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Knox County Schools
Knox County schools - wikipedia Knox County schools Andrew Johnson Building , district headquarters Knox County Schools is the school district that operates all public schools in Knox County , Tennessee . It is headquartered in the Andrew Johnson Building in downtown Knoxville . Contents 1 History 2 Statistics 3 Schools 3.1 Elementary schools 3.2 Middle schools 3.3 High schools 3.4 Special schools 4 Governance and strategic planning 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Before the 1987 - 1988 school year , the city of Knoxville and Knox County operated separate school districts . In that year the two systems were consolidated into Knox County Schools . List of Knox County School Superintendents ( 1869 - Present ) M.C Wilcott 1869 - 1873 Thomas Conner Karns 1873 - 1875 H.M Brothers 1875 - 1876 H.G Hampstead 1877 - 1878 Frank Smith 1879 - 1880 William Gibbs 1881 - 1883 John Shipe 1883 - 1885 James Saylor 1886 - 1888 J.C Ford 1889 - 1896 D.P Duggan 1897 - 1900 Sam Hill 1901 - 1907 E.R Cate 1907 - 1910 Monroe Wilson 1911 - 1917 William Stooksbury 1917 - 1922 William Morris 1923 - 1934 Leonard Brickey 1934 - 1946 Mildred Doyle 1946 - 1976 Earl Hofmeister 1976 - 1992 Allen Morgan 1992 - 1998 Roy Mullins 1998 - 1999 Charles Lindsey 1999 - 2007 Roy Mullins 2007 - 2008 James McIntyre 2008 - 2016 Buzz Thomas 2016 - 2017 ( interim ) Bob Thomas 2017 - Present Mildred Doyle holds the record for longest time as superintendent ( 30 years ) . Mildred Doyle is also the only women to ever hold the office of superintendent of Knox County ( county or city ) . Lists of Knox County City School Superintendents ( 1871 - 1988 ) Alenander Baird 1871 - 1875 Reverend H.T Morton 1875 - 1878 R.D.S Robertson 1877 - 1881 Albert Ruth 1881 - 1897 J.H. McCallie 1897 - 1901 Albert Ruth 1901 - 1907 Seymour Mynders 1907 - 1911 Walter Miller 1910 - 1924 Homer Shepherd 1926 - 1931 Harry Clark 1932 - 1941 Thomas Prince 1941 - 1949 Wilson New 1949 - 1954 Thomas Johnston 1954 - 1964 Olin Adams , Jr. 1964 - 1971 Elmer Aslinger 1971 - 1973 Roy Wallace 1973 - 1975 James Newman 1975 - 1984 Fred Bedelle , Jr. 1984 - 1987 Statistics ( edit ) The district has 88 schools ( including 50 elementary schools , 14 middle schools , 14 high schools , 11 special schools ) with 8,339 employees serving approximately 57,800 students in the cities of Knoxville and Farragut as well as all other communities in the county . There are 3,927 classroom teachers , 85 principals , and 126 assistant principals . The system has another 549 certified personnel plus 3,652 support staff . All middle and high schools are accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and 96 % of the elementary schools are accredited . As of April 2012 , there were 1,431 students enrolled in Pre-K , 27,168 K - 5 , 12,879 grades 6 - 8 , 16,230 grades 9 - 12 , and 104 in non-traditional schools . Of the student population , 76.6 % are white , 5.3 % Hispanic , 2.2 % Asian / Pacific Island , and 13.9 % African - American . Schools ( edit ) The district has a total of 88 schools . Elementary schools ( edit ) Knox County operates 50 elementary schools . A.L. Lotts est. 1993 Adrian Burnett est. 1976 Amherst est. 2005 Ball Camp est. 1931 Bearden est. 1938 Beaumont Magnet Elementary and Honors / Fine Arts Academy est. 1936 Belle Morris est. 1930 Blue Grass est. 1938 Bonny Kate est. 1932 Brickey - McCloud est. 2003 Carter est. 1938 Cedar Bluff est. 1975 Chilhowee Intermediate est. 1928 Christenberry est. 1996 Copper Ridge est. 1979 Corryton est. 1936 Dogwood est. 1995 East Knox County est. 1979 Farragut Intermediate est. 1984 Farragut Primary est. 1989 Fountain City est. 1931 Gap Creek est. 1933 Gibbs est. 2006 Green Magnet Math and Science Academy est. 1956 Halls est. 1986 Hardin Valley est. 2000 Inskip est. 1948 Karns est. 1992 Lonsdale est. 1935 Maynard est. 1926 Mooreland Heights est. 1931 Mount Olive est. 1952 New Hopewell est. 1952 Northshore est. 2013 Norwood est. 1954 Pleasant Ridge est. 1948 Pond Gap est. 1954 Powell est. 1968 Ritta est. 1966 Rocky Hill est. 1940 Sarah Moore Greene Magnet Technology Academy est. 1972 Sequoyah est. 1930 Shannondale est. 1955 South Knoxville est. 1955 Spring Hill est. 1955 Sterchi est. 1959 Sunnyview Primary est. 1963 West Haven est. 1958 West Hills est. 1958 West View est. 1950 Middle schools ( edit ) The district operates 16 middle schools , enrolling grades 6 - 8 . Bearden Middle est. 1978 Carter Middle est. 1948 Cedar Bluff Middle est. 1964 Farragut Middle est. 1984 Gibbs Middle est. 2018 Gresham Middle est. 1931 Halls Middle est. 1981 Hardin Valley Middle est. 2018 Holston Middle est. 1956 Karns Middle est. 1974 Northwest Middle est. 1966 Powell Middle est. 1974 South - Doyle Middle est. 1967 Vine Middle est. 1951 West Valley Middle est. 1999 Whittle Springs Middle est. 1959 High schools ( edit ) The district operates 15 high schools . These are : Austin - East High School , Knoxville est. 1951 Bearden High School , Knoxville est. 1939 Carter High School , Strawberry Plains est. 1972 Career Magnet Academy , located at Pellissippi State Community College Central High School , Knoxville est. 1971 Farragut High School , Farragut est. 1904 Fulton High School , Knoxville est. 1949 Gibbs High School , Corryton est. 1952 Halls High School , Halls Crossroads est. 1970 Hardin Valley Academy , western Knox County est. 2008 Karns High School , Karns est. 1981 L&N STEM Academy , located in former L&N railroad station Powell High School , Powell est. 1949 South - Doyle High School , southern Knox County est. 1967 West High School , Knoxville est. 1950 Special schools ( edit ) There are 10 Knox County schools offering special or non-traditional programs . Included are three vocational high school programs : Byington - Solway Career and Technical Education Center , located at Karns High School Lincoln Park Technology and Trade Center North Knox Career and Technical Education Center , located at Halls High School The Knox County Adult High School offers day and evening high school classes for adult students ( age 18 and older ) desiring to complete a regular high school diploma . It is housed in the historic Knoxville High School building . Knox County public preschools are : Fair Garden Preschool Sam E. Hill Family Community Center Other special schools are : Fort Sanders Educational Development Center , offering special education services , primarily for children of preschool age The Knoxville Adaptive Education Center , a special school for students with mental health needs , including three elementary , three middle , and seven high school classrooms at the school , plus similar `` satellite '' classrooms in other county schools Richard Yoakley Alternative School Ridgedale Alternative School Dr. Paul L. Kelley Vounteer Academy Governance and strategic planning ( edit ) Knox County Schools is governed by a nine - member elected board of education and directed by an appointed superintendent . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Central Office Contacts . '' Knox County Schools . Retrieved on September 9 , 2015 . `` Physical Address : 912 South Gay Street , Knoxville , Tennessee 37902 '' Jump up ^ Ed Young and Harry Green , School System Consolidation , TACIR Staff Education Brief 8 , Tennessee Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations , November 2005 Jump up ^ `` Knox County Schools : Facts and Figures '' , Knox County Schools website , archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 19 , retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 Jump up ^ Board of Education , Knox County Schools website External links ( edit ) Knox County Schools Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knox_County_Schools&oldid=841474939 '' Categories : School districts in Tennessee Education in Knox County , Tennessee Knoxville , Tennessee Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 02 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how many schools are in knox county tn
[ "The district has a total of 88 schools.\n" ]
[ "88" ]
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World War I reparations
World war I reparations - wikipedia World war I reparations Jump to : navigation , search Paris Peace Conference League of Nations ( show ) Covenant of the League of Nations Members Organisation Minority Treaties Little Treaty of Versailles Mandates Treaty of Versailles ( hide ) War guilt Reparations Role in the Weimar Republic 's hyperinflation Dawes Plan Young Plan Lausanne Conference Locarno Treaties Possible cause of World War II International Opium Convention Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( show ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine ( show ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Treaty of Trianon ( show ) Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres ( show ) Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire Conference of London ( 1920 ) San Remo conference Turkish National Movement Turkish War of Independence Treaty of Lausanne Others ( show ) American Commission to Negotiate Peace Commission of Responsibilities The Inquiry World War I reparations were compensation imposed during the Paris Peace Conference upon the Central Powers following their defeat in the First World War by the Allied and Associate Powers . Each of the defeated powers was required to make payments in either cash or kind . Because of the financial situation Austria , Hungary , and Turkey found themselves in after the war , few to no reparations were paid and the requirements for reparations were cancelled . Bulgaria , having paid only a fraction of what was required , saw its reparation figure reduced and then cancelled . Historians have recognised the German requirement to pay reparations as the `` chief battleground of the post-war era '' and `` the focus of the power struggle between France and Germany over whether the Versailles Treaty was to be enforced or revised '' . The Treaty of Versailles ( signed in 1919 ) and the 1921 London Schedule of Payments required Germany to pay 132 billion gold marks ( US $33 billion ) in reparations to cover civilian damage caused during the war . This figure was divided into three categories of bonds : A , B , and C. Of these , Germany was only required to pay towards ' A ' and ' B ' bonds totaling 50 billion marks ( US $12.5 billion ) . The remaining ' C ' bonds , which Germany did not have to pay , were designed to deceive the Anglo - French public into believing Germany was being heavily fined and punished for the war . Due to the lack of reparation payments by Germany , France occupied the Ruhr in 1923 to enforce payments , causing an international crisis that resulted in the implementation of the Dawes Plan in 1924 . This plan outlined a new payment method and raised international loans to help Germany to meet her reparation commitments . Despite this , by 1928 Germany called for a new payment plan , resulting in the Young Plan that established the German reparation requirements at 112 billion marks ( US $26.3 billion ) and created a schedule of payments that would see Germany complete payments by 1988 . With the collapse of the German economy in 1931 , reparations were suspended for a year and in 1932 during the Lausanne Conference they were cancelled altogether . Between 1919 and 1932 , Germany paid less than 21 billion marks in reparations . The German people saw reparations as a national humiliation ; the German Government worked to undermine the validity of the Treaty of Versailles and the requirement to pay . British economist John Maynard Keynes called the treaty a Carthaginian peace that would economically destroy Germany . His arguments had a profound effect on historians , politicians , and the public at large . Despite Keynes ' arguments and those by later historians supporting or reinforcing Keynes ' views , the consensus of contemporary historians is that reparations were not as intolerable as the Germans or Keynes had suggested and were within Germany 's capacity to pay had there been the political will to do so . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 German reaction 3 Evolution of reparations 3.1 Initial demands 3.2 London Schedule of Payments 3.3 End of reparations for Austria , Bulgaria , Hungary , and Turkey 3.4 German defaults 3.5 Dawes Plan 3.6 Young Plan 3.7 End of German reparations 3.8 Amount paid by Germany 3.9 Loan payments 3.10 Summary 4 Analysis 4.1 Impact on the German economy 4.1. 1 Overall 4.1. 2 Hyperinflation 4.2 Reparations 4.2. 1 Contemporaneous 4.2. 2 Modern 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading Background ( edit ) Avocourt , 1918 , one of the many destroyed French villages where reconstruction would be funded by reparations In 1914 , the First World War broke out . For the next four years fighting raged across Europe , the Middle East , Africa , and Asia . On 8 January 1918 , United States President Woodrow Wilson issued a statement that became known as the Fourteen Points . In part , this speech called for Germany to withdraw from the territory it had occupied and for the formation of a League of Nations . During the fourth quarter of 1918 , the Central Powers began to collapse . In particular , the German military was decisively defeated on the Western Front and the German navy mutinied , prompting domestic uprisings that became known as the German Revolution . Most of the war 's major battles occurred in France and the French countryside was heavily scarred in the fighting . Furthermore , in 1918 during the German retreat , German troops devastated France 's most industrialized region in the north - east ( Nord - Pas de Calais Mining Basin ) . Extensive looting took place as German forces removed whatever material they could use and destroyed the rest . Hundreds of mines were destroyed along with railways , bridges , and entire villages . Prime Minister of France Georges Clemenceau was determined , for these reasons , that any just peace required Germany to pay reparations for the damage it had caused . Clemenceau viewed reparations as a way of weakening Germany to ensure it could never threaten France again . Reparations would also go towards the reconstruction costs in other countries , including Belgium , which was also directly affected by the war . British Prime Minister David Lloyd George opposed harsh reparations , arguing for a smaller sum that was less damaging to the German economy so that Germany could remain a viable economic power and trading partner . He also argued that reparations should include war pensions for disabled veterans and allowances for war widows , which would reserve a larger share of the reparations for the British Empire . Wilson opposed these positions and was adamant that no indemnity should be imposed upon Germany . The Paris Peace Conference opened on 18 January 1919 , aiming to establish a lasting peace between the Allied and Central Powers . Demanding compensation from the defeated party was a common feature of peace treaties . However , the financial terms of treaties signed during the peace conference were labelled reparations to distinguish them from punitive settlements usually known as indemnities , which were intended for reconstruction and compensating families who had been bereaved by the war . The opening article of the reparation section of the Treaty of Versailles , Article 231 , served as a legal basis for the following articles , which obliged Germany to pay compensation and limited German responsibility to civilian damages . The same article , with the signatory 's name changed , was also included in the treaties signed by Germany 's allies . German reaction ( edit ) Main article : Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles Demonstration against the Treaty of Versailles , in front of the Reichstag . In February 1919 , Foreign Minister Count Ulrich von Brockdorff - Rantzau informed the Weimar National Assembly that Germany would have to pay reparations for the devastation caused by the war , but would not pay for actual war costs . After the drafting of the Treaty of Versailles on 7 May that year , the German and Allied delegations met and the treaty was handed over to be translated and for a response to be issued . At this meeting Brockdorff - Rantzau stated , `` We know the intensity of the hatred which meets us , and we have heard the victors ' passionate demand that as the vanquished we shall be made to pay , and as the guilty we shall be punished '' . However , he proceeded to deny that Germany was solely responsible for the war . Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles was not correctly translated . Instead of stating `` ... Germany accepts responsibility of Germany and her allies causing all the loss and damage ... '' , the German Government 's edition reads , `` Germany admits it , that Germany and her allies , as authors of the war , are responsible for all losses and damages ... '' . This resulted in a prevailing belief of humiliation among Germans ; the article was seen as an injustice and there was a view that Germany had signed `` away her honor '' . Despite the public outrage , German government officials were aware `` that Germany 's position on this matter was not nearly so favorable as the imperial government had led the German public to believe during the war '' . Politicians seeking international sympathy would continue to use the article for its propaganda value , persuading many who had not read the treaties that the article implied full war guilt . German revisionist historians who later tried to ignore the validity of the clause found a ready audience among revisionist writers in France , Britain , and the USA . The objective of both the politicians and historians was to prove that Germany was not solely guilty for causing the war ; if that guilt could be disproved the legal requirement to pay reparations would disappear . Evolution of reparations ( edit ) Initial demands ( edit ) Further information : Treaty of Versailles , Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( 1919 ) , Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine , Treaty of Trianon , and Treaty of Sèvres Trains loaded with machinery deliver their cargo as reparation payment in kind . The Treaty of Versailles stated that a Reparation Commission would be established in 1921 . This commission would consider the resources available to Germany and her capacity to pay , provide the German Government with an opportunity to be heard on the subject , and decide on the final reparation figure that Germany would be required to pay . In the interim , Germany was required to pay an equivalent of 20 billion gold marks ( US $5 billion ) in gold , commodities , ships , securities , or other forms . The money would be used to pay Allied occupation costs and to buy food and raw materials for Germany . Article 121 of the Treaty of Neuilly acknowledged that `` the resources of Bulgaria are not sufficient to enable her to make complete reparation '' . Therefore , the treaty required Bulgaria to pay a sum equivalent of 2.250 billion Gold francs in reparations . The treaties of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , Trianon , and Sèvres acknowledged that Austria , Hungary , and Turkey did not have the resources to pay reparations , and delayed the establishment of a final figure until the Reparation Commission was established . In addition , Bulgaria was required to hand over thousands of livestock to Greece , Romania , and the Serb - Croat - Slovene State `` in restitution for animals taken away by Bulgaria during the war '' . This would not be credited towards the reparation figure . Likewise , Bulgaria had to dispatch 50,000 tons of coal a year to the Serb - Croat - Slovene State in restitution for destroyed mines . These shipments would not be credited against Bulgaria 's reparation sum . Germany , Austria , and Hungary all had commitments to handover timber , ore , and livestock to the Allied Powers . They would , however , be credited for these goods . In January 1921 , the Allied Powers grew impatient and established the reparation sum at 226 billion gold marks . The Germans countered with an offer of 30 billion . On 24 April 1921 , the German Government wrote to the American Government expressing `` her readiness to acknowledge for reparation purposes a total liability of 50 billion gold marks '' , but was also prepared `` to pay the equivalent of this sum in annuities adapted to her economic capacity totalling 200 billion gold marks '' . In addition , the German Government stated that `` to accelerate the redemption of the balance '' and `` to combat misery and hatred created by the war '' , Germany was willing to provide the resources needed and `` to undertake herself the rebuilding of townships , villages , and hamlets '' . London schedule of payments ( edit ) The London Schedule of Payments of 5 May 1921 established `` the full liability of all the Central Powers combined , not just Germany alone , '' at 132 billion gold marks . This sum was a compromise promoted by Belgium -- against higher figures demanded by the French and Italians and the lower figure the British supported -- that `` represented an assessment of the lowest amount that public opinion ... would tolerate '' . This figure was divided into three series of bonds : `` A '' and `` B '' Bonds together had a nominal value of 50 billion gold marks ( US $12.5 billion ) -- less than the sum Germany had previously offered to pay . `` C '' Bonds , comprising the remainder of the reparation figure , `` were deliberately designed to be chimerical . '' They were `` a political bargaining chip '' that served the domestic policies of France and the United Kingdom . The figure was completely unreal ; its primary function was to mislead public opinion `` into believing that the 132 - billion - mark figure was being maintained '' . Furthermore , `` Allied experts knew that Germany could not pay 132 billion marks and that the other Central Powers could pay little . Thus the A and B Bonds , which were genuine , represented the actual Allied assessment of German capacity to pay . '' Taking into account the sum already paid between 1919 and 1921 , Germany 's immediate obligation was 41 billion gold marks . To pay towards this sum , Germany could pay in kind or in cash . Commodities paid in kind included coal , timber , chemical dyes , pharmaceuticals , livestock , agricultural machines , construction materials , and factory machinery . The gold value of these would be deducted from what Germany was required to pay . Germany 's assistance with the restoration of the university library of Louvain , which was destroyed by the Germans on 25 August 1914 , was also credited towards the sum , as were some of the territorial changes the treaty imposed upon Germany . The payment schedule required US $250 million within twenty - five days and then US $500 million annually , plus 26 per cent of the value of German exports . The German Government was to issue bonds at five per cent interest and set up a sinking fund of one per cent to support the payment of reparations . End of reparations for Austria , Bulgaria , Hungary , and Turkey ( edit ) Between the signing of the Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine and April 1922 , Bulgaria paid 173 million gold francs in reparations . In 1923 , the Bulgarian reparation sum was revised downwards to 550 million gold francs , `` plus a lump sum payment of 25 million francs for occupation costs '' . Towards this figure , Bulgaria paid 41 million gold francs between 1925 and 1929 . In 1932 , the Bulgarian reparation obligation was abandoned following the Lausanne Conference . Because Austria was `` so impoverished '' after the war , and because of the collapse of the Bank of Vienna , the country paid no reparations `` beyond credits for transferred property '' . Likewise , Hungary paid no reparations beyond coal deliveries because of the collapse of the Hungarian economy . Turkish reparations had been `` sharply limited in view of the magnitude of Turkish territorial losses '' . However , the Treaty of Sèvres was never ratified . When the Treaty of Lausanne was signed in 1923 , Turkish reparations were `` eliminated altogether '' . German defaults ( edit ) Main article : Occupation of the Ruhr Protests by gymnasts from the Ruhr at the 1923 Munich Gymnastics Festival . The sign on the left reads `` The Ruhr remains German '' . The right placard reads `` We never want to be vassals '' . From the initiation of reparations , German coal deliveries were below the level agreed . In an attempt to rectify this situation , the Spa Conference was held in July 1920 . At this conference it was decided that Germany would be paid five marks per coal ton delivered to facilitate coal shipments and help feed the miners . Despite this , Germany continued to default on her obligations . By late 1922 , the German defaults on payments had grown so serious and regular that a crisis engulfed the Reparations Commission . French and Belgian delegates urged the seizure of the Ruhr to encourage the Germans to make more effort to pay , while the British supported postponing payments to facilitate the financial reconstruction of Germany . On 26 December 1922 , Germany defaulted on timber deliveries . The timber quota was based upon a German proposal and the default was massive . The Allies were unanimous that the default was in bad faith . In January 1923 , despite quota reductions , the German Government defaulted on coal deliveries for the 34th time in three years following the loss of the Upper Silesian coal fields containing 11 per cent of German coal resources , which had been transferred to Poland . On 9 January 