , Doug Benson , Pete Holmes and hip - hop artists Ugly Duckling and Johnny Polygon . In 2012 , Miller released The Extended Play E.P. Illegal Art Remix Tape . Also in 2012 , Miller released Mash Up Audiofile on Comedy Central Records to mixed reviews . Podcasting ( edit ) Miller started appearing on Chicago - based comedy Podcast Red Bar Radio in 2006 as a semi-regular co-host . He hosts a podcast with friend and fellow comedian Cash Levy , titled Cashing in With TJ Miller , which began airing in March 2012 on the Nerdist Network . He is also a frequent guest on Doug Benson 's podcast Doug Loves Movies . Personal life ( edit ) In 2014 , Miller became engaged to his long - term girlfriend , actress and mixed - media artist Kathryn Gorney . They were married on September 6 , 2015 at the Denver Botanic Gardens . A self - described `` enthusiastic marijuana user '' , Miller notes other similarities between himself and Erlich Bachman , his character on Silicon Valley . `` He is just sort of , unfortunately for me , a magnification of certain aspects of my personality , mixed in with a couple of fictional things ... I am , at times , a Falstaffian figure ; he very much is that too . We are in line with each other as nihilists : He thinks you should tell it like it is ... because everybody 's opinion including yours does n't mean anything . '' Miller described learning about an undiagnosed cerebral arteriovenous malformation on his right frontal lobe on the Pete Holmes podcast You Made It Weird on October 28 , 2011 . He stated that he became more philosophical , narrated his behaviors , and was unable to sleep while filming Yogi Bear in New Zealand in 2010 . His brain surgery was successful , though there was a 10 percent risk of fatality . On December 9 , 2016 , Miller was arrested and jailed in Los Angeles for allegedly assaulting a driver of the Uber car service company because of an argument he had with the driver over Donald Trump . He was released on his own recognizance after bail was set at $20,000 . Miller , according to an interview by Thomas Middleditch , is an atheist . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2008 Cloverfield Hudson `` Hud '' Platt 2009 Goods : Live Hard , Sell Hard , The The Goods : Live Hard , Sell Hard Cessna Jim Extract Rory She 's Out of My League Wendell ( `` Stainer '' ) How to Train Your Dragon Tuffnut Thorston ( voice ) Get Him to the Greek Brian Unstoppable Gilleece Yogi Bear Ranger Jones Gulliver 's Travels Dan Quint Successful Alcoholics Drake Short film , also co-writer 2011 Our Idiot Brother Billy Orwin Charlie on Parole Charlie Short film 2012 Rock of Ages Rolling Stone Receptionist Seeking a Friend for the End of the World Darcy 2014 How to Train Your Dragon 2 Tuffnut Thorston ( voice ) Transformers : Age of Extinction Lucas Flannery Big Hero 6 Fred ( voice ) Search Party Jason 2015 Hell and Back Augie ( voice ) 2016 Deadpool Jack Hammer / Weasel Office Christmas Party Clay Vanstone 2017 Goon : Last of the Enforcers Chad Bailey The Emoji Movie Gene ( voice ) 2018 Ready Player One i - R0k Post-production Underwater Post-production Deadpool 2 Jack Hammer / Weasel Post-production 2019 How to Train Your Dragon 3 Tuffnut Thorston ( voice ) In production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 -- 2008 Carpoolers Marmaduke Brooker 13 episodes 2011 Traffic Light Jason Episode : `` Breaking Bread '' 2011 Happy Endings Jason Shershow Episode : `` The Shershow Redemption '' 2011 Ice Age : A Mammoth Christmas Prancer ( voice ) Television short 2011 The League Gabriel Episode : `` The Light of Genesis '' 2011 Fact Checkers Unit Cop Episode : `` Excessive Gass '' 2011 T.J. Miller : No Real Reason Himself Stand - up special 2012 Romantic Encounters Toy Story 5 Episode : `` Toy Story 5 '' 2012 How to Rock Danny Mango 2 episodes 2012 -- 2013 The Gorburger Show Gorburger 16 episodes ; also writer 2012 -- 2016 Gravity Falls Robbie Valentino ( voice ) 13 episodes 2012 -- present DreamWorks Dragons Tuffnut Thorston ( voice ) 82 episodes 2013 , 2014 American Dad ! Benji / Cowboy ( voices ) 2 episodes 2013 The Goodwin Games Jimmy Goodwin 7 episodes 2013 High School USA ! Brad Slovee ( voice ) 12 episodes 2013 The Jeselnik Offensive Himself 3 episodes 2014 Garfunkel and Oates Matthew Uncredited Episode : `` Speechless '' 2014 -- 2017 Silicon Valley Erlich Bachman 38 episodes Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2015 ) Nominated -- Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series ( 2016 ) 2015 Family Guy Premature Volcano ( voice ) Episode : `` Roasted Guy '' 2016 21st Critics ' Choice Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2016 Those Who Ca n't Uncle Jake Episode : `` What 's Eating Uncle Jake ? '' 2016 22nd Critics ' Choice Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2017 The Gorburger Show Gorburger 8 episodes ; also writer and executive producer 2017 Crashing Himself 2 episodes 2017 F is for Family Randy ( voice ) 3 episodes 2017 T.J. Miller : Meticulously Ridiculous Himself Stand - up special Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role How to Train Your Dragon Tuffnut Thorston Yogi Bear : The Video Game Ranger Jones References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ryzik , Melena ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Q. and A. With T.J. Miller : ' Silicon Valley ' and the Mucinex Phlegm Ball '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Marantz , Andrew ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` How ' Silicon Valley ' Nails Silicon Valley '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Wenzel , John ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` T.J. Miller on leaving Silicon Valley , his summer of controversy , and losing his mind : `` I was stunting '' `` . The Denver Post . ^ Jump up to : Husted , Bill ( December 11 , 2010 ) . `` Husted : 2010 is Miller time for Denver kid who made it big '' . The Denver Post . ^ Jump up to : Blair , Elizabeth ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Comic T.J. Miller : Trained Clown And Student Of Nietzsche '' ( Includes audio ) . Weekend Edition Saturday . NPR . Jump up ^ Kabas , Marisa ( October 1 , 2007 ) . `` GW alum stars in ABC 's new primetime show '' . The GW Hatchet . Jump up ^ Anderson , Devin ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Real Talk with TJ Miller '' . The Ferris State Torch . Ferris State University . ^ Jump up to : `` Performers : T.J. Miller '' . The Groundlings . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Heidemann , Jason ( 1 April 2015 ) . `` Silicon Valley Star T.J. Miller Says Nietzsche Made Him Funny '' . Chicago . Jump up ^ Campus Activities Magazine ( 3 December 2007 ) . `` TJ Miller '' . Second Thoughts from The Second City . Jump up ^ @ iowastatedaily.com , Emily. Urban . `` TJ Miller to perform in the Great Hall '' . Iowa State Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( July 10 , 2008 ) . `` T.J. Miller : 10 Comics to Watch '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` T.J. Miller 's `` No Real Reason '' keeps it weird , keeps it great `` . The Laugh Button . November 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Steve ( December 10 , 2012 ) . `` The best comedy albums of 2012 '' . The A.V. Club . ^ Jump up to : Niccum , Jon ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Comic actor T.J. Miller : An oddball among oddballs '' . The Kansas City Star . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` HBO Sets Summer Premiere For Stand - Up Special From Silicon Valley 's T.J. Miller '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 17 February 2012 ) . `` Comedy Central Greenlights Stand - Up Series Hosted By T.J. Miller '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Heisler , Steve ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` Mash Up '' . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` T.J. Miller To Play Lead On New Fox Comedy Series ' Goodwin Games ' In Recasting '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` T.J. Miller to Exit ' Silicon Valley ' Ahead of Season 5 '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( June 25 , 2017 ) . `` T.J. Miller Says Leaving ' Silicon Valley ' `` Felt Like a Breakup '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Marchese , David ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' People Need a Villain ' - T.J. Miller Knows You Think He 's Crazy for Leaving Silicon Valley '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ Husband , Andrew ( 30 September 2015 ) . `` T.J. Miller Tells Us Why He Thinks Making Funny Commercials Is Better Than Being On ' SNL ' '' . Uproxx . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( December 13 , 2010 ) . `` Review : ' Yogi Bear ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Miller , Melinda ( December 16 , 2010 ) . `` Spoiling the fun ; Film with potential winds up being mostly unbearable '' . The Buffalo News . Jump up ^ `` T.J. Miller Auditions for Yogi the Bear '' ( Video ) . JordanVogtRoberts . October 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' Search Party ' Finds Its Stars , Begins Shooting Next Week '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` T.J. Miller Joins ' Transformers 4 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Snierson , Dan ( 17 July 2016 ) . `` ' Silicon Valley ' star T.J. Miller to voice lead character in emoji movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Jeffries , David ( September 25 , 2011 ) . `` The Extended Play EP - T.J. Miller '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Coplanon , Chris ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Stream : T.J. Miller -- The Extended Play E.P. Illegal Art ReMixTape ( CoS Premiere ) '' . Consequence of Sound . Jump up ^ Seabaugh , Julie ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` T.J. Miller Mash Up Audiofile album review '' . The Spit Take . Jump up ^ `` Cashing In with T.J. Miller '' . Nerdist . Jump up ^ `` Doug Loves Movies '' . A Special Thing Records . Jump up ^ Sykes , Logan ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` You 've Never Seen Anything Like This Whimsical Art Deco - Inspired Wedding '' . Town & Country . Jump up ^ Harwood , Erika ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Kate Miller , Artist and Wife of T.J. , Is O.K. Being Misunderstood '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ Holmes , Pete ; Miller , T.J. ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` You Made It Weird # 2 : TJ Miller '' ( Podcast ) . Nerdist . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( 9 December 2016 ) . `` Silicon Valley 's T.J. Miller Arrested on Suspicion of Battery on Car Service Driver '' . People . Jump up ^ Dobuzinskis , Alex ( 9 December 2016 ) . `` Actor T.J. Miller arrested after altercation with Uber driver '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Yee , Yip Wai ( 4 May 2015 ) . `` 8 Questions with : Silicon Valley star and real - life geek Thomas Middleditch '' . The Straits Times . Jump up ^ bradmin ( 27 March 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Big Hero 6 ' First Casting Announcement is Literally a Monster '' . Stitch Kingdom . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to T.J. Miller . Official website T.J. Miller on IMDb ( hide ) Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Neil Patrick Harris ( 2011 ) Ty Burrell ( 2012 ) Simon Helberg ( 2013 ) Andre Braugher ( 2014 ) T.J. Miller ( 2015 ) Andre Braugher ( 2016 ) Louie Anderson ( 2016 ) VIAF : 74183811 LCCN : n2008021423 ISNI : 0000 0000 8154 6531 GND : 1076340172 SUDOC : 156504561 BNF : cb15795492q ( data ) BIBSYS : 1479731350910 MusicBrainz : 9d2f548a - 8f82 - 4801 - 9749 - cfdfec386ddf BNE : XX5001135 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T.J._Miller&oldid=815863724 '' Categories : 1981 births 21st - century American male actors 21st - century American comedians American atheists American male comedians American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors American stand - up comedians Jewish American male actors George Washington University alumni Living people Male actors from Denver Alumni of the British American Drama Academy Jewish atheists Jewish comedians Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Commons category without a link on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 18 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does tj miller play in gravity falls | [
"Miller appeared frequently as a member of the \"round table\" on Chelsea Lately. He appeared as Marmaduke Brooker in Carpoolers, which ran for 13 episodes on ABC in 2007–2008. In 2012, he voiced Robbie Valentino on the Disney channel cartoon Gravity Falls. On December 13, 2010, October 28, 2011, and June 14, 2012, he performed stand-up on Conan. On November 15, 2011, his stand-up special No Real Reason premiered on Comedy Central. In 2011, he hosted a special called Mash Up, which was picked up in 2012 for a full season by Comedy Central.[17][18] He starred in the Fox TV series The Goodwin Games as Jimmy Goodwin.[19]"
] | [
"Robbie Valentino"
] |
-9030146435606644037 | 2018 French Open – Women's Singles | 2018 French Open -- Women 's singles - wikipedia 2018 French Open -- Women 's singles Women 's Singles 2018 French Open Champion Simona Halep Runner - up Sloane Stephens Final score 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends − 45 45 + women WC Singles men women WC Doubles men women ← 2017 French Open 2019 → Main article : 2018 French Open Jeļena Ostapenko was the defending champion , but lost in the first round to Kateryna Kozlova , making her only the second French Open champion ( after Anastasia Myskina in 2005 ) to lose in the first round of her title defense . World No. 1 Simona Halep won her first Grand Slam title , defeating Sloane Stephens in the final , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 . She became the second Romanian woman to win a Grand Slam title after the 1978 French Open champion Virginia Ruzici . She also became the sixth woman to win both the senior and junior title , having won the latter in 2008 . Halep retained the WTA no . 1 singles ranking after defeating fellow contender Garbiñe Muguruza in the semifinals . In addition to Halep and Muguruza , Caroline Wozniacki , Elina Svitolina , Karolína Plíšková and Caroline Garcia were also in contention for the top ranking at the start of the tournament . The elimination on the first day of the tournament of Sara Errani , Francesca Schiavone and Venus Williams , in addition to Ostapenko , ensured a first - time French Open finalist from the bottom half of the draw . Williams ' loss to Wang Qiang marked the first time she had lost in the first round in back - to - back majors in her career . This tournament marked the first time that Agnieszka Radwańska did not play in the main draw of a Grand Slam singles event since her debut at the 2006 Wimbledon Championships , ending a streak of 47 consecutive appearances . This was Serena Williams ' first Grand Slam appearance since the 2017 Australian Open and giving birth to her daughter in September 2017 . She was unseeded in a Grand Slam singles event for the first time since the 2007 Australian Open . Williams was attempting to equal Margaret Court 's all - time record of 24 Grand Slam singles titles . She was also attempting to become only the second player , after Steffi Graf , to complete a quadruple career Grand Slam . However , she withdrew before her fourth round match against Maria Sharapova due to a pectoral muscle injury . Contents 1 Seeds 2 Qualifying 3 Draw 3.1 Key 3.2 Finals 3.3 Top half 3.3. 1 Section 1 3.3. 2 Section 2 3.3. 3 Section 3 3.3. 4 Section 4 3.4 Bottom half 3.4. 1 Section 5 3.4. 2 Section 6 3.4. 3 Section 7 3.4. 4 Section 8 4 References Seeds ( edit ) 01 . Simona Halep ( Champion ) 02 . Caroline Wozniacki ( Fourth round ) 03 . Garbiñe Muguruza ( Semifinals ) 04 . Elina Svitolina ( Third round ) 05 . Jeļena Ostapenko ( First round ) 06 . Karolína Plíšková ( Third round ) 07 . Caroline Garcia ( Fourth round ) 08 . Petra Kvitová ( Third round ) 09 . Venus Williams ( First round ) 10 . Sloane Stephens ( Final ) 11 . Julia Görges ( Third round ) 12 . Angelique Kerber ( Quarterfinals ) 13 . Madison Keys ( Semifinals ) 14 . Daria Kasatkina ( Quarterfinals ) 15 . CoCo Vandeweghe ( Second round ) 16 . Elise Mertens ( Fourth round ) 17 . Ashleigh Barty ( Second round ) 18 . Kiki Bertens ( Third round ) 19 . Magdaléna Rybáriková ( Third round ) 20 . Anastasija Sevastova ( First round ) 21 . Naomi Osaka ( Third round ) 22 . Johanna Konta ( First round ) 23 . Carla Suárez Navarro ( Second round ) 24 . Daria Gavrilova ( Third round ) 25 . Anett Kontaveit ( Fourth round ) 26 . Barbora Strýcová ( Fourth round ) 27 . Zhang Shuai ( Second round ) 28 . Maria Sharapova ( Quarterfinals ) 29 . Kristina Mladenovic ( First round ) 30 . Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova ( Second round ) 31 . Mihaela Buzărnescu ( Fourth round ) 32 . Alizé Cornet ( Second round ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Qualifying ( edit ) Main article : 2018 French Open -- Women 's Singles Qualifying Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Simona Halep 6 6 6 12 Angelique Kerber 7 Simona Halep 6 6 Garbiñe Muguruza Garbiñe Muguruza 6 6 28 Maria Sharapova Simona Halep 6 6 10 Sloane Stephens 6 Yulia Putintseva 6 13 Madison Keys 7 6 13 Madison Keys 10 Sloane Stephens 6 6 10 Sloane Stephens 6 6 14 Daria Kasatkina Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round S Halep 6 6 A Riske 6 S Halep 6 6 WC M Georges WC T Townsend WC T Townsend 6 6 S Halep 7 6 PR B Mattek - Sands 6 6 A Petkovic 5 0 J Larsson PR B Mattek - Sands 0 6 A Petkovic 7 6 A Petkovic 6 7 29 K Mladenovic 6 S Halep 6 6 24 D Gavrilova 7 6 16 E Mertens S Cîrstea 6 6 24 D Gavrilova 5 7 6 B Pera 6 6 B Pera 7 5 E Vesnina 24 D Gavrilova H Watson 6 6 16 E Mertens 6 6 O Dodin 0 H Watson V Lepchenko 7 6 0 16 E Mertens 6 6 16 E Mertens 6 7 6 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 12 A Kerber 6 6 M Barthel 12 A Kerber 6 6 A Bogdan 6 6 A Bogdan M Vondroušová 6 12 A Kerber 7 7 A Sasnovich 6 6 18 K Bertens 6 6 D Allertová A Sasnovich A Sabalenka 18 K Bertens 6 6 18 K Bertens 6 6 12 A Kerber 6 6 27 S Zhang 6 7 7 C Garcia PR K Kučová 0 5 27 S Zhang I-C Begu 6 5 9 I-C Begu 6 6 AK Schmiedlová 7 7 I-C Begu S Peng 6 6 7 C Garcia 6 6 A Krunić S Peng 6 Y Duan 0 7 C Garcia 6 6 7 C Garcia 6 6 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round G Muguruza 7 6 S Kuznetsova 6 G Muguruza 6 6 WC F Ferro 6 6 WC F Ferro C Witthöft G Muguruza 6 6 S Stosur 6 6 S Stosur 0 Y Wickmayer S Stosur 6 7 P Hercog 6 30 A Pavlyuchenkova 6 30 A Pavlyuchenkova 6 7 G Muguruza 19 M Rybáriková 6 6 L Tsurenko 0 L Kumkhum 0 19 M Rybáriková 6 6 B Bencic 7 7 B Bencic Q D Chiesa 6 6 5 19 M Rybáriková L Tsurenko 6 6 L Tsurenko 6 6 S Vögele 6 L Tsurenko 6 6 L Siegemund 15 C Vandeweghe 6 0 15 C Vandeweghe 6 6 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 11 J Görges 6 5 6 D Cibulková 7 0 11 J Görges 7 7 A Van Uytvanck 6 6 A Van Uytvanck 5 6 WC I Wallace 0 11 J Görges Kr Plíšková 6 PR S Williams 6 6 PR S Williams 7 6 PR S Williams 6 6 N Vikhlyantseva 17 A Barty 6 17 A Barty 6 6 PR S Williams 28 M Sharapova 6 6 28 M Sharapova w / o Q R Hogenkamp 6 28 M Sharapova 7 6 K Bondarenko D Vekić 5 D Vekić 6 6 28 M Sharapova 6 6 L Šafářová 6 6 6 Ka Plíšková WC J Ponchet L Šafářová 6 Q B Krejčíková 6 6 Ka Plíšková 6 6 6 Ka Plíšková 7 6 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 5 J Ostapenko 5 K Kozlova 7 6 K Kozlova 7 K Siniaková 7 7 K Siniaková 6 6 6 PR V Azarenka 5 5 K Siniaková PR S Zheng 26 B Strýcová 6 6 E Makarova 6 6 E Makarova K Nara 6 26 B Strýcová 6 6 26 B Strýcová 6 6 26 B Strýcová 22 J Konta Y Putintseva 6 6 Y Putintseva 6 6 Y Putintseva 6 6 J Brady 6 6 J Brady WC A Hesse Y Putintseva 7 6 P Martić 6 6 Q Wang 6 5 Y Wang P Martić Q Wang 6 7 Q Wang 6 6 9 V Williams 5 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 13 M Keys 6 6 S Vickery 13 M Keys 6 6 Q C Dolehide 6 6 Q C Dolehide Q V Golubic 13 M Keys 6 7 M Linette 21 N Osaka 6 Z Diyas 6 6 Z Diyas 5 S Kenin 5 21 N Osaka 6 7 21 N Osaka 6 7 13 M Keys 6 6 31 M Buzărnescu 6 6 31 M Buzărnescu PR V King 31 M Buzărnescu 6 6 Q R Peterson 6 6 Q R Peterson S-w Hsieh 31 M Buzărnescu 6 7 Q F Schiavone 6 6 E Svitolina 5 V Kužmová 7 7 V Kužmová A Tomljanović 5 E Svitolina 6 6 E Svitolina 7 6 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 8 P Kvitová 6 7 V Cepede Royg 6 5 8 P Kvitová 6 6 L Arruabarrena 7 6 L Arruabarrena 0 T Babos 6 8 P Kvitová 6 6 Q A Dulgheru 5 7 6 25 A Kontaveit 7 7 C McHale 7 6 Q A Dulgheru 5 M Brengle 6 25 A Kontaveit 7 6 25 A Kontaveit 6 6 25 A Kontaveit 0 20 A Sevastova 6 10 S Stephens 6 6 Q M Duque Mariño 6 6 Q M Duque Mariño 0 C Giorgi 6 6 C Giorgi 6 6 Q G Min C Giorgi 6 6 Q M Fręch 6 6 10 S Stephens 6 8 E Alexandrova 6 Q M Fręch LL A Rus 0 10 S Stephens 6 6 10 S Stephens 6 6 Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 14 D Kasatkina 6 6 K Kanepi 14 D Kasatkina 6 6 T Maria 6 K Flipkens K Flipkens 7 6 14 D Kasatkina 6 6 PR M Minella 6 M Sakkari 6 M Sakkari 7 6 M Sakkari 7 6 A Konjuh 0 23 C Suárez Navarro 5 23 C Suárez Navarro 6 6 14 D Kasatkina 7 6 32 A Cornet 6 6 C Wozniacki 6 S Errani 6 32 A Cornet 7 WC C Paquet 6 6 WC P Parmentier 6 6 6 WC P Parmentier 7 6 WC P Parmentier 0 LL D Jakupović C Wozniacki 6 6 Q G García Pérez 6 6 Q G García Pérez 0 D Collins 6 C Wozniacki 6 6 C Wozniacki 7 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` French Open 2018 : Venus Williams and Jelena Ostapenko lose in first round '' . BBC Sport. 27 May 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Simona Halep beats Sloane Stephens to win French Open title -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 9 June 2018 . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Jurejko ( 9 June 2018 ) . `` French Open 2018 : Simona Halep beats Sloane Stephens in final '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Simona Halep reaches French Open final and retains number one ranking '' . PA Sport. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Courtney Nguyen ( 23 May 2018 ) . `` Battle for No. 1 : Wozniacki , Svitolina , Muguruza aim to unseat Halep in Paris '' . WTA Insider . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Bonnie D. Ford ( 27 May 2018 ) . `` An unhappy ' first ' for Venus Williams this season '' . ESPN . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Roland Garros 2018 . Agnieszka Radwańska nie zagra . ' Nie chcemy ryzykować ' '' . Sport.pl ( in Polish ) . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Christopher Clarey ( 27 January 2007 ) . `` Williams shocks Sharapova to win Australian Open - Sports - International Herald Tribune '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Christopher Clarey ( 4 June 2018 ) . `` Serena Williams Is Out of French Open With Injury '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . French Open singles drawsheets Men 's singles 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Women 's singles 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 French Open women 's singles champions ( 1968 ) Nancy Richey ( 1969 ) Margaret Court ( 1970 ) Margaret Court ( 1971 ) Evonne Goolagong ( 1972 ) Billie Jean King ( 1973 ) Margaret Court ( 1974 ) Chris Evert ( 1975 ) Chris Evert ( 1976 ) Sue Barker ( 1977 ) Mima Jaušovec ( 1978 ) Virginia Ruzici ( 1979 ) Chris Evert ( 1980 ) Chris Evert ( 1981 ) Hana Mandlíková ( 1982 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1983 ) Chris Evert ( 1984 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1985 ) Chris Evert ( 1986 ) Chris Evert ( 1987 ) Steffi Graf ( 1988 ) Steffi Graf ( 1989 ) Arantxa Sánchez ( 1990 ) Monica Seles ( 1991 ) Monica Seles ( 1992 ) Monica Seles ( 1993 ) Steffi Graf ( 1994 ) Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 1995 ) Steffi Graf ( 1996 ) Steffi Graf ( 1997 ) Iva Majoli ( 1998 ) Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( 1999 ) Steffi Graf ( 2000 ) Mary Pierce ( 2001 ) Jennifer Capriati ( 2002 ) Serena Williams ( 2003 ) Justine Henin ( 2004 ) Anastasia Myskina ( 2005 ) Justine Henin ( 2006 ) Justine Henin ( 2007 ) Justine Henin ( 2008 ) Ana Ivanovic ( 2009 ) Svetlana Kuznetsova ( 2010 ) Francesca Schiavone ( 2011 ) Li Na ( 2012 ) Maria Sharapova ( 2013 ) Serena Williams ( 2014 ) Maria Sharapova ( 2015 ) Serena Williams ( 2016 ) Garbiñe Muguruza ( 2017 ) Jeļena Ostapenko ( 2018 ) Simona Halep 2018 WTA Tour `` 2017 2019 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) WTA Premier Mandatory tournaments Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) WTA Premier 5 tournaments Doha ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Wuhan ( S , D ) WTA Premier tournaments Brisbane ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Charleston ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Birmingham ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) San Jose ( S , D ) New Haven ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) WTA International tournaments Auckland ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Hobart ( S , D ) Taipei ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Monterrey ( S , D ) Bogotá ( S , D ) Lugano ( S , D ) İstanbul ( S , D ) Prague ( S , D ) Rabat ( S , D ) Nuremberg ( S , D ) Strasbourg ( S , D ) Rosmalen ( S , D ) Nottingham ( S , D ) Santa Ponsa ( S , D ) Bucharest ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Nanchang ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Hiroshima ( S , D ) Quebec City ( S , D ) Guangzhou ( S , D ) Seoul ( S , D ) Tashkent ( S , D ) Hong Kong ( S , D ) Linz ( S , D ) Tianjin ( S , D ) Luxembourg City ( S , D ) Team events Fed Cup World Group I + World Group II WG I Play - offs WG II Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa WTA Finals , Singapore ( S , D ) WTA Elite Trophy , Zhuhai ( S , D ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_French_Open_ -- _Women % 27s_Singles&oldid = 850130995 '' Categories : 2018 French Open French Open by year -- Women 's Singles 2018 WTA Tour Hidden categories : CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Pages using infobox tennis tournament year footer with an unknown event Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 20 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the women's french open in 2018 | [
"World No. 1 Simona Halep won her first Grand Slam title, defeating Sloane Stephens in the final, 3–6, 6–4, 6–1.[2]\t\nShe became the second Romanian woman to win a Grand Slam title after the 1978 French Open champion Virginia Ruzici.[3] She also became the sixth woman to win both the senior and junior title, having won the latter in 2008.[3]\n"
] | [
"Simona Halep"
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-664577745655643212 | Demographics of Malaysia | Demographics of Malaysia - wikipedia Demographics of Malaysia Jump to : navigation , search Demographics of Malaysia Indicator Rank Measure Economy GDP ( PPP ) per capita 38th $ 23,298 Unemployment rate Unknown 3.0 % * CO emissions 51st 7.07 t Electricity consumption 31st 93.80 GWh Economic Freedom 68th 2.98 Politics Human Development Index 62nd 0.773 Political freedom Unknown Corruption ( A higher score means less ( perceived ) corruption . ) ↑ 60th 4.3 Press freedom 122nd 56.00 Society Literacy Rate 39th 92.5 % Number of Internet users 26th 15,635,925 users E-readiness 38th 5.87 ± Ease of Doing Business 18th Unknown Health Life Expectancy 65th 4.2 Birth rate 82nd 20.74 Fertility rate 78th 1.94 Infant mortality 124th 16.39 Death rate 181st 4.5 HIV / AIDS rate 81st 0.40 % Quality - of - life 36th 6.608 ± Notes * including several non-sovereign entities ↓ indicates rank is in reverse order ( e.g. 1st is lowest ) per capita score out of 10 per 1000 people per woman per 1000 live births The demographics of Malaysia are represented by the multiple ethnic groups that exist in this country . Malaysia 's population , according to the 2010 census , is 28,334,000 including non-citizens , which makes it the 41st most populated country in the world . Of these , 5.72 million live in East Malaysia and 22.5 million live in Peninsular Malaysia . The population distribution is uneven , with some 79 % of its citizens concentrated in Peninsular Malaysia , which has an area of 131,598 square kilometres ( 50,810.27 sq mi ) constituting under 40 % of the total area of Malaysia . The Malaysian population is growing at a rate of 1.94 % per annum as of 2017 . According to latest projection of the 2010 census , among the three largest Malaysian groups Malays and Bumiputera fertility rates are at 2.4 children per woman , Chinese 1.4 children per woman , and Indians 1.8 children per woman . Malay fertility rates are 40 % higher than Malaysian Indians and 56 % higher than Malaysian Chinese . Population projections in 2017 show that the Malays and Bumiputeras comprised a total of 68.8 % , Chinese 23.2 % , and the Indians 7.0 % of the total population . The Chinese population has shrunk from the figures of 1957 when it was about 40 % of Malaya , although in absolute numbers they have multiplied around threefold by 2017 in Malaysia ( 2.4 million in 1957 to 6.6 million in 2017 , the later figure include East Malaysia ) , but dwarfed by the fivefold increase of Malays ( from around 3.1 million in 1957 to 15.5 million in 2017 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Demographic trends and key rates 1.1 Population distribution by states and territories 1.2 Population age distribution trends for 2001 -- 2016 1.3 Structure of the population 1.4 Key demographic rates 2 Vital statistics 2.1 UN estimates 2.2 Registered births and deaths 2.3 Total fertility rate by ethnic group 2.4 Total fertility rate by state 3 Ethnolinguistic groups 3.1 Bumiputras 3.1. 1 Malays 3.1. 2 Other Bumiputras 3.2 Non-Bumiputras 3.2. 1 Chinese 3.2. 2 Indian 3.2. 3 Others 4 Languages 5 Citizenship 6 Religion 6.1 Islam 7 Education 7.1 Primary education 7.2 Secondary education 7.3 Tertiary education 7.4 International schools 8 Health 9 Major cities 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Demographic trends and key rates ( edit ) Demographics of Malaysia , Data of FAO , year 2005 ; Number of inhabitants in thousands . Censuses were taken in Malaysia in 1970 , 1980 , 1991 , and 2000 , with the one in 2000 taking place between 5 and 20 July . The total population is around 28.3 million according to the 2010 census . The population distribution is highly uneven , with some 20 million residents concentrated in Peninsula Malaysia . 74.7 % of the population is urban . Due to the rise in labour - intensive industries , Malaysia is estimated to have over 3 million migrant workers , which is about 10 % of the Malaysian population . The exact numbers are unknown : there are a million legal foreign workers and perhaps another million unauthorised foreigners . The state of Sabah alone had nearly 25 % of its 2.7 million population listed as illegal foreign workers in the last census . Sabah based NGOs estimate that out of the 3 million population , 2 million are illegal immigrants . Additionally , according to the World Refugee Survey 2008 , published by the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants ( USCRI ) , Malaysia hosts a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 155,700 . Of this population , approximately 70,500 refugees and asylum seekers are from the Philippines , 69,700 from Burma , and 21,800 from Indonesia . The USCRI named Malaysia as one of the ten worst places for refugees on account of the country 's discriminatory practices toward them . Malaysian officials are reported to have turned deportees directly over to human smugglers in 2007 , and Malaysia employs RELA , a volunteer militia , to enforce its immigration law . Population distribution by states and territories ( edit ) In 2000 Source : National Census 2000 , Department of Statistics Malaysia . State Population Area ( km ) Pop . density Urban pop. ( % ) Bumiputra ( % ) Chinese ( % ) Indian ( % ) Johor 2,740,625 18987 144 65.2 57.1 35.4 6.9 Kedah 1,649,756 9425 175 39.3 76.6 14.9 7.1 Kelantan 1,313,014 15024 87 34.2 95.0 3.8 0.3 Malacca 635,791 1652 385 67.2 62.8 30.1 6.5 Negeri Sembilan 859,924 6644 129 53.4 57.9 25.6 16.0 Pahang 1,288,376 35965 36 42.0 76.8 17.7 5.0 Penang 1,313,449 1031 1274 80.1 42.5 46.5 10.6 Perak 2,051,236 21005 98 58.7 54.7 32.0 13.0 Perlis 204,450 795 257 34.3 85.5 10.3 1.3 Selangor 4,188,876 7960 526 87.6 53.5 30.7 14.6 Terengganu 898,825 12955 69 48.7 96.8 2.8 0.2 Sabah 2,603,485 73619 35 48.0 80.5 13.2 0.5 Sarawak 2,071,506 124450 17 48.1 72.9 26.7 0.2 FT Kuala Lumpur 1,379,310 243 5676 100.0 43.6 43.5 11.4 FT Labuan 76,067 92 827 77.7 79.6 15.8 1.3 FT Putrajaya 45,000 148 304 100.0 94.8 1.8 2.7 Putrajaya data is for 2004 . Population estimates are rounded to the nearest hundred . In 2010 Source : National Census 2010 , Department of Statistics Malaysia State Population Area ( km ) Pop . density Urban pop. ( % ) Bumiputra ( % ) Chinese ( % ) Indian ( % ) Johor 3,348,283 19,210 174 71.9 58.9 33.6 7.1 Kedah 1,890,098 9,500 199 64.6 77.9 13.6 7.3 Kelantan 1,459,994 15,099 97 42.4 95.7 3.4 0.3 Malacca 788,706 1,664 470 86.5 66.9 26.4 6.2 Negeri Sembilan 997,071 6,686 150 66.5 61.3 23.2 15.2 Pahang 1,443,365 36,137 40 50.5 79.0 16.2 4.4 Penang 1,520,143 1,048 1,500 90.8 43.6 45.6 10.4 Perak 2,258,428 21,035 110 69.7 57.0 30.4 12.2 Perlis 227,025 821 280 51.4 88.4 8.0 1.2 Selangor 5,411,324 8,104 670 91.4 57.1 28.6 13.5 Terengganu 1,015,776 13,035 69 59.1 97.0 2.6 0.2 Sabah 3,117,405 73,631 42 54.0 84.8 12.8 0.3 Sarawak 2,420,009 124,450 19 53.8 74.8 24.5 0.3 FT Kuala Lumpur 1,627,172 243 6,891 100.0 45.9 43.2 10.3 FT Labuan 86,908 91 950 82.3 83.7 13.4 0.9 FT Putrajaya 67,964 49 1,400 100.0 98.0 0.7 1.2 Population age distribution trends for 2001 -- 2016 ( edit ) Year < 15 Years ( % ) 15 - 64 Years ( % ) > 64 Years ( % ) Population ( in millions ) 32.7 63.4 3.9 24.12 2002 31.9 64.1 4.0 24.72 30.4 65.5 4.1 25.91 2005 29.7 66.1 4.2 26.48 2006 29.2 66.5 4.3 26.83 2007 28.7 66.9 4.4 27.00 2008 28.2 67.3 4.5 27.54 2009 27.7 67.7 4.6 27.90 27.2 68.1 4.7 28.25 2015 24.9 69.3 5.8 31.20 2016 24.5 69.5 6.0 31.71 Data from July 2010 . Structure of the population ( edit ) Structure of the population ( 01.07. 2011 ) ( Estimates - Data refer to projections based on the 2000 Population Census ) : Age Group Male Female Total % Total 14 523 912 14 028 800 28 552 712 100 0 - 4 1 257 227 1 197 893 2 455 120 8 , 60 5 - 9 1 258 724 1 200 377 2 459 101 8 , 61 10 - 14 1 407 479 1 333 133 2 740 612 9 , 60 15 - 19 1 382 650 1 298 541 2 681 191 9 , 39 20 - 24 1 305 753 1 255 439 2 561 192 8 , 97 25 - 29 1 225 425 1 202 220 2 427 645 8 , 50 30 - 34 1 156 987 1 133 836 2 290 823 8 , 02 35 - 39 1 084 255 1 055 838 2 140 093 7 , 50 40 - 44 1 021 261 980 714 2 001 975 7 , 01 45 - 49 923 951 878 655 1 802 606 6 , 31 50 - 54 780 930 741 641 1 522 571 5 , 33 55 - 59 627 320 599 062 1 226 382 4 , 30 60 - 64 440 893 421 490 862 383 3 , 02 65 - 69 276 593 276 416 553 009 1 , 94 70 - 74 180 583 198 929 379 512 1 , 33 75 - 79 104 871 127 903 232 774 0 , 82 80 - 84 56 445 73 578 130 023 0 , 46 85 - 89 22 803 31 736 54 539 0 , 19 90 + 9 762 21 399 31 161 0 , 11 Age group Male Female Total Percent 0 - 14 3 923 430 3 731 403 7 654 833 26 , 81 15 - 64 9 949 425 9 567 436 19 516 861 68 , 35 65 + 651 057 729 961 1 381 018 4 , 84 Structure of the population ( 2015 estimates ) : Age Group Male Female Total % Total 15 994 299 15 001 407 30 995 706 100 0 - 4 1 342 280 1 250 354 2 592 634 8.36 5 - 9 1 290 296 1 220 033 2 510 329 8.10 10 - 14 1 361 753 1 289 823 2 651 576 8.55 15 - 19 1 467 520 1 374 861 2 842 381 9.17 20 - 24 1 666 826 1 512 363 3 179 189 10.26 25 - 29 1 636 156 1 453 738 3 089 894 9.97 30 - 34 1 421 538 1 277 508 2 699 046 8.71 35 - 39 1 122 020 1 012 167 2 134 187 6.89 40 - 44 966 696 919 886 1 886 582 6.09 45 - 49 866 201 857 006 1 723 207 5.56 50 - 54 802 194 754 597 1 556 791 5.02 55 - 59 662 308 642 015 1 304 323 4.21 60 - 64 504 442 495 056 999 498 3.22 65 - 69 370 875 378 953 749 828 2.42 70 - 74 225 299 236 337 461 636 1.49 75 - 79 151 764 168 867 320 631 1.03 80 - 84 73 949 85 206 159 155 0.51 85 - 89 38 547 47 792 86 339 0.28 90 - 94 13 383 14 359 27 742 0.09 95 + 10 252 10 486 20 738 0.07 Age group Male Female Total Percent 0 - 14 3 994 329 3 760 210 7 754 539 25.02 15 - 64 11 115 901 10 299 197 21 415 098 69.09 65 + 884 069 942 000 1 826 069 5.89 Key Demographic rates ( edit ) Population growth rate ^ : 1.542 % ( 2012 data ) Age Structure ^ : 0 -- 14 years : 29.6 % ( male 4,118,086 / female 3,884,403 ) 15 -- 64 years : 65.4 % ( male 7,838,166 / female 7,785,833 ) 65 years and over : 5 % ( male 526,967 / female 667,831 ) ( 2011 est . ) Net migration rate : - 0.37 migrant ( s ) / 1,000 population ( 2012 est . ) note : does not reflect net flow of an unknown number of illegal immigrants from other countries in the region Human sex ratio : at birth : 1.07 male ( s ) / female under 15 years : 1.06 male ( s ) / female 15 -- 64 years : 1.03 male ( s ) / female 65 years and over : 0.89 male ( s ) / female total population : 1.03 male ( s ) / female ( 2012 est . ) Infant mortality rate : ^ 14.57 deaths / 1,000 live births ( 2012 data ) Life expectancy at birth : total population : 74.04 years ( at 1 : 1 male - to - female ratio ) male : ^ 71.28 years ( 2012 data ) female : ^ 76.99 years ( 2012 data ) Total fertility rate : 2.64 children born / woman ( 2012 est . ) In 1987 , Malays had a TFR of 4.51 , Chinese had TFR of 2.25 and Indians had TFR of 2.77 . The corresponding figures in Singapore was 2.16 , 1.48 and 1.95 . Data for ( ^ ) obtained from Department of Statistics releases . See notes . All key rates sampled per 1000 of population . Vital statistics ( edit ) UN estimates ( edit ) Period Live births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year CBR CDR NC TFR IMR 1950 - 1955 280 000 92 000 188 000 42.7 14.0 25.3 6.23 96.4 1955 - 1960 318 000 89 000 229 000 41.9 11.7 28.9 6.23 79.5 1960 - 1965 361 000 86 000 275 000 40.8 9.7 29.9 6.23 64.3 1965 - 1970 351 000 82 000 268 000 34.2 8.0 28.1 5.21 51.0 1970 - 1975 365 000 82 000 283 000 31.4 7.1 25.9 4.56 40.4 1975 - 1980 385 000 83 000 302 000 29.4 6.3 21.7 3.93 31.9 1980 - 1985 436 000 86 000 350 000 29.5 5.8 26.4 3.73 25.3 1985 - 1990 488 000 91 000 397 000 28.7 5.3 26.9 3.59 19.9 1990 - 1995 535 000 97 000 438 000 27.5 5.0 22.8 3.42 15.7 1995 - 2000 559 000 104 000 454 000 25.3 4.7 19.8 3.18 12.4 2000 - 2005 572 000 114 000 458 000 23.1 4.6 18.2 2.96 9.8 2005 - 2010 571 000 127 000 443 000 20.9 4.7 14.3 2.72 7.7 CBR = crude birth rate ( per 1000 ) ; CDR = crude death rate ( per 1000 ) ; NC = natural change ( per 1000 ) ; TFR = total fertility rate ( number of children per woman ) ; IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births Registered births and deaths ( edit ) Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate ( per 1000 ) Crude death rate ( per 1000 ) Natural change ( per 1000 ) Total fertility rate ( TFR ) 2009 496 315 130 135 366 178 17.7 4.6 13.0 2,329 28 334 491 239 130 978 360 261 17.2 4.6 12.6 2,136 2011 511 594 135 463 376 131 17.6 4.7 12.9 2,174 2012 ( p ) 508 774 136 836 371 938 17.2 4.6 12.6 2,118 2013 503 914 142 202 361 712 16.7 4.7 12.0 2 , 0 2014 30 733 528 612 150 318 378 294 17.2 4.9 12.3 2 , 1 2015 31 205 521 136 155 786 365 350 16.7 5.0 11.7 2 , 0 Total fertility rate by ethnic group ( edit ) Malays Chinese Indians Total 2.694 1.517 1.733 2.136 2011 2.694 1.557 1.663 2.174 2012 2.743 1.719 1.579 2.188 2013 2.640 1.384 1.474 2.022 2014 2.653 1.414 1.384 2.018 2015 2.553 1.353 1.361 1.941 2016 ( p ) 2.482 1.345 1.337 1.892 Total fertility rate by state ( edit ) Total fertility rate ( TFR ) by state as of 2011 : State Total fertility rate 2011 Total fertility rate 2015 Putrajaya 1.44 1.37 Kuala Lumpur 1.53 1.40 Penang 1.62 1.51 Sabah 1.81 1.64 Selangor 1.96 1.82 Johor 2.18 1.88 Melaka 2.23 1.93 Sarawak 2.23 2.01 Negeri Sembilan 2.30 2.02 Perak 2.39 2.05 Pahang 2.50 2.31 Perlis 2.56 2.33 Kedah 2.61 2.37 Terengganu 3.46 2.80 Kelantan 3.77 3.07 Ethnolinguistic groups ( edit ) Malaysia 's population comprises many ethnic groups . People of Austronesian origin make up the majority of the population , and are known as the Bumiputras . Large Chinese and Indian minorities also exist . Malays , as Bumiputra , see Malaysia as their land , and since race riots in 1969 Bumiputra have been especially privileged in Malaysia -- top government positions are reserved for Malays , and the Malays received cheaper housing , priority in government jobs as well as business licenses . However , since the riot racial stability has prevailed , if not full harmony , and mixed marriages are on the rise . The following are the twenty - five largest ethnolinguistic groups in Malaysia ; speakers of distinct dialects of a language may be grouped separately , for example Terengganu Malay and Kelantan Malay are grouped into East Coast Malay : Distribution of the Bumiputera and Chinese population in Malaysia Group Total Malay 6,916,000 Kedah Malay 3,095,000 Malay , East coast 2,448,000 Han Chinese , Hokkien 1,903,000 Tamil 1,796,000 Han Chinese , Hakka 1,729,000 Han Chinese , Cantonese 1,396,000 Han Chinese , Teochew 1,004,000 Han Chinese , Mandarin 986,000 Minangkabau 901,000 Indonesian 796,000 Iban 686,000 Javanese 640,000 Filipino , Tagalog 456,000 Han Chinese , Hainanese 396,000 Han Chinese , Northern Min 384,000 Brunei Malay , Kedayan 350,000 Malay , East Malaysia 280,000 Han Chinese , Eastern Min 256,000 Straits Chinese 244,000 Nepalese 224,000 Tausug 209,000 Dusun , Central 197,000 Malayali , Malayalam 170,000 Bugis , Buginese 139,000 Bumiputras ( edit ) Main article : Bumiputra A sign of a Kuala Lumpur kopi tiam that depicts the ethnic groups of Malaysia Bumiputras totaling 68.8 % of Malaysia 's population as of 2017 are divided into Muslim Malays proper , who make up the majority of the Malaysian population at 54.66 % ; and other bumiputra , who make up 14.14 % of the Malaysian population , and most of whom belong to various Austronesian Malay ethnic groups related to the Muslim Malays . Bumiputra status is also accorded to certain non-Malay indigenous peoples , including ethnic Thais , Khmers , Chams and the natives of Sabah and Sarawak . Laws over who gets Bumiputra status vary between states . Some Eurasians can obtain bumiputra privileges , providing they can prove they are of Portuguese ( Kristang ) descent . Malays ( edit ) Main articles : Malays ( ethnic group ) and Malaysian Malay The Malays are an ethnic group predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula and parts of Sumatra and Borneo . They form the largest community in Malaysia and play a dominant role politically . They make up about half of the total population . By constitutional definition , Malays are Muslims who practice Malay customs ( adat ) and culture . Their language , Malay ( Bahasa Malaysia ) , is the national language of the country . Citizens of Minangkabau , Bugis or Javanese origins , who can be classified `` Malay '' under constitutional definitions may also speak their respective ancestral tongues . However , English is also widely spoken in major towns and cities across the country . Malays from different states in Malaysia carry distinct dialects that can sometimes be unintelligible to most of their fellow countrymen . By definition of the Malaysian constitution , all Malays are Muslims . In the past , Malays wrote in Pallava or using the Sanskrit - based alphabet of Kawi . Arabic traders later introduced Jawi , an Arabic - based script , which became popular after the 15th century . Until then reading and writing were mostly the preserve of scholars and nobility , while most Malay commoners were illiterate . Jawi was taught along with Islam , allowing the script to spread through all social classes . Nevertheless , Kawi remained in use by the upper - class well into the 15th century . The Romanised script was introduced during the colonial period and , over time , it came to replace both Sanskrit and Jawi . This was largely due to the influence of the European education system , wherein children were taught the Latin alphabet . Malay culture shows strong influences from Buddhism , Hinduism and animism . However , since the Islamisation movement of the 1980s and 90s , these aspects are often neglected or banned altogether . Because any Malay - speaking Muslim is entitled to Bumiputra privileges , many non-Malay Muslims have adopted the Malay language , customs and attire in the last few decades . This is particularly the case with Indian Muslims from the peninsula and the Kedayan of Borneo . The Malay ethnic group is distinct from the concept of a Malay race , which encompasses a wider group of people , including most of Indonesia and the Philippines . Other Bumiputras ( edit ) Main article : Orang Asal Ethnic groups in Sabah Malaysia has many other non-Malay indigenous people , who are given Bumiputra status . The indigenous tribes are the oldest inhabitants of Malaysia , and the indigenous groups of Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia are collectively known as the `` Orang Asli '' . They account for about 11 percent of the nation 's population , and represent a majority in East Malaysia of Sabah and Sarawak . In Sarawak , the dominant tribal group are the Dayak people , who are either Iban ( also known as Sea Dayak ) or Bidayuh ( also known as Land Dayak ) of which are mainly Christians . The Iban form the largest of all indigenous groups , numbering over 600,000 ( 35 % of Sarawak 's population ) , who mostly still live in traditional longhouses which can hold up to 200 people . Longhouses are mostly places along the Rajang and Lupar rivers and their tributaries , although many Iban have moved to the cities . The Bidayuhs , numbering around 170,000 , are concentrated in the southwestern part of Sarawak . They , together with other indigenous groups in Sarawak make up over half of the states population . The largest indigenous tribe in Sabah is the Kadazan , most of whom are Christians and rice farmers . They live as substinence farmers . Sabah has a large amount of indigenous people , 28 % of the population are Kadazan - Dusuns , and 17 % are Bajaus . There also exist aboriginal groups in much smaller numbers on the peninsula , where they are collectively known as Orang Asli ( literally meaning `` original person '' ) . The 140,000 Orang Asli comprise a number of different ethnic communities . Many tribes , both on the peninsula and in Borneo , were traditionally nomadic or semi-nomadic hunter -- gatherers who practice animism , including the Punan , Penan and Senoi . However , their ancestral land and hunting grounds are commonly reclaimed by the state , shifting them to inferior land and sometimes pushing them out of their traditional way of life . The most numerous of the Orang Asli are called Negritos and are related to native Papuans in West Papua , Indonesia and Papua New Guinea , and possibly even to the aborigines in Australia . Other bumiputera minorities to a lesser degree include the Malaysian Siamese , Khmers , Chams , Burmese and the Indian Muslims commonly known as Mamaks . Non-Bumiputras ( edit ) A magnet depicting the ethnic groups of Malaysia Minorities who lack Bumiputra status have established themselves in Malaysia . Those who are not considered to be Bumiputras make up a considerable portion of the Malaysian population -- non-Malays once constituted around 50 % of the population of peninsula Malaya ( 1947 -- 1957 ) , but have since declined in percentage term due to a higher birthrate of Malays as well as some degree of out - migration by the Chinese . A large number of the non-Bumiputra arrived during the colonial period , but most of the non-Bumiputras were native - born by 1947 as large - scale immigration had effectively ceased by the late 1940s . Some Chinese families , known as Peranakan ( `` straits - born '' ) , have resided in Malaysia since as far back as 15th century Malacca . Chinese ( edit ) Main article : Malaysian Chinese The second largest ethnic group at 6.66 million are the Chinese who make up 23.2 % of the population excluding non-citizens as of 2017 . They have been dominant in trade and business since the early 20th century . Malaysian Chinese businesses developed as part of the larger bamboo network , a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties . George Town and Ipoh are Chinese - majority cities , while Penang is the only state in Malaysia with a non-Bumiputera majority population . The Chinese have been settling in Malaysia for many centuries , as seen in the emergence of the Peranakan culture , but the exodus peaked during the nineteenth century through trading and tin - mining . When they first arrived , the Chinese often worked the most grueling jobs like tin mining and railway construction . Later on , some of them owned businesses that became large conglomerates in today 's Malaysia . Most Chinese are Tao Buddhist and retain strong cultural ties to their ancestral homeland . The first Chinese people to settle in the Straits Settlements , primarily in and around Malacca , gradually adopted elements of Malayan culture , and some intermarried with the Malayan community . A distinct sub-ethnic group called babas ( male ) and nyonyas ( female ) emerged . Babas and nyonyas as a group are known as Peranakan . They produced a syncretic set of practices , beliefs , and arts , combining Malay and Chinese traditions in such a way as to create a new culture . The Peranakan culture is still visible to this day in the former Straits Settlements of Singapore , Malacca and Penang . The Chinese community in Malaysia , depending on the predominant dialect in a particular region , speaks a variety of Chinese dialects including Mandarin , Hokkien , Cantonese , Hakka and Teochew . In certain regions in Malaysia , some dialects are more widely used ; Hokkien predominates in Penang and Kedah , while most Chinese in the former centres of tin mining , such as Ipoh and Kuala Lumpur , speak Cantonese . More recently , however , with the standardised , compulsory use of Mandarin in Chinese schools , a huge majority of Malaysian Chinese now speak Mandarin , a non-native language that originated from northern China . On the other hand , it was reported that up to 10 % of Malaysian Chinese are primarily English - speaking . The English - speaking Chinese minority is typically concentrated in cities such as Kuala Lumpur , Petaling Jaya , George Town , Ipoh and Malacca . The English speakers form a distinct subset within the larger Chinese community , as they are known to have a less Sinocentric mindset , and are rather Westernized in thinking and attitudes . Indian ( edit ) Main article : Malaysian Indian The 2.01 million strong Indian community in Malaysia is the smallest of the three main ethnic groups , comprising only 7.0 % of the total population excluding non-citizens as of 2017 . Indians were brought in to Malaysia during the British colonial period in late 18th century and early 19th centuries . They first came to Malaya for barter trade , especially in the former Straits Settlements of Singapore , Malacca and Penang . During the British colonial rule , Indian labourers , who were mostly Tamils and Telugus from Tamil Nadu , Andhra Pradesh and lesser so from Kerala in the South of India were brought to Malaya to work on sugarcane and coffee plantations , rubber and oil palm estates , construction of buildings , railways , roads and bridges . English - educated Ceylon Tamils from Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) , and Malayalees ( from Kerela ) were brought in to handle white - collar jobs . Kerela had the first mission schools in India and as such produced english educated administrators . Both ethnicities worked mainly as clerks , public servants , teachers , hospital assistants , doctors and in other skilled professions . As for the Punjabis from Punjab , most of them where enlisted in the army in Malaya while some handled the bullock - cart services in the country . The South Asians that came to Malaysia followed Hinduism , Islam and Sikhism . Hindu religion with its unique temples Kovils and Gurdwaras , Tamil cuisine and colourful garments . More than 85 % of Malaysian Indians adhere to Hinduism . The Chitty community in Malacca are descendants of much earlier Indian immigrants who adopted local culture . Though they remain Hindu , the Chitties speak Bahasa Malaysia and women dress in sarong kebayas . The Hindu community celebrates two main festivals -- Deepavali and Thaipusam -- and many other smaller religious events each year . The ethnic Malayalees from Kerela celebrate the Onam festival ( new year ) and Vishu . The ethnic Punjabis celebrate Vasakhi , Lodi and Gurpurab . Majority of the Indians in Malaysia mainly speak Tamil while Telugu , Malayalam and Punjabi are also spoken . Some other South Asian Muslims mostly from Pakistan and Bangladesh have intermarried with the local Malay Muslims and have integrated with the Malays to a certain degree . Indian Muslims are commonly known as Mamak people in Malaysia and have recently gained Bumiputera status recognition in 2017 . Others ( edit ) A small minority of Malaysians do not fit into the broader ethnic groups . A small population exists of people of European and Middle Eastern descent . Europeans and Middle Easterners , who first arrived during the colonial period , assimilated through intermarriage into the Christian and Muslim communities . Most Eurasian Malaysians trace their ancestry to British , Dutch and / or Portuguese colonists , and there is a strong Kristang community in Malacca . The Madhesi Nepalese are mostly migrant workers from Nepal totalling 356,199 of which Malaysian Citizens are as little over 600 and lives in Rawang , Selangor . Originally brought by the British as bodyguards and security personnel , Nepali population consist of Rana , Chettri , Rai and Gurung clans . Other minorities include Filipinos and Burmese . A small number of ethnic Vietnamese from Cambodia and Vietnam settled in Malaysia as Vietnam War refugees . There is no general consensus on the ethnic profiling of children of mixed parentage . Some choose to be identified according to paternal ethnicity while others simply think that they fall in the `` Others '' category . The majority choose to identify themselves as Malay as long as either parent is Malay , mainly due to the legal definition of Bumiputra and the privileges that comes along with it . Children of Chinese -- Indian parentage are known as Chindians . Though this is not an official category in national census data , it is an increasing number especially in urban areas due to the increasing ethnic Chinese - Indian relationships . Languages ( edit ) Main article : Languages of Malaysia A sign showing common languages in Malaysia : Malay , English , Chinese , and Tamil Malaysia contains speakers of 137 living languages , 41 of which are found in Peninsula Malaysia . The official language of Malaysia is known as Bahasa Malaysia , a standardised form of the Malay language . English was , for a protracted period , the de facto , administrative language of Malaysia , though its status was later rescinded . Despite that , English remains an active second language in many areas of Malaysian society and is taught as a compulsory subject in all public schools . Many businesses in Malaysia conduct their transactions in English , and it is sometimes used in official correspondence . Examinations are based on British English , although there has been much American influence through television . Malaysian English , also known as Malaysian Standard English ( MySE ) , is a form of English derived from British English , although there is little official use of the term , except with relation to education . Malaysian English also sees wide use in business , along with Manglish , which is a colloquial form of English with heavy Malay , Chinese languages and Tamil influences . Most Malaysians are conversant in English , although some are only fluent in the Manglish form . The Malaysian government officially discourages the use of Manglish . Malaysian Chinese mostly speak Chinese languages from the southern provinces of China . The more common languages in Peninsular Malaysia are Hokkien , Cantonese , Hakka , Teochew , Hainanese , and Hokchiu . In Sarawak , most ethnic Chinese speak either Foochow or Hakka while Hakka predominates in Sabah except in the city of Sandakan where Cantonese is more often spoken despite the Hakka - origins of the Chinese residing there . Hokkien is mostly spoken in Penang and Kedah whereas Cantonese is mostly spoken in Ipoh and Kuala Lumpur . However , in Malaysia as a whole , the majority of ethnic Chinese now speak Standard Mandarin , a non-native language from northern China ( originally spoken by the Beijing elite and chosen as the official language of China ) , as their first language , while English is the first language for the rest . Some of the less - spoken languages such as Hainanese are facing extinction . As with Malaysian youths of other races , most Chinese youth are multilingual and can speak up to four languages with at least moderate fluency -- their native Chinese language , Mandarin , English and Malay . Tamil is the most common language spoken among Indians in Malaysia , especially in Peninsular Malaysia where they still maintain close cultural ties with their homeland Tamilnadu & Ceylon . This is because there are far fewer Indians in East Malaysia than in the Peninsula . Besides Tamil , Telugu is also spoken by the Telugu community . Malayalam Language is used by the Malayalee ethnic group . Punjabi is widely used In the city of Ipoh . This language is also used in Klang Valley . Besides that , Sinhalese is used by the ethnic group from Sri Lanka . Citizens of Minangkabau , Bugis or Javanese origins , who can be classified `` Malay '' under constitutional definitions may also speak their respective ancestral tongues . The native tribes of East Malaysia have their own languages which are related to , but easily distinguishable from , Malay . The Iban is the main tribal language in Sarawak while Dusunic languages are spoken by the natives in Sabah . A variant of the Malay language that is spoken in Brunei is also commonly spoken in both states . Some Malaysians have Caucasian ancestry and speak creole languages , such as the Portuguese - based Malaccan Creoles , and the Spanish - based Zamboangueño Chavacano . Thai is also spoken in some areas . Citizenship ( edit ) Main articles : Malaysian citizenship and Malaysian nationality law Citizenship is usually granted by lex soli . Citizenship in the states of Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysian Borneo are distinct from citizenship in Peninsular Malaysia for immigration purposes . Every citizen is issued a biometric smart chip identity card , known as MyKad , at the age of 12 , and must carry the card at all times . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Malaysia Kampung Laut Mosque in Tumpat is one of the oldest mosques in Malaysia , dating to early 18th century Islam is the largest and state religion of Malaysia , although Malaysia is a multi-religious society and the Malaysian constitution guarantees religious freedom . Despite the recognition of Islam as the state religion , the first 4 prime ministers have stressed that Malaysia could function as a secular state . According to the Population and Housing Census 2000 figures , approximately 60.4 percent of the population practised Islam ; 19.2 percent Buddhism ; 9.1 percent Christianity ; 6.3 percent Hinduism ; and 2.6 percent practise Confucianism , Taoism and other traditional Chinese religions . The remainder was accounted for by other faiths , including animism , folk religion , and Sikhism while 0.9 % either reported having no religion or did not provide any information . The majority of Malaysian Indians follow Hinduism ( 84.5 % ) , with a significant minority identifying as Christians ( 7.7 % ) , Sikhs ( 3.9 % ) , Muslims ( 3.8 % ) , and 1,000 Jains . Most Malaysian Chinese follow a combination of Buddhism , Taoism , Confucianism and ancestor - worship but , when pressed to specify their religion , will identify themselves as Buddhists . Statistics from the 2000 Census indicate that 75.9 % of Malaysia 's ethnic Chinese identify as Buddhist , with significant numbers of adherents following Taoism ( 10.6 % ) and Christianity ( 9.6 % ) , along with small Hui - Muslim populations in areas like Penang . Christianity constitutes a slim majority of the non-Malay Bumiputra community ( 50.1 % ) with an additional 36.3 % identifying as Muslims while 7.3 % follow folk religion . Islam ( edit ) Main article : Islam in Malaysia Islam is thought to have been brought to Malaysia around the 12th century by Arab traders . Since then the religion has become the predominant religion of the country and is recognised as the state 's official religion . All ethnic Malays are considered Muslim by Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia . Muslims are obliged to follow the decisions of Syariah courts in matters concerning their religion . The Islamic judges are expected to follow the Shafi ` i legal school of Islam , which is the main madh'hab of Malaysia . The jurisdiction of Shariah courts is limited only to Muslims in matters such as marriage , inheritance , divorce , apostasy , religious conversion , and custody among others . No other criminal or civil offences are under the jurisdiction of the Shariah courts , which have a similar hierarchy to the Civil Courts . Despite being the supreme courts of the land , the Civil Courts ( including the Federal Court ) do not hear matters related to Islamic practices , as ratified by Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad in the late 1980s . Regulation of sexual activities among the Muslim population is strict ; with laws prohibiting unmarried couples from occupying a secluded area or a confined space to prevent suspicion of acts forbidden in Islam . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Malaysia University of Nottingham campus at Semenyih , Selangor Literacy rates ( percentage of people over 15 who can read and write ) are high in Malaysia , with an overall Literacy rate of 88.7 % . Literacy rates are higher among males ( 92 % ) than females ( 85.4 % ) Education in Malaysia is monitored by the federal government Ministry of Education . The education system features a non-compulsory kindergarten education followed by six years of compulsory primary education , and five years of optional secondary education . Most Malaysian children start schooling between the ages of three to six , in kindergarten . Primary education ( edit ) Children begin primary schooling at the age of seven for a period of six years . Primary schools are divided into two categories , national primary schools and vernacular school . Vernacular schools ( Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan ) use either Chinese or Tamil as the medium of instruction , whereas national primary schools ( Sekolah Kebangsaan ) uses Bahasa Malaysia as the medium of instruction for subjects except English , Science and Mathematics . Malay College Kuala Kangsar ( MCKK ) is one of the earliest boarding schools established in British Malaya . Before progressing to the secondary level of education , pupils in Year 6 are required to sit the Primary School Achievement Test ( Ujian Pencapaian Sekolah Rendah , UPSR ) . A programme called First Level Assessment ( Penilaian Tahap Satu , PTS ) taken during Primary Year 3 was abolished in 2001 . Secondary education ( edit ) Secondary education in Malaysia is conducted in secondary schools ( Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan ) for five years . National secondary schools use Malay as the main language of instruction . The only exceptions are Mathematics and Science and languages other than Malay , however this was only implemented in 2003 , prior to which all non-language subjects were taught in Malay . At the end of Form Three , which is the third year , students are evaluated in the Form Three Assessment ( `` Pentaksiran Tingkatan Tiga '' , PT3 ) . Secondary students no longer sit for PMR in Form Three that has been abolished in 2014 . In the final year of secondary education ( Form Five ) , students sit the Malaysian Certificate of Education ( Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia , SPM ) examination , which is equivalent to the former British Ordinary or ' O ' Levels . The government has decided to abandon the use of English in teaching maths and science and revert to Bahasa Malaysia , starting in 2012 . Malaysian national secondary schools are sub-divided into several types : National Secondary School ( Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan ) , Religious Secondary School ( Sekolah Menengah Agama ) , National - Type Secondary School ( Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan ) ( also referred to as Mission Schools ) , Technical Schools ( Sekolah Menengah Teknik ) , Residential Schools and MARA Junior Science College ( Maktab Rendah Sains MARA ) . There are also 60 Chinese Independent High Schools in Malaysia , where most subjects are taught in Chinese . Chinese Independent High Schools are monitored and standardised by the United Chinese School Committees ' Association of Malaysia ( UCSCAM ) . However , unlike government schools , independent schools are autonomous . It takes six years to complete secondary education in Chinese independent schools . Students will sit a standardised test conducted by UCSCAM , which is known as the Unified Examination Certificate ( UEC ) in Junior Middle 3 ( equivalent to PMR ) and Senior Middle 3 ( equivalent to A level ) . A number of independent schools conduct classes in Malay and English in addition to Chinese , enabling the students to sit the PMR and SPM additionally . Tertiary education ( edit ) See also : List of universities in Malaysia An aerial view of Multimedia University 's Cyberjaya campus . Multimedia University is Malaysia 's first private university . Before the introduction of the matriculation system , students aiming to enter public universities had to complete an additional 18 months of secondary schooling in Form Six and sit the Malaysian Higher School Certificate ( Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia , STPM ) ; equivalent to the British Advanced or ' A ' levels . Since the introduction of the matriculation programme as an alternative to STPM in 1999 , students who completed the 12 - month programme in matriculation colleges ( kolej matrikulasi in Malay ) can enrol in local universities . However , in the matriculation system , only 10 per cent of the places are open to non-Bumiputra students . There are a number of government - funded public universities in Malaysia , the most prominent of them being University of Malaya . Although the ethnic quota system favouring Malays at such universities was abolished in 2002 , disparity of student intake still exists in these universities with underrepresentation of non-Bumiputras . Instead , private universities have sprung up to cater to the local population . These private universities are also gaining a reputation for international quality education and students from all over the world attend these universities . In addition , four reputable international universities have set up their branch campuses in Malaysia since 1998 . A branch campus can be seen as an ' offshore campus ' of the foreign university , which offers the same courses and awards as the main campus . Both local and international students can acquire these identical foreign qualifications in Malaysia at a lower fee . The foreign university branch campuses in Malaysia are : Monash University Malaysia Campus , Curtin University , Malaysia , Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus and University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus . Students also have the option of enrolling in private tertiary institutions after secondary studies . Most institutions have educational links with overseas universities especially in the United States , the United Kingdom and Australia , allowing students to spend a portion of their course duration abroad as well as getting overseas qualifications . One such example is Tunku Abdul Rahman University College which partnered with Sheffield Hallam University and Coventry University . International schools ( edit ) In addition to the Malaysian National Curriculum , Malaysia has many international schools such as The International School Kuala Lumpur , Alice Smith School , Gardens International School , Cempaka Schools Malaysia , Kolej Tuanku Ja'afar ... etc . These schools cater to the growing expatriate population in the country and the Malaysians who want a foreign curriculum , UK based curriculum , English education or Australian curriculum as well . Health ( edit ) See also : Healthcare in Malaysia The Malaysian government places importance on the expansion and development of health care , putting 5 % of the government social sector development budget into public health care -- an increase of more than 47 % over the previous figure . This has meant an overall increase of more than RM 2 billion . With a rising and ageing population , the Government wishes to improve in many areas including the refurbishment of existing hospitals , building and equipping new hospitals , expansion of the number of polyclinics , and improvements in training and expansion of telehealth . A major problem with the health care sector is the lack of medical centres for rural areas , which the government is trying to counter through the development of and expansion of a system called `` tele - primary care '' . Another issue is the overperscription of drugs , though this has decreased in recent years . Since 2009 the Malaysian Health Ministry has increased its efforts to overhaul the system and attract more foreign investment . The country generally has an efficient and widespread system of health care . It implements a universal healthcare system , which co-exists with the private healthcare system . Infant mortality rate in 2009 was 6 deaths per 1000 births , and life expectancy at birth in 2009 was 75 years . Malaysia has the highest levels of obesity among ASEAN countries . The Malaysian health care system requires doctors to perform a compulsory three years service with public hospitals to ensure that the manpower in these hospitals is maintained . Recently foreign doctors have also been encouraged to take up employment in Malaysia . There is still , however , a significant shortage in the medical workforce , especially of highly trained specialists ; thus , certain medical care and treatment are available only in large cities . Recent efforts to bring many facilities to other towns have been hampered by lack of expertise to run the available equipment . The majority of private hospitals are in urban areas and , unlike many of the public hospitals , are equipped with the latest diagnostic and imaging facilities . Private hospitals have not generally been seen as an ideal investment -- it has often taken up to ten years before companies have seen any profits . However , the situation has now changed and companies are now exploring this area again , corresponding with the increased number of foreigners entering Malaysia for medical care and the recent government focus on developing the health tourism industry . The Government has also been trying to promote Malaysia as a health care destination , regionally and internationally . Major cities ( edit ) Main article : List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population § Largest urban agglomerations Kuala Lumpur is the capital and largest city of Malaysia . Although many executive and judicial branches of the federal government have moved to Putrajaya , Kuala Lumpur is the seat of the Parliament of Malaysia , making it the country 's legislative capital . It is also the economic and business centre of the country , and is a primate city . Kuala Lumpur is also rated as a global city , and is the only global city in Malaysia . Along with Subang Jaya , Klang , Petaling Jaya , Shah Alam , Kajang - Sungai Chua , Ampang Jaya and Selayang it forms the country 's largest and most important urban area , the Klang Valley . Penang Island , with its capital city George Town , is the second largest city , with an estimated 710,000 inhabitants as of 2010 . It used to be Malaysia 's largest and only city until the 1970s when Kuala Lumpur became the capital . Today , the city serves as the economic , financial , logistics and medical tourism hub in the northern region of Malaysia . Together with surrounding towns including Bayan Lepas , Balik Pulau , Butterworth , Sungai Petani , Kulim and Bandar Baharu , it forms the Greater Penang conurbation , the second largest metropolitan area in the country with a population of over 2.5 million . Johor Bahru is the third largest urban area in the country . It is situated next to Singapore , and receives more than 60 % of the country 's annual 16 million foreign tourists . The city is also an important industrial , tourism and commercial hub for southern Malaysia . Other major cities in Malaysia include Ipoh , Kota Kinabalu and Kuching . Largest cities of Malaysia ( 2010 ) Kuala Lumpur George Town Rank City State Population view talk Ipoh Petaling Jaya Kuala Lumpur Federal Territories 1,588,750 George Town Penang 708,127 Ipoh Perak 657,892 Petaling Jaya Selangor 613,977 5 Shah Alam Selangor 541,306 6 Johor Bahru Johor 497,067 7 Melaka Melaka 484,885 8 Kota Kinabalu Sabah 452,058 9 Alor Setar Kedah 405,523 10 Kuala Terengganu Terengganu 337,553 See also ( edit ) Immigration to Malaysia Project IC , corruption & electoral demographics References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Department of Statistics , Malaysia . p. 11 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2013 . 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External links ( edit ) Department of Statistics , Malaysia Ethnic groups in Malaysia by region Malaysians Nationwide Malay ( list ) Chinese ( list ) Indian ( list ) Tamil Native Indonesian Banjarese Buginese Javanese Minangkabau Peninsular Malaysia Malays Johorean Malay Kedahan Malay Kelantanese Malay Malaccan Malay Negeri Sembilanese Malay Perakian Malay Pahang Malay Selangorian Malay Terengganuan Malay Orang Asli Proto - Malay Jakun Orang Kanaq Orang Laut Orang Kuala Orang Seletar Semelai Temoq Temuan Semang Batek Lanoh Jahai Kensiu Kintaq Mos Senoi Semai Mah Meri Cheq Wong Temiar Jah Hut Semaq Beri Chinese Peranakan Hokkien Cantonese Hakka Hainanese Teochew Penangite Chinese Indian Gujrati Penangite Indian Punjabi Malayali Tamil Chitty Telugu Others Acehnese Cham Jawi Peranakan Javanese Malaysian Kristang Malaysian Siamese Mandailing Pashto Rawa Sri Lankan Sarawak Malays Bruneian Malay Kedayan Sarawakian Malay Dayak Bidayuh Bukitan Iban Selako Orang Ulu Kayan Kelabit Kenyah Lun Bawang Penan Punan Ukit Others Bisaya Melanau Sabah Malays Bruneian Malay Kedayan Cocos Malays Kadazan - Dusun Dumpas Dusun Ida'an Kadazan Kwijau Lotud Mangka'ak Maragang Minokok Orang Sungai Rumanau Rungus Tambanuo Others Bajau Bisaya Illanun Lun Bawang Murut Suluk Tidong Foreign ethnicities / expatriates African Arab ( Hadhrami ) Bangladeshi Burmese ( Rohingya ) China / Taiwan Chinese East Timorese Filipino ( Zamboangans ) India Indian Indonesian Iranian Japanese Jewish ( former ) Korean Nepali Pakistani Vietnamese Malaysia articles History Timeline Prehistoric Portuguese Malacca Dutch Malacca British Malaya Straits Settlements Federated Malay States Unfederated Malay States British Borneo Kingdom of Sarawak Crown Colony of Labuan North Borneo Japanese occupation of Malaya / Borneo British Military Administration ( Malaya / Borneo ) Malayan Union Federation of Malaya Independence Malayan Emergency Crown Colony of Singapore Self - government Crown Colony of Sarawak Self - government Crown Colony of North Borneo Self - government Malaysia Agreement 1962 Singapore referendum Cobbold Commission 18 - 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Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Ethnic groups in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Malaysia&oldid=801439614 '' Categories : Demographics by country Demographics of Malaysia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 errors : missing author or editor All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from September 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Deutsch Español Français Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Русский Shqip Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 17 : 50 . 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"\n\nGroup\nTotal\n\n\nMalay\n6,916,000\n\n\nKedah Malay\n3,095,000\n\n\nMalay, East coast\n2,448,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hokkien\n1,903,000\n\n\nTamil\n1,796,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hakka\n1,729,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Cantonese\n1,396,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Teochew\n1,004,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Mandarin\n986,000\n\n\nMinangkabau\n901,000\n\n\nIndonesian\n796,000\n\n\nIban\n686,000\n\n\nJavanese\n640,000\n\n\nFilipino, Tagalog\n456,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hainanese\n396,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Northern Min\n384,000\n\n\nBrunei Malay, Kedayan\n350,000\n\n\nMalay, East Malaysia\n280,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Eastern Min\n256,000\n\n\nStraits Chinese\n244,000\n\n\nNepalese\n224,000\n\n\nTausug\n209,000\n\n\nDusun, Central\n197,000\n\n\nMalayali, Malayalam\n170,000\n\n\nBugis, Buginese\n139,000\n\n",
"\n\nGroup\nTotal\n\n\nMalay\n6,916,000\n\n\nKedah Malay\n3,095,000\n\n\nMalay, East coast\n2,448,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hokkien\n1,903,000\n\n\nTamil\n1,796,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hakka\n1,729,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Cantonese\n1,396,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Teochew\n1,004,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Mandarin\n986,000\n\n\nMinangkabau\n901,000\n\n\nIndonesian\n796,000\n\n\nIban\n686,000\n\n\nJavanese\n640,000\n\n\nFilipino, Tagalog\n456,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hainanese\n396,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Northern Min\n384,000\n\n\nBrunei Malay, Kedayan\n350,000\n\n\nMalay, East Malaysia\n280,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Eastern Min\n256,000\n\n\nStraits Chinese\n244,000\n\n\nNepalese\n224,000\n\n\nTausug\n209,000\n\n\nDusun, Central\n197,000\n\n\nMalayali, Malayalam\n170,000\n\n\nBugis, Buginese\n139,000\n\n",
"\n\nGroup\nTotal\n\n\nMalay\n6,916,000\n\n\nKedah Malay\n3,095,000\n\n\nMalay, East coast\n2,448,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hokkien\n1,903,000\n\n\nTamil\n1,796,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hakka\n1,729,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Cantonese\n1,396,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Teochew\n1,004,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Mandarin\n986,000\n\n\nMinangkabau\n901,000\n\n\nIndonesian\n796,000\n\n\nIban\n686,000\n\n\nJavanese\n640,000\n\n\nFilipino, Tagalog\n456,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hainanese\n396,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Northern Min\n384,000\n\n\nBrunei Malay, Kedayan\n350,000\n\n\nMalay, East Malaysia\n280,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Eastern Min\n256,000\n\n\nStraits Chinese\n244,000\n\n\nNepalese\n224,000\n\n\nTausug\n209,000\n\n\nDusun, Central\n197,000\n\n\nMalayali, Malayalam\n170,000\n\n\nBugis, Buginese\n139,000\n\n",
"\n\nGroup\nTotal\n\n\nMalay\n6,916,000\n\n\nKedah Malay\n3,095,000\n\n\nMalay, East coast\n2,448,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hokkien\n1,903,000\n\n\nTamil\n1,796,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hakka\n1,729,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Cantonese\n1,396,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Teochew\n1,004,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Mandarin\n986,000\n\n\nMinangkabau\n901,000\n\n\nIndonesian\n796,000\n\n\nIban\n686,000\n\n\nJavanese\n640,000\n\n\nFilipino, Tagalog\n456,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Hainanese\n396,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Northern Min\n384,000\n\n\nBrunei Malay, Kedayan\n350,000\n\n\nMalay, East Malaysia\n280,000\n\n\nHan Chinese, Eastern Min\n256,000\n\n\nStraits Chinese\n244,000\n\n\nNepalese\n224,000\n\n\nTausug\n209,000\n\n\nDusun, Central\n197,000\n\n\nMalayali, Malayalam\n170,000\n\n\nBugis, Buginese\n139,000\n\n"
] | [
"Malay",
"Han Chinese",
"Tamil",
"Kedah Malay"
] |
3481649344829150344 | Member states of the League of Nations | Member states of the League of Nations - wikipedia Member states of the League of Nations Jump to : navigation , search For United Nations member states , see Member states of the United Nations . Between 1920 and 1939 , a total of 63 countries became member states of the League of Nations . The Covenant forming the League of Nations was included in the Treaty of Versailles and came into force on 10 January 1920 . The League of Nations was dissolved on 18 April 1946 , when its assets and responsibilities were transferred to the United Nations . The League 's greatest extent was from 28 September 1934 ( when Ecuador joined ) to 23 February 1935 ( when Paraguay withdrew ) with 58 members . At this time , only Costa Rica ( 22 January 1925 ) , Brazil ( 14 June 1926 ) , Japan ( 27 March 1933 ) and Germany ( 19 September 1933 ) had withdrawn and only Egypt was left to join ( on 26 May 1937 ) . The members ( listed from earliest joining and alphabetically if they joined on the same day ) at this time were Argentina , Australia , Belgium , Bolivia , the British Empire , Canada , Chile , China , Colombia , Cuba , Czechoslovakia , Denmark , El Salvador , France , Greece , Guatemala , Haiti , Honduras , India , Italy , Liberia , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Norway , Panama , Paraguay , Persia / Iran , Peru , Poland , Portugal , Romania , Siam , South Africa , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , Uruguay , Venezuela , Yugoslavia , Austria , Bulgaria , Finland , Luxembourg , Albania , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Hungary , the Irish Free State , Ethiopia , the Dominican Republic , Mexico , Turkey , Iraq , the Soviet Union , Afghanistan , and Ecuador . Of the 42 founding members , 23 ( or 24 , counting Free France ) remained members until the League of Nations was dissolved in 1946 . A further 21 countries joined between 1920 and 1937 , but 7 left , withdrew or were expelled before 1946 . Countries are listed under the year in which they joined . The word `` withdrew '' indicates that a country left of its own choice . The word `` left '' indicates a country that ceased to exist because of annexation by Germany , Italy or the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union was the only country to be expelled by the League ( in 1939 , following its invasion of Finland ) . Despite formulating the concept and signing the Covenant , the United States never joined the League of Nations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Map 2 10 January 1920 : founding members 3 1920 4 1921 5 1922 6 1923 7 1924 8 1926 9 1931 10 1932 11 1934 12 1937 13 See also 14 Notes 15 External links Map ( edit ) A map of the world in the years 1920 -- 1945 , which shows the League of Nations members during its history . Members Colonies of members Mandates Non-members Colonies of non-members 10 January 1920 : founding members ( edit ) Argentina ( withdrew 1921 on rejection of an Argentine resolution that all sovereign states would be admitted to the League . It resumed full membership 26 September 1933 ) Belgium Bolivia Brazil ( withdrew 14 June 1926 ) British Empire separate membership for : United Kingdom Australia Canada India New Zealand South Africa Chile ( withdrew 14 May 1938 ) China Colombia Cuba Czechoslovakia ( occupied by Germany 15 March 1939 ) Denmark El Salvador ( withdrew 11 August 1937 ) France ( Vichy France withdrew 18 April 1941 ; withdrawal not recognised by Free French forces ) Greece Guatemala ( withdrew 26 May 1936 ) Haiti ( withdrew April 1942 ) Honduras ( withdrew 10 July 1936 ) Italy ( withdrew 11 December 1937 ) Japan ( withdrew 27 March 1933 ) Liberia Netherlands Nicaragua ( withdrew 27 June 1936 ) Norway Panama Paraguay ( withdrew 23 February 1935 ) Persia ( known as Iran from 1934 ) Peru ( withdrew 8 April 1939 ) Poland Portugal Romania ( withdrew July 1940 ) Siam ( known as Thailand from 1939 ) Spain ( withdrew May 1939 ) Sweden Switzerland Uruguay Venezuela ( withdrew 12 July 1938 ) Yugoslavia ( known as Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes until 1929 ) 1920 ( edit ) Austria ( joined 15 December 1920 ; occupied and annexed by Germany 13 March 1938 ) Bulgaria ( joined 16 December 1920 ) Costa Rica ( joined 16 December 1920 ; withdrew 22 January 1925 ) Finland ( joined 16 December 1920 ) Luxembourg ( joined 16 December 1920 ) Albania ( joined 17 December 1920 ) 1921 ( edit ) Estonia ( joined 22 September 1921 ; occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 ) Latvia ( joined 22 September 1921 ; occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 ) Lithuania ( joined 22 September 1921 ; occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 ) 1922 ( edit ) Hungary ( joined 18 September 1922 ; withdrew 11 April 1939 ) 1923 ( edit ) Irish Free State ( joined 10 September 1923 , known as Ireland from 1937 ) Abyssinia ( joined 28 September 1923 ) 1924 ( edit ) Dominican Republic ( joined 28 September 1924 ) 1926 ( edit ) Germany ( joined 8 September 1926 ; withdrew 19 October 1933 ) 1931 ( edit ) Mexico ( joined 9 September 1931 , and is declared member 12 September 1931 ) 1932 ( edit ) Turkey ( joined 18 July 1932 ) Iraq ( joined 3 October 1932 ) 1934 ( edit ) Soviet Union ( joined 18 September 1934 ; expelled 14 December 1939 ) Afghanistan ( joined 27 September 1934 ) Ecuador ( joined 28 September 1934 ) 1937 ( edit ) Egypt ( joined 26 May 1937 ) See also ( edit ) United Nations portal Member states of the United Nations Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ South America Archived 10 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Encyclopedia of World History Jump up ^ League of Nations chronology , United Nations Jump up ^ Members of the 1st Assembly , League of Nations , Geneva , November 15 to December 18 , 1920 . Jump up ^ Czechoslovakia never formally left the League and was present at the last meeting of the Assembly in 1946 Jump up ^ Left upon German takeover in 1943 Jump up ^ Occupied by Axis Powers 1941 -- 1945 Jump up ^ Withdrew from active participation in the League after its defeat by the Soviet Union in 1944 . Jump up ^ Forced to withdraw by German occupation in May 1940 and incorporation into the German Reich . Jump up ^ Forced to withdraw by Italian invasion of 1939 . Jump up ^ Toledo - García , Itzel ; University of Essex , UK : ' ' `` La cuestión de la dignidad nacional en el ingreso de México a la Sociedad de Naciones , 1919 - 1931 '' ' ' ( 1 ) Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . ( Translated from Spanish : `` On September 7th , 1931 , the British Empire , Germany , Northern Ireland , Spain , France , Italy and Japan began the initiative ; next day the proposal was adopted unanimously by the assembly , and the invitation was sent to the government of Mexico . The 10th of September the acceptance was communicated in Geneva ... Two days later , Mexico was declared member of the League of Nations . '' ) External links ( edit ) Map of League of Nations members worldstatesmen.org List of States Members of the League of Nations on 31. XII. 1944 from the League of Nations Statistical Yearbook ( 1942 - 44 ) ( hide ) Paris Peace Conference , 1919 League of Nations Covenant of the League of Nations Members Organisation Minority Treaties Little Treaty of Versailles Mandates Treaty of Versailles War guilt Reparations Role in the Weimar Republic 's hyperinflation Dawes Plan Young Plan Lausanne Conference Locarno Stresa Front Possible cause of the Second World War International Opium Convention Subsequent treaties Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres Partition of the Ottoman Empire Conference of London ( 1920 ) San Remo conference Turkish National Movement Turkish War of Independence Treaty of Lausanne Other American Commission to Negotiate Peace Commission of Responsibilities The Inquiry Related A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors To the Unknown British Soldier in France Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Member_states_of_the_League_of_Nations&oldid=841512995 '' Categories : League of Nations Countries by international organization League of Nations - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Română Русский Suomi 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 09 : 08 . About Wikipedia | what country did not join the league of nations | [
"Despite formulating the concept and signing the Covenant, the United States never joined the League of Nations."