1923 , the Reparation Commission declared Germany to be in default of her coal deliveries and voted to occupy the Ruhr to enforce the country 's reparation commitments . Britain was the lone dissenting voice to both measures . On 11 January , French and Belgian soldiers -- supported by engineers including an Italian contingent -- entered the region , initiating the Occupation of the Ruhr . The French Premier Raymond Poincaré was deeply reluctant to order the occupation and had only taken this step after the British had rejected his proposals for more moderate sanctions against Germany . By December 1922 , Poincaré was faced with Anglo - American - German hostility ; coal supplies for French steel production were running low . Exasperated with Britain 's failure to act , he wrote to the French ambassador in London : Judging others by themselves , the English , who are blinded by their loyalty , have always thought that the Germans did not abide by their pledges inscribed in the Versailles Treaty because they had not frankly agreed to them ... We , on the contrary , believe that if Germany , far from making the slightest effort to carry out the treaty of peace , has always tried to escape her obligations , it is because until now she has not been convinced of her defeat ... We are also certain that Germany , as a nation , resigns herself to keep her pledged word only under the impact of necessity . The occupation proved marginally profitable ; the occupying powers received 900 million gold marks , and much of this merely covered the military costs of occupation . However , the real issue behind the occupation was not German defaults on coal and timber deliveries , but the forcing of Germany `` to acknowledge her defeat in World War I and to accept the Versailles Treaty '' . Poincaré recognized that if Germany could get away with defying Versailles in regard to the reparations , a precedent would be created and inevitably the Germans would proceed to dismantle the rest of the Versailles treaty . Dawes Plan ( edit ) Main article : Dawes Plan The first American gold arrives as per the Dawes Plan Although the French succeeded in their objective during the Ruhr occupation , the Germans had wrecked their economy by funding passive resistance and brought about hyperinflation . Under Anglo - American pressure and simultaneous decline in the value of the franc , France was increasingly isolated and her diplomatic position was weakened . In October 1923 , a committee consisting of American , Belgian , British , French , German , and Italian experts and chaired by the former Director of the US Bureau of the Budget Charles G. Dawes was formed to consider `` from a purely technical standpoint '' how to balance the German budget , stabilize the economy and set an achievable level of reparations . In April 1924 , the Dawes Plan was accepted and it replaced the London schedule of payment . While the `` C '' Bonds were omitted from the plan 's framework , they were not formally rescinded . French troops were to withdraw from the Ruhr , a bank independent of the German Government with a ruling body at least 50 per cent non-German was to be established , and the German currency was to be stabilized . The payment of reparations was also reorganized . In the first year following the implementation of the plan , Germany would have to pay 1 billion marks . This figure would rise to 2.5 billion marks per year by the fifth year of the plan . A Reparations Agency was established with Allied representatives to organize the payment of reparations . Furthermore , a loan of 800 million marks was to be raised -- over 50 per cent coming from the United States , 25 per cent from Britain , and the balance from other European nations -- to back the German currency and to aid in the payment of reparations . Young Plan ( edit ) Main article : Young Plan The opening of the Second Hague Conference : one of the two conferences aimed at implementing the Young Plan . Under the Dawes Plan , Germany always met her obligations . However , they considered the plan a temporary measure and expected a revised plan at a future date . In late 1927 , the Agent - General for Reparations `` called for a more permanent scheme '' for payments and in 1928 the Germans followed suit . German Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann called for a final reparation plan to be established alongside an early withdrawal of Allied troops from the Rhineland . The French , aware of their weakening political and financial position , acquiesced . On 16 September 1928 , a joint Entente - German statement acknowledging the need for a new reparation plan was issued . In February 1929 , a new committee was formed to re-examine reparations . It was chaired by the American banker Owen D. Young and presented its findings in June 1929 . The `` Young Plan '' was accepted and was ratified by the German Government on 12 March 1930 . The plan established a theoretical final reparation figure at 112 billion gold marks ( US $26.35 billion ) , with a new payment schedule that would see reparations completed by 1988 -- the first time a final date had been set . In addition , foreign oversight of German finances was to end with the withdrawal of the Reparations Agency , which would be replaced by the Bank for International Settlements . The bank was established to provide cooperation among central banks and to receive and disburse reparation payments . A further loan of US $300 million was to be raised and given to Germany . As a result of the plan , German payments were half the sum required under the Dawes Plan . The implementation of the Young Plan required the Anglo - French withdrawal from the Rhineland within months . Despite the reduction , there was increasing German hostility to the plan . In December 1929 , 5.8 million voters registered their opposition to the plan during a plebiscite , which resulted in Adolf Hitler gaining `` significant national attention and valuable right - wing financing '' . End of German reparations ( edit ) Main article : Lausanne Conference of 1932 In March 1930 , the German Government collapsed and was replaced by a new coalition led by Chancellor Heinrich Brüning . In June , Allied troops withdrew from near Mainz -- the last occupation zone in the Rhineland -- and Brüning 's Government broached the subject of demanding further refinement to reparations , but this demand was refused by William Tyrrell , the British ambassador to France . During 1931 , a financial crisis began in Germany . In May , Creditanstalt -- the largest bank in Austria -- collapsed , sparking a banking crisis in Germany and Austria . In response , Brüning announced that Germany was suspending reparation payments . This resulted in a massive withdrawal of domestic and foreign funds from German banks . By mid-July , all German banks had closed . Until this point , France 's policy had been to provide Germany with financial support to help Brüning 's Government stabilize the country . Brüning , now under considerable political pressure from the far - right and President Paul von Hindenburg , was unable to make any concessions or reverse policy . As a result , Brüning was unable to borrow money from foreign or domestic sources . Further attempts to enlist British support to end reparations failed ; the British said it was a joint issue with France and the United States . In early July , Brüning announced `` his intention to seek the outright revision of the Young Plan '' . In light of the crisis and with the prospect of Germany being unable to repay her debts , United States President Herbert Hoover intervened . In June , Hoover publicly proposed a one - year moratorium to reparation and war debts . By July , the `` Hoover Moratorium '' had been accepted . The moratorium was widely supported in both Germany and the United Kingdom . The French , initially hesitant , eventually agreed to support the American proposal . However , on 13 July , the German Darmstädter Bank collapsed , leading to further bankruptcies and a rise in unemployment further exacerbating Germany 's financial crisis . With the Great Depression now exerting its influence , the Bank for International Settlements reported that the Young Plan was unrealistic in light of the economic crisis and urged the world governments to reach a new settlement on the various debts they owed each other . During January 1932 , Brüning said he would seek the complete cancellation of reparations . His position was supported by the British and Italians , and opposed by the French . Because of the political differences between countries on the subject and impending elections in France and Germany , a conference could not be established until June . This delay brought about the downfall of Brüning 's Government . On 16 June , the Lausanne Conference opened . However , discussions were complicated by the ongoing World Disarmament Conference . At the latter conference , the US informed the British and French that they would not be allowed to default on their war debts . In turn , they recommended that war debts be tied into German reparation payments , to which the Germans objected . On 9 July , an agreement was reached and signed . The Lausanne Conference annulled the Young Plan and required Germany to pay a final , single installment of 3 billion marks , saving France from political humiliation and ending Germany 's obligation to pay reparations . Amount paid by Germany ( edit ) The precise figure Germany paid is a matter of dispute . The German Government estimated it had paid the equivalent of 67.8 billion gold marks in reparations . The German figure included -- other than gold or goods in kind -- the scuttling of the interned German fleet at Scapa Flow , state property lost in lands ceded to other countries , and the loss of colonial territories . The Reparation Commission and the Bank for International Settlements state that 20.598 billion gold marks was paid by Germany in reparations , of which 7.595 billion was paid before the implementation of the London Schedule of Payments . Niall Ferguson provides a slightly lower figure . He estimates that Germany paid no more than 19 billion gold marks . Ferguson further estimates that this sum amounted to 2.4 per cent of Germany 's national income between 1919 and 1932 . Stephen Schuker , in his definitive econometric study ( 1988 , pp. 106 -- 19 ) , concedes that Germany transferred 16.8 billion marks over the whole period , but points out that this sum was vastly offset by the devaluation of Allied paper - mark deposits up to 1923 , and by loans that Germany subsequently repudiated after 1924 . The net capital transfer into Germany amounted to 17.75 billion marks , or 2.1 % of Germany 's entire national income over the period 1919 -- 1931 . In effect , therefore , America paid reparations to Germany -- four times more , in price - adjusted terms , than the U.S. furnished to West Germany under the post-1948 Marshall Plan . According to Gerhard Weinberg , reparations were paid , towns were rebuilt , orchards replanted , mines reopened and pensions paid . However , the burden of repairs was shifted away from the German economy and onto the damaged economies of the war 's victors . Loan payments ( edit ) To help make reparations payments , Germany took out various loans during the 1920s . In 1933 , following the cancellation of reparations , the new German Chancellor Adolf Hitler cancelled all payments . In June 1953 , an agreement on this existing debt was reached with West Germany , which agreed to make symbolic token payments against the loans that had been defaulted on in the 1920s , but deferred some of the debt until West and East Germany were unified . In 1995 , following reunification , Germany began making the final payments towards the loans . A final installment of US $94 million was made on 3 October 2010 , settling German loan debts in regard to reparations . Summary ( edit ) Event German gold marks ( billions ) U.S. dollars ( billions ) 2017 US $ ( billions ) Initial German offer , 24 April 1921 50 ( capital value ) or 200 in annuities ( nominal value ) 12.5 -- 50 168 -- 664 London Schedule of Payments , 5 May 1921 132 33 439 A and B Bonds , of the above payment scheme 50 12.5 166 Young Plan , 1929 112 26.35 364 Total German payment made by 1932 19 -- 20.5 4.75 -- 5.12 83 -- 89 Analysis ( edit ) Impact on the German economy ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) During the period of reparations , Germany received between 27 and 38 billion marks in loans . By 1931 , German foreign debt stood at 21.514 billion marks ; the main sources of aid were the United States , Britain , the Netherlands , and Switzerland . According to Detlev Peukert , the financial problems that arose in the early 1920s were a result of post-war loans and the way Germany funded her war effort , and were not the fault of reparations . During World War I , Germany did not raise taxes or create new ones to pay for war - time expenses . Rather , loans were taken out , placing Germany in an economically precarious position as more money entered circulation , destroying the link between paper money and the gold reserve that had been maintained before the war . With its defeat , Germany could not impose reparations and pay off her war debts now , which were now colossal . Niall Ferguson partially supports this analysis . He says that had reparations not been imposed , Germany would still have had significant problems caused by the need to pay war debts and the demands of voters for more social services . Ferguson also says that these problems were aggravated by a trade deficit and a weak exchange rate for the mark during 1920 . Afterwards , as the value of the mark rose , inflation became a problem . None of these , he says , were the result of reparations . Ferguson says that even without reparations , total public spending in Germany between 1920 and 1923 was 33 per cent of total net national product . A.J.P. Taylor says , `` Germany was a net gainer by the financial transactions of the nineteen - twenties : she borrowed far more from private American investors ... than she paid in reparations '' . P.M.H. Bell says the creation of a multi-national committee , which resulted in the Dawes Plan , was done to consider ways the German budget could be balanced , the currency stabilized , and the German economy fixed to ease reparation payments . Max Winkler says that from 1924 onward , German officials were `` virtually flooded with loan offers by foreigners '' . Overall , he says , the German economy performed reasonably well until the foreign investments funding the economy and the loans funding reparations payments were suddenly withdrawn after the 1929 Stock Market Crash . This collapse was magnified by the volume of loans provided to German companies by US lenders . Even the reduced payments of the Dawes Plan were mainly financed through a large volume of international loans . While Germany initially had a trade deficit , British policy during the early 1920s was to reintegrate Germany into European trade as soon as possible . Likewise , France attempted to secure trade deals with Germany . During the mid-to - late 1920s , trade between France and Germany grew rapidly . French imports of German goods `` increased by 60 per cent '' , highlighting the close links between French industrial growth and German production , and the increase in cooperation between the countries . Max Hantke and Mark Spoerer provide a different perspective on the effect of reparations on the German economy . They say that focusing on the reparations and inflation ignores `` the fact that the restriction of the German military to 115,000 men relieved the German central budget considerably '' . Hantke and Spoerer also say that their findings show `` that even under quite rigorous assumptions the net economic burden of the Treaty of Versailles was much less heavy than has been hitherto thought , in particular if we confine our perspective to the Reich 's budget '' . They say , `` though politically a humiliation '' , the limitation on the military `` was beneficial in fiscal terms '' and that their economic models show that `` the restriction of the size of the army was clearly beneficial for the Reich budget '' . Additionally , their economic scenarios indicate that while the Treaty of Versailles was `` overall clearly a burden on the German economy '' , it `` also offered a substantial peace dividend for Weimar 's non-revanchist budget politicians . '' They conclude that , `` The fact that ( these politicians ) did not make sufficient use of this imposed gift supports the hypothesis that the Weimar Republic suffered from home - made political failure '' . Hyperinflation ( edit ) Further information : Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic A logarithmic scale depicting Weimar hyperinflation to 1923 . One paper Mark per Gold Mark increased to one trillion paper Marks per Gold Mark . Erik Goldstein wrote that in 1921 , the payment of reparations caused a crisis and that the occupation of the Ruhr had a disastrous effect on the German economy , resulting in the German Government printing more money as the currency collapsed . Hyperinflation began and printing presses worked overtime to print Reichsbank notes ; by November 1923 one US dollar was worth 4,200,000,000,000 marks . Ferguson writes that the policy of the Economics Minister Robert Schmidt led Germany to avoid economic collapse from 1919 to 1920 , but that reparations accounted for most of Germany 's deficit in 1921 and 1922 and that reparations were the cause of the hyperinflation . Several historians counter the argument that reparations caused the inflation and collapse of the mark . Gerhard Weinberg writes that Germany refused to pay by , and that doing so destroyed their own currency . Anthony Lentin agrees and writes that inflation was `` a consequence of the war rather than of the peace '' and that hyperinflation was a result of the `` German government 's reckless issue of paper money '' during the Allied occupation of the Ruhr . British and French experts believed that the Mark was being sabotaged to avoid budgetary and currency reform and to evade reparations . Sally Marks writes that the Germans claimed that reparations destroyed the Mark . Marks writes that historians who say reparations caused hyperinflation have overlooked `` that the inflation long predated reparations '' and the way `` inflation mushroomed '' between mid-1921 and the end of 1922 `` when Germany was actually paying very little in reparations '' and have failed to explain why `` the period of least inflation coincided with the period of largest reparation payments ... or why Germans claimed after 1930 that reparations were causing deflation '' . She writes `` there is no doubt that British and French suspicions late in 1922 were sound '' . Marks also writes that the `` astronomic inflation which ensued was a result of German policy '' , whereby the government paid for passive resistance in the Ruhr `` from an empty exchequer '' and paid off its domestic and war debts with worthless marks . Bell agrees and writes that `` inflation had little direct connection with reparation payments themselves , but a great deal to do with the way the German government chose to subsidize industry and to pay the costs of passive resistance to the occupation ( of the Ruhr ) by extravagant use of the printing press '' . Bell also writes that hyperinflation was not an inevitable consequence of the Treaty of Versailles , but was among the actual results . Reparations ( edit ) Contemporaneous ( edit ) John Maynard Keynes in 1933 According to historian Claude Campbell , John Maynard Keynes `` set the fashion for critics of the economic aspects of the treaty '' and `` made probably the severest and most sweeping indictment of its economic provisions '' . Keynes was temporarily attached to the British Treasury during the war and was their official representative at the peace conference . He later resigned `` when it became evident that hope could no longer be entertained of substantial modifications in the draft Terms of Peace '' due to the `` policy of the Conference towards the economic problems of Europe '' . In 1919 , he wrote The Economic Consequences of the Peace based on his objections . He wrote that he believed `` that the campaign for securing out of Germany the general costs of the war was one of the most serious acts of political unwisdom for which our statesmen have ever been responsible '' , and called the treaty a `` Carthaginian peace '' that would economically affect all of Europe . Keynes said that the treaty 's reparation figures `` generally exceed Germany 's capacity '' to pay . He said that US $10 billion was the `` safe maximum figure '' , but even then he did `` not believe that ( Germany could ) pay as much '' . He said the Reparation Commission was a tool that could `` be employed to destroy Germany 's commercial and economic organization as well as to exact payment '' . In Keynes ' opinion , the reparation figure should have been fixed `` well within Germany 's capacity to pay '' so to `` make possible the renewal of hope and enterprise within her territory '' and to `` avoid the perpetual friction and opportunity of improper pressure arising out of the Treaty clauses '' . Keynes identified reparations as the `` main excursion into the economic field '' by the Treaty of Versailles , but said that the treaty excluded provisions for rehabilitating Europe 's economies , for improving relations between the Allies and the defeated Central Powers , for stabilizing Europe 's new nations , for `` reclaim ( ing ) Russia '' , or for promoting economic solidarity between the Allies . Coal provides an example of these destabilizing effects in Germany and beyond . Keynes said the `` surrender of the coal will destroy German industry '' but conceding that without coal shipments as reparations , the French and Italian industries damaged directly by the war or indirectly by damage to coal mines would be affected . He writes that this is `` not yet the whole problem '' . The repercussions would also affect Central and Northern Europe , and neutral states such as Switzerland and Sweden , which made up for their own coal deficiencies by trading with Germany . Likewise , Keynes said Austria would now be consigned to `` industrial ruin '' as `` nearly all the coalfields of the former Empire lie outside of what is now German - Austria '' . Campbell writes that the `` apparent majority did not regard the treaty as perfect '' . Bernard Baruch writes in The Making of the Reparation and Economic Sections of the Treaty that most believed it to be the best agreement obtainable under the circumstances and that it was a minority that attacked the treaty , but these attacks `` centered upon its economic provisions '' . James T. Shotwell , writing in What Germany Forgot , said , `` the only ' unendurable servitudes ' in the treaty were in the sections on Reparation and the Polish settlement and raised the question as to what part of Germany 's grievance against the peace lay in the substance of its exactions and what part in the manner of their imposition '' . Sir Andrew McFayden , who also represented the British Treasury at the peace conference and later worked with the Reparation Commission , published his work Do n't Do it Again . McFayden 's position `` falls somewhere between the views of Keynes and Shotwell '' . His attack on reparations `` was as harsh as Keynes '' but he conceded that the `` fault did not lie primarily in the provisions of the treaty but in their execution '' . He also believed `` that he Polish settlement was the only readjustment ... which was decidedly unwise '' . Albrecht - Carrié writes that before the German surrender , Woodrow Wilson dispatched a note to the German Government on 5 November 1918 stating that the Allies `` under - stand that compensation will be made by Germany for all damage done to the civilian population of the Allies and their property by the aggression of Germany by land , by sea , and from the air '' , the terms of which they accepted . Regardless of which , Albrecht - Carrié says the reparation section of the treaty proved `` to be a dismal failure '' . Campbell says , `` although there was much in the peace that was ' petty , unjust , and humiliating ' , there was little aside from reparation clauses and certain territorial concessions , which had much real bearing upon Germany 's economic future '' . Summarizing the view of economists throughout the 1920s , she says the territorial changes to Germany were `` not necessarily ... economically unsound '' , but than the removal of the Saar and territory to Poland `` depriv ( ed ) Germany of her resources in excess of the amount necessary to fulfill the legitimate economic demands of the victors ... ( and ) was indefensible '' . Campbell also said the treaty failed to include `` provisions looking to the restoration of Germany to her former position as the chief economic and financial stabilizing influence in central Europe '' and that this was economically shortsighted and was an economic failing of the treaty . Étienne Mantoux , a French economist , was the harshest contemporaneous critic of Keynes . In his posthumously published book , The Carthaginian Peace , or the Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes , Mantoux said that Keynes `` had been wrong on various counts , especially with respect to his predictions about Germany 's coal , iron and steel production ... and its level of national saving '' . Keynes said Europe 's overall output of iron would decrease ; Mantoux said the opposite occurred . By 1929 , European iron output had increased by ten per cent from that of 1913 . Keynes believed that this European trend would also affect German iron and steel production . Mantoux says this prediction was also incorrect . By 1927 , German steel output had increased by 30 per cent and iron output increased by 38 per cent from 1913 . Keynes predicted that German coal extraction would also decrease and that Germany would not be able to export coal immediately after the war . Mantoux also counters these arguments . By 1920 , German was exporting 15 million tons of coal a year and reached 35 million tons by 1926 . By 1929 , German coal mining had risen by 30 per cent on the 1913 figures because of her increased labor efficiency methods . In regard to national savings , Keynes stated that 2 billion marks would only be possible after the adoption of the treaty . Mantoux says that the 1925 German national savings figure was estimated at 6.4 billion marks , rising to 7.6 billion marks by 1927 . Mantoux calculated that Germany borrowed between 8 billion and 35 billion marks in the period 1920 -- 1931 , while only paying 21 billion in reparations . This , he says , allowed Germany to re-equip , expand , and modernize her industry . Highlighting the rearmament under Hitler , Mantoux said Germany `` had been in a stronger position to pay reparations than Keynes had made out '' . He also says that Germany could have paid all of the reparations if she had wanted to , and that the problem was not that Germany was unable to pay , but that she was unwilling to pay . In 1954 , United States Secretary of State John Foster Dulles -- one of the authors of Article 231 -- said that , `` Efforts to bankrupt and humiliate a nation merely incite a people of vigor and of courage to break the bonds imposed upon them ... Prohibitions thus incite the very acts that are prohibited . '' Modern ( edit ) Geoff Harcourt writes that Keynes ' arguments that reparations would lead to German economic collapse have been adopted `` by historians of almost all political persuasions '' and have influenced the way historians and the public `` see the unfolding events in Germany and the decades between Versailles and the outbreak of the Second World War '' . He says Mantoux 's work `` is not simply a critique of Keynes '' , but `` a stimulus to question the received wisdom 's interpretation of the unfolding events in Germany '' . Harcourt says that despite it discussing Keynes ' errors `` in great detail '' , Mantoux 's work `` has not led us to revise our general judgment of Keynes '' , yet `` it does make us question the soundness of theoretical and empirical aspects '' of his arguments . A.J.P. Taylor writes that in 1919 `` many people believed that the payment of reparations would reduce Germany to a state of Asiatic poverty '' , and that Keynes `` held this view , as did all Germans ; and probably many Frenchmen '' . However , he also says these `` apprehensions of Keynes and the Germans were grotesquely exaggerated '' . According to Martel , Taylor `` shrewdly concludes that Étienne Mantoux had the better of his controversy with John Maynard Keynes '' . Stephen Schuker writes that Keynes ' `` tendentious but influential '' book was `` ably refuted '' by Mantoux . Richard J. Evans says `` the economic history of the 1920s and early 1930s seemed to confirm '' the arguments of Keynes , yet `` as we now know '' Keynes ' reparation arguments were wrong . Evans says the economic problems that arose were a result of the inflation of 1923 , which lay with the German government rather than reparations . According to Slavieck , the `` traditional interpretation of the treaty 's impact on Germany '' was that it `` plunged the nation into an economic free fall '' . This view was shared by the German people , who believed the treaty was robbing Germany of its wealth . German banker Max Warburg said the terms of the treaty were `` pillage on a global scale '' . Niall Ferguson says the German view was incorrect and `` not many historians would today agree with Warburg '' . However , several historians agree with Warburg . Norman Davies writes that the treaty forced Germany to `` pay astronomic reparations '' , while Tim McNeese states , `` France and Britain had placed war damages on Germany to the tune of billions of gold marks , which the defeated Germans could not begin to pay in earnest '' . Ferguson says the reparations were `` less of a burden than Keynes and others claimed '' and that the `` potential burden on national income of the annuity vary from 5 percent to 10 percent '' . However , he cautions against underestimating the initial German effort to pay . Before the implementation of the Dawes Plan , Germany transferred between eight and 13 billion gold marks , which amounted to `` between 4 and 7 percent of total national income '' . Ferguson says `` the annuity demanded in 1921 put an intolerable strain on the state 's finances '' and that total expenditure between 1920 and 1923 amounted to `` at least 50 percent of Reich revenue , 20 percent of total Reich spending and 10 percent of total public spending '' . Thus , Ferguson says , reparations `` undermined confidence in the Reich 's creditworthiness '' and `` were therefore excessive -- as the German government claimed '' . Hantke and Spoerer write that `` reparation payments were indeed a severe economic burden for Germany '' and that `` the German economy was deprived of between one and 2.2 billion Reichsmark ( RM ) annually , which amounted in the late 1920s to nearly 2.5 per cent of Germany 's GDP '' . Gerald Feldman writes , `` there can be no question that the entire London schedule could be viewed as a way of reducing the reparations bill without the Allied publics being fully informed of what was going on . This was recognized by at least some German politicians , one of whom optimistically argued that ' the entente will only demand the 50 billion marks , not the rest . They have only called for the rest for domestic political reasons . ' '' Feldman also says the prospect that the ' C ' bonds would be evoked hung over the German Government like a `` Damocles Sword '' . In addition to Feldman and Ferguson 's opposition , Peter Kruger , Barry Eichengreen , and Steven Webb agree that `` the initial German effort to pay reparations '' was substantial and `` produced an immense strain '' on the German economy . Several historians take the middle ground between condemning reparations and supporting the argument that they were not a complete burden upon Germany . Detlev Peukert states , `` Reparations did not , in fact , bleed the German economy '' as had been feared , however the `` psychological effects of reparations were extremely serious , as was the strain that the vicious circle of credits and reparations placed the international financial system ''. Template : Peukert P.M.H. Bell writes that while reparations were unwelcome in Germany and caused a `` strain on the German balance of payments '' , they could be paid and were `` compatible with a general recovery in European commerce and industry '' . According to Martel , Robert Boyce said reparations were `` a heavy burden on Germany , both as a financial charge ... and as a charge on Germany 's balance of payments '' . However , he says that while `` Germany claimed it could not afford to pay reparations '' this was far from the truth , and that `` ... Germany had made little effort to pay reparations . It refused to levy the necessary taxes , and far from accumulating the foreign exchange required for their payment by collecting some of the overseas earnings of German exporters , it allowed them to leave their earnings abroad '' . William R. Keylor agrees with Boyce , and says , `` an increase in taxation and reduction in consumption in the Weimar Republic would have yielded the requisite export surplus to generate the foreign exchange needed to service the reparation debt '' . However , Charles Feinstein writes that these kind of arguments overlook the extreme reluctance of the Germans `` to accept even a modest increase in taxation to meet what was universally regarded as an unjustified and oppressive imposition by hostile adversaries '' . Feinstein says that `` even if the economic aspects ... were not as crippling as had been assumed in the 1920s , the exaction of reparations was still of deep political and psychological significance for Germany '' . Sally Marks writes , `` There are those ... who claim reparations were unpayable . In financial terms , that is untrue ... Of course Germans did not want to pay ; nobody ever wants to pay , and Weimar was determined not to do so ... Raising taxes would have provided ample funds ... Weimar could have borrowed from the citizenry , as France did after 1871 ( to pay its indemnity to Germany ) '' . Marks writes that Germany could have easily paid the 50 billion marks in reparations , but instead chose to repeatedly default on payments as part of a political strategy of undermining Versailles . Marks says that in 1921 , Germany met her requirements in full because custom posts were occupied by Allied troops . Once the Allies had relinquished control of the customs posts , Germany made no further payments in cash until 1924 following the implementation of the Dawes Plan . Marks says that while Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles `` established an unlimited theoretical liability '' , Article 232 limited German responsibility to pay only for civilian damages . When the 1921 London conference to determine how much Germany should pay was called , the Allies calculated on the basis of what Germany could pay , not on their own needs . In this way , Marks says , the Germans largely escaped paying for the war and instead shifted the costs onto American investors . Marks states that the delay in establishing a final total until 1921 , `` was actually in Germany 's interest '' because the figures discussed at the peace conference were `` astronomic '' . She says , `` The British experts , Lords Sumner and Cunliffe , were so unrealistic that they were nicknamed ' the heavenly twins ' . '' Marks also says , `` much ink has been wasted on the fact that civilian damages were stretched to cover war widows ' pensions and allowances for military dependents '' . As reparations were based on what Germany could pay , Marks says the inclusion of such items did not affect German liability but altered distribution of reparations ; the `` inclusion of pensions and allowances increased the British share of the pie but did not enlarge the pie . '' Bernadotte Schmitt writes that if `` pensions and separation allowances ... not been included , reparations would probably never have become the bogey that poisoned the post-war world for so many years . Taylor says , `` no doubt the impoverishment of Germany was caused by war , not by reparations . Not doubt the Germans could have paid reparations , if they had regarded them as an obligation of honour , honestly incurred . '' However , he says , `` reparations ... kept the passions of war alive '' . Peter Liberman writes that while the Germans believed they could not meet such demands of them , the `` French believed that Germany could pay and only lacked the requisite will '' to do so . Liberman says this is `` a position that has gained support from recent historical research '' . In regard to Germany 's capacity to pay , he focuses on coal and says that German coal consumption per capita was higher than France 's despite coal shipments being consistently short . He also says , `` the reparations demanded at Versailles were not far out of proportion to German economic potential '' and that in terms of national income it was similar to what the Germans demanded of France following the Franco - Prussian War . Martin Kitchen also says the impression that Germany was crippled by the reparations is a myth . Rather than a weakened Germany , he states the opposite was true . Keylor says that literature on reparations has `` long suffered from gross misrepresentation , exaggeration , and outright falsification '' and that it `` should finally succumb to the archive - based discoveries of scholars '' . Diane Kunz , summarizing the historiography on the subject , writes that historians have refuted the myth that reparations placed an intolerable burden on Germany . Marks says a `` substantial degree of scholarly consensus now suggests that paying ... was within Germany 's financial capacity '' . Ruth Henig writes , `` most historians of the Paris peace conference now take the view that , in economic terms , the treaty was not unduly harsh on Germany and that , while obligations and damages were inevitably much stressed in the debates at Paris to satisfy electors reading the daily newspapers , the intention was quietly to give Germany substantial help towards paying her bills , and to meet many of the German objections by amendments to the way the reparations schedule was in practice carried out '' . See also ( edit ) United Nations portal Aftermath of World War I German reparations for World War II Legal remedy Restitution Reparation ( legal ) Reparations Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany , Holocaust reparations War reparations Notes ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ By the 1922 quota deadline , `` France had received 29 % of her sawn timber allotment and 29 % of her share of telegraph poles . '' While the German default was aimed specifically at France , there `` was also substantial default on timber deliveries to Belgium and Italy '' . In addition , Britain `` was still awaiting 99.80 '' per cent of her 1922 timber deliveries . ^ Jump up to : No figure currently found showing the exact mark to dollar conversion . Instead , the estimated dollar value has been presented based off Sally Marks ' comment that while the `` paper mark depreciated rapidly , the gold mark held at 4 to the dollar and 20 to the pound . '' Citations Jump up ^ Henig 1995 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Simkins , Jukes & Hickey 2003 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Fourteen Points Speech Jump up ^ Beller 2007 , pp. 182 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Simkins 2002 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 638 . Jump up ^ Schmitt 1960 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Slavicek 2010 , pp. 41 -- 3 and 58 . Jump up ^ MacMillan 2003 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Weinberg 1994 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Slavicek 2010 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Brezina 2006 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Yearwood 2009 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Martel 2010 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Slavicek 2010 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bell 1997 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , p. 231 . ^ Jump up to : Marks 1978 , pp. 231 - 2 . Jump up ^ Young 2006 , pp. 133 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Young 2006 , pp. 135 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Binkley & Mahr 1926 , pp. 399 -- 400 . Jump up ^ Morrow 2005 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Binkley & Mahr 1926 , p. 400 . Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , pp. 537 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Bell 1997 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Albrecht - Carrié 1940 , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Martel 2010 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , articles 232 - 5 Jump up ^ Treaty of Neuilly , Article 121 Jump up ^ Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , articles 178 - 9 Jump up ^ Treaty of Trianon , articles 162 - 3 Jump up ^ Treaty of Sèvres , articles 231 - 6 Jump up ^ Treaty of Neuilly , Article 127 Jump up ^ Treaty of Neuilly , Article 128 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Annex IV - V Jump up ^ Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , Annex IV - V Jump up ^ Treaty of Trianon , Annex V Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , p. 410 . Jump up ^ United States Department of State 1921 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ United States Department of State 1921 , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Marks 1978 , p. 237 . ^ Jump up to : Marks 1978 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Crafts & Fearon 2013 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 1998 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , pp. 223 -- 234 . Jump up ^ Kramer 2008 , p. 10 . 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Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , p. 417 . ^ Jump up to : Henig 1995 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Tooze 2007 , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Peukert 1993 , p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , pp. 420 - 21 . Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , p. 413 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor 1991 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Bell 1997 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Winkler 1933 , pp. 86 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Martel 1999 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Bell 1997 , pp. 38 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Hantke & Spoerer 2010 , p. 849 . Jump up ^ Hantke & Spoerer 2010 , p. 851 . Jump up ^ Hantke & Spoerer 2010 , p. 860 . Jump up ^ Hantke & Spoerer 2010 , p. 861 . Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , pp. 409 - 10 and 425 . Jump up ^ Lentin 2012 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Bell 1997 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Campbell 1942 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1920 , preface . Jump up ^ Keynes 1920 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1920 , pp. 86 - 7 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1920 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1920 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1920 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1920 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1920 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1920 , pp. 94 - 5 . Jump up ^ Campbell 1942 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Campbell 1942 , pp. 161 - 2 . Jump up ^ Albrecht - Carrié 1940 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Campbell 1942 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Campbell 1942 , p. 163 . ^ Jump up to : Cord 2013 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Mantoux 1952 , pp. 162 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Taylor 1991 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Immerman 1998 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Harcourt 2012 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Martel 1999 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Schuker 1988 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , Hitler and the Origins of the War . Jump up ^ Slavicek 2010 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , p. 401 . Jump up ^ Davies 2007 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ McNeese 2010 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , p. 426 . Jump up ^ Feldman 1997 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Feldman 1997 , p. 430 . Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , p. 445 - 6 . Jump up ^ Martel 2010 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , p. 502 . Jump up ^ Feinstein 1995 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Marks 2013 , pp. 632 -- 659 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , p. 238 . ^ Jump up to : Marks 1978 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Schmitt 1960 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Liberman 1995 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Kitchen 2006 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Keylor 2013 , The Demonization of Versailles . Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , p. 524 . Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Henig 1995 , p. 65 . References ( edit ) Albrecht - Carrié , René ( March 1940 ) . `` Versailles Twenty Years After '' . Political Science Quarterly . The Academy of Political Science . 55 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 24 . JSTOR 2143772 . doi : 10.2307 / 2143772 . Albrecht - Carrié , René ( 1960 ) . France , Europe and the Two World Wars . E. Droz . ISBN 978 - 2 - 600 - 04276 - 5 . Backhaus , Jürgen ( 2012 ) ( 2011 ) . The Beginnings of Scholarly Economic Journalism : The Austrian Economist and The German Economist . The European Heritage in Economics and the Social Sciences . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 461 - 40078 - 3 . Bell , P.M.H. ( 1997 ) ( 1986 ) . The Origins of the Second World War in Europe ( 2nd Edition ) . Pearson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 30470 - 3 . Beller , Steven ( 2007 ) . A Concise History of Austria . Cambridge Concise Histories . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 47886 - 1 . Binkley , Robert C. ; Mahr , Dr. A.C. ( June 1926 ) . `` A New Interpretation of the `` Responsibility '' Clause in the Versailles Treaty `` . Current History . Periodicals Archive Online . 24 ( 3 ) : 398 -- 400 . Boemeke , Manfred F. ; Feldman , Gerald D. & Glaser , Elisabeth , eds. ( 1998 ) . Versailles : A Reassessment after 75 Years . Publications of the German Historical Institute . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 62132 - 8 . Boyer , Paul S. ; Clark , Clifford E. ; Hawley , Sandra ; Kett , Joseph. F & Rieser , Andrew ( 2009 ) . The Enduring Vision : A History of the American People , Volume 2 : From 1865 . Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 22278 - 3 . Brezina , Corona ( 2006 ) . The Treaty of Versailles , 1919 : : A Primary Source Examination of the Treaty That Ended World War I. Primary Sources of American Treaties . Rosen Central . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4042 - 0442 - 3 . Campbell , Claude A. ( Jan 1942 ) . `` Economic Errors of the Treaty of Versailles '' . Southwestern Social Science Quarterly . Periodicals Archive Online ( 23 ) : 160 -- 165 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 17 . Cord , Robert ( 2013 ) . Reinterpreting the Keynesian Revolution . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 07752 - 8 . Crafts , Nicholas & Fearon , Peter ( 2013 ) . The Great Depression of the 1930s : Lessons for Today . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 199 - 66318 - 7 . Crampton , R.J. ( 1987 ) . A Short History of Modern Bulgaria . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 25340 - 6 . Davies , Norman ( 2007 ) . Europe at War 1939 -- 1945 : No Simple Victory . Pan Books . ISBN 978 - 033035 - 212 - 3 . Evans , Richard ( 2008 ) . `` Hitler and the origins of the war , 1919 -- 1939 '' . Gresham College . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Feinstein , Charles H. ( 1995 ) . Banking , Currency , and Finance in Europe between the Wars . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 198 - 28803 - 9 . Feldman , Gerald D. ( 1997 ) ( 1996 ) . The Great Disorder : Politics , Economics , and Society in the German Inflation 1914 -- 1924 . Oxford University Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 195 - 10114 - 0 . Ferguson , Niall ( 1998 ) . The Pity of War : Explaining World War I. Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 713 - 99246 - 5 . Grenville , J.A.S & Wasserstein , Bernard ( 2000 ) ( 1987 ) . The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 14125 - 3 . Hantke , Max ; Spoerer , Mark ( 2010 ) . `` The imposed gift of Versailles : the fiscal effects of restricting the size of Germany 's armed forces , 1924 - 9 '' . The Economic History Review . The Economic History Review . 63 ( 4 ) : 849 -- 864 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.2009. 00512. x . Harcourt , G.C. ( 2012 ) . On Skidelsky 's Keynes and Other Essays : Selected Essays of G.C. Harcourt . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 28468 - 5 . Harsch , Donna ( 2009 ) . German Social Democracy and the Rise of Nazism . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 80785 - 733 - 5 . Hehn , Paul N. ( 2005 ) . A Low Dishonest Decade : The Great Powers , Eastern Europe , and the Economic Origins of World War II , 1930 -- 1941 . Bloomsbury 3PL . ISBN 978 - 0 - 826 - 41761 - 9 . Henig , Ruth ( 1995 ) ( 1984 ) . Versailles and After : 1919 -- 1933 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12710 - 6 . Immerman , Richard H. ( 1998 ) . John Foster Dulles : Piety , Pragmatism , and Power in U.S. Foreign Policy . Biographies in American Foreign Policy ( Book 2 ) . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2601 - 7 . Joshi , Srivastava ( 2005 ) ( 1978 ) . International Relations . GOEL Publishing House . ISBN 978 - 8 - 185 - 84270 - 7 . Keylor , William R. ( 2013 ) . `` The Demonization of Versailles '' . H - Diplo . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Kitchen , Martin ( 2006 ) . Europe between the wars . Pearson Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 89414 - 3 . Keynes , John Maynard ( 1920 ) . The Economic Consequences of the Peace . Harcourt Brace and Howe . Kindleberger , Charles Poor ( 1986 ) . The World in Depression , 1929 -- 1939 . University of California Press , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 05592 - 6 . Kramer , Alan ( 2008 ) . Dynamic of Destruction : Culture and Mass Killing in the First World War . The Making of the Modern World . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 846 - 14013 - 6 . Lentin , Antony ( Jan 2012 ) . `` Germany : a New Carthage ? '' . History Today : 20 -- 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 28 . Liberman , Peter ( 1995 ) . Does Conquest Pay ? The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies . Princeton Studies in International History and Politics . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 02986 - 3 . MacMillan , Margaret ( 2003 ) . Peacemakers : The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War . John Murray . ISBN 978 - 0 - 719 - 56237 - 2 . McNeese , Tim ( 2010 ) . Jensen , Richard , ed . World War II 1939 -- 1945 . Discovering U.S. History . Chelsea House Publications ; 1 edition . ISBN 978 - 160413 - 358 - 5 . Mantoux , Étienne ( 1952 ) . The Carthaginian Peace : Or the Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes . Scribner ; First Edition . Marks , Sally ( September 1978 ) . `` The Myths of Reparations '' . Central European History . Cambridge University Press . 11 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 255 . JSTOR 4545835 . doi : 10.1017 / s0008938900018707 . Marks , Sally ( September 2013 ) . `` Mistakes and Myths : The Allies , Germany , and the Versailles Treaty , 1918 -- 1921 '' . The Journal of Modern History . The University of Chicago Press . 85 ( 3 ) : 632 -- 659 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 670825 . doi : 10.1086 / 670825 . Martel , Gordon , ed. ( 1999 ) . Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered Second Edition . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16325 - 5 . Martel , Gordon , ed. ( 2010 ) . A Companion to Europe 1900 -- 1945 . Wiley - Blackwell ; 1 edition . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 3840 - 9 . Mommsen , Hans & Foster , Elborg ( 1988 ) . The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy . The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 807 - 84721 - 3 . Morrow , John H. ( 2005 ) . The Great War : An Imperial History . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 20440 - 8 . Peukert , Detlev J.K. ( 1993 ) ( 1989 ) . The Weimar Republic . Hill and Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 809 - 01556 - 6 . Schuker , Stephen A. ( 1988 ) . American `` Reparations '' to Germany , 1919 - 33 . Princeton Studies in International Finance . ISBN 978 - 0 - 881 - 65233 - 8 . Schuker , Stephen A. ( 1976 ) . End of French Predominance in Europe : Financial Crisis of 1924 and the Adoption of the Dawes Plan . The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 807 - 81253 - 2 . Schmitt , Bernadotte ( Feb 1960 ) . `` The Peace Treaties of 1919 -- 1920 '' . Proc. Am. Philos . Soc . American Philosophical Society . 104 ( 1 ) : 101 -- 110 . JSTOR 985606 . Schwarzschild , Leopold ( 1942 ) . World in trance : From Versailles to Pearl Harbor . L.B. Fischer Publishing Corp . Shamir , Haim ( 1989 ) . Economic Crisis and French Foreign Policy : 1930 -- 1936 . Brill Academic Pub . ISBN 978 - 9 - 004 - 08958 - 7 . Simkins , Peter ( 2002 ) . The First World War : Volume 3 The Western Front 1917 -- 1918 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 348 - 4 . Simkins , Peter ; Jukes , Geoffrey & Hickey , Michael ( 2003 ) . The First World War : The War to End All Wars . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 738 - 3 . Slavicek , Louise Chipley ( 2010 ) . The Treaty of Versailles . Milestones in Modern World History . Chelsea House Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 277 - 9 . Taylor , David ( 2001 ) . Modern World History for OCR specification 1937 . Heinemann Educational Publishers . ISBN 0 - 435 - 30831 - 9 . Taylor , A.J.P. ( 1991 ) ( 1961 ) . The Origins of the Second World War . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 140 - 13672 - 2 . Temin , Peter & Toniolo , Gianni ( 2008 ) . The World Economy between the Wars . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 195 - 30755 - 9 . Tooze , Adam ( 2007 ) ( 2006 ) . The Wages of Destruction : The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 014100348 - 1 . Tucker , Spencer C. & Roberts , Priscilla ( 2005 ) . The Encyclopedia of World War I : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . United States Department of State ( 1921 ) . `` Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States , 1921 Volume II '' . Foreign Relations of the United States . United States Government Printing Office . Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 1994 ) . A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44317 - 2 . Winkler , Max ( 1933 ) . Foreign Bonds : An Autopsy ( 1933 ed . ) . Beard Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 893 - 12243 - 7 . World Peace Foundation ( 1922 ) . October 1917 -- August 1930 Volume 5 . World Peace Foundation pamphlets , v. 1 -- 12 . World Peace Foundation . Yearwood , Peter J. ( 2009 ) . Guarantee of Peace : The League of Nations in British Policy 1914 -- 1925 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 922673 - 3 . Young , William ( 2006 ) . German Diplomatic Relations 1871 -- 1945 : The Wilhelmstrasse and the Formulation of Foreign Policy . iUniverse , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 40706 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Gomes , Leonard . German Reparations , 1919 - 1932 : A Historical Survey ( Springer , 2010 ) . ( hide ) Paris Peace Conference , 1919 League of Nations Covenant of the League of Nations Members Organisation Minority Treaties Little Treaty of Versailles Mandates Treaty of Versailles War guilt Reparations Role in the Weimar Republic 's hyperinflation Dawes Plan Young Plan Lausanne Conference Locarno Stresa Front Possible cause of the Second World War International Opium Convention Subsequent treaties Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres Partition of the Ottoman Empire Conference of London ( 1920 ) San Remo conference Turkish National Movement Turkish War of Independence Treaty of Lausanne Other American Commission to Negotiate Peace Commission of Responsibilities The Inquiry Related A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors To the Unknown British Soldier in France Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_I_reparations&oldid=808039456 '' Categories : Aftermath of World War I in Germany Reparations Treaty of Versailles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Simple English ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 14 : 29 . 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what country had to pay reparations following world war i u.s. france great britain germany
[ "World War I reparations were compensation imposed during the Paris Peace Conference upon the Central Powers following their defeat in the First World War by the Allied and Associate Powers. Each of the defeated powers was required to make payments in either cash or kind. Because of the financial situation Austria, Hungary, and Turkey found themselves in after the war, few to no reparations were paid and the requirements for reparations were cancelled. Bulgaria, having paid only a fraction of what was required, saw its reparation figure reduced and then cancelled. Historians have recognised the German requirement to pay reparations as the \"chief battleground of the post-war era\" and \"the focus of the power struggle between France and Germany over whether the Versailles Treaty was to be enforced or revised\".[1]" ]
[ "German" ]
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Wild card (sports)
Wild card ( sports ) - wikipedia Wild card ( sports ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A wild card ( or wildcard , or wild - card ) is , in general , a tournament or playoff berth awarded to an individual or team that has not qualified through normal play . Contents ( hide ) 1 International sports 2 North America 2.1 Major League Baseball 2.1. 1 Wild - card World Series champions 2.1. 2 Wild - card World Series losers 2.2 National Football League 2.2. 1 Wild Card Super Bowl champions 2.2. 2 Other Wild Card Super Bowl participants 2.3 National Basketball Association 2.4 National Hockey League 2.5 Major League Soccer 3 Professional tennis 3.1 Notable wildcards 4 Motorsport 4.1 Motorcycle racing 4.2 Auto racing 5 Use outside North America 5.1 Olympics 5.2 Euroleague 5.3 FIBA Basketball World Cup 5.4 European club rugby competitions 5.5 Super Rugby 5.6 Philippine Basketball Association 5.7 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final 5.8 International association football ( soccer ) 5.9 All - Ireland Senior Football Championship 5.10 Road cycling 6 References International sports ( edit ) In international sports , the term is perhaps best known in reference to big international sporting events such as the Olympic Games and Wimbledon . Countries which fail to produce athletes who meet qualification standards are granted `` wild cards '' , which allow them to enter competitors whose proven abilities are below the standard otherwise required . In some instances , wild cards are given to the host nation in order to boost its chances . In Olympic and World Championship competitions in track and field and swimming , however , nations are automatically allowed to enter two competitors , so these instances are technically not wild cards . In some other Olympic sports , such as judo , archery , and badminton , wild cards are in use , and they are granted by the respective sport federations . On rare occasions , a competitor who had gained entry by wild card succeeds in winning a medal or the championship . For example , Kye Sun - Hui won gold in judo at the 1996 Summer Olympics , Ding Junhui won the 2005 China Open snooker championship , Goran Ivanišević won the 2001 Wimbledon Championships , Kim Clijsters won the 2009 US Open , and Lin Dan won the 2013 BWF World Championships . North America ( edit ) In North American professional sports leagues , `` wild card '' refers to a team that qualifies for the championship playoffs without winning their specific conference or division outright . The number of wild card teams varies . In most cases , the rules of the league call for the wild card team to survive an extra round or to play the majority of their postseason games away from home . The term `` wild card '' does not apply to postseason formats where a set number of teams per division qualify . Former examples include : the American Football League 's 1969 playoffs ( qualifying the top two finishers from each division ) , the National Basketball Association 's 1967 - through - 1970 playoffs ( top four finishers from each division ) and 1971 -- 1972 playoffs ( top two finishers in each division ) , and the National Hockey League 's 1968 -- 1974 and 1982 -- 1993 playoffs ( top four finishers from each division ) are not true wild - card formats . When a wild - card playoff format is used , the number of teams in a division that qualify is not fixed ; the divisional champion automatically qualifies , but non-division winners qualify , based either on league record or conference record . Major league Baseball ( edit ) See also : Major League Baseball wild card , List of AL Wildcard winners , List of NL Wildcard winners , Major League Baseball division winners ( and wild - card winners ) and Major League Baseball wild - card game In Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , wild - card playoff spots are given to the two teams in each league ( four teams overall ) with the best records among the non-division winners . The initial wild - card format was implemented after MLB expanded to 28 teams and realigned its two leagues to each have three divisions . Since a three - team playoff would require one team to receive a bye , the wild card was created to allow a fourth team . The wild card has been in effect since 1995 , although it was supposed to be used in 1994 ; the postseason was canceled due to the players ' strike . In 2012 , a second wild card was added to each league . The two wild card teams in each league face each other in a one - game playoff , with the winner facing the number 1 seed in the Division Series . The advantages of the wild card format are that it allows a second - ( or third - ) place team a chance to win the World Series , even if there is a dominant division winner . As the wild cards are not awarded by division , the additional teams are part of league - wide races for the fourth and fifth spots . Critics of the wild card , such as broadcaster Bob Costas in his book Fair Ball : A Fan 's Case for Baseball , have argued that , of the four major North American sports , baseball , having the most regular - season games ( now 162 ) , places the largest importance on the regular season , and the wild cards diminish the importance of the regular season by permitting a `` second banana '' team to make the playoffs , and that while it creates a league - wide race , it is for second place ( and maybe third place ) in a division , and takes away what would otherwise be a pennant race between first - and second - place teams , and can lead to teams playing for the wild card rather than to win the division . The second wild card was added in 2012 to address the issue of teams being content to rest players and win the wild card instead of trying to win the division . Also , because of the `` sudden - death '' round , these teams often use their best starting pitcher , leaving them unavailable for much of the Division Series . A wild - card team must surrender home - field advantage the first two rounds of the playoffs . For the World Series , however , home - field advantage is determined without reference to wild - card status . Prior to 2003 , it was decided by alternating each year between the American and National Leagues . From 2003 to 2016 , it was granted to the winner of the All - Star Game . Since 2017 , it has been granted to the team with the better record . In the 2002 World Series , both the Anaheim Angels and the San Francisco Giants were wild - card teams , as were the Giants and the Kansas City Royals in the 2014 World Series . The World Series champions in 1997 , 2003 , 2004 , and 2011 were also wild - card teams . Wild - card World Series champions ( edit ) 1997 Florida Marlins 2002 Anaheim Angels 2003 Florida Marlins 2004 Boston Red Sox 2011 St. Louis Cardinals 2014 San Francisco Giants Wild - card World Series losers ( edit ) 2000 New York Mets 2002 San Francisco Giants 2005 Houston Astros 2006 Detroit Tigers 2007 Colorado Rockies 2014 Kansas City Royals National Football league ( edit ) Main article : NFL playoffs In the National Football League ( NFL ) , each of the two conferences sends two wild - card teams along with four division champions to its postseason . The first round of the playoffs is called the `` Wild Card Round '' . In this round , each conference 's two best ( by regular - season record ) division champions are exempted from play and granted automatic berths in the `` Divisional Round '' . The four division champions are seeded from # 1 through # 4 , while the two wild card teams are seeded # 5 and # 6 ; within these separations , seeding is by regular - season record . In the `` Wild Card Round '' , the # 6 team ( a wild card team ) plays against the # 3 team ( a division champion ) , and the # 5 team ( a wild card team ) plays against the # 4 team ( a division champion ) . The division champions have automatic home - field advantage in these games . In the `` Divisional Round '' , the worst seeded remaining team plays the # 1 seeded team , while the best seeded remaining team that played in the wildcard round plays the # 2 seed . Both the # 1 seed and # 2 seed have home - field advantage in the divisional round . The NFL was the first league ever to use the wild - card format . When the league realigned into two conferences of three divisions each in 1970 , it wanted an even four - team playoff field in each conference . This was established by having the three division champions in each conference joined by the best second - place finisher in the conference . At first , this team was referred as the `` Best Second - Place Team '' ( or sometimes simply as the `` Fourth Qualifier '' ) . The media , however , began referring to the qualifying teams as `` wild cards '' . Eventually , the NFL officially adopted the term . During the 1975 , 1976 , and 1977 seasons , the divisional playoffs featured the # 1 seed hosting the wild card team and the # 2 seed hosting the # 3 seed unless the # 1 seed and wild card team were divisional rivals . In that case , the # 1 seed hosted the # 3 seed and the # 2 seed hosted the wild card team . This was also the format used in Major League Baseball from 1995 through 2011 . In 1978 , the playoffs were expanded to 10 teams ; however , the restriction against teams in the same division playing each other in the divisional round continued until the playoffs expanded to 12 teams in 1990 . During this time , the # 1 seed hosted the winner of the # 4 vs # 5 wild card game , while the # 2 seed played the # 3 seed . If the # 1 seed and the winner of the # 4 vs # 5 wild card game were in the same division , then the # 1 seed played the # 3 seed , while the # 2 seed played the # 4 vs # 5 winner . When Major League Baseball expanded its playoffs to 10 teams in 2012 , it also used this format , although teams in the same division could play each other in the Division Series . From 1970 through 1974 , the NFL used a rotation to determine which teams would host conference semifinal and final games , and which teams would play which other teams ( coincidentally , baseball also used a rotation when it began to have this number of teams , for both of the aforementioned purposes , from 1995 -- 1997 before switching to the seeding method ) . The number of wild - card qualifiers was expanded to two per conference in 1978 -- the divisional winners were granted a bye week while the wild card teams played ( hence the origin of the phrase `` Wild Card Round '' ) . Like wild card teams before , the wild card game winner played the # 1 seed , or the # 2 seed if they and the # 1 seed were divisional rivals . The playoffs were expanded again to three wild cards per conference in 1990 ( or 12 teams total , which remains now ) with the lowest ranked divisional winner losing its bye . Following the addition of the Houston Texans in 2002 , the league added a fourth division to each conference . The league decided not to change the number of playoff teams , and thus the number of wild card qualifiers was reduced to two per conference , with the two lowest ranked divisional winners not receiving byes . The term `` Wild Card Round '' continues to be used for the opening weekend of NFL playoffs , even though that weekend has involved both wild card and non-wild card teams since 1990 . As of the start of the 2017 season , there has never been a meeting of two wild card teams in the Super Bowl . Wild Card Super Bowl champions ( edit ) 1980 Oakland Raiders -- Super Bowl XV ( played in 1981 ) 1997 Denver Broncos -- Super Bowl XXXII ( played in 1998 ) 2000 Baltimore Ravens -- Super Bowl XXXV ( played in 2001 ) 2005 Pittsburgh Steelers -- Super Bowl XL ( played in 2006 ) 2007 New York Giants -- Super Bowl XLII ( played in 2008 ) 2010 Green Bay Packers -- Super Bowl XLV ( played in 2011 ) Other wild card Super Bowl participants ( edit ) 1975 Dallas Cowboys -- Super Bowl X ( played in 1976 ) 1985 New England Patriots -- Super Bowl XX ( played in 1986 ) 1992 Buffalo Bills -- Super Bowl XXVII ( played in 1993 ) 1999 Tennessee Titans -- Super Bowl XXXIV ( played in 2000 ) The 1980 Raiders , 2005 Steelers , and 1992 Bills tied for first in their division but lost a tiebreaker . While not a wild card team , the 1969 Kansas City Chiefs were the first non-division winner to win the Super Bowl . They finished second in the Western Division of the American Football League , and in that season , the last before the merger , the AFL went from having its two division winners meeting for the league title to adding a second round in which the second place team in each division qualified for the post-season . These teams played cross-division in the semifinal round . Thus the Chiefs , who finished second in the West , defeated the East Division champion New York Jets in the AFL semifinals and then defeated the West Division champion Oakland Raiders to advance to Super Bowl IV , where they beat the Minnesota Vikings . Because the term `` wild card '' was not instituted until the following year , the Chiefs are not included in the above list , but are recognized as the first team to win the Super Bowl without winning a division title . National Basketball Association ( edit ) Main article : NBA playoffs Although the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) include wild - card teams in their playoff structures , the term `` wild card '' is seldom used ; instead , each playoff team is most commonly denoted by its seeding position within the conference . In the NBA , division champions within each conference were given the # 1 - 3 seeds based on their regular - season records . The two fourth - placed wild - card teams are awarded the # 7 and # 8 seeds , respectively , also based on their regular - season records . In the NBA playoffs , home court advantage is determined strictly by regular - season record , without regard to seeding . Before the 2006 -- 07 NBA season , the NBA seeded its teams in the same manner as the NHL . Until 2015 , the NBA seeds the three division winners and the wild - card team with the best record by regular - season record . This means that the wild - card with the best record got a seed as high as # 2 ( if that team is in the same division as the team with the best record in the conference ) ; however , the next four wild - card teams will still be limited to the # 5 through # 8 seeds . This change was made to ensure that the two best teams in each conference could not meet until the conference final , and also ( allegedly ) to try and eliminate incentives for a playoff - bound team to deliberately lose games at the end of the regular season in order to `` choose '' a higher - seeded team that has won fewer games ( and , due to the unique home - court rules of the NBA , possibly gain home - court advantage for that series ) . Since the 2015 - 16 NBA season , the seeded teams are ranked by percentage unless the team wins a division in a tiebreaker . In the NBA , the winner of the # 1 vs. # 8 series goes on to face the winner of the # 5 vs. # 4 series , while the winner of the # 2 vs. # 7 series faces the winner of the # 6 vs. # 3 series . Notice that the winner of the # 1 vs. # 8 series will usually play against a wild - card team in the Conference Semifinals ; this is arranged deliberately to `` reward '' the # 1 seeded team by giving it the most winnable matchups in the first and second rounds . National Hockey league ( edit ) Main article : Stanley Cup playoffs In the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , the first , second , and third place teams in each division qualify for the playoffs automatically , and two additional teams , regardless of divisional alignment , also qualify by having the best records among the remaining teams in the conference . These teams are referred to as the Wild Cards . The division champions play the Wild Cards , while the second and third placed teams in each division play each other ; therefore the bracket is fixed , like the NBA . Home ice advantage is given to the higher seed division-wise , with the better record being used in the Conference Finals and Stanley Cup Finals . From 1999 until 2013 , division champions within each conference were given the # 1 - 3 seeds based on their regular - season records . Among the remaining teams within each conference , five additional teams with the best records are awarded seeds # 4 through # 8 . The division champions ( first - third seeds ) and the team with the best record that is n't a division champion ( fourth seed ) were given home ice advantage in the opening playoff series , in which they face the eighth - seeded through fifth - seeded teams , respectively . However , the playoff format differed slightly from that of the NBA . In the NHL , the highest winning seed of the first round played the lowest winning seed of the first round in the next round of the playoffs . For example , if the # 1 , # 4 , # 6 , and # 7 seeds win their respective first round series then the second round of the playoffs matched the # 1 seed ( highest ) versus the # 7 seed ( lowest ) and the # 4 seed ( 2nd highest ) versus the # 6 seed ( second lowest ) . Home ice advantage in each NHL playoff series prior to the Stanley Cup Finals was granted by superior seed , even if the `` wild card '' team had a better regular season record . For the Finals , the team with the better record will receive home ice advantage . Major league soccer ( edit ) Main article : MLS Cup Playoffs Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , the top level of soccer ( football ) in both countries , used a wild card format starting in its 2011 playoffs . The top three teams from each of its two conferences automatically qualified for the conference semifinals , while the four remaining teams with the highest point totals in league play , without regard to conference , earned `` wild cards '' into the playoffs . The wild card matches were single games , with the # 7 seed hosting the # 10 seed and the # 8 seed hosting the # 9 seed . The lowest surviving seed then played the Supporters ' Shield winner ( i.e. , the team with the highest point total ) , while the other surviving wild card played the top seed in the other conference . The `` wild card '' format was revamped for the 2012 season . Since 2015 , the top six teams from each conference qualify for the playoffs , with the # 1 & # 2 seeds in each conference automatically qualifying for the conference semifinals , and seeds # 3 - 6 in each conference being wild cards . The lowest - seeded winner ( played between the # 4 & # 5 , and # 3 & # 6 seeds ) in each conference plays the # 1 seed , and the next - lowest playing the # 2 seed in the conference semifinals . Professional tennis ( edit ) In professional tennis tournaments , a wild card refers to a tournament entry awarded to a player at the discretion of the organizers . All ATP and WTA tournaments have a few spots set aside for wild cards in both the main draw , and the qualifying draw , for players who otherwise would not have made either of these draws with their professional ranking . They are usually awarded to players from the home and / or sponsoring country ( sometimes after a tournament where the winner is awarded the wild card ) , promising young players , players that are likely to draw a large crowd , have won the tournament earlier or players who were once ranked higher and are attempting a comeback ( for instance , following a long - term injury ) . High ranked players can also ask for a wild card if they want to enter a non-mandatory tournament after the normal entry deadline , for example because they lost early in another tournament . This means a wild card player sometimes becomes the top seed . Three of the Grand Slam tournaments swap some wild cards : the Australian Open , French Open , and US Open . A New York Times journalist has described this practice as `` nothing more than mutual back scratching '' and `` an outdated symbol of elitism '' . Notable wildcards ( edit ) In 2001 , Goran Ivanišević won the Wimbledon Men 's Singles Championships having been handed a wild - card entry by the organising All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . At the time , he was ranked World No. 125 after a shoulder injury but had earlier reached the final three times . In 2009 , Kim Clijsters won the US Open tournament , after receiving a wild - card entry . It was her first Grand Slam tournament since announcing her comeback to the sport , having first retired in 2007 to start a family . She was a former champion and world no . 