] | [
"the United States"
] |
8870284212938743611 | Madden NFL 18 | Madden NFL 18 - wikipedia Madden NFL 18 Jump to : navigation , search Madden NFL 18 Xbox One cover art featuring Tom Brady Developer ( s ) EA Tiburon Publisher ( s ) EA Sports Series Madden NFL Engine Frostbite 3 Platform ( s ) PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release WW : August 25 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Sports Mode ( s ) Single - player Multiplayer Madden NFL 18 is an American football sports video game based on the National Football League , developed and published by EA Sports for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . The 29th installment of the Madden NFL series , the game features New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady on the cover , the second straight year a Patriots player has the distinction , following tight end Rob Gronkowski . It was released worldwide on August 25 , 2017 , although those who pre-ordered the `` G.O.A.T. Edition '' were able to play it three days earlier . It is the first game of the series since Madden NFL 2005 to not be released on both PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 , and also the first game in the main series to be available on only two platforms since Madden NFL ' 94 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Longshot plot 3 Development 4 Reception 4.1 Accolades 5 References 6 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Madden NFL 18 is the first game in the series to use the Frostbite engine . While the Madden series has typically featured a Superstar career mode , Madden NFL 18 introduces a story mode known as Longshot , the first such mode in the series . Longshot follows Devin Wade , a quarterback from Mathis , Texas , as he tries to reach the NFL , and includes high school and college football games ( the first appearance of the latter in an EA Sports game since 2013 , when EA ended the NCAA Football series ) , as well as the NFL Scouting Combine . The player 's decisions and performances in the game determine Devin 's career path , as dialog trees are used to help him make decisions . Madden NFL 18 also included many subtle game - play changes . One of the major changes was a new element to the overall difficulty of a game , introducing `` game styles '' . Game styles were an attempt to create a more enjoyable experience to the player , allowing them to choose ( excluding Madden Ultimate Team solo challenges ) one of three game styles to fit their enjoyment . The first game style was arcade mode , which was made for players who like an easy experience . Arcade mode made the game much easier for the user . The second game style was simulation mode . This game style was an attempt to make the game - play feel like an authentic NFL game . This brought the difficulty up from arcade mode , but was n't as intense as the third and final game style , competitive . This was created for the hard - core Madden players , making the AI increadibly skilled , and making game - play incredibly difficult . More minor game - play changes included the addition of Target Passing , a new game - play element when attempting a pass . The goal of this new feature was to give the user more control over the game and have more confidence in the pass going where it was intended to go . Other changes / additions included the creation of MUT Squads , and coaching adjustments in - game . Longshot plot ( edit ) Quarterback Devin Wade , along with childhood friend and wide receiver Colton `` Colt '' Cruise , visit Indianapolis to participate in the NFL Regional Combine . There , Devin 's performance catches the attention of TV producers Ross Fountain and Julia Vasco , who want him to be the star of a series titled Longshot , which would follow the story of a player with low odds of making it into the NFL and turn him into an NFL Draftee , receiving the assistance of coach Jack Ford , the presenter of the program . Devin and Colt leave without an answer to think . On the drive home , Devin reminisces about his successful high school career before his struggles at the University of Texas , which he left after just four games following his father 's death in a car accident . To Devin , Colt , and Julia 's surprise , Ross arranges for three other quarterbacks to compete with him on the show . Although Jack urges Ross to select another quarterback due to Devin 's inability to call plays , Ross forces Jack to choose him for his better marketing potential and guilt tripping him by mentioning Devin 's deceased parents . Annoyed by what he considers boring television , Ross arranges an exhibition match for Devin in front of NFL scouts , scheduled to take place in two weeks . Devin is worried about the game , but Colt , who had been invited to the NFL Super Regional Combine , instead decides to join the show and help him . At a press conference the day before the game , Devin 's confidence is shattered by questions about where he had disappeared after his Texas career . Devin asks Ross to postpone the game , but he and Julia are fired . Jack attempts to persuade Devin to stay , but he and Colt drive home . In Texas , Colt tells Devin he is tired of helping him , only for Devin to quit whenever the situation proves to be too difficult . Devin starts working at his friend 's construction business , where his coworkers and former Mathis teammates remember their high school days . That night , Devin is still working against his friends ' interests as a Mathis High School football ceremony is taking place . Colt eventually arrives and makes amends with Devin . After the ceremony , Julia visits the two and convinces them to rejoin the show . Returning to the Longshot studios , Devin reunites with Jack and apologizes for leaving , while Jack does so for failing to properly train him . At the meeting , the chairman of the TV network that Longshot is on , declares Ross ' behavior onscreen inappropriate and allows the player to choose whether to demote or fire him . Following said meeting , Jack introduces Devin to his good friend , former Miami Dolphins great Dan Marino , who further coaches Devin . The two visit a military base in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates , where Devin was stationed after enlisting in the Army following his time at Texas . There , Captain McCarthy explains he had helped Devin rediscover his love for football . For the Legends Game , Devin 's team is to progress through five challenges , with the first three based on moving the offense downfield from certain starting yard lines in an allotted time frame . In the fourth , Devin has to complete a scoring drive without throwing a pass to Colt . For the final challenge , rain falls on the stadium as Devin faces a 3rd and 15 situation , an atmosphere resembling his final game at Texas . After scoring , Devin is greeted by the cheers of Longhorn fans , having finally redeemed himself . Devin and Colt 's NFL futures vary based on the player 's behavior in the Legends Game . There are two possible endings related to the Draft : Devin gets drafted by his favorite team ( which the player picked earlier in the game ) , or Colt gets drafted by Devin 's favorite team 's rival and Devin is undrafted . In the former , Devin is selected in the seventh round , but Colt is not drafted . Devin tries to encourage him , but Colt tells him to enjoy the feeling . Devin leaves the house and shouts in glee before stopping to remember his childhood . In the undrafted ending , Colt is drafted in the sixth round , but apologizes to Devin out of disbelief . As the seventh round concludes , Devin is not drafted and leaves the house , where he vents his frustration and sits on the porch . A flashback to his childhood days with his father takes place , where Cutter tells him while victory does not always occur , if one gives it their best , they have the right to feel like a winner . However , Dan calls Devin to announce two teams have expressed interest in signing him as an undrafted free agent : his favorite team and Colt 's team . After telling Colt of his new team , the two celebrate . Standing on his porch , Devin receives a text from Jack , who congratulates and thanks him for allowing him to be his coach . Devin returns to his room and looks at his Texas cap on the desk , telling his father he finally had something to be proud of before placing his NFL team 's cap with it . Development ( edit ) Like Madden NFL 17 , EA did not hold an open vote for who would appear on the cover , but personally selected and announced New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady in May 2017 . EA Sports marketed the game with a trailer featuring Brady 's entrance to Super Bowl LI . Madden NFL 18 was released on August 25 , 2017 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . It was first game in the series not to be released on Xbox 360 since Madden NFL 06 and the first not to be released on PlayStation 3 since Madden NFL 07 . The soundtrack for the game , which features 40 songs , includes Kendrick Lamar , Big Sean , Imagine Dragons , Steve Aoki , Waka Flocka Flame , Pharrell , Snoop Dogg , Young Jeezy , Rick Ross , Big Boi , Killer Mike , and ASAP Rocky among others . Written by EA Sports creative director Mike Young , Longshot is split into three acts , the first discussing the Regional Combine , while the second and third follow the Longshot TV show and Devin 's return , respectively . While Longshot is comparable to story modes in other games like NBA 2K 's MyCareer and FIFA 's The Journey , Longshot is different in that the protagonist is not a rising star in their respective sport , but is instead a fringe player . Young described the story as like a `` playable movie '' , rather than a `` career mode with cutscenes '' . To develop Longshot , EA Sports used motion capture on the actors . Devin is portrayed by JR Lemon , a former Stanford Cardinal football player and member of the Oakland Raiders , while Academy Award winner Mahershala Ali plays Devin 's father Cutter . Colt is played by Scott Porter , a cast member in the TV series Friday Night Lights and ex-high school football player . Ross and Julia are portrayed by Ricky Wayne and Marem Hassler , respectively . Rus Blackwell plays Jack ; Bill Cowher , who was originally considered for Jack 's role , along with former players like Marino , Chad Johnson , and Larry English are also involved in the story . United States Army soldier and former Texas Longhorns long snapper Nate Boyer appears in the story as Captain McCarthy . Like Boyer , Devin is a Texas Longhorn and soldier , which Boyer pointed out was a coincidence ; an ESPN documentary about the long snapper was also named The Long Shot . Unlike other characters , Jim Miller and Pat Kirwan appear in the game as live action analysts for the fictional Real Football show , as do players Kirk Cousins and Josh Norman in Twitter videos . NHL player Theoren Fleury and Phil Deschambault wrote the song `` Longshot '' for the story . Colt also writes and performs the song in the game . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( XONE ) 82 / 100 ( PS4 ) 82 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 7 / 10 EGM 7 / 10 Game Informer 8.25 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 9 / 10 GamesRadar IGN 8.6 / 10 Polygon 8 / 10 Madden NFL 18 received `` generally favorable '' reviews from critics , according to review aggregator Metacritic . The new game mode Longshot , however , was met with a mixed reception , with some calling it `` game changing '' and praising the story , while others referred to it as an `` ambitious disappointment '' and criticized the lack of actual football gameplay in the mode . In its 8.6 / 10 review , IGN wrote : `` The shift to Frostbite does n't refresh Madden NFL 18 's gameplay much , but Longshot is a memorable single - player mode . '' EGMNow gave the game a 7 / 10 , writing : `` Although the new Longshot mode shines , Madden misses the mark with a few of its gameplay additions this year -- so if you do n't immediately take a liking to them and choose to ignore them , the experience will feel a lot like last year 's . '' Accolades ( edit ) The game won the award for `` Best Fantasy Team Mode '' at Game Informer 's 2017 Sports Game of the Year Awards , and was nominated for `` Sports Game of the Year '' at the upcoming 21st Annual D.I.C.E. Awards . Longshot was nominated for Outstanding Achievement in Videogame Writing at the upcoming Writers Guild of America Awards 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Madden NFL 18 - Football Video Game - EA SPORTS Official Site '' . easports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Madden 18 - Official Teaser Trailer - YouTube '' . youtube.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Performance enhancers : Madden NFL 18 will run on Battlefield 's Frostbite graphics engine '' . VentureBeat.com. 2017 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , Samit ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Madden NFL 18 's story mode is designed to be a ' playable movie ' '' . Polygon . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taste amateur football glory with ' Madden 18 's ' ' Longshot ' mode '' . Engadget . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Madden NFL 18 ' to introduce story mode , feature new play styles NFL Sporting News '' . sportingnews.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Good , Owen ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` College football comes back in Madden NFL 's new story mode '' . Polygon . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Maddy ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Madden 18 's New Story Mode Is Actually Pretty Touching '' . Kotaku . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madden NFL 18 Game Styles '' . EA SPORTS . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Madden NFL 18 Game Styles '' . EA SPORTS . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Madden NFL 18 Game Styles '' . EA SPORTS . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Madden Mechanics : Target Passing '' . EA SPORTS . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` MUT Squads - Madden NFL 18 - EA SPORTS Official Site '' . www.easports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` New Features and Modes - Madden NFL 18 - EA SPORTS Official Site '' . www.easports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Lilley , Kevin ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Army plays supporting role in ' Madden 18 ' story mode ... and so does a former Green Beret '' . Army Times . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Jonathan ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Madden 18 Longshot Mode : How Many Endings Are There ? '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady stars in Madden 18 trailer - ESPN Video - ESPN.com '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mazique , Brian . `` ' Madden 18 ' Cover Athlete , Release Date , Pre-Order Details , New Features And EA Access Announced '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2017 - 06 - 10 ) . `` E3 2017 : Madden 18 Trailer Reveals `` Longshot '' Story Mode Featuring House Of Cards Actor `` . GameSpot . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Madden NFL 18 - Microsoft Store '' . Microsoft Store . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Turn Up with the Madden NFL 18 Soundtrack '' . EA Sports . August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cryer , Hiyun ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Madden 18 Longshot Story Mode Walkthrough - How to Get Drafted , All Correct Answers and Choices '' . USGamer . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Joel ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Madden NFL 18 's Longshot Proves to Be a Real Touchdown '' . Operation Sports . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Cast of Longshot '' . EA Sports . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Good , Owen ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` How Madden 's Longshot turned down a future Hall of Famer , and got its best character '' . Polygon . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vazquez , Suriel ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` Madden 18 's Longshot Made Me Care About Football '' . Game Informer . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schlager , Brandon ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` How Theo Fleury made it into ' Madden NFL 18 ' '' . Sporting News . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madden 18 - Xbox One '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Madden 18 - PS4 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Cory ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Madden ( NFL ) 18 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carsillo , Ray ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Madden NFL 18 review '' . EGMNow . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kato , Matthew ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Madden NFL 18 : A Tale Of Two Halves '' . Game Informer . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kozanitis , James ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Madden NFL 18 Review : Madden NFL 18 Review -- Marginal Improvements Do n't Cut It Anymore '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newhouse , Alex ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Madden NFL 18 Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Russell , Bradley ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Madden NFL 18 review '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Toms , Dustin ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Madden NFL 18 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Good , Owen S. ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Madden NFL 18 '' . Polygon . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Game Informer staff ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` The 2017 Sports Game Of The Year Awards '' . Game Informer . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Game Of The Year Nominees Announced For DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Best Video Game Writing Nominees Announced , See Them All Here '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) New `` Game Styles '' New `` Target Passing '' New `` MUT Squads '' ( hide ) Madden NFL Main series John Madden Football ( 1989 ) John Madden Football ( 1990 ) John Madden Football II John Madden Football ' 92 John Madden Football ' 93 ' 94 95 ' 96 97 98 99 2000 2002 2003 2005 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 25 15 16 17 18 Other games Madden Football 64 NFL Head Coach NFL Head Coach 09 Madden NFL Football Related games Mutant League Football NCAA Football Madden NFL Mobile Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madden_NFL_18&oldid=821624881 '' Categories : 2017 video games EA Sports games Madden NFL PlayStation 4 games Video games set in the United States Xbox One games Video games developed in the United States Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 17 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is madden 18 coming out for xbox 360 | [
"Like Madden NFL 17, EA did not hold an open vote for who would appear on the cover, but personally selected and announced New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady in May 2017. EA Sports marketed the game with a trailer featuring Brady's entrance to Super Bowl LI.[17] Madden NFL 18 was released on August 25, 2017 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.[18][19][20] It was first game in the series not to be released on Xbox 360 since Madden NFL 06 and the first not to be released on PlayStation 3 since Madden NFL 07. The soundtrack for the game, which features 40 songs, includes Kendrick Lamar, Big Sean, Imagine Dragons, Steve Aoki, Waka Flocka Flame, Pharrell, Snoop Dogg, Young Jeezy, Rick Ross, Big Boi, Killer Mike, and ASAP Rocky among others.[21]"
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"not to be released on Xbox 360"
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5761818545383814947 | William Francis Deegan | William Francis Deegan - Wikipedia William Francis Deegan Jump to : navigation , search Memorial at E 138th Street William Francis Deegan ( December 28 , 1882 -- April 3 , 1932 ) was an architect , organizer of the American Legion , major in the Army Corps of Engineers , and Democratic political leader in New York City . Biography ( edit ) He was born on December 28 , 1882 to Irish immigrants . He studied architecture at Cooper Union and at age 35 served in World War I as a staff officer in the 105th Field Artillery . Deegan later joined the United States Army Corps of Engineers as a major , where he supervised the construction of military bases in the New York area under the command of General George W. Goethals . After the war he helped organize the American Legion in 1919 , advancing to State Commander in 1921 . Deegan worked as an architect at a number of distinguished firms , including McKim , Mead , and White ; Post , Magnicke and Franke ; and Starrett and Van Vieck . Later in life he held a number of political positions , most of them in the Bronx . Deegan was President of the Bronx Chamber of Commerce until the chamber grew critical of Mayor Jimmy Walker , at which point he resigned . In 1928 , Mayor Walker appointed him Tenement House Commissioner of New York City -- a post he was to hold for the rest of his life -- and in 1930 , Chairman of the Mayor 's Committee on Receptions to Distinguished Guests , or `` official greeter '' , a job in which he was preceded by his friend Rodman Wanamaker and eventually succeeded by Grover Whalen . Deegan died following an appendectomy on April 3 , 1932 . Legacy ( edit ) At the time of his death , a new road was being built from the Triborough Bridge to the Grand Concourse . This was renamed and expanded in 1956 into the Major Deegan Expressway section of I - 87 in the Bronx , which retains his name . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kenneth T. Jackson ( 1995 ) . The Encyclopedia of New York City : The New York Historical Society . Yale University Press . p. 323 . ^ Jump up to : `` W.F. Deegan Dies After Operation . Tenement House Commissioner Recovering From Appendicitis When Complications Set In . Close Friend of Walker . In the City Cabinet Since 1928 . Headed Official Reception Committeeu . Active in Legion '' . New York Times . April 4 , 1932 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 27 . Major William F. Deegan , Tenement House Commissioner , and chairman of the ... William F. Deegan gave up an established practice as an architect to become ... ^ Jump up to : `` William Francis Deegan '' . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) This article about a United States architect or architectural firm is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This New York City -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Francis_Deegan&oldid=799340008 '' Categories : 1882 births 1932 deaths American people of Irish descent People from the Bronx Cooper Union alumni Chairpersons of the Mayor 's Committee on Receptions to Distinguished Guests Commissioners in New York City Greeters American architect stubs New York City stubs Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 02 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the major deegan expressway named after | [
"William Francis Deegan (December 28, 1882 – April 3, 1932) was an architect, organizer of the American Legion, major in the Army Corps of Engineers, and Democratic political leader in New York City.[1][2]"
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"William Francis Deegan"
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-6309628195830010484 | The Lorax | The Lorax - wikipedia The Lorax Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a book . For other uses , see Lorax ( disambiguation ) . The Lorax Author Dr. Seuss Country United States Language English Genre Children 's literature Publisher Random House Publication date 1971 ( renewed 1999 ) Pages 56 ISBN 0 - 394 - 82337 - 0 OCLC 183127 Dewey Decimal ( E ) LC Class PZ8. 3. G276 Lo Preceded by `` I Can Write -- By Me , Myself '' Followed by `` Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! '' The Lorax is a children 's book written by Dr. Seuss and first published in 1971 . It chronicles the plight of the environment and the Lorax , who speaks for the trees against the Once - ler . As in most Dr. Seuss works , most of the creatures mentioned are original to the book . The book is commonly recognized as a fable concerning the danger corporate greed poses to nature , using the literary element of personification to give life to industry as the Once - ler and the environment as the Lorax . The Lorax was Dr. Seuss ' personal favorite of his books . He was able to create a story addressing economic and environmental issues without it being dull . `` The Lorax , '' he once explained , `` came out of me being angry . In The Lorax I was out to attack what I think are evil things and let the chips fall where they might . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Reception 3 Controversy 4 Adaptations 4.1 1972 television special 4.2 2012 feature film 4.3 Audio books 4.4 Musical 5 See also 6 References Plot ( edit ) A boy living in a polluted area visits a strange isolated man called the Once - ler on the Street of the Lifted Lorax . The boy pays the Once - ler fifteen cents , a nail , and the shell of a great - great - great grandfather snail to hear the legend of how the Lorax was lifted and taken away . The Once - ler tells the boy of his arrival in a beautiful valley containing a forest of Truffula trees and a range of animals . The Once - ler , having long searched for such a tree as the Truffula , chops one down and uses its silk - like foliage to knit a Thneed , an impossibly versatile garment . The Lorax , who `` speaks for the trees '' as they have no tongues , emerges from the stump of the Truffula and voices his disapproval both of the sacrifice of the tree and of the Thneed itself . However , the first other person to happen by purchases the Thneed for $3.98 , so the Once - ler is encouraged and starts a business making and selling Thneeds . The Once - ler 's small shop soon grows into a factory . The Once - ler 's relatives all come to work for him and new vehicles and equipment are brought in to log the Truffula forest and ship out Thneeds . The Lorax appears again to report that the small bear - like Bar - ba - loots , who eat Truffula fruits , are short of food and must be sent away to find more . The Lorax later returns to complain that the factory has polluted the air and the water , forcing the Swanee - Swans and Humming - Fish to migrate as well . The Once - ler is unrepentant and defiantly tells the Lorax that he will keep on `` biggering '' his business , but at that moment one of his machines fells the very last Truffula tree . Without raw materials , the factory shuts down and the Once - ler 's relatives leave . The Lorax says nothing but with one sad backward glance lifts himself into the air `` by the seat of his pants '' and disappears behind the smoggy clouds . Where he last stood is a small monument engraved with a single word : `` UNLESS '' . The Once - ler ponders the message for years , in solitude and self - imposed exile . In the present , his buildings falling apart around him , the Once - ler at last realizes out loud what the Lorax meant : `` Unless someone like you cares a whole awful lot , nothing is going to get better . It 's not . '' He then gives the boy the last Truffula seed and urges him to grow a forest from it , saying that , if the trees can be protected from logging , then the Lorax and all of his friends may come back . Reception ( edit ) Based on a 2007 online poll , the National Education Association named The Lorax one of its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . In 2012 it was ranked number 33 among the `` Top 100 Picture Books '' in a survey published by School Library Journal -- the second of five Dr. Seuss books on the list . In a retrospective critique written in the journal Nature in 2011 upon the 40th anniversary of the book 's publication , Emma Marris described the Lorax character as a `` parody of a misanthropic ecologist '' . She called the book `` gloomy '' and expressed skepticism that its message would resonate with small children in the manner intended . Nevertheless , she praised the book as effective in conveying the consequences of ecological destruction in a way that young children will understand . Controversy ( edit ) In 1988 , a small school district in California kept the book on a reading list for second graders , though some in the town claimed the book was unfair to the logging industry . Terri Birkett , a member of a family - owned hardwood flooring factory , authored The Truax , offering a logging - friendly perspective to an anthropomorphic tree known as the Guardbark . This book was published by the National Oak Flooring Manufacturers ' Association ( NOFMA ) . Just as in The Lorax , the book consists of a disagreement between two people . The logging industry representative states that they have efficiency and re-seeding efforts . The Guardbark , a personification of the environmentalist movement much as the Once - ler is for big business , refuses to listen and lashes out . But in the end , he is convinced by the logger 's arguments . However , this story was criticized for what were viewed as skewed arguments and clear self - interest , particularly a `` casual attitude toward endangered species '' that answered the Guardbark 's concern for them . In addition , the book 's approach as a more blatant argument , rather than one worked into a storyline , was also noted . The line `` I hear things are just as bad up in Lake Erie '' was removed more than fourteen years after the story was published , after two research associates from the Ohio Sea Grant Program wrote to Seuss about the clean - up of Lake Erie . The line remains in the home video releases of the television special and in the audiobook read by Rik Mayall . Adaptations ( edit ) 1972 television special ( edit ) Main article : The Lorax ( 1972 film ) The book was adapted as an animated musical television special produced by DePatie - Freleng Enterprises , directed by Hawley Pratt and starring the voices of Eddie Albert and Bob Holt . It was first aired by CBS on February 14 , 1972 . A reference to pollution of Lake Erie was spoken by one of the Humming - Fish as they depart ; it remains in DVD releases of the show , although later removed from the book . The special also shows the Once - ler arguing with himself , and asking the Lorax whether shutting down his factory ( thus putting hundreds of people out of work ) is practical . An abridged version of the special is used in the 1994 TV movie In Search of Dr. Seuss , with Kathy Najimy 's reporter character hearing the Once - ler 's story . 2012 feature film ( edit ) Main article : The Lorax ( film ) On March 2 , 2012 , Universal Studios and Illumination Entertainment released a 3 - D CGI film based upon the book . The release coincided with the 108th birthday of Seuss , who died at 87 in 1991 . The cast includes Danny DeVito as the Lorax , Zac Efron as Ted ( the boy in the book ) , and Ed Helms as the Once - ler . The film includes several new characters : Rob Riggle as villain Aloysius O'Hare , Betty White as Ted 's Grammy Norma , Jenny Slate as Ted 's neurotic mother Mrs. Wiggins , and Taylor Swift as Audrey , Ted 's romantic interest . The film debuted in the No. 1 spot at the box office , making $70 million , though it received mixed reviews . The film eventually grossed a domestic total of $214,030,500 . Audio books ( edit ) Two audio readings have been released on CD , one narrated by Ted Danson in the United States ( Listening Library , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8072 - 1873 - 0 ) and one narrated by Rik Mayall in the United Kingdom ( HarperCollins , ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 715705 - 1 ) . Musical ( edit ) A musical adaptation of The Lorax was originally included in script for the Broadway musical Seussical , but was cut before the show opened . From December 2 , 2015 , to January 16 , 2016 , a musical version of the book ran at the Old Vic theatre in London . With former Noah and the Whale frontman , Charlie Fink , who wrote the music for the production . See also ( edit ) Revegetation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bird , Elizabeth ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Picture Books Poll Results '' . A Fuse No. 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lisa Lebduska . `` Rethinking Human Need : Seuss 's The Lorax . '' Children 's Literature Association Quarterly 19.4 ( 1994 ) : 170 - 176 . Project MUSE . Web . October 20 , 2014 . < http://muse.jhu.edu/ > . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ In retrospect : The Lorax . Marris , E. 2011 . Nature . 476 : 147 -- 149 . Jump up ^ `` California : Chopping Down Dr. Seuss '' . Time . October 2 , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` A Boy Sides with Dr. Seuss 's Lorax , and Puts a Town at Loggerheads -- Vol. 32 No. 17 '' . October 23 , 1989 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Truax '' . Terri Birkett . National Oak Flooring Manufacturers ' Association ( NOFMA ) Environmental Committee . ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The People - Centered Development Forum - Living Economies Forum '' . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2002 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What 's A Truax ? Well I 'm So Glad You Asked , Let Me Tell You ! - Ann Arbor District Library '' . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Green Eggs & Sham ? 10 / 16 / 2001 . The Daily Show With Jon Stewart . `` According to Terri Birkett , a popular Dr. Seuss character is being used to teach children to hate the wood products industry '' . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss & Mr. Geisel : a biography '' . Judith & Neil Morgan . Random House . 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 41686 - 9 . Jump up ^ The Lorax at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( June 1 , 2007 ) . `` Ahrens & Flaherty Double Bill of Musicals Pairs Lorax and Emperor 's New Clothes '' . Playbill . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Hop on Pop Fox in Socks I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories My Book about ME Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff There 's a Wocket in My Pocket Great Day for Up ! Wacky Wednesday Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? Hunches in Bunches The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television series The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) ( episodes ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Television specials Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Cat in the Hat ( TBA ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T . Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lorax&oldid=843051854 '' Categories : 1971 children 's books Books by Dr. Seuss American picture books Environmental fiction books Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Environmentalist books Fictional endangered and extinct species Dr. Seuss characters Fictional characters introduced in 1971 Books adapted into films Books adapted into plays Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Кыргызча Português Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 14 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of trees does the lorax try to save | [
"The Once-ler tells the boy of his arrival in a beautiful valley containing a forest of Truffula trees and a range of animals. The Once-ler, having long searched for such a tree as the Truffula, chops one down and uses its silk-like foliage to knit a Thneed, an impossibly versatile garment. The Lorax, who \"speaks for the trees\" as they have no tongues, emerges from the stump of the Truffula and voices his disapproval both of the sacrifice of the tree and of the Thneed itself. However, the first other person to happen by purchases the Thneed for $3.98, so the Once-ler is encouraged and starts a business making and selling Thneeds."
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"Truffula"
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-455522481629941063 | The Cat in the Hat (film) | The Cat in the Hat ( film ) - Wikipedia The Cat in the Hat ( film ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search The Cat in the Hat Theatrical release poster Directed by Bo Welch Produced by Brian Grazer Screenplay by Alec Berg David Mandel Jeff Schaffer Based on The Cat in the Hat by Dr. Seuss Starring Mike Myers Alec Baldwin Kelly Preston Dakota Fanning Spencer Breslin Amy Hill Sean Hayes Narrated by Victor Brandt Music by David Newman ( Score ) Marc Shaiman ( Songs ) Cinematography Emmanuel Lubezki Edited by Don Zimmerman Production company Imagine Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures ( United States ) DreamWorks Pictures ( International ) Release date November 21 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 21 ) Running time 82 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $109 million Box office $134 million Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat is a 2003 American family comedy film directed by Bo Welch . It is based on the 1957 Dr. Seuss book of the same name . The film stars Mike Myers in the title role of the Cat in the Hat , and Dakota Fanning as Sally . Sally 's brother ( who is unnamed in the book and the 1971 TV special ) , Conrad , is portrayed by Spencer Breslin . The film is the second feature - length Dr. Seuss adaptation after the 2000 holiday film How the Grinch Stole Christmas . The idea was originally conceived in 2001 , with Tim Allen initially cast as the Cat , but he dropped his role due to work on The Santa Clause 2 , and the role was later given to Myers . Filming took place in California for three months . While the basic plot parallels that of the book , the film filled out its 82 minutes by adding new subplots and characters significantly different from the original story , similar to the feature film adaptation of How the Grinch Stole Christmas . Released on November 21 , 2003 in the United States , the film grossed $134 million worldwide . After the film 's release , Seuss ' widow , Audrey Geisel , decided not to allow any further live - action adaptations of Seuss ' works to be produced , and as a result , a planned sequel based on The Cat in the Hat Comes Back was cancelled . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Makeup and visual effects 3.4 Filming 4 Music 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 Cancelled sequel 8 Animated reboot 9 Video game 9.1 Plot 9.2 Differences From The Movie 9.3 Video game reviews 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Conrad and Sally Walden live in the city of Anville with their mother , Joan Walden . Joan works for neat - freak Hank Humberfloob , and is hosting an office party at her house . One day , she is called back to the office , leaving the kids with Mrs. Kwan , a tired babysitter , and forbidding them to enter the living room , which is being kept pristine for the upcoming party . Joan is also dating their next - door neighbor , Larry Quinn , much to Conrad 's dismay . Larry is constantly on the lookout for any mischief Conrad may be up to , as he wants nothing more than to send him away to military school , as Conrad has earned the reputation of `` hot - headed trouble - maker '' , while his sister is characterized as `` perfect and well - behaved '' . Once their mother leaves , Sally and Conrad meet a humanoid , oversized talking cat in a hat in their house . The cat reveals he wants them to learn to have fun , but the children 's pet fish does n't want the cat around when Joan is away . The Cat balances some stuff , ruins Joan 's best dress , jumps on the living room 's couch , and bakes cupcakes that explode . In the process , he releases two trouble - making things , Thing 1 and Thing 2 , from a crate that he explains is actually a portal to another world . The Cat tells Conrad that he only has one rule : never open the crate , then allows the Things to have fun , but they make a mess of the house . Despite the Cat 's warning , Conrad picks the lock on the crate . When the crate 's lock attaches itself to the collar of the family dog , Nevins , Cat and the kids must go find him and the lock . They drive a super-powered car in search of Nevins and use Cat 's magic hat . Conrad realizes that the Things always do the opposite to what they are told . and that this can be used to their advantage and has them stall Joan . Meanwhile , Larry is revealed to be a fat , unemployed man with false teeth and is in financial ruin , though claiming he is a successful businessman in the hopes of marrying to Joan and sponging off of her . Larry sees Nevins running across the street and tracks down Joan to tell her , but Things 1 and 2 have stalled her on the road , posing as police officers . Larry goes back to the house , telling Joan to meet him there . By the time the kids and the Cat return to the house with the lock , a huge mess spills from the unlocked crate and enters the house . They navigate their way through the oversized house and find the crate while cleaning up . The house is returned to its normal proportions but then immediately falls apart . The Cat tells the kids that he planned the whole day , including making not opening the crate his one rule , as he knew Conrad could not resist . The kids angrily tell the Cat to leave the house . Conrad prepares to face the consequences when Joan comes home , but Sally says she will share the blame . The Cat , having overheard this , happily returns to clean up the mess with a great cleaning contraption . Afterwards The Cat says goodbye and departs as Joan is arriving . Larry arrives when all is restored , thinking he has busted the kids , but when Joan sees the clean house ( and a messy Larry ) , she does not believe Larry and rejects him . After the successful party , Joan spends time with her children and the Cat finishes narrating . The film ends as he and his things decide to go on a vacation . Cast ( edit ) Mike Myers as the Cat in the Hat , a huge , anthropomorphic , wise - cracking cat with a Brooklyn accent who wears a special hat which reveals many magical abilities . Spencer Breslin as Conrad Walden , Joan 's destructive and misbehaved son . Dakota Fanning as Sally Walden , Joan 's dull , well - behaved , and rule - obeying daughter . Kelly Preston as Joan Walden , Conrad and Sally 's mother , and a workaholic real - estate agent . Alec Baldwin as Larry Quinn , the Waldens ' pompous , lazy , unemployed next - door neighbor . He is revealed to be allergic to cats , steals food from the Waldens and gets away with it , and is determined to both marry Joan for her wealth and send Conrad to military school to straighten up his behavior . Amy Hill as Mrs. Kwan , an elderly Taiwanese woman who gets hired to watch the kids , though she sleeps through her job . Her weight and sleep serves as a running gag . Sean Hayes as Mr. Hank Humberfloob , Joan 's boss . Hayes is also the voice of the family fish . Danielle Chuchran and Taylor Rice as Thing One , and Brittany Oaks and Talia - Lynn Prairie as Thing Two ; two gibbering trouble - making creatures that the Cat brings in with him . Dan Castellaneta provided the voices for both Things . Steven Anthony Lawrence as Dumb Schweitzer Paris Hilton as a female club - goer Bugsy as Nevins , the Waldens ' pet dog . Frank Welker provided his voice . Candace Dean Brown as a secretary who works for the Humberfloob Real Estate . Daran Norris as the Astounding Products Announcer Clint Howard as Kate the Caterer Paige Hurd as Denise , who does n't speak to Sally anymore , not long after she talked back to her . She never invited Sally to her birthday party either since Sally earlier stated that she told Denise not to speak to her anymore . Stephen Hibbert as Jim McFinnigan Roger Morrisey as Mr. Vompatatat Victor Brandt as the Narrator , who tells the story ; he is revealed to be the Cat using a voice - changer at the end . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) DreamWorks acquired rights to the original book in 1997 . However , production did not originally start until after the 2000 Christmas / comedy film How the Grinch Stole Christmas , based on another Dr. Seuss book of the same name , became a commercial success . Brian Grazer , who was the producer of The Grinch , stated , `` Because we grew up with these books , and because they have such universal themes and the illustrations ignite such fantasy in your mind as a child -- the aggregation of all those feelings -- it leaves an indelible , positive memory . And so when I realized I had a chance to convert first The Grinch and then , The Cat in the Hat , into movies , I was willing to do anything to bring them to the screen . '' Grazer contacted Bo Welch over the phone with the offer to direct the film , and he accepted . When production began , songs written by Randy Newman were dropped because they were deemed inferior . Newman 's cousin , David Newman , composed the score for the film . Although Welch and a publicist for Myers denied it , several people said Myers had considerable input into the film 's direction , telling some of the cast ( co-stars Baldwin and Preston ) how to perform their scenes . Casting ( edit ) Tim Allen was originally planned to play the role of the Cat . The script would be originally based on a story conceived by Allen , who admitted that as a child he was afraid of Seuss ' `` mischievous feline '' babysitter . Allen stated , `` My dream is to give it the edge that scared me . '' However , producers did not commission a screenplay until late February 2001 , when Alec Berg , Jeff Schaffer , and Dave Mandel ( who were also writers on Seinfeld ) were hired to write the script ( replacing the original draft of the film that was written a few years before ) , so the film would not be ready to shoot before the deadline . Allen was also committed to shooting Disney 's The Santa Clause 2 , which was also delayed because Allen wanted a script rewrite . Due to a scheduling conflict with The Santa Clause 2 , he dropped out his role . In March 2002 , the role of the Cat was given to Mike Myers , even though he had an argument with Grazer about starring in a cancelled Saturday Night Live skit named Dieter . Myers stated in an interview that he was a long - time fan of the original Dr. Seuss book , and that it was the first book he ever read . Makeup and visual effects ( edit ) Makeup for the character was designed by Steve Johnson . The Cat costume was made of angora and human hair and was fitted with a cooling system . To keep Myers cool during the outdoor shoots , a portable air conditioner was available that connected a hose to the suit between shots . The tail and ears were battery operated . The Fish was considered somewhat of a unique character for Rhythm & Hues ( responsible for some of the effects and animation in such films as Cats & Dogs , The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , and Scooby - Doo ) , in that the character had no shoulders , hips or legs , so all of the physical performance had to emit from the eyes , head and fin motion . Sean Hayes , who provided the voice for the Fish , found the role significantly different from his usual on - camera jobs ; he did not know how the final animation would look , and all of his work took place alone in a sound booth . Filming ( edit ) Prior to filming , giant props for the film were stolen from the set . Local police found the props vandalized in a mall car park in Pomona , California . The props were covered with graffiti . No arrests had been made , and filming was to start the next week . Principal photography took place mostly in California from October 2002 until January 2003 . The neighborhood and the town centre was filmed in a rural valley near Simi Valley , where 24 houses ( each 26 - feet square and 52 - feet tall ) were constructed . The downtown area outdoor shots were filmed along a Pomona street where a number of antique and gift shops are located . The community decided not to redecorate after filming ended , so the surreal paint scheme and some of the signage could still be seen as it appears in the film . Because of so much smog in the area , the sky had to be digitally replaced with the cartoon - like sky and colours of the background had to be digitally fixed . Music ( edit ) The Cat in the Hat Film score / Soundtrack album by David Newman Released November 18 , 2003 Recorded 2002 Genre Orchestra Length 48 : 55 Label BMG Soundtracks The soundtrack was released on November 18 , 2003 . It includes David Newman 's score , plus a song by Smash Mouth ( `` Getting Better '' ) and ( `` Hang On '' ) that makes it the third film in a row playing a song in an film starring Mike Myers , after Shrek ( 2001 ) and Austin Powers in Goldmember ( 2002 ) . The soundtrack also includes a couple of songs performed by Mike Myers ( the role of the Cat ) . Newman 's score won a BMI Film Music Award . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by David Newman , except as noted . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Main Title ; The Kids '' 8 : 07 2 . `` Getting Better '' ( Performed by Smash Mouth ) Lennon -- McCartney 2 : 24 3 . `` The Cat '' 3 : 50 4 . `` Two Things - Couch Jumping - Lea ... '' 5 : 16 5 . `` Military Academy Seduction '' 3 : 02 6 . Untitled 2 : 12 7 . `` Surfer Cat - the Phunometer '' 2 : 23 8 . `` Fun , Fun , Fun '' ( Performed by Mike Myers ) Marc Shaiman , Scott Wittman 2 : 38 9 . `` The Contract '' 1 : 53 10 . `` Oven Explodes - `` Clean Up This Mess ! '' '' 1 : 36 11 . `` Things Wreck the House '' 2 : 52 12 . `` Larry the Slob '' 3 : 10 13 . `` Birthday Party '' 2 : 11 14 . `` S.L.O.W. Drive '' 2 : 32 15 . `` Rescuing Nevins '' 4 : 27 16 . `` Clean Up '' ( Performed by Mike Myers ) Shaiman , Whitman 0 : 23 Total length : 47 : 25 Release ( edit ) Home media ( edit ) The Cat in the Hat was released for VHS and DVD on March 16 , 2004 . It features 16 deleted scenes , 20 outtake scenes , almost a dozen featurettes , and a `` Dance with the Cat '' tutorial to teach kids a Cat in the Hat dance . On February 7 , 2012 , the film was released on Blu - ray . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Cat in the Hat opened theatrically on November 21 , 2003 and earned $38,329,160 in its opening weekend , ranking first in the North American box office . The film ended its theatrical run on March 18 , 2004 , having grossed $101,149,285 domestically and $32,811,256 overseas for a worldwide total of $133,960,541 . Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 10 % approval rating based on reviews from 158 critics . The website 's consensus reads : `` Filled with double entendres and potty humor , this Cat falls flat . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 19 / 100 based on 37 reviews , indicating `` overwhelming dislike '' . It also received an average grade of D+ from critics in the interpretation of Yahoo 's film website . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film one star , stating , `` Cat , another over-blown Hollywood raid on Dr. Seuss , has a draw on Mike Myers , who inexplicably plays the Cat by mimicking Bert Lahr in The Wizard of Oz . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 2 out of 4 stars . Although he praised the production design , he considered the film to be `` all effects and stunts and CGI and prosthetics , with no room for lightness and joy '' . Ebert and co-host Richard Roeper gave the film `` Two Thumbs Down '' . Roeper said of Myers ' performance that `` Maybe a part of him was realizing as the movie was being made that a live - action version of The Cat in the Hat just was n't a great idea . '' Ebert had the same problem with the film that he had with How the Grinch Stole Christmas , in that `` If there is one thing I 've learned from these two movies is that we do n't want to see Jim Carrey as a Grinch , and we do n't want to see Mike Myers as a cat . These are talented comedians , let 's see them do their stuff , do n't bury them under a ton of technology . '' Concerns were also raised over the PG rating of the film with some critics , stating that it should have instead been rated PG - 13 in relation to its high amount of adult content . Leonard Maltin in his Movie Guide gave it one and a half stars out of four saying that the `` Brightly colored adaptation of the beloved rhyming book for young children is a betrayal of everything Dr. Seuss ever stood for , injecting potty humor and adult ( wink - wink ) jokes into a mixture of heavy - handed slapstick and silliness . '' Maltin also claimed that the film 's official title which included Dr Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat was `` an official insult . '' However , Jeffrey Lyons from NBC - TV , enjoyed the film and considered it `` enormously funny '' . Baldwin addressed complaints the film received because of its dissimilarity to the source material . He expressed a belief that a film is `` an idea about something '' and that because Dr. Seuss ' work is so unique , making a feature - length film out of one of his stories would entail taking liberties and making broad interpretations . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Subject Nominee Result BMI Film Awards Best Music David Newman Won DFWFCA Awards Worst Film Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Mike Myers Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Actor of the Decade Nominated Worst Actor Nominated Worst Supporting Actor Alec Baldwin Nominated Worst Supporting Actress Kelly Preston Nominated Worst Picture Nominated Worst Director Bo Welch Nominated Worst Screenplay Alec Berg , David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer , based on the book by Dr. Seuss Nominated Worst Screen Couple Mike Myers and either Thing One or Thing Two Nominated Worst Excuse for an Actual Movie ( All Concept / No Content ) Won Worst `` Comedy '' of Our First 25 Years Nominated Stinkers Bad Movie Awards Worst Picture Won Worst Director Bo Welch Nominated Worst Screenplay for a Film Grossing More Than $100 Million Worldwide Alec Berg , David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer , based on the book by Dr. Seuss Won Worst Actor Mike Myers Nominated Worst Fake Accent - Male Nominated Worst Supporting Actor Alec Baldwin Nominated Most Painfully Unfunny Comedy Nominated Worst Song `` Fun , Fun , Fun '' ; music by Marc Shaiman , lyrics by Shaiman and Scott Wittman Nominated Most Annoying Non-Human Character Cat in the Hat Won Thing One and Thing Two ( voices by Dan Castellaneta ) Nominated The Spencer Breslin Award ( Worst Performance by a Child Actor ) Spencer Breslin Won Dakota Fanning Nominated The film also received three nominations at the Hollywood Makeup & Hairstylists Guild Awards . Cancelled sequel ( edit ) On the day of the film 's release , Mike Myers stated in an interview that he expected a sequel , since there was a sequel to the book . A sequel based on The Cat in the Hat Comes Back was in development , a little more than a month before the film 's release . In February 2004 , Dr. Seuss ' widow , Audrey Geisel , said she would never allow any further live action adaptations of her husband 's works , and the sequel was eventually cancelled . Animated reboot ( edit ) On March 15 , 2012 , a computer animated ( CGI ) reboot of the film was announced by Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment , following the success of The Lorax . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` The Cat in the Hat ( film ) '' dated February 20 , 2011 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Video game ( edit ) The Cat in the Hat Developer ( s ) Magenta Software ( PS2 , Xbox ) Digital Eclipse ( Microsoft Windows , Game Boy Advance ) Publisher ( s ) Vivendi Universal Games Platform ( s ) PlayStation 2 Microsoft Windows Xbox Game Boy Advance Release NA : November 5 , 2003 ( PS2 , Xbox , GBA ) NA : November 9 , 2003 ( PC ) EU : March 19 , 2004 JP : March 25 , 2004 ( Xbox ) Genre ( s ) Platform Action The Cat in the Hat is a 2003 platformer video game released by Vivendi Universal Games and developed by Magenta Software and Digital Eclipse . It is based on the film of the same name . The game was released for PlayStation 2 , Xbox , and Game Boy Advance on November 5 , 2003 , and PC on November 9 , 2003 , shortly before the film 's theatrical release . A version for the Nintendo GameCube was planned to be release , but was later cancelled . Plot ( edit ) The plot of the game is different from the film ; instead of Conrad unlocking the Cat 's Crate , Larry unlocks it and steals the Lock . Playing as the Cat , the player must go through thirteen levels through the transformed house and chase down Larry , who is collecting the magic released from the Crate for himself , and defeat him to get the Lock ( called the `` Crablock '' in - game ) back and re-lock the Crate before the children 's mother returns home . Differences from the Movie ( edit ) The plot of the game is different from the film ; instead of Conrad unlocking the Cat 's Crate , Larry unlocks it and steals the Lock . Playing as the Cat , the player must go through thirteen levels through the transformed house and chase down Larry , who is collecting the magic released from the Crate for himself , and defeat him to get the Lock ( called the `` Crablock '' in - game ) back and re-lock the Crate before the children 's mother returns home . Video game reviews ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings ( Xbox ) 52.67 % ( PS2 ) 50 % ( GBA ) 46.50 % ( PC ) 19.50 % Metacritic ( Xbox ) 56 / 100 ( PS2 ) 56 / 100 ( GBA ) 40 / 100 ( PC ) 40 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Famitsu 27 / 40 GameSpot 3.8 / 10 GameZone ( PC ) 8 / 10 ( PS2 ) 7.2 / 10 ( GBA ) 5 / 10 IGN 6 / 10 ( GBA ) 4 / 10 Nintendo Power 2.3 / 5 OPM ( US ) OXM ( US ) 5.5 / 10 PC Gamer ( UK ) 9 % PC Zone 30 % X-Play The game received mixed reviews ( except for the PC version , which received negative reviews ) . See also ( edit ) United States portal Children 's literature portal Film portal List of films based on Dr. Seuss books References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE CAT IN THE HAT ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 27 , 2003 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . March 18 , 2004 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( March 13 , 2001 ) . `` Grazer Talks Cat in the Hat '' . IGN . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` THE CAT IN THE HAT - Production Notes '' . p. 1 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Welch , Bo. ( 2004 ) . Commentary for The Cat in the Hat ( DVD ) . Universal Pictures . Jump up ^ Horn , John ( November 19 , 2003 ) . `` A ' Cat ' with some bite '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( November 24 , 2000 ) . `` Scary ' Cat ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stax ( February 26 , 2001 ) . `` New Cats Hired for Live - Action Hat '' . IGN . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( April 26 , 2001 ) . `` The strike : a film - goer 's guide '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( March 8 , 2002 ) . `` ' The Cat ' Came Back '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meow Nix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . November 16 , 2001 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Myers to play The Cat in the Hat '' . The Guardian . March 7 , 2002 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( March 15 , 2002 ) . `` Hello Kitty '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . `` Dr. Seuss Fan Mike Myers Talks About `` The Cat in the Hat '' `` . About.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Welch , Bo ( November 21 , 2003 ) , The Cat in the Hat , retrieved April 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` THE CAT IN THE HAT - Production Notes '' . p. 3 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stolen ' Cat in the Hat ' Props Found '' . WENN . IMDb . October 16 , 2002 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` THE CAT IN THE HAT - Production Notes '' . p. 5 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Cat in the Hat ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) - David Newman Songs , Reviews , Credits AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat In The Hat ( Widescreen Edition ) ( 2003 ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Telsch , Rafe . `` The Cat in the Hat DVD Review '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat ( Blu - ray ) ( 2003 ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for November 21 - 23 , 2003 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . November 24 , 2003 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dr. Seuss - The Cat in the Hat - Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ The Cat in the Hat - Metacritic Jump up ^ The Yahoo film website gives a compendium of reviewer and public reaction to the 2003 film , as well as its box - office history Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( November 21 , 2003 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in The Hat '' . The Chicago Sun - Times . Rogerebert.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss 's The Cat in the Hat review at Haro Online '' . Haro Online . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 2013 ) Leonard Maltin 's Movie Guide Plume Jump up ^ Baldwin , Alec . ( 2004 ) . Commentary for The Cat in the Hat ( DVD ) . Universal Pictures . Jump up ^ `` 2003 26th Hastings Bad Cinema Society Stinker Awards '' . Stinkers Bad Movie Awards . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2006 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.cinemasight.com/Oscars/Precursors/HMHG.html Jump up ^ Kirschillng , Gregory ( October 3 , 2003 ) . `` The Deal Report '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seussentenial : 100 years of Dr. Seuss , MSNBC . February 26 , 2004 . Accessed September 2010. : `` Geisel says she will never again allow Hollywood to portray Seuss characters in live action . '' Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' ' The Cat In The Hat ' Get Another Life At Chris Meledandri 's Illumination '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' ' The Cat in the Hat ' coming to the big screen again '' . Hit Fix . March 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Elsenberg , Eric ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` The Cat In The Hat To Get A Second Go At The Big Screen '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arruda , Cameron ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' ' The Cat in The Hat ' Will Be Remade As Animated Film '' . Durance Magazine . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Mike ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Universal Reboots THE CAT IN THE HAT Into 3D CGI Animated Feature '' . Cinema Blend . Fushed Film . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Makarechi , Kia ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' Cat In The Hat ' Movie : Universal Hopes To Follow ' The Lorax ' With Another Dr. Seuss Box Office Win '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dean Schmitz , Greg ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Weekly Ketchup : The Cat in the Hat Gets A CGI Remake '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr Seuss : The Cat in the Hat '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for Xbox '' . GameRankings . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for PlayStation 2 '' . GameRankings . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for Game Boy Advance '' . GameRankings . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for PC '' . GameRankings . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for Xbox Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for PlayStation 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for Game Boy Advance Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat '' . Famitsu. 798 . April 2 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Provo , Frank ( December 15 , 2003 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat Review ( GBA ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hollingshead , Anise ( December 10 , 2003 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat - PC - Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2008 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tha Wiz ( November 16 , 2003 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat - PS2 - Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hollingshead , Anise ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat - GBA - Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hwang , Kaiser ( February 6 , 2004 ) . `` The Cat in the Hat '' . IGN . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Adam ( December 1 , 2003 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat ( GBA ) '' . IGN . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Cat in the Hat '' . Nintendo Power . 176 : 160 . January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Cat in the Hat '' . Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine : 133 . January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Review : The Cat in the Hat '' . Official Xbox Magazine : 73 . January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Cat in the Hat '' . PC Gamer UK . June 2004 . Jump up ^ PC Zone Staff ( May 10 , 2004 ) . `` Review : The Cat in the Hat '' . PC Zone . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Skyler ( March 10 , 2004 ) . `` ' The Cat in the Hat ' ( PS2 ) Review '' . X-Play . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2004 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Cat in the Hat ( film ) Official website The Cat in the Hat on IMDb The Cat in the Hat at Box Office Mojo The Cat in the Hat at Rotten Tomatoes The Cat in the Hat at Metacritic Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat at MobyGames Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Fox in Socks Hop on Pop I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? Wacky Wednesday Great Day for Up ! Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! There 's a Wocket in My Pocket I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2018 ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer Geisel PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat ( 1957 ) Live - action film The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Television The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) episodes Books The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Daisy - Head Mayzie Stage Seussical Related Dr. Seuss Memorial I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Brian Grazer Films produced Night Shift Splash Real Genius Spies Like Us Armed and Dangerous Like Father Like Son Parenthood Kindergarten Cop Closet Land My Girl Far and Away Housesitter Boomerang For Love or Money My Girl 2 Greedy The Paper The Cowboy Way Apollo 13 Sgt . Bilko Fear The Nutty Professor The Chamber Ransom Liar Liar Inventing the Abbotts Mercury Rising Psycho Edtv Life Bowfinger Beyond the Mat Nutty Professor II : The Klumps How the Grinch Stole Christmas A Beautiful Mind Undercover Brother Blue Crush 8 Mile Intolerable Cruelty The Cat in the Hat The Missing Friday Night Lights Inside Deep Throat Cinderella Man Flightplan Fun with Dick and Jane Inside Man The Da Vinci Code American Gangster Changeling Frost / Nixon Angels & Demons Robin Hood The Dilemma Restless Cowboys & Aliens J. Edgar Tower Heist Katy Perry : Part of Me Rush In the Heart of the Sea Inferno Lowriders American Made TV series created Shadow Chasers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cat_in_the_Hat_(film)&oldid=804811691 '' Categories : 2003 films English - language films American films 2000s comedy films 2000s fantasy films American children 's comedy films American children 's adventure films American fantasy - comedy films Children 's fantasy films Directorial debut films DreamWorks Pictures films Film scores by David Newman Films about cats Films about fish Films based on children 's books Films based on works by Dr. Seuss Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Brian Grazer Films shot in California Films shot in Florida Films shot in Los Angeles Imagine Entertainment films Slapstick films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Spoken articles Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 09 : 02 . 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"Dr. Seuss' The Cat in the Hat is a 2003 American family comedy film directed by Bo Welch. It is based on the 1957 Dr. Seuss book of the same name. The film stars Mike Myers in the title role of the Cat in the Hat, and Dakota Fanning as Sally. Sally's brother (who is unnamed in the book and the 1971 TV special), Conrad, is portrayed by Spencer Breslin. The film is the second feature-length Dr. Seuss adaptation after the 2000 holiday film How the Grinch Stole Christmas."
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"Mike Myers"
] |
298530060062944443 | The Wolf Among Us | The Wolf Among Us - wikipedia The Wolf Among Us Jump to : navigation , search The Wolf Among Us Developer ( s ) Telltale Games Publisher ( s ) Telltale Games Director ( s ) Nick Herman Dennis Lenart Jason Latino Martin Montgomery Kent Mudle Vahram Antonian Producer ( s ) Chris Schroyer Designer ( s ) Ryan Kaufman Joe Pinnery Matt LoPresti Aaron Casillas John Drake Kendall Davis Programmer ( s ) Keenan Patterson Writer ( s ) Pierre Shorette Dave Grossman Adam Hines Nicole Martinez Dan Martin Composer ( s ) Jared Emerson - Johnson Series Fables Engine Telltale Tool Platform ( s ) Android iOS Microsoft Windows OS X PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 PlayStation Vita Xbox 360 Xbox One Release October 14 , 2013 -- July 9 , 2014 Episode 1 ( show ) WW : October 11 , 2013 WW : October 14 , 2013 ( OS X ) NA : October 15 , 2013 ( PS3 ) EU : October 16 , 2013 ( PS3 ) AU : October 16 , 2013 ( PS3 ) WW : December 4 , 2013 ( iOS ) Episode 2 ( show ) WW : February 4 , 2014 NA : February 4 , 2014 ( PS3 ) EU : February 5 , 2014 ( PS3 ) WW : February 5 , 2014 ( X360 ) Episode 3 ( show ) WW : April 8 , 2014 NA : April 8 , 2014 ( PS3 ) EU : April 9 , 2014 ( PS3 ) WW : April 9 , 2014 ( X360 ) WW : April 10 , 2014 ( iOS ) Episode 4 ( show ) WW : May 27 , 2014 NA : May 27 , 2014 ( PS3 ) WW : May 28 , 2014 ( X360 ) WW : May 29 , 2014 ( IOS ) EU : June 4 , 2014 ( PS3 ) Episode 5 ( show ) WW : July 8 , 2014 NA : July 8 , 2014 ( PS3 ) EU : July 9 , 2014 ( PS3 ) WW : July 9 , 2014 ( X360 ) WW : July 10 , 2014 ( iOS ) Retail version ( show ) NA : November 4 , 2014 EU : November 7 , 2014 Genre ( s ) Graphic adventure Interactive movie Mode ( s ) Single - player The Wolf Among Us is an episodic interactive fantasy mystery graphic adventure video game based on Bill Willingham 's Fables comic book series . It is developed by Telltale Games . It is canon with the comic book universe and is set as a prequel to the comic book . The game consists of five episodes , with the first episode being released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360 worldwide on October 11 , 2013 , for OS X worldwide on October 14 , 2013 , for PlayStation 3 on October 15 , 2013 , in North America and on October 16 , 2013 , in Europe and Australia , for iOS worldwide on December 4 , 2013 , and PlayStation Vita before the end of 2014 . Retail versions for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita , Xbox 360 , and Xbox One consoles were released in November 2014 . Since its release , the game has been generally well received by critics and garnered a considerable cult following . In July 2017 , Telltale announced that season 2 of The Wolf Among Us would be coming in 2018 . However by May 2018 , Telltale announced that due to recent internal studio issues , they had to push back the release of the sequel until 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Characters 2.3 Plot 3 Episodes 4 Development 4.1 Sequel 5 Reception 5.1 Episode 1 -- Faith 5.2 Episode 2 -- Smoke and Mirrors 5.3 Episode 3 -- A Crooked Mile 5.4 Episode 4 -- In Sheep 's Clothing 5.5 Episode 5 -- Cry Wolf 5.6 Awards 6 Legacy 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) In - game conversations are presented in the form of dialogue trees The Wolf Among Us is a graphic adventure game , played from a third - person perspective . The player controls protagonist Bigby Wolf , who must investigate the murder of a woman . Throughout the game , the player will explore various three - dimensional environments , such as apartment buildings and a bar . When exploring an environment , the player may find an object they can interact with ; when this occurs , they must move a cursor over the object to select and examine it . Items of interest are stored in an inventory , and can be used later in the story . The player may also talk with non-player characters , and the conversations presented in the form of dialogue trees . The dialogue options chosen during conversations will either have a positive or negative affect on how other characters view Bigby , and their perceptions will influence future events in the story . Some scenes are more action - oriented , forcing the player to respond to a series of quick time event ( QTE ) prompts . The player is not required to complete every QTE prompt , and skipping certain prompts may affect future events in the story . Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) The Wolf Among Us is set in the year 1986 , nearly twenty years before the events of Fables . For years , many of the magical lands described in myth , legend , and folklore ( known as The Homelands ) have been occupied by an enigmatic tyrant known as the Adversary . To escape the Adversary 's totalitarian regime , many of The Homelands inhabitants fled to colonial America , and created an enclave known as Fabletown , now located in modern - day Manhattan . To mask their presence from the native humans , all non-human fables have to purchase an enchantment known as a `` glamour '' which allows them to appear human , or be relocated to a rural community known as `` The Farm '' . Characters ( edit ) See also : List of Fables characters The player - protagonist of The Wolf Among Us is Bigby Wolf ( Adam Harrington ) , formerly the Big Bad Wolf . He is the sheriff of Fabletown , currently working at the `` Business Office '' under interim mayor Ichabod Crane ( Roger L. Jackson ) , aided by Snow White ( Erin Yvette ) and her Magic Mirror ( Gavin Hammon ) in his investigation along with the help of Bufkin the winged monkey ( Chuck Kourouklis ) that manages Fabletown 's records . Bluebeard ( Dave Fennoy ) also works at the Office though his motives are unclear . Bigby resides at the Woodlands apartments , where he is currently allowing Colin ( Brian Sommer ) , one of the Three Little Pigs , to stay with him after blowing down the pig 's home . Beauty and the Beast ( Melissa Hutchison and Gavin Hammon ) are also residents of Woodlands , though currently struggling with a troubled marriage . One of the Fables that Bigby frequently contacts is Mr. Toad ( Chuck Kourouklis ) and his son TJ ( Toad Jr . ) , who live in a run - down apartment building nearby . As the game opens , the player is introduced to The Woodsman ( Adam Harrington ) who lives in the same building as Mr. Toad , and Faith ( Cia Court ) and Prince Lawrence ( Anthony Lam ) , characters from the Allerleirauh / Donkeyskin fables . Standing in Bigby 's way are Dee and Dum Tweedle ( Gavin Hammon ) , twin thugs working for an unknown agent . Bigby also encounters Holly ( Janet Lipsey ) , a Troll that runs the Trip Trap bar , and Grendel ( Kid Beyond ) , a barfly there . The second episode introduces Georgie Porgie ( Kevin Howarth ) , the owner of the Pudding and Pie strip club and Faith 's pimp , along with two of his dancers , Nerissa ( Molly Benson ) the former Little Mermaid and Vivian ( Sandy Delonga ) , and Clever Hans ( Ben Knoll ) , the club 's bouncer . The third episode introduces Bloody Mary ( Kathryn Cressida ) as an agent of the Crooked Man ( Philip Banks ) and Aunty Greenleaf ( Laura Bailey ) , a rogue witch who illegally sells cheap black - market glamours to Fables who can not afford the glamours in the 13th Floor . The fourth episode introduces the Jersey Devil ( Bobby Vickers ) , the manager of the Lucky Pawn shop and Johann the butcher ( Terry McGovern ) , the former owner of the Cut Above butcher shop and has since been forced out by the Crooked Man 's henchmen . Plot ( edit ) This is a broad overview of the plot . Certain decisions made by the player will alter details of specific events . Bigby Wolf , formerly the Big Bad Wolf , is the Sheriff of Fabletown , a hidden community of fairytale characters located in 1980s New York City . Receiving a call from Mr. Toad , Bigby manages to save a prostitute from an intoxicated Woodsman . He escorts her to safety and before she departs , she tells him he is not as bad as everyone says he is . Later that night , Bigby is shocked to find the woman 's head left on the Woodlands doorstep . Clues left with the head identify her as Faith , a Fable from Allerleirauh . Deputy Mayor Ichabod Crane orders him and Snow White to investigate her death . They head to the apartment she shared with her husband Prince Lawrence and find the Tweedles , Dee and Dum , snooping through it . They learn from Lawrence that they struggled to make ends meet and Faith took up prostitution to help pay the bills . Bigby leaves Snow at the Woodlands while he continues to trace leads . When he returns , he finds the Woodlands surrounded by police , Snow 's head sitting on the building 's steps . Bigby is taken in for questioning , but Crane uses a spell to wipe the incident from the police 's minds . When they return , they are surprised to find Snow still alive ; the head is shown to be disguised by a black - market glamour , a spell that Fables use to look human , and belongs to a troll named Lily . Bigby tracks Lily 's connections to a strip club run by Georgie Porgie , but Georgie claims innocence . One of his other prostitutes , Nerissa , cryptically directs Bigby to a nearby hotel room . There he finds Lily 's blood on the bed , and photographic evidence of Crane engaging in sexual acts with Lily glamoured to look like Snow . He informs Snow of this , and they race back to the Woodlands to find Crane gone , and the Magic Mirror , which could have revealed his location , shattered with one shard missing . Bigby follows a trail of clues to Crane 's whereabouts to the apartment of Aunty Greenleaf , one of the witches that makes the black - market glamours . Along the way , Bigby discovers that Crane has been embezzling money from Fabletown over the years to pay off a loan shark known as the Crooked Man . When Bigby and Snow threaten to destroy the tree she needs to make them , Greenleaf begs forgiveness and points the two back to Georgie 's club . Storming the club , they find Crane trying to hide in the back . Snow realizes Crane 's actions are not that of a murderer , and the two convince Crane to return for questioning . En route , they are stopped by the Crooked Man and his agents , the Tweedles and Bloody Mary . Mary and the Tweedles goad Bigby into his werewolf form , and a fight breaks out . When Mary wounds Bigby with a silver bullet , Snow steps in to stop the fight and willingly gives up Crane . Back at Woodlands , Bigby is healed and is struggling to find clues when Nerissa appears . He realizes the ribbon she wears prevents her from speaking the truth , that Faith wore an identical ribbon , and that Faith died when the ribbon was removed . He follows another trail of clues , and finds evidence of the black - market glamour ring in the Cut Above butcher shop , a pawn shop called the Lucky Pawn where the Crooked Man distributes his loans to Fables owned by Jersey Devil , another henchman of the Crooked Man , and Crane 's presence , as well as the missing Mirror Shard . The Mirror reveals Mary putting Crane onto an overseas flight to keep him from talking , as well as the next location of the door to the Crooked Man 's realm , which moves around the city . Bigby enters the Crooked Man 's realm alone , meeting him and his agents . The Crooked Man explains that the situation is all a misunderstanding by Georgie , who had only been asked to deal with an internal problem , but Georgie asserts the Crooked Man told him to kill the women . A fight ensues and ends with the Crooked Man escaping , and a fatally slashed Georgie fleeing with Vivian . When Bigby tracks Vivian to the Club , she explains that the Crooked Man and Georgie were acting to stop a plot spearheaded by Faith with the other prostitutes . Vivian is revealed to be the girl with the ribbon around her neck and , having made copies of her ribbon , trapped women like Faith , Lily , and Nerissa for Georgie whilst guaranteeing their silence . Regretting her actions , Vivian undoes her ribbon , breaking the spell but severing her head . Bigby then finds the Crooked Man 's hideout and corners him in an office , where he demands a fair trial at the Woodlands . Bigby returns to the Witching Well at the Business Office to recount events to the assembled Fables of Woodlands , where he and Snow are forced to defend their actions against claims from the Fables . Bigby recounts Vivian 's and Georgie 's confessions regarding the Crooked Man 's involvement , but his word is deemed untrustworthy . Nerissa appears and testifies that she and five other women heard the Crooked Man order the murders . Their testimonies are considered sufficient to believe what Bigby did was right . In the epilogue , Snow and Bluebeard deal with the fallout of the Crooked Man 's actions , while Bigby sees off those Fables being taken back to the Farm . Afterward , he encounters Nerissa , who is moving on with her life . She admits that Faith concocted a plan with Lily , Nerissa , and the other prostitutes to blackmail Georgie and the Crooked Man for their freedom , using a picture of Lily and Crane together , but Georgie killed Faith when he discovered their plot . Nerissa left Faith 's head at the Woodlands to get Bigby involved , and gave false testimony to have the Crooked Man punished , knowing that he was the one who ordered their deaths . Leaving , she comments Bigby is not as bad everyone says he is , causing Bigby to recall Faith said the same before her death . Several past conversations with Faith and Nerissa , regarding the use of glamours play out in Bigby 's head , leading him to question the true identity of Nerissa . Episodes ( edit ) Episodic releases for the Microsoft Windows , Xbox 360 , OS X and PlayStation 3 platforms were released near - simultaneously within the same week ; the iOS and PlayStation Vita episodic releases are expected to trail these by about a month or so . No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Faith '' Nick Herman & Dennis Lenart Pierre Shorette , Ryan Kaufmann October 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 11 ) The first murder of a Fable in several years leads Bigby on the trail of a killer . `` Smoke and Mirrors '' Jason Latino Dave Grossman , Adam Hines & Nicole Martinez , Joe Pinney February 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 04 ) Bigby continues investigating for the now ' serial killer ' walking the streets of Fabletown . He also attempts to find answers from Faith 's pimp : Georgie Porgie , and becomes more involved with Beauty and Beast 's affairs . `` A Crooked Mile '' Martin Montgomery Adam Hines & Nicole Martinez , Joe Pinney , John Drake , Ryan Kaufmann April 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 08 ) Following a shocking revelation , Bigby pursues Ichabod Crane , who is now in hiding . `` In Sheep 's Clothing '' Kent Mudle Dan Martin , Aaron Casillas May 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 27 ) Bigby must delve into the criminal underworld to find the Crooked Man . 5 `` Cry Wolf '' Vahram Antonian Nicole Martinez & Adam Hines , Kendall Davis , Joe Pinney July 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 08 ) Secrets are revealed and decisions are made as Bigby squares off against the Crooked Man , facing off against his deadliest agent , Bloody Mary and learns the full truth about his crimes against Fabletown . Development ( edit ) In 2011 , Telltale Games announced that it had acquired licenses to develop video games based on two comic book series , The Walking Dead by Robert Kirkman , and Fables by Bill Willingham . This announcement came around the same time that the television series The Walking Dead became critically successful , leading to Telltale to put much of their initial focus on developing The Walking Dead property through 2011 and 2012 . This game was released by April 2012 , and was a critical success for Telltale . With The Walking Dead shipping , the company then started working on their Fables title , but according to Telltale 's Job Stauffer , they struggled with the narrative of the title over a year and a half . Stauffer said at one point , they found the game to be more of a comedy , but without much humorous substance and in an un-shippable state . Stauffer said that their team rallied together to refocus the game , delaying it from an early 2012 release to late 2012 , and ultimately to October 2013 when it finally shipped . This did allow for Telltale to incorporate mechanics that had proven successful in The Walking Dead into their Fables game . Due to these delays , Telltale re-announced the Fables game at the New York Comic Con in October 2012 . The name The Wolf Among Us was revealed in February 2013 , and is based on the main character Bigby Wolf . The game was initially released across five episodes between October 2013 and July 2014 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 platform . Releases for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One consoles were announced in May 2014 with release at a later date , along with retail versions of the game for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles . Sequel ( edit ) When The Wolf Among Us was completed by July 2014 , Telltale had thought of doing a second season , but they had already committed to the projects leading to Tales from the Borderlands , Minecraft : Story Mode , and Game of Thrones . The company has been aware of strong interest in a second season through the intervening years , and they have been looking for the right time to develop it . A second yet - to - be-named season was announced during the July 2017 San Diego Comic Con , and was original set to premiere in 2018 for personal computers , consoles , and mobile devices . Both Harrington and Yvette will return to voice Bigby and Snow White , respectively . Stauffer said that Season Two will not resolve the apparent cliffhanger related to Nerissa 's connection to Faith ; he said that it was meant to be ending similar to a film noir work that made the viewer think about the implications , but never saw this themselves as a cliffhanger . Instead , Season 2 will continue on with more narrative related to Bigby and Snow White . By May 2018 , Telltale announced that due to recent internal studio issues , they had to push back the release of the sequel until 2019 . Reception ( edit ) The Wolf Among Us has received mostly positive reviews from critics . Praise was given to the game 's story , action sequences , atmosphere , visual style and faithfulness to the source material while criticism was focused on its pacing and technical issues . Aggregate review scores Game GameRankings Metacritic Episode 1 -- Faith ( PS3 ) 87.00 % ( PC ) 86.14 % ( X360 ) 80.96 % ( PS3 ) 85 ( PC ) 85 ( X360 ) 82 Episode 2 -- Smoke and Mirrors ( PS3 ) 84.57 % ( PC ) 78.37 % ( X360 ) 73.50 % ( PS3 ) 82 ( PC ) 76 ( X360 ) 73 Episode 3 -- A Crooked Mile ( PS3 ) 88.80 % ( PC ) 83.10 % ( X360 ) 78.62 % ( PS3 ) 82 ( PC ) 82 ( X360 ) 77 Episode 4 -- In Sheep 's Clothing ( PC ) 76.73 % ( X360 ) 71.36 % ( PS3 ) 70.75 % ( PC ) 75 ( X360 ) 74 ( PS3 ) 69 Episode 5 -- Cry Wolf ( PC ) 87.96 % ( X360 ) 84.77 % ( PS3 ) 76.83 % ( X360 ) 85 ( PC ) 84 ( PS3 ) 75 Episode 1 -- Faith ( edit ) Episode 1 -- Faith received positive reviews from critics . Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the PlayStation 3 version 87.00 % and 85 / 100 , the PC version 86.14 % and 85 / 100 and the Xbox 360 version 80.96 % and 82 / 100 . Episode 2 -- Smoke and Mirrors ( edit ) Episode 2 -- Smoke and Mirrors received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the PlayStation 3 version 84.57 % and 82 / 100 , the PC version 78.37 % and 76 / 100 and the Xbox 360 version 73.50 % and 73 / 100 . Episode 3 -- a Crooked Mile ( edit ) Episode 3 -- A Crooked Mile received positive reviews . Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the PlayStation 3 version 88.80 % and 82 / 100 , the PC version 83.10 % and 82 / 100 and the Xbox 360 version 78.62 % and 77 / 100 . Episode 4 -- in Sheep 's Clothing ( edit ) Episode 4 -- In Sheep 's Clothing received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the PC version 76.73 % and 75 / 100 , the Xbox 360 version 71.36 % and 74 / 100 and the PlayStation 3 version 70.75 % and 69 / 100 . Episode 5 -- Cry Wolf ( edit ) Episode 5 -- Cry Wolf received positive reviews from critics . Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the PC version 87.96 % and 84 / 100 , the Xbox 360 version 84.77 % and 85 / 100 and the PlayStation 3 version 76.83 % and 75 / 100 . Awards ( edit ) The series was nominated for Outstanding Achievement in Story and Adventure Game of the Year for the 18th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . The series was nominated for two 2014 BAFTA Games Awards for Story and Performer ( Adam Harrington as Bigby Wolf ) , losing both to The Last of Us : Left Behind . At the 2014 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers ( NAVGTR ) awards the game won Direction in a Game Cinema and received six nominations : Writing in a Drama ( Pierre Shorette ) , Performance in a Drama , Lead ( Adam Harrington ) , Original Dramatic Score , Franchise ( Jared Emerson - Johnson ) , Game , Original Adventure ( Joe Pinney ) , Camera Direction in a Game Engine ( Dennis Lenart ) and Art Direction , Contemporary ( David Bogan ) . Legacy ( edit ) At the 2014 New York Comic Con , Vertigo Comics announced that they will be adapting The Wolf Among Us into comic form , to be released digitally first in December 2014 and later as print comic . The story was adapted for the comic by Matthew Sturges , who has previously written for the Fables series , and Dave Justus , staying otherwise true to the game 's story but exploring some of the characters and back story in more depth . The comic has since been completed . 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Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 5 -- Cry Wolf Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 5 -- Cry Wolf Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 5 -- Cry Wolf Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wolf Among Us : Episode 5 -- Cry Wolf Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 18th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Finalists '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games in 2015 - BAFTA Awards '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NAVGTR Awards ( 2014 ) '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . Jump up ^ Hennon , Blake ( 2014 - 10 - 10 ) . `` ' Fables : The Wolf Among Us ' : Matthew Sturges , Dave Justus on the case '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Pitts , Lan ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) . `` FABLES : THE WOLF AMONG US Writers Tackle Comic Adaptation of Game Adaptation of Comic '' . Newsarama . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Telltale 's The Wolf Among Us website Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Wolf Among Us Telltale Games Bone series Out from Boneville The Great Cow Race CSI series 3 Dimensions of Murder Hard Evidence Deadly Intent Fatal Conspiracy Sam & Max series Save the World Beyond Time and Space The Devil 's Playhouse Puzzle Agent series Puzzle Agent Puzzle Agent 2 Poker Night series Poker Night at the Inventory Poker Night 2 The Walking Dead series The Walking Dead Season Two Michonne A New Frontier Minecraft : Story Mode series Minecraft : Story Mode Season 2 Batman series Batman : The Telltale Series The Enemy Within The Wolf Among Us Series The Wolf Among Us Season 2 Game of Thrones series Game of Thrones Season 2 Other titles Telltale Texas Hold'em Strong Bad 's Cool Game for Attractive People Wallace & Gromit 's Grand Adventures Tales of Monkey Island Back to the Future : The Game Jurassic Park : The Game Law & Order : Legacies Tales from the Borderlands Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Fables Creators Bill Willingham Series Fables Jack of Fables Fairest Specials 1001 Nights of Snowfall Peter & Max : A Fables Novel Cinderella : From Fabletown with Love Characters Snow White Jack Horner Boy Blue Flycatcher Frau Totenkinder Pinocchio Geppetto Locations Fabletown The Homelands Golden Boughs Retirement Village Related The Wolf Among Us Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wolf_Among_Us&oldid=843118174 '' Categories : 2013 video games Detective video games Episodic video games Fables ( comics ) Interactive movie video games IOS games Mystery games Neo-noir MacOS games PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation Vita games PlayStation Network games Point - and - click adventure games Single - player video games Telltale Games games Video games with cel - shaded animation Video games based on DC Comics Video games developed in the United States Video games scored by Jared Emerson - Johnson Video games set in 1986 Video games set in New York City Werewolf video games Windows games Xbox 360 games Xbox 360 Live Arcade games Xbox One games Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 00 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the wolf among us season 2 come out | [
"Since its release, the game has been generally well received by critics and garnered a considerable cult following.[17] In July 2017, Telltale announced that season 2 of The Wolf Among Us would be coming in 2018.[18] However by May 2018, Telltale announced that due to recent internal studio issues, they had to push back the release of the sequel until 2019.[19]"
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"2019"
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5981562297511679237 | Buc-ee's | Buc - ee 's - wikipedia Buc - ee 's Jump to : navigation , search Buc - ee 's Type Private Industry Retail ( Convenience store ) Founded 1982 Founder Arch `` Beaver '' Aplin III and Don Wasek Headquarters Lake Jackson , Texas , U.S. Number of locations 40 Products Fuel , coffee , beverages , beef jerky , snacks , car wash , prepared foods , and specialty gifts Website www.buc-ees.com Buc - ee 's is a chain of convenience stores located in the Central , North , South , and Southeast regions of Texas . The company is owned by Arch `` Beaver '' Aplin III and Don Wasek and has its headquarters in Lake Jackson , Texas . The chain is famous for its logo depicting a beaver . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Products 3 Lawsuits 4 Advertising 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Co-Founders `` Beaver '' Aplin and Don Wasek opened the first store , which is still open as of 2017 , in Lake Jackson , Texas in 1982 . Aplin formed the name Buc - ee 's by combining his childhood nickname and the name of his Labrador Retriever , Buck . Buc - ee 's expanded and opened their first travel center in Luling , Texas in 2001 . Buc - ee 's are large stores ( no 18 wheelers allowed ) with fuel pumps that range from 80 - 120 fueling positions for gas and diesel ( some stores include Ethanol Free and DEF ) and a huge selection of beef jerky , pastries , fresh sandwiches , tacos , Dippin ' Dots and homemade fudge . In 2012 , Buc - ee 's opened its largest travel center in New Braunfels , Texas on Interstate 35 . The New Braunfels store is the largest convenience store in the world at 68,000 square feet . The store features 120 fueling positions , 83 toilets , 31 cash registers , 4 Icee machines , and 80 fountain dispensers . It also offers tubing and water gear for enjoying the nearby Guadalupe River . The New Braunfels , Texas store was named the 2012 `` Best Restroom in America '' by Cintas . The first Buc - ee 's in North Texas Metroplex opened in Terrell , Texas on June 22 , 2015 . The travel center is located across the street from Tanger Outlets . The Tanger Factory Outlet centers is located three miles east of Buc - ee 's on Interstate 20 . The second Buc - ee 's in the Dallas / Fort Worth Metroplex area opened on May 23 , 2016 . The location is located in far northern Fort Worth , across the street from Texas Motor Speedway . The third DFW location is scheduled to open in Denton , Texas in 2018 . On March 8th , 2016 , Buc - ee 's announced a possible first location outside of the state of Texas would be located in Baton Rouge , LA . The location was expected to open in early 2017 , however , on October 4 , 2016 , Buc - ee 's announced that the plans for the Baton Rouge location had been terminated . On April 12 , 2017 , Buc - ee 's announced that it will open their first convenience store / gas station outside of Texas in Daytona Beach , Florida . The travel center is scheduled to open in 2018 and will be located on the north side of LPGA Boulevard across from Tanger Outlets , just east of Interstate 95 and immediately west of Stonewood Grill & Tavern ( formerly Vince Carter 's ) . At 50,000 square feet with 120 fueling positions the Daytona Beach travel center will be the largest in Florida and the largest outside of Texas . Buc - ee 's in Terrell , Texas Products ( edit ) Buc - ee 's offers products found at most convenience stores such as fuel , cigarettes , tobacco , chips , drinks , and soft drinks at their smaller neighborhood stores . Travel centers include a deli , coffee shop , exterior tunnel car washes , Texas - themed specialty gifts and food , and products catering to hunters and river rafters . All Buc - ee 's are open 24 hours per day , 365 days per year . Buc - ee 's offers private labeled beef jerky , novelty candy , trail mixes , granola , pralines , jarred vegetables , preserves , and salsa . Their # 1 branded product is caramel and butter - glazed corn puffs known as ' Beaver Nuggets . ' Lawsuits ( edit ) In recent years , during the company 's rapidly growing success , Buc - ee 's has filed numerous lawsuits against other convenience store chains , most of them based out of Texas , for alleged logo infringement . In 2014 , Buc - ee 's filed a lawsuit against Texas based convenience store chain `` Frio Beaver . Frio Beaver , a company with a logo also depicting a beaver in a yellow circle with a black outline , was accused of attempting to copy the iconic Buc - ee 's beaver head logo , which the company is widely known for in Texas . In 2016 , Buc - cee 's sued `` Choke Canyon BBQ '' , another Texas convenience store , for logo infringement . Choke Canyon uses a logo of a grinning alligator in the middle of a yellow circle , which Buc - ee 's claims is an attempt by the chain to resemble the Buc - ee 's logo . In 2017 , Buc - cee 's again filed a lawsuit for logo infringement , this time against a Nebraska based convenience store chain known as `` Bucky 's '' . There was also a non-logo related lawsuit filed in 2013 against `` Chicks '' , a convenience store located in Bryan Texas , for allegedly copying Buc - ee 's mega convenience store designs and layout . The case was settled out of court . Advertising ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Buc - ee 's is known for posting billboards by Texas ( and beginning in 2018 , Florida ) interstate highways with simple and humorous slogans . `` If It Harms Beavers , We 're Against It ! '' `` Clean Restrooms , We Guaranpee It '' `` No dancing the two - step in our restroom '' `` It 's A Beaver ! '' `` Restrooms So Clean , We Leave Mints on the Urinals '' `` Ice , Beer , Jerky : The 3 Food Groups '' `` The Top Two Reasons to Stop at Buc - ee 's : # 1 and # 2 '' `` A Bigger Kolache I Never Sausage a Thing '' `` Do n't worry , P happy '' `` Epic Flush '' `` Do n't stay thirsty my friends . '' `` Worth the Wait '' `` The Eyes of Buc - ee 's Are Upon You '' `` Buy a gift , leave a gift . '' `` Do n't pass our gas ! '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Made In Texas : The Buc - ee 's Success Story '' . TexasMonthly.com. 2013 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Buc - ee 's New Braunfels Bathroom is America 's Best EON : Enhanced Online News Jump up ^ Cokely , Kevin ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Buc - ee 's Fort Worth to Open Monday NBC 5 Dallas - Fort Worth '' . Nbcdfw.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Park , Clayton ( 2017 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Texas - sized Buc - ee 's to put 1st Florida gas station in Daytona '' . The Daytona Beach News - Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/texas/article/Buc-ees-sues-rival-Texas-convenience-store-5625832.php Jump up ^ http://austin.blog.statesman.com/2016/07/21/buc-ees-is-suing-a-rival-chain-for-copying-its-beaver-logo/ , Jump up ^ http://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/article/Buc-ee-s-sues-long-time-rival-for-expansion-to-11005165.php Jump up ^ http://www.cspdailynews.com/industry-news-analysis/corporate-news/articles/chicks-hatching-plot-be-buc-ees Jump up ^ http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/texas/article/Buc-ees-sues-rival-Texas-convenience-store-5625832.php External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buc - ee 's . Company website Buc - ee 's Facebook page Buc - ee 's in New Braunfels vying for best restrooms in America , KHOU.com , September 2 , 2012 . Miguel Bustillo , Roadside Stopper : Can Something Be Too Big in Texas ? , Wall Street Journal , September 12 , 2012 . Convenience stores Major convenience stores in Africa Eastern Africa National Oil Northern Africa Mini-Brahim Southern Africa Sasol SPAR SPAR Express Major convenience stores in Asia East 759 Store 7 - Eleven Circle K Circle K Sunkus CU Daily Yamazaki FamilyMart GS25 Hi - Life Lawson Ministop OK Mart PARKnSHOP Express Poplar SPAR Storyway VanGO With me Southeast 108 Shop 7 - Eleven All Day Alfamart B 's mart Choices Co. op Food Cheers Circle K FairPrice Xpress Fresh Mart Jiffy Lawson Lawson 108 FamilyMart Indomaret Mini Big C Ministop Mesra Shop&Go Star Mart Tesco Lotus Express Tops Daily VanGO South SPAR West Circle K SPAR Former ampm Buy the Way BP Connect Daily Stop On the Run Major convenience stores in Europe Northern 7 - Eleven Bargain Booze Best - One BP Connect Budgens Centra The Co-operative Food Costcutter David Sands Deli de Luca Happy Shopper Jones Convenience Stores Kwik Save Londis ( Ireland ) Londis ( United Kingdom ) Mace Narvesen Nisa On the Run One Stop Pressbyrån R - Kioski McColl 's Sainsbury 's Local Scotmid SPAR Tesco Express Waitrose WHSmith Southern Couche - Tard Mac 's On the Run Opencor Provi - Soir SPAR Eastern Billa CBA Groszek Małpka Express SPAR Żabka Western Albert Heijn Carrefour City Delhaize Franprix Marché Plus Monoprix On the Run Petit Casino SPAR Former Jacksons Stores Local Plus Mills Morrisons M Local Somerfield Ugo Major convenience stores in North America Canada 7 - Eleven Circle K CST Couche - Tard Irving Mac 's Needs On the Run Pioneer Provi - Soir Quickie Honduras Circle K Mexico 7 - Eleven Circle K OXXO Super City Tiendas United States 7 - Eleven A-Plus ABC Alimentation Couche - Tard Circle K CST Holiday Allsup 's ampm Andeavor Giant SuperAmerica USA Gasoline Buc - ee 's Byrne Dairy Casey 's Cenex Chevron Convenient Cumberland Farms Dairy Barn Dari Mart Exxon Gate Petroleum GetGo Global GPM Investments Village Pantry Go - Mart High 's Dairy Store Jr . Food Mart Jr . Food Stores Kroger Convenience Stores Kwik Shop Loaf ' N Jug Quik Stop Smith 's Express Tom Thumb Turkey Hill Minit Markets Kum & Go Kwik Fill / Red Apple / Country Fair Kwik Trip / Kwik Star Lawson Love 's MAPCO Express Mobil Mart Murphy USA On the Go On the Run PDQ Food Stores Pilot Flying J Plaid Pantry Quality Dairy Company Quick Chek QuikTrip RaceTrac / RaceWay Road Ranger Roady 's Truck Stops Royal Farms Rutter 's Sheetz Speedway Stewart 's Shops Stripes Convenience Stores Stuckey 's Tedeschi Thorntons Inc . Tom 's Town Pump TravelCenters of America Minit Mart United Dairy Farmers Wawa Weigel 's Former Becker 's BP Connect Getty Town & Country Uni-Mart UtoteM White Hen Wilco Major convenience stores in Oceania Australia 7 - Eleven BP Connect NewsLink NightOwl Convenience Stores SPAR Express New Zealand BP Connect Night ' n Day Woolworths @ Gull List of convenience stores Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buc-ee%27s&oldid=805770128 '' Categories : Retail companies established in 1982 Companies based in Texas Brazoria County , Texas 1982 establishments in Texas Convenience stores of the United States Gas stations in the United States Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 14 : 45 . About Wikipedia | when did the first buc ee's open | [
"Co-Founders \"Beaver\" Aplin and Don Wasek opened the first store, which is still open as of 2017, in Lake Jackson, Texas in 1982. Aplin formed the name Buc-ee's by combining his childhood nickname and the name of his Labrador Retriever, Buck."
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"1982"
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2948825339814011017 | White Wedding (song) | White wedding ( song ) - wikipedia White wedding ( song ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` White Wedding '' Single by Billy Idol from the album Billy Idol A-side `` White Wedding ( Parts 1 and 2 ) '' B - side `` White Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' Released 21 June 1982 Format 12 - inch single Recorded 1982 Length 4 : 12 ( album version ) 3 : 30 ( 7 - inch version ) 8 : 19 ( 12 - inch version ) Label Chrysalis Songwriter ( s ) Billy Idol Producer ( s ) Keith Forsey Billy Idol singles chronology `` Hot in the City '' ( 1982 ) `` White Wedding '' ( 1982 ) `` Rebel Yell '' ( 1983 ) `` Hot in the City '' ( 1982 ) `` White Wedding '' ( 1982 ) `` Rebel Yell '' ( 1983 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` White Wedding Pt 1 '' on YouTube `` White Wedding '' is a song by Billy Idol that appeared on his album Billy Idol in 1982 . It is often considered one of his most recognizable songs , although other Idol songs charted higher . It peaked at No. 108 on the Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 on its original release , and reached No. 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 when it was re-issued in 1983 . In the UK it reached No. 6 in the UK Singles Chart upon its re-release there in 1985 and 1988 , when it was re-issued to promote the Vital Idol remix album . Contents 1 1982 release 2 1983 release 3 1985 re-issue 4 Music video 5 Other versions and appearances 6 Charts 7 References 8 External links 1982 release ( edit ) 7 '' : Chrysalis - CHS 2656 ( UK ) `` White Wedding '' ( 3 : 30 ) `` Hole in the Wall '' ( 4 : 14 ) 12 '' : Chrysalis - CHS 12 2656 ( UK ) `` White Wedding ( Parts 1 and 2 ) '' ( 8 : 20 ) `` White Wedding '' ( 3 : 30 ) `` Hole in the Wall '' ( 4 : 14 ) 7 '' : Chrysalis - CHS 2648 ( US ) `` White Wedding '' ( 3 : 30 ) `` Dead on Arrival '' ( 3 : 54 ) 12 '' : Chrysalis - EPC 5002 ( US ) `` White Wedding ( Parts 1 and 2 ) '' ( 8 : 20 ) `` White Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' ( 4 : 27 ) 1983 release ( edit ) 12 '' : Chrysalis - 4V9 42685 ( US ) `` White Wedding ( Parts 1 and 2 ) '' ( 8 : 20 ) `` White Wedding ( Part 2 ) '' ( 4 : 27 ) 7 '' : Chrysalis - CHS 42697 ( US ) `` White Wedding '' ( 3 : 30 ) `` Dead on Arrival '' ( 3 : 54 ) 1985 re-issue ( edit ) 7 '' : Chrysalis - IDOL 5 ( UK ) `` White Wedding '' ( 3 : 30 ) `` Mega-Idol Mix '' ( 5 : 34 ) 7 '' Mega-Idol comprises `` Flesh For Fantasy '' and `` Hot in the City '' 12 '' : Chrysalis - IDOLX 5 ( UK ) `` White Wedding Parts I & II ( Shot Gun Mix ) '' ( 8 : 20 ) `` Mega-Idol Mix '' ( 7 : 50 ) 12 '' Mega-Idol comprises `` Flesh For Fantasy , '' `` Hot in the City '' and `` Dancing With Myself '' Music video ( edit ) The music video , featuring Idol attending a gothic wedding , is one of his best - known . The bride is played by Perri Lister , Idol 's real - life girlfriend at the time . She is also one of the three dancers clad in black leather , who slap their buttocks in time with the clap track in the song as they shimmy downwards near the end . `` That 's the kind of thing they love in England '' , says Idol . In one scene from the video , Idol forces the barbed - wire wedding ring onto the bride 's finger and cuts her knuckle . Lister insisted that her knuckle actually be cut in order for the scene to appear more realistic . MTV initially removed this scene from the video . Also controversial were the apparent Nazi salutes made by the crowd toward the couple . Director David Mallet says he was merely `` playing with the power of crowd imagery '' when he had the extras reach toward the bride and did not realize how it looked until later . The MTV - edited version of the video is included on the DVD portion of The Very Best of Billy Idol : Idolize Yourself CD / DVD package . Other versions and appearances ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song has been covered by many bands including the Young Werewolves , Murderdolls , Umbra et imago , Deathstars , Doro , Rowland S. Howard , Sentenced , Aiden and the band Queens of the Stone Age . Serbian punk rock band KBO ! recorded a version on their 2001 cover album ( Ne ) Menjajte Stanicu ( which translates as ( Do Not ) Change the Station ) . Post-hardcore band Aiden recorded a version of `` White Wedding '' for their EP Rain in Hell . Part of it is included in Franz Ferdinand 's cover of Gwen Stefani 's `` What You Waiting For ? '' . Also , the gothic rock / steampunk band Abney Park recorded a cover on their 2005 album Taxidermy . The Swedish rock singer Jay Smith recorded a version , included on his first album , self - titled Jay Smith . Metal band Powderburn recorded a cover as part of a medley with `` Rebel Yell '' for their Come and Take It EP . Herman 's Hermits did a version released on the album When Pigs Fly : Songs You Never Thought You 'd Hear . It was featured in the 1998 film The Wedding Singer ( in which Idol appears ) , on the American TV series My Name Is Earl and on the British TV series Blackpool . It was also featured in the 1993 film True Romance during the scene where Alabama is being tattooed . It was also featured in the skate video CKY . The line , `` It 's a nice day to start again '' , was featured on the sticker on the front of Idol 's 2005 album , Devil 's Playground . The song was remixed as ( Trashcan Jack vs Billy Idol ) `` Club Wedding '' ( Frenetic ) under Digital Dog 's Jack Rokka guise . It has appeared on numerous dance compilations such as Wild Bassline ( CD2 Mixed by Brooklyn Bounce ) and Clubland 12 . The song is included in the video games Rock Band 2 , Rock Band Unplugged , Guitar Hero Van Halen , Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas and as DLC in Rocksmith . The song was also used in an advertisement for British soap opera Hollyoaks , promoting the week of a wedding storyline . It also featured in an episode of the 2004 BBC miniseries Blackpool as part of the story . The track also appeared on an advert for Coronation Street in 2003 , promoting the climax of a bigamous storyline involving the character Peter Barlow . Barlow , portrayed by Chris Gascoyne , was seated at a table , reflectively spinning his two wedding rings around . On The Colbert Report , a couple who had been prevented from wedding at the Jefferson Memorial , by the 2013 government shutdown , were married . The couple 's first dance was to Audra McDonald singing the song . H.P. Baxxter , frontman of German band Scooter occasionally sings this song unplugged on TV events . A version sung in Greek by George Kostoglou appeared in My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 . The American metal band In This Moment was set to collaborate with Idol on the track `` Black Wedding '' off their sixth album Ritual ; the song 's chorus contains the line , `` it 's a nice night for a black wedding , '' an obvious homage to Idol 's 1982 hit `` White Wedding . '' Due to claimed scheduling difficulties , Rob Halford of Judas Priest was featured on the track instead . In The Simpsons episode number 329 ( Season 15 , Episode 16 ) The Wandering Juvie , the beginning of the song is played as Bart Simpson scans the wedding gifts for a fraudulent wedding , to which he was arrested and sent to juvenile hall for . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 6 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 36 U.S. Billboard Top Tracks U.S. Billboard Dance / Disco Top 80 10 Can . RPM RPM Top 50 Singles 5 Notes : * UK re-release in 1985 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Marks , Craig ; Tannenbaum , Rob ( 2011 ) . I Want My MTV : The Uncensored Story of the Music Video Revolution . New York , NY : Dutton . pp. 124 -- 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 525 - 95230 - 5 . Jump up ^ Billy Idol , Biography , A & E Jump up ^ Randee Dawn ( 2013 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Stephen Colbert marries couple whose wedding was shut out by shutdown '' . TODAY.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) . `` In This Moment 's Ritual Album to Feature Guest Appearance by Judas Priest 's Rob Halford '' . blabbermouth.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ The Wandering Juvie Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 266 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billy Idol Awards '' . AllMusic. 1955 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Billy Idol Discography Studio albums Billy Idol Rebel Yell Whiplash Smile Charmed Life Cyberpunk Devil 's Playground Happy Holidays Kings & Queens of the Underground Live albums VH1 Storytellers Singles & EPs Do n't Stop ( EP ) `` Dancing with Myself '' `` Mony Mony '' `` Hot in the City '' `` White Wedding '' `` Rebel Yell '' `` Eyes Without a Face '' `` Flesh for Fantasy '' `` Catch My Fall '' `` To Be a Lover '' `` Do n't Need a Gun '' `` Sweet Sixteen '' `` Soul Standing By '' ( Aus & NZ only ) `` Mony Mony ( Live ) '' `` Cradle of Love '' `` L.A. Woman '' `` Prodigal Blues '' `` Heroin '' `` Shock to the System '' `` Adam in Chains '' `` Speed '' `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' `` Scream '' Compilations Vital Idol Idol Songs : 11 of the Best Greatest Hits The Very Best of Billy Idol : Idolize Yourself Video albums The Very Best of Billy Idol : Idolize Yourself Related articles Generation X Steve Stevens Book : Billy Idol Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Wedding_(song)&oldid=854317860 '' Categories : 1982 singles Billy Idol songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Billy Idol 1982 songs Chrysalis Records singles Songs about marriage Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2014 Use dmy dates from October 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Magyar Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 13 : 07 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who sings nice night for a black wedding | [
"The American metal band In This Moment was set to collaborate with Idol on the track \"Black Wedding\" off their sixth album Ritual; the song's chorus contains the line, \"it's a nice night for a black wedding,\" an obvious homage to Idol's 1982 hit \"White Wedding.\" Due to claimed scheduling difficulties, Rob Halford of Judas Priest was featured on the track instead.[4]\n"
] | [
"American metal band In This Moment"
] |
1761894181953693045 | Here Comes the Rain Again | Here Comes the Rain Again - wikipedia Here Comes the Rain Again Jump to : navigation , search `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' Single by Eurythmics from the album Touch B - side `` Paint a Rumour '' Released 12 January 1984 Format 7 `` , 12 '' Recorded Genre New wave , Synthpop Length 4 : 56 5 : 08 ( 7 `` ) Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Annie Lennox and David A. Stewart Producer ( s ) David A. Stewart Eurythmics singles chronology `` Right By Your Side '' ( 1983 ) `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' ( 1984 ) `` Sexcrime ( Nineteen Eighty - Four ) '' ( 1984 ) `` Right By Your Side '' ( 1983 ) `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' ( 1984 ) `` Sexcrime ( Nineteen Eighty - Four ) '' ( 1984 ) Music video `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' on YouTube `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' is a 1984 song by British duo Eurythmics . It was written by group members Annie Lennox and David A. Stewart and produced by Stewart . The song was released on 12 January 1984 as the third single in the UK from the album Touch and in the United States as the first single . It became Eurythmics ' second Top 10 U.S. hit , peaking at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 . `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' hit number eight in the UK Singles Chart , becoming their fifth consecutive Top 10 single in that country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song information 2 Music video 3 Track listings 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.1. 1 Original release 4.1. 2 1991 re-issue 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Personnel 6 Sampling 7 References 8 External links Song information ( edit ) Stewart explained to Songfacts that creating a melancholy mood in his songs is something at which he excels . He said : `` ' Here Comes the Rain Again ' is kind of a perfect one where it has a mixture of things , because I 'm playing a b - minor , but then I change it to put a b - natural ( sic -- the song is in A minor ) in , and so it kind of feels like that minor is suspended , or major . So it 's kind of a weird course . And of course that starts the whole song , and the whole song was about that undecided thing , like here comes depression , or here comes that downward spiral . But then it goes , ' so talk to me like lovers do . ' It 's the wandering in and out of melancholy , a dark beauty that sort of is like the rose that 's when it 's darkest unfolding and bloodred just before the garden , dies . And capturing that in kind of oblique statements and sentiments . '' The string arrangements by Michael Kamen were performed by members of the British Philharmonic Orchestra . However , due to the limited space in the studio , the Church , the players had to improvise by recording their parts in other parts of the studio . The song was then mixed by blending the orchestral tracks on top of the original synthesized backing track . During Eurythmics reunion `` Peacetour '' they performed an in - studio concert for the A&E Network in the U.S. Dave Stewart revealed that the lyrics to the song came into being after an argument between him and Lennox while they were doing some songwriting in New York City 's Columbus Hotel . The basic melody had already been written and Lennox looked out the window after their fight and noticed it was starting to rain . She announced , `` Here comes the rain again . '' The running time for `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' is in actuality about five minutes long and was edited on the Touch album ( fading out at approximately four - and - a-half minutes ) . Although it was edited even further for its single and video release , many U.S. radio stations played the full - length version of it . The entire five - minute version did not appear on any Eurythmics album until the U.S. edition of Greatest Hits in 1991 . In the UK , the single became Eurythmics ' fifth Top 10 hit , peaking at # 8 . It was the duo 's second top ten hit in the United States , peaking at # 4 in March 1984 . Music video ( edit ) The music video , featuring both Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart , was directed by Stewart , Jonathan Gershfield and Jon Roseman , and released in December 1983 , a month before the single came out . The video opens with a passing aerial shot of The Old Man of Hoy on the Island of Hoy in the Orkney Islands before transitioning to Lennox walking along the rocky shore and cliff top . She later explores a derelict cottage while wearing a nightgown and holding a lantern . Stewart stalks her with a video camera . In many scenes the two are filmed separately , then superimposed into the same frame . The result is that the viewer may perceive one as being a ghost in the world of the other . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' A : `` Here Comes The Rain Again '' ( 7 '' Edit ) -- 3 : 53 B : `` Paint A Rumour '' ( Long Version ) -- 8 : 00 12 '' A : `` Here Comes The Rain Again '' ( Full Version ) * -- 5 : 05 B1 : `` This City Never Sleeps '' ( Live Version , San Francisco ' 83 ) -- 5 : 30 B2 : `` Paint A Rumour '' ( Long Version ) * -- 8 : 00 * both ( Versions ) are longer than the ones found on the Touch album Other versions `` Here Comes The Rain Again '' ( Freemasons Vocal Mix ) -- 7 : 17 / ( 2009 ) `` Here Comes The Rain Again '' ( Freemasons Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 41 / ( 2009 ) Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Original release ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 16 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Canada ( RPM ) Adult Contemporary Chart 7 Canada ( RPM ) Top Singles 8 France ( SNEP ) 33 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 33 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 32 Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Polish Lista Przebojów Programu Trzeciego Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 20 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 19 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 6 US Hot Dance Club Play ( Billboard ) 1991 re-issue ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position French Singles Chart 92 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Rank Canada 58 US Billboard Hot 100 38 Personnel ( edit ) Eurythmics Annie Lennox - vocals , keyboard Dave Stewart - guitar , keyboard Additional personnel Michael Kamen - conductor British Philharmonic - strings Sampling ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song 's opening was used in the Belgium Dance act Oxy 's 1992 single `` The Feeling . '' George Nozuka sings the same note when he says `` Talk to me '' with a slight stutter on his hit single , `` Talk to Me '' . Another hit by Nozuka , `` Last Night '' , features a riff that is inspired by `` Sweet Dreams '' . The line `` Talk to me '' is sampled in Alice DeeJay 's song `` Better Off Alone '' . The lyrics of the chorus were sampled in the 1995 song `` Tragedy '' by RZA from the Wu - Tang Clan . The lyrics `` Walk with me , like lovers do / Talk to me , like lovers do '' were used in Platinum Weird 's song `` Taking Chances '' which incidentally , was co-written by Stewart . `` Taking Chances '' was later covered by Celine Dion and released as the title track of her 2007 album . The lyrics of the chorus were sampled in Jamaican singer 's Nadirah X song Here It Comes in 2010 on her debut album Ink . Madonna sampled the song on her Sticky and Sweet Tour in 2008 - 2009 with her own song Rain as a video interlude . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Record News '' . NME . London , England : IPC Media : 28 . 7 January 1984 . ^ Jump up to : `` Here Comes The Rain Again '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ EurythmicsVEVO ( 2009 - 10 - 25 ) , Eurythmics - Here Comes The Rain Again ( Remastered ) , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW : Australian Chart Book . p. 105 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eurythmics -- Here Comes the Rain Again '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Results - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 50 Singles '' . RPM -- Volume 40 , No. 2 . 17 March 1984 . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Tout les Titres par Artiste '' . Infodisc.fr . Archived from the original on 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Eurythmics Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Here Comes the Rain Again '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eurythmics -- Here Comes the Rain Again '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eurythmics -- Here Comes the Rain Again '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Eurythmics -- Here Comes the Rain Again '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Archiwum Listy Przebojów Programu Trzeciego '' . lp3.pl . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Eurythmics -- Here Comes the Rain Again '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Eurythmics -- Here Comes the Rain Again '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1984 - 02 - 04 '' UK Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Eurythmics . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Eurythmics . Jump up ^ `` Touch -- Awards at AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1984 -- Volume 41 , No. 17 , January 05 1985 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com External links ( edit ) Music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Eurythmics Annie Lennox David A. Stewart Studio albums In the Garden Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) Touch Be Yourself Tonight Revenge Savage We Too Are One Peace Other albums Touch Dance 1984 ( For the Love of Big Brother ) Live 1983 -- 1989 Compilations Greatest Hits Ultimate Collection Boxed Singles `` Never Gonna Cry Again '' `` Belinda '' `` This Is the House '' `` The Walk '' `` Love Is a Stranger '' `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' `` Who 's That Girl ? '' `` Right by Your Side '' `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' `` Sexcrime ( Nineteen Eighty - Four ) '' `` Julia '' `` Would I Lie to You ? '' `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' `` Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves '' `` It 's Alright ( Baby 's Coming Back ) '' `` When Tomorrow Comes '' `` Thorn in My Side '' `` The Miracle of Love '' `` Missionary Man '' `` Beethoven ( I Love to Listen to ) '' `` Shame '' `` I Need a Man '' `` You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart '' `` Revival '' `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` The King and Queen of America '' `` Angel '' `` ( My My ) Baby 's Gonna Cry '' `` Sweet Dreams ' 91 '' `` I Saved the World Today '' `` 17 Again '' `` I 've Got a Life '' Videography Sweet Dreams Live Savage We Two Are One Too Greatest Hits Peacetour Ultimate Collection Related articles Discography The Tourists Book : Eurythmics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Here_Comes_the_Rain_Again&oldid=800126779 '' Categories : 1983 songs 1984 singles Eurythmics songs RCA Records singles Songs written by Annie Lennox Songs written by David A. Stewart Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2015 Use British English from June 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Română Русский Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 17 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | eurythmics here comes the rain again video location | [
"The music video, featuring both Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart, was directed by Stewart, Jonathan Gershfield and Jon Roseman, and released in December 1983, a month before the single came out. The video opens with a passing aerial shot of The Old Man of Hoy on the Island of Hoy in the Orkney Islands before transitioning to Lennox walking along the rocky shore and cliff top. She later explores a derelict cottage while wearing a nightgown and holding a lantern. Stewart stalks her with a video camera. In many scenes the two are filmed separately, then superimposed into the same frame. The result is that the viewer may perceive one as being a ghost in the world of the other.[3][citation needed]"
] | [
"Island of Hoy in the Orkney Islands"
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-6148052210062078530 | Jadzia Dax | Jadzia Dax - wikipedia Jadzia Dax Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jadzia Dax Star Trek character Jadzia pictured in 2374 wearing the black and grey Starfleet uniform , introduced the previous year First appearance `` Emissary '' ( DS9 ) Portrayed by Terry Farrell Information Species Trill Affiliation United Federation of Planets Starfleet Posting Deep Space Nine USS Defiant Position Chief Science Officer Commanding Officer USS Defiant ( Season 6 ) Rank Lieutenant Commander ( Seasons 4 - 6 ) Lieutenant ( Seasons 1 - 3 ) Partner Worf Jadzia Dax / dʒ ædˈziːə ˈdæks / , played by Terry Farrell , is a fictional character from the science fiction television series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . Jadzia Dax is a joined Trill . Though she appears to be a young woman , Jadzia lives in symbiosis with a wise and long - lived creature , known as a symbiont , named Dax . The two share a single , conscious mind , and her personality is a blending of the characteristics of both the host and the symbiont . As such , Jadzia has access to all the skills and memories of the symbiont 's seven previous hosts . Jadzia holds academic degrees in exobiology , zoology , astrophysics and exoarchaeology , all of which she earned before being joined with the symbiont Dax . ( DS9 Season 1 Episode Dax ) Jadzia Dax is the station 's chief science officer , and is close friends with commander Benjamin Sisko and Bajoran first officer Kira Nerys . Later in the series , she becomes involved with the Klingon character Worf , and they marry during the sixth season of the show . Her character is killed by Gul Dukat during the sixth - season finale ( due to her desire for a reduced role so that she had time for other things , which producer Rick Berman refused to allow ) . The character of Dax re-emerges in the seventh - season premiere in the form of Ezri Dax . Contents ( hide ) 1 Joined nature 2 Portrayal 3 Romantic interests 4 Dax and Worf 5 Death 6 References 7 External links Joined nature ( edit ) See also : Dax ( Star Trek ) Jadzia Dax is a joined Trill . `` Jadzia '' is the name of the young Trill woman , while `` Dax '' refers to a slug - like symbiont that resides in her abdomen ; Jadzia 's actual family name was never revealed on the show . In the novels , her original name is said to be Jadzia Idaris . While Jadzia is 28 years old at the beginning of the series , the creature Dax is roughly 300 years old , having previously been hosted by seven other Trill . As a result , Dax may be considered the oldest crewmate on Deep Space Nine . Prior to Jadzia , the Dax symbiont had been hosted by Lela , Tobin , Emony , Audrid , Torias , Joran , and Curzon . The burden of seven lifetimes ' worth of memories is not always a positive one ; several episodes of Deep Space Nine focus on Dax 's struggle with her dual nature : In the extended pilot episode , when Jadzia touches an Orb , a brief scene shows the symbiont being removed from Curzon and being placed into Jadzia . She ( presumably ) sees Curzon die . In the first - season episode `` Dax '' , the previous host Curzon Dax is accused of murder . This leads to an extradition hearing to determine whether Jadzia can be held responsible for crimes committed during another lifetime . While the moral question remained unsolved , the legal issue was resolved when evidence arose of Curzon 's innocence . In the second - season episode `` Invasive Procedures '' , an unjoined Trill named Verad attempts to steal the Dax symbiont . Verad is upset that his application for a joining has been rejected by the Trill Symbiosis Commission , and he plans to steal the Dax symbiont and escape into the Gamma quadrant . He manages to remove the Dax symbiont from Jadzia and partially join with it before his escape is thwarted . Later that season , Dax mentors a Trill initiate in the episode `` Playing God '' . Dax is responsible for training the young Trill , and for evaluating his suitability for joining . During the episode , Jadzia and Sisko discuss her own training under Curzon Dax , as well as the role that joining plays in Trill society . In the third - season episode `` Equilibrium '' , Dax begins to experience unsettling mental problems . She travels back to Trill to discover the source of the problems . On her homeworld , she visits the `` Caves of Mak'ala '' , a place on Trill where unjoined symbionts swim in pools carefully and lovingly tended by Trill Guardians . Eventually , she learns that Dax had previously been joined with an unsuitable host known as Joran , and that her memories of this trauma had been suppressed . Her mental problems subside after the other Trill help her to regain these memories . Later that season in the episode `` Facets '' , Jadzia encounters each of Dax 's previous hosts in the Trill `` rite of closure '' , including the insane Joran . This episode reveals much of the back story for the Dax character , and explores the relationship between Jadzia Dax , Curzon Dax , and Benjamin Sisko . In the fourth - season episode `` Rejoined '' , Jadzia Dax encounters Lenara Kahn , the current host of the symbiont Kahn , who had been previously joined to Nilani Kahn , the wife of Torias Dax . Because Torias died suddenly , Dax 's relationship with Kahn through its previous host was never resolved , and the two current hosts struggle in the episode with their feelings towards one another . This is complicated by a taboo in Trill culture against romantic relationships with partners of previous hosts . This episode features one of the first televised kisses between two female characters . Portrayal ( edit ) At the beginning of the series , Jadzia has just recently been joined with the symbiont Dax after the natural death of the previous host , Curzon Dax . Curzon had been a friend and mentor to station Commander Benjamin Sisko , and as Jadzia Dax , they continue this friendship despite the change in circumstances . Throughout the series , Sisko refers to Jadzia Dax by the affectionate nickname `` Old Man . '' She begins the series at the rank of Lieutenant ; at the start of the fourth season , she becomes a Lieutenant Commander and remains one until her death in the sixth - season finale . During the first few seasons , Jadzia Dax is pursued romantically by Dr. Julian Bashir . Dax consistently but politely rebuffs him , though she later admits that she somewhat enjoyed the attention ( cf . `` Starship Down '' ) . After Jadzia 's death , Dax 's new host Ezri begins dating Bashir . During the first season of the show , Jadzia Dax is often portrayed as somewhat reserved and aloof . In the early second - season episode `` The Siege '' , she is ill - at - ease in the spider - filled caverns of a Bajoran moon , and is later disoriented by Kira 's reckless piloting of a Bajoran starfighter . The writers ' portrayal of the character begins to change in the second season , as they emphasize Jadzia Dax 's gusto for life and extensive knowledge of other cultures : The second - season episode `` Rules of Acquisition '' begins with a scene in which Jadzia Dax plays tongo with a group of Ferengi . She seems surprisingly at home in this setting , calmly ignoring their sexist overtures and showing considerable skill at the game . Later in the episode , she remarks that the Ferengi are among the most interesting races she has encountered . Later that season , Jadzia Dax joins a group of Klingons in a revenge quest ( `` Blood Oath '' ) . In this episode , it is revealed the Curzon Dax was a Federation diplomat to the Klingon Empire , and swore a blood oath against `` the Albino '' with the Klingons Kang , Koloth , and Kor . Jadzia takes up the blood oath , and against Sisko 's wishes she travels to the Albino 's planet and participates in the revenge killing of the Albino and his minions . Jadzia Dax 's connection to the Klingon culture would become increasingly important as the series progressed , especially after the fourth - season arrival of Worf . In the episode `` The Sword of Kahless '' , Dax joins Worf and Kor in the search for the titular Klingon artifact . In `` Sons of Mogh '' , she becomes aware of and subsequently warns Captain Sisko of Worf 's attempt to kill his brother Kurn , and in `` Soldiers of the Empire '' she and Worf go on a tense mission aboard a Klingon ship . Jadzia Dax would eventually marry Worf and join him as a member of the Klingon House of Martok . Romantic interests ( edit ) Jadzia Dax was initially pursued by Dr. Julian Bashir aboard the station . The Ferengi bar owner , Quark , also has a special affection for the Trill scientist , even after the Dax symbiont was transferred to Ezri . However , her most notable and serious suitors include Deral , played by Brett Cullen , a prominent member of the recurring planet Meridian ( `` Meridian '' ) Dr. Lenara Kahn , played by Susanna Thompson , a Trill theoretical quantum physicist and the current host of the symbiont Kahn , who was previously joined to Nilani , the widow of Torias Dax ( `` Rejoined '' ) Lt. Commander Worf , a Klingon . Dax and Worf connected over their mutual love of Klingon traditions , including Klingon Opera and martial arts . Their intimate relationship began in `` Looking for par'Mach in All the Wrong Places , '' and in `` You Are Cordially Invited ... '' they were married and Jadzia Dax formally joined the House of Martok . Their attempts at parenthood ( despite the difficulties faced by biological incompatibilities between Klingons and Trills ) were cut short when Jadzia Dax was murdered . Captain Boday . An unseen former lover of Jadzia 's who is occasionally referenced . Boday is a Gallamite and like all Gallamites has a transparent skull . Worf becomes angry with Jadzia when he learns she had lunch with Boday . Dax and Worf ( edit ) In the fourth season , Michael Dorn joins the cast of Deep Space Nine as the Klingon character Worf . Perhaps because of her past interactions with Klingons , Dax is fairly flirtatious with Worf . Worf appears at first to be oblivious to this attention , and in the fifth - season episode `` Looking for par'Mach in All the Wrong Places '' he becomes enamored with a female Klingon named Grilka . This is resolved by the end of the episode , with Quark ironically winning the heart of Grilka , and Worf becoming romantically involved with Dax . In the beginning , their relationship is very sexual , with the strong implication that their encounters are somewhat rough ( the above episode ends with Worf and Dax visiting the infirmary with various bruises and other injuries ) . In the season 5 finale `` Call to Arms '' , the station is overrun by Dominion forces , and Dax and Worf are assigned to different starships for the Dominion War . Near the end of the episode , they agree to get married after the war is over . Worf and Dax 's marriage is the centerpiece of season 6 episode `` You Are Cordially Invited ... '' . During the episode , Dax must obtain permission from the lady Sirella to join the House of Martok . At first Dax is loath to pay Sirella the required respect , and the lady is unwilling to accede to Dax 's request . The situation is resolved by the conclusion , with Sirella admitting during the ceremony that nothing can stand between `` the beating of two Klingon hearts '' . Death ( edit ) Jadzia is murdered in `` Tears of the Prophets '' , the finale of the sixth season . She and Worf had been trying to conceive , despite the doubts of Dr. Bashir that such a pregnancy was possible . After Major Kira tells Jadzia she has been praying for a conception , Jadzia receives encouraging test results from Julian , and goes to the station 's temple to thank the Prophets . It now appears a pregnancy will be possible . The Cardassian Dukat arrives , possessed by a Pah - wraith , with the intention of destroying the orb - like Bajoran artifacts known as the `` Tears of the Prophets '' . Jadzia is no match for Dukat while he is infused with the Pah - wraith . He mortally wounds her and destroys the orbs . Upon her death in the infirmary , a distraught Worf screams out a Klingon wail of sorrow for his beloved and to let the Klingon afterworld know a warrior was on the way ( `` Heart of Glory '' ) . Her death shakes the crew to its core : by the beginning of season 7 , Sisko has left the station in despair and Worf has been risking his life on increasingly dangerous missions . Though the host Jadzia is dead , the symbiont Dax survives and is implanted in a Trill named Ezri Tigan . The resulting joined Trill , Ezri Dax , becomes a main character during the seventh and last season of the series . References ( edit ) Block , Paula M. ; Erdmann , Terry J. ( 2000 ) . Star trek : Deep Space Nine Companion . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 50106 - 2 . Reeves - Stevens , Garfield ; Reeves - Stevens , Judith ( 1994 ) . The Making of Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 87430 - 6 . Stengel , Wendy AF G. `` Intimacy & Sex on Deep Space Nine . '' Some Fantastic , Issue 6 ( Fall 2005 ) . Geraghty , Lincoln . `` Homosocial Desire on the final frontier : kinship , the American romance , and Deep Space Nine 's ' erotic triangles ' . '' Journal of Popular Culture . 36 : 3 Winter : 2003 pp. 441 -- 465 . Ferguson , Kathy . `` This Species Which Is Not One : Identity Practices in Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , '' Strategies 15.2 ( Fall , 2002 ) : 181 -- 195 . External links ( edit ) Jadzia Dax at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Jadzia Dax ( mirror ) at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Darlene Kursky at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Jadzia Dax at StarTrek.com Lenara Kahn and Jadzia Dax kiss from ' Rejoined ' ( hide ) Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Primary characters Julian Bashir Ezri Dax Jadzia Dax Vic Fontaine Kira Nerys Miles O'Brien Odo Quark Benjamin Sisko Jake Sisko Worf Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Other topics Awards Cast Home video releases Recurring characters `` Relaunch '' novels Companion Video games Crossroads of Time The Fallen Dominion Wars Bajor Dax Deep Space Nine USS Defiant Dominion War Runabout Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jadzia_Dax&oldid=814830792 '' Categories : Star Trek alien characters Star Trek : Deep Space Nine characters Fictional bisexual females Fictional gamblers Fictional lieutenant commanders Fictional lieutenants Fictional female musicians Fictional women scientists Fictional women soldiers and warriors Starfleet captains Starfleet officers Starfleet lieutenant commanders Starfleet lieutenants Fictional characters introduced in 1993 Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from August 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from October 2010 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 04 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what episode of deep space nine does dax die | [
"Jadzia is murdered in \"Tears of the Prophets\", the finale of the sixth season. She and Worf had been trying to conceive, despite the doubts of Dr. Bashir that such a pregnancy was possible. After Major Kira tells Jadzia she has been praying for a conception, Jadzia receives encouraging test results from Julian, and goes to the station's temple to thank the Prophets. It now appears a pregnancy will be possible. The Cardassian Dukat arrives, possessed by a Pah-wraith, with the intention of destroying the orb-like Bajoran artifacts known as the \"Tears of the Prophets\". Jadzia is no match for Dukat while he is infused with the Pah-wraith. He mortally wounds her and destroys the orbs. Upon her death in the infirmary, a distraught Worf screams out a Klingon wail of sorrow for his beloved and to let the Klingon afterworld know a warrior was on the way (\"Heart of Glory\"). Her death shakes the crew to its core: by the beginning of season 7, Sisko has left the station in despair and Worf has been risking his life on increasingly dangerous missions."
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"\"Tears of the Prophets\""
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6346180745492985171 | Connecticut Compromise | Connecticut Compromise - wikipedia Connecticut Compromise Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the agreement sometimes referred to as the Great Compromise . For the song by John Prine , see The Great Compromise ( song ) . The Connecticut Compromise ( also known as the Great Compromise of 1787 or Sherman Compromise ) was an agreement that both large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution . It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed by Roger Sherman , along with proportional representation of the states in the lower house , but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states . Each state would have two representatives in the upper house . Contents ( hide ) 1 Context 2 The Compromise 3 Aftermath 4 See also 5 References Context ( edit ) On May 29 , 1787 , Edmund Randolph of the Virginia delegation proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature . Under his proposal , membership in both houses would be allocated to each state proportional to its population ; however , candidates for the lower house would be nominated and elected by the people of each state . This proposal allowed fairness and equality to the people . Candidates for the upper house would be nominated by the state legislatures of each state and then elected by the members of the lower house . This proposal was known as the Virginia Plan . Less populous states like Delaware were afraid that such an arrangement would result in their voices and interests being drowned out by the larger states . Many delegates also felt that the Convention did not have the authority to completely scrap the Articles of Confederation , as the Virginia Plan would have . In response , on June 15 , 1787 , William Paterson of the New Jersey delegation proposed a legislature consisting of a single house . Each state was to have equal representation in this body , regardless of population . The New Jersey Plan , as it was called , would have left the Articles of Confederation in place , but would have amended them to somewhat increase Congress 's powers . At the time of the convention , the South was growing more quickly than the North , and Southern states had the most extensive Western claims . South Carolina , North Carolina , and Georgia were small in the 1780s , but they expected growth , and thus favored proportional representation . New York was one of the largest states at the time , but two of its three representatives ( Alexander Hamilton being the exception ) supported an equal representation per state , as part of their desire to see maximum autonomy for the states . ( The two representatives other than Hamilton had left the convention before the representation issue was resolved , leaving Hamilton , and New York state , without a vote . ) James Madison and Hamilton were two of the leaders of the proportional representation group . Madison argued that a conspiracy of large states against the small states was unrealistic as the large states were so different from each other . Hamilton argued that the states were artificial entities made up of individuals , and accused small state representatives of wanting power , not liberty ( see History of the United States Senate ) . For their part , the small state representatives argued that the states were , in fact , of a legally equal status , and that proportional representation would be unfair to their states . Gunning Bedford , Jr. of Delaware notoriously threatened on behalf of the small states , `` the small ones w ( ould ) find some foreign ally of more honor and good faith , who will take them by the hand and do them justice . '' Elbridge Gerry ridiculed the small states ' claim of sovereignty , saying `` that we never were independent States , were not such now , & never could be even on the principles of the Confederation . The States & the advocates for them were intoxicated with the idea of their sovereignty . '' The Compromise ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : this section is disorganized and repetitive , stating the same information multiple times in different orders so it is difficult to understand the actual sequence of events Please help improve this section if you can . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On June 14 , when the Convention was ready to consider the report on the Virginia plan , William Paterson of New Jersey requested an adjournment to allow certain delegations more time to prepare a substitute plan . The request was granted , and , on the next day , Paterson submitted nine resolutions embodying necessary amendments to the Articles of Confederation , which was followed by a vigorous debate . On June 19 , the delegates rejected the New Jersey Plan and voted to proceed with a discussion of the Virginia Plan . The small States became increasingly discontented , and some threatened to withdraw . On July 2 , the Convention was deadlocked over giving each State an equal vote in the upper house , with five States in the affirmative , five in the negative , and one divided . The problem was referred to a committee consisting of one delegate from each State to reach a compromise . On July 5 , the committee submitted its report , which became the basis for the `` Great Compromise '' of the Convention . The report recommended that in the upper house each State should have an equal vote and in the lower house , each State should have one representative for every 40,000 inhabitants , counting slaves as three - fifths of an inhabitant , and that money bills should originate in the lower house ( not subject to amendment by the upper chamber ) . After six weeks of turmoil , North Carolina switched its vote to equal representation per state and Massachusetts abstained , and a compromise was reached , being called the `` Great Compromise . '' In the `` Great Compromise , '' every state was given equal representation , previously known as the New Jersey Plan , in one house of Congress , and proportional representation , known before as the Virginia Plan , in the other . Because it was considered more responsive to majority sentiment , the House of Representatives was given the power to originate all legislation dealing with the federal budget and revenues / taxation , per the Origination Clause . Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth , both of the Connecticut delegation , created a compromise that , in a sense , blended the Virginia ( large - state ) and New Jersey ( small - state ) proposals regarding congressional apportionment . Ultimately , however , its main contribution was in determining the apportionment of the Senate . Sherman sided with the two - house national legislature of the Virginia Plan but proposed `` That the proportion of suffrage in the 1st . Branch ( house ) should be according to the respective numbers of free inhabitants ; and that in the second branch or Senate , each State should have one vote and no more . '' Although Sherman was well liked and respected among the delegates , his plan failed at first . It was not until July 23 that representation was finally settled . What was ultimately included in the constitution was a modified form of this plan , partly because the larger states disliked it . In committee , Benjamin Franklin modified Sherman 's proposal to make it more acceptable to the larger states . He added the requirement that revenue bills originate in the house . The final July 16 vote on the Connecticut Compromise left the Senate looking to the Confederation Congress . In the preceding weeks of debate , Madison , King , and Gouverneur Morris each vigorously opposed the compromise for this reason . For the nationalists , the Convention 's vote for the compromise was a stunning defeat . However , on July 23 , they found a way to salvage their vision of an elite , independent Senate . Just before most of the convention 's work was referred to the Committee of Detail , Morris and King moved that state representatives in the Senate be given individual votes , rather than voting en bloc , as they had in the Confederation Congress . Then Oliver Ellsworth , a leading proponent of the Connecticut Compromise , supported their motion , and the Convention adopted it . As the Convention had early acquiesced in the Virginia Plan 's proposal that senators have long terms , restoring that Plan 's vision of individually powerful senators stopped the Senate from becoming a strong safeguard of federalism . State governments lost their direct say in Congress 's decisions to make national laws . As the personally influential senators received terms much longer than the state legislators who appointed them , they became substantially independent . The compromise nonetheless continued to serve the self - interest of small - state political leaders , who were assured of access to more seats in the Senate than they might otherwise have obtained . Aftermath ( edit ) Senate representation was explicitly protected in Article Five of the United States Constitution : ... no state , without its consent , shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate . This agreement allowed deliberations to continue and thus led to the Three - Fifths Compromise , which further complicated the issue of popular representation in the House . See also ( edit ) History of the United States Senate Constitutional Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Three - Fifths Compromise References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Madison 's notes , June 16 1787 '' . Yale Avalon project . Jump up ^ `` Madison 's notes , May 30 1787 '' . Yale Avalon project . Jump up ^ `` Madison 's notes , June 15 1787 '' . Yale Avalon project . Jump up ^ `` Madison 's notes , June 29 1787 '' . Yale Avalon project . ^ Jump up to : Yazawa , Melvin ( 2016 ) . Contested Conventions : The Struggle to Establish the Constitution and Save the Union , 1787 -- 1789 . JHU Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4214 - 2026 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : US Constitution.net . `` Constitutional Topic : The Constitutional Convention '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 1 THE RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION OF 1787 , at 489 , 490 , 551 ( Max Farrand ed. , 1911 ) Jump up ^ 2 THE RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION OF 1787 , at 94 - 95 ( Max Farrand ed. , 1911 ) Jump up ^ See Laurence Claus , Power Enumeration and the Silences of Constitutional Federalism http://ssrn.com/abstract=2837390 Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration . `` The Constitution of the United states Article V '' . archives.gov . ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Connecticut_Compromise&oldid=815498920 '' Categories : Drafting of the United States Constitution History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) 1787 in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from May 2015 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from May 2015 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 05 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the great compromise at the constitutional convention was negotiated by delegates from which state | [
"The Connecticut Compromise (also known as the Great Compromise of 1787 or Sherman Compromise) was an agreement that both large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution. It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed by Roger Sherman, along with proportional representation of the states in the lower house, but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states. Each state would have two representatives in the upper house."