1 but was unranked since she had only played two other tournaments ( also on wild cards ) since her comeback , and three were required to get a rank . In 2012 , Jonathan Marray and Frederik Nielsen won the Wimbledon Men 's Doubles after being selected as a wildcard . They had no significant results but Marray was a home player . In 2017 , Maria Sharapova was granted a wild card to play in the US Open . She was a former champion and had ended a 15 - month doping ban earlier in the year . Motorsport ( edit ) Motorcycle racing ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In motorcycle racing the term ' wild card ' is used for competitors only involved in individual rounds of a championship , usually their local round . Local riders taking advantage of their local knowledge ( often having raced that circuit on that bike before ) and affording to take risks without planning for a championship , often upset established runners . Makoto Tamada and Shaky Byrne have both taken double victories in Superbike World Championship rounds in their home countries . The most famous wild card entry perhaps was the late Daijiro Kato with finishing 3rd at his first appearance in 1996 and then winning the Japanese 250cc Grand Prix back to back in 1997 and 1998 on his way to become the most successful 250cc World Champion of all time in 2001 . Grand Prix motorcycle racing Each Grand Prix host Federation ( FMNR ) may nominate 3 wild card entries for the Moto3 and Moto2 classes in their own Grand Prix only . The MSMA ( Motorcycle Sport Manufacturers ' Association ) may , at each event , nominate 1 wild card entry for the Moto2 and MotoGP classes . The FIM may , at each event , nominate 2 wild card entries for the Moto3 and Moto2 classes and FIM / DORNA may , at each event , nominate 1 wild card entry for the MotoGP class . Superbike World Championship Each Event host Federation ( FMNR ) may nominate 4 wild card entries for the Superbike class and 2 wild card entries for the Supersport and Superstock classes , in their own event only . The FIM may nominate 2 wild card entries for the Superbike class . Motorcycle Speedway In Motorcycle Speedway , wild cards compete in the Speedway Grand Prix events in which there is 1 wild card per competition ( until 2005 there were 2 per Grand Prix ) . As of 2014 six wild cards have won a Grand Prix : Mark Loram in 1999 , Martin Dugard in 2000 , Hans Andersen in 2006 ( later that year he replaced a permanent rider and went on to win another GP ) , Michael Jepsen Jensen in 2012 , Adrian Miedziński in 2013 and Bartosz Zmarzlik in 2014 . Auto racing ( edit ) Wild Card entries are not unknown in auto racing either , although the Concorde Agreement in modern - day Formula One requires all teams to participate in every event . John Love came close to winning the 1967 South African Grand Prix in a wild card type situation , long before the term had been coined . Although the term is rarely used in NASCAR , the concept of a road course ringer is similar . Before the late - 1990s , NEXTEL Cup and Busch Series races in the West and Northeast respectively would have several drivers from the Winston West and Busch North series , as the series regulations were very similar , and until the mid-2000s , ARCA drivers would usually attempt Cup races in the Midwest and at restrictor - plate races . During the period of the mid-1980s until 2004 , individual NASCAR races utilized the `` Promoter 's Option '' ( also known as Provisionals ) to allow a top driver / team that did not qualify for the race , the opportunity for a `` wild card '' type starting position at the end of the grid . This allowed track owners to advertise and guarantee to fans that the most popular drivers would participate in the race ( pleasing fans in attendance , and preventing no - shows ) even if the driver had an unfortunate mishap ( e.g. , blown engine ) or crash during time trials . Starting in 2005 , only the Former Champion 's Provisional remains . During the NASCAR Sprint All - Star Race ( a non-points exhibition event ) one driver who fails to qualify for the race is awarded a wild card spot via `` Fans Choice '' vote . In 2008 , Kasey Kahne , was selected as a wild card via fan vote , and went on to win the race . From 2011 to 2013 , NASCAR 's top - level Sprint Cup Series , since renamed the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series , used `` wild cards '' in a different context , namely that of qualifying for the season - ending Chase for the Sprint Cup , now rebranded as the NASCAR playoffs . In previous seasons , the top 12 drivers in championship points after the first 26 races of the season automatically qualified for the Chase , with their points reset to a point unreachable by any other driver . Under the 2011 -- 2013 system , only the top 10 drivers automatically qualified . The other two Chase qualifiers were the two drivers ranked from 11th through 20th after 26 races with the most race wins , with tiebreakers used as necessary to restrict the number of `` wild cards '' to two . Major changes to the Chase format that took effect in 2014 , most notably determining the newly expanded Chase field of 16 mainly by race wins , eliminated this type of `` wild card '' . Use outside North America ( edit ) Although the term `` wild card '' is not generally used in this context outside North America , a few competitions effectively employ such a system to determine one or more places in a future phase of a competition . Olympics ( edit ) In the Olympics , several sport governing bodies award wild cards to nations in order to further promote their sport . Sports governing bodies will either make selections or hold a tournament to determine the wild cards . One such notable wild card selection was Equatorial Guinea swimmer Eric Moussambani , who finished last in the 100m meter event in the 2000 Summer Olympics . Euroleague ( edit ) The Euroleague , a Europe - wide competition for elite basketball clubs , once had one `` wild card '' advancing from its first phase , officially the Regular Season , to its second , called the Top 16 . The rule was in place through the 2007 -- 08 season . At that time , the competition began each year with 24 clubs , divided into three groups . ( Today , the competition starts with a preliminary stage of 16 teams playing down to two survivors , who join 22 other teams in the Regular Season . ) Then as now , the groups played a double round - robin for the Regular Season , with eight clubs eliminated and the remaining clubs advancing to the Top 16 . Under the rules in place through 2007 -- 08 , the top five clubs in each group automatically advanced . The final `` wild card '' spot in the Top 16 went to the sixth - place club with the best overall record , with three potential tiebreaking steps . A coin toss is not indicated as a possible step . Starting in 2008 -- 09 , the `` wild card '' was abolished when the Regular Season was reorganized into four groups with 6 teams apiece . Now , the top four teams in each group advance to the Top 16 . No change to the tiebreakers was made . FIBA Basketball World Cup ( edit ) The world championship for basketball , the FIBA Basketball World Cup , invites four wild cards to complete its 24 - team field . Teams have to participate in qualifying for the World Cup , have to apply to be one , and FIBA is not allowed more than three teams from the same continent in order to be selected . This setup began in 2006 , where Italy , Puerto Rico , Serbia and Montenegro , and Turkey were selected by FIBA ; Turkey made the best performance , reaching the quarterfinals . In 2010 , FIBA selected Germany , Lithuania , Lebanon , and Russia as the wild cards , with Lithuania finishing third , and Russia making it to the quarterfinals . For the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup , FIBA selected Brazil , Finland , Greece , and Turkey ; 2014 will be the last time FIBA will select wild cards , as the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup would no longer have wild cards when it expands to 32 teams . The perennial top two FIBA Oceania team namely Australia and New Zealand as wild card teams of FIBA Asia Cup 2017 in Lebanon . These two teams are also part of FIBA Asia in Basketball tournaments including FIBA World Qualifying Tournament for FIBA World Cup 2019 in China . European club Rugby competitions ( edit ) Rugby union 's analogue to the Euroleague is the European Rugby Champions Cup , which replaced the previous top - level club competition , the Heineken Cup , starting with the 2014 -- 15 season . The Champions Cup maintains a system originally created for the Heineken Cup in which some `` wild card '' teams advance to the competition 's knockout stages . Also starting in 2014 -- 15 , the organiser of the Champions Cup , European Professional Club Rugby , introduced this type of `` wild card '' to the second - level European Rugby Challenge Cup . During the last five seasons of the Heineken Cup ( 2009 -- 10 to 2013 -- 14 ) , another `` wild card '' system allowed teams to parachute into the original European Challenge Cup , which has now been replaced by the current Challenge Cup . This was scrapped with the creation of the current Challenge Cup . Both the Champions Cup and current Challenge Cup involve 20 clubs ( compared to 24 in the Heineken Cup and 20 in the original Challenge Cup ) , divided into pools of four clubs with each club playing a double round - robin within its pool . In both competitions , eight clubs advance to the knockout stages . The top club in each pool advances ; the three `` wild card '' places are filled by the second - place clubs with the best overall records . For the Champions Cup , the number of wild cards increased by one from the Heineken Cup era ; both versions of the Challenge Cup had three wild cards , but the original version filled them in an entirely different manner . In the final years of the Heineken Cup , starting in 2009 -- 10 and ending with the 2014 reorganisation of European club rugby , the three second - place teams with the next - best records after those that advanced to the Heineken Cup knockout stage parachuted into the Challenge Cup . The tiebreaking procedure used to determine overall seeding , which was devised in the Heineken Cup era and carried over intact into the current era , is almost as elaborate as that of the NFL , with a total of seven steps ( a coin flip is the last ) . Prior to 2009 -- 10 , the original Challenge Cup also had `` wild card '' teams entering its knockout stages . The top club in each pool advanced to the knockout stage , along with the three second - place teams with the best records , using the same tiebreaking procedure as the Heineken Cup . Starting in 2009 -- 10 , only the winner of each pool entered the knockout stage , to be joined by the teams parachuting in from the Heineken Cup . As noted above , with the creation of the new Challenge Cup , that competition abandoned this system in favour of the system used in the Champions Cup . Super Rugby ( edit ) The Super Rugby competition , involving regional franchises from Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa , adopted a new playoff system with `` wild cards '' when it expanded to 15 teams in 2011 . In its previous incarnations as Super 12 and Super 14 ( each number reflecting the number of teams in the competition ) , it used a Shaughnessy playoff system in which the top four teams advanced to a knockout stage . The expansion to 15 teams led to major changes in the competition format . Through the 2015 season , the competition was divided into three conferences of five teams each , with every conference consisting solely of teams from one of the participating countries . At the end of the regular season , the winners of each conference received playoff berths . These teams were joined by three `` wild cards '' , specifically the three non-winners with the most competition points without regard to conference . ( Tiebreakers were employed as necessary . ) With the expansion of Super Rugby to 18 teams in 2016 , featuring a permanent sixth franchise for South Africa and new teams based in Argentina and Japan , the competition format was changed again . The competition is now divided into the Australasian Group , including all Australian and New Zealand teams , and the African Group , consisting of the South African teams plus the Argentine and Japanese franchises . In turn , the Australasian Group is divided into Australia and New Zealand Conferences , and the African Group is split into Africa 1 and Africa 2 Conferences . As in the 2011 -- 15 system , the conference winners will receive playoff berths . The number of wild cards will increase to four , with the three top non-winners from the Australasian Group and the top non-winner from the African Group , again based on competition points , earning those spots . Philippine Basketball Association ( edit ) In the Philippine Basketball Association , the playoffs are done after an elimination ( in 2005 - 06 , a classification ) round where the top two teams with the best records are given semi-final byes , the next 3 are given quarterfinal byes , the next 4 are given entry to the wildcard phase , and the tenth team is eliminated . The winner of the wild card playoffs , varying in format from a round - robin , a single - elimination or sudden death , usually meets the strongest quarterfinalist ( the 3rd seed ) . The wild card winner 's next opponent for the quarterfinals rested while the wild card phase was ongoing so the chance of advancing to the semi-finals ( in which a team rested longer ) is slim . The only wild card champion are the 7th - seeded Barangay Ginebra Kings in the 2004 PBA Fiesta Conference after 7 years of championship drought they made an epic run all the way to the throne , in which the top 2 teams were given semifinal byes while the bottom eight went through a knock - out wild card tournament . Since the addition of the quarterfinal bye , no wild card has entered the Finals , although the Air21 Express won the third - place trophy at the 2005 - 06 PBA Fiesta Conference . The wild card set up was no longer used when the league reverted to the 3 - conference format starting from the 2010 -- 11 PBA season . Isu Grand Prix of figure skating final ( edit ) For both the junior and senior Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final ( which starting in the 2008 -- 2009 figure skating season will be merged into a single two - division event ) , the hosting federation may issue a wild card invitation to one of their own skaters should no skater from the host country qualify for the event through the Grand Prix circuit . Use of the wild card has not been common ; however , it was used at the 2007 -- 2008 Junior Grand Prix Final by the Polish federation . International Association Football ( soccer ) ( edit ) The same rationale exists in international association football , specifically FIFA World Cup qualifying stages . Typically in FIFA World Cup qualifying stages in Europe , for example , 2nd placed teams are all ranked by number of points . The team with the most points is guaranteed automatic qualification to the FIFA World Cup . The team with the least points is eliminated ( points from victories against the last - placed team in each country 's respective group being deducted ) , while teams in between generally play a 2 - game playoff to determine qualification . All - Ireland senior Football championship ( edit ) In the All - Ireland Senior Football Championship , the premier competition in Gaelic football , each of the thirty - two counties in Ireland as well as London and New York play in their respective Provincial Championships through a knock - out cup competition format without seeds . The winners of each of the four Provincial Championships earn one of eight places in the All - Ireland Quarter Finals . The thirty teams that fail to win their respective Provincial Championships receive a second opportunity to reach the All - Ireland Series via the All Ireland Qualifiers ( also known as the ' back door ' , similar to a Wild Card ) . Road cycling ( edit ) In road cycling ( teams ) , a wild card refers to an invitation to a race which a particular team would not normally be able to enter . Usually used for top division ( currently UCI World Tour ) races where the organization want more teams , lower league teams will be invited . It is very common to offer a wild card for teams from the same country to help local sport and to boost national pride . For example , for the 100th `` Tour de France '' in 2013 , the organisers ( the Amaury Sport Organisation ) awarded three wild cards to French teams : Cofidis , Sojasun and Team Europcar , all of which were UCI Professional Continental teams at the time and therefore not automatically invited , unlike the UCI ProTeams which made up the vast majority of the entry list . Teams can apply for a wild card . In January 2015 , Team MTN - Qhubeka from South Africa accepted an invitation to participate in the 2015 edition of `` Tour de France '' . MTN - Qhubeka was the first African team to receive a wild card entry into the event that was held from 4 to 26 July 2015 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Freedman , Jonah ( November 20 , 2011 ) . `` Big changes for MLS Cup Playoffs format in 2012 '' . MLSSoccer.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Australian Open to hold wildcard playoff in China - Reuters , 17 September 2012 Jump up ^ Wishes for Tennis in 2018 - Christopher Clarey , The New York Times , 12 January 2018 ^ Jump up to : McVeigh , Niall ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` The Joy of Six : Wimbledon wildcards '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maria Sharapova granted wild - card entry into U.S. Open '' . Tennis.com. 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix Regulations '' ( PDF ) . fim.ch . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Road Racing Superbike & Supersport World Championships and Superstock Cup Regulations '' ( PDF ) . fim.ch . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wild_card_(sports)&oldid=820050542 '' Categories : Sports terminology Motorcycle racing Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from January 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from May 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 January 2018 , at 20 : 15 . 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Subscriber identity module
Subscriber identity module - wikipedia Subscriber identity module Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that Overlay SIM be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since July 2017 . A typical SIM card ( mini-SIM ) A mini-SIM card next to its electrical contacts in a Nokia 6233 A TracFone Wireless SIM card has no distinctive carrier markings and is only marked as a `` SIM CARD '' . A subscriber identity module or subscriber identification module ( SIM ) is an integrated circuit that is intended to securely store the international mobile subscriber identity ( IMSI ) number and its related key , which are used to identify and authenticate subscribers on mobile telephony devices ( such as mobile phones and computers ) . It is also possible to store contact information on many SIM cards . SIM cards are always used on GSM phones ; for CDMA phones , they are only needed for newer LTE - capable handsets . SIM cards can also be used in satellite phones , computers , or cameras . The SIM circuit is part of the function of a universal integrated circuit card ( UICC ) physical smart card , which is usually made of PVC with embedded contacts and semiconductors . `` SIM cards '' are transferable between different mobile devices . The first UICC smart cards were the size of credit and bank cards ; sizes were reduced several times over the years , usually keeping electrical contacts the same , so that a larger card could be cut down to a smaller size . A SIM card contains its unique serial number ( ICCID ) , international mobile subscriber identity ( IMSI ) number , security authentication and ciphering information , temporary information related to the local network , a list of the services the user has access to , and two passwords : a personal identification number ( PIN ) for ordinary use , and a personal unblocking code ( PUC ) for PIN unlocking . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and procurement 1.1 Inactivation 1.2 Registration 2 Design 3 Data 3.1 ICCID 3.2 International mobile subscriber identity ( IMSI ) 3.3 Authentication key ( K ) 3.4 Location area identity 3.5 SMS messages and contacts 4 Formats 4.1 Full - size SIM 4.2 Mini-SIM 4.3 Micro-SIM 4.4 Nano - SIM 4.5 Embedded - SIM / embedded universal integrated circuit card ( eUICC ) 5 Security 6 Developments 6.1 USIM 6.2 UICC 6.3 Other variants 7 Usage in mobile phone standards 8 SIM and carriers 8.1 SIM - only 9 Multiple - SIM devices 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History and procurement ( edit ) The SIM was initially specified by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute in the specification with the number TS 11.11 . This specification describes the physical and logical behaviour of the SIM . With the development of UMTS , the specification work was partially transferred to 3GPP . 3GPP is now responsible for the further development of applications like SIM ( TS 51.011 ) and USIM ( TS 31.102 ) and ETSI for the further development of the physical card UICC . The first SIM card was developed in 1991 by Munich smart - card maker Giesecke & Devrient , who sold the first 300 SIM cards to the Finnish wireless network operator Radiolinja . Today , SIM cards are ubiquitous , allowing over 7 billion devices to connect to cellular networks around the world . According to the International Card Manufacturers Association ( ICMA ) , there were 5.4 billion SIM cards manufactured globally in 2016 creating over $6.5 billion in revenue for traditional SIM card vendors . The rise of cellular IoT and 5G networks is predicted to drive the growth of the addressable market for SIM card manufacturers to over 20 billion cellular devices by 2020 . The introduction of Embedded SIM ( eSIM ) and Remote SIM Provisioning ( RSP ) from the GSMA may disrupt the traditional SIM card ecosystem with the entrance of new players specializing in `` digital '' SIM card provisioning and other value - added services for mobile network operators . Inactivation ( edit ) Many non-contractual `` pay - as - you - go '' arrangements require the subscriber to actively use credit periodically to avoid account expiration , expiration period depends on network operators , typically defining a period from three months to one year . This is sometimes associated with the SIM card being made `` inactive '' by the network . Registration ( edit ) Most countries and operators require customer identification to activate service , but some , such as The United States , Hong Kong SAR , Lithuania and the Philippines , do not . Design ( edit ) SIM chip structure and packaging There are three operating voltages for SIM cards : 5 V , 3 V and 1.8 V ( ISO / IEC 7816 - 3 classes A , B and C , respectively ) . The operating voltage of the majority of SIM cards launched before 1998 was 5 V. SIM cards produced subsequently are compatible with 3 V and 5 V. Modern cards support 5 V , 3 V and 1.8 V . 