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"Connecticut"
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-3604772607148737163 | The Grapes of Wrath | The Grapes of Wrath - wikipedia The Grapes of Wrath Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For other uses , see Grapes of Wrath ( disambiguation ) . The Grapes of Wrath First edition cover Author John Steinbeck Cover artist Elmer Hader Country United States Language English Genre Novel Publisher The Viking Press - James Lloyd Publication date April 14 , 1939 Pages 464 OCLC 289946 Dewey Decimal 813.52 The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939 . The book won the National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for fiction , and it was cited prominently when Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 . Set during the Great Depression , the novel focuses on the Joads , a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought , economic hardship , agricultural industry changes , and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work . Due to their nearly hopeless situation , and in part because they are trapped in the Dust Bowl , the Joads set out for California . Along with thousands of other `` Okies '' , they seek jobs , land , dignity , and a future . The Grapes of Wrath is frequently read in American high school and college literature classes due to its historical context and enduring legacy . A celebrated Hollywood film version , starring Henry Fonda and directed by John Ford , was released in 1940 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Religious Interpretation 4 Development 4.1 Title 5 Author 's note 6 Critical reception 7 Adaptations 7.1 In film 7.2 In music 7.3 In theatre 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Bibliography 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The narrative begins just after Tom Joad is paroled from McAlester prison , where he had been imprisoned after being convicted of homicide . On his return to his home near Sallisaw , Oklahoma , Tom meets former preacher Jim Casy , whom he remembers from his childhood , and the two travel together . When they arrive at Tom 's childhood farm home , they find it deserted . Disconcerted and confused , Tom and Casy meet their old neighbor , Muley Graves , who tells them the family has gone to stay at Uncle John Joad 's home nearby . Graves tells them that the banks have evicted all the farmers , but he refuses to leave the area . The next morning , Tom and Casy go to Uncle John 's . Tom finds his family loading their remaining possessions into a Hudson Motor Car Company sedan converted to a truck ; with their crops destroyed by the Dust Bowl , the family has defaulted on their bank loans , and their farm has been repossessed . Consequently , the Joads see no option but to seek work in California , described in handbills as fruitful and offering high pay . The Joads put everything they have into making the journey . Although leaving Oklahoma would violate his parole , Tom decides it is worth the risk , and invites Casy to join him and his family . Traveling west on Route 66 , the Joad family find the road crowded with other migrants . In makeshift camps , they hear many stories from others , some returning from California , and the group worries about lessening prospects . The family dwindles as well : Grandpa dies along the road , and they bury him in a field ; Grandma dies close to the California state line ; and both Noah ( the eldest Joad son ) and Connie Rivers ( the husband of the pregnant Joad daughter , Rose of Sharon ) leave the family . Led by Ma , the remaining members realize they can only continue , as nothing is left for them in Oklahoma . Reaching California , they find the state oversupplied with labor ; wages are low , and workers are exploited to the point of starvation . The big corporate farmers are in collusion and smaller farmers suffer from collapsing prices . Weedpatch Camp , one of the clean , utility - supplied camps operated by the Resettlement Administration , a New Deal agency , offers better conditions but does not have enough resources to care for all the needy families . Nonetheless , as a Federal facility , the camp protects the migrants from harassment by California deputies . `` How can you frighten a man whose hunger is not only in his own cramped stomach but in the wretched bellies of his children ? You ca n't scare him -- he has known a fear beyond every other . '' -- Chapter 19 In response to the exploitation , Casy becomes a labor organizer and tries to recruit for a labor union . The remaining Joads work as strikebreakers in a peach orchard , where Casy is involved in a strike that eventually turns violent . When Tom Joad witnesses Casy 's fatal beating , he kills the attacker and flees as a fugitive . The Joads later leave the orchard for a cotton farm , where Tom is at risk of being arrested for the homicide . Tom bids his mother farewell and promises to work for the oppressed . Rose of Sharon 's baby is stillborn . Ma Joad remains steadfast and forces the family through the bereavement . With rain , the Joads ' dwelling is flooded and they move to higher ground . In the final chapter of the book , the family takes shelter from the flood in an old barn . Inside they find a young boy and his father , who is dying of starvation . Rose of Sharon takes pity on the man and offers him her breast milk to save him from starvation . Characters ( edit ) Tom Joad : Protagonist of the story ; the Joad family 's second son , named after his father . Later on , Tom takes leadership of the family even though he is young . Ma Joad : Matriarch . Practical and warm - spirited , she tries to hold the family together . Her given name is never learned ; it is suggested that her maiden name was Hazlett . Pa Joad : Patriarch , also named Tom , age 50 . Hardworking sharecropper and family man . Pa becomes a broken man upon losing his livelihood and means of supporting his family , forcing Ma to assume leadership . Uncle John Joad : Pa Joad 's older brother ( Tom describes him as `` a fella about 60 '' , but in narrative he is described as 50 ) . He felt guilty about the death of his young wife years before , and has been prone to binges involving alcohol and prostitutes , but is generous with his goods . Jim Casy : A former preacher who lost his faith . He is a Christ - like figure and is based on Ed Ricketts . Al Joad : The third youngest son , a `` smart - aleck sixteen - year - older '' who cares mainly for cars and girls ; he looks up to Tom , but begins to find his own way . Rose of Sharon Joad Rivers : Childish and dreamy teenage daughter ( 18 ) who develops into a mature woman . Pregnant in the beginning of the novel , she delivers a stillborn baby , perhaps due to malnutrition . Connie Rivers : Rose of Sharon 's husband . Nineteen years old and naïve , he is overwhelmed by marriage and impending fatherhood ; he abandons his wife shortly after they arrive in California . Noah Joad : The oldest son , he is the first to leave the family , planning to live off fishing on the Colorado River . Injured at birth and described as `` strange '' , he may have slight learning difficulties . Grampa Joad : Tom 's grandfather , who expresses his strong desire to stay in Oklahoma . His full name is given as William James Joad . Grampa is drugged by his family with `` soothin ' syrup '' to force him to leave , but he dies the first evening on the road . Casy attributes his death to a stroke but says that Grampa is `` jus ' stayin ' with the lan ' . He couldn ' leave it . '' Granma Joad : Grampa Joad 's religious wife ; she loses her will to live after his death . She dies while the family is crossing the Mojave Desert . Ruthie Joad : The youngest daughter , age twelve . She is shown to be reckless and childish . Quarreling with another child , she reveals Tom in hiding . Winfield Joad : The youngest male in the family , age ten , `` kid - wild and calfish '' . Jim Rawley : Manages the camp at Weedpatch , he shows the Joads surprising favor . Muley Graves : A neighbor of the Joads ' ; he is invited to come along to California with them but refuses . The family leave two of their dogs with him ; a third they take but it is killed by a car during their travels . Ivy and Sairy Wilson : Migrants from Kansas , they attend the death of Grampa and share the journey as far as the California state line . Mr. Wainwright : The father of Aggie Wainwright and husband of Mrs. Wainwright . Worries over his daughter Aggie . Mrs. Wainwright : Mother to Aggie Wainwright and wife to Mr. Wainwright . She helps Ma deliver Rose of Sharon 's baby . Aggie Wainwright : Sixteen - year - old daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Wainwright . Intends to marry Al . Floyd Knowles : The man at the Hooverville who urges Tom and Casy to join labor organizations . His agitation results in Casy 's being jailed . Religious interpretation ( edit ) This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( April 2017 ) Many scholars note Steinbeck for his many uses of Christian imagery within The Grapes of Wrath . The largest implications lie with Tom Joad and Jim Casy , who are both interpreted as Christ - like figures at certain intervals within the novel . These two are often interpreted together , with Jim Casy representing Jesus Christ in the early days of his ministry , up until his death , which is interpreted as representing the death of Christ . From there , Tom takes over , rising in Casy 's place as the Christ figure risen from the dead . However , the religious imagery is not limited to these two characters . Scholars have regularly inspected other characters and plot points within the novel , including Ma Joad , Rose of Sharon , Rose of Sharon 's stillborn child , and Uncle John . In an article first published in 2009 , Ken Eckert even compared the migrant 's movement west as a reversed version of the slaves ' escape from Egypt in Exodus . Many of these extreme interpretations are brought on by Steinbeck 's own documented beliefs , which Eckert himself refers to as `` unorthodox . '' Development ( edit ) This is the beginning -- from `` I '' to `` we '' . If you who own the things people must have could understand this , you might preserve yourself . If you could separate causes from results , if you could know that Paine , Marx , Jefferson , Lenin were results , not causes , you might survive . But that you can not know . For the quality of owning freezes you forever into `` I '' , and cuts you off forever from the `` we '' . -- Chapter 14 Steinbeck was known to have borrowed from field notes taken during 1938 by Farm Security Administration worker and author Sanora Babb . While Babb collected personal stories about the lives of the displaced migrants for a novel she was developing , her supervisor , Tom Collins , shared her reports with Steinbeck , then working at the San Francisco News . Babb 's own novel , Whose Names Are Unknown , was eclipsed in 1939 by the success of The Grapes of Wrath and was shelved until it was finally published in 2004 , a year before Babb 's death . The Grapes of Wrath developed from The Harvest Gypsies , a series of seven articles that ran in the San Francisco News , from October 5 to 12 , 1936 . The newspaper commissioned that work on migrant workers from the Midwest in California 's agriculture industry . ( It was later compiled and published separately . ) Title ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) While writing the novel at his home , 16250 Greenwood Lane , in what is now Monte Sereno , California , Steinbeck had unusual difficulty devising a title . The Grapes of Wrath , suggested by his wife Carol Steinbeck , was deemed more suitable than anything by the author . The title is a reference to lyrics from `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' , by Julia Ward Howe ( emphasis added ) : Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord : He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored ; He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword : His truth is marching on . These lyrics refer , in turn , to the biblical passage Revelation 14 : 19 -- 20 , an apocalyptic appeal to divine justice and deliverance from oppression in the final judgment . This and other biblical passages had inspired a long tradition of imagery of Christ in the winepress , in various media . The passage reads : And the angel thrust in his sickle into the earth , and gathered the vine of the earth , and cast it into the great winepress of the wrath of God . And the winepress was trodden without the city , and blood came out of the winepress , even unto the horse bridles , by the space of a thousand and six hundred furlongs . The phrase also appears at the end of chapter 25 in Steinbeck 's book , which describes the purposeful destruction of food to keep the price high : ( A ) nd in the eyes of the hungry there is a growing wrath . In the souls of the people the grapes of wrath are filling and growing heavy , growing heavy for the vintage . The image invoked by the title serves as a crucial symbol in the development of both the plot and the novel 's greater thematic concerns : from the terrible winepress of Dust Bowl oppression will come terrible wrath but also the deliverance of workers through their cooperation . This is suggested but not realized within the novel . Author 's note ( edit ) When preparing to write the novel , Steinbeck wrote : `` I want to put a tag of shame on the greedy bastards who are responsible for this ( the Great Depression and its effects ) . '' He famously said , `` I 've done my damnedest to rip a reader 's nerves to rags . '' This work won a large following among the working class due to Steinbeck 's sympathy for the migrants and workers ' movement , and his accessible prose style . Critical reception ( edit ) Steinbeck scholar John Timmerman sums up the book 's influence : `` The Grapes of Wrath may well be the most thoroughly discussed novel -- in criticism , reviews , and college classrooms -- of 20th century American literature . '' The Grapes of Wrath is referred to as a Great American Novel . At the time of publication , Steinbeck 's novel `` was a phenomenon on the scale of a national event . It was publicly banned and burned by citizens , it was debated on national radio ; but above all , it was read . '' According to The New York Times , it was the best - selling book of 1939 and 430,000 copies had been printed by February 1940 . In that month it won the National Book Award , favorite fiction book of 1939 , voted by members of the American Booksellers Association . Soon it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction . The book was noted for Steinbeck 's passionate depiction of the plight of the poor , and many of his contemporaries attacked his social and political views . Bryan Cordyack writes , `` Steinbeck was attacked as a propagandist and a socialist from both the left and the right of the political spectrum . The most fervent of these attacks came from the Associated Farmers of California ; they were displeased with the book 's depiction of California farmers ' attitudes and conduct toward the migrants . They denounced the book as a ' pack of lies ' and labeled it ' communist propaganda ' '' . Some accused Steinbeck of exaggerating camp conditions to make a political point . Steinbeck had visited the camps well before publication of the novel and argued their inhumane nature destroyed the settlers ' spirit . In 1962 , the Nobel Prize committee cited Grapes of Wrath as a `` great work '' and as one of the committee 's main reasons for granting Steinbeck the Nobel Prize for Literature . In 2005 Time magazine included the novel in its `` TIME 100 Best English - language Novels from 1923 to 2005 '' . In 2009 , The Daily Telegraph of the United Kingdom included the novel in its `` 100 novels everyone should read '' . In 1998 , the Modern Library ranked The Grapes of Wrath tenth on its list of the 100 best English - language novels of the 20th century . In 1999 , French newspaper Le Monde of Paris ranked The Grapes of Wrath as seventh on its list of the 100 best books of the 20th century . In the UK , it was listed at number 29 among the `` nation 's best loved novels '' on the BBC 's 2003 survey The Big Read . Adaptations ( edit ) In film ( edit ) The book was quickly made into a famed , 1940 Hollywood movie of the same name directed by John Ford and starring Henry Fonda as Tom Joad . The first part of the film version follows the book fairly accurately . However , the second half and the ending , in particular , differ significantly from the book . John Springer , author of The Fondas ( Citadel , 1973 ) , said of Henry Fonda and his role in film version of The Grapes of Wrath : `` The Great American Novel made one of the few enduring Great American Motion Pictures . '' The documentary American : The Bill Hicks Story ( 2009 ) revealed that The Grapes of Wrath was comedian Bill Hicks ' favorite novel . He based his famous last words on Tom Joad 's final speech : `` I left in love , in laughter , and in truth , and wherever truth , love and laughter abide , I am there in spirit . '' In July 2013 , Steven Spielberg announced his plans to direct a remake of The Grapes of Wrath for DreamWorks . In music ( edit ) Woody Guthrie 's two - part song -- `` Tom Joad -- Parts 1 & 2 '' -- from the album Dust Bowl Ballads ( 1940 ) , explores the protagonist 's life after being paroled from prison . It was covered in 1988 by Andy Irvine , who recorded both parts as a single song -- `` Tom Joad '' -- on Patrick Street 's second album , No. 2 Patrick Street . The song `` Here Comes that Rainbow Again '' by Kris Kristofferson ( 1981 ) is based on the scene in the roadside diner where Pa Joad buys a loaf of bread and two candy sticks for Ruthie and Winfield . The band The Mission UK included a song , titled `` The Grapes of Wrath '' , in their album Carved in Sand ( 1990 ) . The progressive rock band Camel released an album , titled Dust and Dreams ( 1991 ) , inspired by the novel . American rock singer - songwriter Bruce Springsteen named his 11th studio album , The Ghost of Tom Joad ( 1995 ) , after the character . The first track on the album is titled `` The Ghost of Tom Joad '' . The song -- and to a lesser extent , the other songs on the album -- draws comparisons between the Dust Bowl and modern times . Rage Against the Machine recorded a version of `` The Ghost of Tom Joad '' in 1997 . Like Andy Irvine in 1988 , Dick Gaughan recorded Woody Guthrie 's `` Tom Joad '' on his album Outlaws & Dreamers ( 2001 ) . An opera based on the novel was co-produced by the Minnesota Opera , and Utah Symphony and Opera , with music by Ricky Ian Gordon and libretto by Michael Korie . The opera made its world premiere in February 2007 , to favorable local reviews . Bad Religion have a song entitled `` Grains of Wraith '' on their album , New Maps of Hell ( 2007 ) . Bad Religion lead vocalist , Greg Graffin , is a fan of Steinbeck 's . The song `` Dust Bowl Dance '' on Mumford & Sons ' album Sigh No More ( 2009 ) is based on the novel . Pink Floyd 's song `` Sorrow '' , written by David Gilmour , from the album A Momentary Lapse of Reason is thematically derived / based on the novel . In Theatre ( edit ) The Steppenwolf Theatre Company produced a stage version of the book , adapted by Frank Galati . Gary Sinise played Tom Joad for its entire run of 188 performances on Broadway in 1990 . One of these performances was filmed and shown on PBS the following year . In 1990 , the Illegitimate Players theater company in Chicago produced Of Grapes and Nuts , an original , satirical mash - up of The Grapes of Wrath and Steinbeck 's acclaimed novella Of Mice and Men . See also ( edit ) Novels portal The Jungle Le Monde 's 100 Books of the Century References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Grapes of Wrath , a classic for today ? '' . BBC News . April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The official publication date of April 14 , 1939 , was exactly four years to the day of the Black Sunday Storm , among the worst Dust Bowl dust storms which , in real life , caused Oklahomans to migrate to California in search of work . ^ Jump up to : `` 1939 Book Awards Given by Critics : Elgin Groseclose 's ' Ararat ' is Picked as Work Which Failed to Get Due Recognition '' , The New York Times , February 14 , 1940 , page 25 . ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times ( 1851 -- 2007 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Novel '' The Pulitzer Prizes . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Osterling , Anders . `` Nobel Prize in Literature 1962 -- Presentation Speech '' . Retrieved February 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AP : English Literature '' . CollegeBoard . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Read The Grapes of Wrath '' . National Endowment for the Arts . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eckert , Ken ( 2009 - 11 - 01 ) . `` ( Exodus Inverted : A New Look at The Grapes of Wrath , Color Plates ) '' . Religion and the Arts . 13 ( 4 ) : 340 -- 357 . doi : 10.1163 / 156852909X460447 . ISSN 1568 - 5292 . Jump up ^ Eckert , Ken ( 2009 - 11 - 01 ) . `` ( Exodus Inverted : A New Look at The Grapes of Wrath , Color Plates ) '' . Religion and the Arts . 13 ( 4 ) : 340 -- 357 . doi : 10.1163 / 156852909X460447 . ISSN 1568 - 5292 . Jump up ^ Sanora Babb ( Ken Burns ) Jump up ^ Published by the Simon S. Lubin Society of California as a pamphlet entitled `` Their Blood is Strong . '' Republished 1988 by Heyday as `` The Harvest Gypsies : On the Road to the Grapes of Wrath . '' Source : Cordyack . ^ Jump up to : Cordyack , Brian . `` 20th - Century American Bestsellers : John Steinbeck , The Grapes of Wrath '' . Graduate School of Library and Information Science , University of Illinois , Urbana - Champaign . Retrieved February 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ DeMott , Robert ( 1992 ) . Robert DeMott 's Introduction to The Grapes of Wrath . Viking Penguin , a Division of Penguin Books . p. xviii . ISBN 0 - 14 - 018640 - 9 . Jump up ^ http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/8555 Jump up ^ Dana , Gioia . `` The Grapes of Wrath Radio Show -- Transcript '' . The Big Read . The National Endowment for the Arts . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Writer Richard Rodriguez discussed The Grapes of Wrath as The Great American Novel : `` There has n't been anything like this novel since it was written . And this is the great American novel that everyone keeps waiting for but it has been written now . '' Jump up ^ Lisca , Peter ( 1958 ) . `` The Wide World of John Steinbeck '' . Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . Jump up ^ Shillinglaw , Susan ; Benson , Jackson J ( February 2 , 2002 ) . `` Of Men and Their Making : The Non-Fiction Of John Steinbeck '' . London : Penguin . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All Time 100 Novels '' . Time . October 16 , 2005 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 100 novels everyone should read '' . The Daily Telegraph . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Read '' , BBC , April 2003 . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 Jump up ^ Nixon , Rob . `` The Grapes of Wrath '' . This Month Spotlight . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Spielberg eyes Grapes of Wrath '' . guardian.co.uk. 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Spielberg in talks to remake ' The Grapes Of Wrath ' '' . nme.com. 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Sleeve notes from No. 2 Patrick Street , Green Linnet SIF 1088 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Symynkywicz , Jeffery B. ( 2008 ) . The Gospel According to Bruce Springsteen : Rock and Redemption , from Asbury Park to Magic . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 0 - 664 - 23169 - 1 . p. 122 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Gaughan Discography Outlaws & Dreamers ( 2001 ) '' , Retrieved 8th October 2015 Jump up ^ Michael Anthony , `` ' Grapes ' is a sweet , juicy production '' , Minneapolis Star Tribune , 2 / 12 / 2007 Jump up ^ Books The Answer The Bad Religion Page -- Since 1995 Jump up ^ `` American Playhouse '' The Grapes of Wrath ( TV Episode 1991 ) , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 Jump up ^ Lawrence Bommer , `` Sending Up Steinbeck , '' Chicago Reader , 11 / 8 / 1990 Bibliography ( edit ) Garcia , Reloy . `` The Rocky Road to Eldorado : The Journey Motif in John Steinbeck 's The Grapes of Wrath . '' Steinbeck Quarterly 14.03 - 04 ( Summer / Fall 1981 ) : 83 - 93 Gregory , James N. `` Dust Bowl Legacies : the Okie Impact on California , 1939 -- 1989 '' . California History 1989 68 ( 3 ) : 74 -- 85 . ISSN 0162 - 2897 Henkel , Scott . `` A Seditious Proposal . '' The Grapes of Wrath : A Reconsideration ' Vol. 1 . Ed . Michael J. Meyer . Amsterdam : Rodopi , 2009 . 219 - 42 . Saxton , Alexander . `` In Dubious Battle : Looking Backward '' . Pacific Historical Review 2004 73 ( 2 ) : 249 -- 262 . ISSN 0030 - 8684 Fulltext : online at Swetswise , Ingenta , Ebsco Sobchack , Vivian C. `` The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) : Thematic Emphasis Through Visual Style '' . American Quarterly 1979 31 ( 5 ) : 596 -- 615 . ISSN 0003 - 0678 Fulltext : in Jstor . Discusses the visual style of John Ford 's cinematic adaptation of the novel . Usually the movie is examined in terms of its literary roots or its social protest . But the imagery of the film reveals the important theme of the Joad family 's coherence . The movie shows the family in closeups , cramped in small spaces on a cluttered screen , isolated from the land and their surroundings . Dim lighting helps abstract the Joad family from the reality of Dust Bowl migrants . The film 's emotional and aesthetic power comes from its generalized quality attained through this visual style . Windschuttle , Keith . `` Steinbeck 's Myth of the Okies '' . The New Criterion , Vol. 20 , No. 10 , June 2002 . Zirakzadeh , Cyrus Ernesto . `` John Steinbeck on the Political Capacities of Everyday Folk : Moms , Reds , and Ma Joad 's Revolt '' . Polity 2004 36 ( 4 ) : 595 -- 618 . ISSN 0032 - 3497 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Grapes of Wrath . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck in the Santa Cruz Mountains -- A history of Steinbeck 's life living in the Santa Cruz Mountain 's while writing The Grapes of Wrath 2 short radio episodes `` Spring in California '' and `` Route 66 '' from The Grapes of Wrath , California Legacy Project . `` The Grapes of Wrath revisited , '' ( videos ) The Guardian ( Chris McGreal journeys along Route 66 -- following the path of the Joads , of John Steinbeck 's The Grapes of Wrath , to compare that account of the Great Depression with today 's United States under President Barack Obama . Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture -- Grapes of Wrath National Public Radio : Grapes of Wrath , Present at the Creation Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory The Grapes of Wrath on Open Library at the Internet Archive `` National Steinbeck Center in Salinas , CA '' . steinbeck.org . National Steinbeck Center . Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 1918 -- 1925 His Family by Ernest Poole ( 1918 ) The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington ( 1919 ) The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton ( 1921 ) Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington ( 1922 ) One of Ours by Willa Cather ( 1923 ) The Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson ( 1924 ) So Big by Edna Ferber ( 1925 ) 1926 -- 1950 Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis ( declined ) ( 1926 ) Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield ( 1927 ) The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder ( 1928 ) Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin ( 1929 ) Laughing Boy by Oliver La Farge ( 1930 ) Years of Grace by Margaret Ayer Barnes ( 1931 ) The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck ( 1932 ) The Store by Thomas Sigismund Stribling ( 1933 ) Lamb in His Bosom by Caroline Pafford Miller ( 1934 ) Now in November by Josephine Winslow Johnson ( 1935 ) Honey in the Horn by Harold L. Davis ( 1936 ) Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell ( 1937 ) The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand ( 1938 ) The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings ( 1939 ) The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck ( 1940 ) In This Our Life by Ellen Glasgow ( 1942 ) Dragon 's Teeth by Upton Sinclair ( 1943 ) Journey in the Dark by Martin Flavin ( 1944 ) A Bell for Adano by John Hersey ( 1945 ) All the King 's Men by Robert Penn Warren ( 1947 ) Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener ( 1948 ) Guard of Honor by James Gould Cozzens ( 1949 ) The Way West by A.B. Guthrie Jr. ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 The Town by Conrad Richter ( 1951 ) The Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk ( 1952 ) The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway ( 1953 ) A Fable by William Faulkner ( 1955 ) Andersonville by MacKinlay Kantor ( 1956 ) A Death in the Family by James Agee ( 1958 ) The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters by Robert Lewis Taylor ( 1959 ) Advise and Consent by Allen Drury ( 1960 ) To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee ( 1961 ) The Edge of Sadness by Edwin O'Connor ( 1962 ) The Reivers by William Faulkner ( 1963 ) The Keepers of the House by Shirley Ann Grau ( 1965 ) The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter ( 1966 ) The Fixer by Bernard Malamud ( 1967 ) The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron ( 1968 ) House Made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday ( 1969 ) The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford by Jean Stafford ( 1970 ) Angle of Repose by Wallace Stegner ( 1972 ) The Optimist 's Daughter by Eudora Welty ( 1973 ) The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Humboldt 's Gift by Saul Bellow ( 1976 ) Elbow Room by James Alan McPherson ( 1978 ) The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever ( 1979 ) The Executioner 's Song by Norman Mailer ( 1980 ) A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole ( 1981 ) Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike ( 1982 ) The Color Purple by Alice Walker ( 1983 ) Ironweed by William Kennedy ( 1984 ) Foreign Affairs by Alison Lurie ( 1985 ) Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry ( 1986 ) A Summons to Memphis by Peter Taylor ( 1987 ) Beloved by Toni Morrison ( 1988 ) Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler ( 1989 ) The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Oscar Hijuelos ( 1990 ) Rabbit at Rest by John Updike ( 1991 ) A Thousand Acres by Jane Smiley ( 1992 ) A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain by Robert Olen Butler ( 1993 ) The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx ( 1994 ) The Stone Diaries by Carol Shields ( 1995 ) Independence Day by Richard Ford ( 1996 ) Martin Dressler : The Tale of an American Dreamer by Steven Millhauser ( 1997 ) American Pastoral by Philip Roth ( 1998 ) The Hours by Michael Cunningham ( 1999 ) Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay by Michael Chabon ( 2001 ) Empire Falls by Richard Russo ( 2002 ) Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides ( 2003 ) The Known World by Edward P. Jones ( 2004 ) Gilead by Marilynne Robinson ( 2005 ) March by Geraldine Brooks ( 2006 ) The Road by Cormac McCarthy ( 2007 ) The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Díaz ( 2008 ) Olive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout ( 2009 ) Tinkers by Paul Harding ( 2010 ) A Visit from the Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan ( 2011 ) No award given ( 2012 ) The Orphan Master 's Son by Adam Johnson ( 2013 ) The Goldfinch by Donna Tartt ( 2014 ) All the Light We Cannot See by Anthony Doerr ( 2015 ) The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Nguyen ( 2016 ) The Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead ( 2017 ) Works by John Steinbeck Novels and novellas Cup of Gold ( 1929 ) The Red Pony ( 1933 ) To a God Unknown ( 1933 ) Tortilla Flat ( 1935 ) In Dubious Battle ( 1936 ) Of Mice and Men ( 1937 ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) The Moon Is Down ( 1942 ) Cannery Row ( 1945 ) The Wayward Bus ( 1947 ) The Pearl ( 1947 ) Burning Bright ( 1950 ) East of Eden ( 1952 ) Sweet Thursday ( 1954 ) The Short Reign of Pippin IV : A Fabrication ( 1957 ) The Winter of Our Discontent ( 1961 ) The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights ( 1976 ) Short story collections The Pastures of Heaven ( 1932 ) The Long Valley ( 1938 ) Screenplays The Forgotten Village ( 1941 ) The Pearl ( 1947 ) The Red Pony ( 1949 ) Viva Zapata ! ( 1952 ) Adaptations Of Mice and Men Of Mice and Men ( 1937 play ) Of Mice and Men ( 1939 film ) Of Mice and Men ( 1969 opera ) Of Mice and Men ( 1992 film ) Best Laid Plans ( 2012 film ) The Grapes of Wrath The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 film ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1988 play ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 2007 opera ) The Red Pony The Red Pony ( 1949 film ) The Red Pony ( 1949 film score ) The Red Pony ( 1973 film ) Other Tortilla Flat ( 1942 film ) The Moon Is Down ( 1943 film ) La perla ( The Pearl ) ( 1947 film ) East of Eden ( 1955 film ) The Wayward Bus ( 1957 film ) East of Eden ( 1981 miniseries ) Cannery Row ( 1982 film ) The Winter of Our Discontent ( 1983 film ) In Dubious Battle ( 2016 film ) Non-fiction Sea of Cortez : A Leisurely Journal of Travel and Research ( 1941 ) Bombs Away : The Story of a Bomber Team ( 1942 ) A Russian Journal ( 1948 ) The Log from the Sea of Cortez ( 1951 ) Once There Was a War ( 1958 ) Travels with Charley ( 1962 ) America and Americans ( 1966 ) Journal of a Novel : The East of Eden Letters ( 1969 ) John Steinbeck 's The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) Characters Tom Joad Jim Casy Grandpa William James Joad Ruthie Joad Connie Rivers Muley Graves Performances The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 film ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1988 play ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 2007 opera ) Music `` The Ghost of Tom Joad '' Dust Bowl Ballads ( `` Tom Joad '' `` Do Re Mi '' ) `` Pastures of Plenty '' Dust and Dreams Related Great Depression Dust Bowl Blue Willow `` Over Logging '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' VIAF : 178502508 LCCN : no2008156136 GND : 4305432 - 8 SUDOC : 02736304X BNF : cb119421113 ( data ) BNE : XX2043346 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grapes_of_Wrath&oldid=837224473 '' Categories : 1939 American novels Culture of Bakersfield , California U.S. Route 66 Novels set in Oklahoma Novels set in California History of Southern California Great Plains American novels adapted into films Novels by John Steinbeck National Book Award for Fiction winning works Pulitzer Prize for the Novel - winning works Dust Bowl Great Depression novels American novels adapted into plays Viking Press books The Grapes of Wrath Novels adapted into operas Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2014 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2014 Articles with Open Library links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote تۆرکجه Башҡортса Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 14 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the book the grapes of wrath | [
"The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939.[2] The book won the National Book Award[3] and Pulitzer Prize[4] for fiction, and it was cited prominently when Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962.[5]"
] | [
"John Steinbeck"
] |
-1186422901711599991 | Dear Dumb Diary (film) | Dear Dumb Diary ( film ) - wikipedia Dear Dumb Diary ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dear Dumb Diary Directed by Kristin Hanggi Produced by Jim Bechtold Sean Gesell Don Schain Brian Wells Written by Jim Benton Kristin Hanggi Based on Dear Dumb Diary by Jim Benton Starring Emily Alyn Lind Mary - Charles Jones David Mazouz Sterling Griffith James Waterston Lea DeLaria Maddie Corman Laura Bell Bundy Jeffrey Hanson Tom Markus Music by Steven Argila Edited by Dan Schalk Production company Zucker Productions Walden Media Triple D Productions Distributed by The Hallmark Channel Walden Media Arc Entertainment Release date September 6 , 2013 Country United States Language English Dear Dumb Diary is a Hallmark Channel TV movie based on the book series of the same name by Jim Benton . It stars Emily Alyn Lind as Jamie Kelly , a seventh - grader who documents her experiences at Mackerel Middle School in her diary , as well as Mary - Charles Jones as her best friend Isabella and Sterling Griffith as popular girl Angeline . First airing on the Hallmark Channel in September 6 , 2013 , the movie received mixed reviews . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Music 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Jamie Kelly is a student at Mackerel Middle School . Her closest relationships include her best friend Isabella Vinchella , her ' nemesis ' Angeline and her love interest Hudson Rivers . Upon finding out that budget cuts are taking away the art class , she inadvertently signs up for the Jump - A-Thon , which Angeline is also participating in . Jamie and Isabella go door - to - door asking for donations , with Isabella also getting donations for a donation group she refers to as the `` Juvenile Optometry Federation '' Meanwhile , her Aunt Carol applies for a job as a secretary after Jamie accidentally injures an older secretary in Assistant Principal Devon 's office . Aunt Carol starts dating and Jamie tries to figure out who this mysterious date is . Meanwhile , Angeline appears to be hanging around Jamie a bit more , which Jamie assumes is something evil or manipulative going on . Jamie attempts to steal Angeline 's permanent record , trying to find things to use against Angeline . Just days prior to the Jump - A-Thon , Jamie finds out that Isabella lied about the `` Juvenile Optometry Federation '' and was just using the money to buy herself some contact lenses , which turn out to be faulty . At the Jump - A-Thon , Jamie learns that Angeline , despite all the sponsors she has received for the Jump - A-Thon , can not do jump - rope . Against her own preferences , she decides to help Angeline and gets Isabella to help Angeline too . Her family has a gathering at her house in which several of the teachers are invited . At this party , she learns that the mystery boyfriend of Aunt Carol is none other than Assistant Principal Devon , whom she soon learns is Angeline 's `` Uncle Dan '' when he announces that he & Aunt Carol are engaged . This disturbs Jamie upon learning that she may end up being Angeline 's cousin . Isabella then reveals that she started up a charity called the `` Juvenile Optometry Federation '' Jamie tells Angeline that she had taken her permanent record , but has returned it , Angeline in turn telling Jamie that she 's still taking Hudson to the wedding . Cast ( edit ) Emily Alyn Lind as Jamie Kelly Katy Jensen as Adult Jamie Mary - Charles Jones as Isabella Sterling Griffith as Angeline David Mazouz as Hudson Rivers Carson Oliver as Mike Pinsetti James Waterston as Assistant Principal Devon Laura Bell Bundy as Aunt Carol Jacque Gray as Miss Anderson Lea DeLaria as Ms. Bruntford Maddie Corman as Mrs. Kelly Jeffrey Hanson as Mr. Kelly Tom Markus as Mr Vandoy Duane Stephens as Coach Dover Production ( edit ) The movie was first announced on Jim Benton 's website . The movie utilizes plot - lines and aspects from various instalments in the Dear Dumb Diary . The main storylines of the Jump - A-Thon and Aunt Carol 's mystery date originate from Never Do Anything , Ever and Can Adults Become Human , respectively . The side story of Jamie stealing Angeline 's permanent record is borrowed from Let 's Pretend This Never Happened , while the `` zone - shampooing '' gag originates from a storyline in Am I The Princess Or The Frog . Three of the original songs , `` Dear Future Jamie , '' `` My Awesomeness is Awesome , '' and `` Meatloaf Mystery , '' were written by Dan Mackenzie . Other songs were written by Steven Argila and Seth Freeman . Music ( edit ) The songs include : Dear Dumb Diary - performed by Emily Alyn Lind Same Girl - performed by Emily Alyn Lind Just A Number - performed by Emily Alyn Lind My Awesomeness Is Awesome - performed by Emily Alyn Lind May The Dumb Be With You - performed by Emily Alyn Lind Dear Future Jamie - performed by Emily Alyn Lind Meatloaf Mystery - performed by Lea DeLaria Perfect People Of The World - performed by Emily Alyn Lind Paparazzi - performed by Emily Alyn Lind Love Is Everything - performed by Lea Andreone The soundtrack includes `` Score Suite for Dear Dumb Diary '' performed by Steven Argila , the film 's composer , and `` Dear Dumb Diary ( Karaoke Mix ) '' by Emily Alyn Lind . Reception ( edit ) The movie has mixed reviews , with an audience rating of 57 % on Rotten Tomatoes , whilst IMDb has gotten a rating of 5.8 out of 10 for the film based on rankings of the film . Common Sense Media has given the film 4 / 5 however , stating `` Books - inspired movie has great social messages for kids '' . Pretty Famous has ranked the movie 49 % References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dear Dumb Diary '' . www.jimbenton.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - `` Dear Dumb Diary , '' a Hallmark Channel Original Movie Starring Emily Alyn Lind and Mary - Charles Jones , Begins Production in Salt Lake City TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hanggi , Kristin ( 2013 - 09 - 06 ) , Dear Dumb Diary , retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 Jump up ^ `` Dear Dumb Diary ( 2013 ) Movie Script SS '' . Springfield ! Springfield ! . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dear Dumb Diary '' . jimbenton.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Dear Dumb Diary Original Soundtrack www.allmusic.com Jump up ^ Hanggi , Kristin ( 2013 - 09 - 06 ) , Dear Dumb Diary , retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 Jump up ^ `` Dear Dumb Diary Soundtrack ( 2013 ) '' . www.soundtrack.net . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Dear Dumb Diary '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Hanggi , Kristin ( 2013 - 09 - 06 ) , Dear Dumb Diary , retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 Jump up ^ `` Dear Dumb Diary - Movie Review '' . www.commonsensemedia.org . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dear Dumb Diary - '' . movies.prettyfamous.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Dear Dumb Diary on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dear_Dumb_Diary_(film)&oldid=806873214 '' Categories : English - language films Hallmark Channel original films Films based on American novels Films based on children 's books 2013 films 2013 television films Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from January 2016 All articles to be expanded Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 17 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays aunt carol in dear dumb diary | [
"\nEmily Alyn Lind as Jamie Kelly\n\nKaty Jensen as Adult Jamie\n\n\nMary-Charles Jones as Isabella\nSterling Griffith as Angeline\nDavid Mazouz as Hudson Rivers\nCarson Oliver as Mike Pinsetti\nJames Waterston as Assistant Principal Devon\nLaura Bell Bundy as Aunt Carol\nJacque Gray as Miss Anderson\nLea DeLaria as Ms. Bruntford\nMaddie Corman as Mrs. Kelly\nJeffrey Hanson as Mr. Kelly\nTom Markus as Mr Vandoy\nDuane Stephens as Coach Dover\n"
] | [
"Laura Bell Bundy"
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730759591445168958 | Ginnifer Goodwin | Ginnifer Goodwin - wikipedia Ginnifer Goodwin Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Jennie Goodwin . Ginnifer Goodwin Goodwin at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International . Jennifer Michelle Goodwin ( 1978 - 05 - 22 ) May 22 , 1978 ( age 39 ) Memphis , Tennessee , U.S. Alma mater Boston University Occupation Actress Years active 2000 -- present Spouse ( s ) Josh Dallas ( m . 2014 ) Children Jennifer Michelle `` Ginnifer '' Goodwin ( born May 22 , 1978 ) is an American actress . She is known for playing Margene Heffman in the drama series Big Love ( 2006 -- 2011 ) , Snow White in the fantasy series Once Upon a Time ( 2011 -- 2017 ) , and Judy Hopps in the Disney animated film Zootopia . Goodwin also appeared in various films including Mona Lisa Smile , Something Borrowed , Walk the Line , Killing Kennedy , and He 's Just Not That Into You . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 Theatre 6 Awards and nominations 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Goodwin was born in Memphis , Tennessee . Her mother , Linda ( née Kantor ) , is a former educator and stay - at - home mom who later worked for FedEx and Apple . Her father , Tim Goodwin , formerly owned and operated a recording studio . Goodwin changed her name from `` Jennifer '' to `` Ginnifer '' to distinguish her name , and to assist in pronunciation of her name in her regional dialect . Her younger sister , Melissa Goodwin , is a stop motion animator on shows such as Robot Chicken , on which Ginnifer has also appeared as voice talent . Her father is Christian , of English descent and a distant relative of the British royal family . Ginnifer is 11th cousin to Diana , Princess of Wales and 12th cousin to Princes William and Harry . Ginnifer 's mother is of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry . Goodwin was raised attending synagogue on Saturdays and Unitarian church on Sundays . She was both baptized and had a bat mitzvah service . In her youth , Goodwin was affiliated with the North American Federation of Temple Youth , and was active in BBYO at the Jewish Community Center in Memphis . She went to school at St. Mary 's Episcopal School in Memphis , Tennessee . She then graduated from Lausanne Collegiate School in 1996 , then attended Hanover College ( majoring in Theater ) for one year before moving on to earn her Bachelor of Fine Arts from Boston University . While a student at BU , she performed in numerous student short films , as well as several college and local stage productions . Goodwin was given the `` Excellence in Acting : Professional Promise Award '' by the Bette Davis Foundation , and graduated with honors . After her time at Boston University , she studied in England at Stratford Upon - Avon 's Shakespeare Institute , in conjunction with the Royal Shakespeare Company . The following year she earned an `` Acting Shakespeare Certificate '' at London 's Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . Career ( edit ) Goodwin first had roles in the popular NBC television programs Law & Order and Ed before appearing in the Comedy Central television movie Porn ' n Chicken . She later had substantial roles in the films Mona Lisa Smile , Win a Date with Tad Hamilton ! , Walk the Line -- in which she portrayed Vivian Liberto , Johnny Cash 's first wife -- and Birds of America . She also played Dori Dumchovic in the dark comedy Love Comes to the Executioner . Goodwin played a leading role as Margene Heffman , the third wife in a polygamous family , on the HBO original series Big Love , which concluded on March 20 , 2011 . Goodwin has recurring voice roles in the Adult Swim show Robot Chicken , the animation of which her younger sister Melissa Goodwin is involved . In 2008 , Max Mara honored Goodwin with a `` Face of the Future '' award , an award recognizing up and coming women in film . Goodwin played Gigi in He 's Just Not That into You , which was released in February 2009 . For this role , she received a nomination for the People 's Choice Award for Breakout Movie Actress . In April 2009 she began filming Ramona and Beezus ( playing `` Aunt Bea '' ) . From 2011 to 2017 , Goodwin played a leading role in the ABC fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time . She played both the fairy tale heroine Snow White and her real world counterpart , schoolteacher Mary Margaret Blanchard . Goodwin and husband Josh Dallas exited the show at the end of its sixth season to move back to Los Angeles with their family . Goodwin voiced Judy Hopps , the protagonist rabbit police officer in Disney 's Zootopia . In January 2017 , it was announced that Goodwin had been cast as Marianne in the Los Angeles production of Constellations . The play ran from June 14 to July 23 , 2017 at the Geffen Playhouse . Personal life ( edit ) Goodwin dated actor Joey Kern and they became engaged in December 2010 . They ended the engagement in May 2011 . Goodwin subsequently began dating her Once Upon a Time co-star Josh Dallas in fall 2011 . Goodwin and Dallas became engaged in October 2013 , and married on April 12 , 2014 in California . Goodwin and her husband have two sons , one born in 2014 the other born in 2016 . In 2013 , Goodwin stated that after leaving Memphis , she `` ... up and left Judaism for a very long time , '' and that , `` For 10 years , there was nothing . No ritual . No tradition . No community . '' She later reconnected with her faith , and has said , `` I was a Jew by birth , and now I 'm a Jew by choice . '' Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 Mona Lisa Smile Constance `` Connie '' Baker Win a Date with Tad Hamilton ! Cathy Feely 2005 Walk the Line Vivian Liberto 2006 Love Comes to the Executioner Dori Dumchovic 2007 In the Land of Women Janey Day Zero Molly Rifkin 2008 Birds of America Ida Tanager 2009 He 's Just Not That Into You Gigi Phillips A Single Man Mrs. Strunk Ramona and Beezus Aunt `` Bea '' Beatrice 2011 Take Me Home Tonight Banky Something Borrowed Rachel White 2014 Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast Fawn ( voice ) 2016 Zootopia Judy Hopps ( voice ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Law & Order Erica Episode : `` Myth of Fingerprints '' 2001 -- 03 Ed Diane Snyder 25 episodes 2002 Porn ' n Chicken Maya Television film 2005 Robot Chicken Various ( voice ) 7 episodes 2006 -- 11 Big Love Margene Heffman 53 episodes 2007 Big Love : In the Beginning Margene Heffman 2 episodes 2009 Crappy Holidays Presents ... Episode : `` Crappy Easter '' 2011 SpongeBob SquarePants Purple Haired Mermaid ( voice ) Episode : `` Welcome to the Bikini Bottom Triangle '' Margene 's Blog Margene Henrickson Episode : `` Crush Story '' Five Charlotte Television film 2011 -- 17 Once Upon a Time Mary Margaret Blanchard / Snow White Main Role ( Season 1 - 6 ) 129 episodes 2012 Electric City Jean Marie St. Cloud 20 episodes 2013 Killing Kennedy Jacqueline Kennedy Television film 2014 Sofia the First Gwen ( voice ) Episode : `` Gizmo Gwen '' 2015 Who Do You Think You Are ? Herself Documentary series Episode : `` Ginnifer Goodwin '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role 2015 Disney Infinity 3.0 Judy Hopps Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Venue 2017 Constellations Marianne Geffen Playhouse Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Production Result People 's Choice Award Favorite Breakout Movie Actress Nominated 2011 Teen Choice Award Choice Movie Actress : Romantic Comedy Something Borrowed Nominated 2012 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Once Upon a Time Nominated 2013 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Once Upon a Time Nominated People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Drama Actress Once Upon a Time Nominated 2014 People 's Choice Award Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Once Upon a Time Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Once Upon a Time Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actress Once Upon a Time Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Duo ( along with Josh Dallas ) Once Upon a Time Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actress Once Upon a Time Nominated 2016 Voice Arts TM Awards Outstanding Motion Picture Animation , Best Voiceover Zootopia Won 2016 Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Animated Female Zootopia Won 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Animated Movie Voice Zootopia Nominated 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Frenemies ( shared with Jason Bateman ) Zootopia Won Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tied with Auli'i Cravalho for Moana References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ginnifer Goodwin '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hanh Nguyen ( 19 March 2011 ) . `` Big Love Star Ginnifer Goodwin 's Surprise Name Change '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Ginnifer Goodwin Biography - Yahoo ! Movies '' . Movies.yahoo.com. 1978 - 05 - 22 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Pellettieri , Courtney ( May 2010 ) . `` Meals My Mother Taught Me '' . InStyle . Time Inc. 17 ( 5 ) : 324 -- 325 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Nate . `` Interfaith Celebrities : Ginnifer Goodwin Re-Discovers Judaism ; R '' . InterfaithFamily . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Stated by Goodwin on the Late Show with David Letterman , Wednesday , March 18 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Waters , David ( 2013 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin comes ' home ' to Jewish faith '' . Faith in Memphis . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ginnifer Goodwin . W Magazine . Retrieved on 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Jews in the Limelight '' . Generationj.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Barbaverde123 ( 15 August 2006 ) . `` Love Comes to the Executioner ( 2006 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Leisa Barnett ( 2008 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin wins MaxMara award ( Vogue.com UK ) '' . Vogue.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 People 's Choice Award Nominees Revealed ; Neil Patrick Harris , Hugh Jackman & Green Day Honored '' . BWW News Desk . November 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Anthony J. ( March 4 , 2009 ) . `` Today 's new movie announcements . '' . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time 's Jennifer Morrison , Ginnifer Goodwin & Co. on Their Literal `` Dream '' Project '' from TV Line ( July 25 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Johnson , Diedre ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` After Once Upon a Time and Downton Abbey , Ginnifer Goodwin and Allen Leech Star on Stage '' . Paste . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ginnifer Goodwin Joins Jason Bateman in Disney Animation 's ' Zootopia ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . The Hollywood Reporter . May 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Chris ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin Set for ' Constellations ' at Geffen Playhouse '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Premiere Of `` Constellations '' At The Geffen Playhouse Extends Through July 23 `` . Westside Today . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Blaine ( December 24 , 2010 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin Is Engaged ! '' . People . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Blaine ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin and Fiancé Break Up '' . People . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach . `` Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas Make Red Carpet Debut as a Couple ! '' . UsMagazine.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Julie ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin Engaged to Josh Dallas '' . People . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michaud , Sarah ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin Marries Josh Dallas '' . People . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Julie ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas Are Parents of Baby Boy '' . People . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time 's Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas Welcome Baby No. 2 '' . ENews . June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Avalanche Software . Disney Infinity 3.0 . Scene : Closing credits , 5 : 29 in , Featuring the Voice Talents of . Jump up ^ http://sovas.org/1309-2/ Jump up ^ `` 2016 AWFJ EDA Award Winners Alliance of Women Film Journalists '' . awfj.org . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 : Full Nominees and Winners List '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ginnifer Goodwin . Ginnifer Goodwin on IMDb Ginnifer Goodwin at AllMovie VIAF : 61847735 LCCN : no2004095612 ISNI : 0000 0001 0907 9518 GND : 142539511 SUDOC : 113134398 BNF : cb15117684f ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ginnifer_Goodwin&oldid=801199944 '' Categories : 1978 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Memphis , Tennessee Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art American film actresses American people of Jewish descent American people of Welsh descent American television actresses American voice actresses American Shakespearean actresses American Unitarians Boston University College of Fine Arts alumni Hanover College alumni Jewish American actresses Lausanne Collegiate School alumni Living people Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 08 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | actress who plays snow white on once upon a time | [
"Jennifer Michelle \"Ginnifer\" Goodwin[1] (born May 22, 1978)[2] is an American actress. She is known for playing Margene Heffman in the drama series Big Love (2006–2011), Snow White in the fantasy series Once Upon a Time (2011–2017), and Judy Hopps in the Disney animated film Zootopia. Goodwin also appeared in various films including Mona Lisa Smile, Something Borrowed, Walk the Line, Killing Kennedy, and He's Just Not That Into You."
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"Jennifer Michelle \"Ginnifer\" Goodwin"
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711260511039978365 | Magnetic declination | Magnetic declination - wikipedia Magnetic declination Example of magnetic declination showing a compass needle with a `` positive '' ( or `` easterly '' ) variation from geographic north . N is geographic or true north , N is magnetic north , and δ is magnetic declination Magnetic declination , or magnetic variation , is the angle on the horizontal plane between magnetic north ( the direction the north end of a compass needle points , corresponding to the direction of the Earth 's magnetic field lines ) and true north ( the direction along a meridian towards the geographic North Pole ) . This angle varies depending on position on the Earth 's surface and changes over time . Somewhat more formally , Bowditch defines variation as `` the angle between the magnetic and geographic meridians at any place , expressed in degrees and minutes east or west to indicate the direction of magnetic north from true north . The angle between magnetic and grid meridians is called grid magnetic angle , grid variation , or grivation . '' By convention , declination is positive when magnetic north is east of true north , and negative when it is to the west . Isogonic lines are lines on the Earth 's surface along which the declination has the same constant value , and lines along which the declination is zero are called agonic lines . The lowercase Greek letter δ ( delta ) is frequently used as the symbol for magnetic declination . The term magnetic deviation is sometimes used loosely to mean the same as magnetic declination , but more correctly it refers to the error in a compass reading induced by nearby metallic objects , such as iron on board a ship or aircraft . Magnetic declination should not be confused with magnetic inclination , also known as magnetic dip , which is the angle that the Earth 's magnetic field lines make with the downward side of the horizontal plane . Contents 1 Declination change over time and location 2 Determining declination 2.1 Direct measurement 2.2 Determination from maps and models 2.3 Software 3 Using the declination 3.1 Adjustable compasses 3.2 Non-adjustable compasses 4 Navigation 4.1 Deviation 4.2 Air navigation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Declination change over time and location ( edit ) Magnetic declination varies both from place to place and with the passage of time . As a traveller cruises the east coast of the United States , for example , the declination varies from 16 degrees west in Maine , to 6 in Florida , to 0 degrees in Louisiana , to 4 degrees east ( in Texas ) . The declination at London , UK is one degree 7 minutes west ( 2014 ) , and as the country is quite small that figure is fairly good for the whole of the country . It is reducing , and scientists predict that in about 2050 it will be zero . In most areas , the spatial variation reflects the irregularities of the flows deep in the Earth ; in some areas , deposits of iron ore or magnetite in the Earth 's crust may contribute strongly to the declination . Similarly , secular changes to these flows result in slow changes to the field strength and direction at the same point on the Earth . Level curves drawn on a declination map to denote the magnetic declination , described by signed degrees . Each level curve is an isogonic line . NIMA Magnetic Variation Map 2000 The magnetic declination in a given area may ( most likely will ) change slowly over time , possibly as little as 2 -- 2.5 degrees every hundred years or so , depending upon how far from the magnetic poles it is . For a location closer to the pole like Ivujivik , the declination may change by 1 degree every three years . This may be insignificant to most travellers , but can be important if using magnetic bearings from old charts or metes ( directions ) in old deeds for locating places with any precision . As an example of how variation changes over time , see the two charts of the same area ( western end of Long Island Sound ) , below , surveyed 124 years apart . The 1884 chart shows a variation of 8 degrees , 20 minutes West . The 2008 chart shows 13 degrees , 15 minutes West . Western Long Island Sound , 1884 Western Long Island Sound , 2008 Determining declination ( edit ) Magnetic declination indicated on an Israeli map . The arrows show true north , grid north and magnetic north , and the caption explains that the average yearly change in the magnetic declination is 0 ° 03 ′ eastward . Direct measurement ( edit ) Antique declinometer The magnetic declination at any particular place can be measured directly by reference to the celestial poles -- the points in the heavens around which the stars appear to revolve , which mark the direction of true north and true south . The instrument used to perform this measurement is known as a declinometer . The approximate position of the north celestial pole is indicated by Polaris ( the North Star ) . In the northern hemisphere , declination can therefore be approximately determined as the difference between the magnetic bearing and a visual bearing on Polaris . Polaris currently traces a circle 0.73 ° in radius around the north celestial pole , so this technique is accurate to within a degree . At high latitudes a plumb - bob is helpful to sight Polaris against a reference object close to the horizon , from which its bearing can be taken . Determination from maps and models ( edit ) A rough estimate of the local declination ( within a few degrees ) can be determined from a general isogonic chart of the world or a continent , such as those illustrated above . Isogonic lines are also shown on aeronautical and nautical charts . Larger - scale local maps may indicate current local declination , often with the aid of a schematic diagram . Unless the area depicted is very small , declination may vary measurably over the extent of the map , so the data may be referred to a specific location on the map . The current rate and direction of change may also be shown , for example in arcminutes per year . The same diagram may show the angle of grid north ( the direction of the map 's north - south grid lines ) , which may differ from true north . On the topographic maps of the U.S. Geological Survey ( USGS ) , for example , a diagram shows the relationship between magnetic north in the area concerned ( with an arrow marked `` MN '' ) and true north ( a vertical line with a five - pointed star at its top ) , with a label near the angle between the MN arrow and the vertical line , stating the size of the declination and of that angle , in degrees , mils , or both . A prediction of the current magnetic declination for a given location ( based on a worldwide empirical model of the deep flows described above ) can be obtained online from a web page operated by the National Geophysical Data Center , a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States . This model is built with all the information available to the map - makers at the start of the five - year period it is prepared for . It reflects a highly predictable rate of change , and is usually more accurate than a map -- which is likely months or years out of date -- and almost never less accurate . Software ( edit ) The National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency ( NGA ) provides source code written in C that is based on the World Magnetic Model ( WMM ) . The source code is free to download and includes a data file updated every five years to account for movement of the magnetic north pole . Using the declination ( edit ) Adjustable compasses ( edit ) Adjustable compass set to a declination of 0 ° and a bearing of 307 ° A magnetic compass points to magnetic north , not geographic north . Compasses of the style commonly used for hiking usually include a `` baseplate '' marked with a bezel that includes a graduated scale of degrees along with the four cardinal directions . Most advanced or costlier compasses include a declination adjustment . Such an adjustment moves the red `` orienting arrow '' ( found on the base of the liquid filled cylinder that contains the needle ) relative to the bezel and the baseplate . Either the cylinder has a mark to read against the scale of degrees on the baseplate , or a separate scale displays the current adjustment in degrees ( i.e. , the angle by which it has turned ) . In either case , the underlying concept is that for a declination of 10 ° W , the red orienting arrow on the cylinder must lie 10 ° W of 0 ° / N on the bezel . ( Basically , in this case , you are permanently subtracting 10 ° from your future bearings to compensate for the − 10 ° declination . If your declination was 10 ° E you would rotate the baseplate 's red orienting arrow 10 ° E of 0 ° / N to compensate for the + 10 ° declination . ) In this sense , it can be said that the compass has been adjusted to indicate true north instead of magnetic north ( as long as the compass remains within an area on the same isogonic line ) . Non-adjustable compasses ( edit ) How to compensate for magnetic declination when reading a compass . In this example , the declination is 14 ° E ( + 14 ° ) , so the compass card points to a `` north '' 14 degrees to the East of true North . To obtain a true bearing , add 14 degrees to the bearing shown by the compass . To work with both true and magnetic bearings , the user of a non-adjustable compass needs to make simple calculations that take into account the local magnetic declination . The example on the left shows how you would convert a magnetic bearing ( one taken in the field using a non-adjustable compass ) to a true bearing ( one that you could plot on a map ) by adding the magnetic declination . The declination in the example is 14 ° E ( + 14 ° ) . If , instead , the declination was 14 ° W ( - 14 ° ) , you would still `` add '' it to the magnetic bearing to obtain the true bearing : 40 ° + ( - 14 ° ) = 26 ° . The opposite procedure is used in converting a true bearing to a magnetic bearing . With a local declination of 14 ° E , a true bearing ( perhaps taken from a map ) of 54 ° is converted to a magnetic bearing ( for use in the field ) by subtracting the declination : 54 ° - 14 ° = 40 ° . If , instead , the declination was 14 ° W ( - 14 ° ) , you would still `` subtract '' it from the true bearing to obtain the magnetic bearing : 54 ° - ( - 14 ° ) = 68 ° . Navigation ( edit ) On aircraft or vessels there are three types of bearing : true , magnetic , and compass bearing . Compass error is divided into two parts , namely magnetic variation and magnetic deviation , the latter originating from magnetic properties of the vessel or aircraft . Variation and deviation are signed quantities . As discussed above , positive ( easterly ) variation indicates that magnetic north is east of geographic north . Compass , magnetic and true bearings are related by : T = M + V ( \ displaystyle T = M + V ) M = C + D ( \ displaystyle M = C + D ) The general equation relating compass and true bearings is T = C + V + D ( \ displaystyle T = C + V + D ) Where C ( \ displaystyle C ) is Compass bearing M ( \ displaystyle M ) is Magnetic bearing T ( \ displaystyle T ) is True bearing V ( \ displaystyle V ) is Variation D ( \ displaystyle D ) is compass Deviation V < 0 , D < 0 ( \ displaystyle V < 0 , D < 0 ) for Westerly Variation and Deviation V > 0 , D > 0 ( \ displaystyle V > 0 , D > 0 ) for Easterly Variation and Deviation To calculate true bearing from compass bearing ( and known deviation and variation ) : Compass bearing + deviation = magnetic bearing Magnetic bearing + variation = true bearing . To calculate compass bearing from true bearing ( and known deviation and variation ) : True bearing − variation = Magnetic bearing Magnetic bearing − deviation = Compass bearing . These rules are often combined with the mnemonic `` West is Best , East is least '' ; that is to say , add W declinations when going True headings to Magnetic Compass , and subtract E ones . Another simple way to remember which way to apply the correction for Continental USA is : For locations east of the agonic line ( zero declination ) , roughly east of the Mississippi : The magnetic bearing is always bigger . For locations west of the agonic line ( zero declination ) , roughly west of the Mississippi : The magnetic bearing is always smaller . Common abbreviations are : TC = true course ; V = variation ( of the Earth 's magnetic field ) ; MC = magnetic course ( what the course would be in the absence of local declination ) ; D = deviation caused by magnetic material ( mostly iron and steel ) on the vessel ; CC = compass course . Deviation ( edit ) Magnetic deviation is the angle from a given magnetic bearing to the related bearing mark of the compass . Deviation is positive if a compass bearing mark ( e.g. , compass north ) is right of the related magnetic bearing ( e.g. , magnetic north ) and vice versa . For example , if the boat is aligned to magnetic north and the compass ' north mark points 3 ° more east , deviation is + 3 ° . Deviation varies for every compass in the same location and depends on such factors as the magnetic field of the vessel , wristwatches , etc . The value also varies depending on the orientation of the boat . Magnets and / or iron masses can correct for deviation , so that a particular compass accurately displays magnetic bearings . More commonly , however , a correction card lists errors for the compass , which can then be compensated for arithmetically . Deviation must be added to compass bearing to obtain magnetic bearing . Air navigation ( edit ) Magnetic declination has a very important influence on air navigation , since the most simple aircraft navigation instruments are designed to determine headings by locating magnetic north through the use of a compass or similar magnetic device . Aviation sectionals ( maps / charts ) and databases used for air navigation are based on true north rather than magnetic north , and the constant and significant slight changes in the actual location of magnetic north and local irregularities in the planet 's magnetic field require that charts and databases be updated at least twice each year to reflect the current magnetic variation correction from true north . For example , as of March 2010 , near San Francisco , magnetic north is about 14.3 degrees east of true north , with the difference decreasing by about 6 minutes of arc per year . When plotting a course , most small aircraft pilots plot a trip using true north on a sectional ( map ) , then convert the true north bearings to magnetic north for in - plane navigation using the magnetic compass . During flight , the pilot derives the correct compass course by adding or subtracting the local variation displayed on a sectional . Radionavigation aids located on the ground , such as VORs , are also checked and updated to keep them aligned with magnetic north to allow pilots to use their magnetic compasses for accurate and reliable in - plane navigation . Runways are designated by a number between 01 and 36 , which is generally one tenth of the magnetic azimuth of the runway 's heading : a runway numbered 09 points east ( 90 ° ) , runway 18 is south ( 180 ° ) , runway 27 points west ( 270 ° ) and runway 36 points to the north ( 360 ° rather than 0 ° ) . However , due to magnetic declination , changes in runway designators have to occur at times to keep their designation in line with the runway 's magnetic heading . An exception is made for runways within the Northern Domestic Airspace of Canada ; these are numbered relative to true north because proximity to the magnetic North Pole makes the magnetic declination large . GPS systems used for air navigation can use magnetic north or true north . In order to make them more compatible with systems that depend on magnetic north , magnetic north is often chosen , at the pilot 's preference . The GPS receiver natively reads in true north , but can elegantly calculate magnetic north based on its true position and data tables ; the unit can then calculate the current location and direction of the north magnetic pole and ( potentially ) any local variations , if the GPS is set to use magnetic compass readings . See also ( edit ) Nautical portal Geomagnetism -- Wikipedia book Compass survey Geomagnetism L - shell Magnetic inclination Pole star Shen Kuo Voyages of Christopher Columbus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bowditch , Nathaniel ( 2002 ) . American Practical Navigator . Paradise Cay Publications . p. 849 . ISBN 9780939837540 . Jump up ^ `` Find the magnetic declination at your location '' . Magnetic-Declination.com . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Magnetic declination , what it is , how to compensate . Jump up ^ `` Estimated Value of Magnetic Declination '' . Geomagnetism . NOAA National Geophysical Data Center . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ According to NOAA Geophysical Data Center on - line model Jump up ^ Federal Aviation Administration Aeronautical Information Manual , Chapter 2 , Section 3 Airport Marking Aids and Signs part 3b Archived 2012 - 01 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) USGS Geomagnetism Program Looks up your IP address location and tells you your declination . Online declination calculator at the National Geophysical Data Center ( NGDC ) Online declination and field strength calculator at the NGDC Mobile web - app for magnetic declination at the NGDC Historical magnetic declination viewer at the NGDC Magnetic declination calculator at Natural Resources Canada A Google spreadsheet application to bulk calculate magnetic declination World Magnetic Model source code download site Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_declination&oldid=849565753 '' Categories : Orientation ( geometry ) Geomagnetism Angle Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 21 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | does a compass point to true north or magnetic north | [
"Magnetic declination, or magnetic variation, is the angle on the horizontal plane between magnetic north (the direction the north end of a compass needle points, corresponding to the direction of the Earth's magnetic field lines) and true north (the direction along a meridian towards the geographic North Pole). This angle varies depending on position on the Earth's surface and changes over time.\n"
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-9178226539070085535 | United States presidential election, 1924 | United states presidential election , 1924 - wikipedia United states presidential election , 1924 Jump to : navigation , search United States presidential election , 1924 ← 1920 November 4 , 1924 1928 → 531 electoral votes of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 48.9 % 0.3 pp Nominee Calvin Coolidge John W. Davis Robert M. La Follette Sr . Party Republican Democratic Progressive Home state Massachusetts West Virginia Wisconsin Running mate Charles G. Dawes Charles W. Bryan Burton K. Wheeler Electoral vote 382 136 13 States carried 35 12 Popular vote 15,723,789 8,386,242 4,831,706 Percentage 54.0 % 28.8 % 16.6 % Presidential election results map . Red denotes states won by Coolidge / Dawes , blue denotes those won by Davis / Bryan , light green denotes those won by La Follette / Wheeler . Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state . President before election Calvin Coolidge Republican Elected President Calvin Coolidge Republican The United States presidential election of 1924 was the 35th quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 4 , 1924 . Incumbent President Calvin Coolidge , the Republican candidate , was elected to a full term . Coolidge had been vice-president under Warren G. Harding and became president in 1923 when Harding died during his term in office . Coolidge was given credit for a booming economy at home and no visible crises abroad . His candidacy was aided by a split within the Democratic Party . The regular Democratic candidate was John W. Davis , a little - known former congressman and diplomat from West Virginia , and the only person from that state to ever become a candidate for President . Davis was also the first man from a former slave state ( including the border states ) to be a Presidential candidate since the Civil War , although Tennessee 's Andrew Johnson had served as President after Lincoln was assassinated . Since Davis was a conservative , many liberal Democrats bolted the party and backed the third - party campaign of Senator Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin , who ran as the candidate of the Progressive Party and by winning his home state became and remains the only person from Wisconsin to win an electoral vote for president . Garland S. Tucker , in a 2010 book , argues that the election marked the `` high tide of American conservatism , '' as both major candidates campaigned for limited government , reduced taxes , and less regulation . The third place candidate , Robert La Follette , however , campaigned on a contrary platform . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nominations 1.1 Republican Party nomination 1.2 Democratic Party nomination 1.3 Progressive Party nomination 2 Results 2.1 Geography of results 2.1. 1 Cartographic gallery 2.2 Results by state 2.3 Close States 2.3. 1 Statistics 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Nominations ( edit ) Republican party nomination ( edit ) Main article : 1924 Republican National Convention Republican candidates President Calvin Coolidge Senator Hiram Johnson from California Senator Robert M. La Follette from Wisconsin Governor Frank Orren Lowden of Illinois ( Declined to contest ) When Coolidge became president , he was fortunate to have had a stable cabinet that remained untarnished by the scandals of the Harding administration . He won public confidence by taking a hand in settling a serious Pennsylvania coal strike , even though much of the negotiation 's success was largely due to the state 's governor , Gifford Pinchot . However , the more conservative factions within the Republican Party remained unconvinced in the new president 's own conservatism , given his rather liberal record while governor of Massachusetts , and he had not even been their first choice for the vice presidency back in 1920 ; Senator Irvine Lenroot had been the choice of the party bosses then , but the delegates had rebelled . However it should be noted that Coolidge was not popular with the liberal or progressive factions within the party either . Heartened by their victories in the 1922 midterms , the party 's progressives vigorously opposed a continuation of the late Harding 's policies . In the fall of 1923 , Senator Hiram Johnson of California announced his intention of fighting Coolidge in the presidential primaries , and already friends of Senator Robert La Follette of Wisconsin were planning a third party . Senator William Edgar Borah from Idaho Coolidge decided to head off the immediate threat of Johnson 's candidacy by gaining the endorsement of some of the liberals . He first approached Senator William Borah from Idaho and cultivated his circle by making a conciliatory reference to the Soviet Union in a speech in December . No sooner had the Soviet Union reacted favorably than Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes persuaded the President to reject it . This left Borah on the verge of deserting Coolidge , but the subsequent disclosure of corruption among the Establishment persuaded him to stay and to try to convince Coolidge to align his policies more closely to his own . Coolidge for his part seemed unsure of what ideological posture to assume . His State of the Union address in January was neither liberal nor reactionary . He played Borah by repeatedly promising to fire Attorney General Harry Daugherty and putting it off . In a speech on Lincoln Day Coolidge promised unstinting prosecution that would not mingle the innocent and the guilty -- and managed to keep Borah within his ranks until he no longer feared the senator 's influence . By then , Coolidge had made himself sufficiently strong to replace not only corrupt officeholders but also many Republican stalwarts on the national committee and throughout the party hierarchy , elevating in their stead business friends loyal to him ; Coolidge managed to create a conservative administration that had very little to do with the party establishment . In an effort to try to get at least some of the liberals back into the party ranks , he then offered the vice presidency to the popular Senator Borah . The senator declined , also refusing to nominate Coolidge at that year 's Republican convention which he later decided against attending . Another task for Coolidge , only slightly easier than tightening his hold over the party 's divergent factions , was to rebuild the party organization . A few years before , Will Hays had brought disciplined energy to the office of Republican national chairman . Hays ' replacement , William Butler , lacked his predecessor 's experience , and it fell to Coolidge himself to whip the party into shape . His prime task was to establish control over the party in order to ensure his own nomination . Presidential Secretary Campbell Bascom Slemp Through the power of patronage Coolidge consolidated his hold over Republican officeholders and office - seekers in the South , where the party was made up of little more than those whose positions were awarded through such a system . This allowed him to gain control of southern delegates to the coming Republican convention . He also let it be known that his secretary Campbell Slemp , who favored the policy , would remove African - American Republican leaders in the South in order to attract more white voters to the party . Only California Senator Hiram Johnson challenged Coolidge in the South ; Governor Frank Lowden of Illinois , potentially Coolidge 's most dangerous rival for the nomination , was attending to his state after he had decided 1924 would probably be a Democratic year . When the early Alabama primary resulted in a slate contested between the Coolidge and Johnson forces , an administration - picked committee on delegates awarded Alabama to Coolidge . Johnson formally opened his campaign for the presidential nomination in Cleveland , Ohio on January 2 . He delivered a sharp attack on the Republican National Committee for increasing southern delegate representation in the national convention while also criticizing Coolidge for supplying arms to the Obregón forces in Mexico . `` I shall not concede , '' he said `` that collectors of revenue , U.S. Marshals , postmasters , and other officeholders may themselves alone nominate candidates for the Presidency . '' Johnson later condemned inefficient enforcement of prohibition and argued against Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon 's plan to reduce taxes , which he said favored the wealthiest classes . Johnson 's drive began to falter almost as soon as it had begun . In appealing to the rank and file he moved even further away from the organization Republicans who would chose the nominee . Johnson , moreover , was too much a maverick for the conciliatory role demanded of a national political candidate . In the mid-1920s the major parties had little use for the nonconformists like Johnson or Governor Gifford Pinchot of Pennsylvania , but Johnson in truth could not easily be placed in the political spectrum . He did oppose the administration 's tax reduction program which favored higher income groups , but he spoke against the World Court as he had the League of Nations , opposed the sale of arms to liberal Obregón forces in Mexico , called for an end to all Chinese immigration , and joined the American Legion in calling for the immediate payment of the veterans ' bonus . Senator James Watson To head off the Johnson threat , such as it was , Coolidge used the familiar weapons of his office . Through patronage threats he persuaded Senator James Watson of Indiana to take his own favorite - son candidacy out of the race ; the decision was announced on January 11 after Watson met with William Butler , the President 's campaign manager . To seal the Indiana factions in common cause , Butler made Colonel Carmi Thompson from Cleveland , Ohio associate manager for Coolidge 's preconvention campaign . On January 16 steps were taken to enter Coolidge in Johnson 's own California primary . Two days after that , Coolidge received the endorsement of the anti-prohibitionist Nicholas M. Butler , president of Columbia University . A little later , Governor Pinchot , who had lost control of his state party organization , earned a place in his state 's delegation , further state patronage , and other concessions in exchange for his support of the President . By the end of the month the eastern states were clearly entrenched in their support of Coolidge . In Michigan , where Johnson had won the presidential preference campaign in 1920 , Coolidge backers filed nominating petitions for an old man named Hiram Johnson , hoping to divide the anti-administration vote . This Johnson , who resided in Michigan 's Upper Peninsula , planned no campaign . William Morgan Butler Manager for the Coolidge Campaign But the California senator remained in the race ; it is thought that he might have hoped his candidacy would force Coolidge to adopt a more progressive stance , especially in regards to corruption . Johnson for example was prominent in the movement that led Coolidge to fire Attorney General Daugherty and accept the resignation of Secretary of the Navy Edwin Denby . In an effort to offset Johnson 's popularity in some of the farm states the president also increased the tariff on wheat , and made available further farm loans . His efforts paid off in the first presidential primary in North Dakota ; Coolidge won , La Follette ran second , and Johnson was far behind La Follette . The radical vote was split with Coolidge winning only with a plurality however , and Johnson remained in the race . Later in March , Johnson barely nosed ahead of Coolidge in the South Dakota primary , where Johnson had the personal support of the popular Senator Peter Norbeck . This would be the only primary Johnson would win . During April Coolidge defeated him in swift succession in Michigan , Illinois , Nebraska , Oklahoma , New Jersey and Ohio . Refusing to quit , Johnson allowed his campaign to limp along into early May ; then Coolidge defeated Johnson even in his staunch progressive - Republican state of California , despite Coolidge 's opposition to an outright ban on Chinese immigration . In mid-May the official Coolidge headquarters opened in Cleveland , Ohio under the direction of William Butler , general manager of the Coolidge campaign . When Butler predicted that 1,066 of the 1,109 delegates would favor Coolidge , no one really doubted him , and the Republicans planned a king of outing , like the familiar business conventions , rather than a serious political encounter . The only remotely interesting event would be the choosing of a vice presidential candidate , Coolidge himself had not bothered to decide on a candidate ; evidently he hoped Borah might still run but the other candidates were all acceptable to him . Circumstances affecting the two most recent occupants of that office however gave the dramatic illusion of the importance of the Vice-Presidency . When President Wilson fell ill in 1919 only a heartbeat kept the little - known Thomas R. Marshall from becoming President . Then Harding 's death sent Coolidge to the White House . A man of ability had to be chosen and one who would also bring strength to the ticket in areas where La Follette could potentially run well . When Senator Borah declined the honor , California Republicans started to boost Herbert Hoover , who was credited with helping Coolidge triumph over Johnson in the state 's presidential primary . Particularly since the narrow defeat of Charles E. Hughes in 1916 , discovered only the day after the election when the final tallies were received from California , the state had been looked upon as important ; the imminent candidacy of Robert La Follette , who would appeal to western liberals , made California all the more crucial . The New York Times thought Hoover would make an excellent choice , recognition at last that the vice president must be a man fitted for the presidency . Coolidge never spoke for Hoover and may have hoped he would remain in the cabinet where he was needed . As a dynamic vice president , Hoover would be too visibly the heir apparent for 1928 ; certainly he would overshadow the chief executive in an embarrassing way . Other candidates mentioned prominently included Governor Frank O. Lowden of Illinois , Governor Arthur M. Hyde of Missouri , and Charles G. Dawes , author of the German war reparations payment plan . It was hoped that both the party 's candidates would be chosen on Thursday , June 12 , to avoid the necessity of naming the Vice President on Friday the 13th . Charles Beecher Warren Ambassador to Mexico The platform also came under special consideration in the weeks before the convention . Some Republican liberals threatened to support La Follette 's third party ticket if the document omitted certain planks . Other problems faced the Platform Committee : the veterans ' bonus , tax reform , Chinese immigration , and the World Court -- all issues that cut at least one extremity from the main body of the party . Heading up the Committee on Resolutions , which was enjoined to formulate the party platform , was Charles B. Warren . In fact , however , much of the actual drafting fell to a subcommittee of the national committee , with vice-chairman Ralph Williams of Oregon as its head . Nicholas M. Butler suggested that the platform consist of twelve to fifteen crisp sentences written by President Coolidge . It did indeed turn out to be a short and noncontroversial document . No mention was made of the Ku Klux Klan , and faint praise was given to hopeful plans for joining the World Court and helping the farmer . Apparently the party thought that traditional Republican strength in the areas affected by crop failure and low prices could accommodate a mild rebellion without loss of the section 's electoral votes . The platform spoke of Coolidge 's `` practical idealism '' ; it also observed apologetically that `` time has been too short for the correction of all the ills we received as a heritage from the last Democratic Administration . '' It proposed a conference on `` the use of submarines and poison gas . '' Though the document was drafted by a new breed of Republican such as Ogden Mills from New York - who even recommended the adoption of an anti-Klan plank - rather than party stalwarts like Senator Henry Cabot Lodge from Massachusetts or Senator George Pepper from Pennsylvania , it remained conservative in its blandness . A substitute platform presented by Wisconsin progressives caught a moral tone the other failed to embody , but was defeated without a vote . The convention formally opened from June 10 to 12 . No questions arose over the choice of the presidential nominee . After the delegates tried unsuccessfully to prevail on Governor Frank Lowden of Illinois to run for the vice presidency -- they actually nominated him but he declined -- Charles G. Dawes won the nomination on the third ballot . He defeated Herbert Hoover , the choice of National Chairman Butler , by 682 votes to 234 . Both candidates suffered from unpopularity with one major group of voters : Dawes with organized labor for his opposition to certain strikes , Hoover with wheat farmers for his role in price fixing during the war . Hoover lost because most convention leaders were more sensitive to the farm vote than that of labor , and because the president had not endorsed him . Dawes , a fiery brigadier general of World War I , now fifty - nine years old ( seven years older than Coolidge ) , was well received by the convention and by Republicans generally . No doubt the establishment would have preferred a man of quieter disposition such as Senator Charles Curtis from Kansas , but Dawes ' denunciation of the closed shop pleased them . Since Coolidge had not strongly supported any candidate , congressional leaders and party rebels agreed that `` Hell'n Maria '' Dawes , who had denounced `` pinhead '' politicians before a congressional investigating committee , was available and a strong candidate . His familiarity with the West , which would be the battleground of the campaign , gave needed strength to a ticket headed by a conservative easterner . German - Americans , who could be expected to support La Follette in large numbers , liked Dawes in particular for helping to solve postwar difficulties in Germany through his service on the Reparations Commission . He was billed as the active member of the ticket who would carry on the partisan campaign for Coolidge , much as Richard Nixon would do for the incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956 . In an episode also suggestive of Nixon 's career , a scandal was raised against Dawes . A dozen years earlier his bank had briefly loaned a banker friend named Lorimer , who had been expelled from the United States Senate , over a million dollars for the purpose of satisfying a state banking law ; eventually , Lorimer 's bank failed , but in 1924 this issue did not resonate with the voters . ( show ) 1924 RNC presidential ballot ( 1 ) 1924 RNC vice presidential ballots ( 1 - 3 ) Presidential ballot Vice presidential ballot 2 Before shifts 2 After shifts Calvin Coolidge 1065 Charles G. Dawes 149 111 49 682.5 Robert M. La Follette 34 Frank Orren Lowden 222 413 766 0 Hiram Johnson 10 Theodore E. Burton 139 288 94 0 Herbert Hoover 0 0 0 234.5 William S. Kenyon 172 95 68 75 George Scott Graham 81 0 0 0 James Eli Watson 79 55 7 45 Charles Curtis 56 31 24 0 Arthur M. Hyde 55 36 36 0 George W. Norris 35 0 0 0 Smith W. Brookhart 0 31 0 0 Frank T. Hines 28 0 0 Charles A. March 28 0 0 0 J. Will Taylor 21 20 27 27 William Purnell Jackson 23 0 0 10 Charles B. Warren 10 23 14 T. Coleman du Pont 0 0 11 Joseph M. Dixon 6 0 0 Everett Sanders 0 0 0 James Harbord 0 0 Albert J. Beveridge 0 0 0 John L. Coulter 0 0 William Wrigley 0 0 John J. Pershing 0 0 0 0 Democratic party nomination ( edit ) Main articles : 1924 Democratic National Convention and Democratic Party ( United States ) presidential primaries , 1924 Democratic candidates John W. Davis from West Virginia , Former Ambassador to the United Kingdom William Gibbs McAdoo from California , Former Secretary of the Treasury Governor Al Smith of New York Senator Oscar Underwood from Alabama Oil Tycoon Edward Laurence Doheny Sizable Democratic gains during the 1922 Midterm elections suggested to many Democrats that the nadir they experienced immediately following the 1920 elections was ending , and that a popular candidate like William Gibbs McAdoo from California , who could draw the popular support of labor and Wilsonians , would stand an excellent chance of winning the coming presidential election . The Teapot Dome scandal added yet even more enthusiasm for party initially , though further disclosures revealed that the corrupt interests had been bipartisan ; Edward Doheny for example , whose name had become synonymous with that of the Teapot Dome scandal , ranked highly in the Democratic party of California , contributing highly to party campaigns , served as chairman of the state party , and was even at one point advanced as a possibly candidate for Vice-President in 1920 . The death of Warren Harding in August 1923 and the succession of Coolidge blunted the effects of the scandals upon the Republican party , including that of Teapot Dome , but up until and into the convention many Democrats believed that the Republicans would be turned out of the White House . The immediate leading candidate of the Democratic party was William Gibbs McAdoo , now sixty years old , who was extremely popular with labor thanks to his wartime record as Director General of the railroads and was , as former President Wilson 's son - in - law , also the favorite of the Wilsonians . However , in January 1924 , unearthed evidence of his relationship with Doheny discomforted many of his supporters . After McAdoo had resigned from the Wilson Administration in 1918 , Joseph Tumulty , Wilson 's secretary , had warned him to avoid association with Doheny . However , in 1919 , McAdoo took Doheny as a client for an unusually large initial fee of $100,000 , in addition to an annual retainer . Not the least perplexing part of the deal involved a million dollar bonus for McAdoo if the Mexican government reach a satisfactory agreement with Washington on oil lands Doheny held south of the Texas border . The bonus was never paid and McAdoo insisted later that it was a casual figure of speech mentioned in jest . At the time , however , he had telegraphed the New York World that he would have received `` an additional fee of $900,000 if my firm had succeeded in getting a satisfactory settlement , '' since the Doheny companies had `` several hundred million dollars of property at stake , our services , had they been effective , would have been rightly compensated by the additional fee . '' In fact , the lawyer received only $50,000 more from Doheny . It was also charged that on matters of interest to his client , Republic Iron and Steel , from whom he received $150,000 , McAdoo neglected the regular channels dictated by propriety and consulted directly with his own appointees in the capital to obtain a fat refund . Edward Mandell `` Colonel '' House Josephus Daniels McAdoo 's connection to Doheny appeared to seriously lessen his desirability as a presidential candidate . In February Colonel House urged him to withdraw from the race , as did Josephus Daniels , Thomas Bell Love , and two important contributors to the Democratic party , Bernard Baruch and Thomas Chadbourne . Some advisers hoped that McAdoo 's chances would improve after a formal withdrawal . William Jennings Bryan , who never doubted McAdoo 's honesty , thought that the Doheny affair had damaged the lawyer 's chances `` seriously , if not fatally . '' Senator Thomas Walsh , who earlier had called McAdoo the greatest Secretary of the Treasury since Alexander Hamilton , informed him with customary curtness : `` You are no longer available as a candidate . '' Breckinridge Long , who would be McAdoo 's floor manager at the June convention , wrote in his diary on February 13 : `` As it stands today we are beat . '' The New York Times , itself convinced that McAdoo had acted in bad taste and against the spirit of the law , reported the widespread opinion that McAdoo had `` been eliminated as a formidable contender for Democratic nomination . '' McAdoo was unpopular for reasons other than his close association with Doheny . Even in 1918 , The Nation was saying that `` his election to the White House would be an unqualified misfortune . '' McAdoo , the liberal journal then believed , had wanted to go to war with Mexico and Germany , and he was held responsible for segregating clerks in the Treasury Department . Walter Lippmann wrote in 1920 that McAdoo `` is not fundamentally moved by the simple moralities , '' and that his `` honest '' liberalism catered only to popular feeling . Liberal critics , believing him a demagogue , gave as evidence his stand for quick payment of the veterans ' bonus . Much of the dissatisfaction with McAdoo on the part of reformers and urban Democrats sprang from his acceptance of the backing of the Ku Klux Klan . James Cox , the 1920 Democratic nominee , indignantly wrote that `` there was not only tacit consent to the Klan 's support , but it was apparent that he and his major supporters were conniving with the Klan . '' Friends insisted that McAdoo 's silence on the matter hid a distaste that the political facts of life kept him from expressing , and especially after the Doheny scandal when he desperately needed support . Thomas Bell Love of Texas - though at one time of a contrary opinion - advised McAdoo not to issue even a mild disclaimer of the Klan . To Bernard Baruch and others , McAdoo explained as a disavowal of the Klan his remarks against prejudice at a 1923 college commencement . But McAdoo could not command the support of unsatisfied liberal spokesmen for The Nation and The New Republic , who favored the candidacy of the Republican Senator Robert La Follette . A further blow to McAdoo was the death on February 3 , 1924 , of Woodrow Wilson , who ironically had outlived his successor in the White House . Father - in - law to the candidate , Wilson might have given McAdoo a welcome endorsement now that the League of Nations had receded as an issue . William Dodd of the University of Chicago wrote to his father that Wilson had been `` counting on '' his daughter 's being in the White House . The New York Times however reported a rumor that Wilson had written to Cox hoping he would again be a candidate in 1924 . These handicaps did not deter McAdoo from campaigning vigorously and effectively in presidential primaries . He won easily against minor candidates whose success might have denied him key delegations in the South and West . Senator Oscar Underwood from Alabama was no match for McAdoo . Opposed to prohibition and the Klan , the Alabamian failed to identify himself with the kind of progressivism that would have won him some compensating support . Nor was Underwood a real southerner ; he had been born in Kentucky and his father had served as a colonel in the Union army . `` He is a New York candidate living in the South , '' said William Jennings Bryan . McAdoo defeated Underwood in Georgia and even split the Alabama delegation . Whatever appeal Underwood had outside of the South the emerging candidacy of Al Smith erased . In their immediate effects the heated primary contests drew to McAdoo the financial support of the millionaires Thomas Chadbourne and Bernard Baruch ( who was indebted to McAdoo for his appointment as head of the War Industries Board ) ; and they strengthened the resolve of Governor Smith , ten years younger than McAdoo , to make a serious try for the nomination , which he had originally sought primarily to block McAdoo on the behalf of the eastern political bosses . The contests also hardened the antagonisms between the candidates , and cut deeper divisions within the electorate . In doing this , they undoubtedly retrieved lost ground for McAdoo and broadened his previously shrinking base of support , drawing to him rural , Klan , and dry elements awakened by the invigorated candidacy of Smith . Senator Kenneth McKellar from Tennessee wrote to his sister Nellie : `` I see McAdoo carried Georgia by such an overwhelming majority that it is likely to reinstate him in the running . '' The Klan seemed to oppose every Democratic candidate except McAdoo . A Klan newspaper rejected Henry Ford because he had given a Lincoln car to a Catholic archbishop ; it flatly rejected Smith as a Catholic from `` Jew York ; '' and it called Underwood the `` Jew , jug , Jesuit candidate . '' The primaries therefore played their part in crystallizing the split within the party that would tear it apart at the forthcoming convention . City immigrants and McAdoo progressives had earlier joined to fight the Mellon tax plans in Congress , since both groups represented people of small means ; deeper social animosities dissolved their alliance , and the urban - rural division rapidly supplanted all others . Frank Walsh , a progressive New York lawyer , wrote : `` If his ( Smith 's ) religion is a bar , of course it is all right with me to bust up the Democratic party on such an issue . '' Representative Cordell Hull More directly , the contest between McAdoo and Smith thrust upon the Democratic national convention a dilemma of a kind no politician would wish to confront . To reject McAdoo and nominate Smith would solidify anti-Catholic feeling and rob the party of millions of otherwise certain votes in the South and elsewhere . But to reject Smith and nominate McAdoo would antagonize American Catholics , who constituted some 16 percent of the population and most of whom could normally be counted upon by the Democrats . Either selection would affect significantly the future of the party . Now in the ostensibly neutral hands of Cordell Hull , the Democratic national convention chairman , party machinery was expected to shift to the victor in the convention , and a respectable run in the fall election would ensure the victor 's continued supremacy in Democratic politics . The selection of New York as the site for the 1924 convention was based in part on the recent success of the party ; in 1922 thirteen Republican congressmen from the state had lost their seats . Gotham ( a nickname for New York city ) had not been chosen for a convention since 1868 . Wealthy New Yorkers , who had outbid other cities , declared their purpose `` to convince the rest of the country that the town was not the red - light menace generally conceived by the sticks . '' Though dry organizations opposed the choice of New York , it won McAdoo 's grudging consent in the fall of 1923 , before the oil scandals made Smith a serious threat to him . McAdoo 's own adopted state , California , had played host to the Democrats in 1920 . The 1924 Democratic National Convention was held from June 24 to July 9 , and while there were a number of memorable moments , none were more crucial to the following proceedings then what occurred after a Platform Committee report on whether to censure the Ku Klux Klan by name came out . McAdoo controlled three of the four convention committees , including this one , and the majority report declared specifically against naming the Klan - although all the Committee members agreed on a general condemnation of bigotry and intolerance . Every effort was made to avoid the necessity of a direct commitment on the issue . Smith did not want to inflame the issue , but the proponents of his candidacy were anxious to identify McAdoo closely with the Klan and possibly to defeat him in a test of strength before the balloting began ; the Smith faction , led by George Brennan of Illinois , therefore demanded that the specific denunciation of the Klan uttered by the committee minority become official . William Jennings Bryan , whose aim was to keep the party together and to maintain harmony among his rural followers , argued that naming the Klan would popularize it , as had the publicity given the organization by the New York World . It was also good politics to avoid the issue , Bryan claimed , since naming it would irredeemably divide the party . Worse still , Bryan believed , denouncing the Klan by name would betray the McAdoo forces , since it had been the Smith camp 's strategy to raise the issue . In contrast to Bryan , former mayor Andrew Erwin of Athens , Georgia , spoke for the anti-Klan plank . In the ensuing vote , the Klan escaped censure by a hair 's breadth ; the vote itself foretold McAdoo 's own defeat in the balloting . Balloting for President beginning on June 30 . McAdoo and Smith each evolved a strategy to build up his own total slowly . Smith 's trick was to plant his extra votes for his opponent , so that McAdoo 's strength might later appear to be waning ; the Californian countered by holding back his full force , though he had been planning a strong early show . But by no sleight of hand could the convention have been swung around to either contestant . With the party split into two assertive parts , the rule requiring a two - thirds majority for nomination crippled the chances of both candidates by giving a veto each could - and did - use . McAdoo himself wanted to drop the two - thirds rule , but his Protestant supporters preferred to keep their veto over a Catholic candidate , and the South regarded the rule as a protection of its interests . At no point in the balloting did Smith receive more than a single vote from the South and scarcely more than 20 votes from the states west of the Mississippi ; he never won more than 368 of the 729 votes needed for nomination , though even this performance was impressive for a Roman Catholic . McAdoo 's strength fluctuated more widely , reaching its highest point of 528 on the seventieth ballot . Since both candidates occasionally received purely strategic aid , the nucleus of their support was probably even less . The remainder of the votes were divided among dark horses and favorite sons who had spun high hopes since the Doheny testimony ; understandably , they hesitated to withdraw their own candidacies as long as the convention was so clearly divided . As time passed , the maneuvers of the two factions took on the character of desperation . Daniel C. Roper even went to Franklin Roosevelt , reportedly to offer Smith second place on a McAdoo ticket . For their part , the Tammany men tried to prolong the convention until the hotel bills were beyond the means of the outlanders ; the Smith backers also attempted to stampede the delegates by packing the galleries with noisy rooters . Senator James Phelan from California , among others , complained of `` New York rowdyism . '' But the rudeness of Tammany , and particularly the booing accord to Bryan when he spoke to the convention , only steeled the resolution of the country delegates . McAdoo and Bryan both tried to reassemble the convention in another city , perhaps Washington , D.C. or St. Louis . As a last resort , McAdoo supporters introduced a motion to eliminate one candidate on each ballot until only five remained , but Smith delegates and those supporting favorite sons managed to defeat the McAdoo strategy . Smith countered by suggesting that all delegates be released from their pledges - to which McAdoo agreed on condition that the two - thirds rule be eliminated - although Smith fully expected that loyalty would prevent the disaffection of Indiana and Illinois votes , both controlled by political bosses friendly to him . Indeed , Senator David Walsh from Massachusetts expressed the sentiment that moved Smith backers : `` We must continue to do all that we can to nominate Smith . If it should develop that he can not be nominated , then McAdoo can not have it either . '' For his part , McAdoo would angrily quit the convention and leave the country once he lost : but the sixty - first inconclusive round - when the convention set a record for length of balloting - was no time to admit defeat . Fmr . Senator and Governor Samuel Moffett Ralston It had seemed for a time that the nomination could go to Samuel Ralston , an Indiana senator and popular former governor . Advanced by the indefatigable boss Thomas Taggart , Ralston 's candidacy might look for some support from Bryan , who had written , `` Ralston is the most promising of the compromise candidates . '' Ralston was also a favorite of the Klan and a second choice of many McAdoo men . In 1922 he had launched an attack on parochial schools that the Klan saw as an endorsement of its own views , and he won several normally Republican counties dominated by the Klan . Commenting on the Klan issue , Ralston said that it would create a bad precedent to denounce any organization by name in the platform . Much of Ralston 's support came from the South and West - states like Oklahoma , Missouri , and Nevada , with their strong Klan elements . McAdoo himself , according to Claude Bowers , said : `` I like the old Senator , like his simplicity , honesty , record '' ; and it was reported that he told Smith supporters he would withdraw only in favor of Ralston . As with John W. Davis , Ralston had few enemies , and his support from men as divergent as Bryan and Taggart cast him as a possible compromise candidate . He passed Davis , the almost consistent third choice of the convention , on the fifty - second ballot ; but Taggart then discouraged the boom for the time being because the McAdoo and Smith phalanxes showed no signs of weakening . On July 8 , the eighty - seventh ballot showed a total for Ralston of 93 votes , chiefly from Indiana and Missouri ; before the day was over , the Ralston total had risen to almost two hundred , a larger tally than Davis had ever received . Most of these votes were drawn from McAdoo , to whom they later returned . Numerous sources indicate that Taggart was not exaggerating when he later said : `` We would have nominated Senator Ralston if he had not withdrawn his name at the last minute . It was a near certainty as anything in politics could be . We had pledges of enough delegates that would shift to Ralston on a certain ballot to have nominated him . '' Ralston himself had wavered on whether to make the race ; despite the doctor 's stern recommendation not to run and the illness of his wife and son , the Senator had told Taggart that he would be a candidate , albeit a reluctant one . But the three - hundred pound Ralston finally telegraphed his refusal to go on with it ; sixty - six years old at the time of the convention , he would die the following year . Governor Charles Wayland Bryan The nomination , stripped of all honor , finally went to John W. Davis , a compromise candidate who won on the one hundred and third ballot after the withdrawal of Smith and McAdoo . Davis had never been a genuine dark horse candidate ; he had almost always been third in the balloting , and by the end of the twenty - ninth round he was the betting favorite of New York gamblers . There had been a Davis movement at the 1920 San Francisco convention of considerable size ; however , Charles Hamlin wrote in his diary , Davis `` frankly said ... that he was not seeking ( the nomination ) and that if nominated he would accept only as a matter of public duty . '' For Vice-President , the Democrats nominated the able Charles W. Bryan , governor of Nebraska , brother of William Jennings Bryan , and for many years editor of The Commoner . Loquacious beyond endurance , Bryan attacked the gas companies of Nebraska and bravely tried such socialistic schemes as a municipal ice plant for Lincoln . In 1922 he had won the governorship by promising to lower taxes . Bryan received little more than the necessary two - thirds vote , and no attempt was made to make the choice unanimous ; booes were sounding through the Garden . The incongruous teaming of the distinguished Wall Street lawyer and the radical from a prairie state provided not a balanced but a schizoid ticket , and because the selection of Bryan was reputed to be a sop to the radicals , many delegates unfamiliar with Davis ' actual record came to identify the lawyer with a conservatism in excess even of that considerable amount he did indeed represent . In his acceptance speech Davis made the perfunctory statement that he would enforce the prohibition law , but his conservatism prejudiced him in favor of personal liberty and home rule and he was frequently denounced as a wet . The dry leader Wayne Wheeler complained of Davis ' `` constant repetition of wet catch phrases like ' personal liberty , ' ' illegal search and seizure , ' and ' home rule ' . '' After the convention Davis tried to satisfy both factions of his party , but his support came principally from the same city elements that had backed Cox in 1920 . ( show ) ( 1 - 20 ) Presidential Ballot 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th J.W. Davis 31 32 34 34 34.5 55.5 55 57 63 57.5 59 60 64.5 64.5 61 63 64 66 84.5 122 McAdoo 431.5 431 437 443.6 443.1 443.1 442.6 444.6 444.6 471.6 476.3 478.5 477 475.5 479 478 471.5 470.5 474 432 Smith 241 251.5 255.5 260 261 261.5 261.5 273.5 278 299.5 303.2 301 303.5 306.5 305.5 305.5 312.5 312.5 311.5 307.5 Cox 59 61 60 59 59 59 59 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 Harrison 43.5 23.5 23.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 31.5 20.5 21.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 0 0 0 0 0 Underwood 42.5 42 42 41.5 41.5 42.5 42.5 48 45.5 43.9 42.5 41.5 40.5 40.5 39.5 41.5 42 39.5 39.5 45.5 Silzer 38 30 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ferris 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 6.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ralston 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30.5 30.5 32.5 31.5 31.5 31 31 31 30 30 31 30 Glass 25 25 29 45 25 25 25 26 25 25 25.5 26 25 24 25 25 44 30 30 25 Ritchie 22.5 21.5 22.5 21.5 42.9 22.9 20.9 19.9 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 18.5 17.5 17.5 Robinson 21 41 41 19 19 19 19 21 21 20 20 19 19 19 20 46 28 22 22 21 J.M. Davis 20 23 20 29 28 27 30 29 32.4 12 11 13.5 11 11 11 11 10 10 9 10 C.W. Bryan 18 18 19 19 19 18 18 16 15 12 11 11 10 11 11 11 11 11 10 11 Brown 17 12.5 12.5 9.9 8.5 8 8 9 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 Sweet 12 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Saulsbury 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Kendrick 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Thompson 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Walsh 0 8 W.J. Bryan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Baker 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Berry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Krebs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Copeland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 Hull 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 Hitchcock 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dever 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 ( show ) ( 21 - 40 ) Presidential Ballot 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th J.W. Davis 125 123.5 129.5 129.5 126 125 128.5 126 124.5 126.5 127.5 128 121 107.5 107 106.5 107 105 71 70 McAdoo 439 438.5 438.5 438.5 436.5 415.5 413 412 415 415.5 415.5 415.5 404.5 445 439 429 444.5 444 499 506.4 Smith 307.5 307.5 308 308 308.5 311.5 316.5 316.5 321 323.5 322.5 322 310.5 311 323.5 323 321 321 320.5 315.1 Cox 60 60 60 60 59 59 59 59 59 57 57 57 57 54 50 55 55 55 55 55 Underwood 45.5 45.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 38.5 41.5 Ralston 30 32 32 33 31 32 32 34 34 33 32 32 32 31 33 33.5 32 32 32 31 Glass 24 25 30 29 29 29 29 25 25 24 24 24 24 24 29 24 24 24 25 24 Robinson 22 22 23 22 23 23 23 24 23 23 24 24 23 24 24 24 24 24 23 24 Ritchie 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 18.5 18.5 17.5 17.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 17.5 17.5 18.5 17.5 Saulsbury 12 12 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Walsh 8 8.5 8 9 16 14 7 7 1.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 0 J.M. Davis 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Baker 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Miller 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pomerene 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Owen 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 24 24 25 25 24 25 5 25 25 24 24 Daniels 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Martin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gaston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gerard 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Doheny 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jackson 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( show ) ( 41 - 60 ) Presidential Ballot 41st 42nd 43rd 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st 52nd 53rd 54th 55th 56th 57th 58th 59th 60th J.W. Davis 70 67 71 71 73 71 70.5 70.5 63.5 64 67.5 59 63 62 62.5 58.5 58.5 40.5 60 60 McAdoo 504.9 503.4 483.4 484.4 483.4 486.9 484.4 483.5 462.5 461.5 442.5 413.5 423.5 427 426.5 430 430 495 473.5 469.5 Smith 317.6 318.6 319.1 319.1 319.1 319.1 320.1 321 320.5 320.5 328 320.5 320.5 320.5 320.5 320.5 320.5 331.5 331.5 330.5 Cox 55 56 54 54 54 54 54 54 53 54 55 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 Underwood 39.5 39.5 40 39 38 37.5 38.5 38.5 42 42.5 43 38.5 42.5 40 40 39.5 39.5 38 40 42 Ralston 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 57 58 63 93 94 92 97 97 97 40.5 42.5 42.5 Glass 24 28.5 24 24 24 24 24 25 25 24 25 24 25 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 Robinson 24 23 44 44 44 44 45 44 45 44 43 42 43 43 43 43 43 23 23 23 Ritchie 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 17.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 Saulsbury 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Owen 24 24 J.M. Davis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cummings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spellacy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Walsh 0 0 2.5 0 0 Edwards 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C.W. Bryan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 7 Battle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 Roosevelt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Behrman 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( show ) ( 61 - 80 ) Presidential Ballot 61st 62nd 63rd 64th 65th 66th 67th 68th 69th 70th 71st 72nd 73rd 74th 75th 76th 77th 78th 79th 80th J.W. Davis 60 60.5 62 61.5 71.5 74.5 75.5 72.5 64 67 67 65 66 78.5 78.5 75.5 76.5 73.5 71 73.5 McAdoo 469.5 469 446.5 488.5 492 495 490 488.5 530 528.5 528.5 527.5 528 510 513 513 513 511 507.5 454.5 Smith 335.5 338.5 315.5 325 336.5 338.5 336.5 336.5 335 334 334.5 334 335 364 366 368 367 363.5 366.5 367.5 Cox 54 49 49 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Underwood 42 40 39.5 39.5 40 39.5 46.5 46.5 38 37.5 37.5 37.5 38.5 47 46.5 47.5 47.5 49 50 46.5 Ralston 37.5 38.5 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.5 4.5 4.5 6.5 5 5 Glass 25 26 25 25 25 25 25 26 25 25 25 25 25 28 28 29 27 21 17 68 Owen 24 24 24 24 24 22 22 22 0 0 Robinson 23 23 23 24 23 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 23 25 25 24 22.5 28.5 29.5 Ritchie 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 Saulsbury 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 C.W. Bryan 4.5 Walsh 0 0 4.5 6 6 Ferris 0 0 28 24.5 6.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 18 17.5 Walsh 0 0 0 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Baker 0 0 0 0 48 55 54 57 56 56 56 57.5 54 5 0 0 0 Wheeler 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rogers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coolidge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Daniels 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.5 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kevin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Roosevelt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gerard 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( show ) ( 81 - 100 ) Presidential Ballot 81st 82nd 83rd 84th 85th 86th 87th 88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd 93rd 94th 95th 96th 97th 98th 99th 100th J.W. Davis 70.5 71 72.5 66 68 65.5 66.5 59.5 64.5 65.5 66.5 69.5 68 81.75 139.25 171.5 183.25 194.75 210 203.5 McAdoo 432 413.5 418 388.5 380.5 353.5 336.5 315.5 318.5 314 318 310 314 395 417.5 421 415.5 406.5 353.5 190 Smith 365 366 368 365 363 360 361.5 362 357 354.5 355.5 355.5 355.5 364.5 367.5 359.5 359.5 354 354 351.5 Glass 73 78 76 72.5 67.5 72.5 71 66.5 66.5 30.5 28.5 26.5 27 37 34 39 39 36 38 35 Underwood 48 49 48.5 40.5 40.5 38 38 39 41 42.5 46.5 45.25 44.75 46.25 44.25 38.5 37.25 38.25 39.5 41.5 Robinson 29.5 28.5 27.5 25 27.5 25 20.5 23 20.5 20 20 20 19 37 31 32 22 25 25 46 Owen 21 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 Ritchie 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 23.5 23 22.5 22.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 20.5 21.5 19.5 18.5 17.5 17.5 Ferris 16 12 7.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Walsh 7 1.5 5 5 3.5 5 4.5 4.5 4.5 6 52.5 Saulsbury 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 C.W. Bryan 4.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 9.5 7 7 9 9 15 8 8 8 9 9 7 6 5 5 Ralston 24 24 86 87 92 93 98 100.5 159.5 187.5 196.75 196.25 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 Barnett 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Daniels 0 0 0 0 0 23 19.5 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 Roosevelt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Miller 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wheeler 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coyne 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Baker 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Meredith 0 0 0 0 0 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 0 0 0 37 75.5 Maloney 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 J.M. Davis 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 20 22 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cox 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cummings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.5 8.5 8.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Callahan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Copeland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 Stewart 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Marshall 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Berry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gerard 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 ( show ) ( 101 - 103 ) Presidential Ballot 101st 102nd 103rd Before shifts 103rd After shifts J.W. Davis 316 415.5 575.5 844 Underwood 229.5 317 250.5 102.5 Walsh 98 123 84.5 58 Glass 59 67 79 23 Robinson 22.5 21 21 20 Meredith 130 66.5 42.5 15.5 McAdoo 52 21 14.5 11.5 Smith 121 44 10.5 7.5 Gerard 16 7 8 7 Hull Daniels 0 Thompson 0 0 Berry 0 1.5 0 0 Allen 0 0 0 C.W. Bryan 0 0 0 Ritchie 0.5 0.5 0 0 Owen 23 0 0 0 Cummings 9 0 0 0 Houston 9 0 0 0 Murphree 0 0 0 Baker 0 0 0 ( show ) Vice Presidential Ballot First ballot before shifts after shifts Governor C.W. Bryan 332 739 George Berry 270.5 212 Bennett Clark -- 42 Lena Springs 42 18 Colonel Alvin Owsley -- 16 Governor George S. Silzer -- 10 Mayor John F. Hylan 109 6 Governor Jonathan M. Davis -- Progressive party nomination ( edit ) Progressive candidate : Senator Robert M. La Follette from Wisconsin The movement for a significant new third party had its impetus in 1919 when John A.H. Hopkins , earlier a prominent member of the Rooseveltian Progressive Party , organized the Committee of 48 as a progressive political action group . The work of political mobilization begun by the committee was taken up in 1922 by a conference of progressives called by the railroad brotherhoods of Chicago , where La Follette established his position as head of the young movement . The majority of participants at a second meeting that December in Cleveland were trade union officials , the delegates including William Green of the United Mine Workers and Sidney Hillmanof the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America . A quarter of the delegates came from the Nonpartisan League , the Farmer - Labor Party , and Morris Hillquit 's Socialist Party of America , while individual farmers and labor spokesmen comprised the remainder of the progressive conclave . The Forty - Eighters acted as a mediating force between the idealistic Socialists and the pragmatic labor men . Although majority sentiment for an independent party did not crystallize in Cleveland , the dream of a united new liberal party captured the loyalty of many delegates who subsequently turned away from the major parties in 1924 . Out of the Committee of Forty - Eight , some earlier organizations formed by La Follette , and the Chicago conventions grew the Conference for Progressive Political Action . La Follette had told reporters the previous summer that there would be no need for a third ticket unless both parties nominated reactionaries . Then came the Doheny scandals . As it seemed likely at the time that the scandals would eliminate Democratic frontrunner William Gibbs McAdoo , who was popular among railroad unions and other labor groups , the way was paved for the party which was launched at Cleveland in July 1924 . Twelve hundred delegates and nine thousand spectators ratified the nomination of La Follette . The atmosphere was more sober than the one that had prevailed in 1912 , where Theodore Roosevelt elicited much enthusiasm among the delegations . Farmers themselves were sparsely represented ; they were too `` broke '' to come , according to Senator Lynn Frazier . Only one African - American sat in the audience and only one or two eastern intellectuals . Duly accredited delegates appeared for the Food Reform Society of America , the National Unity Committee , and the Davenport Iowa Ethical Society . Many students attended , one of the largest groups coming from Columbia University . Jacob Coxey was present as well as John J. Streeter . Radical labor leaders constituted the main body of the congregation . It was the dream of the Progressives that they might replace the Democrats , and thereby bring a clearer ideological alignment to American politics . The best way to do this , according to John Hopkins , would be to prevent either of the major parties from gaining a majority in the Electoral College and thus force the House of Representatives to choose the President . As the Progressive candidate for President , La Follette became leader of the first formal prominent alliance in American political history between members of organized labor and farm groups , and of these with Socialists and independent radicals . Even the American Federation of Labor , although weakened by a precipitous decline in membership since the First World War , gave La Follette mild backing and so officially supported a presidential candidate for the first time . The Progressive vice-presidential candidate was Senator Burton K. Wheeler from Montana , only one of many Democrats who abandoned the chaos of their own party for La Follette 's , and found there an idealism and dedication unparalleled within any of the other major political organizations of the 1920s . Wheeler explained his defection in his autobiography : `` When the Democratic party goes to Wall Street for a candidate , I must refuse to go with it . '' The Senator added special strength to the ticket , for he had played a major role in bringing to justice Attorney General Harry Daugherty . Moreover , his selection made it plain that the Progressives would seek votes from both major parties . Ill with pneumonia and absent from his Senate desk during most of the spring , sixty - four - year - old La Follette still was a formidable contender . Drawing on a variety of discontents , he could injure the cause of either major party in sections it could ill afford to lose . The long appeal to the farmer in the party platform suggested his major target , but the candidate was addressing every American . In his acceptance speech La Follette urged that military spending be curtailed and soldiers ' bonus paid . At the foundation of La Follette 's program was an attack on monopolies , which he demanded should be `` crushed . '' His Socialist supporters took this as an attack on the capitalistic system in general ; to non-Socialists , including the Senator himself , who believed this encroached on personal liberty , it signified a revival of the policy of trust - busting . The Progressive candidate also called for government ownership of water power and gradual nationalization of the railroads . He also supported the nationalization of cigarette factories and other large industries , strongly supported increased taxation on the wealthy , and supported the right of collective bargaining for factory workers . William Foster , a major figure within the Communist Party , considered La Follette a hopeless reactionary who wanted to break up monopolies and return to an era of small businesses . Results ( edit ) This was the first presidential election in which all American Indians were recognized as citizens and allowed to vote . With the disastrous Democratic Convention having badly divided the Democrats , and with the economy booming , there was little doubt that Coolidge would win the election . His campaign slogan , `` Keep Cool with Coolidge '' , was highly popular . Results by county explicitly indicating the margin of victory for the winning candidate . Shades of red are for Coolidge ( Republican ) , shades of blue are for Davis ( Democratic ) , shades of green are for `` Other ( s ) '' ( Non-Democratic / Non-Republican ) , grey indicates zero recorded votes and white indicates territories not elevated to statehood . The total vote increased 2,300,000 but , because of the great drawing power of the La Follette candidacy , both the Republican and Democratic totals were less . Largely because of the deep inroads made by La Follette in the Democratic vote , Davis polled 750,000 fewer votes than were cast for Cox in 1920 . Coolidge polled 425,000 votes less than Harding had in 1920 . Nonetheless , La Follette 's appeal among liberal Democrats allowed Coolidge to achieve a 25.2 percent margin of victory over Davis in the popular vote ( the second largest since 1824 ) . Davis ' popular vote percentage of 28.8 % remains the lowest of any Democratic presidential candidate ( not counting John C. Breckinridge 's run on a Southern Democratic ticket in 1860 , when the vote was split with Stephen A. Douglas , the main Democratic candidate ) , albeit with several other candidates performing worse in the electoral college . The `` other '' vote amounted to nearly five million , owing in largest part to the 4,832,614 votes cast for La Follette . This candidacy , like that of Roosevelt in 1912 , altered the distribution of the vote throughout the country and particularly in eighteen states in the Middle and Far West . Unlike the Roosevelt vote of 1912 , the La Follette vote included most of the Socialist strength . The La Follette vote was distributed over the nation , and in every state , but its greatest strength lay in the East North Central and West North Central sections . However , La Follette carried no section , and he was second in only two sections , the Mountain and Pacific areas . In twelve states , the La Follette vote was greater than that cast for Davis . In one of these states , Wisconsin , La Follette defeated the Republican ticket also , thus winning one state in the electoral college . The `` other '' vote led the poll in 235 counties , and practically all of these ( 225 ) gave La Follette a plurality . Four counties , three in the South , recorded zero votes , as against seven in 1920 -- this decrease reflecting the Indian Citizenship Act . On the basis of number of counties carried , the Republican Party was weaker than in 1920 , whilst the Democratic Party , despite its heavy losses in numerous states , was stronger than in 1920 . Davis led the poll in 1,279 counties . This was a gain of 183 , due to his recovering lost support in the Confederate and border states . Republican strength in the Middle West and Far West was undermined by La Follette . It is important to note that La Follette ran second in 566 counties . The result of a three - party contest is also reflected in party majorities . Coolidge had a majority in 1,217 counties and Davis in 1,193 counties while La Follette had a majority in 137 counties . The fact that in this election only 540 counties gave no party a majority clearly shows that it was not the kind of division of sentiment which was brought to light in the election of 1912 . The relative position of the Democratic Party may be seen by glancing at the maps for 1904 , 1920 , and 1924 . The similarities in the distribution are striking . The inroads of the La Follette candidacy upon the Democratic Party were in areas where Democratic county majorities had been infrequent in the Fourth Party System . At the same time , the inroads of La Follette 's candidacy upon the Republican Party were in areas where in this national contest their candidate could afford to be second or third in the poll . Thus , Davis carried only the traditionally Democratic Solid South and Oklahoma ; due to liberal Democrats voting for La Follette , Davis lost the popular vote to Coolidge by 25.2 percentage points . Only Warren Harding , who finished 26.2 points ahead of his nearest competitor in the previous election , did better in this category in competition between multiple candidates ( incumbent James Monroe was the only candidate in 1820 and thus took every vote ) . The combined vote for Davis and La Follette over the nation was exceeded by Coolidge by 2,500,000 . Nevertheless , in thirteen states ( four border and nine western ) , Coolidge received only a plurality . The Coolidge vote topped the poll , however , in thirty - five states , leaving the electoral vote for Davis in only twelve . All the states of the former Confederacy voted for Davis ( plus Oklahoma ) , while all of the Union / postbellum states ( except Wisconsin and Oklahoma ) voted for Coolidge . It remains the last time anyone won the Presidency without carrying a single former Confederate state . This was the last election in which Republicans won Massachusetts and Rhode Island until 1952 . The Republicans did so well that they carried New York City , a feat they have not repeated since , and this was also the last election in which they carried Costilla County , Colorado , Maverick County , Texas and Deer Lodge County , Montana , or the City of St. Louis , Missouri . Davis did not carry any counties in twenty of the forty - eight states , two fewer than Cox during the previous election , but nonetheless an ignominy approached since only by George McGovern in his landslide 1972 loss . Davis did not carry one county in any state bordering Canada or the Pacific . The election was the last time a Republican won the presidency without Florida , Oklahoma , and Tennessee , and the last until 2016 that they did so without Virginia . Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral vote Running mate Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote Calvin Coolidge ( Incumbent ) Republican Massachusetts 15,723,789 54.04 % 382 Charles G. Dawes Illinois 382 John W. Davis Democratic West Virginia 8,386,242 28.82 % 136 Charles W. Bryan Nebraska 136 Robert M. La Follette Progressive Wisconsin 4,831,706 16.61 % 13 Burton K. Wheeler Montana 13 Herman P. Faris Prohibition Missouri 55,951 0.19 % 0 Marie C. Brehm California 0 William Z . Foster Communist Massachusetts 38,669 0.13 % 0 Benjamin Gitlow New York 0 Frank T. Johns Socialist Labor Oregon 28,633 0.10 % 0 Verne L. Reynolds New York 0 Gilbert Nations American District of Columbia 24,325 0.08 % 0 Charles Hiram Randall California 0 Other 7,792 0.03 % -- Other -- Total 29,097,107 100 % 531 531 Needed to win 266 266 Source ( Popular Vote ) : Leip , David . `` 1924 Presidential Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Source ( Electoral Vote ) : `` Electoral College Box Scores 1789 -- 1996 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 31 , 2005 . Popular vote Coolidge 54.04 % Davis 28.82 % La Follette 16.61 % Others 0.53 % Electoral vote Coolidge 71.94 % Davis 25.61 % La Follette 2.45 % Geography of results ( edit ) Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote Cartographic gallery ( edit ) Map of presidential election results by county Map of Republican presidential election results by county Map of Democratic presidential election results by county Map of `` other '' presidential election results by county Cartogram of presidential election results by county Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county Cartogram of `` other '' presidential election results by county Results by state ( edit ) States won by Coolidge / Dawes States won by Davis / Bryan States won by La Follette / Wheeler Calvin Coolidge Republican John W. Davis Democratic Robert La Follette Progressive Herman Faris Prohibition William Foster Communist Frank Johns Socialist Labor Margin State Total State electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % # Alabama 12 45,005 27.01 - 112,966 67.81 12 8,084 4.85 - 538 0.32 - - - - - - - - 67,961 - 40.79 166,593 AL Arizona 30,516 41.26 26,235 35.47 - 17,210 23.27 - - - - - - - - - - 4,281 5.79 73,961 AZ Arkansas 9 40,564 29.28 - 84,795 61.21 9 13,173 9.51 - - - - - - - - - - - 44,231 - 31.93 138,532 AR California 13 733,250 57.20 13 105,514 8.23 - 424,649 33.13 - 18,365 1.43 - - - - - - - 308,601 24.07 1,281,900 CA Colorado 6 195,171 57.02 6 75,238 21.98 - 69,945 20.44 - 966 0.28 - 562 0.16 - 378 0.11 - 119,933 35.04 342,260 CO Connecticut 7 246,322 61.54 7 110,184 27.53 - 42,416 10.60 - - - - - - - 1,373 0.34 - 136,138 34.01 400,295 CT Delaware 52,441 57.70 33,445 36.80 - 4,979 5.48 - - - - - - - - - - 18,996 20.90 90,885 DE Florida 6 30,633 28.06 - 62,083 56.88 6 8,625 7.90 - 5,498 5.04 - - - - - - - - 31,450 - 28.81 109,154 FL Georgia 14 30,300 18.19 - 123,200 73.96 14 12,691 7.62 - 231 0.14 - - - - - - - - 92,900 - 55.77 166,577 GA Idaho 69,879 47.12 24,256 16.36 - 54,160 36.52 - - - - - - - - - - 15,719 10.60 148,295 ID Illinois 29 1,453,321 58.84 29 576,975 23.36 - 432,027 17.49 - 2,367 0.10 - 2,622 0.11 - 2,334 0.09 - 876,346 35.48 2,470,067 IL Indiana 15 703,042 55.25 15 492,245 38.69 - 71,700 5.64 - 4,416 0.35 - 987 0.08 - - - - 210,797 16.57 1,272,390 IN Iowa 13 537,635 55.03 13 162,600 16.64 - 272,243 27.87 - - - - 4,037 0.41 - - - - 265,392 27.17 976,960 IA Kansas 10 407,671 61.54 10 156,319 23.60 - 98,461 14.86 - - - - - - - - - - 251,352 37.94 662,454 KS Kentucky 13 398,966 48.93 13 374,855 45.98 - 38,465 4.72 - - - - - - - 1,499 0.18 - 24,111 2.96 815,332 KY Louisiana 10 24,670 20.23 - 93,218 76.44 10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 68,548 - 56.21 121,951 LA Maine 6 138,440 72.03 6 41,964 21.83 - 11,382 5.92 - - - - - - - 406 0.21 - 96,476 50.20 192,192 ME Maryland 8 162,414 45.29 8 148,072 41.29 - 47,157 13.15 - - - - - - - 987 0.28 - 14,342 4.00 358,630 MD Massachusetts 18 703,476 62.26 18 280,831 24.86 - 141,225 12.50 - - - - 2,635 0.23 - 1,668 0.15 - 422,645 37.41 1,129,837 MA Michigan 15 874,631 75.37 15 152,359 13.13 - 122,014 10.51 - 6,085 0.52 - 5,330 0.46 - - - - 722,272 62.24 1,160,419 MI Minnesota 12 420,759 51.18 12 55,913 6.80 - 339,192 41.26 - - - - 4,427 0.54 - 1,855 0.23 - 81,567 9.92 822,146 MN Mississippi 10 8,494 7.55 - 100,474 89.34 10 3,494 3.11 - - - - - - - - - - - 91,980 - 81.79 112,462 MS Missouri 18 648,486 49.58 18 572,753 43.79 - 84,160 6.43 - 1,418 0.11 - - - - 883 0.07 - 75,733 5.79 1,307,958 MO Montana 74,138 42.50 33,805 19.38 - 66,123 37.91 - - - - 357 0.20 - - - - 8,015 4.60 174,423 MT Nebraska 8 218,585 47.09 8 137,289 29.58 - 106,701 22.99 - 1,594 0.34 - - - - - - - 81,296 17.51 464,173 NE Nevada 11,243 41.76 5,909 21.95 - 9,769 36.29 - - - - - - - - - - 1,474 5.48 26,921 NV New Hampshire 98,575 59.83 57,201 34.72 - 8,993 5.46 - - - - - - - - - - 41,374 25.11 164,769 NH New Jersey 14 675,162 62.17 14 297,743 27.41 - 108,901 10.03 - 1,337 0.12 - 1,540 0.14 - 819 0.08 - 377,419 34.75 1,086,079 NJ New Mexico 54,745 48.52 48,542 43.02 - 9,543 8.46 - - - - - - - - - - 6,203 5.50 112,830 NM New York 45 1,820,058 55.76 45 950,796 29.13 - 474,913 14.55 - - - - 8,244 0.25 - 9,928 0.30 - 869,262 26.63 3,263,939 NY North Carolina 12 191,753 39.73 - 284,270 58.89 12 6,651 1.38 - 13 0.00 - - - - - - - - 92,517 - 19.17 482,687 NC North Dakota 5 94,931 47.68 5 13,858 6.96 - 89,922 45.17 - - - - 370 0.19 - - - - 5,009 2.52 199,081 ND Ohio 24 1,176,130 58.33 24 477,888 23.70 - 357,948 17.75 - - - - - - - 3,025 0.15 - 698,242 34.63 2,016,237 OH Oklahoma 10 226,242 42.82 - 255,798 48.41 10 46,375 8.78 - - - - - - - - - - - 29,556 - 5.59 528,415 OK Oregon 5 142,579 51.01 5 67,589 24.18 - 68,403 24.47 - - - - - - - 917 0.33 - 74,176 26.54 279,488 OR Pennsylvania 38 1,401,481 65.34 38 409,192 19.08 - 307,567 14.34 - 9,779 0.46 - 2,735 0.13 - 634 0.03 - 992,289 46.26 2,144,850 PA Rhode Island 5 125,286 59.63 5 76,606 36.46 - 7,628 3.63 - - - - 289 0.14 - 268 0.13 - 48,680 23.17 210,115 RI South Carolina 9 1,123 2.21 - 49,008 96.56 9 620 1.22 - - - - - - - - - - - 47,885 - 94.35 50,752 SC South Dakota 5 101,299 49.69 5 27,214 13.35 - 75,355 36.96 - - - - - - - - - - 25,944 12.73 203,868 SD Tennessee 12 130,882 43.59 - 158,537 52.80 12 10,656 3.55 - 100 0.03 - - - - - - - - 27,655 - 9.21 300,275 TN Texas 20 130,023 19.78 - 484,605 73.70 20 42,881 6.52 - - - - - - - - - - - 354,582 - 53.93 657,509 TX Utah 77,327 49.26 47,001 29.94 - 32,662 20.81 - - - - - - - - - - 30,326 19.32 156,990 UT Vermont 80,498 78.22 16,124 15.67 - 5,964 5.79 - 326 0.32 - - - - - - - 64,374 62.55 102,917 VT Virginia 12 73,312 32.79 - 139,716 62.48 12 10,377 4.64 - - - - - - - 197 0.09 - - 66,404 - 29.70 223,602 VA Washington 7 220,224 52.24 7 42,842 10.16 - 150,727 35.76 - - - - 761 0.18 - 1,004 0.24 - 69,497 16.49 421,549 WA West Virginia 8 288,635 49.45 8 257,232 44.07 - 36,723 6.29 - - - - - - - - - - 31,403 5.38 583,662 WV Wisconsin 13 311,614 37.06 - 68,115 8.10 - 453,678 53.96 13 2,918 0.35 - 3,773 0.45 - 458 0.05 - - 142,064 - 16.90 840,826 WI Wyoming 41,858 52.39 12,868 16.11 - 25,174 31.51 - - - - - - - - - - 16,684 20.88 79,900 WY TOTALS : 531 15,723,789 54.04 382 8,386,242 28.82 136 4,831,706 16.61 13 55,951 0.19 - 38,669 0.13 - 28,633 0.10 - 7,337,547 25.22 29,097,107 US Close states ( edit ) Margin of victory less than 5 % ( 30 electoral votes ) : North Dakota , 2.52 % Kentucky , 2.96 % Maryland , 4.00 % Montana , 4.60 % Margin of victory between 5 % and 10 % ( 69 electoral votes ) : West Virginia , 5.38 % Nevada , 5.48 % New Mexico , 5.50 % Oklahoma , 5.59 % Arizona , 5.79 % Missouri , 5.79 % Tennessee , 9.21 % Minnesota , 9.92 % Statistics ( edit ) Counties with Highest Percent of Vote ( Republican ) Johnson County , Tennessee 91.32 % Keweenaw County , Michigan 91.15 % Shannon County , South Dakota 88.89 % Leslie County , Kentucky 88.83 % Windsor County , Vermont 88.43 % Counties with Highest Percent of Vote ( Democratic ) Edgefield County , South Carolina 100.00 % Marlboro County , South Carolina 100.00 % Kershaw County , South Carolina 99.86 % Horry County , South Carolina 99.70 % Marion County , South Carolina 99.68 % Counties with Highest Percent of Vote ( Other ) Comal County , Texas 73.96 % Shawano County , Wisconsin 71.73 % Mercer County , North Dakota 71.62 % Hutchinson County , South Dakota 70.38 % Calumet County , Wisconsin 70.13 % See also ( edit ) History of the United States ( 1918 - 1945 ) Progressive Era United States Senate elections , 1924 and 1925 United States House of Representatives elections , 1924 Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections '' . The American Presidency Project . UC Santa Barbara . ^ Jump up to : ' What States do Presidents Come From ? ' Jump up ^ Garland S. Tucker III , The High Tide of American Conservatism : Davis , Coolidge and the 1924 Election ( Emerald , 2010 ) Jump up ^ History of American Presidential Elections 1789 - 1968 ; Arthur M. Schlesinger , jr. ; Pgs 2461 - 2467 Jump up ^ History of American Presidential Elections 1789 - 1968 ; Arthur M. Schlesinger , jr. ; Pgs 2460 - 2461 Jump up ^ History of American Presidential Elections 1789 - 1968 ; Arthur M. Schlesinger , jr. ; Pgs 2467 - 2470 Jump up ^ History of American Presidential Elections 1789 - 1968 ; Arthur M. Schlesinger , jr. ; Pgs 2467 - 2478 Jump up ^ History of American Presidential Elections 1789 - 1968 ; Arthur M. Schlesinger , jr. ; Pgs 2478 - 2480 Jump up ^ The Presidential Vote , 1896 - 1932 -- Google Books . Stanford University Press . 1934 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Presidential Vote , 1896 - 1932 , Edgar E. Robinson , pg. 24 Jump up ^ The Presidential Vote , 1896 -- 1932 , Edgar E. Robinson , pg. 23 Jump up ^ Sullivan , Robert David ; ' How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century ' ; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review ; June 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` 1924 Presidential General Election Data - National '' . Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Davies , Gareth , and Julian E. Zelizer , eds . America at the Ballot Box : Elections and Political History ( 2015 ) pp. 139 - 52 . Hicks , John Donald ( 1955 ) . Republican Ascendancy 1921 - 1933 . New York : Harper and Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 011885 - 7 . MacKay , K.C. ( 1947 ) . The Progressive Movement of 1924 . New York : Octagon Books . ISBN 0 - 374 - 95244 - 2 . McCoy , Donald R. ( 1967 ) . Calvin Coolidge : The Quiet President . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0350 - 6 . Murray , Robert K. ( 1976 ) . The 103rd Ballot : Democrats and Disaster in Madison Square Garden . New York : Harper and Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 013124 - 1 . Ranson , Edward . The Role of Radio in the American Presidential Election of 1924 : How a New Communications Technology Shapes the Political Process ( Edwin Mellen Press ; 2010 ) 165 pages . Looks at Coolidge as a radio personality , and how radio figured in the campaign , the national conventions , and the election result . Unger , Nancy C. ( 2000 ) . Fighting Bob La Follette : The Righteous Reformer . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2545 - X . External links ( edit ) 1924 popular vote by counties How close was the 1924 election ? -- Michael Sheppard , Massachusetts Institute of Technology Election of 1924 in Counting the Votes ( 1920 ← ) United States presidential election , 1924 ( → 1928 ) Democratic Party Convention Primaries Nominee John W. Davis VP nominee Charles W. Bryan Candidates William Gibbs McAdoo Al Smith Oscar Underwood Republican Party Convention Nominee Calvin Coolidge VP nominee Charles G. Dawes Candidates Hiram Johnson Robert M. La Follette , Sr . Progressive Party Nominee Robert M. La Follette , Sr . VP nominee Burton K. Wheeler Third party and independent candidates Communist Party Nominee William Z . Foster VP nominee Benjamin Gitlow Prohibition Party Nominee Herman P. Faris VP nominee Marie C. Brehm American Party Nominee Gilbert Nations VP nominee Charles Hiram Randall Other 1924 elections : House Senate United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Primaries and caucuses Iowa caucuses New Hampshire primary South Carolina primary Super Tuesday Nominating conventions Brokered convention Convention bounce Superdelegate Electoral College and Popular vote Results Summary Elections in which the winner lost the popular vote Electoral College margins Electoral College results by state Electoral vote changes between elections Electoral vote recipients Popular vote margins Contingent election Faithless elector Unpledged elector Voter turnout Related topics Campaign slogans Historical election polling Election Day Major party tickets Major party losers Presidential debates October surprise Red states and blue states Swing state Election recount House elections Senate elections Gubernatorial elections Notable third party performances in United States elections Presidential ( since 1832 ) 1832 1848 1856 1860 1892 1912 1924 1948 1968 1980 1992 Senatorial ( since 1990 ) Virginia 1990 Alaska 1992 Arizona 1992 Hawaii 1992 Louisiana 1992 Ohio 1992 Arizona 1994 Minnesota 1994 Ohio 1994 Vermont 1994 Virginia 1994 Alaska 1996 Minnesota 1996 Arizona 2000 Massachusetts 2000 Minnesota 2000 Alaska 2002 Kansas 2002 Massachusetts 2002 Mississippi 2002 Oklahoma 2002 Virginia 2002 Oklahoma 2004 Connecticut 2006 Indiana 2006 Maine 2006 Vermont 2006 Arkansas 2008 Idaho 2008 Minnesota 2008 Oregon 2008 Alaska 2010 ( Republican Write - In ) Florida 2010 Indiana 2010 South Carolina 2010 Utah 2010 Indiana 2012 Maine 2012 Maryland 2012 Missouri 2012 Montana 2012 Vermont 2012 Kansas 2014 South Dakota 2014 Wyoming 2014 Alaska 2016 Arizona 2016 Idaho 2016 Indiana 2016 Kansas 2016 Gubernatorial ( since 1990 ) Alaska 1990 Connecticut 1990 Kansas 1990 Maine 1990 New York 1990 Oklahoma 1990 Oregon 1990 Utah 1992 West Virginia 1992 Alaska 1994 Connecticut 1994 Hawaii 1994 Maine 1994 New Mexico 1994 Oklahoma 1994 Pennsylvania 1994 Rhode Island 1994 Vermont 1994 Alaska 1998 Maine 1998 Minnesota 1998 New York 1998 Pennsylvania 1998 Rhode Island 1998 Kentucky 1999 New Hampshire 2000 Vermont 2000 Arizona 2002 California 2002 Maine 2002 Minnesota 2002 New Mexico 2002 New York 2002 Oklahoma 2002 Vermont 2002 Wisconsin 2002 Alaska 2006 Illinois 2006 Maine 2006 Massachusetts 2006 Minnesota 2006 Texas 2006 Louisiana 2007 Vermont 2008 New Jersey 2009 Colorado 2010 Idaho 2010 Maine 2010 Massachusetts 2010 Minnesota 2010 Rhode Island 2010 Wyoming 2010 Kentucky 2011 Virginia 2013 Alaska 2014 Hawaii 2014 Maine 2014 Rhode Island 2014 Wyoming 2014 West Virginia 2016 Portal : Politics Third party ( United States ) Third party officeholders in the United States Third party United States House of Representatives Socialist Party of America Presidential tickets 1904 , Debs / Hanford 1908 , Debs / Hanford 1912 , Debs / Seidel 1916 , Benson / Kirkpatrick 1920 , Debs / Stedman 1924 , Endorsed Progressive Party ticket 1928 , Thomas / Maurer 1932 , Thomas / Maurer 1936 , Thomas / Nelson 1940 , Thomas / Krueger 1944 , Thomas / Hoopes 1948 , Thomas / Smith 1952 , Hoopes / Friedman 1956 , Hoopes / Friedman Parties by state and territory State California Colorado Connecticut Florida Kansas Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Texas Washington ( state ) Wisconsin Related topics History of the socialist movement in the United States Social Democratic Federation Social Democratic Party of America Socialist Party USA Committee for the Preservation of the Socialist Party Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee Social Democrats , USA Young People 's Socialist League Non-English press of the Socialist Party of America Democratic socialism Multi-tendency Calvin Coolidge 30th President of the United States ( 1923 -- 1929 ) 29th Vice President of the United States ( 1921 -- 1923 ) 48th Governor of Massachusetts ( 1919 -- 1921 ) 46th Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts ( 1916 -- 1919 ) Life Birth and family history Boyhood home and first inauguration site gravesite Calvin Coolidge House Early career and marriage Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Massachusetts Boston Police Strike ( 1919 ) Vice Presidency Retirement and death Presidential Library and Museum Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Industry and trade Taxation ( Revenue Act of 1924 , Revenue Act of 1926 , Revenue Act of 1928 ) Allegheny National Forest Civil rights ( Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 ) Immigration Act of 1924 World War Adjusted Compensation Act ( 1924 ) Farm subsidies ( McNary -- Haugen Farm Relief Bill ) Judiciary Act of 1925 Flood control ( Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , Flood Control Act of 1928 ) State of the Union Addresses ( 1926 1927 ) `` I do not choose to run '' ( 1927 ) Brave Little State of Vermont speech ( 1928 ) Foreign policy ( Banana Wars , United States occupation of Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 1933 ) , United States occupation of Haiti ( 1915 -- 1934 ) , United States occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 1924 ) , Washington Naval Treaty ( 1922 ) , Kellogg -- Briand Pact ( 1928 ) Cabinet Judicial appointments Elections 1920 Republican National Convention United States presidential election , 1920 1924 Republican National Convention United States presidential election , 1924 Books The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge ( 1929 ) Public image Sesquicentennial half dollar U.S. postage stamps Coolidge effect SS President Coolidge Family Grace Coolidge ( wife ) John Coolidge ( son ) John Calvin Coolidge , Sr. ( father ) Calvin Galusha Coolidge ( grandfather ) Arthur Brown , Olympia Brown , Charles A. Coolidge ( cousins ) Marcus A. Coolidge , Arthur W. Coolidge , Martha Coolidge ( distant relations ) Edmund Rice ( ancestor ) Rob Roy ( family dog ) ← Warren G. Harding Herbert Hoover → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election,_1924&oldid=806678074 '' Categories : United States presidential election , 1924 History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Presidency of Calvin Coolidge 1924 in American politics November 1924 events Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Elections using electoral votes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Kiswahili Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 14 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the republican ascendancy of the 1920's began with whose election | [
"The United States presidential election of 1924 was the 35th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4, 1924. Incumbent President Calvin Coolidge, the Republican candidate, was elected to a full term."
] | [
"Calvin Coolidge"
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1942451919622676198 | Devon Bostick | Devon Bostick - wikipedia Devon Bostick Devon Bostick Bostick in 2016 . ( 1991 - 11 - 13 ) November 13 , 1991 ( age 26 ) Toronto , Ontario , Canada Occupation Actor Years active 1998 -- present Devon Bostick ( born November 13 , 1991 ) is a Canadian actor best known for playing the lead role of Simon in the Atom Egoyan directed film Adoration , Brent in Saw VI , Rodrick Heffley in the first three Diary of a Wimpy Kid movies and Jasper Jordan on The CW show The 100 from 2014 to 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 2.3 Music video 3 References 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Bostick in 2008 Bostick was born in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . His mother , Stephanie Gorin , is a casting agent in Toronto , who works in stage and screen , and his father , Joe Bostick , is an actor as well as a film fight coordinator . His maternal grandparents are English immigrants , and his father is of part Norwegian descent . Devon began acting when in grade five . He is a graduate of the Etobicoke School of the Arts in Toronto . He has had roles in the television series Degrassi : The Next Generation , Flashpoint and in the film Citizen Duane , and appeared in the series premiere of Rookie Blue . His film work has included roles in Godsend , Fugitive Pieces and The Stone Angel . In Adoration , he plays Simon , a boy who is being raised by his uncle ( played by Scott Speedman ) after his parents ' death . He also appears in an online spoof trailer for a hoax movie called `` Ice Fortress '' . He had roles in The Poet , a World War II drama starring Roy Scheider and Colm Feore , Saw VI as Brent and Assassin 's Creed : Lineage as Ezio Auditore . Bostick also played Erica 's deceased brother Leo in CBC Television 's series Being Erica , and Rodrick Heffley in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid movies . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 The Truth About the Head Boy Godsend Zachary Clark Wells 2005 Land of the Dead Brian 2006 King of Sorrow Low Man 2006 Aruba Mark 2006 Citizen Duane Maurie Balfour 2006 American Pie Presents The Naked Mile High School Student # 4 Direct - to - video 2007 The Poet Guard # 1 2007 Fugitive Pieces Ben -- Teen 2007 The Stone Angel Young Marvin 2007 Saw IV Derek Scenes Cut 2008 Adoration Simon 2008 The Dreaming Boy 2009 Survival of the Dead Boy 2009 Saw VI Brent Assassin 's Creed : Lineage Ezio Auditore da Firenze Short film Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Heffley Verona Christopher Short film 2011 The Entitled Dean Taylor 2011 Hidden 3D Lucas 2011 The Sacrifice Mike Direct - to - video 2011 Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules Rodrick Heffley 2012 Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days 2012 Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Class Clown 2012 Dead Before Dawn 3D Casper Galloway 2012 A Dark Truth Renaldo 2013 The Art of the Steal Ponch 2014 Small Time Freddy Klein 2015 Regression Roy Gray 2015 Being Charlie Adam 2017 Okja Silver Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Exhibit A : Secrets of Forensic Science Son 1 episode 2002 -- 2003 Odyssey 5 Gothic Teen 2 episodes 2003 DC 9 / 11 : Time of Crisis Fireman 's son Television film 2003 Jake 2.0 Young Kid 1 episode 1 - 800 - Missing Zack 1 episode Hustle The Kid Television film 2005 Knights of the South Bronx Darren Television film 2006 -- 2007 Degrassi : The Next Generation Nic 3 episodes 2007 Stump Ryan TV series 2007 A Life Interrupted Young Bobby Television film 2007 The Altar Boy Gang Terry Television film 2008 Princess Older boy Television film 2008 Roxy Hunter and the Horrific Halloween Drew Television film 2009 The Good Germany Dale Mackay 1 episode 2009 Guns Boy # 3 2 episodes 2009 The Border Ali Jabir 1 episode 2009 Being Erica Leo Strange 13 episodes Rookie Blue Martin Blentz 1 episode Flashpoint Paul 1 episode Haven Jimmy 1 episode 2011 She 's the Mayor Doctor Jimmy 1 episode 2011 The Listener Bennie 1 episode 2013 Aim High Marcus Anderson Web series , 10 episodes 2014 -- 2017 The 100 Jasper Jordan Main cast ( Season 1 -- 4 ) Music video ( edit ) Year Song Artist Director 2015 Til It Happens to You Lady Gaga Catherine Hardwicke References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lederman , Marsha ( March 27 , 2011 ) . `` Devon Bostick 's not really evil -- he just acts that way '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Jump up ^ Ouzounian , Richard ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Devon Bostick : Not just another wimpy kid '' . The Star . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Mobile.twitter.com . March 1 , 2013 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Devon Bostick . IMDb Jump up ^ Martha 's Nautical News . November 2007 Jump up ^ Lacey , Liam ( May 24 , 2008 ) . `` Egoyan brings post-9 / 11 vision to Cannes '' . Toronto : The Globe and Mail . Retrieved May 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dinoff , Dustin ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Contemporary World Cinema : Film Diary : Citizen Duane '' . Playback . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Leydon , Joe ( May 3 , 2004 ) . `` Godsend '' . Variety . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Writer , Staff ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` Being Erica '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caims , Bryan ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! We Chat With ' Saw VI ' Star Devon Bostick '' . FEARnet . Horror Entertainment . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Cast Reveal number 2 Dead Before Dawn '' . Deadbeforedawnthemovie.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Etan Vlessing ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Bostick , Sutherland to star in Dead Before Dawn '' Playback `` . Playbackonline.ca . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Devon Bostick . Devon Bostick on IMDb Devon Bostick on Twitter BNF : cb165839132 ( data ) GND : 1026438101 ISNI : 0000 0000 8028 6141 LCCN : no2010090951 VIAF : 121664154 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devon_Bostick&oldid=848316127 '' Categories : 1991 births Living people People from Etobicoke Male actors from Toronto Canadian people of English descent Canadian people of Norwegian descent Canadian male child actors Canadian male film actors Canadian male television actors Canadian drummers Male drummers 20th - century Canadian male actors 21st - century Canadian male actors Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша 日本 語 Português Русский 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 05 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the guy who plays rodrick in diary of a wimpy kid | [
"Devon Bostick (born November 13, 1991) is a Canadian actor best known for playing the lead role of Simon in the Atom Egoyan directed film Adoration, Brent in Saw VI, Rodrick Heffley in the first three Diary of a Wimpy Kid movies and Jasper Jordan on The CW show The 100 from 2014 to 2017.\n"
] | [
"Devon Bostick"
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-8631492026226628315 | Puerto Rico | Puerto Rico - Wikipedia Puerto Rico This article is about the U.S. territory . For other uses , see Puerto Rico ( disambiguation ) . `` Porto Rico '' and `` Borinquen '' redirect here . For other uses , see Porto Rico ( disambiguation ) and Borinquen ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 18 ° 12 ′ N 66 ° 30 ′ W / 18.2 ° N 66.5 ° W / 18.2 ; - 66.5 Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ( Spanish ) Unincorporated territory Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Joannes est nomen ejus '' ( Latin ) `` John is his name '' Anthem : `` La Borinqueña '' `` The Borinquenian '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Great Seal Status Unincorporated territory Capital and largest city San Juan 18 ° 27 ′ N 66 ° 6 ′ W / 18.450 ° N 66.100 ° W / 18.450 ; - 66.100 Official languages Spanish English Common languages 94.7 % Spanish 5.3 % English Ethnic groups 75.8 % White 12.4 % Black 3.3 % Two or more races 0.5 % American Indian & Alaskan Native 0.2 % Asian < 0.1 % Pacific Islander 7.8 % Other Demonym Puerto Rican ( formal ) American ( since 1917 ) Boricua ( colloquial ) Government Commonwealth President Donald Trump ( R ) Governor Ricardo Rosselló ( NPP ) Delegate Resident Commissioner Jenniffer González ( NPP ) President of the Senate Thomas Rivera Schatz ( NPP ) Speaker of the House of Representatives Johnny Méndez ( NPP ) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Maite Oronoz Rodríguez Legislature Legislative Assembly Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Commonwealth within the United States Cession from Spain December 10 , 1898 Treaty of Paris ratified April 11 , 1899 U.S. citizenship granted March 2 , 1917 Constitution adopted July 25 , 1952 Area Total 9,104 km ( 3,515 sq mi ) Water ( % ) 1.6 Population 2017 estimate 3,337,177 ( 130th ) 2010 census 3,725,789 Density 375 / km ( 971.2 / sq mi ) ( 29th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $125.861 billion ( 75th ) Per capita $38,126 ( 29th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $103.676 billion ( 62th ) Per capita $30,586 ( 32nd ) Gini ( 2011 ) 53.1 high HDI ( 2015 ) 0.845 very high 40th Currency United States dollar ( USD ) Time zone Atlantic ( UTC − 4 ) Summer ( DST ) no longer observed ( UTC − 4 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 1 - 787 , + 1 - 939 ISO 3166 code PR Internet TLD . pr ^ `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' serves as the national anthem for the United States of America and its territories . ^ The term ' Commonwealth ' does not describe or provide for any specific political status or relationship . It has , for example , been applied to both states and territories . When used in connection with areas under U.S. sovereignty that are not states , the term broadly describes an area that has a constitution of its adoption . Puerto Rico ( Spanish for `` Rich Port '' ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . `` Free Associated State of Puerto Rico '' ) and briefly called Porto Rico , is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , Puerto Rico includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller ones , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . Its official languages are Spanish and English , though Spanish predominates . The island 's population is approximately 3.4 million . Puerto Rico 's history , tropical climate , natural scenery , traditional cuisine , and tax incentives make it a destination for travelers from around the world . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , the island was claimed in 1493 by Christopher Columbus for Spain during his second voyage . Later it endured invasion attempts from the French , Dutch , and British . Four centuries of Spanish colonial government influenced the island 's cultural landscapes with waves of African slaves , Canarian , and Andalusian settlers . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary , but strategic role when compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and the mainland parts of New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , helping to produce a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined elements from the Native Americans , Africans , and Iberians . In 1898 , following the Spanish -- American War , the United States acquired Puerto Rico under the terms of the Treaty of Paris . The treaty took effect on April 11 , 1899 . Puerto Ricans are by law citizens of the United States and may move freely between the island and the mainland . As it is not a state , Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the United States Congress , which governs the territory with full jurisdiction under the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950 . However , Puerto Rico does have one non-voting member of the House called a Resident Commissioner . As residents of a U.S. territory , American citizens in Puerto Rico are disenfranchised at the national level and do not vote for president and vice president of the United States , and do not pay federal income tax on Puerto Rican income . Like other territories and the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico does not have U.S. senators . Congress approved a local constitution in 1952 , allowing U.S. citizens on the territory to elect a governor . A 2012 referendum showed a majority ( 54 % of those who voted ) disagreed with `` the present form of territorial status '' . A second question asking about a new model , had full statehood the preferred option among those who voted for a change of status , although a significant number of people did not answer the second question of the referendum . A fifth referendum was held on June 11 , 2017 , with `` Statehood '' and `` Independence / Free Association '' initially as the only available choices . At the recommendation of the Department of Justice , an option for the `` current territorial status '' was added . The referendum showed an overwhelming support for statehood , with 97.18 % voting for it , although the voter turnout had a historically low figure of only 22.99 % of the registered voters casting their ballots . In early 2017 , the Puerto Rican government - debt crisis posed serious problems for the government . The outstanding bond debt had climbed to $70 billion at a time with 12.4 % unemployment . The debt had been increasing during a decade long recession . This was the second major financial crisis to affect the island after the Great Depression when the U.S. government , in 1935 , provided relief efforts through the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration . On May 3 , 2017 , Puerto Rico 's financial oversight board in the U.S. District Court for Puerto Rico filed the debt restructuring petition which was made under Title III of PROMESA . By early August 2017 , the debt was $72 billion with a 45 % poverty rate . In late September 2017 , Hurricane Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico , causing devastating damage . The island 's electrical grid was largely destroyed , with repairs expected to take months to complete , provoking the largest power outage in American history . Recovery efforts were somewhat slow in the first few months , and over 200,000 residents had moved to Florida alone by late November 2017 . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-Columbian era 2.2 Spanish colony ( 1493 -- 1898 ) 2.2. 1 Conquest and early settlement 2.2. 2 Colonization , the Habsburgs 2.2. 3 Late colonial period 2.2. 4 Politics of liberalism 2.3 American era ( 1898 -- present ) 2.3. 1 United States unincorporated organized territory ( 1900 -- 1952 ) 2.3. 1.1 U.S. citizenship and Puerto Rican citizenship 2.3. 2 United States unincorporated organized territory with commonwealth constitution ( 1952 -- present ) 2.3. 3 Estado Libre Asociado 2.4 Referendums on statehood or independence 2.5 United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization 2.5. 1 International status 2.6 21st century 2.7 Political status 2.8 Hurricane Maria 2.8. 1 Rebuilding efforts 2.8. 2 Death toll 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Biodiversity 4 Demographics 4.1 Population makeup 4.1. 1 Population genetics 4.2 Immigration and emigration 4.3 Population distribution 4.4 Languages 4.5 Religion 5 Government 5.1 Political parties and elections 5.2 Law 5.3 Political status 5.3. 1 Within the United States 5.4 Foreign and intergovernmental relations 5.5 Military 5.6 Administrative divisions 6 Economy 6.1 Heavy debt load 6.2 Public finances 6.3 Cost of living 7 Education 8 Public health and safety 8.1 Crime 9 Culture 9.1 Architecture 9.2 Arts 9.3 Literature 9.4 Media 9.5 Music 9.6 Cuisine 9.7 Philately 9.8 Sports 10 Infrastructure 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Etymology Puerto Rico means `` rich port '' in Spanish . Puerto Ricans often call the island Borinquén -- a derivation of Borikén , its indigenous Taíno name , which means `` Land of the Valiant Lord '' . The terms boricua and borincano derive from Borikén and Borinquen respectively , and are commonly used to identify someone of Puerto Rican heritage . The island is also popularly known in Spanish as la isla del encanto , meaning `` the island of enchantment '' . Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista , in honor of Saint John the Baptist , while the capital city was named Ciudad de Puerto Rico ( `` Rich Port City '' ) . Eventually traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico , while San Juan became the name used for the main trading / shipping port and the capital city . The island 's name was changed to `` Porto Rico '' by the United States after the Treaty of Paris of 1898 . The anglicized name was used by the U.S. government and private enterprises . The name was changed back to Puerto Rico by a joint resolution in Congress introduced by Félix Córdova Dávila in 1931 . The official name of the entity in Spanish is Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ( `` free associated state of Puerto Rico '' ) , while its official English name is Commonwealth of Puerto Rico . History Main article : History of Puerto Rico Pre-columbian era A reconstructed Taíno village at the Tibes Ceremonial Center The ancient history of the archipelago which is now Puerto Rico is not well known . Unlike other indigenous cultures in the New World ( Aztec , Maya and Inca ) which left behind abundant archeological and physical evidence of their societies , scant artifacts and evidence remain of the Puerto Rico 's indigenous population . Scarce archaeological findings and early Spanish accounts from the colonial era constitute all that is known about them . The first comprehensive book on the history of Puerto Rico was written by Fray Íñigo Abbad y Lasierra in 1786 , nearly three centuries after the first Spaniards landed on the island . The first known settlers were the Ortoiroid people , an Archaic Period culture of Amerindian hunters and fishermen who migrated from the South American mainland . Some scholars suggest their settlement dates back about 4,000 years . An archeological dig in 1990 on the island of Vieques found the remains of a man , designated as the `` Puerto Ferro Man '' , which was dated to around 2000 BC . The Ortoiroid were displaced by the Saladoid , a culture from the same region that arrived on the island between 430 and 250 BC . The Igneri tribe migrated to Puerto Rico between 120 and 400 AD from the region of the Orinoco river in northern South America . The Arcaico and Igneri co-existed on the island between the 4th and 10th centuries . Between the 7th and 11th centuries , the Taíno culture developed on the island . By approximately 1000 AD , it had become dominant . At the time of Columbus ' arrival , an estimated 30,000 to 60,000 Taíno Amerindians , led by the cacique ( chief ) Agüeybaná , inhabited the island . They called it Boriken , meaning `` the great land of the valiant and noble Lord '' . The natives lived in small villages , each led by a cacique . They subsisted by hunting and fishing , done generally by men , as well as by the women 's gathering and processing of indigenous cassava root and fruit . This lasted until Columbus arrived in 1493 . Spanish colony ( 1493 -- 1898 ) Further information : Captaincy General of Puerto Rico Juan Ponce de León ( Santervás de Campos , Valladolid , Spain ) , Puerto Rico 's first governor Conquest and early settlement When Columbus arrived in Puerto Rico during his second voyage on November 19 , 1493 , the island was inhabited by the Taíno . They called it Borikén ( Borinquen in Spanish transliteration ) . Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista , in honor of St John the Baptist . Having reported the findings of his first travel , Columbus brought with him this time a letter from King Ferdinand empowered by a papal bull that authorized any course of action necessary for the expansion of the Spanish Empire and the Christian faith . Juan Ponce de León , a lieutenant under Columbus , founded the first Spanish settlement , Caparra , on August 8 , 1508 . He later served as the first governor of the island . Eventually , traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico , and San Juan became the name of the main trading / shipping port . At the beginning of the 16th century , the Spanish people began to colonize the island . Despite the Laws of Burgos of 1512 and other decrees for the protection of the indigenous population , some Taíno Indians were forced into an encomienda system of forced labor in the early years of colonization . The population suffered extremely high fatalities from epidemics of European infectious diseases . Colonization , the habsburgs In 1520 , King Charles I of Spain issued a royal decree collectively emancipating the remaining Taíno population . By that time , the Taíno people were few in number . Enslaved Africans had already begun to be imported to compensate for the native labor loss , but their numbers were proportionate to the diminished commercial interest Spain soon began to demonstrate for the island colony . Other nearby islands , like Cuba , Saint - Domingue , and Guadeloupe , attracted more of the slave trade than Puerto Rico , probably because of greater agricultural interests in those islands , on which colonists had developed large sugar plantations and had the capital to invest in the Atlantic slave trade . From the beginning of the country , the colonial administration relied heavily on the industry of enslaved Africans and creole blacks for public works and defenses , primarily in coastal ports and cities , where the tiny colonial population had hunkered down . With no significant industries or large - scale agricultural production as yet , enslaved and free communities lodged around the few littoral settlements , particularly around San Juan , also forming lasting Afro - creole communities . Meanwhile , in the island 's interior , there developed a mixed and independent peasantry that relied on a subsistence economy . This mostly unsupervised population supplied villages and settlements with foodstuffs and , in relative isolation , set the pattern for what later would be known as the Puerto Rican Jíbaro culture . By the end of the 16th century , the Spanish Empire was diminishing and , in the face of increasing raids from European competitors , the colonial administration throughout the Americas fell into a `` bunker mentality '' . Imperial strategists and urban planners redesigned port settlements into military posts with the objective of protecting Spanish territorial claims and ensuring the safe passing of the king 's silver - laden Atlantic Fleet to the Iberian Peninsula . San Juan served as an important port - of - call for ships driven across the Atlantic by its powerful trade winds . West Indies convoys linked Spain to the island , sailing between Cádiz and the Spanish West Indies . The colony 's seat of government was on the forested Islet of San Juan and for a time became one of the most heavily fortified settlements in the Spanish Caribbean earning the name of the `` Walled City '' . The islet is still dotted with the various forts and walls , such as La Fortaleza , Castillo San Felipe del Morro , and Castillo San Cristóbal , designed to protect the population and the strategic Port of San Juan from the raids of the Spanish European competitors . Hendricksz 1625 attack on San Juan , Puerto Rico In 1625 , in the Battle of San Juan , the Dutch commander Boudewijn Hendricksz tested the defenses ' limits like no one else before . Learning from Francis Drake 's previous failures here , he circumvented the cannons of the castle of San Felipe del Morro and quickly brought his 17 ships into the San Juan Bay . He then occupied the port and attacked the city while the population hurried for shelter behind the Morro 's moat and high battlements . Historians consider this event the worst attack on San Juan . Though the Dutch set the village on fire , they failed to conquer the Morro , and its batteries pounded their troops and ships until Hendricksz deemed the cause lost . Hendricksz 's expedition eventually helped propel a fortification frenzy . Constructions of defenses for the San Cristóbal Hill were soon ordered so as to prevent the landing of invaders out of reach of the Morro 's artillery . Urban planning responded to the needs of keeping the colony in Spanish hands . Late colonial period Hacienda La Fortuna . A sugar mill complex in Puerto Rico painted by Francisco Oller in 1885 ( Brooklyn Museum ) During the late 16th and early 17th centuries , Spain concentrated its colonial efforts on the more prosperous mainland North , Central , and South American colonies . With the advent of the lively Bourbon Dynasty in Spain in the 1700s , the island of Puerto Rico began a gradual shift to more imperial attention . More roads began connecting previously isolated inland settlements to coastal cities , and coastal settlements like Arecibo , Mayaguez , and Ponce began acquiring importance of their own , separate from San Juan . By the end of the 18th century , merchant ships from an array of nationalities threatened the tight regulations of the Mercantilist system , which turned each colony solely toward the European metropole and limited contact with other nations . U.S. ships came to surpass Spanish trade and with this also came the exploitation of the island 's natural resources . Slavers , which had made but few stops on the island before , began selling more enslaved Africans to growing sugar and coffee plantations . The increasing number of Atlantic wars in which the Caribbean islands played major roles , like the War of Jenkins ' Ear , the Seven Years ' War and the Atlantic Revolutions , ensured Puerto Rico 's growing esteem in Madrid 's eyes . On April 17 , 1797 , Sir Ralph Abercromby 's fleet invaded the island with a force of 6,000 -- 13,000 men , which included German soldiers and Royal Marines and 60 to 64 ships . Fierce fighting continued for the next days with Spanish troops . Both sides suffered heavy losses . On Sunday April 30 the British ceased their attack and began their retreat from San Juan . By the time independence movements in the larger Spanish colonies gained success , new waves of loyal creole immigrants began to arrive in Puerto Rico , helping to tilt the island 's political balance toward the Crown . The 16th - century fort , Castillo San Felipe del Morro , in San Juan , Puerto Rico In 1809 , to secure its political bond with the island and in the midst of the European Peninsular War , the Supreme Central Junta based in Cádiz recognized Puerto Rico as an overseas province of Spain . This gave the island residents the right to elect representatives to the recently convened Spanish parliament ( Cádiz Cortes ) , with equal representation to mainland Iberian , Mediterranean ( Balearic Islands ) and Atlantic maritime Spanish provinces ( Canary Islands ) . Ramón Power y Giralt , the first Spanish parliamentary representative from the island of Puerto Rico , died after serving a three - year term in the Cortes . These parliamentary and constitutional reforms were in force from 1810 to 1814 , and again from 1820 to 1823 . They were twice reversed during the restoration of the traditional monarchy by Ferdinand VII . Immigration and commercial trade reforms in the 19th century increased the island 's ethnic European population and economy and expanded the Spanish cultural and social imprint on the local character of the island . Minor slave revolts had occurred on the island throughout the years , with the revolt planned and organized by Marcos Xiorro in 1821 being the most important . Even though the conspiracy was unsuccessful , Xiorro achieved legendary status and is part of Puerto Rico 's folklore . Politics of liberalism The flag flown by Fidel Vélez and his men during the `` Intentona de Yauco '' revolt In the early 19th century , Puerto Rico spawned an independence movement that , due to harsh persecution by the Spanish authorities , convened in the island of St. Thomas . The movement was largely inspired by the ideals of Simón Bolívar in establishing a United Provinces of New Granada and Venezuela , that included Puerto Rico and Cuba . Among the influential members of this movement were Brigadier General Antonio Valero de Bernabé and María de las Mercedes Barbudo . The movement was discovered , and Governor Miguel de la Torre had its members imprisoned or exiled . With the increasingly rapid growth of independent former Spanish colonies in the South and Central American states in the first part of the 19th century , the Spanish Crown considered Puerto Rico and Cuba of strategic importance . To increase its hold on its last two New World colonies , the Spanish Crown revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 as a result of which 450,000 immigrants , mainly Spaniards , settled on the island in the period up until the American conquest . Printed in three languages -- Spanish , English , and French -- it was intended to also attract non-Spanish Europeans , with the hope that the independence movements would lose their popularity if new settlers had stronger ties to the Crown . Hundreds of non Spanish families , mainly from Corsica , France , Germany , Ireland , Italy and Scotland , also immigrated to the island . Free land was offered as an incentive to those who wanted to populate the two islands , on the condition that they swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church . The offer was very successful , and European immigration continued even after 1898 . Puerto Rico still receives Spanish and European immigration . The Lares Revolutionary Flag Poverty and political estrangement with Spain led to a small but significant uprising in 1868 known as Grito de Lares . It began in the rural town of Lares , but was subdued when rebels moved to the neighboring town of San Sebastián . Leaders of this independence movement included Ramón Emeterio Betances , considered the `` father '' of the Puerto Rican independence movement , and other political figures such as Segundo Ruiz Belvis . Slavery was abolished in Puerto Rico in 1873 , `` with provisions for periods of apprenticeship '' . Abolition Park in Ponce , Puerto Rico Leaders of `` El Grito de Lares '' went into exile in New York City . Many joined the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee , founded on December 8 , 1895 , and continued their quest for Puerto Rican independence . In 1897 , Antonio Mattei Lluberas and the local leaders of the independence movement in Yauco organized another uprising , which became known as the Intentona de Yauco . They raised what they called the Puerto Rican flag , which was adopted as the national flag . The local conservative political factions opposed independence . Rumors of the planned event spread to the local Spanish authorities who acted swiftly and put an end to what would be the last major uprising in the island to Spanish colonial rule . In 1897 , Luis Muñoz Rivera and others persuaded the liberal Spanish government to agree to grant limited self - government to the island by royal decree in the Autonomic Charter , including a bicameral legislature . In 1898 , Puerto Rico 's first , but short - lived , quasi-autonomous government was organized as an `` overseas province '' of Spain . This bilaterally agreed - upon charter maintained a governor appointed by the King of Spain -- who held the power to annul any legislative decision -- and a partially elected parliamentary structure . In February , Governor - General Manuel Macías inaugurated the new government under the Autonomic Charter . General elections were held in March and the new government began to function on July 17 , 1898 . American era ( 1898 -- present ) Main article : Puerto Rican Campaign Bombardment of San Juan during the Spanish -- American War In 1890 , Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan , a member of the Navy War Board and leading U.S. strategic thinker , published a book titled The Influence of Sea Power upon History in which he argued for the establishment of a large and powerful navy modeled after the British Royal Navy . Part of his strategy called for the acquisition of colonies in the Caribbean , which would serve as coaling and naval stations . They would serve as strategic points of defense with the construction of a canal through the Isthmus of Panama , to allow easier passage of ships between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . The first company of Puerto Ricans enlisted in the U.S. Army , 1899 William H. Seward , the former Secretary of State under presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson , had also stressed the importance of building a canal in Honduras , Nicaragua or Panama . He suggested that the United States annex the Dominican Republic and purchase Puerto Rico and Cuba . The U.S. Senate did not approve his annexation proposal , and Spain rejected the U.S. offer of 160 million dollars for Puerto Rico and Cuba . Since 1894 , the United States Naval War College had been developing contingency plans for a war with Spain . By 1896 , the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence had prepared a plan that included military operations in Puerto Rican waters . Except for one 1895 plan , which recommended annexation of the island then named Isle of Pines ( later renamed as Isla de la Juventud ) , a recommendation dropped in later planning , plans developed for attacks on Spanish territories were intended as support operations against Spain 's forces in and around Cuba . Recent research suggests that the U.S. did consider Puerto Rico valuable as a naval station , and recognized that it and Cuba generated lucrative crops of sugar -- a valuable commercial commodity which the United States lacked , before the development of the sugar beet industry in the United States . Children in a company housing settlement , 1941 On July 25 , 1898 , during the Spanish -- American War , the U.S. invaded Puerto Rico with a landing at Guánica . As an outcome of the war , Spain ceded Puerto Rico , along with the Philippines and Guam , then under Spanish sovereignty , to the U.S. under the Treaty of Paris , which went into effect on April 11 , 1899 . Spain relinquished sovereignty over Cuba , but did not cede it to the U.S. United States unincorporated organized territory ( 1900 -- 1952 ) The United States and Puerto Rico began a long - standing metropolis - colony relationship . In the early 20th century , Puerto Rico was ruled by the military , with officials including the governor appointed by the President of the United States . The Foraker Act of 1900 gave Puerto Rico a certain amount of civilian popular government , including a popularly elected House of Representatives . The upper house and governor were appointed by the United States . The First Supreme Court of Puerto Rico , appointed pursuant to the Foraker Act Its judicial system was constructed to follow the American legal system ; a Puerto Rico Supreme Court and a United State District Court for the territory were established . It was authorized a non-voting member of Congress , by the title of `` Resident Commissioner '' , who was appointed . In addition , this Act extended all U.S. laws `` not locally inapplicable '' to Puerto Rico , specifying , in particular , exemption from U.S. Internal Revenue laws . The Act empowered the civil government to legislate on `` all matters of legislative character not locally inapplicable '' , including the power to modify and repeal any laws then in existence in Puerto Rico , though the U.S. Congress retained the power to annul acts of the Puerto Rico legislature . During an address to the Puerto Rican legislature in 1906 , President Theodore Roosevelt recommended that Puerto Ricans become U.S. citizens . In 1914 , the Puerto Rican House of Delegates voted unanimously in favor of independence from the United States , but this was rejected by the U.S. Congress as `` unconstitutional '' , and in violation of the 1900 Foraker Act . U.S. citizenship and Puerto Rican citizenship In 1917 , the U.S. Congress passed the Jones -- Shafroth Act , popularly called the Jones Act , which granted Puerto Ricans , born on or after , April 25 , 1898 , U.S. citizenship . Opponents , which included all of the Puerto Rican House of Delegates , who voted unanimously against it , said that the U.S. imposed citizenship in order to draft Puerto Rican men into the army as American entry into World War I became likely . The same Act provided for a popularly elected Senate to complete a bicameral Legislative Assembly , as well as a bill of rights . It authorized the popular election of the Resident Commissioner to a four - year term . Soldiers of the 65th Infantry training in Salinas , Puerto Rico ( August 1941 ) Natural disasters , including a major earthquake and tsunami in 1918 , and several hurricanes , and the Great Depression impoverished the island during the first few decades under U.S. rule . Some political leaders , such as Pedro Albizu Campos , who led the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party , demanded change in relations with the United States . He organized a protest at the University of Puerto Rico in 1935 , in which four were killed by police . In 1936 , U.S. Senator Millard Tydings introduced a bill supporting independence for Puerto Rico , but it was opposed by Luis Muñoz Marín of the Liberal Party of Puerto Rico . ( Tydings had co-sponsored the Tydings -- McDuffie Act , which provided independence to the Philippines after a 10 - year transition under a limited autonomy . ) All the Puerto Rican parties supported the bill , but Muñoz Marín opposed it . Tydings did not gain passage of the bill . In 1937 , Albizu Campos ' party organized a protest in which numerous people were killed by police in Ponce . The Insular Police , resembling the National Guard , opened fire upon unarmed cadets and bystanders alike . The attack on unarmed protesters was reported by the U.S. Congressman Vito Marcantonio and confirmed by the report of the Hays Commission , which investigated the events . The commission was led by Arthur Garfield Hays , counsel to the American Civil Liberties Union . Nineteen people were killed and over 200 were badly wounded , many in their backs while running away . The Hays Commission declared it a massacre and police mob action , and it has since been known as the Ponce massacre . In the aftermath , on April 2 , 1943 , Tydings introduced a bill in Congress calling for independence for Puerto Rico . This bill ultimately was defeated . During the latter years of the Roosevelt -- Truman administrations , the internal governance was changed in a compromise reached with Luis Muñoz Marín and other Puerto Rican leaders . In 1946 , President Truman appointed the first Puerto Rican - born governor , Jesús T. Piñero . Since 2007 , the Puerto Rico State Department has developed a protocol to issue certificates of Puerto Rican citizenship to Puerto Ricans . In order to be eligible , applicants must have been born in Puerto Rico ; born outside of Puerto Rico to a Puerto Rican -- born parent ; or be an American citizen with at least one year of residence in Puerto Rico . United States unincorporated organized territory with Commonwealth Constitution ( 1952 -- present ) In 1947 , the U.S. granted Puerto Ricans the right to democratically elect their own governor . In 1948 , Luis Muñoz Marín became the first popularly elected governor of Puerto Rico . Painting of bayonet charge by the U.S. 65th Infantry Regiment , made up of Puerto Rican troops , against a Chinese division during the Korean War A bill was introduced before the Puerto Rican Senate which would restrain the rights of the independence and nationalist movements in the island . The Senate at the time was controlled by the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) , and was presided over by Luis Muñoz Marín . The bill , also known as the Gag Law ( Spanish : Ley de la Mordaza ) , was approved by the legislature on May 21 , 1948 . It made it illegal to display a Puerto Rican flag , to sing a pro-independence tune , to talk of independence , or to campaign for independence . The bill , which resembled the Smith Act passed in the United States , was signed and made into law on June 10 , 1948 , by the U.S. appointed governor of Puerto Rico , Jesús T. Piñero , and became known as `` Law 53 '' ( Spanish : Ley 53 ) . In accordance with this law , it would be a crime to print , publish , sell , exhibit , organize or help anyone organize any society , group or assembly of people whose intentions are to paralyze or destroy the insular government . Anyone accused and found guilty of disobeying the law could be sentenced to ten years of prison , be fined $10,000 ( U.S. ) , or both . According to Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa , a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives , the law was repressive and in violation of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution , which guarantees Freedom of Speech . He asserted that the law as such was a violation of the civil rights of the people of Puerto Rico . The law was repealed in 1957 . Estado Libre Asociado In 1950 , the U.S. Congress granted Puerto Ricans the right to organize a constitutional convention via a referendum that gave them the option of voting their preference , `` yes '' or `` no '' , on a proposed U.S. law that would organize Puerto Rico as a `` commonwealth '' that would continue United States sovereignty over Puerto Rico and its people . Puerto Rico 's electorate expressed its support for this measure in 1951 with a second referendum to ratify the constitution . The Constitution of Puerto Rico was formally adopted on July 3 , 1952 . The Constitutional Convention specified the name by which the body politic would be known . On February 4 , 1952 , the convention approved Resolution 22 which chose in English the word Commonwealth , meaning a `` politically organized community '' or `` state '' , which is simultaneously connected by a compact or treaty to another political system . Puerto Rico officially designates itself with the term `` Commonwealth of Puerto Rico '' in its constitution , as a translation into English of the term to `` Estado Libre Asociado '' ( ELA ) . In 1967 Puerto Rico 's Legislative Assembly polled the political preferences of the Puerto Rican electorate by passing a plebiscite act that provided for a vote on the status of Puerto Rico . This constituted the first plebiscite by the Legislature for a choice among three status options ( commonwealth , statehood , and independence ) . In subsequent plebiscites organized by Puerto Rico held in 1993 and 1998 ( without any formal commitment on the part of the U.S. Government to honor the results ) , the current political status failed to receive majority support . In 1993 , Commonwealth status won by a plurality of votes ( 48.6 % versus 46.3 % for statehood ) , while the `` none of the above '' option , which was the Popular Democratic Party - sponsored choice , won in 1998 with 50.3 % of the votes ( versus 46.5 % for statehood ) . Disputes arose as to the definition of each of the ballot alternatives , and Commonwealth advocates , among others , reportedly urged a vote for `` none of the above '' . In 1950 , the U.S. Congress approved Public Law 600 ( P.L. 81 - 600 ) , which allowed for a democratic referendum in Puerto Rico to determine whether Puerto Ricans desired to draft their own local constitution . This Act was meant to be adopted in the `` nature of a compact '' . It required congressional approval of the Puerto Rico Constitution before it could go into effect , and repealed certain sections of the Organic Act of 1917 . The sections of this statute left in force were entitled the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act . U.S. Secretary of the Interior Oscar L. Chapman , under whose Department resided responsibility of Puerto Rican affairs , clarified the new commonwealth status in this manner : `` The bill ( to permit Puerto Rico to write its own constitution ) merely authorizes the people of Puerto Rico to adopt their own constitution and to organize a local government ... The bill under consideration would not change Puerto Rico 's political , social , and economic relationship to the United States . '' External video Puerto Rico , U.S. Embassy in Vienna , October 24 , 2014 View newsreel scenes in Spanish of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s on YouTube On October 30 , 1950 , Pedro Albizu Campos and other nationalists led a three - day revolt against the United States in various cities and towns of Puerto Rico , in what is known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s . The most notable occurred in Jayuya and Utuado . In the Jayuya revolt , known as the Jayuya Uprising , the Puerto Rican governor declared martial law , and attacked the insurgents in Jayuya with infantry , artillery and bombers under control of the Puerto Rican commander . The Utuado uprising culminated in what is known as the Utuado massacre . On November 1 , 1950 , Puerto Rican nationalists from New York City , Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo , attempted to assassinate President Harry S. Truman at his temporary residence of Blair House . Torresola was killed during the attack , but Collazo was wounded and captured . He was convicted of murder and sentenced to death , but President Truman commuted his sentence to life . After Collazo served 29 years in a federal prison , President Jimmy Carter commuted his sentence to times served and he was released in 1979 . Pedro Albizu Campos served many years in a federal prison in Atlanta , for seditious conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government in Puerto Rico . The Constitution of Puerto Rico was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6 , 1952 , and 82 % of the voters in a March referendum . It was modified and ratified by the U.S. Congress , approved by President Truman on July 3 of that year , and proclaimed by Gov. Muñoz Marín on July 25 , 1952 . This was the anniversary of July 25 , 1898 , landing of U.S. troops in the Puerto Rican Campaign of the Spanish -- American War , until then celebrated as an annual Puerto Rico holiday . A shantytown along the Martin Peña Channel ( 1973 ) Puerto Rico adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ( literally `` Associated Free State of Puerto Rico '' ) , officially translated into English as Commonwealth , for its body politic . `` The United States Congress legislates over many fundamental aspects of Puerto Rican life , including citizenship , the currency , the postal service , foreign policy , military defense , communications , labor relations , the environment , commerce , finance , health and welfare , and many others . '' During the 1950s and 1960s , Puerto Rico experienced rapid industrialization , due in large part to Operación Manos a la Obra ( `` Operation Bootstrap '' ) , an offshoot of FDR 's New Deal . It was intended to transform Puerto Rico 's economy from agriculture - based to manufacturing - based to provide more jobs . Puerto Rico has become a major tourist destination , as well as a global center for pharmaceutical manufacturing . Referendums on statehood or independence Four referendums have been held since the late 20th century to resolve the political status . The 2012 referendum showed a majority ( 54 % of the voters ) in favor of a change in status , with full statehood the preferred option of those who wanted a change . Because there were almost 500,000 blank ballots in the 2012 referendum , creating confusion as to the voters ' true desire , Congress decided to ignore the vote . The first three plebiscites provided voters with three options : statehood , free association , and independence . The Puerto Rican status referendum , 2017 in June 2017 was going to offer only two options : Statehood and Independence / Free Association . However , a letter from the Donald Trump administration recommended adding the Commonwealth , the current status , in the plebiscite . The option had been removed from this plebiscite in response to the results of the plebiscite in 2012 which asked whether to remain in the current status and No had won . The Trump administration cited changes in demographics during the past 5 years to add the option once again . Amendments to the plebiscite bill were adopted making ballot wording changes requested by the Department of Justice , as well as adding a `` current territorial status '' option . While 97 percent voted in favor of statehood , the turnout was low ; only some 23 percent voted . After the ballots were counted the Justice Department was non-committal . The Justice Department had asked for the 2017 plebiscite to be postponed but the Rosselló government chose not to do so . After the outcome was announced , the department told the Associated Press that it had `` not reviewed or approved the ballot 's language '' . Former Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá ( 2005 -- 2009 ) is convinced that statehood is not the solution for either the U.S. or for Puerto Rico `` for economic , identity and cultural reasons '' . He pointed out that voter turnout for the 2017 referendum was extremely low , and suggests that a different type of mutually - beneficial relationship should be found . If the federal government agrees to discuss an association agreement , the conditions would be negotiated between the two entities . The agreement might cover topics such as the role of the U.S. military in Puerto Rico , the use of the U.S. currency , free trade between the two entities , and whether Puerto Ricans would be U.S. citizens . The three current Free Associated States ( Marshall Islands , Micronesia and Palau ) use the American dollar , receive some financial support and the promise of military defense if they refuse military access to any other country . Their citizens are allowed to work in the U.S. and serve in its military . Governor Ricardo Rosselló is strongly in favor of statehood to help develop the economy and help to `` solve our 500 - year - old colonial dilemma ... Colonialism is not an option ... It 's a civil rights issue ... 3.5 million citizens seeking an absolute democracy , '' he told the news media . Benefits of statehood include an additional $10 billion per year in federal funds , the right to vote in presidential elections , higher Social Security and Medicare benefits , and a right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy . The latter is currently prohibited . Statehood might be useful as a means of dealing with the financial crisis , since it would allow for bankruptcy and the relevant protection . According to the Government Development Bank , this might be the only solution to the debt crisis . Congress has the power to vote to allow Chapter 9 protection without the need for statehood , but in late 2015 there was very little support in the House for this concept . Other benefits to statehood include increased disability benefits and Medicaid funding , the right to vote in Presidential elections and the higher ( federal ) minimum wage . Subsequent to the 2017 referendum , Puerto Rico 's legislators are also expected to vote on a bill that would allow the Governor to draft a state constitution and hold elections to choose senators and representatives to the federal Congress . In spite of the outcome of the referendum , and the so - called Tennessee Plan ( above ) , action by the United States Congress would be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution . United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization Since 1953 , the UN has been considering the political status of Puerto Rico and how to assist it in achieving `` independence '' or `` decolonization '' . In 1978 , the Special Committee determined that a `` colonial relationship '' existed between the U.S. and Puerto Rico . The UN 's Special Committee on Decolonization has often referred to Puerto Rico as a `` nation '' in its reports , because , internationally , the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with their own national identity . Most recently , in a June 2016 report , the Special Committee called for the United States to expedite the process to allow self - determination in Puerto Rico . More specifically , the group called on the United States to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self - determination and independence ... allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner , and to address their urgent economic and social needs , including unemployment , marginalization , insolvency and poverty `` . International status On November 27 , 1953 , shortly after the establishment of the Commonwealth , the General Assembly of the United Nations approved Resolution 748 , removing Puerto Rico 's classification as a non-self - governing territory . The General Assembly did not apply the full list of criteria which was enunciated in 1960 when it took favorable note of the cessation of transmission of information regarding the non-self - governing status of Puerto Rico . According to the White House Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Political Status in its December 21 , 2007 report , the U.S. , in its written submission to the UN in 1953 , never represented that Congress could not change its relationship with Puerto Rico without the territory 's consent . It stated that the U.S. Justice Department in 1959 reiterated that Congress held power over Puerto Rico pursuant to the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution . In 1993 the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit stated that Congress may unilaterally repeal the Puerto Rican Constitution or the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act and replace them with any rules or regulations of its choice . In a 1996 report on a Puerto Rico status political bill , the U.S. House Committee on Resources stated , `` Puerto Rico 's current status does not meet the criteria for any of the options for full self - government under Resolution 1541 '' ( the three established forms of full self - government being stated in the report as ( 1 ) national independence , ( 2 ) free association based on separate sovereignty , or ( 3 ) full integration with another nation on the basis of equality ) . The report concluded that Puerto Rico `` ... remains an unincorporated colony and does not have the status of ' free association ' with the United States as that status is defined under United States law or international practice '' , that the establishment of local self - government with the consent of the people can be unilaterally revoked by the U.S. Congress , and that U.S. Congress can also withdraw the U.S. citizenship of Puerto Rican residents of Puerto Rico at any time , for a legitimate Federal purpose . The application of the U.S. Constitution to Puerto Rico is limited by the Insular Cases . In 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , and 2011 the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization passed resolutions calling on the United States to expedite a process `` that would allow Puerto Ricans to fully exercise their inalienable right to self - determination and independence '' , and to release all Puerto Rican political prisoners in U.S. prisons , to clean up , decontaminate and return the lands in the islands of Vieques and Culebra to the people of Puerto Rico , to perform a probe into U.S. human rights violations on the island and a probe into the killing by the FBI of pro-independence leader Filiberto Ojeda Rios . 21st century Further information : Proposed political status for Puerto Rico ; Puerto Rican status referendum , 2012 ; and President 's Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Status Puerto Rican status referendum , 2012 Location Puerto Rico Date November 6 , 2012 ; 5 years ago ( 2012 - 11 - 06 ) Voting system simple majority for the first question first - past - the - post for the second question Should Puerto Rico continue its current territorial status ? Yes 46.00 % No 54.00 % Which non-territorial option do you prefer ? Statehood 61.16 % Sovereign Free Associated State 33.34 % Independence 5.49 % There were 515,348 blank and invalidated ballots counted alongside the 1,363,854 ballots which indicated a choice for one of the non-territorial alternatives . Under Puerto Rico Law , these ballots are not considered cast votes and are therefore not reflected in the final tally . On July 15 , 2009 , the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization approved a draft resolution calling on the Government of the United States to expedite a process that would allow the Puerto Rican people to exercise fully their inalienable right to self - determination and independence . On April 29 , 2010 , the U.S. House voted 223 -- 169 to approve a measure for a federally sanctioned process for Puerto Rico 's self - determination , allowing Puerto Rico to set a new referendum on whether to continue its present form of commonwealth , or to have a different political status . If Puerto Ricans voted to continue as a commonwealth , the Government of Puerto Rico was authorized to conduct additional plebiscites at intervals of every eight years from the date on which the results of the prior plebiscite were certified ; if Puerto Ricans voted to have a different political status , a second referendum would determine whether Puerto Rico would become a U.S. state , an independent country , or a sovereign nation associated with the U.S. that would not be subject to the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution . During the House debate , a fourth option , to retain its present form of commonwealth ( sometimes referred to as `` the status quo '' ) political status , was added as an option in the second plebiscite . Immediately following U.S. House passage , H.R. 2499 was sent to the U.S. Senate , where it was given two formal readings and referred to the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources . On December 22 , 2010 , the 111th United States Congress adjourned without any Senate vote on H.R. 2499 , killing the bill . The latest Task Force report was released on March 11 , 2011 . The report suggested a two - plebiscite process , including a `` first plebiscite that requires the people of Puerto Rico to choose whether they wish to be part of the United States ( either via Statehood or Commonwealth ) or wish to be independent ( via Independence or Free Association ) . If continuing to be part of the United States were chosen in the first plebiscite , a second vote would be taken between Statehood and Commonwealth . '' On June 14 , 2011 , President Barack Obama `` promised to support ' a clear decision ' by the people of Puerto Rico on statehood '' . That same month , the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization passed a resolution and adopted a consensus text introduced by Cuba 's delegate on June 20 , 2011 , calling on the United States to expedite a process `` that would allow Puerto Ricans to fully exercise their inalienable right to self - determination and independence '' . On November 6 , 2012 , a two - question referendum took place , simultaneous with the general elections . The first question asked voters whether they wanted to maintain the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution . The second question posed three alternate status options if the first question was approved : statehood , independence or free association . For the first question , 54 percent voted against the current Commonwealth status . For the second question , 61.16 % voted for statehood , 33.34 % for a sovereign free associated state , and 5.49 % for independence . There were also 515,348 blank and invalidated ballots , which are not reflected in the final tally , as they are not considered cast votes under Puerto Rico law . On December 11 , 2012 , Puerto Rico 's Legislature passed a concurrent resolution to request to the President and the U.S. Congress action on November 6 , 2012 plebiscite results . But on April 10 , 2013 , with the issue still being widely debated , the White House announced that it will seek $2.5 million to hold another referendum , this next one being the first Puerto Rican status referendum to be financed by the U.S. Federal government . In December 2015 , the U.S. Government submitted a brief as Amicus Curiae to the U.S. Supreme Court related to the case Commonwealth of Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle . The U.S. Government official position is that the U.S. Constitution does not contemplate `` sovereign territories '' . That the Court has consistently recognized that `` there is no sovereignty in a Territory of the United States but that of the United States itself '' . and a U.S. territory has `` no independent sovereignty comparable to that of a state . That is because `` the Government of a territory owes its existence wholly to the United States '' . Congress 's plenary authority over federal territories includes the authority to permit self - government , whereby local officials administer a territory 's internal affairs . On June 9 , 2016 , in Commonwealth of Puerto Rico vs Sanchez Valle , a 6 -- 2 majority of the Supreme Court of the United States determined that Puerto Rico is a territory and lacks Sovereignty . On June 30 , 2016 , the President of the United States of America signed a new law approved by U.S. Congress , H.R. 5278 : PROMESA , establishing a Control Board over the Puerto Rico Government . This board will have a significant degree of federal control involved in its establishment and operations . In particular , the authority to establish the control board derives from the federal government 's constitutional power to `` make all needful rules and regulations '' regarding U.S. territories ; The President would appoint all seven voting members of the board ; and the board would have broad sovereign powers to effectively overrule decisions by Puerto Rico 's legislature , governor , and other public authorities . Political status The latest referendum on statehood , independence , or an associated republic was held on November 6 , 2012 . The people of Puerto Rico made history by requesting , for the first time ever , the conclusion of the island 's current territorial status . Almost 78 % of registered voters participated in a plebiscite held to resolve Puerto Rico 's status , and a slim but clear majority ( 54 % ) disagreed with Puerto Rico maintaining its present territorial status . Furthermore , among the possible alternatives , sixty - one percent ( 61 % ) of voters chose the statehood option , while one third of the ballots were submitted blank . On December 11 , 2012 , the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico enacted a concurrent resolution requesting the President and the Congress of the United States to respond to the referendum of the people of Puerto Rico , held on November 6 , 2012 , to end its current form of territorial status and to begin the process to admit Puerto Rico as a State . The initiative has not made Puerto Rico into a state . Hurricane Maria A neighborhood in Puerto Rico heavily damaged by the storm . In late September 2017 , Hurricane Maria hit the island as a Category 4 storm causing severe damage to homes , other buildings and infrastructure . The recovery as of late November was slow but progress had been made . Electricity was restored to two - thirds of the island , although there was some doubt as to the number of residents getting reliable power . In January 2018 , it was reported that close to 40 percent of the island 's customers still did not have electricity . The vast majority had access to water but were still required to boil it . The number still living in shelters had dropped to 982 with thousands of others living with relatives . The official death toll at the time was 58 but some sources indicated that the actual number is much higher . A dam on the island was close to failure and officials were concerned about additional flooding from this source . Thousands had left Puerto Rico , with close to 200,000 having arrived in Florida alone . Those who were then living on the mainland experienced difficulty in getting health care benefits . A The New York Times report on November 27 said it was understandable that Puerto Ricans wanted to leave the island . `` Basic essentials are hard to find and electricity and other utilities are unreliable or entirely inaccessible . Much of the population has been unable to return to jobs or to school and access to health care has been severely limited . '' The Center for Puerto Rican Studies at New York 's Hunter College estimated that some half million people , about 14 % of the population , may permanently leave by 2019 . The total damage on the island was estimated as up to $95 billion . By the end of November , FEMA had received over a million applications for aid and had approved about a quarter of those . The US government had agreed in October to provide funding to rebuild and up to $4.9 billion in loans to help the island 's government . FEMA had $464 million earmarked to help local governments rebuild public buildings and infrastructure . Bills for other funding were being considered in Washington but little progress had been made on those . A November 28 , 2017 report by the Sierra Club included this comment : `` It will take years to rebuild Puerto Rico , not just from the worst hurricane to make landfall since 1932 , but to sustainably overcome environmental injustices which made Maria 's devastation even more catastrophic '' . In May , 2017 , the Natural Resources Defense Council reported that Puerto Rico 's water system was the worst as measured by the Clean Water Act . 70 % of the population drank water that violated U.S. law . Rebuilding efforts A tourism web site report in March 2018 indicated that all airports were operating , although Luis Munoz Marin Airport would not be back to handling the full number of flights until July 2018 . Some 90 % of the island was receiving electricity , although the power structure would require another $17.6 billion for full rebuilding , according to the United States Department of Energy . Nearly all residents had access to telecommunications service and running water . All hospitals were operating . Some 83 % of hotel rooms were available for use and the cruise ship port was receiving ships ; 58 arrived in San Juan in February . The island was encouraging operators to increase the number of tourists . Reports in April 2018 stated that Puerto Rico will receive $18.5 billion from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development to help rebuild homes and infrastructure . This was substantially less than the $46 billion requested by the governor . However , the island was expecting to receive approximately $50 billion for disaster relief over the subsequent six years mostly via the Federal Emergency Management Agency . At that time , nearly 2800 families were living in FEMA - sponsored short - term housing across 34 states and Puerto Rico . Nearly half of the schools are operating at only 60 % classroom capacity . Over 280 public schools would not reopen in the fall ; 827 were expected to be operational . Almost 40,000 students left the island 's schools since May 2017 ; some of these were in schools in the mainland U.S. ( Before the hurricanes , Puerto Rico had planned to close 179 schools due to inadequate numbers of students . ) Death toll The official number of Hurricane Maria - related deaths as reported by the government of Puerto Rico is 64 . The Commonwealth has commissioned George Washington University to assess the death toll and is awaiting that report . An academic study based on household surveys and reported in the New England Journal of Medicine estimated that the number of hurricane - related deaths during the period September 20 , 2017 to December 31 , 2017 was around 4,600 ( range 793 - 8,498 ) Geography Main articles : Geography of Puerto Rico and Geology of Puerto Rico A map of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico consists of the main island of Puerto Rico and various smaller islands , including Vieques , Culebra , Mona , Desecheo , and Caja de Muertos . Of these five , only Culebra and Vieques are inhabited year - round . Mona , which has played a key role in maritime history , is uninhabited most of the year except for employees of the Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources . There are many other even smaller islets , like Monito , which is near to Mona , Isla de Cabras and La Isleta de San Juan , both located on the San Juan Bay . The latter is the only inhabited islet with communities like Old San Juan and Puerta de Tierra , and connected to the main island by bridges . The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has an area of 13,790 square kilometers ( 5,320 sq mi ) , of which 8,870 km ( 3,420 sq mi ) is land and 4,921 km ( 1,900 sq mi ) is water . Puerto Rico is larger than two U.S. states , Delaware and Rhode Island . The maximum length of the main island from east to west is 180 km ( 110 mi ) , and the maximum width from north to south is 65 km ( 40 mi ) . Puerto Rico is the smallest of the Greater Antilles . It is 80 % of the size of Jamaica , just over 18 % of the size of Hispaniola and 8 % of the size of Cuba , the largest of the Greater Antilles . The island is mostly mountainous with large coastal areas in the north and south . The main mountain range is called `` La Cordillera Central '' ( The Central Range ) . The highest elevation in Puerto Rico , Cerro de Punta 1,338 meters ( 4,390 ft ) , is located in this range . Another important peak is El Yunque , one of the highest in the Sierra de Luquillo at the El Yunque National Forest , with an elevation of 1,065 m ( 3,494 ft ) . The coast at Patillas , Puerto Rico Puerto Rico has 17 lakes , all man - made , and more than 50 rivers , most originating in the Cordillera Central . Rivers in the northern region of the island are typically longer and of higher water flow rates than those of the south , since the south receives less rain than the central and northern regions . Puerto Rico is composed of Cretaceous to Eocene volcanic and plutonic rocks , overlain by younger Oligocene and more recent carbonates and other sedimentary rocks . Most of the caverns and karst topography on the island occurs in the northern region in the carbonates . The oldest rocks are approximately 190 million years old ( Jurassic ) and are located at Sierra Bermeja in the southwest part of the island . They may represent part of the oceanic crust and are believed to come from the Pacific Ocean realm . Puerto Rico lies at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates and is being deformed by the tectonic stresses caused by their interaction . These stresses may cause earthquakes and tsunamis . These seismic events , along with landslides , represent some of the most dangerous geologic hazards in the island and in the northeastern Caribbean . The most recent major earthquake occurred on October 11 , 1918 , and had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 on the Richter scale . It originated off the coast of Aguadilla , several kilometers off the northern coast , and was accompanied by a tsunami . It caused extensive property damage and widespread losses , damaging infrastructure , especially bridges . It resulted in an estimated 116 deaths and $4 million in property damage . The failure of the government to move rapidly to provide for the general welfare contributed to political activism by opponents and eventually to the rise of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party . The Puerto Rico Trench , the largest and deepest trench in the Atlantic , is located about 115 km ( 71 mi ) north of Puerto Rico at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates . It is 280 km ( 170 mi ) long . At its deepest point , named the Milwaukee Deep , it is almost 8,400 m ( 27,600 ft ) deep . Climate Puerto Rico seen from space ( STS - 34 mission ) Main article : Climate of Puerto Rico The climate of Puerto Rico in the Köppen climate classification is tropical rainforest . Temperatures are warm to hot year round , averaging near 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) in lower elevations and 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) in the mountains . Easterly trade winds pass across the island year round . Puerto Rico has a rainy season which stretches from April into November . The mountains of the Cordillera Central are the main cause of the variations in the temperature and rainfall that occur over very short distances . The mountains can also cause wide variation in local wind speed and direction due to their sheltering and channeling effects adding to the climatic variation . The island has an average temperature of 82.4 ° F ( 28 ° C ) throughout the year , with an average minimum temperature of 66.9 ° F ( 19 ° C ) and maximum of 85.4 ° F ( 30 ° C ) . Daily temperature changes seasonally are quite small in the lowlands and coastal areas . The temperature in the south is usually a few degrees higher than the north and temperatures in the central interior mountains are always cooler than those on the rest of the island . Between the dry and wet season , there is a temperature change of around 6 ° F ( 3.3 ° C ) . This is mainly due to the warm waters of the tropical Atlantic Ocean , which significantly modify cooler air moving in from the north and northwest . Coastal waters temperatures around the years are about 75 ° F ( 24 ° C ) in February to 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) in August . The highest temperature ever recorded was 99 ° F ( 37 ° C ) at Arecibo , while the lowest temperature ever recorded was 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) in the mountains at Adjuntas , Aibonito , and Corozal . The average yearly precipitation is 1,687 mm ( 66 in ) . hide Climate data for San Juan Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 28 ( 83 ) 29 ( 84 ) 29 ( 85 ) 30 ( 86 ) 31 ( 88 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 30 ( 86 ) 29 ( 84 ) 31 ( 87 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 22 ( 72 ) 22 ( 72 ) 23 ( 73 ) 23 ( 74 ) 24 ( 76 ) 26 ( 78 ) 26 ( 78 ) 26 ( 78 ) 26 ( 78 ) 25 ( 77 ) 24 ( 75 ) 23 ( 73 ) 24 ( 75 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 95.5 ( 3.76 ) 62.7 ( 2.47 ) 49.5 ( 1.95 ) 118.9 ( 4.68 ) 149.9 ( 5.90 ) 112 ( 4.41 ) 128.8 ( 5.07 ) 138.7 ( 5.46 ) 146.6 ( 5.77 ) 142 ( 5.59 ) 161.3 ( 6.35 ) 127.5 ( 5.02 ) 1,433.4 ( 56.43 ) Average rainy days 17 13 12 13 17 15 19 18 17 17 18 19 196 Average relative humidity ( % ) 78.0 75.5 73.9 75.0 77.2 77.0 78.0 77.6 77.7 78.2 78.6 78.3 77.1 Mean daily sunshine hours 8 8 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8.6 Source : `` Average Weather for San Juan , PR '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Puerto Rico experiences the Atlantic hurricane season , similar to the remainder of the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic oceans . On average , a quarter of its annual rainfall is contributed from tropical cyclones , which are more prevalent during periods of La Niña than El Niño . A cyclone of tropical storm strength passes near Puerto Rico , on average , every five years . A hurricane passes in the vicinity of the island , on average , every seven years . Since 1851 , the Lake Okeechobee Hurricane of September 1928 is the only hurricane to make landfall as a Category 5 hurricane . In the busy 2017 Atlantic hurricane season , Puerto Rico avoided a direct hit by the Category 5 Hurricane Irma on September 8 , 2017 , but high winds caused a loss of electrical power to some one million residents . Almost 50 % of hospitals were operating with power provided by generators . The Category 4 Hurricane Jose , as expected , veered away from Puerto Rico . A short time later , the devastating Hurricane Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico as a Category 4 hurricane , with sustained 155 mph ( 249 km / h ) winds , powerful rains and widespread flooding causing tremendous destruction , including the electrical grid , which could remain out for 4 -- 6 months . With such widespread destruction and a great need for supplies -- everything from drinking water , food , medicine and personal care items to fuel for generators and construction materials for rebuilding the island -- Gov. Rossello and several Congressmen called on the federal government to waive the WWI - era Jones Act ( protectionist provisions : ships made and owned in U.S. , and with U.S. crews ) , which essentially double Puerto Rico 's cost for shipped goods relative to neighboring islands . On September 28 , U.S. President Donald Trump waived the Act for ten days . Biodiversity Main articles : Fauna of Puerto Rico and Flora of Puerto Rico Common Coquí Species endemic to the archipelago number 239 plants , 16 birds and 39 amphibians / reptiles , recognized as of 1998 . Most of these ( 234 , 12 and 33 respectively ) are found on the main island . The most recognizable endemic species and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the coquí , a small frog easily identified by the sound of its call , from which it gets its name . Most coquí species ( 13 of 17 ) live in the El Yunque National Forest , a tropical rainforest in the northeast of the island previously known as the Caribbean National Forest . El Yunque is home to more than 240 plants , 26 of which are endemic to the island . It is also home to 50 bird species , including the critically endangered Puerto Rican amazon . Across the island in the southwest , the 40 km ( 15 sq mi ) of dry land at the Guánica Commonwealth Forest Reserve contain over 600 uncommon species of plants and animals , including 48 endangered species and 16 endemic to Puerto Rico . Demographics Main articles : Demographics of Puerto Rico and Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico Population density , Census 2000 The population of Puerto Rico has been shaped by Amerindian settlement , European colonization , slavery , economic migration , and Puerto Rico 's status as unincorporated territory of the United States . Population makeup Main article : Puerto Rican people Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1765 44,883 -- 1775 70,250 + 56.5 % 1800 155,426 + 121.2 % 1815 220,892 + 42.1 % 1832 350,051 + 58.5 % 1846 447,914 + 28.0 % 1860 583,308 + 30.2 % 1877 731,648 + 25.4 % 1887 798,565 + 9.1 % 1899 953,243 + 19.4 % 1910 1,118,012 + 17.3 % 1920 1,299,809 + 16.3 % 1930 1,543,913 + 18.8 % 1940 1,869,255 + 21.1 % 1950 2,210,703 + 18.3 % 1960 2,349,544 + 6.3 % 1970 2,712,033 + 15.4 % 1980 3,196,520 + 17.9 % 3,522,037 + 10.2 % 2000 3,808,610 + 8.1 % 3,725,789 − 2.2 % 2016 3,411,307 − 8.4 % 1765 -- 2010 2016 Estimate The estimated population of Puerto Rico as of July 1 , 2015 , was 3,474,182 , a 6.75 % decrease since the 2010 United States Census . From 2000 to 2010 , the population decreased , the first such decrease in census history for Puerto Rico . It went from the 3,808,610 residents registered in the 2000 Census to 3,725,789 in the 2010 Census . A declining and aging population presents additional problems for the society . The U.S. Census Bureau 's estimate for July 1 , 2016 was 3,411,307 people , down substantially from the 2010 data which had indicated 3,725,789 people . Continuous European immigration and high natural increase helped the population of Puerto Rico grow from 155,426 in 1800 , to almost a million by the close of the 19th century . A census conducted by royal decree on September 30 , 1858 , gave the following totals of the Puerto Rican population at that time : 341,015 were Free colored ; 300,430 identified as Whites ; and 41,736 were slaves . During the 19th century hundreds of families arrived in Puerto Rico , primarily from the Canary Islands and Andalusia , but also from other parts of Spain such as Catalonia , Asturias , Galicia and the Balearic Islands and numerous Spanish loyalists from Spain 's former colonies in South America . Settlers from outside Spain also arrived in the islands , including from Corsica , France , Lebanon , China , Portugal , Ireland , Scotland , Germany and Italy . This immigration from non-Hispanic countries was the result of the Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815 ( `` Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 '' ) , which allowed European Catholics to settle in the island with land allotments in the interior of the island , provided they paid taxes and continued to support the Catholic Church . Racial and Ethnic Composition in Puerto Rico ( 2015 Census est . ) Ethnicity White 75.8 % Black or African American 12.4 % Asian 0.2 % Two or more races 3.3 % American Indian 0.5 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0.1 % Other races 7.8 % Between 1960 and 1990 the census questionnaire in Puerto Rico did not ask about race or ethnicity . The 2000 United States Census included a racial self - identification question in Puerto Rico . According to the census , most Puerto Ricans identified as White and Hispanic ; few identified as Black or some other race . Population genetics A recent population genetics study conducted in Puerto Rico suggests that between 52.6 % and 84 % of the population possess some degree of Amerindian mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) in their maternal ancestry , usually in a combination with other ancestries such as aboriginal Guanche North - West African ancestry brought by Spanish settlers from the Canary Islands . In addition , these DNA studies show Amerindian ancestry in addition to the Taíno . One genetic study on the racial makeup of Puerto Ricans ( including all races ) found them to be roughly around 61 % West Eurasian / North African ( overwhelmingly of Spanish provenance ) , 27 % Sub-Saharan African and 11 % Native American . Another genetic study from 2007 , claimed that `` the average genomewide individual ( ie . Puerto Rican ) ancestry proportions have been estimated as 66 % , 18 % , and 16 % , for European , West African , and Native American , respectively . '' Other study estimates 63.7 % European , 21.2 % ( Sub-Saharan ) African , and 15.2 % Native American ; European ancestry is more prevalent in the West and in Central Puerto Rico , African in Eastern Puerto Rico , and Native American in Northern Puerto Rico . A Pew Research survey indicated a literacy rate of 90.4 % ( adult population ) in 2012 based on data from the United Nations and a life expectancy of 79.3 years . Immigration and emigration Racial groups Year Population White Mixed ( mainly biracial white European and black African ) Black Asian Other 2000 3,808,610 80.5 % ( 3 064 862 ) 11.0 % ( 418 426 ) 8.0 % ( 302 933 ) 0.2 % ( 7 960 ) 0.4 % ( 14 429 ) 3,725,789 75.8 % ( ' 2 824 148 ) 11.1 % ( ' 413 563 ) 12.4 % ( ' 461 998 ) 0.2 % ( ' 7 452 ) 0.6 % ( ' 22 355 ) Puerto Rico has recently become the permanent home of over 100,000 legal residents . The vast majority of recent immigrants , both legal and illegal , come from the Dominican Republic and Haiti . Other sources sending in significant numbers of recent immigrants include Cuba , Mexico , Colombia , Panama , Jamaica , Venezuela , Spain , and Nigeria . Also , there are many non-Puerto Rican U.S. citizens settling in Puerto Rico , from the mainland United States and the U.S. Virgin Islands , as well as Nuyoricans ( stateside Puerto Ricans ) coming back to Puerto Rico . Most recent immigrants settle in and around San Juan . Emigration is a major part of contemporary Puerto Rican history . Starting soon after World War II , poverty , cheap airfares , and promotion by the island government caused waves of Puerto Ricans to move to the United States , particularly to the Northeastern states , and Florida . This trend continued even as Puerto Rico 's economy improved and its birth rate declined . Puerto Ricans continue to follow a pattern of `` circular migration '' , with some migrants returning to the island . In recent years , the population has declined markedly , falling nearly 1 % in 2012 and an additional 1 % ( 36,000 people ) in 2013 due to a falling birthrate and emigration . According to the 2010 Census , the number of Puerto Ricans living in the United States outside of Puerto Rico far exceeds those living in Puerto Rico . Emigration exceeds immigration . As those who leave tend to be better educated than those that remain , this accentuates the drain on Puerto Rico 's economy . Based on the July 1 , 2016 estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau , the population of the Commonwealth had declined by 314,482 people since the 2010 Census data had been tabulated . Population distribution The most populous city is the capital , San Juan , with approximately 371,400 people based on a 2015 estimate by the Census Bureau . Other major cities include Bayamón , Carolina , Ponce , and Caguas . Of the ten most populous cities on the island , eight are located within what is considered San Juan 's metropolitan area , while the other two are located in the south ( Ponce ) and west ( Mayagüez ) of the island . Largest cities or towns in Puerto Rico 2010 Census Rank Name Metropolitan Statistical Area Pop . San Juan Bayamón San Juan San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 395,326 Carolina Ponce Bayamón San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 208,116 Carolina San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 176,762 Ponce Ponce 166,327 5 Caguas San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 142,893 6 Guaynabo San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 97,924 7 Arecibo San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 96,440 8 Toa Baja San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 89,609 9 Mayagüez Mayagüez 89,080 10 Trujillo Alto San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 74,842 Languages The official languages of the executive branch of government of Puerto Rico are Spanish and English , with Spanish being the primary language . Spanish is , and has been , the only official language of the entire Commonwealth judiciary system , despite a 1902 English - only language law . However , all official business of the U.S. District Court for the District of Puerto Rico is conducted in English . English is the primary language of less than 10 % of the population . Spanish is the dominant language of business , education and daily life on the island , spoken by nearly 95 % of the population . The U.S. Census Bureau 's 2015 update provides the following facts : 94.1 % of adults speak Spanish , 5.8 % speak only English , 78.3 % do not speak English `` very well '' . In Puerto Rico , public school instruction is conducted almost entirely in Spanish . There have been pilot programs in about a dozen of the over 1,400 public schools aimed at conducting instruction in English only . Objections from teaching staff are common , perhaps because many of them are not fully fluent in English . English is taught as a second language and is a compulsory subject from elementary levels to high school . The languages of the deaf community are American Sign Language and its local variant , Puerto Rican Sign Language . The Spanish of Puerto Rico has evolved into having many idiosyncrasies in vocabulary and syntax that differentiate it from the Spanish spoken elsewhere . As a product of Puerto Rican history , the island possesses a unique Spanish dialect . Puerto Rican Spanish utilizes many Taíno words , as well as English words . The largest influence on the Spanish spoken in Puerto Rico is that of the Canary Islands . Taíno loanwords are most often used in the context of vegetation , natural phenomena , and native musical instruments . Similarly , words attributed to primarily West African languages were adopted in the contexts of foods , music , and dances , particularly in coastal towns with concentrations of descendants of Sub-Saharan Africans . Religion Religious affiliation in Puerto Rico ( 2014 ) Roman Catholic ( 56 % ) Protestant ( 33 % ) Other ( 3 % ) Irreligious ( 8 % ) The Roman Catholic Church was brought by Spanish colonists and gradually became the dominant religion in Puerto Rico . The first dioceses in the Americas , including that of Puerto Rico , were authorized by Pope Julius II in 1511 . One Pope , John Paul II , visited Puerto Rico in October 1984 . All municipalities in Puerto Rico have at least one Catholic church , most of which are located at the town center , or plaza . African slaves brought and maintained various ethnic African religious practices associated with different peoples ; in particular , the Yoruba beliefs of Santería and / or Ifá , and the Kongo - derived Palo Mayombe . Some aspects were absorbed into syncretic Christianity . Protestantism , which was suppressed under the Spanish Catholic regime , has slightly reemerged under United States rule , making contemporary Puerto Rico more interconfessional than in previous centuries , although Catholicism continues to be the dominant religion . The first Protestant church , Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad , was established in Ponce by the Anglican Diocese of Antigua in 1872 . It was the first non-Roman Catholic Church in the entire Spanish Empire in the Americas . Pollster Pablo Ramos stated in 1998 that the population was 38 % Roman Catholic , 28 % Pentecostal , and 18 % were members of independent churches , which would give a Protestant percentage of 46 % if the last two populations are combined . Protestants collectively added up to almost two million people . Another researcher gave a more conservative assessment of the proportion of Protestants : Puerto Rico , by virtue of its long political association with the United States , is the most Protestant of Latin American countries , with a Protestant population of approximately 33 to 38 percent , the majority of whom are Pentecostal . David Stoll calculates that if we extrapolate the growth rates of evangelical churches from 1960 -- 1985 for another twenty - five years Puerto Rico will become 75 percent evangelical . ( Ana Adams : `` Brincando el Charco ... '' in Power , Politics and Pentecostals in Latin America , Edward Cleary , ed. , 1997 . p. 164 ) . The data provided for 2014 by Pew Research Center , is summarized in the chart to the right . An Associated Press article in March 2014 stated that `` more than 70 percent of whom identify themselves as Catholic '' but provided no source for this information . The CIA World Factbook reports that 85 % of the population of Puerto Rico identifies as Roman Catholic , while 15 % identify as Protestant and Other . Neither a date or a source for that information is provided and may not be recent . A 2013 Pew Research survey found that only about 45 % of Puerto Rican adults identified themselves as Catholic , 29 % as Protestant and 20 % as unaffiliated with a religion . The people surveyed by Pew consisted of Puerto Ricans living in the 50 states and DC and may not be indicative of those living in the Commonwealth . By 2014 , a Pew Research report , with the sub-title Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region , indicated that only 56 % of Puerto Ricans were Catholic and that 33 % were Protestant ; this survey was completed between October 2013 and February 2014 . An Eastern Orthodox community , the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos / St. Spyridon 's Church is located in Trujillo Alto , and serves the small Orthodox community . This affiliation accounted for under 1 % of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research report . In 1940 , Juanita García Peraza founded the Mita Congregation , the first religion of Puerto Rican origin . Taíno religious practices have been rediscovered / reinvented to a degree by a handful of advocates . Similarly , some aspects of African religious traditions have been kept by some adherents . In 1952 , a handful of American Jews established the island 's first synagogue ; this religion accounts for under 1 % of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research report . The synagogue , called Sha'are Zedeck , hired its first rabbi in 1954 . Puerto Rico has the largest Jewish community in the Caribbean , numbering 3000 people ( date not stated ) , and is the only Caribbean island in which the Conservative , Reform and Orthodox Jewish movements all are represented . In 2007 , there were about 5,000 Muslims in Puerto Rico , representing about 0.13 % of the population . Eight mosques are located throughout the island , with most Muslims living in Río Piedras and Caguas , most of these Muslims are of Palestinian and Jordanian descent . There is also a Bahá'í community on the island . In 2015 , the 25,832 Jehovah 's Witnesses represented about 0.70 % of the population , with 324 congregations . The Padmasambhava Buddhist Center , whose followers practice Tibetan Buddhism , as well as Nichiren Buddhism have branches in Puerto Rico . There are several atheist activist and educational organizations , and an atheistic parody religion called the Pastafarian Church of Puerto Rico . Roman Catholic Cathedral of San Juan Bautista . Anglican Iglesia Santísima Trinidad in Ponce Islamic Center at Ponce Inside Sha'are Zedeck in San Juan Government Main articles : Government of Puerto Rico and Politics of Puerto Rico Governor of Puerto Rico , Ricardo Rosselló Puerto Rico has 8 senatorial districts , 40 representative districts and 78 municipalities . It has a republican form of government with separation of powers subject to the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United States . Its current powers are all delegated by the United States Congress and lack full protection under the United States Constitution . Puerto Rico 's head of state is the President of the United States . The government of Puerto Rico , based on the formal republican system , is composed of three branches : the executive , legislative , and judicial branch . The executive branch is headed by the governor , currently Ricky Rosselló . The legislative branch consists of a bicameral legislature called the Legislative Assembly , made up of a Senate as its upper chamber and a House of Representatives as its lower chamber . The Senate is headed by the President of the Senate , currently Thomas Rivera Schatz , while the House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker of the House , currently Johnny Méndez . The governor and legislators are elected by popular vote every four years with the last election held in November 2016 . The judicial branch is headed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico , currently Maite Oronoz Rodríguez . Members of the judicial branch are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the Senate . Puerto Rico is represented in the United States Congress by a nonvoting delegate , the Resident Commissioner , currently Jenniffer González . Current congressional rules have removed the Commissioner 's power to vote in the Committee of the Whole , but the Commissioner can vote in committee . Puerto Rican elections are governed by the Federal Election Commission and the State Elections Commission of Puerto Rico . While residing in Puerto Rico , Puerto Ricans can not vote in U.S. presidential elections , but they can vote in primaries . Puerto Ricans who become residents of a U.S. state can vote in presidential elections . Puerto Rico hosts consulates from 41 countries , mainly from the Americas and Europe , with most located in San Juan . As an unincorporated territory of the United States , Puerto Rico does not have any first - order administrative divisions as defined by the U.S. government , but has 78 municipalities at the second level . Mona Island is not a municipality , but part of the municipality of Mayagüez . Municipalities are subdivided into wards or barrios , and those into sectors . Each municipality has a mayor and a municipal legislature elected for a four - year term . The municipality of San Juan ( previously called `` town '' ) , was founded first , in 1521 , San Germán in 1570 , Coamo in 1579 , Arecibo in 1614 , Aguada in 1692 and Ponce in 1692 . An increase of settlement saw the founding of 30 municipalities in the 18th century and 34 in the 19th . Six were founded in the 20th century ; the last was Florida in 1971 . Political parties and elections Main article : Political party strength in Puerto Rico The difference between the incumbent party , the PPD , and its opponent , the PNP , was a mere 0.6 % in the last election . This difference is common as the political landscape experiences political cycles between both parties , with the PPD ruling all branches of government for 36 of the past 64 years . The PNP , on the other hand , has ruled both the executive and legislative branch concurrently for 16 years . The other 12 years experienced a divided government . Since 1952 , Puerto Rico has had three main political parties : the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD in Spanish ) , the New Progressive Party ( PNP in Spanish ) and the Puerto Rican Independence Party ( PIP ) . The three parties stand for different political status . The PPD , for example , seeks to maintain the island 's status with the U.S. as a commonwealth , while the PNP , on the other hand , seeks to make Puerto Rico a state of the United States . The PIP , in contrast , seeks a complete separation from the United States by seeking to make Puerto Rico a sovereign nation . In terms of party strength , the PPD and PNP usually hold about 47 % of the vote each while the PIP holds only about 5 % . After 2007 , other parties emerged on the island . The first , the Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party ( PPR in Spanish ) was registered that same year . The party claims that it seeks to address the islands ' problems from a status - neutral platform . But it ceased to remain as a registered party when it failed to obtain the required number of votes in the 2008 general election . Four years later , the 2012 election saw the emergence of the Movimiento Unión Soberanista ( MUS ; English : Sovereign Union Movement ) and the Partido del Pueblo Trabajador ( PPT ; English : Working People 's Party ) but none obtained more than 1 % of the vote . Other non-registered parties include the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party , the Socialist Workers Movement , and the Hostosian National Independence Movement . Law Main articles : Constitution of Puerto Rico and Law of Puerto Rico The insular legal system is a blend of civil law and the common law systems . Puerto Rico is the only current U.S. possession whose legal system operates primarily in a language other than American English : namely , Spanish . Because the U.S. federal government operates primarily in English , all Puerto Rican attorneys must be bilingual in order to litigate in English in U.S. federal courts , and litigate federal preemption issues in Puerto Rican courts . Title 48 of the United States Code outlines the role of the United States Code to United States territories and insular areas such as Puerto Rico . After the U.S. government assumed control of Puerto Rico in 1901 , it initiated legal reforms resulting in the adoption of codes of criminal law , criminal procedure , and civil procedure modeled after those then in effect in California . Although Puerto Rico has since followed the federal example of transferring criminal and civil procedure from statutory law to rules promulgated by the judiciary , several portions of its criminal law still reflect the influence of the California Penal Code . The judicial branch is headed by the Chief Justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court , which is the only appellate court required by the Constitution . All other courts are created by the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico . There is also a Federal District Court for Puerto Rico . Someone accused of a criminal act at the federal level may not be accused for the same act in a Commonwealth court , unlike a state court , since Puerto Rico as a territory lacks sovereignty separate from Congress as a state does . Such a parallel accusation would constitute double jeopardy . Political status Main articles : Political status of Puerto Rico and Proposed political status for Puerto Rico The nature of Puerto Rico 's political relationship with the U.S. is the subject of ongoing debate in Puerto Rico , the United States Congress , and the United Nations . Specifically , the basic question is whether Puerto Rico should remain a U.S. territory , become a U.S. state , or become an independent country . Within the United States The Capitol of Puerto Rico , home of the Legislative Assembly in Puerto Rico Constitutionally , Puerto Rico is subject to the plenary powers of the United States Congress under the territorial clause of Article IV of the U.S. Constitution . Laws enacted at the federal level in the United States apply to Puerto Rico as well , regardless of its political status . Their residents do not have voting representation in the U.S. Congress . Like the different states of the United States , Puerto Rico lacks `` the full sovereignty of an independent nation '' , for example , the power to manage its `` external relations with other nations '' , which is held by the U.S. federal government . The Supreme Court of the United States has indicated that once the U.S. Constitution has been extended to an area ( by Congress or the courts ) , its coverage is irrevocable . To hold that the political branches may switch the Constitution on or off at will would lead to a regime in which they , not this Court , say `` what the law is '' . Puerto Ricans `` were collectively made U.S. citizens '' in 1917 as a result of the Jones - Shafroth Act . U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico can not vote for the U.S. president , though both major parties , Republican and Democratic , run primary elections in Puerto Rico to send delegates to vote on a presidential candidate . Since Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory ( see above ) and not a U.S. state , the United States Constitution does not fully enfranchise U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico . Only fundamental rights under the American federal constitution and adjudications are applied to Puerto Ricans . Various other U.S. Supreme Court decisions have held which rights apply in Puerto Rico and which ones do not . Puerto Ricans have a long history of service in the U.S. Armed Forces and , since 1917 , they have been included in the U.S. compulsory draft whensoever it has been in effect . Though the Commonwealth government has its own tax laws , Puerto Ricans are also required to pay many kinds of U.S. federal taxes , not including the federal personal income tax for Puerto Rico - sourced income , but only under certain circumstances . In 2009 , Puerto Rico paid $3.742 billion into the U.S. Treasury . Residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security , and are thus eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement . They are excluded from the Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) , and the island actually receives a smaller fraction of the Medicaid funding it would receive if it were a U.S. state . Also , Medicare providers receive less - than - full state - like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico , even though the latter paid fully into the system . While a state may try an individual for the same crime he / she was tried in federal court , this is not the case in Puerto Rico . Being a U.S. territory , Puerto Rico 's authority to enact a criminal code derives from Congress and not from local sovereignty as with the states . Thus , such a parallel accusation would constitute double jeopardy and is constitutionally impermissible . In 1992 , President George H.W. Bush issued a memorandum to heads of executive departments and agencies establishing the current administrative relationship between the federal government and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico . This memorandum directs all federal departments , agencies , and officials to treat Puerto Rico administratively as if it were a state , insofar as doing so would not disrupt federal programs or operations . Many federal executive branch agencies have significant presence in Puerto Rico , just as in any state , including the Federal Bureau of Investigation , Federal Emergency Management Agency , Transportation Security Administration , Social Security Administration , and others . While Puerto Rico has its own Commonwealth judicial system similar to that of a U.S. state , there is also a U.S. federal district court in Puerto Rico , and Puerto Ricans have served as judges in that Court and in other federal courts on the U.S. mainland regardless of their residency status at the time of their appointment . Sonia Sotomayor , a New Yorker of Puerto Rican descent , serves as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Puerto Ricans have also been frequently appointed to high - level federal positions , including serving as United States Ambassadors to other nations . Foreign and intergovernmental relations This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Foreign and intergovernmental relations of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is subject to the Commerce and Territorial Clause of the Constitution of the United States and , therefore , is restricted on how it can engage with other nations , sharing the opportunities and limitations that state governments have albeit not being one . As is the case with state governments , regardless , it has established several trade agreements with other nations , particularly with Hispanic American countries such as Colombia and Panamá . It has also established trade promotion offices in many foreign countries , all Spanish - speaking , and within the United States itself , which now include Spain , the Dominican Republic , Panama , Colombia , Washington , D.C. , New York City and Florida , and has included in the past offices in Chile , Costa Rica , and Mexico . Such agreements require permission from the U.S. Department of State ; most , are simply allowed by existing laws or trade treaties between the United States and other nations which supersede trade agreements pursued by Puerto Rico and different U.S. states . At the local level , Puerto Rico established by law that the international relations which states and territories are allowed to engage must be handled by the Department of State of Puerto Rico , an executive department , headed by the Secretary of State of Puerto Rico , who also serves as the territory 's lieutenant governor . It is also charged to liaise with general consuls and honorary consuls based in Puerto Rico . The Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration , along with the Office of the Resident Commissioner , manage all its intergovernmental affairs before entities of or in the United States ( including the federal government of the United States , local and state governments of the United States , and public or private entities in the United States ) . Both entities frequently assist the Department of State of Puerto Rico in engaging with Washington , D.C. - based ambassadors and federal agencies that handle Puerto Rico 's foreign affairs , such as the U.S. Department of State , the Agency for International Development , and others . The current Secretary of State is Víctor Suárez Meléndez from the Popular Democratic Party and member of the Democratic Party of the United States , while the current Director of the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration is Juan Eugenio Hernández Mayoral also from the Popular Democratic and member of the Democratic Party . The Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico , the delegate elected by Puerto Ricans to represent them before the federal government , including the U.S. Congress , sits in the United States House of Representatives , serves and votes on congressional committees , and functions in every respect as a legislator except being denied a vote on the final disposition of legislation on the House floor , also engages in foreign affairs to the same extent as other members of Congress . The current Resident Commissioner is Pedro Pierluisi from the New Progressive Party and member of the Democratic Party of the United States . Many Puerto Ricans have served as United States ambassadors to different nations and international organizations , such as the Organization of American States , mostly but not exclusively in Latin America . For example , Maricarmen Aponte , a Puerto Rican and now an Acting Assistant Secretary of State , previously served as U.S. ambassador to El Salvador . Military Main article : Military of Puerto Rico As it is a territory of the United States of America , the defense of Puerto Rico is provided by the United States as part of the Treaty of Paris with the President of the United States as its commander - in - chief . Puerto Rico has its own Puerto Rico National Guard , and its own state defense force , the Puerto Rico State Guard , which by local law is under the authority of the Puerto Rico National Guard . The commander - in - chief of both local forces is the governor of Puerto Rico who delegates his authority to the Puerto Rico Adjutant General , currently Brigadier General Isabelo Rivera . The Adjutant General , in turn , delegates the authority over the State Guard to another officer but retains the authority over the Puerto Rico National Guard as a whole . U.S. military installations in Puerto Rico ( including the United States Virgin Islands ) throughout the 20th century U.S. military installations in Puerto Rico were part of the U.S. Atlantic Command ( LANTCOM after 1993 USACOM ) , which had authority over all U.S. military operations that took place throughout the Atlantic . Puerto Rico had been seen as crucial in supporting LANTCOM 's mission until 1999 , when U.S. Atlantic Command was renamed and given a new mission as United States Joint Forces Command . Puerto Rico is currently under the responsibility of United States Northern Command . Both the Naval Forces Caribbean ( NFC ) and the Fleet Air Caribbean ( FAIR ) were formerly based at the Roosevelt Roads Naval Station . The NFC had authority over all U.S. Naval activity in the waters of the Caribbean while FAIR had authority over all U.S. military flights and air operations over the Caribbean . With the closing of the Roosevelt Roads and Vieques Island training facilities , the U.S. Navy has basically exited from Puerto Rico , except for the ships that steam by , and the only significant military presence in the island is the U.S. Army at Ft Buchanan , the Puerto Rican Army and Air National Guards , and the U.S. Coast Guard . Protests over the noise of bombing practice forced the closure of the naval base . This resulted in a loss of 6,000 jobs and an annual decrease in local income of $300 million . A branch of the U.S. Army National Guard is stationed in Puerto Rico -- known as the Puerto Rico Army National Guard -- which performs missions equivalent to those of the Army National Guards of the different states of the United States , including ground defense , disaster relief , and control of civil unrest . The local National Guard also incorporates a branch of the U.S. Air National Guard -- known as the Puerto Rico Air National Guard -- which performs missions equivalent to those of the Air National Guards of each one of the U.S. states . Ohio - class ballistic missile submarine USS Maryland , Roosevelt Roads Naval Station , 1997 At different times in the 20th century , the U.S. had about 25 military or naval installations in Puerto Rico , some very small ones , as well as large installations . The largest of these installations were the former Roosevelt Roads Naval Station in Ceiba , the Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training Facility ( AFWTF ) on Vieques , the National Guard training facility at Camp Santiago in Salinas , Fort Allen in Juana Diaz , the Army 's Fort Buchanan in San Juan , the former U.S. Air Force Ramey Air Force Base in Aguadilla , and the Puerto Rico Air National Guard at Muñiz Air Force base in San Juan . The former U.S. Navy facilities at Roosevelt Roads , Vieques , and Sabana Seca have been deactivated and partially turned over to the local government . Other than U.S. Coast Guard and Puerto Rico National Guard facilities , there are only two remaining military installations in Puerto Rico : the U.S. Army 's small Ft. Buchanan ( supporting local veterans and reserve units ) and the PRANG ( Puerto Rico Air National Guard ) Muñiz Air Base ( the C - 130 Fleet ) . In recent years , the U.S. Congress has considered their deactivations , but these have been opposed by diverse public and private entities in Puerto Rico -- such as retired military who rely on Ft. Buchanan for the services available there . Puerto Ricans have participated in many of the military conflicts in which the United States has been involved . For example , they participated in the American Revolution , when volunteers from Puerto Rico , Cuba , and Mexico fought the British in 1779 under the command of General Bernardo de Gálvez ( 1746 -- 1786 ) , and have continued to participate up to the present - day conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan . A significant number of Puerto Ricans participate as members and work for the U.S. Armed Services , largely as National Guard members and civilian employees . The size of the overall military - related community in Puerto Rico is estimated to be 100,000 individuals . This includes retired personnel . Fort Buchanan has about 4,000 military and civilian personnel . In addition , approximately 17,000 people are members of the Puerto Rico Army and Air National Guards , or the U.S. Reserve forces . Puerto Rican soldiers have served in every U.S. military conflict from World War I to the current military engagement known by the United States and its allies as the War against Terrorism . The 65th Infantry Regiment , nicknamed `` The Borinqueneers '' from the original Taíno name of the island ( Borinquen ) , is a Puerto Rican regiment of the United States Army . The regiment 's motto is Honor et Fidelitas , Latin for Honor and Fidelity . The 65th Infantry Regiment participated in World War I , World War II , the Korean War , and the War on Terror and in 2014 was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal , presented by President Barack Obama , for its heroism during the Korean War . Administrative divisions Main article : Municipalities of Puerto Rico There are no counties , as there are in 48 of the 50 United States . There are 78 municipalities . Municipalities are subdivided into barrios , and those into sectors . Each municipality has a mayor and a municipal legislature elected to four - year terms . A map of Puerto Rico showing its municipalities Economy Main articles : Economy of Puerto Rico and Puerto Rico government - debt crisis Puerto Rico 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) by economic sector The economy of Puerto Rico is classified as a high income economy by the World Bank and as the most competitive economy in Latin America by the World Economic Forum but Puerto Rico currently has a public debt of $72.204 billion ( equivalent to 103 % of GNP ) , and a government deficit of $2.5 billion . According to World Bank , gross national income per capita of Puerto Rico in 2013 is $23,830 ( PPP , International Dollars ) , ranked as 63rd among all sovereign and dependent territories entities in the world . Its economy is mainly driven by manufacturing ( primarily pharmaceuticals , textiles , petrochemicals and electronics ) followed by the service industry ( primarily finance , insurance , real estate and tourism ) . In recent years , the territory has also become a popular destination for MICE ( meetings , incentives , conferencing , exhibitions ) , with a modern convention centre district overlooking the Port of San Juan . The geography of Puerto Rico and its political status are both determining factors on its economic prosperity , primarily due to its relatively small size as an island ; its lack of natural resources used to produce raw materials , and , consequently , its dependence on imports ; as well as its territorial status with the United States , which controls its foreign policy while exerting trading restrictions , particularly in its shipping industry . Puerto Rico experienced a recession from 2006 to 2011 , interrupted by 4 quarters of economic growth , and entered into recession again in 2013 , following growing fiscal imbalance and the expiration of the IRS Section 936 corporate incentives that the U.S. Internal Revenue Code had applied to Puerto Rico . This IRS section was critical to the economy , as it established tax exemptions for U.S. corporations that settled in Puerto Rico , and allowed their insular subsidiaries to send their earnings to the parent corporation at any time , without paying federal tax on corporate income . Puerto Rico has surprisingly been able to maintain a relatively low inflation in the past decade while maintaining a purchasing power parity per capita higher than 80 % of the rest of the world . Academically , most of Puerto Rico 's economic woes stem from federal regulations that expired , have been repealed , or no longer apply to Puerto Rico ; its inability to become self - sufficient and self - sustainable throughout history ; its highly politicized public policy which tends to change whenever a political party gains power ; as well as its highly inefficient local government which has accrued a public debt equal to 68 % of its gross domestic product throughout time . In comparison to the different states of the United States , Puerto Rico is poorer than Mississippi ( the poorest state of the U.S. ) with 41 % of its population below the poverty line . When compared to Latin America , Puerto Rico has the highest GDP per capita in the region . Its main trading partners are the United States itself , Ireland , and Japan , with most products coming from East Asia , mainly from China , Hong Kong , and Taiwan . At a global scale , Puerto Rico 's dependency on oil for transportation and electricity generation , as well as its dependency on food imports and raw materials , makes Puerto Rico volatile and highly reactive to changes in the world economy and climate . Puerto Rico 's agricultural sector represents less than 1 % of GNP . Heavy debt load In early 2017 , the Puerto Rican government - debt crisis posed serious problems for the government which was saddled with outstanding bond debt that had climbed to $70 billion at a time with a 45 percent poverty rate and 12.4 % unemployment that is more than twice the mainland U.S. average . The debt had been increasing during a decade long recession . The Commonwealth had been defaulting on many debts , including bonds , since 2015 . With debt payments due , the Governor was facing the risk of a government shutdown and failure to fund the managed health care system . `` Without action before April , Puerto Rico 's ability to execute contracts for Fiscal Year 2018 with its managed care organizations will be threatened , thereby putting at risk beginning July 1 , 2017 the health care of up to 900,000 poor U.S. citizens living in Puerto Rico '' , according to a letter sent to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Health and Human Services . They also said that `` Congress must enact measures recommended by both Republicans and Democrats that fix Puerto Rico 's inequitable health care financing structure and promote sustained economic growth . '' Initially , the oversight board created under PROMESA called for Puerto Rico 's governor Ricardo Rosselló to deliver a fiscal turnaround plan by January 28 . Just before that deadline , the control board gave the Commonwealth government until February 28 to present a fiscal plan ( including negotiations with creditors for restructuring debt ) to solve the problems . A moratorium on lawsuits by debtors was extended to May 31 . It is essential for Puerto Rico to reach restructuring deals to avoid a bankruptcy - like process under PROMESA . An internal survey conducted by the Puerto Rican Economists Association revealed that the majority of Puerto Rican economists reject the policy recommendations of the Board and the Rosselló government , with more than 80 % of economists arguing in favor of auditing the debt . In early August 2017 , the island 's financial oversight board ( created by PROMESA ) planned to institute two days off without pay per month for government employees , down from the original plan of four days per month ; the latter had been expected to achieve $218 million in savings . Governor Rossello rejected this plan as unjustified and unnecessary . Pension reforms were also discussed including a proposal for a 10 % reduction in benefits to begin addressing the $50 billion in unfunded pension liabilities . Public finances Main articles : Puerto Rico government - debt crisis , Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico , and public debt of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico has an operating budget of about U.S. $9.8 billion with expenses at about $10.4 billion , creating a structural deficit of $775 million ( about 7.9 % of the budget ) . The practice of approving budgets with a structural deficit has been done for 18 consecutive years starting in 2000 . Throughout those years , including present time , all budgets contemplated issuing bonds to cover these projected deficits rather than making structural adjustments . This practice increased Puerto Rico 's cumulative debt , as the government had already been issuing bonds to balance its actual budget for four decades since 1973 . The 2012 Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico Projected deficits added substantial burdens to an already indebted nation which accrued a public debt of $71 B or about 70 % of Puerto Rico 's gross domestic product . This sparked an ongoing government - debt crisis after Puerto Rico 's general obligation bonds were downgraded to speculative non-investment grade ( `` junk status '' ) by three credit rating agencies . In terms of financial control , almost 9.6 % -- or about $1.5 billion -- of Puerto Rico 's central government budget expenses for FY2014 is expected to be spent on debt service . Harsher budget cuts are expected as Puerto Rico must now repay larger chunks of debts in the following years . For practical reasons the budget is divided into two aspects : a `` general budget '' which comprises the assignments funded exclusively by the Department of Treasury of Puerto Rico , and the `` consolidated budget '' which comprises the assignments funded by the general budget , by Puerto Rico 's government - owned corporations , by revenue expected from loans , by the sale of government bonds , by subsidies extended by the federal government of the United States , and by other funds . Both budgets contrast each other drastically , with the consolidated budget being usually thrice the size of the general budget ; currently $29 B and $9.0 B respectively . Almost one out of every four dollars in the consolidated budget comes from U.S. federal subsidies while government - owned corporations compose more than 31 % of the consolidated budget . The critical aspects come from the sale of bonds , which comprise 7 % of the consolidated budget -- a ratio that increased annually due to the government 's inability to prepare a balanced budget in addition to being incapable of generating enough income to cover all its expenses . In particular , the government - owned corporations add a heavy burden to the overall budget and public debt , as none is self - sufficient . For example , in FY2011 the government - owned corporations reported aggregated losses of more than $1.3 B with the Puerto Rico Highways and Transportation Authority ( PRHTA ) reporting losses of $409 M , the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority ( PREPA ; the government monopoly that controls all electricity on the island ) reporting losses of $272 M , while the Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority ( PRASA ; the government monopoly that controls all water utilities on the island ) reported losses of $112 M . Losses by government - owned corporations have been defrayed through the issuance of bonds compounding more than 40 % of Puerto Rico 's entire public debt today . Holistically , from FY2000 -- FY2010 Puerto Rico 's debt grew at a compound annual growth rate ( CAGR ) of 9 % while GDP remained stagnant . This has not always provided a long - term solution . In early July 2017 for example , the PREPA power authority was effectively bankrupt after defaulting in a plan to restructure $9 billion in bond debt ; the agency planned to seek Court protection . In terms of protocol , the governor , together with the Puerto Rico Office of Management and Budget ( OGP in Spanish ) , formulates the budget he believes is required to operate all government branches for the ensuing fiscal year . He then submits this formulation as a budget request to the Puerto Rican legislature before July 1 , the date established by law as the beginning of Puerto Rico 's fiscal year . While the constitution establishes that the request must be submitted `` at the beginning of each regular session '' , the request is typically submitted during the first week of May as the regular sessions of the legislature begin in January and it would be impractical to submit a request so far in advance . Once submitted , the budget is then approved by the legislature , typically with amendments , through a joint resolution and is referred back to the governor for his approval . The governor then either approves it or vetoes it . If vetoed the legislature can then either refer it back with amendments for the governor 's approval , or approve it without the governor 's consent by two - thirds of the bodies of each chamber . Once the budget is approved , the Department of Treasury disburses funds to the Office of Management and Budget which in turn disburses the funds to the respective agencies , while the Puerto Rico Government Development Bank ( the government 's intergovernmental bank ) manages all related banking affairs including those related to the government - owned corporations . Cost of living A map of Jones Act carrier routes for Puerto Rico The cost of living in Puerto Rico is high and has increased over the past decade . San Juan 's in particular is higher than Atlanta , Dallas , and Seattle but lower than Boston , Chicago , and New York City . One