4 by 4 mm silicon chip in a SIM card which has been peeled open . Note the thin gold bonding wires , and the regular , rectangular digital memory areas . Modern SIM cards allow applications to load when the SIM is in use by the subscriber . These applications communicate with the handset or a server using SIM Application Toolkit , which was initially specified by 3GPP in TS 11.14 . ( There is an identical ETSI specification with different numbering . ) ETSI and 3GPP maintain the SIM specifications . The main specifications are : ETSI TS 102 223 , ETSI TS 102 241 , ETSI TS 102 588 , and ETSI TS 131 111 . SIM toolkit applications were initially written in native code using proprietary APIs . To provide interoperability of the applications , ETSI chose Java Card. . Additional standard size and specifications of interest are maintained by GlobalPlatform . Data ( edit ) SIM cards store network - specific information used to authenticate and identify subscribers on the network . The most important of these are the ICCID , IMSI , Authentication Key ( Ki ) , Local Area Identity ( LAI ) and Operator - Specific Emergency Number . The SIM also stores other carrier - specific data such as the SMSC ( Short Message Service Center ) number , Service Provider Name ( SPN ) , Service Dialing Numbers ( SDN ) , Advice - Of - Charge parameters and Value Added Service ( VAS ) applications . ( Refer to GSM 11.11 ) SIM cards can come in various data capacities , from 8 KB to at least 256 KB . All can store a maximum of 250 contacts on the SIM , but while the 32 KB has room for 33 Mobile Network Codes ( MNCs ) or network identifiers , the 64 KB version has room for 80 MNCs . This is used by network operators to store data on preferred networks , mostly used when the SIM is not in its home network but is roaming . The network operator that issued the SIM card can use this to have a phone connect to a preferred network that is more economic for the provider instead of having to pay the network operator that the phone ' saw ' first . This does not mean that a phone containing this SIM card can connect to a maximum of only 33 or 80 networks , but it means that the SIM card issuer can specify only up to that number of preferred networks . If a SIM is outside these preferred networks it uses the first or best available network . ICCID ( edit ) Each SIM is internationally identified by its integrated circuit card identifier ( ICCID ) . ICCIDs are stored in the SIM cards and are also engraved or printed on the SIM card body during a process called personalisation . The ICCID is defined by the ITU - T recommendation E. 118 as the Primary Account Number . Its layout is based on ISO / IEC 7812 . According to E. 118 , the number is up to 22 digits long , including a single check digit calculated using the Luhn algorithm . However , the GSM Phase 1 defined the ICCID length as 10 octets ( 20 digits ) with operator - specific structure . The number is composed of the following subparts : Issuer identification number ( IIN ) Maximum of seven digits : Major industry identifier ( MII ) , 2 fixed digits , 89 for telecommunication purposes . Country code , 1 -- 3 digits , as defined by ITU - T recommendation E. 164 . Issuer identifier , 1 -- 4 digits . Individual account identification Individual account identification number . Its length is variable , but every number under one IIN has the same length . Check digit Single digit calculated from the other digits using the Luhn algorithm . With the GSM Phase 1 specification using 10 octets into which ICCID is stored as packed BCD , the data field has room for 20 digits with hexadecimal digit `` F '' being used as filler when necessary . In practice , this means that on GSM SIM cards there are 20 - digit ( 19 + 1 ) and 19 - digit ( 18 + 1 ) ICCIDs in use , depending upon the issuer . However , a single issuer always uses the same size for its ICCIDs . To confuse matters more , SIM factories seem to have varying ways of delivering electronic copies of SIM personalization datasets . Some datasets are without the ICCID checksum digit , others are with the digit . As required by E. 118 , The ITU publishes a list of all current internationally assigned IIN codes in its Operational Bulletins . As of October 2016 the list issued on 15 November 2013 was current . International mobile subscriber identity ( IMSI ) ( edit ) SIM cards are identified on their individual operator networks by a unique International Mobile Subscriber Identity ( IMSI ) . Mobile network operators connect mobile phone calls and communicate with their market SIM cards using their IMSIs . The format is : The first three digits represent the Mobile Country Code ( MCC ) . The next two or three digits represent the Mobile Network Code ( MNC ) . Three - digit MNC codes are allowed by E. 212 but are mainly used in the United States and Canada . The next digits represent the mobile subscriber identification number ( MSIN ) . Normally there are 10 digits , but can be fewer in the case of a 3 - digit MNC or if national regulations indicate that the total length of the IMSI should be less than 15 digits . Digits are different from country to country . Authentication key ( K ) ( edit ) The K is a 128 - bit value used in authenticating the SIMs on a GSM mobile network ( for USIM network , you still need K but other parameters are also needed ) . Each SIM holds a unique K assigned to it by the operator during the personalization process . The K is also stored in a database ( termed authentication center or AuC ) on the carrier 's network . The SIM card is designed to prevent someone from getting the K by using the smart - card interface . Instead , the SIM card provides a function , Run GSM Algorithm , that the phone uses to pass data to the SIM card to be signed with the K . This , by design , makes using the SIM card mandatory unless the K can be extracted from the SIM card , or the carrier is willing to reveal the K . In practice , the GSM cryptographic algorithm for computing SRES_2 ( see step 4 , below ) from the K has certain vulnerabilities that can allow the extraction of the K from a SIM card and the making of a duplicate SIM card . Authentication process : When the mobile equipment starts up , it obtains the international mobile subscriber identity ( IMSI ) from the SIM card , and passes this to the mobile operator , requesting access and authentication . The mobile equipment may have to pass a PIN to the SIM card before the SIM card reveals this information . The operator network searches its database for the incoming IMSI and its associated K . The operator network then generates a random number ( RAND , which is a nonce ) and signs it with the K associated with the IMSI ( and stored on the SIM card ) , computing another number , that is split into the Signed Response 1 ( SRES_1 , 32 bits ) and the encryption key K ( 64 bits ) . The operator network then sends the RAND to the mobile equipment , which passes it to the SIM card . The SIM card signs it with its K , producing SRES_2 and K , which it gives to the mobile equipment . The mobile equipment passes SRES_2 on to the operator network . The operator network then compares its computed SRES_1 with the computed SRES_2 that the mobile equipment returned . If the two numbers match , the SIM is authenticated and the mobile equipment is granted access to the operator 's network . K is used to encrypt all further communications between the mobile equipment and the network . Location area identity ( edit ) The SIM stores network state information , which is received from the Location Area Identity ( LAI ) . Operator networks are divided into Location Areas , each having a unique LAI number . When the device changes locations , it stores the new LAI to the SIM and sends it back to the operator network with its new location . If the device is power cycled , it takes data off the SIM , and searches for the prior LAI . SMS messages and contacts ( edit ) Most SIM cards store a number of SMS messages and phone book contacts . It stores the contacts in simple `` name and number '' pairs . Entries that contain multiple phone numbers and additional phone numbers are usually not stored on the SIM card . When a user tries to copy such entries to a SIM , the handset 's software breaks them into multiple entries , discarding information that is not a phone number . The number of contacts and messages stored depends on the SIM ; early models stored as few as five messages and 20 contacts , while modern SIM cards can usually store over 250 contacts . Formats ( edit ) From left , full - size SIM ( 1FF ) , mini-SIM ( 2FF ) , micro-SIM ( 3FF ) , and nano - SIM ( 4FF ) Nano - SIM ( in bottom ) , micro-SIM and mini-SIM , SIM brackets from Movistar in Colombia The memory chip from a micro-SIM card without the plastic backing plate , next to a US dime , which is approx. 18 mm in diameter Embedded SIM from M2M supplier Eseye with an adapter board for evaluation in a Mini-SIM socket SIM cards have been made smaller over the years ; functionality is independent of format . Full - size SIM were followed by mini-SIM , micro-SIM , and nano - SIM . SIM cards are also made to embed in devices . SIM card sizes SIM card Introduced Standard reference Length ( mm ) Width ( mm ) Thickness ( mm ) Volume ( mm ) Full - size ( 1FF ) 1991 ISO / IEC 7810 : 2003 , ID - 1 85.60 53.98 0.76 3511.72 Mini-SIM ( 2FF ) ISO / IEC 7810 : 2003 , ID - 000 25.00 15.00 0.76 285.00 Micro-SIM ( 3FF ) 2003 ETSI TS 102 221 V9. 0.0 , Mini-UICC 15.00 12.00 0.76 136.80 Nano - SIM ( 4FF ) early 2012 ETSI TS 102 221 V11. 0.0 12.30 8.80 0.67 72.52 Embedded - SIM ( eSIM ) JEDEC Design Guide 4.8 , SON - 8 ETSI TS 103 383 V12. 0.0 GSMA SGP. 22 V1. 0 6.00 5.00 < 1.00 < 30.00 Full - size SIM ( edit ) The full - size SIM ( or 1FF , 1st form factor ) was the first form factor to appear . It has the size of a credit card ( 85.60 mm × 53.98 mm × 0.76 mm ) . Later smaller SIMs are often supplied embedded in a full - size card that they can be pushed out of . Mini-SIM ( edit ) The mini-SIM ( or 2FF ) card has the same contact arrangement as the full - size SIM card and is normally supplied within a full - size card carrier , attached by a number of linking pieces . This arrangement ( defined in ISO / IEC 7810 as ID - 1 / 000 ) lets such a card be used in a device that requires a full - size card -- or in a device that requires a mini-SIM card , after breaking the linking pieces . As the full - size SIM is no longer used , some suppliers refer to the mini-SIM as a `` standard SIM '' or `` regular SIM '' . Micro-SIM ( edit ) The micro-SIM ( or 3FF ) card has the same thickness and contact arrangements , but reduced length and width as shown in the table above . The micro-SIM was introduced by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute ( ETSI ) along with SCP , 3GPP ( UTRAN / GERAN ) , 3GPP2 ( CDMA2000 ) , ARIB , GSM Association ( GSMA SCaG and GSMNA ) , GlobalPlatform , Liberty Alliance , and the Open Mobile Alliance ( OMA ) for the purpose of fitting into devices too small for a mini-SIM card . The form factor was mentioned in the December 1998 3GPP SMG9 UMTS Working Party , which is the standards - setting body for GSM SIM cards , and the form factor was agreed upon in late 2003 . The micro-SIM was designed for backward compatibility . The major issue for backward compatibility was the contact area of the chip . Retaining the same contact area makes the micro-SIM compatible with the prior , larger SIM readers through the use of plastic cutout surrounds . The SIM was also designed to run at the same speed ( 5 MHz ) as the prior version . The same size and positions of pins resulted in numerous `` How - to '' tutorials and YouTube video with detailed instructions how to cut a mini-SIM card to micro-SIM size . The chairman of EP SCP , Dr. Klaus Vedder , said `` ETSI has responded to a market need from ETSI customers , but additionally there is a strong desire not to invalidate , overnight , the existing interface , nor reduce the performance of the cards . '' Micro-SIM cards were introduced by various mobile service providers for the launch of the original iPad , and later for smartphones , from April 2010 . The iPhone 4 was the first smartphone to use a micro-SIM card in June 2010 , followed by many others . Nano - SIM ( edit ) The nano - SIM ( or 4FF ) card was introduced on 11 October 2012 , when mobile service providers in various countries started to supply it for phones that supported the format . The nano - SIM measures 12.3 × 8.8 × 0.67 mm and reduces the previous format to the contact area while maintaining the existing contact arrangements . A small rim of isolating material is left around the contact area to avoid short circuits with the socket . The nano - SIM is 0.67 mm thick , compared to the 0.76 mm of its predecessor . 4FF can be put into adapters for use with devices designed for 2FF or 3FF SIMs , and is made thinner for that purpose , but many phone companies do not recommend this . The iPhone 5 , released in September 2012 , was the first device to use a nano - SIM card , followed by other handsets . Embedded - SIM / embedded universal integrated circuit card ( eUICC ) ( edit ) An upcoming new type of SIM is called e-SIM or eSIM ( embedded SIM ) . It is a non-replaceable embedded chip in SON - 8 package that is soldered directly onto a circuit board . It has M2M and remote SIM provisioning capabilities . The surface mount format provides the same electrical interface as the full size , 2FF and 3FF SIM cards , but is soldered to the circuit board as part of the manufacturing process . In M2M applications where there is no requirement to change the SIM card , this avoids the requirement for a connector , improving reliability and security . GSMA has been discussing the possibilities of a software based SIM card since 2010 . While Motorola noted that eUICC is geared at industrial devices , Apple `` disagreed that there is any statement forbidding the use of an embedded UICC in a consumer product . '' in 2012 , The European Commission has selected the Embedded UICC format for its in - vehicle emergency call service known as eCall . All new car models in the EU must have one by 2018 to instantly connect the car to the emergency services in case of an accident . Russia has a similar plan with the ERA - GLONASS regional satellite positioning system . Security ( edit ) In July 2013 , Karsten Nohl , a security researcher from SRLabs , described vulnerabilities in some SIM cards that supported DES , which , despite its age , is still used by some operators . The attack could lead to the phone being remotely cloned or let someone steal payment credentials from the SIM . Further details of the research were provided at BlackHat on July 31 , 2013 . In response , the International Telecommunication Union said that the development was `` hugely significant '' and that it would be contacting its members . In February 2015 , it was reported by The Intercept that the NSA and GCHQ had stolen the encryption keys ( Ki 's ) used by Gemalto ( the manufacturer of 2 billion SIM cards annually ) , enabling these intelligence agencies to monitor voice and data communications without the knowledge or approval of cellular network providers or judicial oversight . Having finished its investigation , Gemalto claimed that it has `` reasonable grounds '' to believe that the NSA and GCHQ carried out an operation to hack its network in 2010 and 2011 , but says the number of possibly stolen keys would not have been massive . Developments ( edit ) When GSM was already in use , the specifications were further developed and enhanced with functionality such as SMS and GPRS . These development steps are referred as releases by ETSI . Within these development cycles , the SIM specification was enhanced as well : new voltage classes , formats and files were introduced . USIM ( edit ) In GSM - only times , the SIM consisted of the hardware and the software . With the advent of UMTS this naming was split : the SIM was now an application and hence only software . The hardware part was called UICC . This split was necessary because UMTS introduced a new application , the universal subscriber identity module ( USIM ) . The USIM brought , among other things , security improvements like the mutual authentication and longer encryption keys and an improved address book . UICC ( edit ) Main article : Universal integrated circuit card `` SIM cards '' in developed countries are today usually UICCs containing at least a SIM and a USIM application . This configuration is necessary because older GSM only handsets are solely compatible with the SIM ( application ) and some UMTS security enhancements do rely on the USIM ( application ) . Other variants ( edit ) The equivalent of SIM on CDMA networks is the R - UIM ( and the equivalent of USIM is CSIM ) . A virtual SIM is a mobile phone number provided by a mobile network operator that does not require a SIM card to connect phone calls to a user 's mobile phone . At the 2015 Mobile World Congress in Barcelona , Simless , Inc. , a US - based startup unveiled world 's first GSM phone without a SIM card slot . The reference phone was capable of downloading multiple virtual SIM cards over-the - air . Usage in mobile phone standards ( edit ) The use of SIM cards is mandatory in GSM devices . The satellite phone networks Iridium , Thuraya and Inmarsat 's BGAN also use SIM cards . Sometimes , these SIM cards work in regular GSM phones and also allow GSM customers to roam in satellite networks by using their own SIM card in a satellite phone . Japan 's 2G PDC system ( which was shut down in 2012 ; SoftBank Mobile has already shut down PDC from March 31 , 2010 ) also specifies a SIM , but this has never been implemented commercially . The specification of the interface between the Mobile Equipment and the SIM is given in the RCR STD - 27 annex 4 . The Subscriber Identity Module Expert Group was a committee of specialists assembled by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute ( ETSI ) to draw up the specifications ( GSM 11.11 ) for interfacing between smart cards and mobile telephones . In 1994 , the name SIMEG was changed to SMG9 . Japan 's current and next generation cellular systems are based on W - CDMA ( UMTS ) and CDMA2000 and all use SIM cards . However , Japanese CDMA2000 - based phones are locked to the R - UIM they are associated with and thus , the cards are not interchangeable with other Japanese CDMA2000 handsets ( though they may be inserted into GSM / WCDMA handsets for roaming purposes outside Japan ) . CDMA - based devices originally did not use a removable card , and the service for these phones bound to a unique identifier contained in the handset itself . This is most prevalent in operators in the Americas . The first publication of the TIA - 820 standard ( also known as 3GPP2 C. S0023 ) in 2000 defined the Removable User Identity Module ( R - UIM ) . Card - based CDMA devices are most prevalent in Asia . The equivalent of a SIM in UMTS is called the universal integrated circuit card ( UICC ) , which runs a USIM application . The UICC is still colloquially called a SIM card . SIM card for Thuraya satellite phone KDDI 's au IC - Card NTT DoCoMo 's FOMA Card UMTS modem with Beeline 's SIM card SIM card and the mobile phone Three UK SIM Card with Packaging Chunghwa Telecom 's LTE Card China Mobile 's LTE SIM card H2O Wireless prepaid SIM card Hotlink ( Maxis ) nano - SIM card Dual SIM slots as shown on Chinese cell phone Deutsche Telekom nano - SIM Card with NFC capabilities in the SIM tray of an iPhone 6s Deutsche Telekom Mini-SIM with pre-cut Micro - and Nano - SIM SIM and carriers ( edit ) The SIM card introduced a new and significant business opportunity for MVNOs -- mobile virtual network operators -- who lease capacity from one of the network operators rather than owning or operating a cellular telecoms network , and only provide a SIM card to their customers . MVNOs first appeared in Denmark , Hong Kong , Finland and the UK . Today they exist in over 50 countries , including most of Europe , United States , Canada , Mexico , Australia and parts of Asia , and account for approximately 10 % of all mobile phone subscribers around the world . On some networks , the mobile phone is locked to its carrier SIM card , meaning that the phone only works with SIM cards from the specific carrier . This is more common in markets where mobile phones are heavily subsidised by the carriers , and the business model depends on the customer staying with the service provider for a minimum term ( typically 12 , 18 or 24 months ) . SIM cards that are issued by providers with an associated contract are called SIM - only deals . Common examples are the GSM networks in the United States , Canada , Australia , the UK and Poland . Many businesses offer the ability to remove the SIM lock from a phone , effectively making it possible to then use the phone on any network by inserting a different SIM card . Mostly , GSM and 3G mobile handsets can easily be unlocked and used on any suitable network with any SIM card . In countries where the phones are not subsidised , e.g. , India , Israel and Belgium , all phones are unlocked . Where the phone is not locked to its SIM card , the users can easily switch networks by simply replacing the SIM card of one network with that of another while using only one phone . This is typical , for example , among users who may want to optimise their carrier 's traffic by different tariffs to different friends on different networks , or when traveling internationally . In 2016 , carriers started using the concept of automatic SIM reactivation whereby they let users reuse expired SIM cards instead of purchasing new ones when they wish to re-subscribe to that operator . This is particularly useful in countries where prepaid calls dominate and where competition drives high churn rates , as users had to return to a carrier shop to purchase a new SIM each time they wanted to churn back to an operator . SIM - only ( edit ) Commonly sold as a product by mobile telecommunications companies , `` SIM - only '' refers to a type of legally binding contract between a mobile network provider and a customer . The contract itself takes the form of a credit agreement and is subject to a credit check . Within a SIM - only contract the mobile network provider supplies their customer with just one piece of hardware , a SIM card , which includes an agreed amount of network usage in exchange for a monthly payment . Network usage within a SIM - only contract can be measured in minutes , text , data or any combination of these . The duration of a SIM - only contract varies depending on the deal selected by the customer , but in the UK they are available over 1 , 3 , 6 , and 12 month periods . SIM - only contracts differ from mobile phone contracts in that they do not include any hardware other than a SIM card . In terms of network usage , SIM - only is typically more cost effective than other contracts because the provider does not charge more to offset the cost of a mobile device over the contract period . Short contract length is one of the key features of SIM - only -- made possible by the absence of a mobile device . SIM - only is increasing in popularity very quickly . In 2010 pay monthly based mobile phone subscriptions grew from 41 percent to 49 percent of all UK mobile phone subscriptions . According to German research company Gfk , 250,000 SIM - only mobile contracts were taken up in the UK during July 2012 alone , the highest figure since GfK began keeping records . Increasing smartphone penetration combined with financial concerns are leading customers to save money by moving onto a SIM - only when their initial contract term is over . Multiple - SIM devices ( edit ) Main article : Dual SIM Devices with two SIM slots are known as dual SIMs . Dual - SIM mobile phones usually come with two slots for SIMs , one behind the battery and another on the side of the phone , though in some devices both slots can be found on the battery tray , or on the side of the phone if the device does not have a removable battery . Multiple - SIM devices are commonplace in developing markets such as in Africa , East Asia , the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia , where billing rates and variable network coverage / mode , make it desirable for consumers to use multiple SIMs from competing networks . It 's also useful when you split work and home number for better privacy . They are not common in the Western world . See also ( edit ) Apple SIM International Mobile Equipment Identity ( IMEI ) GSM 03.48 SIM cloning SIM connector IP Multimedia Services Identity Module ( ISIM ) W - SIM ( Willcom - SIM ) Mobile equipment identifier ( MEID ) VMAC Mobile signature Single Wire Protocol ( SWP ) SIM Application Toolkit ( STK ) Mobile broadband Tethering Smart card Regional lockout GSM USSD codes -- Unstructured Supplementary Service Data : list of standard GSM codes for network and SIM related functions Remote SIM provisioning References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3GPP specification : 51.011 '' . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3GPP specification : 31.102 '' . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Asif , Saad Z. ( 2011 ) . Next Generation Mobile Communications Ecosystem . John Wiley & Sons . p. 306 . ISBN 1119995817 . Jump up ^ `` G&D - History of Giesecke & Devrient '' . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Publication of the International Card Manufacturers Association February 2017 Volume 27 No1 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ericsson Mobility Report November 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GSMA Embedded SIM and RSP '' . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PAYG Inactivity : Time For Credit Expiry & Account Termination '' . Ken 's Tech Tips . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3GPP specification : 11.11 '' . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ ITU - T , ITU - T Recommendation E. 118 , The international telecommunication charge card , Revision history , Revision `` 05 / 2006 '' Jump up ^ ETSI , ETSI Recommendation GSM 11.11 , Specifications of the SIM - ME Interface , Version 3.16. 0 Jump up ^ `` List of issuer identifier numbers for the international telecommunication charge card ( In accordance with Recommendation ITU - T E. 118 ( 05 / 2006 ) ) '' . International Telecommunication Union . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Links to current IIN list . Jump up ^ `` Operational Bulletin No. 1040 ( 15. XI. 2013 ) and Annexed List : List of issuer identifier numbers for the international telecommunication charge card ( In accordance with Recommendation ITU - T E. 118 ( 05 / 2006 ) ) ( Position on 15 November 2013 ) '' . International Telecommunication Union . 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hackers crack open mobile network '' . bbc.co.uk. 20 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What is a microsim card ? '' . SimOnlyPro.nl . Archived from the original on 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Gaby Lenhart ( 1 April 2006 ) . `` The Smart Card Platform '' . ETSI Technical Committee Smart Card Platform ( TB SCP ) . Retrieved 30 January 2010 . SCP is co-operating on both technical and service aspects with a number of other committees both within and outside the telecommunications sector . Jump up ^ Segan , Sascha ( 27 January 2010 ) . `` Inside the iPad Lurks the ' Micro SIM ' '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved 30 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DRAFT Report of the SMG9 UMTS Working Party , meeting # 7 hosted by Nokia in Copenhagen , 15 -- 16 December 1998 '' ( PDF ) . 3GPP. 25 January 1999 . Retrieved 27 January 2010 . One manufacturer stated that it may be difficult to meeting ISO mechanical standards for a combined ID - 1 / micro-SIM card . ^ Jump up to : Antipolis , Sophia ( 8 December 2003 ) . `` New form factor for smart cards introduced '' . SmartCard Trends . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved 30 January 2010 . The work item for the so - called Third Form Factor , `` 3FF '' , was agreed , after intensive discussions , at the SCP meeting held last week in London . Jump up ^ How to make MicroSIM on YouTube Jump up ^ Dr. Klaus Vedder ( 18 January 2012 ) . `` The UICC -- Recent Work of ETSI TC Smart Card Platform '' ( PDF ) . ETSI . p. 12 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Virgin Mobile . `` An important guide to inserting your SIM into your mobile '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Diana ben - Aaron ( 18 November 2010 ) . `` GSMA Explores Software - Based Replacement for Mobile SIM Cards '' . Bloomberg . p. 1 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , Chris ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Embedded SIMs : they 're happening , and Apple thinks they could be in consumer products '' . The Verge . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bruno , Duarte ( September 27 , 2014 ) . `` eUICC -- embedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card '' . COSWITCHED.COM . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Encryption Bug in SIM Card Can be Used to Hack Millions of Phones , published 2013 - 07 - 21 , accessed 2013 - 07 - 22 ^ Jump up to : Rooting SIM cards , SR Labs , accessed 2013 - 07 - 22 Jump up ^ `` Black Hat USA 2013 '' . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ UPDATE 1 - UN warns on mobile cybersecurity bugs in bid to prevent attacks , Reuters , 2013 - 07 - 21 , accessed 2013 - 07 - 21 Jump up ^ `` The Great SIM Heist - How Spies Stole the Keys to the Encryption Castle '' . The Intercept . The Intercept ( First Look Media ) . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gemalto : NSA / GCHQ Hack ' Probably Happened ' But Did n't Include Mass SIM Key Theft '' . techcrunch.com . February 25 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simless , Inc . `` Simless Unveils World 's First GSM Phone Without a SIM Card Slot '' . PRLog . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gemalto pioneers SIM reactivation '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` A nation addicted to smartphones '' . Ofcom . Jump up ^ `` UK sales of SIM - only mobile contracts set a new record '' . The Fone Cast . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to SIM cards . ETSI Smart Card standards ( 102 221 ) GSM 11.11 -- Specification of the Subscriber Identity Module - Mobile Equipment ( SIM - ME ) interface . GSM 11.14 -- Specification of the SIM Application Toolkit for the Subscriber Identity Module - Mobile Equipment ( SIM - ME ) interface GSM 03.48 -- Specification of the security mechanisms for SIM application toolkit GSM 03.48 Java API -- API and realization of GSM 03.48 in Java ITU - T E. 118 -- The International Telecommunication Charge Card 2006 ITU - T ( hide ) Mobile phones General Features GSM services History Operating system Security Telephony airplane mode Text messaging SMS MMS Spam Tracking Web browsing HTML5 Software Apps Development Distribution Management Cloud computing Commerce Banking Marketing advertising campaigns Payments contactless donating Ticketing Content Blogging Email Gambling Gaming Health Instant messaging Learning Music News Search local Social address book Television Culture Charms Comics Dating Japanese culture Novels Ringtones silent mode Selfie Txtspk Wallpaper Devices Manufacturers 3D phone Camera phone Car phone Feature phone Projector phone Satellite phone Smartphone SIM lock Form factors Bar Flip Phablet Slider Smartwatch Smartphones Android devices rooting BlackBerry 10 iPhone iOS jailbreaking Open - source mobile phones Symbian devices Windows Phone devices Environment and health BlackBerry thumb Driving safety Electronic waste External power supply Phantom vibration syndrome Radiation and health Recycling Law Carrier IQ Use restrictions while driving Legality of recording by civilians Photography and the law Telephone tapping Texting while driving Mobile phones in prison Networking Channel capacity Frequencies Multi-band Network operator list Roaming Signal SIM ( dual SIM ) Standards comparison Tethering VoIP WAP XHTML - MP Generations 0G 1G 2G 3G adoption 3.5 G 4G 4.5 G 5G Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subscriber_identity_module&oldid=832303504 '' Categories : American inventions Mobile phone standards Cryptographic hardware Smart cards Computer access control Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from July 2017 All articles to be merged All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 03 : 46 . 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what does the s stand for in sim
[ "A subscriber identity module or subscriber identification module (SIM) is an integrated circuit that is intended to securely store the international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number and its related key, which are used to identify and authenticate subscribers on mobile telephony devices (such as mobile phones and computers). It is also possible to store contact information on many SIM cards. SIM cards are always used on GSM phones; for CDMA phones, they are only needed for newer LTE-capable handsets. SIM cards can also be used in satellite phones, computers, or cameras." ]
[ "subscriber" ]
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Lee Arenberg
Lee Arenberg - wikipedia Lee Arenberg Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lee Arenberg Arenberg in 2015 ( 1962 - 07 - 18 ) July 18 , 1962 ( age 55 ) Palo Alto , California Occupation Film , television actor Years active 1987 -- present Spouse ( s ) Lisa Derrick ( 1999 -- 2006 ) Katie Meehan ( 2007 -- present ) Lee Arenberg ( born July 18 , 1962 ) is an American actor , best known for his role as Pintel , one of Captain Barbossa 's crew , in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series . He currently has a recurring role as the dwarf Grumpy in the television series Once Upon a Time . He attended UCLA as a theatre major . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) Arenberg attended Santa Monica High School with future `` brat packer '' actors Sean Penn , Robert Downey Jr. and Emilio Estevez , and co-wrote a play with Estevez which was directed by Penn . Lee 's first professional job was in 1986 at the Mark Taper Forum in `` Ghetto '' , a play directed by Gordon Davidson . Within weeks he was cast in three films , including the role of Norton in the feature Tapeheads ( 1988 ) opposite the film 's co-stars Tim Robbins and John Cusack . Guest appearances on television began in 1987 with the hit sitcom Perfect Strangers ( 1986 ) , and have continued with memorable roles such as the parking space - stealing New Yorker Mike Moffitt on Seinfeld ( 1989 ) and as the murderous rock promoter opposite Katey Sagal and Sam Kinison in Tales from the Crypt ( 1989 ) , as well as roles on Arli $ $ ( 1996 ) , and Friends ( 1994 ) . Arenberg can also be seen in the role of the notoriously huge studio head , Bobby G. , on the controversial short - lived Fox sitcom Action ( 1999 ) opposite series star Jay Mohr . Arenberg has also guest starred on all the Star Trek spin - offs Star Trek : The Next Generation , Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , Star Trek : Voyager , and Star Trek : Enterprise . Coincidentally , in two of his appearances , ( `` The Nagus '' and `` United '' ) , he played a character named Gral , one a Ferengi and the other a Tellarite . In 1992 Lee appeared on the TV series Night Court . Arenberg also played the recurring role of bookie Mike Moffitt in two episodes of Seinfeld . In `` The Parking Space '' , he and George Costanza had a parking dispute , while in `` The Susie '' his thumbs were accidentally broken while trying to repair Jerry Seinfeld 's car trunk . He also guest starred in the fifth season of Friends in an episode titled `` The One with the Inappropriate Sister '' . He guest starred on an episode of Brotherly Love entitled `` Motherly Love '' . He had a bit part as a bumbling Hold - up Man in RoboCop 3 . Lee also played Dr. Moyer in the Scrubs episode `` My Own American Girl '' . He also starred as the dwarf Elwood Gutworthy in Dungeons and Dragons ( 2000 ) , and the pirate Pintel in the Pirates of the Caribbean trilogy . He guest starred as `` Hair Plugs '' in Grounded For Life ( 2001 ) . A graduate of Santa Monica High in 1980 , he is currently starring as the regular character `` Grumpy / Leroy '' on the hit ABC television series Once Upon a Time . As he confirmed when speaking at the Farpoint Star Trek Convention in Timonium , Maryland , Arenberg 's character Pintel did not return in the fourth Pirates film . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Actor Year Film Role Director Notes Cross My Heart Parking Attendant Armyan Bernstein The Wizard Ninja Gaiden Guy Todd Holland 1993 Robocop 3 Robber at donut shop 1993 Freaked The Eternal Flame Alex Winter Tom Stern Warriors of Virtue Mantose Ronny Yu 2000 Dungeons and Dragons Elwood 2003 Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Pintel Gore Verbinski 2006 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest 2007 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End 2012 Mickey Matson and the Copperhead Conspiracy Billy Lee Harold Cronk Producer Year Film Director Notes 2011 In the Gray Rob Holloway Writer Year Film Role Director Notes 2011 In the Gray screenwriter Rob Holloway Television ( edit ) This section is incomplete . ( May 2014 ) Year Series Role Notes Tales from the Crypt Marty Slash Episode : `` For Cryin ' Out Loud '' Live ! From Death Row Griffith TV movie 1992 , 1997 Seinfeld Mike Moffitt ( bookie ) Episode : `` The Parking Space '' , `` The Susie '' 1993 Married ... with Children Sal Episode : `` Luck of The Bundys '' Star Trek : The Next Generation Prak Episode : `` Force of Nature '' 1998 Friends The Man Episode : `` The One with the Inappropriate Sister '' 2000 Two Guys and a Girl Mugger / Irene 's Dad Episode : `` Once Again from the Beginning '' My Wife and Kids Kevin Anderson Episode : `` Jay Gets Fired '' 2003 Charmed Unidentified Demon Episode : `` Oh My Goddess ( Part 1 ) '' Scrubs Dr. Moyer Episode : `` My Own American Girl '' 2005 Star Trek : Enterprise Tellarite Ambassador Gral Two Episodes 2008 Pushing Daisies Arnaud Bailey The Iceman Chronicles Judge Buttonwillow McKittrick 2011 The Cape Razer 's Driver Good Luck Charlie Skyler 's Fake Dad 2011 -- present Once Upon a Time Grumpy / Dreamy / Leroy 20 Episodes 2013 Californication Charlie 's boss Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Leroy References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Interview With Lee Arenberg '' . www.officiallypluggedin.com . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lee Arenberg Talks About Grumpy in Once Upon a Time Season 5 , Pirates of The Caribbean & More ( Interview ) Fox Force Five News '' . www.foxforcefivenews.com . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( 8 May 2012 ) . `` Scoop : Once Upon a Time 's Grumpy Shows Californication Who 's Boss '' . TVLine . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lee Arenberg on IMDb Lee Arenberg at AllMovie Official website VIAF : 41132325 LCCN : n97107760 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Arenberg&oldid=782832485 '' Categories : American male film actors American male television actors Male actors from Palo Alto , California 1962 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2017 Articles to be expanded from May 2014 Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2017 , at 13 : 27 . 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who plays leroy in once upon a time
[ "Lee Arenberg (born July 18, 1962)[citation needed] is an American actor, best known for his role as Pintel, one of Captain Barbossa's crew, in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. He currently has a recurring role as the dwarf Grumpy in the television series Once Upon a Time. He attended UCLA as a theatre major." ]
[ "Lee Arenberg" ]
5021212181841471145
Skin of my teeth
Skin of my teeth - wikipedia Skin of my teeth Jump to : navigation , search Skin of my teeth ( Hebrew : ע֣וֹר שִׁנָּֽי ‎ ' ō - wr šin - nāy ) is a phrase from the Bible . In Job 19 : 20 , the King James Version of the Bible says , `` My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh , and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth . '' In the Geneva Bible , the phrase is rendered as `` I have escaped with the skinne of my tethe . '' In modern times , `` by the skin of my teeth '' is used to describe a situation from which one barely managed to escape . Cultural references to the phrase ( edit ) Skin o ' My Teeth -- Megadeth used this phrase as a song name in their 1992 album , Countdown to Extinction , referring to the theme of a failed suicide attempt . The Skin of Our Teeth -- A play by Thornton Wilder with multiple Biblical allusions . Skin o ' My Tooth -- A book by Baroness Emma Orczy in which the phrase is a nickname of the main character , a lawyer . The nickname is given by a client who says that he was freed `` by the skin o ' my tooth . '' See also ( edit ) Hair 's breadth References ( edit ) Jump up ^ By the skin of your teeth . phrases.org.uk . Last accessed 26 Feb 2012 . 2 . Idioms ( first paragraph ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skin_of_my_teeth&oldid=806769764 '' Categories : English - language idioms Hebrew Bible words and phrases Christian terminology Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 01 : 25 . About Wikipedia
where did by the skin of my teeth come from
[ "Skin of my teeth (Hebrew: ע֣וֹר שִׁנָּֽי‎ ‘ō-wr šin-nāy) is a phrase from the Bible. In Job 19:20, the King James Version of the Bible says, \"My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth.\" In the Geneva Bible, the phrase is rendered as \"I have escaped with the skinne of my tethe.\"[1]" ]
[ "Bible" ]
-7846780247426120044
Algor mortis
Algor mortis - Wikipedia Algor mortis Jump to : navigation , search Stages of death Pallor mortis Algor mortis Rigor mortis Livor mortis Putrefaction Decomposition Skeletonization Algor mortis ( Latin : algor -- coldness ; mortis -- of death ) , the second stage of death , is the change in body temperature post mortem , until the ambient temperature is matched . This is generally a steady decline , although if the ambient temperature is above the body temperature ( such as in a hot desert ) , the change in temperature will be positive , as the ( relatively ) cooler body acclimates to the warmer environment . External factors can have a significant influence . Algor mortis also occurs when the body dies . This was first used by DOWLER in 1849 . The first published measurements of the intervals of temperature after death were done by Dr John Davey in 1839 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Applicability 2 Variability 3 References 4 External links Applicability ( edit ) An XY plot of the Glaister equation with values from 37 degrees Celsius to 20 degrees Celsius ( a commonly used ambient temperature ) . A measured rectal temperature can give some indication of the time of death . Although the heat conduction which leads to body cooling follows an exponential decay curve , it can be approximated as a linear process : 2 ° Celsius during the first hour and 1 ° Celsius per hour until the body nears ambient temperature . The Glaister equation estimates the hours elapsed since death as a linear function of the rectal temperature : ( 36.9 ∘ C − rectal temperature in Celsius ) ⋅ 6 5 ( \ displaystyle ( 36.9 ^ ( \ circ ) C - ( \ text ( rectal temperature in Celsius ) ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 6 ) ( 5 ) ) ) or 98.4 ∘ F − rectal temperature in Fahrenheit 1.5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 98.4 \ , ^ ( \ circ ) ( \ rm ( F ) ) - ( \ text ( rectal temperature in Fahrenheit ) ) ) ( 1.5 ) ) ) As decomposition occurs the internal body temperature tends to rise again . Variability ( edit ) Generally , temperature change is considered an inaccurate means of determining time of death , as the rate of change is affected by several key factors , including : Stability or fluctuation of the ambient temperature . The level and thickness of clothing or similar materials . The thermal conductivity of the surface on which a body lies . Diseases or drugs which increase body temperature and thereby raise the starting temperature of the corpse at the time of death The existence of a `` temperature plateau '' , a highly variable length of time in which the body does not cool . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Madea , Burkhard ( 2015 ) . Estimation of the Time Since Death , Third Edition . CRC Press . Jump up ^ http://www.fmap.archives.gla.ac.uk/DC403/DC403_page.htm Jump up ^ Guharaj , P.V. ( 2003 ) . `` Cooling of the body ( algor mortis ) '' . Forensic Medicine ( 2nd ed . ) . Hyderabad : Longman Orient . pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ http://www.crimewatchcanada.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=79:changes-to-a-body-after-death&catid=41:january-february-2010-issue-76&Itemid=53 Jump up ^ Kaliszan , M. ( 20 May 2005 ) . `` Verification of the exponential model of body temperature decrease after death in pigs '' . Experimental Physiology. 90 ( 5 ) : 727 -- 738 . doi : 10.1113 / expphysiol. 2005.030551 . Saferstein , Richard ( 2004 ) . Criminalistics An Introduction to Forensic Science ( 8th ed . ) . Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 113706 - 9 . Karen T. Taylor , `` Forensic art and illustration '' , CRC Press , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 8493 - 8118 - 5 , p. 308 Robert G. Mayer , `` Embalming : history , theory , and practice '' , McGraw - Hill Professional , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 143950 - 1 , p. 106 Calixto Machado , `` Brain death : a reappraisal '' , Springer , 2007 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 38975 - X , pp. 73 -- 74 External links ( edit ) Standards Employed to Determine Time of Death Estimation of the time since death ( by rectal temperature , C. Henssge , 2004 ) . Death Outline In medicine Cell death Necrosis Avascular necrosis Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Gangrenous necrosis Caseous necrosis Fat necrosis Fibrinoid necrosis Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis Pyroptosis Autolysis Autoschizis Eschar Immunogenic cell death Ischemic cell death Pyknosis Karyorrhexis Karyolysis Mitotic catastrophe Suicide gene Abortion Autopsy Brain death Brainstem death Clinical death DOA Death by natural causes Death rattle Dysthanasia End - of - life care Euthanasia Lazarus sign Lazarus syndrome Medical definition of death Organ donation Terminal illness Unnatural death Lists Causes of death by rate Expressions related to death Natural disasters People by cause of death Premature obituaries Preventable causes of death Notable deaths by year Unusual deaths TV actors who died during production Mortality Birthday effect Child mortality Gompertz -- Makeham law of mortality Immortality Biological Digital Infant mortality Karōshi Maternal death Maternal mortality in fiction Memento mori Micromort Mortality displacement Mortality rate RAMR Mortality salience Perinatal mortality After death Body Stages Pallor mortis Algor mortis Rigor mortis Livor mortis Putrefaction Decomposition Skeletonization Fossilization Preservation Cryopreservation Cryonics Neuropreservation Embalming Maceration Mummification Plastination Prosection Taxidermy Disposal Burial Bed burial Burial at sea Chariot burial Jar burial Natural burial Premature burial Secondary burial Ship burial Sky burial Space burial Cannibalism Cremation Dismemberment Excarnation Promession Resomation Beating heart cadaver Body donation Cadaveric spasm Coffin birth Death erection Dissection Gibbeting Postmortem Caloricity Post-mortem interval Other aspects Afterlife Cemetery Consciousness Customs Death mask Eternal oblivion Examination Funeral Grief Intermediate state Internet Mourning Obituary Resurrection Taboo on the dead Vigil Paranormal Ghosts Near - death experience Near - death studies Necromancy Out - of - body experience Reincarnation research Séance Legal Abortion law Administration Capital punishment Cause of death Civil death Coroner Death - qualified jury Death certificate Declared death in absentia Death row Dying declaration Faked death Inquest Legal death Murder Prohibition of death Right to die Suspicious death Trust law Will Fields Forensic pathology Funeral director Mortuary science Necrobiology Post-mortem chemistry Post-mortem photography Taphonomy Biostratinomy Thanatology Other Apparent death Dark tourism Darwin Awards Dead pool Death and culture Death anniversary Death anxiety Death deity Personification of death Dying - and - rising god Psychopomp Death camp Death drive Death education Death from laughter Death hoax Death knell Death march Death messenger Death notification Death panel Death poem Death pose Death squad Death threat Death trajectory Dignified death Extinction Fan death Festival of the Dead Fascination with death Homicide Information - theoretic death Last rites Martyr Megadeath Museum of Death Necronym Necrophilia Necrophobia The Order of the Good Death Predation Sacrifice human animal Spiritual death Suicide Assisted suicide Thanatosensitivity Undead Voodoo death Portal WikiProject This medical sign article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This death - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article related to Latin words and phrases is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algor_mortis&oldid=799994671 '' Categories : Signs of death Latin medical phrases Post-mortem Medical sign stubs Death stubs Latin words and phrases stubs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español हिन्दी Italiano 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 01 : 24 . About Wikipedia
how does algor mortis determine time of death
[ "Algor mortis (Latin: algor—coldness; mortis—of death), the second stage of death, is the change in body temperature post mortem, until the ambient temperature is matched. This is generally a steady decline, although if the ambient temperature is above the body temperature (such as in a hot desert), the change in temperature will be positive, as the (relatively) cooler body acclimates to the warmer environment. External factors can have a significant influence. Algor mortis also occurs when the body dies." ]
[ "change in body temperature" ]
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Maple