factor is housing prices which are comparable to Miami and Los Angeles , although property taxes are considerably lower than most places in the United States . Statistics used for cost of living sometimes do not take into account certain costs , such as the high cost of electricity , which has hovered in the 24 ¢ to 30 ¢ range per kilowatt / hour , two to three times the national average , increased travel costs for longer flights , additional shipping fees , and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers `` outside the continental United States '' . While some online stores do offer free shipping on orders to Puerto Rico , many merchants exclude Hawaii , Alaska , Puerto Rico and other United States territories . The household median income is stated as $19,350 and the mean income as $30,463 in the U.S. Census Bureau 's 2015 update . The report also indicates that 45.5 % of individuals are below the poverty level . The median home value in Puerto Rico ranges from U.S. $100,000 to U.S. $214,000 , while the national median home value sits at $119,600 . Flying into the capital San Juan . One of the most cited contributors to the high cost of living in Puerto Rico is the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 , also known as the Jones Act , which prevents foreign - flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American ports , a practice known as cabotage . Because of the Jones Act , foreign ships inbound with goods from Central and South America , Western Europe , and Africa can not stop in Puerto Rico , offload Puerto Rico - bound goods , load mainland - bound Puerto Rico - manufactured goods , and continue to U.S. ports . Instead , they must proceed directly to U.S. ports , where distributors break bulk and send Puerto Rico - bound manufactured goods to Puerto Rico across the ocean by U.S. - flagged ships . The local government of Puerto Rico has requested several times to the U.S. Congress to exclude Puerto Rico from the Jones Act restrictions without success . The most recent measure has been taken by the 17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico through R. Conc . del S. 21 . These measures have always received support from all the major local political parties . In 2013 the Government Accountability Office published a report which concluded that `` repealing or amending the Jones Act cabotage law might cut Puerto Rico shipping costs '' and that `` shippers believed that opening the trade to non-U.S. - flag competition could lower costs '' . However , the same GAO report also found that `` ( shippers ) doing business in Puerto Rico that GAO contacted reported that the freight rates are often -- although not always -- lower for foreign carriers going to and from Puerto Rico and foreign locations than the rates shippers pay to ship similar cargo to and from the United States , despite longer distances . Data were not available to allow us to validate the examples given or verify the extent to which this difference occurred . '' Ultimately , the report concluded that `` ( the ) effects of modifying the application of the Jones Act for Puerto Rico are highly uncertain '' for both Puerto Rico and the United States , particularly for the U.S. shipping industry and the military preparedness of the United States . Education Main article : Education in Puerto Rico The first school in Puerto Rico was the Escuela de Gramática ( Grammar School ) . It was established by Bishop Alonso Manso in 1513 , in the area where the Cathedral of San Juan was to be constructed . The school was free of charge and the courses taught were Latin language , literature , history , science , art , philosophy and theology . Education in Puerto Rico is divided in three levels -- Primary ( elementary school grades 1 -- 6 ) , Secondary ( intermediate and high school grades 7 -- 12 ) , and Higher Level ( undergraduate and graduate studies ) . As of 2002 , the literacy rate of the Puerto Rican population was 94.1 % ; by gender , it was 93.9 % for males and 94.4 % for females . According to the 2000 Census , 60.0 % of the population attained a high school degree or higher level of education , and 18.3 % has a bachelor 's degree or higher . Instruction at the primary school level is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 18 . As of 2010 , there are 1539 public schools and 806 private schools . The largest and oldest university system is the public University of Puerto Rico ( UPR ) with 11 campuses . The largest private university systems on the island are the Sistema Universitario Ana G. Mendez which operates the Universidad del Turabo , Metropolitan University and Universidad del Este . Other private universities include the multi-campus Inter American University , the Pontifical Catholic University , Universidad Politécnica de Puerto Rico , and the Universidad del Sagrado Corazón . Puerto Rico has four schools of Medicine and three ABA - approved Law Schools . Public health and safety As of 2015 , medical care in Puerto Rico had been heavily impacted by emigration of doctors to the mainland and underfunding of the Medicare and Medicaid programs which serve 60 % of the island 's population . Affordable medical insurance under the Affordable Care Act is not available in Puerto Rico as , since Puerto Ricans pay no income tax , no subsidies are available . The city of San Juan has a system of triage , hospital , and preventive care health services . The municipal government sponsors regular health fairs in different areas of the city focusing on health care for the elderly and the disabled . In 2017 , there were 69 hospitals in Puerto Rico . There are twenty hospitals in San Juan , half of which are operated by the government . The largest hospital is the Centro Médico de Río Piedras ( the Río Piedras Medical Center ) . Founded in 1956 , it is operated by the Medical Services Administration of the Department of Health of Puerto Rico , and is actually a network of eight hospitals : San Juan Municipal Hospital : This hospital is operated by the San Juan municipal government . Industrial Hospital : This is the hospital for Puerto Rico government employees , whether municipal or Commonwealth government employees . Normally , injured police officers and firefighters are cared for here . San Juan Pediatric Hospital -- Also operated by the San Juan municipal government . Pediatric Hospital : Operated by the government of the Commonwealth , this is the main trauma hospital for pediatric cases . Centro Medico Emergency Room : This is the main hospital for trauma cases for Puerto Rico and the Caribbean . Centro Cardiovascular del Caribe ( Caribbean Cardiovascular Center ) : This is the main hospital for open heart surgery in the Caribbean . It features a hotel for the patients ' families . Psychiatric Hospital : The main psychiatric hospital in Puerto Rico . Operated by the government of Puerto Rico . Psychiatric Correctional Hospital : It is both a hospital and correctional facility . It is operated jointly by the Puerto Rico Department of Corrections and the Medical Services Administration . The city of San Juan operates nine other hospitals . Of these , eight are Diagnostic and Treatment Centers located in communities throughout San Juan . These nine hospitals are : La Perla Puerta de Tierra Llorens Torres Puerto Nuevo San José Río Piedras Sabana Llana Hoare Santurce Parada 19 There are also ten private hospitals in San Juan . These are : Hospital Metropilitano Hospital Auxilio Mutuo Hospital Auxilio Mutuo Expreso Hospital de Veteranos : The main Veterans hospital in the Caribbean . Operated by the U.S. Veteran Healthcare System . Ashford Presbyterian Hospital Hospital Pavia Hato Rey Hospital Pavia Santurce San Jorge Children 's Hospital : The most well known children 's hospital in the San Juan Metropolitan Area . Hospital San Gerardo : Located at the Cupey neighborhood , is a small hospital but is also specialized in psychiatry and elderly . Hospital del Maestro ( Teachers Hospital ) : Located in Hato Rey , this hospital is operated by the Puerto Rico Teachers Association . The city of Ponce is served by several clinics and hospitals . There are four comprehensive care hospitals : Hospital Dr. Pila , Hospital San Cristobal , Hospital San Lucas , and Hospital de Damas . In addition , Hospital Oncológico Andrés Grillasca specializes in the treatment of cancer , and Hospital Siquiátrico specializes in mental disorders . There is also a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Outpatient Clinic that provides health services to U.S. veterans . The U.S. Veterans Administration will build a new hospital in the city to satisfy regional needs . Hospital de Damas is listed in the U.S. News & World Report as one of the best hospitals under the U.S. flag . Ponce has the highest concentration of medical infrastructure per inhabitant of any municipality in Puerto Rico . On the island of Culebra , there is a small hospital in the island called Hospital de Culebra . It also offers pharmacy services to residents and visitors . For emergencies , patients are transported by plane to Fajardo on the main island . The town of Caguas has three hospitals : Hospital Hima San Pablo , Menonita Caguas Regional Hospital , and the San Juan Bautista Medical Center . The town of Cayey is served by the Hospital Menonita de Cayey , and the Hospital Municipal de Cayey . Reforma de Salud de Puerto Rico ( Puerto Rico Health Reform ) -- locally referred to as La Reforma ( The Reform ) -- is a government - run program which provides medical and health care services to the indigent and impoverished , by means of contracting private health insurance companies , rather than employing government - owned hospitals and emergency centers . The Reform is administered by the Puerto Rico Health Insurance Administration . Crime See also : Illegal drugs in Puerto Rico The overall rate of crime is low in Puerto Rico . The territory has a high firearm homicide rate . The homicide rate of 19.2 per 100,000 inhabitants was significantly higher than any U.S. state in 2014 . Most homicide victims are gang members and drug traffickers with about 80 % of homicides in Puerto Rico being drug related . Culture Main article : Culture of Puerto Rico Modern Puerto Rican culture is a unique mix of cultural antecedents : including European ( predominantly Spanish , Italian , French , German and Irish ) , African , and , more recently , some North American and lots of South Americans . A large number of Cubans and Dominicans have relocated to the island in the past few decades . From the Spanish , Puerto Rico received the Spanish language , the Catholic religion and the vast majority of their cultural and moral values and traditions . The United States added English - language influence , the university system and the adoption of some holidays and practices . On March 12 , 1903 , the University of Puerto Rico was officially founded , branching out from the `` Escuela Normal Industrial '' , a smaller organization that was founded in Fajardo three years before . Much of Puerto Rican culture centers on the influence of music and has been shaped by other cultures combining with local and traditional rhythms . Early in the history of Puerto Rican music , the influences of Spanish and African traditions were most noticeable . The cultural movements across the Caribbean and North America have played a vital role in the more recent musical influences which have reached Puerto Rico . The official symbols of Puerto Rico are the reinita mora or Puerto Rican spindalis ( a type of bird ) , the flor de maga ( a type of flower ) , and the ceiba or kapok ( a type of tree ) . The unofficial animal and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the coquí , a small frog . Other popular symbols of Puerto Rico are the jíbaro ( the `` countryman '' ) , and the carite . Architecture Main article : Architecture of Puerto Rico The architecture of Puerto Rico demonstrates a broad variety of traditions , styles and national influences accumulated over four centuries of Spanish rule , and a century of American rule . Spanish colonial architecture , Ibero - Islamic , art deco , post-modern , and many other architectural forms are visible throughout the island . From town to town , there are also many regional distinctions . Old San Juan Old San Juan is one of the two barrios , in addition to Santurce , that made up the municipality of San Juan from 1864 to 1951 , at which time the former independent municipality of Río Piedras was annexed . With its abundance of shops , historic places , museums , open air cafés , restaurants , gracious homes , tree - shaded plazas , and its old beauty and architectonical peculiarity , Old San Juan is a main spot for local and internal tourism . The district is also characterized by numerous public plazas and churches including San José Church and the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista , which contains the tomb of the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León . It also houses the oldest Catholic school for elementary education in Puerto Rico , the Colegio de Párvulos , built in 1865 . The oldest parts of the district of Old San Juan remain partly enclosed by massive walls . Several defensive structures and notable forts , such as the emblematic Fort San Felipe del Morro , Fort San Cristóbal , and El Palacio de Santa Catalina , also known as La Fortaleza , acted as the primary defenses of the settlement which was subjected to numerous attacks . La Fortaleza continues to serve also as the executive mansion for the Governor of Puerto Rico . Many of the historic fortifications are part of San Juan National Historic Site . During the 1940s , sections of Old San Juan fell into disrepair , and many renovation plans were suggested . There was even a strong push to develop Old San Juan as a `` small Manhattan '' . Strict remodeling codes were implemented to prevent new constructions from affecting the common colonial Spanish architectural themes of the old city . When a project proposal suggested that the old Carmelite Convent in San Juan be demolished to erect a new hotel , the Institute had the building declared as a historic building , and then asked that it be converted to a hotel in a renewed facility . This was what became the Hotel El Convento in Old San Juan . The paradigm to reconstruct and renovate the old city and revitalize it has been followed by other cities in the Americas , particularly Havana , Lima and Cartagena de Indias . Ponce Creole is an architectural style created in Ponce , Puerto Rico , in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . This style of Puerto Rican buildings is found predominantly in residential homes in Ponce that developed between 1895 and 1920 . Ponce Creole architecture borrows heavily from the traditions of the French , the Spaniards , and the Caribbean to create houses that were especially built to withstand the hot and dry climate of the region , and to take advantage of the sun and sea breezes characteristic of the southern Puerto Rico 's Caribbean Sea coast . It is a blend of wood and masonry , incorporating architectural elements of other styles , from Classical revival and Spanish Revival to Victorian . Arts Main article : Puerto Rican art Puerto Rican art reflects many influences , much from its ethnically diverse background . A form of folk art , called santos evolved from the Catholic Church 's use of sculptures to convert indigenous Puerto Ricans to Christianity . Santos depict figures of saints and other religious icons and are made from native wood , clay , and stone . After shaping simple , they are often finished by painting them in vivid colors . Santos vary in size , with the smallest examples around eight inches tall and the largest about twenty inches tall . Traditionally , santos were seen as messengers between the earth and Heaven . As such , they occupied a special place on household altars , where people prayed to them , asked for help , or tried to summon their protection . Also popular , caretas or vejigantes are masks worn during carnivals . Similar masks signifying evil spirits were used in both Spain and Africa , though for different purposes . The Spanish used their masks to frighten lapsed Christians into returning to the church , while tribal Africans used them as protection from the evil spirits they represented . True to their historic origins Puerto Rican caretas always bear at least several horns and fangs . While usually constructed of papier - mâché , coconut shells and fine metal screening are sometimes used as well . Red and black were the typical colors for caretas but their palette has expanded to include a wide variety of bright hues and patterns . Literature Main article : Puerto Rican literature Eugenio María de Hostos Puerto Rican literature evolved from the art of oral story telling to its present - day status . Written works by the native islanders of Puerto Rico were prohibited and repressed by the Spanish colonial government . Only those who were commissioned by the Spanish Crown to document the chronological history of the island were allowed to write . Diego de Torres Vargas was allowed to circumvent this strict prohibition for three reasons : he was a priest , he came from a prosperous Spanish family , and his father was a Sergeant Major in the Spanish Army , who died while defending Puerto Rico from an invasion by the Dutch armada . In 1647 , Torres Vargas wrote Descripción de la Ciudad e Isla de Puerto Rico ( `` Description of the Island and City of Puerto Rico '' ) . This historical book was the first to make a detailed geographic description of the island . The book described all the fruits and commercial establishments of the time , mostly centered in the towns of San Juan and Ponce . The book also listed and described every mine , church , and hospital in the island at the time . The book contained notices on the State and Capital , plus an extensive and erudite bibliography . Descripción de la Ciudad e Isla de Puerto Rico was the first successful attempt at writing a comprehensive history of Puerto Rico . Some of Puerto Rico 's earliest writers were influenced by the teachings of Rafael Cordero . Among these was Dr. Manuel A. Alonso , the first Puerto Rican writer of notable importance . In 1849 he published El Gíbaro , a collection of verses whose main themes were the poor Puerto Rican country farmer . Eugenio María de Hostos wrote La peregrinación de Bayoán in 1863 , which used Bartolomé de las Casas as a spring board to reflect on Caribbean identity . After this first novel , Hostos abandoned fiction in favor of the essay which he saw as offering greater possibilities for inspiring social change . In the late 19th century , with the arrival of the first printing press and the founding of the Royal Academy of Belles Letters , Puerto Rican literature began to flourish . The first writers to express their political views in regard to Spanish colonial rule of the island were journalists . After the United States invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish -- American War and the island was ceded to the Americans as a condition of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 , writers and poets began to express their opposition to the new colonial rule by writing about patriotic themes . Alejandro Tapia y Rivera , also known as the Father of Puerto Rican Literature , ushered in a new age of historiography with the publication of The Historical Library of Puerto Rico . Cayetano Coll y Toste was another Puerto Rican historian and writer . His work The Indo - Antillano Vocabulary is valuable in understanding the way the Taínos lived . Dr. Manuel Zeno Gandía in 1894 wrote La Charca and told about the harsh life in the remote and mountainous coffee regions in Puerto Rico . Dr. Antonio S. Pedreira , described in his work Insularismo the cultural survival of the Puerto Rican identity after the American invasion . With the Puerto Rican diaspora of the 1940s , Puerto Rican literature was greatly influenced by a phenomenon known as the Nuyorican Movement . Puerto Rican literature continued to flourish and many Puerto Ricans have since distinguished themselves as authors , journalists , poets , novelists , playwrights , screenwriters , essayists and have also stood out in other literary fields . The influence of Puerto Rican literature has transcended the boundaries of the island to the United States and the rest of the world . Over the past fifty years , significant writers include Ed Vega , Luis Rafael Sánchez , Piri Thomas , Giannina Braschi , and Miguel Piñero . Esmeralda Santiago has written an autobiographical trilogy about growing up in modern Puerto Rico as well as an historical novel , Conquistadora , about life on a sugar plantation during the mid-19th century . Media Main article : Media in Puerto Rico The media in Puerto Rico includes local radio stations , television stations and newspapers , the majority of which are conducted in Spanish . There are also three stations of the U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service . Newspapers with daily distribution are El Nuevo Dia , El Vocero and Indice , Metro , and Primera Hora . El Vocero is distributed free of charge as well as Indice and Metro . Newspapers distributed on a weekly or regional basis include Claridad , La Perla del Sur , La Opinion , Vision , and La Estrella del Norte , among others . Several television channels provide local content in the island . These include WIPR - TV , Telemundo , Univision Puerto Rico , WAPA - TV , and WKAQ - TV . Music Main article : Music of Puerto Rico Play media A dancer performs typical bomba choreography . The music of Puerto Rico has evolved as a heterogeneous and dynamic product of diverse cultural resources . The most conspicuous musical sources have been Spain and West Africa , although many aspects of Puerto Rican music reflect origins elsewhere in Europe and the Caribbean and , over the last century , from the U.S. Puerto Rican music culture today comprises a wide and rich variety of genres , ranging from indigenous genres like bomba , plena , aguinaldo , danza and salsa to recent hybrids like reggaeton . Puerto Rico has some national instruments , like the cuatro ( Spanish for `` four '' ) . The cuatro is a local instrument that was made by the `` Jibaro '' or people from the mountains . Originally , the Cuatro consisted of four steel strings , hence its name , but currently the Cuatro consists of five double steel strings . It is easily confused with a guitar , even by locals . When held upright , from right to left , the strings are G , D , A , E , B . In the realm of classical music , the island hosts two main orchestras , the Orquesta Sinfónica de Puerto Rico and the Orquesta Filarmónica de Puerto Rico . The Casals Festival takes place annually in San Juan , drawing in classical musicians from around the world . With respect to opera , the legendary Puerto Rican tenor Antonio Paoli was so celebrated , that he performed private recitals for Pope Pius X and the Czar Nicholas II of Russia . In 1907 , Paoli was the first operatic artist in world history to record an entire opera -- when he participated in a performance of Pagliacci by Ruggiero Leoncavallo in Milan , Italy . Over the past fifty years , Puerto Rican artists such as Jorge Emmanuelli , Yomo Toro , Ramito , Jose Feliciano , Bobby Capo , Rafael Cortijo , Ismael Rivera , Chayanne , Tito Puente , Eddie Palmieri , Ray Barreto , Dave Valentin , Omar Rodríguez - López , Hector Lavoe , Ricky Martin , Marc Anthony and Luis Fonsi have gained fame internationally . Cuisine Main article : Puerto Rican cuisine Cuchifritos ( Carnitas ) in New York Puerto Rican cuisine has its roots in the cooking traditions and practices of Europe ( Spain ) , Africa and the native Taínos . In the latter part of the 19th century , the cuisine of Puerto Rico was greatly influenced by the United States in the ingredients used in its preparation . Puerto Rican cuisine has transcended the boundaries of the island , and can be found in several countries outside the archipelago . Basic ingredients include grains and legumes , herbs and spices , starchy tropical tubers , vegetables , meat and poultry , seafood and shellfish , and fruits . Main dishes include mofongo , arroz con gandules , pasteles , alcapurrias and pig roast ( or lechón ) . Beverages include maví and piña colada . Desserts include flan , arroz con dulce ( sweet rice pudding ) , piraguas , brazo gitanos , tembleque , polvorones , and dulce de leche . Locals call their cuisine cocina criolla . The traditional Puerto Rican cuisine was well established by the end of the 19th century . By 1848 the first restaurant , La Mallorquina , opened in Old San Juan . El Cocinero Puertorriqueño , the island 's first cookbook was published in 1849 . Plantain `` arañitas '' and `` tostones rellenos '' From the diet of the Taíno people come many tropical roots and tubers like yautía ( taro ) and especially Yuca ( cassava ) , from which thin cracker - like casabe bread is made . Ajicito or cachucha pepper , a slightly hot habanero pepper , recao / culantro ( spiny leaf ) , achiote ( annatto ) , peppers , ají caballero ( the hottest pepper native to Puerto Rico ) , peanuts , guavas , pineapples , jicacos ( cocoplum ) , quenepas ( mamoncillo ) , lerenes ( Guinea arrowroot ) , calabazas ( tropical pumpkins ) , and guanabanas ( soursops ) are all Taíno foods . The Taínos also grew varieties of beans and some maize / corn , but maize was not as dominant in their cooking as it was for the peoples living on the mainland of Mesoamerica . This is due to the frequent hurricanes that Puerto Rico experiences , which destroy crops of maize , leaving more safeguarded plants like conucos ( hills of yuca grown together ) . Spanish / European influence is also seen in Puerto Rican cuisine . Wheat , chickpeas ( garbanzos ) , capers , olives , olive oil , black pepper , onions , garlic , cilantrillo ( cilantro ) , oregano , basil , sugarcane , citrus fruit , eggplant , ham , lard , chicken , beef , pork , and cheese all came to Borikén ( Puerto Rico 's native Taino name ) from Spain . The tradition of cooking complex stews and rice dishes in pots such as rice and beans are also thought to be originally European ( much like Italians , Spaniards , and the British ) . Early Dutch , French , Italian , and Chinese immigrants influenced not only the culture but Puerto Rican cooking as well . This great variety of traditions came together to form La Cocina Criolla . Coconuts , coffee ( brought by the Arabs and Corsos to Yauco from Kafa , Ethiopia ) , okra , yams , sesame seeds , gandules ( pigeon peas in English ) sweet bananas , plantains , other root vegetables and Guinea hen , all come to Puerto Rico from Africa . Philately Main article : Puerto Rico on stamps San Juan 450th 1971 issue Puerto Rico has been commemorated on four U.S. postal stamps and four personalities have been featured . Insular Territories were commemorated in 1937 , the third stamp honored Puerto Rico featuring ' La Fortaleza ' , the Spanish Governor 's Palace . The first free election for governor of the U.S. colony of Puerto Rico was honored on April 27 , 1949 , at San Juan , Puerto Rico . ' Inauguration ' on the 3 - cent stamp refers to the election of Luis Munoz Marin , the first democratically elected governor of Puerto Rico . San Juan , Puerto Rico was commemorated with an 8 - cent stamp on its 450th anniversary issued September 12 , 1971 , featuring a sentry box from Castillo San Felipe del Morro . In the `` Flags of our nation series '' 2008 -- 2012 , of the fifty - five , five territorial flags were featured . Forever stamps included the Puerto Rico Flag illustrated by a bird issued 2011 . Four Puerto Rican personalities have been featured on U.S. postage stamps . These include Roberto Clemente in 1984 as an individual and in the Legends of Baseball series issued in 2000 . Luis Muñoz Marín in the Great Americans series , on February 18 , 1990 , Julia de Burgos in the Literary Arts series , issued 2010 , and José Ferrer in the Distinguished American series , issued 2012 . Sports Main article : Sports in Puerto Rico Baseball was one of the first sports to gain widespread popularity in Puerto Rico . The Puerto Rico Baseball League serves as the only active professional league , operating as a winter league . No Major League Baseball franchise or affiliate plays in Puerto Rico , however , San Juan hosted the Montreal Expos for several series in 2003 and 2004 before they moved to Washington , D.C. and became the Washington Nationals . The Puerto Rico national baseball team has participated in the World Cup of Baseball winning one gold ( 1951 ) , four silver and four bronze medals , the Caribbean Series ( winning fourteen times ) and the World Baseball Classic . On March 2006 , San Juan 's Hiram Bithorn Stadium hosted the opening round as well as the second round of the newly formed World Baseball Classic . Puerto Rican baseball players include Hall of Famers Roberto Clemente , Orlando Cepeda and Roberto Alomar , enshrined in 1973 , 1999 , and 2011 respectively . Boxing , basketball , and volleyball are considered popular sports as well . Wilfredo Gómez and McWilliams Arroyo have won their respective divisions at the World Amateur Boxing Championships . Other medalists include José Pedraza , who holds a silver medal , and three boxers who finished in third place , José Luis Vellón , Nelson Dieppa and McJoe Arroyo . In the professional circuit , Puerto Rico has the third-most boxing world champions and it is the global leader in champions per capita . These include Miguel Cotto , Félix Trinidad , Wilfred Benítez and Gómez among others . The Puerto Rico national basketball team joined the International Basketball Federation in 1957 . Since then , it has won more than 30 medals in international competitions , including gold in three FIBA Americas Championships and the 1994 Goodwill Games August 8 , 2004 , became a landmark date for the team when it became the first team to defeat the United States in an Olympic tournament since the integration of National Basketball Association players . Winning the inaugural game with scores of 92 -- 73 as part of the 2004 Summer Olympics organized in Athens , Greece . Baloncesto Superior Nacional acts as the top - level professional basketball league in Puerto Rico , and has experienced success since its beginning in 1930 . Puerto Rico Islanders fans at a soccer game . Puerto Rico is also a member of FIFA and CONCACAF . In 2008 , the archipelago 's first unified league , the Puerto Rico Soccer League , was established . Other sports include professional wrestling and road running . The World Wrestling Council and International Wrestling Association are the largest wrestling promotions in the main island . The World 's Best 10K , held annually in San Juan , has been ranked among the 20 most competitive races globally . The `` Puerto Rico All Stars '' team , which has won twelve world championships in unicycle basketball . Organized Streetball has gathered some exposition , with teams like `` Puerto Rico Street Ball '' competing against established organizations including the Capitanes de Arecibo and AND1 's Mixtape Tour Team . Six years after the first visit , AND1 returned as part of their renamed Live Tour , losing to the Puerto Rico Streetballers . Consequently , practitioners of this style have earned participation in international teams , including Orlando `` El Gato '' Meléndez , who became the first Puerto Rican born athlete to play for the Harlem Globetrotters . Orlando Antigua , whose mother is Puerto Rican , in 1995 became the first Hispanic and the first non-black in 52 years to play for the Harlem Globetrotters . Puerto Rico has representation in all international competitions including the Summer and Winter Olympics , the Pan American Games , the Caribbean World Series , and the Central American and Caribbean Games . Puerto Rico hosted the Pan Am Games in 1979 ( officially in San Juan ) , and The Central American and Caribbean Games were hosted in 1993 in Ponce and in 2010 in Mayagüez . Puerto Rican athletes have won nine medals in Olympic competition ( one gold , two silver , six bronze ) , the first one in 1948 by boxer Juan Evangelista Venegas . Monica Puig won the first gold medal for Puerto Rico in the Olympic Games by winning the Women 's Tennis singles title in Rio 2016 . Infrastructure Main articles : Transportation in Puerto Rico , Communications in Puerto Rico , Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority , and Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority Puerto Rico interstate highways Cities and towns in Puerto Rico are interconnected by a system of roads , freeways , expressways , and highways maintained by the Highways and Transportation Authority under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Transportation , and patrolled by the Puerto Rico Police Department . The island 's metropolitan area is served by a public bus transit system and a metro system called Tren Urbano ( in English : Urban Train ) . Other forms of public transportation include seaborne ferries ( that serve Puerto Rico 's archipelago ) as well as Carros Públicos ( private mini buses ) . Puerto Rico has three international airports , the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in Carolina , Mercedita Airport in Ponce , and the Rafael Hernández Airport in Aguadilla , and 27 local airports . The Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport is the largest aerial transportation hub in the Caribbean . The Tren Urbano system at Bayamón Station Puerto Rico has nine ports in different cities across the main island . The San Juan Port is the largest in Puerto Rico , and the busiest port in the Caribbean and the 10th busiest in the United States in terms of commercial activity and cargo movement , respectively . The second largest port is the Port of the Americas in Ponce , currently under expansion to increase cargo capacity to 1.5 million twenty - foot containers ( TEUs ) per year . The Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority ( PREPA ) -- Spanish : Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica ( AEE ) -- is an electric power company and the government - owned corporation of Puerto Rico responsible for electricity generation , power transmission , and power distribution in Puerto Rico . PREPA is the only entity authorized to conduct such business in Puerto Rico , effectively making it a government monopoly . The Authority is ruled by a Governing Board appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate of Puerto Rico , and is run by an Executive Director . Telecommunications in Puerto Rico includes radio , television , fixed and mobile telephones , and the Internet . Broadcasting in Puerto Rico is regulated by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) . As of 2007 , there were 30 TV stations , 125 radio stations and roughly 1 million TV sets on the island . Cable TV subscription services are available and the U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service also broadcast on the island . See also Puerto Rico portal United States portal New Spain portal Caribbean portal Book : Puerto Rico Outline of Puerto Rico Index of Puerto Rico - related articles Military history of Puerto Rico Privileges and Immunities Clause * Puerto Rico ( proposed state ) Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 ( H.R. 900 & S. 1936 ) Sovereigntism ( Puerto Rico ) Voting rights in Puerto Rico Notes Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico '' pronunciations : English : / ˌpɔːrtə ˈriːkoʊ / or / ˌpwɛərtə ˈriːkoʊ / ; Spanish : ( ˈpweɾto ˈriko ) , rural , locally also ( ˈpwelto ˈχiko ; ˈʀ̥iko ) . Jump up ^ The Spanish word for commonwealth is typically mancomunidad . Jump up ^ In 1932 , the U.S. Congress officially back - corrected the former Anglicization of Porto Rico into the Spanish name Puerto Rico . It had been using the former spelling in its legislative and judicial records since it acquired the territory . Patricia Gherovici states that both `` Porto Rico '' and `` Puerto Rico '' were used interchangeably in the news media and documentation before , during , and after the U.S. conquest of the island in 1898 . The `` Porto '' spelling , for instance , was used in the Treaty of Paris , but `` Puerto '' was used by The New York Times that same year . Nancy Morris clarifies that `` a curious oversight in the drafting of the Foraker Act caused the name of the island to be officially misspelled '' . However , Gervasio Luis Garcia traces the Anglicized spelling to a National Geographic article from 1899 , after which the spelling was kept by many agencies and entities because of the ethnic and linguistic pride of the English - speaking citizens of the American mainland . Jump up ^ Proyecto Salón Hogar ( in Spanish ) `` Los españoles le cambiaron el nombre de Borikén a San Juan Bautista ya la capital le llamaron Ciudad de Puerto Rico . Con los años , Ciudad de Puerto Rico pasó a ser San Juan , y San Juan Bautista pasó a ser Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ Today , Puerto Ricans are also known as Boricuas , or people from Borinquen . Jump up ^ Vicente Yañez Pinzón is considered the first appointed governor of Puerto Rico , but he never arrived from Spain . Jump up ^ PBS , to which they had no natural immunity . For example , a smallpox outbreak in 1518 -- 1519 killed much of the Island 's indigenous population . `` The first repartimiento in Puerto Rico is established , allowing colonists fixed numbers of Tainos for wage - free and forced labor in the gold mines . When several priests protest , the crown requires Spaniards to pay native laborers and to teach them the Christian religion ; the colonists continue to treat the natives as slaves . '' Jump up ^ Tavenner ( 2010 ) `` The Taíno people living ( in Puerto Rico ) at the time ( ... ) were forced into slavery . '' Jump up ^ Poole ( 2011 ) `` ( The Taíno ) began to starve ; many thousands fell prey to smallpox , measles and other European diseases for which they had no immunity ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ PBS `` ( The Taíno ) eventually succumbed to the Spanish soldiers and European diseases that followed Columbus 's arrival in the New World in 1492 . '' Jump up ^ Yale University `` ( ... ) the high death rate among the Taíno due to enslavement and European diseases ( smallpox , influenza , measles , and typhus ) persisted . '' Jump up ^ Cockcroft ( 2001 ; in Spanish ) `` ( La Ley 53 ) fué llamada la ' pequeña ley Smith ' , debido a la semejanza con la Ley Smith de Estados Unidos ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ However , as Robert William Anderson states on page 14 of his book `` Party Politics in Puerto Rico '' ( Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . 1965 . ) , No one disputes the ambiguous status of the current Commonwealth . It is illustrated in the very different images conjured up by the English term `` commonwealth '' and the Spanish version , Estado Libre Asociado ( literally , free associated state ) . The issue seems to be whether this ambiguity is a purposeful virtue or a disguised colonial vice . Jump up ^ pr.gov ( in Spanish ) `` La manufactura es el sector principal de la economía de Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ pr.gov ( in Spanish ) `` Algunas de las industrias más destacadas dentro del sector de la manufactura son : las farmacéuticas , los textiles , los petroquímicos , las computadoras , la electrónica y las compañías dedicadas a la manufactura de instrumentos médicos y científicos , entre otros . '' Jump up ^ Torrech San Inocencio ( 2011 ; in Spanish ) `` Con los más de $1,500 millones anuales que recibimos en asistencia federal para alimentos podríamos desarrollar una industria alimentaria autosuficiente en Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ Millán Rodriguez ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Los representantes del Pueblo en la Junta de Gobierno de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica ( ... ) denunciaron ayer que la propuesta del Gobernador para hacer cambios en la composición del organismo institucionaliza la intervención político partidista en la corporación pública y la convierte en una agencia del Ejecutivo ... '' Jump up ^ Vera Rosa ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Aunque Puerto Rico mueve entre el sector público y privado $15 billones en el área de salud , las deficiencias en el sistema todavía no alcanzan un nivel de eficiencia óptimo . '' Jump up ^ Vera Rosado ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Para mejorar la calidad de servicio , que se impacta principalmente por deficiencias administrativas y no por falta de dinero ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ González ( 2012 ; in Spanish ) `` ( ... ) al analizarse la deuda pública de la Isla contra el Producto Interno Bruto ( PIB ) , se ubicaría en una relación deuda / PIB de 68 % aproximadamente . '' Jump up ^ Bauzá ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` La realidad de nuestra situación económica y fiscal es resultado de años de falta de acción . Al Gobierno le faltó creatividad , innovación y rapidez en la creación de un nuevo modelo económico que sustentara nuestra economía . Tras la eliminación de la Sección 936 , debimos ser proactivos , y no lo fuimos . '' Jump up ^ Quintero ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Los indicadores de una economía débil son muchos , y la economía en Puerto Rico está sumamente debilitada , según lo evidencian la tasa de desempleo ( 13.5 % ) , los altos niveles de pobreza ( 41.7 % ) , los altos niveles de quiebra y la pérdida poblacional . '' Jump up ^ Walsh ( 2013 ) `` In each of the last six years , Puerto Rico sold hundreds of millions of dollars of new bonds just to meet payments on its older , outstanding bonds -- a red flag . It also sold $2.5 billion worth of bonds to raise cash for its troubled pension system -- a risky practice -- and it sold still more long - term bonds to cover its yearly budget deficits . '' Jump up ^ PRGDB `` Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18 , 2013 '' p. 142 Jump up ^ MRGI ( 2008 ) `` Many female migrants leave their families behind due to the risk of illegal travel and the high cost of living in Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ Rivera . `` Housing prices in Puerto Rico are comparable to Miami or Los Angeles , but property taxes are considerably lower than most places in the US . '' Jump up ^ FRBNY ( 2011 ) `` ... home values vary considerably across municipios : for the metro area overall , the median value of owner - occupied homes was estimated at $126,000 ( based on data for 2007 -- 09 ) , but these medians ranged from $214,000 in Guaynabo to around $100,000 in some of the outlying municipios . The median value in the San Juan municipio was estimated at $170,000 . '' Jump up ^ Santiago ( 2021 ) `` Local detractors of the Jones Act ( ... ) for many years have unsuccessfully tried to have Puerto Rico excluded from the law 's provisions ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ JOC ( 2013 ) `` Repealing or amending the Jones Act cabotage law might cut Puerto Rico shipping costs '' Jump up ^ JOC ( 2013 ) `` The GAO report said its interviews with shippers indicated they ( ... ) believed that opening the trade to non-U.S. - flag competition could lower costs . '' References Jump up ^ `` P. Rico Senate declares Spanish over English as first official language '' . News Report . San Juan , Puerto Rico . Agencia EFE . September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico 2011 -- 2015 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . US Census . Department of Commerce . 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census : Puerto Rico Profile '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.easternct.edu/inthenews/files/2016/01/Eastern-Talk-Explains-Puerto-Ricos-Status-Chronicle_20170925_03_1.pdf Puerto Rico 's Status Explained . ECSU Takes A Look At Island 's History . Michelle Firestone . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cumulative Population Change : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 for Puerto Rico '' . United States Census Bureau . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GDP , PPP ( current international $ ) '' . Jump up ^ `` GDP per capita , PPP ( current international $ ) '' , World Development Indicators database , World Bank . Database updated on May 8 , 2014 . Accessed on May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Bank World Development Indicators , July 2013 '' . World Bank . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Global Competitiveness Report 2014 -- 2015 ( Puerto Rico ) '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . Jump up ^ `` Household Income for States : 2010 and 2011 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . September 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fuentes - Ramírez , Ricardo R. ( 2017 ) . `` Human Development Index Trends and Inequality in Puerto Rico 2010 -- 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Ceteris Paribus : Journal of Socio - Economic Research . 7 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Terms -- 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7 -- Consular Affairs . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ Amaral , Patrícia & Ana Maria Carvalho ( 2014 ) . Portuguese - Spanish Interfaces : Diachrony , synchrony , and contact . Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company . p. 130 . ISBN 9789027258007 . Jump up ^ Pedro A. Malavet ( 2004 ) . America 's colony : the political and cultural conflict between the United States and Puerto Rico . NYU Press . pp. 43 , 181 note 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5680 - 5 . Jump up ^ To change the name of the island of `` Porto Rico '' to `` Puerto Rico , '' S.J. Res 36 , 72nd Congress , enacted 1932 . ( 47 Stat. 158 ) Jump up ^ Patricia Gherovici ( 2003 ) . The Puerto Rican syndrome . Other Press , LLC . pp. 140 -- 141 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 892746 - 75 - 7 . Jump up ^ Historian , Office of the ( January 1 , 2013 ) . Hispanic Americans in Congress , 1822 -- 2012 . Government Printing Office . ISBN 9780160920684 . Jump up ^ Secretary 's , Puerto Rico ; Office , Puerto Rico Secretary 's ( January 1 , 1903 ) . Register of Porto Rico . Office of the Secretary . Jump up ^ Deusen , Richard James Van ; Deusen , Elizabeth Kneipple Van ( 1931 ) . Porto Rico : A Caribbean Isle . Henry Holt . Jump up ^ Sciences , New York Academy of ( 1922 ) . Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands . New York Academy of Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caban , Pedro A. ( 2009 ) . Constructing A Colonial People : Puerto Rico And The United States , 1898 -- 1932 . Westview Press . p. 10 . ISBN 0786748176 . Jump up ^ Santiago - Valles , Kelvin A. ( 1994 ) . Subject People and Colonial Discourses : Economic Transformation and Social Disorder in Puerto Rico , 1898 -- 1947 . SUNY Press . p. ix . ISBN 0791415899 . Jump up ^ Lipski , John M. ( 2005 ) . A History of Afro - Hispanic Language : Five Centuries , Five Continents . Cambridge University Press . p. 37 . ISBN 1107320372 . Jump up ^ 8 U.S. Code § 1402 -- Persons born in Puerto Rico on or after April 11 , 1899 ( 1941 ) Retrieved : January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Igartúa -- de la Rosa v. United States ( Igartúa III ) Archived March 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , 417 F. 3d 145 ( 1st Cir. 2005 ) ( en banc ) , GREGORIO IGARTÚA , ET AL. , Plaintiffs , Appellants , v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , ET AL. , Defendants , Appellees . No. 09 - 2186 ( November 24 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's Political Status and the 2012 Plebiscite : Background and Key Questions '' ( PDF ) . fas.org . Congressional Research Service . June 25 , 2013 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El Nuevo Día '' . Elnuevodia.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico Gets More Time '' . Star Herald . Scottsbluff , ME . Associated Press . January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dietz , James ( 1986 ) . Economic History of Puerto Rico . Princeton : Princeton University Press . p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico files for biggest ever U.S. local government bankruptcy '' . Reuters . May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico oversight board orders furloughs , governor defiant '' . Reuters . August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Maria heads away from P.R. ahead of expected turn to the north far off U.S. coast '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Rhodium Group '' America 's Biggest Blackout `` . rhg.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's been 10 weeks since Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico . Here 's where recovery stands PBS NewsHour '' . Pbs.org. 2017 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Allatson , Paul ( 2007 ) . Key Terms in Latino / a Cultural and Literary Studies . Malden , Mass. : Blackwell Publishing . p. 47 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 0250 - 0 . Jump up ^ Cayetano Coll y Toste , ed. ( 1972 ) . `` Taino Indigenous Peoples of the Caribbean '' . Clásicos de Puerto Rico ( 2nd ed . ) . Ediciones Latinoamericanas , S.A. Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grose , Howard Benjamin ( August 8 , 2006 ) . H.B. Grose , Advance in the Antilles : the new era in Cuba and Porto Rico , Presbyterian Home Missions , 1910 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schechter , Patricia A. ( 2012 ) . `` ¡ Adelante Hermanas de la Raza ! , Josefina Silva de Cintron and Puerto Rican Women 's Feminismo . -- The New York 's World Fair : 1939 -- 1940 '' . Exploring the Decolonial Imaginary : Four Transnational Lives . New York : MacMillan . ISBN 9781137012845 . Note : The phase `` The Island of Enchantment '' has been traced back to a travel guide by that title that Theodore Roosevelt , Jr. offered in House & Garden magazine in 1938 Jump up ^ `` Historia de Puerto Rico '' . Proyectosalonhogar.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain ; December 10 , 1898 '' . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crafting an Identity '' . History , Art & Archives . Office of the Historian and the Clerk of the House 's Office of Art and Archives . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abbad y Lasierra , Iñigo . Historia Geográfica , Civil y Natural de la Isla de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico . ^ Jump up to : Rouse , Irving . The Tainos : Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus ISBN 0 - 300 - 05696 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mahaffy , Cheryl ( January 28 , 2006 ) . `` Vieques Island -- What lies beneath '' . Edmonton Journal . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved February 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pedro Torres . `` The Dictionary of the Taíno Language '' . Taíno Inter-Tribal Council Inc . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2006 . Retrieved February 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Cheryl Mahaffy ( January 30 , 2006 ) . `` Vieques Island : What lies beneath '' . Edmonton Journal . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Years of Puerto Rican History through the Eyes of Others '' . Newberry.org . The Newberry Library . July 12 , 2008 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` King Ferdinand 's letter to the Taino - Arawak Indians '' . University of Groningen . Jump up ^ Arthur C. Aufderheide ; Conrado Rodríguez - Martín ; Odin Langsjoen ( 1998 ) . The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology . Cambridge University Press . p. 204 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 55203 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kohn , George C. ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence : From Ancient Times to the Present . Infobase Publishing . p. 160 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 6935 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Masterpiece Theatre American Collection Almost a Woman Puerto Rico : A Timeline '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mary Hilaire Tavenner ( 2010 ) . Puerto Rico , 2006 : Memoirs of A Writer in Puerto Rico . Xlibris Corporation . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4568 - 1004 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` History , Travel , Arts , Science , People , Places Smithsonian '' . Smithsonianmag.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` taino '' . Pbs.org . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Colonial Genocides Genocide Studies Program Yale University '' . Yale.edu . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Colonial Genocides Genocide Studies Program '' . Yale University . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stark , David , M. ( 2009 ) . `` A New Look at the African Slave Trade in Puerto Rico Through the Use of Parish Registers : 1660 -- 1815 '' . Slavery & Abolition a Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies . 30 ( 4 ) : 491 -- 520 . doi : 10.1080 / 01440390903245083 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Confirmation of troop count is unattainable , only Spanish and Puerto Rican sources are available regarding troop count . Jump up ^ Guillermo A. Baralt , Slave revolts in Puerto Rico : conspiracies and uprisings , 1795 -- 1873 ; Markus Wiener Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55876 - 463 - 7 Jump up ^ `` María de las Mercedes Barbudo ; Primera mujer independentista de Puerto Rico ; CLARIDAD ; December 1994 ; p. 19 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Cédula de 1789 `` para el comercio de Negros '' '' ( in Spanish ) . Ensayistas.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ways of ending slavery '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Negroni , Héctor Andrés ( 1992 ) . Historia militar de Puerto Rico ( in Spanish ) . Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7844 - 138 - 9 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Retrieved : January 8 , 2015 . Carta Autonómica de Puerto Rico , 1897 . Jump up ^ `` USA Seizes Puerto Rico '' . History of Puerto Rico . solboricua.com. 2000 . Jump up ^ Magaly Rivera . `` History '' . topuertorico.org . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chronology of Puerto Rico in the Spanish -- American War '' . The World of 1898 : The Spanish -- American War . Hispanic Division , Library of Congress . ^ Jump up to : Jorge Rodriguez Beruff , Strategy as Politics , Universidad de Puerto Rico : La Editorial ; p. 7 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8477 - 0160 - 5 Jump up ^ David F. Trask ( 1996 ) . The War with Spain in 1898 . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 72 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9429 - 5 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jorge Rodriguez Beruff , Strategy as Politics , La Editorial ; Universidad de Puerto Rico ; p. 13 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8477 - 0160 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain '' . The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School . Yale Law School , Lillian Goldman Law Library . December 10 , 1898 . Jump up ^ Truman R. Clark . Puerto Rico and the United States , 1917 -- 1933 . 1975 . University of Pittsburgh Press . p. 129 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report by the President 's task force on Puerto Rico 's Status '' ( PDF ) . December 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 25 , 2007 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Efrén Rivera Ramos ( 2007 ) . American Colonialism in Puerto Rico : The Judicial and Social Legacy . Markus Wiener Publishers . pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55876 - 410 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Porto Rico En Fete : President 's Auto Tour Amid Shower of Roses : He Promises Citizenship '' . The Washington Post . November 22 , 1906 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Juan Gonzalez ; Harvest of Empire , pp. 60 -- 63 ; Penguin Press , 2001 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311928 - 9 Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ; Sparrow , Bartholomew H. ( 2005 ) . The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion : 1803 -- 1898 . New York : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 166 , 178 . U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act , chap. 190 , 39 Stat. 951 ( 1971 ) ( codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 ( 1987 ) ) Jump up ^ `` Sistema de Alerta de Tsunamis de Puerto Rico y el Caribe '' ( in Spanish ) . Red Sísmica de Puerto Rico . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Frank Otto Gatell , `` Independence Rejected : Puerto Rico and the Tydings Bill of 1936 '' , Hispanic American Historical Review , Vol. 38 , No. 1 ( Feb. 1958 ) , pp. 25 -- 44 , accessed December 15 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico . The Commission , 70p , np , May 22 , 1937 '' . Llmc.com . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Five Years of Tyranny '' , Speech before the U.S. House of Representatives . Archived January 12 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . The entire speech is contained in the Congressional Record of August 14 , 1939 . It is reported in the Congressional record , and various other publications elsewhere , that among those shot in the back was a 7 - year - old girl , Georgina Maldonado , who `` was killed through the back while running to a nearby church '' Jump up ^ Antonio de la Cova . `` Photos of police shooting with rifles ( from positions previously occupied by marchers and bystanders ) at bystanders running away '' . Latinamericanstudies.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` La obra jurídica del Profesor David M. Helfeld ( 1948 -- 2008 ) ' ; by : Dr. Carmelo Delgado Cintrón Archived March 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cockcroft , James ( 2001 ) . América Latina y Estados Unidos : historia y política país por país ( in Spanish ) . Siglo XXI Editores . ISBN 9682323320 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rican History '' . Topuertorico.org . January 13 , 1941 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` La Gobernación de Jesús T. Piñero y la Guerra Fría '' . Issuu.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Political Status of Puerto Rico : Options for Congress . Report RL32933 . By Keith Bea and R. Sam Garrett , Congressional Research Service . Dated June 19 , 2009 . p. 29 . Table B - 1 : Puerto Rico Status Votes in Plebiscites and Referenda , 1967 -- 1998 . p. 29 ... Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary '' . Electionspuertorico.org . November 14 , 1993 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary '' . Electionspuertorico.org . December 13 , 1998 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Act of July 3 , 1950 , Ch. 446 , 64 Stat. 319 . Jump up ^ `` View of Congress , the Courts and the Federal Government '' . Puertoricousa.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` On The Nature of Commonwealth V '' . Puertorico-herald.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Let Puerto Rico Decide How to end its Colony Status : True Nationhood Stands on the Pillar of Independence '' . Rosalinda de Jesus . The Allentown Morning Call . Republished by the Puerto Rico Herald . July 21 , 2002 . San Juan , Puerto Rico . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Let Puerto Rico Decide How To End Its Colony Status '' . Rosalinda De Jesus . The Morning Call . July 21 , 2002 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ García , Marvin . `` Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos '' . National - Louis University . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2005 . Retrieved April 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Responses from Hon . Luis G. Fortuño to questions from Senator Domenici . Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on the Report by the President 's Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Status . United States Senate . One Hundredth Ninth Congress . Second Session . U.S. Senate 109 -- 796 . November 15 , 2006 . ( Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2007 . p. 56 . ) Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico -- in Spanish '' . Lexjuris.com . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico -- ( English translation ) '' . Topuertorico.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ; Sparrow , Bartholomew H ( 2005 ) . The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion , 1803 -- 1898 . Ed. by Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . ( Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 . Cloth , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4983 - 6 . Paper , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4984 - 4 . ) pp. 166 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 4984 - 5 . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's Pharmaceutical Industry '' . September 20 , 2006 . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wyss , Jim ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag ? '' . Miami Herald . Miami Herald . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Willie , Santana , ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Incorporating the Lonely Star : How Puerto Rico Became Incorporated and Earned a Place in the Sisterhood of States '' . Tennessee Journal of Law & Policy . 9 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ `` El Senado aprueba enmiendas a la ley del plebiscito '' . Elnuevodia.com. April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pilkington , Ed ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico governor to take statehood case to Washington but faces US snub '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` - The Washington Post '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clash looms as Puerto Rico prepares to send reps to Washington , after statehood vote '' . Foxnews.com . July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's a Free Associated State ? '' . Puerto Rico Report . Puerto Rico Report . February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Statehood , Independence , or Free Association Referendum ( 2017 ) '' . Ballotpedia . BALLOTPEDIA . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . With my vote , I make the initial request to the Federal Government to begin the process of the decolonization through : ( 1 ) Free Association : Puerto Rico should adopt a status outside of the Territory Clause of the Constitution of the United States that recognizes the sovereignty of the People of Puerto Rico . The Free Association would be based on a free and voluntary political association , the specific terms of which shall be agreed upon between the United States and Puerto Rico as sovereign nations . Such agreement would provide the scope of the jurisdictional powers that the People of Puerto Rico agree to confer to the United States and retain all other jurisdictional powers and authorities . Under this option the American citizenship would be subject to negotiation with the United States Government ; ( 2 ) Proclamation of Independence , I demand that the United States Government , in the exercise of its power to dispose of territory , recognize the national sovereignty of Puerto Rico as a completely independent nation and that the United States Congress enact the necessary legislation to initiate the negotiation and transition to the independent nation of Puerto Rico . My vote for Independence also represents my claim to the rights , duties , powers , and prerogatives of independent and democratic republics , my support of Puerto Rican citizenship , and a `` Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation '' between Puerto Rico and the United States after the transition process Jump up ^ Wyss , Jim . `` Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag ? '' . Miami Herald . Miami . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coto , Danica ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood '' . The Washington Post . DC . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Gillian B. ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Why Puerto Rican Statehood Matters So Much Right Now '' . The Atlantic . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Six words : the ability to file for bankruptcy Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico goes to polls Sunday on statehood issue despite criticism over costs , timing '' . Nbcnews.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico governor approves Tennessee Plan -- Caribbean Business '' . caribbeanbusiness.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ López , Ana M. ( 2014 ) . `` Puerto Rico at the United Nations '' . The North American Congress on Latin America . The North American Congress on Latin America . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peoples , United Nations : Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and ( November 22 , 2005 ) . `` Report of the Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries & Peoples : 60th Session Supplement '' . United Nations Publications -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` XIV Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Nations . Durban , South Africa , 2004 . See pp. 14 -- 15 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ United Nations . General Assembly . Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples ( 1971 ) . Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples . 23 . United Nations Publications . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 1 - 810211 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling upon United States Government to Expedite Self - Determination Process for Puerto Rico '' . United Nations . UN . June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ resolution 740 Archived May 14 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ( November 27 , 1953 ) , `` Cessation of transmission o the information under article 73 e of the Charter in respect of Puerto Rico '' . Jump up ^ GA Resolution 1541 Archived May 14 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ( December 15 1960 ) , `` Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for in article 73 e of the Charter . ( See ANNEX ) . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Report by the President 's task force on Puerto Rico 's Status '' ( PDF ) . December 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Art . IV , Sec. 3 , clause 2 , U.S. Constitution . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Sanchez , 992 F. 2D 1143 ( 1993 ) United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit ( Paragraphs 44 -- 46 ) '' . ftp.resources.com . June 4 , 1993 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Status Field Hearing '' . Committee on Resources , U.S. House of Representatives , 105th Congress . April 19 , 1997 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1541 ( XV ) . Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for under Article 73 e of the Charter '' . United Nations General Assembly . December 15 , 1960 . Jump up ^ June 13 , 2006 . Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Puerto Rican Self - determination Process . Draft Resolution Urges Probe of Pro-Independence Leader 's Killing , Human Rights Abuses ; Calls for Clean - up , Decontamination of Vieques . ( June 13 , 2006 ) Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 14 June 2007 . Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States to Expedite Puerto Rico 's Self - Determination Process : Text Also Requests General Assembly to Consider Question ; Urges Clean Up of Vieques Island , Release of Puerto Rican Political Prisoners . ( June 14 , 2007 ) Archived January 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ June 15 , 2009 . Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Self - determination Process for Puerto Rico . Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence , Statehood , Free Association . ( June 15 , 2009 ) Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ June 21 , 2010 . Special Committee on Decolonization Passes Text Urging General Assembly to Consider Formally Situation Concerning Puerto Rico : Draft Resolution Calls on United States to Expedite Island 's Self - Determination . ( June 21 , 2010 ) Archived January 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ June 20 , 2011 . Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States , in Consensus Text , to Speed up Process Allowing Puerto Rico to Exercise Self - Determination : Nearly 25 Petitioners Underscore Gravity of Situation on Island , Buckling Under Economic Strain ; Vigorous Opposition to Death Penalty Also Expressed . ( June 20 , 2011 ) Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : casiano communications ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` UN decolonization committee eyes PR '' . Caribbeanbusinesspr.com . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Article 2.003 ( 54 ) , Puerto Rico Election Code for the 21st Century , Act No. 78 of 2011 ( in English ) . Retrieved on August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence , Statehood , Free Association '' . General Assembly of the United Nations . June 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` US lawmakers clear path for new Puerto Rico referendum '' . 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CIA . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Caribbean National Forest -- El Yunque Trail # 15 '' . GORP.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Lagos de Puerto Rico '' . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 29 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( archived from on June 29 , 2007 ) . ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Andrzej Pisera ; Michael Martínez ; Hernan Santos ( May 2006 ) . `` Late Cretaceous Siliceous Sponges From El Rayo Formation , Puerto Rico '' . Journal of Paleontology . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquake History of Puerto Rico '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Uri ten Brink . `` Explorations : Puerto Rico Trench 2003 -- Cruise Summary and Results '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 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( 2005 ) . `` Reconstructing the population history of Puerto Rico by means of mtDNA phylogeographic analysis '' . Am J Phys Anthropol. 128 ( 1 ) : 131 -- 55 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 20108 . PMID 15693025 . Jump up ^ `` Your Regional Ancestry : Reference Populations '' . The Genographic Project . Jump up ^ Tang , Hua ; Choudhry , Shweta ; Mei , Rui ; Morgan , Martin ; Rodríguez - Clintron , William ; González Burchard , Esteban ; Risch , Neil ( August 1 , 2007 ) . `` Recent Genetic Selection in the Ancestral Admixture of Puerto Ricans '' . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 81 ( 3 ) : 626 -- 633 . doi : 10.1086 / 520769 . PMC 1950843 . PMID 17701908 . Jump up ^ Via , Mark ; Gignoux , Christopher R. ; Roth , Lindsey ; Fejerman , Laura ; Galander , Joshua ; Choudhry , Shweta ; Toro - Labrador , Gladys ; Viera - Vera , Jorge ; Oleksyk , Taras K. ; Beckman , Kenneth ; Ziv , Elad ; Risch , Neil ; González Burchard , Esteban ; Nartínez - Cruzado , Juan Carlos ( 2011 ) . `` History Shaped the Geographic Distribution of Genomic Admixture on the Island of Puerto Rico '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 1 ) : e16513 . Bibcode : 2011PLoSO ... 616513V . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0016513 . PMC 3031579 . PMID 21304981 . ^ Jump up to : `` Demography -- Puerto Rico '' . Pew Research . Pew Research , DC . January 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples -- Puerto Rico : Dominicans '' . Minority Rights Group International . 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Other Border : Puerto Rico 's Seas '' . Latino USA . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived January 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Portadilla de Revista '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Haiti Immigrants Using Puerto Rico As Gateway To U.S. In New Migrant Route '' . The Huffington Post . May 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems ( DADS ) . `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ James Bargent . `` Dominican People Smugglers Trafficked Cubans to Puerto Rico '' . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's population swap : The middle class for millionaires '' . BBC . May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems ( DADS ) . `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . Jump up ^ `` Economy and Crime Spur New Puerto Rican Exodus '' . The New York Times . February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quick Facts -- San Juan '' . US Census . U.S. Department of Commerce . 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . 2015 ACS 5 - Year Population Estimate Jump up ^ `` Población de Puerto Rico por Municipios 2010 y 2000 '' . Elections Puerto Rico . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Language '' , Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language , Ed . Tom McArthur , Oxford University Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior , 92 D.P.R. 596 ( 1965 ) . Translation taken from the English text , 92 P.R.R. 580 ( 1965 ) , pp. 588 -- 89 . See also LOPEZ - BARALT NEGRON , `` Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior : Espanol : Idioma del proceso judicial '' , 36 Revista Juridica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico . 396 ( 1967 ) , and VIENTOS - GASTON , `` Informe del Procurador General sobre el idioma '' , 36 Rev. Col. Ab . ( P.R. ) 843 ( 1975 ) . Jump up ^ The Status of Languages in Puerto Rico . Muniz - Arguelles , Luis . University of Puerto Rico . c. 1988 . Page 466 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Annual Population Estimates 2007 '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico Governor Luis Fortuño Proposes Plan For Island 's Public Schools To Teach In English Instead Of Spanish . Archived August 31 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Danica Coto . Huffington Latino Voices. 05 / 08 / 12 ( May 8 , 2012 ) . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Language Education Policy in Puerto Rico '' . Language Education Policy Studies . International Association for Language Education Policy Studies . 2013 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Key findings about Puerto Rico '' . March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Religion in Latin America '' . November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Porto Rico '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ `` Sobre Nosotros '' . Episcopalpr.org . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . 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Puerto Ricans in this statistical profile are people who self - identified as Hispanics of Puerto Rican origin ; this means either they themselves were born in Puerto Rico1 or they were born in the 50 U.S. states , the District of Columbia or elsewhere , but trace their family ancestry to Puerto Rico . Jump up ^ `` Religion in Latin America '' . Pew Research . Pew Research Center . November 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . Parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2011 . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Latin American issues Vol. 3 '' . Webpub.allegheny.edu . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eduardo Giorgetti Y Su Mundo : La Aparente Paradoja De Un Millonario Genio Empresarial Y Su Noble Humanismo ; by Delma S. Arrigoitia ; Publisher : Ediciones Puerto ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 942347 - 52 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Korber House '' . Prairieschooltraveler.com . 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United States , 197 U.S. 516 , 529 -- 530 , 536 ( 1905 ) ( concurring opinions of Justices Harlan and Brown ) , that once the Constitution has been extended to an area , its coverage is irrevocable ; Boumediene v. Bush -- That where the Constitution has been once formally extended by Congress to territories , neither Congress nor the territorial legislature can enact laws inconsistent therewith . The Constitution grants Congress and the President the power to acquire , dispose of , and govern territory , not the power to decide when and where its terms apply . Jump up ^ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion : 1803 -- 1898 . By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . New York : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . 2005 . pp. 166 , 178 . `` U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act , chap. 190 , 39 Stat. 951 ( 1971 ) ( codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 ( 1987 ) '' ) Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Topic : Citizenship '' . 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Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ World Bank Indicators ; World Bank . `` Gross national income per capita 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Manufactura '' ( in Spanish ) . Government of Puerto Rico . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's tourism industry continues to expand '' . Business Destinations . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alan Heston , Robert Summers and Bettina Aten , Penn World Table Version 7.1 , Center for International Comparisons of Production , Income and Prices at the University of Pennsylvania , July 2012 . Accessed on August 19 , 2012 . Note : GDP per capita data are `` PPP Converted GDP Per Capita , average GEKS - CPDW , at current prices ( in I $ ) '' , labeled as variable `` cgdp2 '' . Jump up ^ Torrcech San Inocencio , Rafael ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` La autosuficiencia alimentaria '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Millán Rodríguez , Yamilet ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Denuncian politización de Junta AEE '' . El Vocero ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vera Rosado , Ileanexis ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Ineficiencia arropa a los recursos económicos de salud '' . El Vocero ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ González , Jenisabel ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Debemos más de lo que producimos '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bauzá , Nydia ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` García Padilla insiste en que heredó un país `` en cantos '' `` . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Quintero , Laura ( September 14 , 2013 ) . `` Las estadísticas hablan : Puerto Rico camino a ser el `` Detroit del Caribe '' `` . NotiCel ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PUERTO RICO FACT SHEET '' ( PDF ) . Gdb-pur.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Nick Brown , Reuters ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks '' . Fiscal Times . The Fiscal Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Platt , Eric ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` New Puerto Rico governor seeks amicable debt crisis resolution '' . Financial Times . New York . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , Dan ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Secretary Lew Sends Letter to 115th Congress on Puerto Rico '' . Department of the Treasury . Department of the Treasury . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick Brown , Reuters ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks '' . Fiscal Times . The Fiscal Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . The bipartisan , seven - member oversight board was created under the federal Puerto Rico rescue law known as PROMESA , passed by the U.S. Congress last year . It is charged with helping the island manage its finances and navigate its way out of the economic jam , including by negotiating restructuring deals with creditors . Jump up ^ `` '' Economistas se Oponen a las Reformas para `` estimular la economía '' `` . El Nuevo Día. 20 February 2017 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bases , Daniel ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico to furlough workers , proposes pension plan reform '' . Cnbc.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castrodad , José ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` La Estadidad es una , única , uniforme e irreversible '' . El Vocero . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Mary ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Worsening Debt Crisis Threatens Puerto Rico '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Cómo Puerto Rico llegó a tener crédito chatarra ? '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . February 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Puerto Rico Government Development Bank . October 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` San Juan 2023 o la decadencia de un País '' . Centro Para Una Nueva Economía . Center for a New Economy . Jump up ^ `` SERVICIO DE LA DEUDA '' ( PDF ) . ``. pr.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Reporte General sobre Deuda Pública '' ( PDF ) . ``. pr.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Mary Williams ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's Power Authority Effectively Files for Bankruptcy '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PROCESO PRESUPUESTARIO '' ( PDF ) . 2.pr.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Buchanan , Puerto Rico '' . Military Installations . Department of Defense . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's Cost of Living Skyrockets '' . Huffingtonpost.com . September 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alvarez , Lizette ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Economy and Crime Spur New Puerto Rican Exodus '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Home -- El Nuevo Día '' . Elnuevodia.com . August 31 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MIDA concluye alto costo de vida es la preocupación mayor del boricua '' . Primerahora.com . February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Conor ( August 14 , 2007 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's Economic Slump Weighs Hard on Consumers '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coto , Danica ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` Life in Puerto Rico becomes costlier amid crisis '' . Nbclatino.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Cost of Living Survey 2011 '' . Mercer.com . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Magaly . `` Moving to Puerto Rico '' . Welcome to Puerto Rico ! . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . August 2011 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gutierrez , Elías . `` Impact of the Coastwise Trade Laws on the Transportation System of the United States of America '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Santiago , Jaime ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Jones Act requirement comes under new light '' . Caribbean Business . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` R. Conc . del S. 21 '' ( Microsoft Word ) ( in Spanish ) . Puerto Rico Office of Legislative Services . May 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Senado aprueba proyecto para pedir trato preferencial en leyes de cabotaje '' . NotiCel ( in Spanish ) . June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GAO 's Jones Act Report Is Inconclusive '' . The Journal of Commerce . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GAO - 13 - 260 , Puerto Rico : Characteristics of the Island 's Maritime Trade and Potential Effects of Modifying the Jones Act '' ( PDF ) . United States Government Accountability Office . March 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicolas Kanellos , `` Hispanic Firsts '' , Visible Ink Press ( ISBN 0 - 7876 - 0519 - 0 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ `` CIA FactBook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Perfil del Sistema Educativo -- Año Escolar 2010 -- 2011 '' . estadisticas.gobierno.pr . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lizette Alvarez ; Abby Goodnough ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` Puerto Ricans Brace for Crisis in Health Care '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 ... more than 60 percent of residents receive Medicare or Medicaid ... Jump up ^ Dorell , Oren ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's health system ' on life support ' after blow '' . USA Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 1B , 2B . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hospital San Lucas Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Resolucion Conjunta . Hon . Seilhamer Rodríguez . 16th Assembly -- 3rd Session . Senate of Puerto Rico . Joint Resolution Number 402 . March 3 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Denuncian crisis en hospital siquiátrico . Archived March 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Reinaldo Millán . La Perla del Sur . Ponce , Puerto Rico . November 9 , 2011 . Year 30 . No. 1458 . Page 14 . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ VA Clinic Archived January 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ponce tendrá su Hospital de Veteranos . Archived March 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jason Rodríguez Grafal . La Perla del Sur . Ponce , Puerto Rico . October 10 , 2012 . Year 30 . Issue 1506 . Page 11 . ( Title in printed version : `` Sera en Ponce : Con luz verde federal el nuevo Hospital de Veteranos '' . ) Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. News and World Report . Archived April 12 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Hospital de Damas : among the best . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Culebra Overview Archived June 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . on Let 's Go Jump up ^ Triple - S Management Corporation Annual Report ( Form 10 - K ) for the fiscal year ended on December 31 , 2005 , pursuant to Section 13 or 15 ( d ) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 , accessed on November 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Table 5 '' . Jump up ^ Chalabi , Mona ( July 22 , 2012 ) . `` Gun homicides and gun ownership listed by country '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Latin American Herald Tribune -- 80 % of Puerto Rico Murders Called Drug - Related '' . Laht.com . Jump up ^ Giovannetti , Jorge L. `` Popular Music and Culture in Puerto Rico : Jamaican and Rap Music as Cross-Cultural Symbols '' , in Musical Migrations : Transnationalism and Cultural Hybridity in the Americas , ed . Frances R. Aparicio and Cándida F. Jáquez , 81 -- 98 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rican Music TV '' . Puerto Rican Music TV . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Randall Peffer ( 2002 ) . Puerto Rico , a Travel Guide . Lonely Planet . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74059 - 274 - 1 . Jump up ^ National Geographic Archived March 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico in the Great Depression '' . Newdeal.feri.org . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Yvonne . A Taste of Puerto Rico : Traditional and New Dishes from the Puerto Rican Community . Penguin group , 1997 . p. 3 Jump up ^ 3 - cent Puerto Rico Issue Arago : people , postage & the post . Viewed March 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rod , Steven J. Puerto Rico Election Issue Arago : people , postage & the post . Viewed March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ San Juan Issue Arago : people , postage & the post . Viewed March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Flags of our nation series 2008 -- 2012 , Arago : people , postage & the post '' , National Postal Museum . Viewed March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Clemente ( 1934 -- 1972 ) '' p. 178 , `` Legends of Baseball '' p. 254 , Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Great Americans Issue '' Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 , p. 183 Jump up ^ `` Literary Arts '' Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 , p. 308 Jump up ^ `` Distinguished Americans '' Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 , p. 317 Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Clemente '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Orlando Cepeda '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Alomar '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics 2004 Basketball Shock defeat for USA '' . BBC News . August 15 , 2004 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jesús Omar Rivera ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` Boricuas lucíos en una rueda '' ( in Spanish ) . Primera Hora . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Raul Sosa ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` AND1 & PR Streetball Put on a Show ! '' . BoricuaBallers.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joshua Hammann ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Melendez adds a new country to Globetrotters ' resume '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Non-Black Player Joins Globetrotters '' . New York Times . Antigua &Amp ; Barbuda . December 28 , 1995 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Mónica Puig the Puerto Rico player who won the gold medal in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games women 's tennis final ? '' . Rio2016.com . August 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Monica Puig , Puerto Rico 's Favorite Daughter ( and Only Gold Medalist ) '' . NYTimes.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Aeropuertos Internacionales y Regionales ( Spanish ) '' . Puerto Rico Ports Authority . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the Project -- Overview '' . Port of the Americas Authority . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ley de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica de Puerto Rico '' ( PDF ) . Presupuesto.gobierno.pr . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico profile '' , BBC News , May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Communications : Puerto Rico '' , World Factbook , U.S. Central Intelligence Agency , December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Further reading Isar P. Godreau , Scripts of Blackness : Race , Cultural nationalism , and U.S. Colonialism in Puerto Rico . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press , 2015 . External links Find more aboutPuerto Ricoat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website ( in Spanish ) Investment Tourism Department Of Economic Development and Commerce `` Puerto Rico '' . Country profiles . BBC . `` Puerto Rico '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . `` Datos y Estadisticas de Puerto Rico y sus Municipios '' ( Data and Statistics about Puerto Rico and It 's Municipalities ) . Tendencias PR ( in Spanish ) . `` Puerto Rico '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Puerto Rico at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Geography Wikimedia Atlas of Puerto Rico Geographic data related to Puerto Rico at OpenStreetMap United States government `` Application of the U.S. Constitution in U.S. Insular Areas '' ( PDF ) . November 1997 . `` Puerto Rico State Guide '' . LOC . United Nations ( U.N. ) Declaration on Puerto Rico `` Special Committee on Decolonization Calls Upon United States to Expedite Puerto Rico 's Self - Determination Process '' . Special Committee on Decolonization . Press release . U.N. General Assembly . June 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . 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"Puerto Rico[a] (Spanish for \"Rich Port\"), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit. \"Free Associated State of Puerto Rico\")[b] and briefly called Porto Rico,[c][18][19][20] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea, approximately 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of Miami, Florida.\n"
] | [
"Commonwealth of Puerto Rico"
] |
2489221157478585457 | List of Stanley Cup champions | List of Stanley Cup champions - wikipedia List of Stanley Cup champions Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the winning teams . For players who have played on winning teams , see Stanley Cup winning players . The Stanley Cup The Stanley Cup is a trophy awarded annually to the playoff champion club of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) ice hockey league . It was donated by the Governor General of Canada Lord Stanley of Preston in 1892 , and is the oldest professional sports trophy in North America . Inscribed the Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup , the trophy was first awarded to Canada 's amateur ice hockey clubs who won the trophy as the result of challenge games and league play . Professional clubs came to dominate the competition in the early years of the twentieth century , and in 1913 the two major professional ice hockey organizations , the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) ( forerunner of the NHL ) and the Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) , reached a gentlemen 's agreement in which their respective champions would face each other in an annual series for the Stanley Cup . After a series of league mergers and folds , it became the de facto championship trophy of the NHL in 1926 , though it was nominally still subject to external challenge . After 1947 , the Cup became the de jure NHL championship prize . From 1914 to the end of the 2017 season , the trophy has been won 99 times . 23 different teams have won the cup , 18 of which are still active in the NHL . Prior to that , the challenge cup was held by nine different teams . The Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup 24 times and made the finals an additional ten times . There were two years when the Stanley Cup was not awarded : 1919 , because of the Spanish flu epidemic , and 2005 , because of the NHL lockout . Contents ( hide ) 1 Challenge Cup era ( 1893 -- 1914 ) 2 NHA / NHL vs. PCHA / WCHL / WHL champions ( 1915 -- 1926 ) 3 NHL champions ( since 1927 ) 4 Appearances 4.1 Challenge Cup era ( 1893 -- 1914 ) 4.2 Stanley Cup Finals era ( since 1915 ) 4.2. 1 Active teams 4.2. 2 Defunct teams 5 See also 6 References 6.1 General 6.2 Specific 7 External links Challenge Cup era ( 1893 -- 1914 ) ( edit ) The first Challenge Cup champions : Montreal Hockey Club See also : List of Stanley Cup challenge games The origins of the Challenge era come from the method of play of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada prior to 1893 . From 1887 to 1893 , the league did not play a round - robin format , but rather challenges between teams of the association that year , with the winner of the series being the ' interim ' champion , with the final challenge winner becoming the league champion for the year . The Stanley Cup kept the tradition going , but added league championships as another way that a team could win the trophy . If a team in the same league as the current champion won the league championship , it would then inherit the Cup , without a challenge . The only time this rule was not followed was in 1904 , when the Ottawa Senators club withdrew from its league , the CAHL . The trustees ruled that the Cup stayed with Ottawa , instead of the CAHL league champion . During the challenge cup period , none of the leagues that played for the trophy had a formal playoff system to decide their respective champions ; whichever team finished in first place after the regular season won the league title . A playoff would only be played if teams tied for first - place in their leagues at the end of the regular season . Challenge games were played until 1912 at any time during hockey season by challenges approved and / or ordered by the Stanley Cup trustees . In 1912 , Cup trustees declared that it was only to be defended at the end of the champion team 's regular season . In 1908 , the Allan Cup was introduced as the trophy for Canada 's amateurs , as the Stanley Cup became a symbol of professional hockey supremacy . This table lists the outcome of all Stanley Cup wins , including successful victories and defenses in challenges , and league championships for the challenge era . Date Winning team Coach Losing team Playoff format Score Winning goal March 17 , 1893 Montreal Hockey Club ( AHAC ) Harry Shaw ( mgr . ) 1893 AHAC champions , no challengers March 22 , 1894 Montreal Hockey Club ( AHAC ) Harry Shaw ( mgr . ) Ottawa HC ( AHAC ) Single - elimination ( 1894 AHAC championship playoff ) 3 -- 1 Billy Barlow ( 9 : 00 , third qtr ) March 9 , 1895 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Mike Grant ( capt . ) 1895 AHAC Champion March 9 , 1895 Montreal Hockey Club ( AHAC ) Harry Shaw ( mgr . ) Queen 's University ( OHA ) Single - elimination 5 -- 1 February 14 , 1896 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Jack Armytage ( capt . ) Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Single - elimination 2 -- 0 Jack Armytage ( 10 : 00 , first half ) February 29 , 1896 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Jack Armytage ( capt . ) 1896 MHA champion December 30 , 1896 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Mike Grant ( capt . ) Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Single - elimination 6 -- 5 Ernie McLea ( 28 : 00 , second half ) March 6 , 1897 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Mike Grant ( capt . ) 1897 AHAC Champion December 27 , 1897 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Mike Grant ( capt . ) Ottawa Capitals ( CCHA ) Single - elimination 15 -- 2 March 5 , 1898 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Frank Richardson - playing 1898 AHAC Champion February 15 -- 18 , 1899 Montreal Victorias ( CAHL ) Frank Richardson - Playing Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Two - game total goals 5 -- 3 Robert MacDougall ( second half ) March 4 , 1899 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy 1899 CAHL Champion March 14 , 1899 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy Queen 's University ( OHA ) Single - elimination 6 -- 2 Harry Trihey February 12 -- 15 , 1900 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Harry Trihey ( second half ) March 7 , 1900 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy Halifax Crescents ( MaPHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 ( 10 -- 2 , 11 -- 0 ) March 10 , 1900 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy 1900 CAHL Champion January 29 -- 31 , 1901 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Dan Bain ( capt . ) Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Dan Bain ( 4 : 00 , OT ) February 19 , 1901 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Dan Bain ( capt . ) Winnipeg HC ( MHA ) Single - elimination ( 1901 MHA championship ) 4 -- 3 January 21 -- 23 , 1902 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Dan Bain ( capt . ) Toronto Wellingtons ( OHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Fred Scanlon ( 9 : 00 , second half ) March 1902 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Dan Bain ( capt . ) 1902 MHA Champion March 13 -- 17 , 1902 Montreal HC ( CAHL ) Clarence McKerrow Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Jack Marshall ( first half ) January 29 -- 31 , February 2 -- 4 , 1903 Montreal HC ( CAHL ) Desse Browne Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Tom Phillips March 7 -- 10 , 1903 Ottawa HC ( CAHL ) Alf Smith Montreal Victorias ( CAHL ) Two - game total goals ( 1903 CAHL championship playoff ) 9 -- 1 Suddy Gilmour ( 4 : 34 , first half , second game ) March 12 -- 14 , 1903 Ottawa HC ( CAHL ) Alf Smith Rat Portage Thistles ( MNWHA ) Two - game total goals 10 -- 4 Frank McGee ( 8 : 20 , first half ) December 30 , 1903 , January 1 -- 4 , 1904 Ottawa HC ( CAHL ) Alf Smith - playing Winnipeg Rowing Club ( MHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Frank McGee ( 11 : 00 , second half ) February 23 -- 25 , 1904 Ottawa HC Alf Smith - playing Toronto Marlboros ( OHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Arthur Moore ( 9 : 38 , first half ) March 2 , 1904 Ottawa HC Alf Smith - playing Montreal Wanderers ( FAHL ) Two - game total goals March 9 -- 11 , 1904 Ottawa HC Alf Smith - playing Brandon Wheat Cities ( MNWHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Frank McGee ( 18 : 00 , first half ) January 13 -- 16 , 1905 Ottawa HC ( FAHL ) Alf Smith - playing Dawson City Nuggets Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Harry Westwick ( 12 : 15 , first half ) March 3 , 1905 Ottawa HC ( FAHL ) Alf Smith - playing 1905 FAHL Champion March 7 -- 9 -- 11 , 1905 Ottawa HC ( FAHL ) Alf Smith - playing Rat Portage Thistles ( MHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Frank McGee February 27 -- 28 , 1906 Ottawa HC ( ECAHA ) Alf Smith - playing Queen 's University ( OHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Harvey Pulford ( 10 : 00 , second half ) March 6 -- 8 , 1906 Ottawa HC ( ECAHA ) Alf Smith - playing Smiths Falls HC ( FAHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Frank McGee ( 17 : 45 , first half ) March 14 -- 17 , 1906 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford - playing Ottawa HC ( ECAHA ) Two - game total goals ( 1906 ECAHA championship playoff ) 12 -- 10 Lester Patrick December 27 -- 29 , 1906 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford - playing New Glasgow Cubs ( MaHL ) Two - game total goals 17 -- 5 January 21 -- 23 , 1907 Kenora Thistles ( MPHL ) James Link Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Two - game total goals 12 -- 8 Roxy Beaudro March 16 -- 18 , 1907 Kenora Thistles ( MPHL ) James Link Brandon Wheat Cities ( MPHL ) Best - of - three ( 1907 MPHL championship ) 2 -- 0 Fred Whitcroft ( 19 : 00 , first half ) March 23 -- 25 , 1907 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Lester Patrick ( capt . ) Kenora Thistles ( MPHL ) Two - game total goals 12 -- 8 Ernest `` Moose '' Johnson January 9 -- 13 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) Ottawa Victorias ( FAHL ) Two - game total goals 22 -- 4 Frank Glass ( 25 : 00 , first half , first game ) March 7 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) 1908 ECAHA Champions March 10 -- 12 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) Winnipeg Maple Leafs ( MPHL ) Two - game total goals 20 -- 8 March 14 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) Toronto ( OPHL ) Single - elimination 6 -- 4 Ernest `` Moose '' Johnson December 28 -- 30 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) Edmonton Hockey Club ( AAHA ) Two - game total goals 13 -- 10 Walter Smaill ( 33 : 45 , second half , second game ) March 6 , 1909 Ottawa HC ( ECHA ) Pete Green 1909 ECHA champions January 5 -- 7 , 1910 Ottawa HC ( CHA ) Pete Green Galt HC ( OPHL ) Two - game total goals 15 -- 4 Hamby Shore ( 10 : 10 , first half , first game ) January 18 -- 20 , 1910 Ottawa HC ( NHA ) Pete Green Edmonton Hockey Club ( AAHA ) Two - game total goals 21 -- 11 Bruce Stuart ( 23 : 45 , first half ) March 9 , 1910 Montreal Wanderers ( NHA ) Frank Glass ( capt . ) 1910 NHA Champion March 12 , 1910 Montreal Wanderers ( NHA ) Frank Glass ( capt . ) Berlin Dutchmen ( OPHL ) Single - elimination 7 -- 3 Harry Hyland ( 22 : 00 , first half ) March 10 , 1911 Ottawa HC ( NHA ) Pete Green 1911 NHA Champions March 13 , 1911 Ottawa HC ( NHA ) Pete Green Galt HC ( OPHL ) Single - elimination 7 -- 4 Marty Walsh ( 5 : 00 , third ) March 16 , 1911 Ottawa HC ( NHA ) Pete Green Port Arthur Bearcats ( New Ontario Hockey League ) Single - elimination 13 -- 4 Marty Walsh ( 4 : 30 , second ) March 5 , 1912 Quebec Bulldogs ( NHA ) Charles Nolan 1912 NHA Champions March 11 -- 13 , 1912 Quebec Bulldogs ( NHA ) Charles Nolan Moncton Victorias ( MaPHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Joe Malone ( 18 : 00 , first ) March 5 , 1913 Quebec Bulldogs ( NHA ) Joe Malone ( capt . ) 1913 NHA Champions March 8 -- 10 , 1913 Quebec Bulldogs ( NHA ) Joe Malone ( capt . ) Sydney Millionaires ( MaPHL ) Two - game total goals 20 -- 5 Tommy Smith ( 3 : 10 , second , first game ) March 7 -- 11 , 1914 Toronto Hockey Club ( NHA ) Jack Marshall ( playing - mgr . ) Montreal Canadiens ( NHA ) Two - game total goals ( 1914 NHA championship playoff ) 6 -- 2 Scotty Davidson ( 2 : 00 , third , second game ) March 14 -- 17 -- 19 , 1914 Toronto Hockey Club ( NHA ) Jack Marshall ( playing - mgr . ) Victoria Aristocrats ( PCHA ) Best - of - five 3 -- 0 Harry Cameron ( 7 : 00 , third ) Notes ^ A. Although the Montreal Victorias won the AHAC title in 1895 , the Stanley Cup trustees had already accepted a challenge from the 1894 Cup champion Montreal HC and Queen 's University . As a compromise , the trustees decided that if the Montreal HC won the challenge match , the Victorias would become the Stanley Cup champions . The Montreals eventually won the game , 5 -- 1 , and their crosstown rivals were awarded the Cup . ^ B. Intended to be a best - of - three series , Ottawa Capitals withdrew their challenge after the first game . ^ C. The January 31 ( a Saturday ) game was tied 2 -- 2 at midnight and the Mayor of Westmount refused to allow play to continue on Sunday . The game was played on February 2 ( a Monday ) and the January 31 game was considered to be void . ^ D. For most of 1904 , the Ottawa Hockey Club was not affiliated with any league . ^ E. The Montreal Wanderers were disqualified as the result of a dispute . After game one ended tied at the end of regulation , 5 -- 5 , the Wanderers refused to play overtime with the current referee , and then subsequently refused to play the next game of the series in Ottawa . ^ F. During the series , it was revealed that the Victoria club had not filed a formal challenge . A letter arrived from the Stanley Cup trustees on March 17 , stating that the trustees would not let the Stanley Cup travel west , as they did not consider Victoria a proper challenger because they had not formally notified the trustees . However , on March 18 , Trustee William Foran stated that it was a misunderstanding . PCHA president Frank Patrick had not filed a challenge because he had expected Emmett Quinn , president of the NHA to make all of the arrangements in his role as hockey commissioner , whereas the trustees thought they were being deliberately ignored . In any case , all arrangements had been ironed out and the Victoria challenge was accepted . Sources Coleman , Charles L. ( 1964 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup , vol. 1 , 1893 -- 1926 inc . Sherbrooke , Quebec : Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Limited . Montreal Gazette Ottawa Citizen Ottawa Journal Winnipeg Tribune NHA / NHL vs. PCHA / WCHL / WHL champions ( 1915 -- 1926 ) ( edit ) Several days after the Victoria Aristocrats -- Toronto Hockey Club series , Stanley Cup trustee William Foran wrote to NHA president Emmett Quinn that the trustees are `` perfectly satisfied to allow the representatives of the three pro leagues ( NHA , PCHA , and Maritime ) to make all arrangements each season as to the series of matches to be played for the Cup . '' Maritime league did not challenge for cup in 1914 , and folded after 1915 season . The Stanley Cup championship finals alternated between the East and the West each year , with games played alternately under NHA or PCHA rules . The Cup trustees agreed to this new arrangement , because after the Allan Cup became the highest prize for amateur hockey teams in Canada , the trustees had become dependent on the top two professional leagues to bolster the prominence of the trophy . After the New Westminster Royal moved to Portland in the summer of 1914 becoming the Portland Rosebuds , an American - based team , the trustees issued a statement that the Cup was no longer for the best team in Canada , but now for the best team in the world . In March 1916 , the Rosebuds became the first American team to play in the Stanley Cup championship final . In 1917 , the Seattle Metropolitans became the first American team to win the Cup . After that season , the NHA was suspended and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) took its place . In 1919 , the Spanish influenza epidemic forced the Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans to cancel their series tied at 2 -- 2 -- 1 , marking the first time the Stanley Cup was not awarded . The format for the Stanley Cup championship changed in 1922 , with the creation of the Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ) . Now three leagues competed for the Cup and this necessitated a semi-final series between two league champions , with the third having a bye directly to the final . In 1924 , the PCHA folded and only the Vancouver and Victoria teams entered the WCHL . With the loss of the PCHA , the championship reverted to a single series . After their win in 1925 , the Victoria Cougars became the last team outside the NHL to win the Stanley Cup . For the 1925 -- 26 season the WCHL was renamed the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) . With the Victoria Cougars ' loss in 1926 , it would be the last time a non-NHL team competed for the Stanley Cup . Numbers in parentheses in the table indicate the number of times that team has appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals , as well as each respective teams ' Stanley Cup Finals record to date . Year Winning team Coach Games Losing team Coach Winning goal 1915 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Frank Patrick - playing 3 -- 0 Ottawa Senators ( NHA ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Frank Shaughnessy ( mgr . ) Barney Stanley ( 5 : 30 , second ) 1916 Montreal Canadiens ( NHA ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Newsy Lalonde - playing 3 -- 2 Portland Rosebuds ( PCHA ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Edward Savage ( mgr . ) George Prodgers ( 17 : 20 , third ) 1917 Seattle Metropolitans ( PCHA ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Pete Muldoon 3 -- 1 Montreal Canadiens ( NHA ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Newsy Lalonde - playing Bernie Morris ( 7 : 55 , first ) 1918 Toronto Arenas ( NHL ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Dick Carroll 3 -- 2 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Frank Patrick - playing Corb Denneny ( 10 : 30 , third ) 1919 Montreal Canadiens ( NHL ) vs. Seattle Metropolitans ( PCHA ) -- Series cancelled after the fifth game because of the flu epidemic -- Stanley Cup not awarded 1920 Ottawa Senators ( NHL ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Pete Green 3 -- 2 Seattle Metropolitans ( PCHA ) ( 3 , 1 -- 1 ) Pete Muldoon Jack Darragh ( 5 : 00 , third ) 1921 Ottawa Senators ( NHL ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Pete Green 3 -- 2 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Frank Patrick - playing Jack Darragh ( 9 : 40 , second ) 1922 Toronto St. Pats ( NHL ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) George O'Donoghue 3 -- 2 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Frank Patrick - playing Babe Dye ( 4 : 20 , first ) 1923 Ottawa Senators ( NHL ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Pete Green 2 -- 0 Edmonton Eskimos ( WCHL ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ken McKenzine Punch Broadbent ( 11 : 23 , first ) 1924 Montreal Canadiens ( NHL ) ( 4 , 2 -- 1 ) Léo Dandurand 2 -- 0 Calgary Tigers ( WCHL ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Eddie Oatman - playing Howie Morenz ( 4 : 55 , first ) 1925 Victoria Cougars ( WCHL ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Lester Patrick 3 -- 1 Montreal Canadiens ( NHL ) ( 5 , 2 -- 2 ) Léo Dandurand Gizzy Hart ( 2 : 35 , second ) 1926 Montreal Maroons ( NHL ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Eddie Gerard 3 -- 1 Victoria Cougars ( WHL ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Lester Patrick Nels Stewart ( 2 : 50 , second ) NHL champions ( since 1927 ) ( edit ) The WHL folded in 1926 , and its assets were bought by the NHL . This left the NHL as the only league left competing for the Cup . Other leagues and clubs have issued challenges , but from that year forward , no non-NHL team has played for it , leading it to become the de facto championship trophy of the NHL . In 1947 , the NHL reached an agreement with trustees P.D. Ross and Cooper Smeaton to grant control of the Cup to the NHL , allowing the league itself to reject challenges from other leagues that may have wished to play for the Cup . A 2006 Ontario Superior Court case found that the trustees had gone against Lord Stanley 's conditions in the 1947 agreement . The NHL has agreed to allow other teams to play for the Cup should the league not be operating , as was the case in the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout . Since 1927 , the league 's playoff format , deciding which teams advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals , has changed multiple times . In some systems that were previously used , playoff teams were seeded regardless of division or conference . From 1942 to 1967 , the Cup was competed for by the league 's six teams , also known as the Original Six . After the 1967 NHL Expansion , the Stanley Cup was competed for by the winners of each conference . Since 1982 , the Finals have been played between the league 's conference playoff champions . Numbers in parentheses in the table indicate the number of times that team has appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals , as well as each respective teams ' Stanley Cup Finals record to date . Year Winning team Coach Games Losing team Coach Winning goal 1927 Ottawa Senators ( C ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Dave Gill 2 -- 0 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( A ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Art Ross Cy Denneny ( 7 : 30 , second ) 1928 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Lester Patrick - playing 3 -- 2 Montreal Maroons ( C ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Eddie Gerard Frank Boucher ( 3 : 35 , third ) 1929 Boston Bruins ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Cy Denneny - playing 2 -- 0 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Lester Patrick Bill Carson ( 18 : 02 , third ) 1930 Montreal Canadiens ( C ) ( 6 , 3 -- 2 ) Cecil Hart 2 -- 0 Boston Bruins ( A ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Art Ross Howie Morenz ( 1 : 00 , second ) 1931 Montreal Canadiens ( C ) ( 7 , 4 -- 2 ) Cecil Hart 3 -- 2 Chicago Black Hawks ( A ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Dick Irvin Johnny Gagnon ( 9 : 59 , second ) 1932 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Dick Irvin 3 -- 0 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Lester Patrick Ace Bailey ( 15 : 07 , third ) 1933 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Lester Patrick 3 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Dick Irvin Bill Cook ( 7 : 34 , OT ) 1934 Chicago Black Hawks ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Tommy Gorman 3 -- 1 Detroit Red Wings ( A ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Jack Adams Mush March ( 10 : 05 , second OT ) 1935 Montreal Maroons ( C ) ( 2 , 2 -- 1 ) Tommy Gorman 3 -- 0 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Dick Irvin Baldy Northcott ( 16 : 18 , second ) 1936 Detroit Red Wings ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Jack Adams 3 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Dick Irvin Pete Kelly ( 9 : 45 , third ) 1937 Detroit Red Wings ( A ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Jack Adams 3 -- 2 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Lester Patrick Marty Barry ( 19 : 22 , first ) 1938 Chicago Black Hawks ( A ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Bill Stewart 3 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Dick Irvin Carl Voss ( 16 : 45 , second ) 1939 Boston Bruins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Art Ross 4 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Dick Irvin Roy Conacher ( 17 : 54 , second ) 1940 New York Rangers ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Frank Boucher 4 -- 2 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Dick Irvin Bryan Hextall ( 2 : 07 , OT ) 1941 Boston Bruins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Cooney Weiland 4 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Jack Adams Bobby Bauer ( 8 : 43 , second ) 1942 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Jack Adams Pete Langelle ( 9 : 48 , third ) 1943 Detroit Red Wings ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Jack Adams 4 -- 0 Boston Bruins ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Art Ross Joe Carveth ( 12 : 09 , first ) 1944 Montreal Canadiens ( 8 , 5 -- 2 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 0 Chicago Black Hawks ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Paul Thompson Toe Blake ( 9 : 12 , OT ) 1945 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 11 , 5 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Jack Adams Babe Pratt ( 12 : 14 , third ) 1946 Montreal Canadiens ( 9 , 6 -- 2 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Dit Clapper Toe Blake ( 11 : 06 , third ) 1947 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 12 , 6 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens ( 10 , 6 -- 3 ) Dick Irvin Ted Kennedy ( 14 : 39 , third ) 1948 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 13 , 7 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Tommy Ivan Harry Watson ( 11 : 13 , first ) 1949 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 14 , 8 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan Cal Gardner ( 19 : 45 , second ) 1950 Detroit Red Wings ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan 4 -- 3 New York Rangers ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lynn Patrick Pete Babando ( 8 : 31 , second OT ) 1951 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 15 , 9 -- 6 ) Joe Primeau 4 -- 1 Montreal Canadiens ( 11 , 6 -- 4 ) Dick Irvin Bill Barilko ( 2 : 53 , OT ) 1952 Detroit Red Wings ( 11 , 5 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan 4 -- 0 Montreal Canadiens ( 12 , 6 -- 5 ) Dick Irvin Metro Prystai ( 6 : 50 , first ) 1953 Montreal Canadiens ( 13 , 7 -- 5 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Lynn Patrick Elmer Lach ( 1 : 22 , OT ) 1954 Detroit Red Wings ( 12 , 6 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan 4 -- 3 Montreal Canadiens ( 14 , 7 -- 6 ) Dick Irvin Tony Leswick ( 4 : 20 , OT ) 1955 Detroit Red Wings ( 13 , 7 -- 6 ) Jimmy Skinner 4 -- 3 Montreal Canadiens ( 15 , 7 -- 7 ) Dick Irvin Gordie Howe ( 19 : 49 , second ) 1956 Montreal Canadiens ( 16 , 8 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 1 Detroit Red Wings ( 14 , 7 -- 7 ) Jimmy Skinner Maurice Richard ( 15 : 08 , second ) 1957 Montreal Canadiens ( 17 , 9 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Milt Schmidt Dickie Moore ( 0 : 14 , second ) 1958 Montreal Canadiens ( 18 , 10 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( 10 , 3 -- 7 ) Milt Schmidt Bernie Geoffrion ( 19 : 26 , second ) 1959 Montreal Canadiens ( 19 , 11 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 16 , 9 -- 7 ) Punch Imlach Marcel Bonin ( 9 : 55 , second ) 1960 Montreal Canadiens ( 20 , 12 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 0 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 17 , 9 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach Jean Beliveau ( 8 : 16 , first ) 1961 Chicago Black Hawks ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Rudy Pilous 4 -- 2 Detroit Red Wings ( 15 , 7 -- 8 ) Sid Abel Ab McDonald ( 18 : 49 , second ) 1962 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 18 , 10 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 2 Chicago Black Hawks ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Rudy Pilous Dick Duff ( 14 : 14 , third ) 1963 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 19 , 11 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 1 Detroit Red Wings ( 16 , 7 -- 9 ) Sid Abel Eddie Shack ( 13 : 28 , third ) 1964 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 20 , 12 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings ( 17 , 7 -- 10 ) Sid Abel Andy Bathgate ( 3 : 04 , first ) 1965 Montreal Canadiens ( 21 , 13 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 3 Chicago Black Hawks ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Billy Reay Jean Beliveau ( 0 : 14 , first ) 1966 Montreal Canadiens ( 22 , 14 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 2 Detroit Red Wings ( 18 , 7 -- 11 ) Sid Abel Henri Richard ( 2 : 20 , OT ) 1967 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 21 , 13 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens ( 23 , 14 -- 8 ) Toe Blake Jim Pappin ( 19 : 24 , second ) 1968 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 24 , 15 -- 8 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 0 St. Louis Blues ( W ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Scotty Bowman J.C. Tremblay ( 11 : 40 , third ) 1969 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 25 , 16 -- 8 ) Claude Ruel 4 -- 0 St. Louis Blues ( W ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Scotty Bowman John Ferguson ( 3 : 02 , third ) 1970 Boston Bruins ( E ) ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Harry Sinden 4 -- 0 St. Louis Blues ( W ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Scotty Bowman Bobby Orr ( 0 : 40 , OT ) 1971 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 26 , 17 -- 8 ) Al MacNeil 4 -- 3 Chicago Black Hawks ( W ) ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Billy Reay Henri Richard ( 2 : 34 , third ) 1972 Boston Bruins ( E ) ( 12 , 5 -- 7 ) Tom Johnson 4 -- 2 New York Rangers ( E ) ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Emile Francis Bobby Orr ( 11 : 18 , first ) 1973 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 27 , 18 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 2 Chicago Black Hawks ( W ) ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Billy Reay Yvan Cournoyer ( 8 : 13 , third ) Philadelphia Flyers ( W ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Fred Shero 4 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( E ) ( 13 , 5 -- 8 ) Bep Guidolin Rick MacLeish ( 14 : 48 , first ) Philadelphia Flyers ( CC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Fred Shero 4 -- 2 Buffalo Sabres ( PW ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Floyd Smith Bob Kelly ( 0 : 11 , third ) 1976 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 28 , 19 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Philadelphia Flyers ( CC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Fred Shero Guy Lafleur ( 14 : 18 , third ) 1977 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 29 , 20 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 14 , 5 -- 9 ) Don Cherry Jacques Lemaire ( 4 : 32 , OT ) 1978 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 30 , 21 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 15 , 5 -- 10 ) Don Cherry Mario Tremblay ( 9 : 20 , first ) 1979 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 31 , 22 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 1 New York Rangers ( CC ) ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Fred Shero Jacques Lemaire ( 1 : 02 , second ) 1980 New York Islanders ( CC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Al Arbour 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Flyers ( CC ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Pat Quinn Bob Nystrom ( 7 : 11 , OT ) 1981 New York Islanders ( CC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Al Arbour 4 -- 1 Minnesota North Stars ( PW ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Glen Sonmor Wayne Merrick ( 5 : 37 , first ) 1982 New York Islanders ( PW ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Al Arbour 4 -- 0 Vancouver Canucks ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Roger Neilson Mike Bossy ( 5 : 00 , second ) New York Islanders ( PW ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Al Arbour 4 -- 0 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Glen Sather Mike Bossy ( 12 : 39 , first ) 1984 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Glen Sather 4 -- 1 New York Islanders ( PW ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Al Arbour Ken Linseman ( 0 : 38 , second ) 1985 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Glen Sather 4 -- 1 Philadelphia Flyers ( PW ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Mike Keenan Paul Coffey ( 17 : 57 , first ) 1986 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 32 , 23 -- 8 ) Jean Perron 4 -- 1 Calgary Flames ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Bob Johnson Bobby Smith ( 10 : 30 , third ) Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Glen Sather 4 -- 3 Philadelphia Flyers ( PW ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Mike Keenan Jari Kurri ( 14 : 59 , second ) 1988 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Glen Sather 4 -- 0 Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 16 , 5 -- 11 ) Terry O'Reilly Wayne Gretzky ( 9 : 44 , second ) 1989 Calgary Flames ( CC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Terry Crisp 4 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 33 , 23 -- 9 ) Pat Burns Doug Gilmour ( 11 : 02 , third ) 1990 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) John Muckler 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 17 , 5 -- 12 ) Mike Milbury Craig Simpson ( 9 : 31 , second ) 1991 Pittsburgh Penguins ( PW ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Bob Johnson 4 -- 2 Minnesota North Stars ( CC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Bob Gainey Ulf Samuelsson ( 2 : 00 , first ) 1992 Pittsburgh Penguins ( PW ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Chicago Blackhawks ( CC ) ( 10 , 3 -- 7 ) Mike Keenan Ron Francis ( 7 : 59 , third ) 1993 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 34 , 24 -- 9 ) Jacques Demers 4 -- 1 Los Angeles Kings ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Barry Melrose Kirk Muller ( 3 : 51 , second ) 1994 New York Rangers ( EC ) ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Mike Keenan 4 -- 3 Vancouver Canucks ( WC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Pat Quinn Mark Messier ( 13 : 29 , second ) 1995 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Jacques Lemaire 4 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 19 , 7 -- 12 ) Scotty Bowman Neal Broten ( 7 : 56 , second ) Colorado Avalanche ( WC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Marc Crawford 4 -- 0 Florida Panthers ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Doug MacLean Uwe Krupp ( 4 : 31 , third OT ) 1997 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 20 , 8 -- 12 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Philadelphia Flyers ( EC ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Terry Murray Darren McCarty ( 13 : 02 , second ) 1998 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 21 , 9 -- 12 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Washington Capitals ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ron Wilson Martin Lapointe ( 2 : 26 , second ) 1999 Dallas Stars ( WC ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Ken Hitchcock 4 -- 2 Buffalo Sabres ( EC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Lindy Ruff Brett Hull ( 14 : 51 , third OT ) 2000 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Larry Robinson 4 -- 2 Dallas Stars ( WC ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Ken Hitchcock Jason Arnott ( 8 : 20 , second OT ) 2001 Colorado Avalanche ( WC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Bob Hartley 4 -- 3 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Larry Robinson Alex Tanguay ( 4 : 57 , second ) 2002 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 22 , 10 -- 12 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 1 Carolina Hurricanes ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Paul Maurice Brendan Shanahan ( 14 : 04 , second ) 2003 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Pat Burns 4 -- 3 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Mike Babcock Michael Rupp ( 2 : 22 , second ) Tampa Bay Lightning ( EC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) John Tortorella 4 -- 3 Calgary Flames ( WC ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Darryl Sutter Ruslan Fedotenko ( 14 : 38 , second ) 2005 Season cancelled due to the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout . 2006 Carolina Hurricanes ( EC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Peter Laviolette 4 -- 3 Edmonton Oilers ( WC ) ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Craig MacTavish Frantisek Kaberle ( 4 : 18 , second ) 2007 Anaheim Ducks ( WC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Randy Carlyle 4 -- 1 Ottawa Senators ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Bryan Murray Travis Moen ( 15 : 44 , second ) 2008 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 23 , 11 -- 12 ) Mike Babcock 4 -- 2 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Michel Therrien Henrik Zetterberg ( 7 : 36 , third ) 2009 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Dan Bylsma 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 24 , 11 -- 13 ) Mike Babcock Maxime Talbot ( 10 : 07 , second ) Chicago Blackhawks ( WC ) ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Joel Quenneville 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Flyers ( EC ) ( 8 , 2 -- 6 ) Peter Laviolette Patrick Kane ( 4 : 06 , OT ) 2011 Boston Bruins ( EC ) ( 18 , 6 -- 12 ) Claude Julien 4 -- 3 Vancouver Canucks ( WC ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Alain Vigneault Patrice Bergeron ( 14 : 37 , first ) 2012 Los Angeles Kings ( WC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Darryl Sutter 4 -- 2 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Peter DeBoer Jeff Carter ( 12 : 45 , first ) 2013 Chicago Blackhawks ( WC ) ( 12 , 5 -- 7 ) Joel Quenneville 4 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( EC ) ( 19 , 6 -- 13 ) Claude Julien Dave Bolland ( 19 : 01 , third ) 2014 Los Angeles Kings ( WC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Darryl Sutter 4 -- 1 New York Rangers ( EC ) ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Alain Vigneault Alec Martinez ( 14 : 43 , second OT ) 2015 Chicago Blackhawks ( WC ) ( 13 , 6 -- 7 ) Joel Quenneville 4 -- 2 Tampa Bay Lightning ( EC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Jon Cooper Duncan Keith ( 17 : 13 , second ) 2016 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Mike Sullivan 4 -- 2 San Jose Sharks ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Peter DeBoer Kris Letang ( 7 : 46 , second ) 2017 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Mike Sullivan 4 -- 2 Nashville Predators ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Peter Laviolette Patric Hornqvist ( 18 : 25 , third ) Appearances ( edit ) Challenge Cup era ( 1893 -- 1914 ) ( edit ) Legend : SC = successful Stanley Cup challenge or defense of championship ( win ) ; UC = unsuccessful Stanley Cup challenge or defense of championship ( loss ) ; Years in bold denote a Stanley Cup win . Team SC UC Total Win % Appearances Ottawa HC 17 19 . 895 1894 , 1903 ( 2 ) , 1904 ( 4 ) , 1905 ( 3 ) , 1906 ( 2 ) , 1906 , 1909 , 1910 ( 2 ) , 1911 ( 3 ) Montreal Wanderers 10 12 . 833 1904 , 1906 ( 2 ) , 1907 , 1907 , 1908 ( 5 ) , 1910 ( 2 ) Winnipeg Victorias 6 5 11 . 545 1896 ( 2 ) , 1896 , 1899 , 1900 , 1901 ( 2 ) , 1902 ( 2 ) , 1902 , 1903 Montreal Victorias 6 8 . 750 1895 , 1896 , 1896 , 1897 ( 2 ) , 1898 , 1899 , 1903 Montreal Shamrocks 5 6 . 833 1899 ( 2 ) , 1900 ( 3 ) , 1901 Montreal HC 5 0 5 1.000 1893 , 1894 , 1895 , 1902 , 1903 Quebec Bulldogs 0 1.000 1912 ( 2 ) , 1913 ( 2 ) Rat Portage / Kenora Thistles 5 . 400 1903 , 1905 , 1907 ( 2 ) , 1907 Toronto Blueshirts 0 1.000 1914 ( 2 ) Queen 's University 0 . 000 1895 , 1899 , 1906 Brandon Wheat Cities 0 . 000 1904 , 1907 Edmonton HC 0 . 000 1908 , 1910 Galt HC 0 . 000 1910 , 1911 Winnipeg Maple Leafs 0 . 000 1901 , 1908 The following 16 teams unsuccessfully challenged for a Stanley Cup only once : Berlin Dutchmen ( 1910 ) , Dawson City Nuggets ( 1905 ) , Halifax Crescents ( 1900 ) , Moncton Victorias ( 1912 ) , Montreal Canadiens ( 1914 ) , New Glasgow Cubs ( 1906 ) , Ottawa Capitals ( 1897 ) , Ottawa Victorias ( 1908 ) , Port Arthur Bearcats ( 1911 ) , Smiths Falls ( 1906 ) , Sydney Millionaires ( 1913 ) , Toronto Marlboros ( 1904 ) , Toronto Professionals ( 1908 ) , Toronto Wellingtons ( 1902 ) , Victoria Aristocrats ( 1914 ) , Winnipeg Rowing Club ( 1904 ) . Stanley Cup Finals era ( since 1915 ) ( edit ) Active teams ( edit ) Unless marked otherwise , teams played in the NHL exclusively at the time they competed for the Stanley Cup . A bolded year denotes a Stanley Cup win . Apps Team Wins Losses Win % Years of appearance ( in Stanley Cup Finals ) 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Montreal Canadiens 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 . 727 1916 , 1917 , 1919 , 1924 , 1925 , 1930 , 1931 , 1944 , 1946 , 1947 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1986 , 1989 , 1993 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Detroit Red Wings 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 . 458 1934 , 1936 , 1937 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1945 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1961 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2002 , 2008 , 2009 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Toronto Maple Leafs 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 . 619 1918 , 1922 , 1932 , 1933 , 1935 , 1936 , 1938 , 1939 , 1940 , 1942 , 1945 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1959 , 1960 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1967 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Boston Bruins 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 . 316 1927 , 1929 , 1930 , 1939 , 1941 , 1943 , 1946 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 , 1970 , 1972 , 1974 , 1977 , 1978 , 1988 , 1990 , 2011 , 2013 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Chicago Blackhawks 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 . 462 1931 , 1934 , 1938 , 1944 , 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , 1971 , 1973 , 1992 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 New York Rangers 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 . 364 1928 , 1929 , 1932 , 1933 , 1937 , 1940 , 1950 , 1972 , 1979 , 1994 , 2014 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Philadelphia Flyers 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 . 250 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1980 , 1985 , 1987 , 1997 , 2010 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Edmonton Oilers 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 . 714 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 2006 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Pittsburgh Penguins 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 833 1991 , 1992 , 2008 , 2009 , 2016 , 2017 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New York Islanders 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 800 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New Jersey Devils 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 . 600 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2012 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Dallas Stars 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 . 250 1981 , 1991 , 1999 , 2000 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Los Angeles Kings 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 667 1993 , 2012 , 2014 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Calgary Flames 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 . 333 1986 , 1989 , 2004 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 St. Louis Blues 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 . 000 1968 , 1969 , 1970 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Vancouver Canucks 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 . 000 1982 , 1994 , 2011 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Colorado Avalanche 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 1.000 1996 , 2001 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Anaheim Ducks 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 500 2003 , 2007 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Carolina Hurricanes 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 500 2002 , 2006 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Tampa Bay Lightning 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 500 2004 , 2015 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffalo Sabres 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 . 000 1975 , 1999 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Washington Capitals 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 1998 , 2018 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Florida Panthers 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Nashville Predators 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 2017 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Ottawa Senators 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 2007 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 San Jose Sharks 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 2016 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Vegas Golden Knights 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 -- 2018 Four active teams have yet to make a Stanley Cup Finals appearance . Two of these teams have remained in the same location since their inceptions : Columbus Blue Jackets ( 17 seasons , 4 playoffs ) Minnesota Wild ( 17 seasons , 9 playoffs , 1 division title ) The other two teams have relocated and have not made the Finals in either location : Atlanta Thrashers ( 11 seasons , 1 playoff , 1 division title ) / Winnipeg Jets ( 7 seasons , 2 playoffs ) Winnipeg Jets ( original team ) ( 17 seasons , 11 playoffs ) / Phoenix - Arizona Coyotes ( 21 seasons , 8 playoffs , 1 division title ) Five relocated teams that have won the Stanley Cup in their current locations and never appeared in the Finals in their former locations : Quebec Nordiques ( 16 seasons , 9 playoffs , 2 division titles ) -- won 2 Stanley Cups as Colorado Avalanche Kansas City Scouts ( 2 seasons , never made playoff contention ) / Colorado Rockies ( 6 seasons , 1 playoff ) -- won 3 Stanley Cups as New Jersey Devils Oakland Seals - California Golden Seals ( 9 seasons , 2 playoffs ) / Cleveland Barons ( 2 seasons , never made playoff contention ) -- merged with Minnesota North Stars who lost twice in the Finals then won the Stanley Cup once as Dallas Stars Atlanta Flames ( 8 seasons , 6 playoffs ) -- won Stanley Cup once as Calgary Flames Hartford Whalers ( 18 seasons , 8 playoffs , 1 division title ) -- won Stanley Cup once as Carolina Hurricanes Defunct teams ( edit ) Listed after the team name is the name of the affiliated league ( s ) when the team competed for the Stanley Cup . A bold year denotes a Stanley Cup win . Appearances Team Wins Losses Win % Years of Appearance 5 Ottawa Senators ( NHA / NHL ) . 800 1915 , 1920 , 1921 , 1923 , 1927 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA / WCHL ) . 250 1915 , 1918 , 1921 , 1922 Montreal Maroons ( NHL ) . 667 1926 , 1928 , 1935 Seattle Metropolitans ( PCHA ) . 500 1917 , 1919 , 1920 Victoria Cougars ( WCHL / WHL ) . 500 1925 , 1926 Portland Rosebuds ( PCHA ) 0 . 000 1916 Edmonton Eskimos ( WCHL ) 0 . 000 1923 Calgary Tigers ( WCHL ) 0 . 000 1924 Notes The Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans appearance totals include the 1919 Stanley Cup Finals that ended with a no - decision because of the Spanish flu epidemic . It is not considered an official series win or loss by either team . The franchise known today as the Toronto Maple Leafs won the Cup in 1918 as the Toronto Hockey Club ( later engraved on the Stanley Cup as the Toronto Arenas in 1947 ) , and in 1922 as the Toronto St. Patricks . The Chicago Blackhawks were known as the Chicago Black Hawks prior to the 1986 -- 87 season . The Dallas Stars totals include two series losses as the Minnesota North Stars . The Anaheim Ducks totals include one series loss as the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim . The modern Ottawa Senators ( 1992 -- present ) are the namesake of the original Senators ( 1883 -- 1934 ) . See also ( edit ) Book : Stanley Cup Book : Stanley Cup finals Stanley Cup winning players NHL Conference Finals List of NHL franchise post-season droughts List of NHL franchise post-season appearance streaks References ( edit ) General ( edit ) `` List of winners of the Stanley Cup '' . National Hockey League . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . `` Stanley Cup - winning goals '' . National Hockey League . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . `` STC List of winners of the Stanley Cup '' . LegendsofHockey.net . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . `` Stanley Cup Playoffs -- Winners and Finalists Since 1893 '' . The Sports Network . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Coleman , Charles ( 1964 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup vol. 1 . Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Ltd. , NHL . Coleman , Charles ( 1966 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup vol. 2 . Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Ltd. , NHL . Coleman , Charles ( 1969 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup vol. 3 . Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Ltd. , NHL . Diamond , Dan ; Zweig , Eric ; Duplacey , James ( 2003 ) . The Ultimate Prize : The Stanley Cup . Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 3830 - 5 . Diamond , Dan , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Official National Hockey League Stanley Cup Centennial Book . Firefly Books . ISBN 1 - 895565 - 15 - 4 . Holzman , Morey ( 2002 ) . Deceptions and Doublecross . Dundurn Press . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 413 - 2 . McCarthy , Dave , ed. ( 2008 ) . The National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book / 2009 . Dan Diamond Associates . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894801 - 14 - 0 . Podnieks , Andre ( 2004 ) . Lord Stanley 's Cup . Hockey Hall of Fame . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 55168 - 261 - 3 . Specific ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Fun Facts '' . NHL.com . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Podnieks 2004 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Quebec Bulldogs 1911 -- 12 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Champions of the World '' . Winnipeg Tribune . February 15 , 1896 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Winnipeg Men Win '' . Ottawa Journal . February 15 , 1896 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` After the puck '' . The Globe . March 2 , 1896 . p. 06 . Jump up ^ `` Victorias Always Win '' . The Globe and Mail . February 20 , 1901 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Championship Goes To Kenora Thistles '' . Winnipeg Tribune . February 19 , 1907 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Vics Lost First Stanley Cup Game to Wanderers '' . Ottawa Citizen . January 10 , 1908 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Edmonton 7 -- 6 '' . The Montreal Gazette . December 31 , 1908 . p. 2 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ottawas Smothered Galt in Stanley Cup Match '' . The Ottawa Citizen . January 6 , 1910 . p. 9 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Not in Quebec 's Class '' . The Montreal Gazette . March 9 , 1913 . p. 14 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Torontos Win Championship of NHA From Canadiens '' . The Toronto Sunday World . March 12 , 1914 . p. 8 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Torontos Beat Victoria 2 to 1 -- Roughest Game of Year '' . The Toronto Sunday World . March 20 , 1914 . p. 8 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coleman 1964 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Contest May Not Be for the Mug , After All is Said '' . Saskatoon Phoenix . March 18 , 1914 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` A Tempest In a Teapot '' . Montreal Daily Mail . March 19 , 1914 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Muddle Cleared Up '' . Toronto Globe and Mail . March 19 , 1914 . Jump up ^ `` Three Pro Leagues as to Stanley Cup '' . Toronto World . March 25 , 1914 . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Diamond 1993 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Diamond 1993 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Seattle Metropolitans 1916 -- 17 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Podnieks 2004 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , pp. 20 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Victoria Cougars 1924 -- 25 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ See Holzman2002 . The Toronto NHL franchise ( not using any nickname ) was operated by the Toronto Arena Company , but only became a legal entity in the fall of 1918 as the Toronto Arena Hockey Club . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Court : Non-NHL teams could vie for Cup '' . TSN . February 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Amateurs taking NHL to court to play for Cup '' . ESPN . April 13 , 2005 . Retrieved October 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Holzman 2002 . External links ( edit ) List of winners of the Stanley Cup List of winning rosters of the Stanley Cup Stanley Cup Finals Stanley Cup awarded on challenge basis 1893 -- 1914 , by prearranged inter-league competitions 1915 -- 1926 , to NHL champion since 1927 1890s -- 1900s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s -- 1920s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s -- 1940s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s -- 2000s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 See also Stanley Cup Stanley Cup ring Champions Players Challenge games Conference Finals Championship seasons Engravings Traditions and anecdotes Conn Smythe Trophy Broadcasters Television ratings Overtime winners Game seven Officials Book : Stanley Cup Finals Category : Stanley Cup Finals Portal : Ice hockey Stanley Cup playoffs Stanley Cup Champions Finals Conference Finals Challenge games List of playoff series Conn Smythe Trophy Game seven 1910s 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Category : Stanley Cup playoffs Ice hockey portal National Hockey League Eastern Conference Western Conference Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Portal 2017 -- 18 season List of NHL - related topics History Pre-NHL seasons National Hockey Association 1917 -- 42 1942 -- 67 1967 -- 92 1992 -- present All - time standings All - time team performance Seasons Most frequent playoff series Retired numbers First NHL player by country Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Personnel Famous linemates Captains Head coaches General managers Owners Notable families Presidents and Commissioners Referees and linesmen Records League records ( individual , team ) Statistical leaders ( by country of birth ) Points , career ( min . 1000 ) Assists , career ( min . 1000 ) Goals , career ( min . 500 ) Points , season ( min . 100 ) Goals , season ( min . 50 ) 50 goals in 50 games Games , career ( min . 1000 ) Consecutive games , career ( min . 500 ) PIMs , career ( min . 2000 ) 5 + goals , game 8 + points , game Goaltender wins , career ( min . 300 ) Goaltenders who have scored Wayne Gretzky 's records Gordie Howe 's records Related International games with NHL teams International games with NHL players World Cup of Hockey Hockey Fights Cancer Other Trade deadline Player salaries Team payrolls Video games Mascots National Hockey League lore Advanced statistics NHL uniform Triple Gold Club Components Stanley Cup champions Ice Hockey World Championships medalists Ice hockey at the Olympic Games medalists Players Patrice Bergeron Rob Blake Sidney Crosby Pavel Datsyuk Viacheslav Fetisov Peter Forsberg Alexei Gusarov Jaromír Jágr Tomas Jonsson Valeri Kamensky Niklas Kronwall Igor Larionov Nicklas Lidström Håkan Loob Vladimir Malakhov Fredrik Modin Alexander Mogilny Mats Näslund Scott Niedermayer Corey Perry Chris Pronger Joe Sakic Mikael Samuelsson Brendan Shanahan Jiří Šlégr Eric Staal Jonathan Toews Henrik Zetterberg Coaches Mike Babcock Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Stanley_Cup_champions&oldid=843555537 '' Categories : Stanley Cup champions Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from May 2015 Articles needing more detailed references Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 22 : 23 . 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"\n\nYear\nWinning team\nCoach\nGames\nLosing team\nCoach\nWinning goal\n\n\n1927\nOttawa Senators (C) (5, 4–1)\nDave Gill\n2–0–2\nBoston Bruins (A) (1, 0–1)\nArt Ross\nCy Denneny (7:30, second)\n\n\n1928\nNew York Rangers (A) (1, 1–0)\nLester Patrick-playing\n3–2\nMontreal Maroons (C) (2, 1–1)\nEddie Gerard\nFrank Boucher (3:35, third)\n\n\n1929\nBoston Bruins (A) (2, 1–1)\nCy Denneny-playing\n2–0\nNew York Rangers (A) (2, 1–1)\nLester Patrick\nBill Carson (18:02, third)\n\n\n1930\nMontreal Canadiens (C) (6, 3–2)\nCecil Hart\n2–0\nBoston Bruins (A) (3, 1–2)\nArt Ross\nHowie Morenz (1:00, second)\n\n\n1931\nMontreal Canadiens (C) (7, 4–2)\nCecil Hart\n3–2\nChicago Black Hawks (A) (1, 0–1)\nDick Irvin\nJohnny Gagnon (9:59, second)\n\n\n1932\nToronto Maple Leafs (C) (3, 3–0)\nDick Irvin\n3–0\nNew York Rangers (A) (3, 1–2)\nLester Patrick\nAce Bailey (15:07, third)\n\n\n1933\nNew York Rangers (A) (4, 2–2)\nLester Patrick\n3–1\nToronto Maple Leafs (C) (4, 3–1)\nDick Irvin\nBill Cook (7:34, OT)\n\n\n1934\nChicago Black Hawks (A) (2, 1–1)\nTommy Gorman\n3–1\nDetroit Red Wings (A) (1, 0–1)\nJack Adams\nMush March (10:05, second OT)\n\n\n1935\nMontreal Maroons (C) (2, 2–1)\nTommy Gorman\n3–0\nToronto Maple Leafs (C) (5, 3–2)\nDick Irvin\nBaldy Northcott (16:18, second)\n\n\n1936\nDetroit Red Wings (A) (2, 1–1)\nJack Adams\n3–1\nToronto Maple Leafs (C) (6, 3–3)\nDick Irvin\nPete Kelly (9:45, third)\n\n\n1937\nDetroit Red Wings (A) (3, 2–1)\nJack Adams\n3–2\nNew York Rangers (A) (5, 2–3)\nLester Patrick\nMarty Barry (19:22, first)\n\n\n1938\nChicago Black Hawks (A) (3, 2–1)\nBill Stewart\n3–1\nToronto Maple Leafs (C) (7, 3–4)\nDick Irvin\nCarl Voss (16:45, second)\n\n\n1939\nBoston Bruins (4, 2–2)\nArt Ross\n4–1\nToronto Maple Leafs (8, 3–5)\nDick Irvin\nRoy Conacher (17:54, second)\n\n\n1940\nNew York Rangers (6, 3–3)\nFrank Boucher\n4–2\nToronto Maple Leafs (9, 3–6)\nDick Irvin\nBryan Hextall (2:07, OT)\n\n\n1941\nBoston Bruins (5, 3–2)\nCooney Weiland\n4–0\nDetroit Red Wings (4, 2–2)\nJack Adams\nBobby Bauer (8:43, second)\n\n\n1942\nToronto Maple Leafs (10, 4–6)\nHap Day\n4–3\nDetroit Red Wings (5, 2–3)\nJack Adams\nPete Langelle (9:48, third)\n\n\n1943\nDetroit Red Wings (6, 3–3)\nJack Adams\n4–0\nBoston Bruins (6, 3–3)\nArt Ross\nJoe Carveth (12:09, first)\n\n\n1944\nMontreal Canadiens (8, 5–2)\nDick Irvin\n4–0\nChicago Black Hawks (4, 2–2)\nPaul Thompson\nToe Blake (9:12, OT)\n\n\n1945\nToronto Maple Leafs (11, 5–6)\nHap Day\n4–3\nDetroit Red Wings (7, 3–4)\nJack Adams\nBabe Pratt (12:14, third)\n\n\n1946\nMontreal Canadiens (9, 6–2)\nDick Irvin\n4–1\nBoston Bruins (7, 3–4)\nDit Clapper\nToe Blake (11:06, third)\n\n\n1947\nToronto Maple Leafs (12, 6–6)\nHap Day\n4–2\nMontreal Canadiens (10, 6–3)\nDick Irvin\nTed Kennedy (14:39, third)\n\n\n1948\nToronto Maple Leafs (13, 7–6)\nHap Day\n4–0\nDetroit Red Wings (8, 3–5)\nTommy Ivan\nHarry Watson (11:13, first)\n\n\n1949\nToronto Maple Leafs (14, 8–6)\nHap Day\n4–0\nDetroit Red Wings (9, 3–6)\nTommy Ivan\nCal Gardner (19:45, second)\n\n\n1950\nDetroit Red Wings (10, 4–6)\nTommy Ivan\n4–3\nNew York Rangers (7, 3–4)\nLynn Patrick\nPete Babando (8:31, second OT)\n\n\n1951\nToronto Maple Leafs (15, 9–6)\nJoe Primeau\n4–1\nMontreal Canadiens (11, 6–4)\nDick Irvin\nBill Barilko (2:53, OT)\n\n\n1952\nDetroit Red Wings (11, 5–6)\nTommy Ivan\n4–0\nMontreal Canadiens (12, 6–5)\nDick Irvin\nMetro Prystai (6:50, first)\n\n\n1953\nMontreal Canadiens (13, 7–5)\nDick Irvin\n4–1\nBoston Bruins (8, 3–5)\nLynn Patrick\nElmer Lach (1:22, OT)\n\n\n1954\nDetroit Red Wings (12, 6–6)\nTommy Ivan\n4–3\nMontreal Canadiens (14, 7–6)\nDick Irvin\nTony Leswick (4:20, OT)\n\n\n1955\nDetroit Red Wings (13, 7–6)\nJimmy Skinner\n4–3\nMontreal Canadiens (15, 7–7)\nDick Irvin\nGordie Howe (19:49, second)\n\n\n1956\nMontreal Canadiens (16, 8–7)\nToe Blake\n4–1\nDetroit Red Wings (14, 7–7)\nJimmy Skinner\nMaurice Richard (15:08, second)\n\n\n1957\nMontreal Canadiens (17, 9–7)\nToe Blake\n4–1\nBoston Bruins (9, 3–6)\nMilt Schmidt\nDickie Moore (0:14, second)\n\n\n1958\nMontreal Canadiens (18, 10–7)\nToe Blake\n4–2\nBoston Bruins (10, 3–7)\nMilt Schmidt\nBernie Geoffrion (19:26, second)\n\n\n1959\nMontreal Canadiens (19, 11–7)\nToe Blake\n4–1\nToronto Maple Leafs (16, 9–7)\nPunch Imlach\nMarcel Bonin (9:55, second)\n\n\n1960\nMontreal Canadiens (20, 12–7)\nToe Blake\n4–0\nToronto Maple Leafs (17, 9–8)\nPunch Imlach\nJean Beliveau (8:16, first)\n\n\n1961\nChicago Black Hawks (5, 3–2)\nRudy Pilous\n4–2\nDetroit Red Wings (15, 7–8)\nSid Abel\nAb McDonald (18:49, second)\n\n\n1962\nToronto Maple Leafs (18, 10–8)\nPunch Imlach\n4–2\nChicago Black Hawks (6, 3–3)\nRudy Pilous\nDick Duff (14:14, third)\n\n\n1963\nToronto Maple Leafs (19, 11–8)\nPunch Imlach\n4–1\nDetroit Red Wings (16, 7–9)\nSid Abel\nEddie Shack (13:28, third)\n\n\n1964\nToronto Maple Leafs (20, 12–8)\nPunch Imlach\n4–3\nDetroit Red Wings (17, 7–10)\nSid Abel\nAndy Bathgate (3:04, first)\n\n\n1965\nMontreal Canadiens (21, 13–7)\nToe Blake\n4–3\nChicago Black Hawks (7, 3–4)\nBilly Reay\nJean Beliveau (0:14, first)\n\n\n1966\nMontreal Canadiens (22, 14–7)\nToe Blake\n4–2\nDetroit Red Wings (18, 7–11)\nSid Abel\nHenri Richard (2:20, OT)\n\n\n1967\nToronto Maple Leafs (21, 13–8)\nPunch Imlach\n4–2\nMontreal Canadiens (23, 14–8)\nToe Blake\nJim Pappin (19:24, second)\n\n\n1968\nMontreal Canadiens (E) (24, 15–8)\nToe Blake\n4–0\nSt. Louis Blues (W) (1, 0–1)\nScotty Bowman\nJ. C. Tremblay (11:40, third)\n\n\n1969\nMontreal Canadiens (E) (25, 16–8)\nClaude Ruel\n4–0\nSt. Louis Blues (W) (2, 0–2)\nScotty Bowman\nJohn Ferguson (3:02, third)\n\n\n1970\nBoston Bruins (E) (11, 4–7)\nHarry Sinden\n4–0\nSt. Louis Blues (W) (3, 0–3)\nScotty Bowman\nBobby Orr (0:40, OT)\n\n\n1971\nMontreal Canadiens (E) (26, 17–8)\nAl MacNeil\n4–3\nChicago Black Hawks (W) (8, 3–5)\nBilly Reay\nHenri Richard (2:34, third)\n\n\n1972\nBoston Bruins (E) (12, 5–7)\nTom Johnson\n4–2\nNew York Rangers (E) (8, 3–5)\nEmile Francis\nBobby Orr (11:18, first)\n\n\n1973\nMontreal Canadiens (E) (27, 18–8)\nScotty Bowman\n4–2\nChicago Black Hawks (W) (9, 3–6)\nBilly Reay\nYvan Cournoyer (8:13, third)\n\n\n1974\nPhiladelphia Flyers (W) (1, 1–0)\nFred Shero\n4–2\nBoston Bruins (E) (13, 5–8)\nBep Guidolin\nRick MacLeish (14:48, first)\n\n\n1975\nPhiladelphia Flyers (CC) (2, 2–0)\nFred Shero\n4–2\nBuffalo Sabres (PW) (1, 0–1)\nFloyd Smith\nBob Kelly (0:11, third)\n\n\n1976\nMontreal Canadiens (PW) (28, 19–8)\nScotty Bowman\n4–0\nPhiladelphia Flyers (CC) (3, 2–1)\nFred Shero\nGuy Lafleur (14:18, third)\n\n\n1977\nMontreal Canadiens (PW) (29, 20–8)\nScotty Bowman\n4–0\nBoston Bruins (PW) (14, 5–9)\nDon Cherry\nJacques Lemaire (4:32, OT)\n\n\n1978\nMontreal Canadiens (PW) (30, 21–8)\nScotty Bowman\n4–2\nBoston Bruins (PW) (15, 5–10)\nDon Cherry\nMario Tremblay (9:20, first)\n\n\n1979\nMontreal Canadiens (PW) (31, 22–8)\nScotty Bowman\n4–1\nNew York Rangers (CC) (9, 3–6)\nFred Shero\nJacques Lemaire (1:02, second)\n\n\n1980\nNew York Islanders (CC) (1, 1–0)\nAl Arbour\n4–2\nPhiladelphia Flyers (CC) (4, 2–2)\nPat Quinn\nBob Nystrom (7:11, OT)\n\n\n1981\nNew York Islanders (CC) (2, 2–0)\nAl Arbour\n4–1\nMinnesota North Stars (PW) (1, 0–1)\nGlen Sonmor\nWayne Merrick (5:37, first)\n\n\n1982\nNew York Islanders (PW) (3, 3–0)\nAl Arbour\n4–0\nVancouver Canucks (CC) (1, 0–1)\nRoger Neilson\nMike Bossy (5:00, second)\n\n\n1983\nNew York Islanders (PW) (4, 4–0)\nAl Arbour\n4–0\nEdmonton Oilers (CC) (1, 0–1)\nGlen Sather\nMike Bossy (12:39, first)\n\n\n1984\nEdmonton Oilers (CC) (2, 1–1)\nGlen Sather\n4–1\nNew York Islanders (PW) (5, 4–1)\nAl Arbour\nKen Linseman (0:38, second)\n\n\n1985\nEdmonton Oilers (CC) (3, 2–1)\nGlen Sather\n4–1\nPhiladelphia Flyers (PW) (5, 2–3)\nMike Keenan\nPaul Coffey (17:57, first)\n\n\n1986\nMontreal Canadiens (PW) (32, 23–8)\nJean Perron\n4–1\nCalgary Flames (CC) (1, 0–1)\nBob Johnson\nBobby Smith (10:30, third)\n\n\n1987\nEdmonton Oilers (CC) (4, 3–1)\nGlen Sather\n4–3\nPhiladelphia Flyers (PW) (6, 2–4)\nMike Keenan\nJari Kurri (14:59, second)\n\n\n1988\nEdmonton Oilers (CC) (5, 4–1)\nGlen Sather\n4–0\nBoston Bruins (PW) (16, 5–11)\nTerry O'Reilly\nWayne Gretzky (9:44, second)\n\n\n1989\nCalgary Flames (CC) (2, 1–1)\nTerry Crisp\n4–2\nMontreal Canadiens (PW) (33, 23–9)\nPat Burns\nDoug Gilmour (11:02, third)\n\n\n1990\nEdmonton Oilers (CC) (6, 5–1)\nJohn Muckler\n4–1\nBoston Bruins (PW) (17, 5–12)\nMike Milbury\nCraig Simpson (9:31, second)\n\n\n1991\nPittsburgh Penguins (PW) (1, 1–0)\nBob Johnson\n4–2\nMinnesota North Stars (CC) (2, 0–2)\nBob Gainey\nUlf Samuelsson (2:00, first)\n\n\n1992\nPittsburgh Penguins (PW) (2, 2–0)\nScotty Bowman\n4–0\nChicago Blackhawks (CC) (10, 3–7)\nMike Keenan\nRon Francis (7:59, third)\n\n\n1993\nMontreal Canadiens (PW) (34, 24–9)\nJacques Demers\n4–1\nLos Angeles Kings (CC) (1, 0–1)\nBarry Melrose\nKirk Muller (3:51, second)\n\n\n1994\nNew York Rangers (EC) (10, 4–6)\nMike Keenan\n4–3\nVancouver Canucks (WC) (2, 0–2)\nPat Quinn\nMark Messier (13:29, second)\n\n\n1995\nNew Jersey Devils (EC) (1, 1–0)\nJacques Lemaire\n4–0\nDetroit Red Wings (WC) (19, 7–12)\nScotty Bowman\nNeal Broten (7:56, second)\n\n\n1996\nColorado Avalanche (WC) (1, 1–0)\nMarc Crawford\n4–0\nFlorida Panthers (EC) (1, 0–1)\nDoug MacLean\nUwe Krupp (4:31, third OT)\n\n\n1997\nDetroit Red Wings (WC) (20, 8–12)\nScotty Bowman\n4–0\nPhiladelphia Flyers (EC) (7, 2–5)\nTerry Murray\nDarren McCarty (13:02, second)\n\n\n1998\nDetroit Red Wings (WC) (21, 9–12)\nScotty Bowman\n4–0\nWashington Capitals (EC) (1, 0–1)\nRon Wilson\nMartin Lapointe (2:26, second)\n\n\n1999\nDallas Stars (WC) (3, 1–2)\nKen Hitchcock\n4–2\nBuffalo Sabres (EC) (2, 0–2)\nLindy Ruff\nBrett Hull (14:51, third OT)\n\n\n2000\nNew Jersey Devils (EC) (2, 2–0)\nLarry Robinson\n4–2\nDallas Stars (WC) (4, 1–3)\nKen Hitchcock\nJason Arnott (8:20, second OT)\n\n\n2001\nColorado Avalanche (WC) (2, 2–0)\nBob Hartley\n4–3\nNew Jersey Devils (EC) (3, 2–1)\nLarry Robinson\nAlex Tanguay (4:57, second)\n\n\n2002\nDetroit Red Wings (WC) (22, 10–12)\nScotty Bowman\n4–1\nCarolina Hurricanes (EC) (1, 0–1)\nPaul Maurice\nBrendan Shanahan (14:04, second)\n\n\n2003\nNew Jersey Devils (EC) (4, 3–1)\nPat Burns\n4–3\nMighty Ducks of Anaheim (WC) (1, 0–1)\nMike Babcock\nMichael Rupp (2:22, second)\n\n\n2004\nTampa Bay Lightning (EC) (1, 1–0)\nJohn Tortorella\n4–3\nCalgary Flames (WC) (3, 1–2)\nDarryl Sutter\nRuslan Fedotenko (14:38, second)\n\n\n2005\nSeason cancelled due to the 2004–05 NHL lockout.\n\n\n2006\nCarolina Hurricanes (EC) (2, 1–1)\nPeter Laviolette\n4–3\nEdmonton Oilers (WC) (7, 5–2)\nCraig MacTavish\nFrantisek Kaberle (4:18, second)\n\n\n2007\nAnaheim Ducks (WC) (2, 1–1)\nRandy Carlyle\n4–1\nOttawa Senators (EC) (1, 0–1)\nBryan Murray\nTravis Moen (15:44, second)\n\n\n2008\nDetroit Red Wings (WC) (23, 11–12)\nMike Babcock\n4–2\nPittsburgh Penguins (EC) (3, 2–1)\nMichel Therrien\nHenrik Zetterberg (7:36, third)\n\n\n2009\nPittsburgh Penguins (EC) (4, 3–1)\nDan Bylsma\n4–3\nDetroit Red Wings (WC) (24, 11–13)\nMike Babcock\nMaxime Talbot (10:07, second)\n\n\n2010\nChicago Blackhawks (WC) (11, 4–7)\nJoel Quenneville\n4–2\nPhiladelphia Flyers (EC) (8, 2–6)\nPeter Laviolette\nPatrick Kane (4:06, OT)\n\n\n2011\nBoston Bruins (EC) (18, 6–12)\nClaude Julien\n4–3\nVancouver Canucks (WC) (3, 0–3)\nAlain Vigneault\nPatrice Bergeron (14:37, first)\n\n\n2012\nLos Angeles Kings (WC) (2, 1–1)\nDarryl Sutter\n4–2\nNew Jersey Devils (EC) (5, 3–2)\nPeter DeBoer\nJeff Carter (12:45, first)\n\n\n2013\nChicago Blackhawks (WC) (12, 5–7)\nJoel Quenneville\n4–2\nBoston Bruins (EC) (19, 6–13)\nClaude Julien\nDave Bolland (19:01, third)\n\n\n2014\nLos Angeles Kings (WC) (3, 2–1)\nDarryl Sutter\n4–1\nNew York Rangers (EC) (11, 4–7)\nAlain Vigneault\nAlec Martinez (14:43, second OT)\n\n\n2015\nChicago Blackhawks (WC) (13, 6–7)\nJoel Quenneville\n4–2\nTampa Bay Lightning (EC) (2, 1–1)\nJon Cooper\nDuncan Keith (17:13, second)\n\n\n2016\nPittsburgh Penguins (EC) (5, 4–1)\nMike Sullivan\n4–2\nSan Jose Sharks (WC) (1, 0–1)\nPeter DeBoer\nKris Letang (7:46, second)\n\n\n2017\nPittsburgh Penguins (EC) (6, 5–1)\nMike Sullivan\n4–2\nNashville Predators (WC) (1, 0–1)\nPeter Laviolette\nPatric Hornqvist (18:25, third)\n\n"
] | [
"1993"
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-7143907430415374193 | Magnesium sulfate | Magnesium sulfate - wikipedia Magnesium sulfate Magnesium sulfate hexahydrate Anhydrous magnesium sulfate Epsomite ( heptahydrate ) Names IUPAC name Magnesium sulfate Other names Epsom salt ( heptahydrate ) English salt Bitter salts Bath salts Identifiers CAS Number 7487 - 88 - 9 ( anhydrous ) 14168 - 73 - 1 ( monohydrate ) 24378 - 31 - 2 ( tetrahydrate ) 15553 - 21 - 6 ( pentahydrate ) 13778 - 97 - 7 ( hexahydrate ) 10034 - 99 - 8 ( heptahydrate ) 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 32599 ChEMBL ChEMBL1200456 ChemSpider 22515 DrugBank DB00653 ECHA InfoCard 100.028. 453 E number E518 ( acidity regulators , ... ) PubChem CID 24083 RTECS number OM4500000 UNII ML30MJ2U7I InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / Mg. H2O4S / c ; 1 - 5 ( 2 , 3 ) 4 / h ; ( H2 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) / q + 2 ; / p - 2 Key : CSNNHWWHGAXBCP - UHFFFAOYSA - L InChI = 1 / Mg. H2O4S / c ; 1 - 5 ( 2 , 3 ) 4 / h ; ( H2 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) / q + 2 ; / p - 2 Key : CSNNHWWHGAXBCP - NUQVWONBAQ SMILES ( show ) ( Mg + 2 ). ( O - ) S ( ( O - ) ) ( = O ) = O Properties Chemical formula MgSO Molar mass 120.366 g / mol ( anhydrous ) 138.38 g / mol ( monohydrate ) 174.41 g / mol ( trihydrate ) 210.44 g / mol ( pentahydrate ) 228.46 g / mol ( hexahydrate ) 246.47 g / mol ( heptahydrate ) Appearance white crystalline solid Odor odorless Density 2.66 g / cm ( anhydrous ) 2.445 g / cm ( monohydrate ) 1.68 g / cm ( heptahydrate ) 1.512 g / cm ( 11 - hydrate ) Melting point anhydrous decomposes at 1,124 ° C monohydrate decomposes at 200 ° C heptahydrate decomposes at 150 ° C undecahydrate decomposes at 2 ° C Solubility in water anhydrous 26.9 g / 100 mL ( 0 ° C ) 35.1 g / 100 mL ( 20 ° C ) 50.2 g / 100 mL ( 100 ° C ) heptahydrate 113 g / 100 mL ( 20 ° C ) Solubility 1.16 g / 100 mL ( 18 ° C , ether ) slightly soluble in alcohol , glycerol insoluble in acetone Magnetic susceptibility ( χ ) − 50 10 cm / mol Refractive index ( n ) 1.523 ( monohydrate ) 1.433 ( heptahydrate ) Structure Crystal structure monoclinic ( hydrate ) Pharmacology ATC code A06AD04 ( WHO ) A12CC02 ( WHO ) B05XA05 ( WHO ) D11AX05 ( WHO ) V04CC02 ( WHO ) Hazards Safety data sheet External MSDS NFPA 704 0 0 Related compounds Other cations Beryllium sulfate Calcium sulfate Strontium sulfate Barium sulfate Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . N verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Magnesium sulfate is an inorganic salt with the formula MgSO ( H O ) where 0 ≤ x ≤ 7 . It is often encountered as the heptahydrate sulfate mineral epsomite ( MgSO 7H O ) , commonly called Epsom salt . The overall global annual usage in the mid-1970s of the monohydrate was 2.3 million tons , of which the majority was used in agriculture . Epsom salt has been traditionally used as a component of bath salts . Epsom salt can also be used as a beauty product . Athletes use it to soothe sore muscles , while gardeners use it to improve crops . It has a variety of other uses : for example , Epsom salt is also effective in the removal of splinters . Contents 1 Hydrates and anhydrous material , production 2 Uses 2.1 Medical 2.2 Agriculture 2.3 Food preparation 2.4 Chemistry 2.5 Niche uses 3 Minerals 4 Double salts 5 Safety 6 References 7 External links Hydrates and anhydrous material , production ( edit ) A variety of hydrates are known . The heptahydrate ( epsomite ) readily loses one equivalent of water to form the hexahydrate . Epsom salt takes its name from a bitter saline spring in Epsom in Surrey , England , where the salt was produced from the springs that arise where the porous chalk of the North Downs meets non-porous London clay . The monohydrate , MgSO H O is found as the mineral kieserite . It can be prepared by heating the hexahydrate to approximately 150 ° C. Further heating to approximately 200 ° C gives anhydrous magnesium sulfate . Upon further heating , the anhydrous salt decomposes into magnesium oxide ( MgO ) and sulfur trioxide ( SO ) . The heptahydrate can be prepared by neutralizing sulfuric acid with magnesium carbonate or oxide , but it is usually obtained directly from natural sources . Uses ( edit ) Medical ( edit ) See also : Magnesium sulfate ( medical use ) It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines , the most important medications needed in a basic health system . Magnesium sulfate is a common mineral pharmaceutical preparation of magnesium , commonly known as Epsom salt , used both externally and internally . Magnesium sulfate is highly water - soluble and solubility is inhibited with lipids typically used in lotions . Lotions often employ the use of emulsions or suspensions to include both oil and water - soluble ingredients . Hence , magnesium sulfate in a lotion may not be as freely available to migrate to the skin nor to be absorbed through the skin , hence both studies may properly suggest absorption or lack thereof as a function of the carrier ( in a water solution vs. in an oil emulsion / suspension ) . Temperature and concentration gradients may also be contributing factors to absorption . Externally , magnesium sulfate paste is used to treat skin inflammations such as small boils or localised infections . Known in the UK as ' drawing paste ' it is also used to remove splinters . The standard British Pharmacopoeia composition is dried Magnesium Sulfate 47.76 % w / w , Phenol 0.49 % w / w. and glycerol ( E422 ) . Epsom salt is used as bath salts and for isolation tanks . Magnesium sulfate is the main preparation of intravenous magnesium . Internal uses include : Oral magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a saline laxative or osmotic purgative . Replacement therapy for hypomagnesemia Magnesium sulfate is a antiarrhythmic agent for torsades de pointes in cardiac arrest under the ECC guidelines and for managing quinidine - induced arrhythmias . As a bronchodilator after beta - agonist and anticholinergic agents have been tried , e.g. in severe exacerbations of asthma , magnesium sulfate can be nebulized to reduce the symptoms of acute asthma . It is commonly administered via the intravenous route for the management of severe asthma attacks . Magnesium sulfate is effective in decreasing the risk that pre-eclampsia progresses to eclampsia. IV magnesium sulfate is used to prevent and treat seizures of eclampsia . It reduces the systolic blood pressure but does n't alter the diastolic blood pressure , so the blood perfusion to the fetus is n't compromised . It is also commonly used for eclampsia where compared to diazepam or phenytoin it results in better outcomes . Agriculture ( edit ) In agriculture , magnesium sulfate is used to increase magnesium or sulfur content in soil . It is most commonly applied to potted plants , or to magnesium - hungry crops , such as potatoes , roses , tomatoes , lemon trees , carrots , and peppers . The advantage of magnesium sulfate over other magnesium soil amendments ( such as dolomitic lime ) is its high solubility , which also allows the option of foliar feeding . Solutions of magnesium sulfate are also nearly neutral , compared with alkaline salts of magnesium as found in limestone ; therefore , the use of magnesium sulfate as a magnesium source for soil does not significantly change the soil pH . Food preparation ( edit ) Magnesium sulfate is used as a brewing salt in beer . It may also be used as a coagulant for making tofu . Chemistry ( edit ) Anhydrous magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a desiccant in organic synthesis due to its affinity for water . During work - up , an organic phase is treated with anhydrous magnesium sulfate . The hydrated solid is then removed with filtration or decantation . Other inorganic sulfate salts such as sodium sulfate and calcium sulfate may be used in the same way . Niche uses ( edit ) Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is also used to maintain the magnesium concentration in marine aquaria which contain large amounts of stony corals , as it is slowly depleted in their calcification process . In a magnesium - deficient marine aquarium , calcium and alkalinity concentrations are very difficult to control because not enough magnesium is present to stabilize these ions in the saltwater and prevent their spontaneous precipitation into calcium carbonate . Minerals ( edit ) Magnesium sulfates are common minerals in geological environments . Their occurrence is mostly connected with supergene processes . Some of them are also important constituents of evaporitic potassium - magnesium ( K - Mg ) salts deposits . Bright spots observed by the Dawn Spacecraft in Occator Crater on the dwarf planet Ceres are most consistent with reflected light from magnesium sulfate hexahydrate . Almost all known mineralogical forms of MgSO are hydrates . Epsomite is the natural analogue of `` Epsom salt '' . Another heptahydrate , the copper - containing mineral alpersite ( Mg , Cu ) SO 7H O , was recently recognized . Both are , however , not the highest known hydrates of MgSO , due to the recent terrestrial find of meridianiite , MgSO 11H O , which is thought to also occur on Mars . Hexahydrite is the next lower ( 6 ) hydrate . Three next lower hydrates -- pentahydrite , starkeyite , and especially sanderite are rare . Kieserite is a monohydrate and is common among evaporitic deposits . Anhydrous magnesium sulfate was reported from some burning coal dumps . Double salts ( edit ) Double salts containing magnesium sulfate exist , for example there are several known sodium magnesium sulfates and potassium magnesium sulfates . Safety ( edit ) An abnormally elevated plasma concentration of magnesium is called hypermagnesemia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Industrial Inorganic Chemistry , Karl Heinz Büchel , Hans - Heinrich Moretto , Dietmar Werner , John Wiley & Sons , 2d edition , 2000 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 61333 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Quick Cures / Quack Cures : Is Epsom Worth Its Salt ? '' . Wall Street Journal . April 9 , 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Lucia Odochian `` Study of the nature of the crystallization water in some magnesium hydrates by thermal methods , '' Archived 26 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry , Volume 45 , Number 6 , December , 1995 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02547437 Jump up ^ `` WHO Model List of Essential Medicines '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . April 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Does Epsom Salt Work ? '' . www.PainScience.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Pharmaceutical Information -- Magnesium Sulfate '' . RxMed . Archived from the original on 3 April 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CPR and First Aid : Antiarrhythmic Drugs During and Immediately After Cardiac Arrest ( section ) '' . American Heart Association . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Previous ACLS guidelines addressed the use of magnesium in cardiac arrest with polymorphic ventricular tachycardia ( ie , torsades de pointes ) or suspected hypomagnesemia , and this has not been reevaluated in the 2015 Guidelines Update . These previous guidelines recommended defibrillation for termination of polymorphic VT ( ie , torsades de pointes ) , followed by consideration of intravenous magnesium sulfate when secondary to a long QT interval . ^ Jump up to : Blitz M , Blitz S , Hughes R , Diner B , Beasley R , Knopp J , Rowe BH . Aerosolized magnesium sulfate for acute asthma : a systematic review . Chest 2005 ; 128 : 337 - 44 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 128.1. 337 PMID 16002955 . Jump up ^ Duley , L ; Gülmezoglu , AM ; Henderson - Smart , DJ ; Chou , D ( Nov 10 , 2010 ) . `` Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 11 ) : CD000025 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD000025. pub2 . PMID 21069663 . Jump up ^ Duley , L ; Henderson - Smart , DJ ; Walker , GJ ; Chou , D ( Dec 8 , 2010 ) . `` Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 12 ) : CD000127 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD000127. pub2 . PMID 21154341 . Jump up ^ Duley , L ; Henderson - Smart , DJ ; Chou , D ( Oct 6 , 2010 ) . `` Magnesium sulphate versus phenytoin for eclampsia '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 10 ) : CD000128 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD000128. pub2 . PMID 20927719 . Jump up ^ `` Pubchem : magnesium sulfate '' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ US The present invention relates to a novel process for producing packed tofu , particularly a process for producing long - life packed tofu from sterilized soybean milk . 6042851 , Matsuura , Masaru ; Masaoki Sasaki & Jun Sasakib et al. , `` Process for producing packed tofu '' , published 28 Mar 2000 Jump up ^ `` Do - It - Yourself Magnesium Supplements for the Reef Aquarium '' . Reefkeeping. 2006 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ M.C. De Sanctis ; E. Ammannito ; A. Raponi ; S. Marchi ; T.B. McCord ; H.Y. McSween ; F. Capaccioni ; M.T. Capria ; F.G. Carrozzo ; M. Ciarniello ; A. Longobardo ; F. Tosi ; S. Fonte ; M. Formisano ; A. Frigeri ; M. Giardino ; G. Magni ; E. Palomba ; D. Turrini ; F. Zambon ; J. - P. Combe ; W. Feldman ; R. Jaumann ; L.A. McFadden ; C.M. Pieters ( 2015 ) . `` Ammoniated phyllosilicates with a likely outer Solar System origin on ( 1 ) Ceres '' . Nature . 528 : 241 -- 244 . doi : 10.1038 / nature16172 . PMID 26659184 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Ronald C. ; Hammarstrom , Jane M. ; Seal , II , Robert R ( Feb 2006 ) . `` Alpersite ( Mg , Cu ) SO 7H O , a new mineral of the melanterite group , and cuprian pentahydrite : Their occurrence within mine waste '' . American Mineralogist. 91 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 261 -- 269 . doi : 10.2138 / am. 2006.1911 . External links ( edit ) International Chemical Safety Cards -- Magnesium Sulfate Magnesium compounds MgB MgBr MgCO MgC O MgC H O MgC H O MgCl Mg ( ClO ) MgF MgH Mg ( HCO ) MgI Mg ( NO ) MgO MgO Mg ( OH ) MgPo MgS MgSO MgSO MgU O Mg Al Mg Si Mg SiO Mg Si O Mg N Mg ( PO ) Mg ( CrO ) Drugs for constipation ( laxatives and cathartics ) ( A06 ) Stool softeners Docusate Stimulant laxatives Bisacodyl Bisoxatin Cascara Castor oil Dantron Oxyphenisatine Phenolphthalein Senna glycosides Sodium picosulfate Bulk - forming laxatives Dietary fiber Ethulose Ispaghula Methylcellulose Polycarbophil calcium Sterculia Triticum Lubricant laxatives Liquid paraffin Mineral oil White petrolatum ( petroleum jelly ) Osmotic laxatives Lactitol Lactulose Laminarid Magnesium carbonate Magnesium citrate Magnesium hydroxide ( milk of magnesia ) Magnesium oxide Magnesium peroxide Magnesium sulfate Mannitol Pentaerythritol Polyethylene glycol ( macrogol ) Sodium phosphate Sodium sulfate Sodium tartrate Sorbitol Enemas Bisacodyl Dantron Glycerol Oil Sodium laurilsulfate Sodium lauryl sulfoacetate Sodium phosphate Sorbitol Opioid antagonists Alvimopan Methylnaltrexone bromide Naloxegol Naloxone ( Oxycodone / naloxone ) Others Linaclotide Lubiprostone Oxyphenisatine Prucalopride Tegaserod Ulimorelin Mineral supplements ( A12 ) Major Calcium β - hydroxy - β - methylbutyrate carbonate chloride + cholecalciferol citrate glubionate glucoheptonate gluconate glycerylphosphate hydroxyapatite lactate gluconate lactate pangamate phosphate Magnesium aspartate chloride citrate gluconate glycinate lactate levulinate malate orotate oxide pidolate sulfate taurate Phosphorus adenosine triphosphate disodium hydroxyapatite monosodium phosphate Potassium bicarbonate bitartrate chloride citrate gluconate Sodium chloride sulfate Sulfur L - cysteine L - cystine L - glutathione L - methionine methylsulfonylmethane N - acetyl - L - cysteine R - α - lipoic acid S - adenosyl methionine taurine Trace Copper gluconate Iodine potassium iodide Iron ( II ) fumarate ( II ) sulfate Selenium selenate selenite Zinc acetate L - aspartate L - carnosine gluconate oxide proteinate sulfate Ultratrace Chromium ( III ) picolinate ( III ) chloride Fluorine fluoride monofluorophosphate Lithium aspartate carbonate orotate Vanadium ( IV ) sulfate WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Other hematological agents Antianemic preparations ( B03 ) Erythropoietins Darbepoetin alfa Methoxy polyethylene glycol - epoetin beta Peginesatide Iron supplements Ferrous ascorbate Ferrous aspartate Ferrous carbonate Ferrous chloride Ferrous fumarate Ferrous gluconate Ferrous glycine sulfate Ferrous iodine Ferrous succinate Ferrous sulfate Ferrous tartrate Iron sucrose Sodium ferric gluconate complex Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions ( B05 ) Dextran Gelatin agents Hemoglobin crosfumaril Hemoglobin raffimer Hydroxyethyl starch Icodextrin Mannitol Serum albumin Sorbitol Enzymes ( B06AA ) Bromelain Chymotrypsin Deoxyribonuclease Fibrinolysin Hyaluronidase Streptokinase Trypsin Drugs used i hereditary angioedema ( B06AC ) C1 - inhibitor Conestat alfa Ecallantide Icatibant Antiarrhythmic agents ( C01B ) Channel blockers class I ( Na channel blockers ) class Ia ( Phase 0 → and Phase 3 → ) Ajmaline Disopyramide Hydroquinidine Lorajmine Prajmaline Procainamide Quinidine Sparteine class Ib ( Phase 3 ← ) IV Lidocaine enteral Aprindine Mexiletine Tocainide class Ic ( Phase 0 → ) Encainide Ethacizine Flecainide Indecainide Lorcainide Moracizine Propafenone class III ( Phase 3 → , K channel blockers ) Amiodarone Bretylium Bunaftine Celivarone Dofetilide Dronedarone E-4031 Ibutilide Nifekalant Sotalol Tedisamil Vernakalant class IV ( Phase 4 → , Ca channel blockers ) Diltiazem Verapamil Receptor agonists and antagonists class II ( Phase 4 → , β blockers ) Nadolol Pindolol Propranolol cardioselective Acebutolol Atenolol Esmolol Metoprolol A agonist Adenosine Benzodiazepines Barbiturates muscarinic antagonist : Atropine Disopyramide Quinidine muscarinic agonist : Digoxin α receptors Amiodarone Bretylium Quinidine Verapamil Ion transporters Na / K - ATPase Digitoxin Digoxin Ouabain WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Other dermatological preparations ( D11 ) Anti-seborrheics Antiandrogens Bicalutamide Cyproterone acetate Flutamide Spironolactone Antifungals Bifonazole Cetrimonium bromide ( cetrimide ) Ciclopirox olamine ( ciclopirox ) Climbazole Clotrimazole Ketoconazole Miconazole Piroctone olamine Selenium disulfide ( selenium sulfide ) Xenysalate Zinc pyrithione ( pyrithione zinc ) Antihistamines Calcineurin inhibitors Cyclosporin Pimecrolimus Tacrolimus Isotretinoin Keratolytics Coal tar Resorcinol Salicylic acid Sulfur Urea ( urea - containing cream ) Lithium salts Lithium gluconate Lithium succinate Topical corticosteroids ( e.g. , hydrocortisone ) Skin lightening Hydroquinone Mequinol Monobenzone Skin darkening Afamelanotide Melanotan II Anti-inflammatories Oxaceprol Gamolenic acid Pimecrolimus Tacrolimus Alitretinoin Alopecia treatments 5α - Reductase inhibitors Alfatradiol Dutasteride Finasteride Saw palmetto extract Antiandrogens Bicalutamide Cyproterone acetate Flutamide Spironolactone Topilutamide ( fluridil ) Potassium channel openers Minoxidil Others Nepidermin Hair growth inhibitors 5α - Reductase inhibitors Dutasteride Finasteride Antiandrogens Bicalutamide Cyproterone acetate Flutamide Spironolactone Eflornithine Others Androgens ( e.g. , testosterone ) Brimonidine Calcium gluconate Estrogens ( e.g. , estradiol ) Hyaluronic acid Magnesium sulfate Pregnenolone acetate Progestogens ( e.g. , progesterone ) Povidone - iodine Tiratricol Tocolytics / labor repressants ( G02CA ) β adrenoreceptor agonists Buphenine Fenoterol Hexoprenaline Ritodrine Terbutaline Oxytocin antagonists Atosiban NSAIDs Indometacin Calcium channel blockers Nifedipine Myosin inhibitors Magnesium sulfate Diagnostic agents ( V04 ) Digestive system Diabetes Glucose Tolbutamide Fat absorption Vitamin A concentrates Bile duct patency Ceruletide Magnesium sulfate Sincalide Sorbitol Liver functional capacity Galactose Sulfobromophthalein Gastric secretion Betazole Caffeine and sodium benzoate Cation exchange resins Histamine phosphate Methylthioninium chloride Pentagastrin Exocrine pancreatic function Bentiromide Pancreozymin cholecystokinin Secretin Endocrine system Pituitary function cortisol Corticorelin Metyrapone GH Pralmorelin Sermorelin Somatorelin Thyroid function Protirelin Thyrotropin Fertility disturbances Gonadorelin Tuberculosis Tuberculin Renal function Alsactide Aminohippuric acid Indigo carmine Inulin and other polyfructosans Phenolsulfonphthalein Compounds containing the sulfate group H SO He Li SO BeSO esters ROSO ( RO ) SO ( NH ) SO ( N H ) HSO ( NH OH ) SO NOHSO HOSO Ne Na SO NaHSO MgSO Al ( SO ) Al SO ( OAc ) Si SO HSO HSO ( HSO ) Cl Ar K SO KHSO CaSO Sc ( SO ) TiOSO VSO V ( SO ) VOSO CrSO Cr ( SO ) MnSO FeSO Fe ( SO ) CoSO NiSO CuSO Cu SO ( Cu ( NH ) ( H O ) ) SO ZnSO Ga ( SO ) Ge As Se Br Kr RbHSO Rb SO SrSO Y ( SO ) Zr ( SO ) Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh PdSO Ag SO CdSO In ( SO ) SnSO Sb ( SO ) Te Xe Cs SO CsHSO BaSO Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg SO HgSO Tl SO Tl ( SO ) PbSO Bi ( SO ) Po At Rn Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og ↓ La Ce ( SO ) Ce ( SO ) Pr ( SO ) Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb ( SO ) Lu Ac Th Pa U ( SO ) UO SO Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_sulfate&oldid=857956903 '' Categories : Magnesium compounds Sulfates Laxatives Desiccants Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing Chemical articles with multiple CAS registry numbers Articles without KEGG source Articles with changed EBI identifier ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata E number from Wikidata Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2018 , at 03 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the chemical formula of epsom salt | [
"Magnesium sulfate is an inorganic salt with the formula MgSO4(H2O)x where 0≤x≤7. It is often encountered as the heptahydrate sulfate mineral epsomite (MgSO4·7H2O), commonly called Epsom salt. The overall global annual usage in the mid-1970s of the monohydrate was 2.3 million tons, of which the majority was used in agriculture.[1]\n"
] | [
"MgSO4·7H2O"
] |
7336212570474665282 | Somatic nervous system | Somatic nervous system - wikipedia Somatic nervous system Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Somatic nervous system 1 . ( Brain ) Precentral gyrus : the origin of nerve signals initiating movement . 2 . ( Cross Section of Spinal Cord ) Corticospinal tract : Mediator of message from brain to skeletal muscles . 3 . Axon : the messenger cell that carries the command to contract muscles . 4 . Neuromuscular junction : the messenger axon cell tells muscle cells to contract at this intersection Details Part of Peripheral nervous system Identifiers FMA 9904 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The somatic nervous system ( SNS or voluntary nervous system ) is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles . The somatic nervous system consists of afferent nerves or sensory nerves , and efferent nerves or motor nerves . Afferent nerves are responsible for relaying sensation from the body to the central nervous system ; efferent nerves are responsible for sending out commands from the CNS to the body , stimulating muscle contraction ; they include all the non-sensory neurons connected with skeletal muscles and skin . The a - of afferent and the e - of efferent correspond to the prefixes ad - ( to , toward ) and ex - ( out of ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 2.1 Reflex arcs 3 Other animals 4 See also 5 References Structure ( edit ) There are 43 segments of nerves in the human body . With each segment , there is a pair of sensory and motor nerves . In the body , 31 segments of nerves are in the spinal cord and 12 are in the brain stem . Besides these , thousands of association nerves are also present in the body . Thus somatic nervous system consists of two parts : Spinal nerves : They are peripheral nerves that carry sensory information into and motor commands out of the spinal cord . Cranial nerves : They are the nerve fibers that carry information into and out of the brain stem . They include smell , vision , eye , eye muscles , mouth , taste , ear , neck , shoulders , and tongue . Function ( edit ) The somatic nervous system controls all voluntary muscular systems within the body , and the process of voluntary reflex arcs . The basic route of nerve signals within the efferent somatic nervous system involves a sequence that begins in the upper cell bodies of motor neurons ( upper motor neurons ) within the precentral gyrus ( which approximates the primary motor cortex ) . Stimuli from the precentral gyrus are transmitted from upper motor neurons and down the corticospinal tract , via axons to control skeletal ( voluntary ) muscles . These stimuli are conveyed from upper motor neurons through the ventral horn of the spinal cord , and across synapses to be received by the sensory receptors of alpha motor neurons ( large lower motor neurons ) of the brainstem and spinal cord . Upper motor neurons release a neurotransmitter , acetylcholine , from their axon terminal knobs , which are received by nicotinic receptors of the alpha motor neurons . In turn , alpha motor neurons relay the stimulus . From there , acetylcholine is released from the axon terminal knobs of alpha motor neurons and received by postsynaptic receptors ( Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ) of muscles , thereby relaying the stimulus to contract muscle fibers . Reflex arcs ( edit ) A reflex arc is a neural circuit that creates a more or less automatic link between a sensory input and a specific motor output . Reflex circuits vary in complexity -- the simplest spinal reflexes are mediated by a two - element chain , of which in the human body there is only one , also called a monosynaptic reflex ( there is only one synapse between the two neurones taking part in the arc : sensory and motor ) . The singular example of a monosynaptic reflex is the patellar reflex . The next simplest reflex arc is a three - element chain , beginning with sensory neurons , which activate interneurons in the spinal cord , which then activate motor neurons . Some reflex responses , such as withdrawing the hand after touching a hot surface , are protective , but others , such as the patellar reflex ( `` knee jerk '' ) activated by tapping the patellar tendon , contribute to ordinary behaviour . Other animals ( edit ) In invertebrates , depending on the neurotransmitter released and the type of receptor it binds , the response in the muscle fiber could either be excitatory or inhibitory . For vertebrates , however , the response of a skeletal striated muscle fiber to a neurotransmitter -- always acetylcholine ( ACh ) -- can only be excitatory . See also ( edit ) Autonomic nervous system Enteric nervous system Nervous system References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` somatic nervous system '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary ( hide ) Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Rhombencephalon Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somatic_nervous_system&oldid=825192060 '' Categories : Somatic nervous system Sensory systems Peripheral nervous system Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles needing additional references from March 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 00 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | somatic nervous system consists of nerve fibers that connect the cns to the | [
"The somatic nervous system consists of afferent nerves or sensory nerves, and efferent nerves or motor nerves. Afferent nerves are responsible for relaying sensation from the body to the central nervous system; efferent nerves are responsible for sending out commands from the CNS to the body, stimulating muscle contraction; they include all the non-sensory neurons connected with skeletal muscles and skin. The a- of afferent and the e- of efferent correspond to the prefixes ad- (to, toward) and ex- (out of)."
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"the body"
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