Maple - wikipedia Maple Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Maple ( disambiguation ) . Maple Acer pseudoplatanus ( sycamore maple ) foliage Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids Order : Sapindales Family : Sapindaceae Subfamily : Hippocastanoideae Genus : Acer L . Species See either species grouped by sections alphabetical list of species Distribution Acer / ˈeɪsər / is a genus of trees or shrubs commonly known as maple . The genus is placed in the Sapindaceae family . There are approximately 128 species , most of which are native to Asia , with a number also appearing in Europe , northern Africa , and North America . Only one species , Acer laurinum , extends to the Southern Hemisphere . The type species of the genus is the sycamore maple , Acer pseudoplatanus , the most common maple species in Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Morphology 2 Pests and diseases 3 Cultural significance 4 Uses 4.1 Horticulture 4.1. 1 Cultivars 4.1. 2 Bonsai 4.1. 3 Collections 4.2 Tourism 4.3 Commercial uses 4.3. 1 Maple syrup 4.3. 2 Timber 4.3. 3 Tonewood 4.3. 4 Agriculture 4.3. 5 Pulpwood 4.4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 7 External links Morphology ( edit ) Acer saccharum ( Sugar maple ) Most maples are trees growing to a height of 10 -- 45 m ( 33 -- 148 ft ) . Others are shrubs less than 10 meters tall with a number of small trunks originating at ground level . Most species are deciduous , and many are renowned for their autumn leaf colour , but a few in southern Asia and the Mediterranean region are evergreen . Most are shade - tolerant when young and are often riparian , understory , or pioneer species rather than climax overstory trees with a few exceptions such as Sugar Maple . Many of the root systems are typically dense and fibrous , inhibiting the growth of other vegetation underneath them . A few species , notably Acer cappadocicum , frequently produce root sprouts , which can develop into clonal colonies . Acer circinatum ( Vine maple ) leaves showing the palmate veining typical of most species Maples are distinguished by opposite leaf arrangement . The leaves in most species are palmate veined and lobed , with 3 to 9 ( rarely to 13 ) veins each leading to a lobe , one of which is central or apical . A small number of species differ in having palmate compound , pinnate compound , pinnate veined or unlobed leaves . Several species , including Acer griseum ( Paperbark maple ) , Acer mandshuricum ( Manchurian maple ) , Acer maximowiczianum ( Nikko maple ) and Acer triflorum ( Three - flowered maple ) , have trifoliate leaves . One species , Acer negundo ( Box - elder ) , has pinnately compound leaves that may be simply trifoliate or may have five , seven , or rarely nine leaflets . A few , such as Acer laevigatum ( Nepal maple ) and Acer carpinifolium ( Hornbeam maple ) , have pinnately veined simple leaves . Acer rubrum ( Red maple ) flowers The flowers are regular , pentamerous , and borne in racemes , corymbs , or umbels . They have four or five sepals , four or five petals about 1 -- 6 mm long ( absent in some species ) , four to ten stamens about 6 -- 10 mm long , and two pistils or a pistil with two styles . The ovary is superior and has two carpels , whose wings elongate the flowers , making it easy to tell which flowers are female . Maples flower in late winter or early spring , in most species with or just after the appearance of the leaves , but in some before the trees leaf out . Maple flowers are green , yellow , orange or red . Though individually small , the effect of an entire tree in flower can be striking in several species . Some maples are an early spring source of pollen and nectar for bees . Play media 3D rendering of a μCT scan of a samara . Resolution is about 45 μm / voxel . The distinctive fruits are called samaras , `` maple keys '' , `` helicopters '' , `` whirlybirds '' or `` polynoses '' . These seeds occur in distinctive pairs each containing one seed enclosed in a `` nutlet '' attached to a flattened wing of fibrous , papery tissue . They are shaped to spin as they fall and to carry the seeds a considerable distance on the wind . People often call them `` helicopters '' due to the way that they spin as they fall . During World War II , the US Army developed a special air drop supply carrier that could carry up to 65 pounds of supplies and was based on the Maple seed . Seed maturation is usually in a few weeks to six months after flowering , with seed dispersal shortly after maturity . However , one tree can release hundreds of thousands of seeds at a time . Depending on the species , the seeds can be small and green to orange and big with thicker seed pods . The green seeds are released in pairs , sometimes with the stems still connected . The yellow seeds are released individually and almost always without the stems . Most species require stratification in order to germinate , and some seeds can remain dormant in the soil for several years before germinating . The genus Acer together with genus Dipteronia are either classified in a family of their own , the Aceraceae , or else classified as members of the family Sapindaceae . Recent classifications , including the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system , favour inclusion in Sapindaceae . When put in family Sapindaceae , genus Acer is put in subfamily Hippocastanoideae . The genus is subdivided by its morphology into a multitude of sections and subsections . Fifty - four species of maples meet the International Union for Conservation of Nature criteria for being under threat of extinction in their native habitat . Pests and diseases ( edit ) Rhytisma acerinum fungus on Acer pseudoplatanus leaf The leaves are used as a food plant for the larvae of a number of the Lepidoptera order ( see List of Lepidoptera that feed on maples ) . Aphids are also very common sap - feeders on maples . In horticultural applications a dimethoate spray will solve this . In the United States and Canada , all maple species are threatened by the Asian long - horned beetle ( Anoplophora glabripennis ) . Infestations have resulted in the destruction of thousands of maples and other tree species in Illinois , Massachusetts , New Jersey and New York . Maples are affected by a number of fungal diseases . Several are susceptible to Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium species , which can cause significant local mortality . Sooty bark disease , caused by Cryptostroma species , can kill trees that are under stress due to drought . Death of maples can rarely be caused by Phytophthora root rot and Ganoderma root decay . Maple leaves in late summer and autumn are commonly disfigured by `` tar spot '' caused by Rhytisma species and mildew caused by Uncinula species , though these diseases do not usually have an adverse effect on the trees ' long - term health . Cultural significance ( edit ) The Canadian flag incorporates a stylized maple leaf A maple leaf is on the coat of arms of Canada , and is on the Canadian flag . The maple is a common symbol of strength and endurance and has been chosen as the national tree of Canada . Maple leaves are traditionally an important part of Canadian Forces military regalia , for example the military rank insignia for generals use maple leaf symbols . There are 10 species naturally growing in the country , with at least one in each province . Although the idea of maple as a national symbol originally hailed from the province of Quebec where the sugar maple is significant , today 's arboreal emblem of Canada rather refers to the species as a whole . The design on the flag is an eleven - point stylization modeled after a sugar maple leaf ( which normally bears 23 points ) . It is also in the name of Canadian ice hockey club Toronto Maple Leafs . The first attested use of the word was in 1260 as `` Mapole '' , and it also appears a century later in Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales , spelled as `` mapul '' . The maple is also a symbol of Hiroshima , ubiquitous in the local meibutsu . Uses ( edit ) Horticulture ( edit ) A red maple tree between pine trees . Acer palmatum ( Japanese maple ) has over 1,000 cultivars . This cultivar is A. palmatum ' Sango kaku ' , sometimes called `` coralbark maple '' . Some species of maple are extensively planted as ornamental trees by homeowners , businesses and municipalities due to their fall colour , relatively fast growth , ease of transplanting , and lack of hard seeds that would pose a problem for mowing lawns . Particularly popular are Norway Maple ( although it is considered invasive in North America ) , Silver Maple , Japanese Maple , and Red Maple . Other maples , especially smaller or more unusual species , are popular as specimen trees . Cultivars ( edit ) Numerous maple cultivars that have been selected for particular characteristics can be propagated only by asexual reproduction such as cuttings , tissue culture , budding or grafting . Acer palmatum ( Japanese maple ) alone has over 1,000 cultivars , most selected in Japan , and many of them no longer propagated or not in cultivation in the Western world . Some delicate cultivars are usually grown in pots and rarely reach heights of more than 50 -- 100 cm . Bonsai ( edit ) Bonsai `` Roter Fächerahorn '' Maples are a popular choice for the art of bonsai . Japanese maple ( Acer palmatum ) , Trident maple ( A. buergerianum ) , Amur maple ( A. ginnala ) , Field maple ( A. campestre ) and Montpellier maple ( A. monspessulanum ) are popular choices and respond well to techniques that encourage leaf reduction and ramification , but most species can be used . Collections ( edit ) Acer griseum is widely grown for its decorative bark Maple collections , sometimes called aceretums , occupy space in many gardens and arboreta around the world including the `` five great W 's '' in England : Wakehurst Place Garden , Westonbirt Arboretum , Windsor Great Park , Winkworth Arboretum and Wisley Garden . In the United States , the aceretum at the Harvard - owned Arnold Arboretum in Boston is especially notable . In the number of species and cultivars , the Esveld Aceretum in Boskoop , Netherlands is the largest in the world . Tourism ( edit ) Many maples have bright autumn foliage , and many countries have leaf - watching traditions . In Japan , the custom of viewing the changing colour of maples in the autumn is called `` momijigari '' . Nikko and Kyoto are particularly favoured destinations for this activity . In addition , in Korea , the same viewing activity is called `` Danpung - Nori '' and the Seoraksan and Naejang - san mountains are very famous places for it . The Acer saccharum ( sugar maple ) are a contributor to seasonal fall tourism in North America , particularly in Central Ontario , Québec , and the northern tier of the United States including Wisconsin , Michigan , Vermont , New York , New Hampshire and Western Massachusetts . Commercial uses ( edit ) Maples are important as source of syrup and wood . Dried wood is often used for the smoking of food . Charcoal from maples is an integral part of the Lincoln County Process used to make Tennessee Whiskey . They are also cultivated as ornamental plants and have benefits for tourism and agriculture . Maple syrup ( edit ) Further information : Maple syrup The Sugar maple ( A. saccharum ) is tapped for sap , which is then boiled to produce maple syrup or made into maple sugar or maple taffy . It takes about 40 litres ( 42 US qt ) of sugar maple sap to make 1 litre ( 1.1 US qt ) of syrup . While any Acer species may be tapped for syrup , many do not have sufficient quantities of sugar to be commercially useful . Timber ( edit ) A bench made of highly figured maple wood Some of the larger maple species have valuable timber , particularly Sugar maple in North America , and Sycamore maple in Europe . Sugar maple wood -- often known as `` hard maple '' -- is the wood of choice for bowling pins , bowling alley lanes , pool cue shafts , and butcher 's blocks . Maple wood is also used for the manufacture of wooden baseball bats , though less often than ash or hickory due to the tendency of maple bats to shatter when broken . The maple bat was introduced to Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in 1998 by Sam Bat founder Sam Holman . Today it is the standard maple bat most in use by professional baseball . Maple is also commonly used in archery as the core material in the limbs of a Recurve Bow due to its stiffness and strength . Maple wood is often graded based on physical and aesthetic characteristics . The most common terminology includes the grading scale from common # 2 ; which is unselected and often used for craft woods ; common # 1 , used for commercial and residential buildings ; clear ; and select grade , which is sought for fine woodworking . Some maple wood has a highly decorative wood grain , known as flame maple , quilt maple , birdseye maple and burl wood . This condition occurs randomly in individual trees of several species , and often can not be detected until the wood has been sawn , though it is sometimes visible in the standing tree as a rippled pattern in the bark . These select decorative wood pieces also have subcategories that further filter the aesthetic looks . Crotch Wood , Bees Wing , Cats Paw , Old Growth and Mottled are some terms used to describe the look of these decorative woods . Maples have a long history of use for furniture production in the United States . Tonewood ( edit ) Maple is considered a tonewood , or a wood that carries sound waves well , and is used in numerous musical instruments . Maple is harder and has a brighter sound than mahogany , which is another major tonewood used in instrument manufacture . The back , sides , and neck of most violins , violas , cellos , and double basses are made from maple . Electric guitar necks are commonly made from maple , having good dimensional stability . The necks of the Fender Stratocaster and Telecaster were originally an entirely maple one piece neck , but later were also available with rosewood fingerboards . Les Paul desired an all maple guitar , but due to the weight of maple , only the tops of Gibson 's Les Paul guitars are made from carved maple , often using quilted or flamed maple tops . Due to its weight , very few solid body guitars are made entirely from maple , but many guitars have maple necks , tops or veneers . Maple is also often used to make bassoons and sometimes for other woodwind instruments like maple recorders . Many drums are made from maple . From the 70s to the 90s , maple drum kits were a vast majority of all drum kits made , but in recent years , birch has become popular for drums once again . Some of the best drum - building companies use maple extensively throughout their mid-pro range . Maple drums are favored for their bright resonant sound . Certain types of drum sticks are also made from maple . Agriculture ( edit ) As they are a major source of pollen in early spring before many other plants have flowered , maples are important to the survival of honeybees that play a commercially important role later in the spring and summer . Pulpwood ( edit ) Maple is used as pulpwood . The fibers have relatively thick walls that prevent collapsing upon drying . This gives good bulk and opacity in paper . Maple also gives paper good printing properties . Gallery ( edit ) Acer cappadocicum ( Cappadocian maple ) Acer carpinifolium leaves Acer freemanii ' Autumn Blaze ' ( a cross between Acer rubrum and Acer saccharinum Acer macrophyllum flowers and young leaves Acer laevigatum leaves and fruit Acer sempervirens foliage Acer ginnala foliage Acer palmatum trees and bamboo in Japan Acer grandidentatum ( Bigtooth Maple ) in autumn colour Acer platanoides leaf Acer palmatum leaf in autumn Acer platanoides ( Norway maple ) samaras Acer griseum ( Paperbark maple ) See also ( edit ) List of Acer species Mazer -- a drinking vessel made from maple wood List of foods made from maple References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stevens , P.F. ( 2001 onwards ) . Angiosperm Phylogeny Website . Version 9 , June 2008 ( and more or less continuously updated since ) . http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ . Jump up ^ Tingzhi Xu ; Yousheng Chen ; Piet C. de Jong ; Herman John Oterdoom ; Chin - Sung Chang . `` Acer Linnaeus '' . Flora of China . Missouri Botanical Garden , St. Louis , MO & Harvard University Herbaria , Cambridge , MA . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbs , D. & Chen , Y. ( 2009 ) The Red List of Maples Botanic Gardens Conservation International ( BGCI ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 905164 - 31 - 8 ^ Jump up to : van Gelderen , C.J. & van Gelderen , D.M. ( 1999 ) . Maples for Gardens : A Color Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Huxley , A. , ed. ( 1992 ) . New RHS Dictionary of Gardening . Macmillan ISBN 0 - 333 - 47494 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Hook Spirals from Plane '' Popular Mechanics , December 1944 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Classification of maples Jump up ^ http://www.beetlebusters.info/ ; http://www.umassgreeninfo.org/fact_sheets/wood_attackers/asian_longhorned_beetle_MA.html#226 Jump up ^ Phillips , D.H. & Burdekin , D.A. ( 1992 ) . Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 49493 - 8 . Jump up ^ http://www.fraser.cc/FlagsCan/Nation/NatSym.html#r10 Jump up ^ http://canada.pch.gc.ca/eng/1444070816842/1444070816844 Jump up ^ Sandberg , L. Anders ( 2014 ) . Urban Forests , Trees , and Greenspace : A Political Ecology Perspective . Routledge . Jump up ^ `` maple , n. 1 '' . OED Online . June 2017 . Oxford University Press . http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/113861?rskey=wmvrdJ&result=1&isAdvanced=false ( accessed June 24 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ D'Cruz , Mark . `` Ma - Ke Bonsai Care Guide for Acer buergerianum '' . Ma - Ke Bonsai . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Zandona , Eric . `` Tennessee Whiskey Gets a Legal Definition '' . EZdrinking . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Sam Holman Maple Baseball Bats Archived 2010 - 05 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Illustrated Grading Guide to American Hardwoods Jump up ^ Wood Terms and Examples Archived 2010 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Joseph Aronson ( 1965 ) . The encyclopedia of furniture . Random House , Inc . pp. 300 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 03735 - 5 . Retrieved 8 September 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.fender.com/en-GB/news/index.php/?display_article=395 Jump up ^ Geoff Nicholls ; Tony Bacon ( 1 June 1997 ) . The drum book . Hal Leonard Corporation . pp. 54 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87930 - 476 - 8 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Bibliography ( edit ) Philips , Roger ( 1979 ) . Trees of North America and Europe . New York : Random House , Inc . ISBN 0 - 394 - 50259 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acer . Eichhorn , Markus ( November 2011 ) . `` The Maple Tree '' . Test Tube . Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham . http://www.vicfirth.com/products/americanheritage.php ( hide ) Woodworking Overviews History Glossary Wood ( lumber ) Wood art Forms Boat building Bow and arrow Bush carpentry Cabinetry Caning Carpentry Chainsaw carving Chip carving Clogs Ébéniste Fretwork Intarsia Japanese carpentry Khatam Log building Marquetry Millwork Parquetry Pyrography Relief carving Root carving Sawdust Segmented turning Shingle weaving Shipbuilding Spindle turning Timber framing Whittling Wood carving Woodturning Wood flour Woods Soft Cedar ( Calocedrus , Cedrus ) Cypress Douglas fir Fir Juniper Larch Pine Spruce Yew Hard Ash Alder Aspen Balsa Beech Birch Cherry Chestnut Cocobolo Ebony Elm Hazel Lignum vitae Linden ( lime , basswood ) Mahogany Maple Oak Padauk Plum Poplar Teak Totara Walnut Willow Tools Abrasives Axe Adze Chisel Clamp Drawknife Drill Float Mallet Milling machine Mitre box Moulding plane Plane Rasp Router Sandpaper Spokeshave Timber - framing Vise Winding sticks Wood scribe Workbench Saws Backsaw Bandsaw Bow Bucksaw Chainsaw Circular Compass Coping Crosscut Frame Fretsaw Jigsaw Keyhole Miter Rip Scroll Table Veneer Whipsaw Geometry Joints Birdsmouth Bridle Butt Butterfly Coping Crown of thorns Dado Dovetail Finger Groove Halved Hammer - headed tenon Knee Lap Mason 's mitre Miter Mortise and tenon Rabbet / Rebate Scarf Splice Tongue and groove Profiles Bead Bevel Chamfer Molding Ogee Ogive Treatments French polish Heat bending Paint Paint stripper Steam bending Thermal Varnish Wood drying Wood preservation Wood stain Wood finishing Organizations American Association of Woodturners Architectural Woodwork Institute British Woodworking Federation Building and Wood Workers ' International Caricature Carvers of America International Federation of Building and Wood Workers National Wood Carvers Association Society of Wood Engravers Timber Framers Guild Conversion Chainsaw mill Hewing Sawmill Whipsaw Wood splitting Techniques Frame and panel Frameless construction WikiProject Commons Taxon identifiers Wd : Q42292 EoL : 37290 FloraBase : 40760 FOC : 100167 Fossilworks : 54688 GBIF : 3189834 GRIN : 66 iNaturalist : 47727 IPNI : 36261 - 1 ITIS : 28727 NCBI : 4022 PLANTS : ACER Tropicos : 40030257 VASCAN : 769 LCCN : sh85080843 GND : 4141664 - 8 BNF : cb122677448 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maple&oldid=804660276 '' Categories : Acer Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Wikispecies Alemannisch Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кырык мары Лакку Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Magyar Македонски مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Мокшень မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Vahcuengh Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Walon West - Vlams Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 11 : 04 . 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how many kinds of maple trees are there
[ "Acer /ˈeɪsər/ is a genus of trees or shrubs commonly known as maple. The genus is placed in the Sapindaceae family.[1] There are approximately 128 species, most of which are native to Asia,[2] with a number also appearing in Europe, northern Africa, and North America. Only one species, Acer laurinum, extends to the Southern Hemisphere.[3] The type species of the genus is the sycamore maple, Acer pseudoplatanus, the most common maple species in Europe.[4]" ]
[ "128" ]
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United States customary units
United States customary units - wikipedia United States customary units Jump to : navigation , search United States customary units are a system of measurements commonly used in the United States . The United States customary system ( USCS or USC ) developed from English units which were in use in the British Empire before the U.S. became an independent country . However , the United Kingdom 's system of measures was overhauled in 1824 to create the imperial system , changing the definitions of some units . Therefore , while many U.S. units are essentially similar to their Imperial counterparts , there are significant differences between the systems . However , in the U.S. the term `` imperial '' is sometimes used colloquially in reference to the U.S. system . The majority of U.S. customary units were redefined in terms of the meter and the kilogram with the Mendenhall Order of 1893 and , in practice , for many years before . These definitions were refined by the international yard and pound agreement of 1959 . Americans primarily use customary units in commercial activities , as well as for personal and social use . In science , medicine , many sectors of industry and some of government and military , metric units are used . The International System of Units ( SI ) , the modern form of the metric system , is preferred for many uses by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) . For newer units of measure where there is no traditional customary unit , international units are used , sometimes mixed with customary units , such as electrical resistance of wire expressed in ohms ( SI ) per thousand feet . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Units of length 3 Units of area 4 Units of capacity and volume 4.1 Fluid volume 4.2 Dry volume 5 Units of weight 5.1 Grain measures 6 Cooking measures 7 Units of temperature 8 Other units 9 Other names for U.S. customary units 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) See also : Imperial and US customary measurement systems and Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems The United States system of units is similar to the British imperial system . Both systems are derived from English units , a system which had evolved over the millennia before American independence , and which had its roots in Roman and Anglo - Saxon units . The customary system was championed by the U.S. - based International Institute for Preserving and Perfecting Weights and Measures in the late 19th century . Advocates of the customary system saw the French Revolutionary , or metric , system as atheistic . An auxiliary of the Institute in Ohio published a poem with wording such as `` down with every ' metric ' scheme '' and `` A perfect inch , a perfect pint '' . One adherent of the customary system called it `` a just weight and a just measure , which alone are acceptable to the Lord . '' The U.S. government passed the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 , which made the metric system `` the preferred system of weights and measures for U.S. trade and commerce . '' The legislation states that the federal government has a responsibility to assist industry as it voluntarily converts to the metric system , i.e. , metrification . This is most evident in U.S. labeling requirements on food products , where SI units are almost always presented alongside customary units . According to the CIA Factbook , the United States is one of three nations ( along with Liberia and Burma ) that have not adopted the metric system as their official system of weights and measures . U.S. customary units are widely used on consumer products and in industrial manufacturing . Metric units are standard in science , medicine , as well as many sectors of industry and government , including the military . There are anecdotal objections to the use of metric units in carpentry and the building trades , on the basis that it is easier to remember an integer number of inches plus a fraction than a measurement in millimeters , or that foot - inch measurements are more suitable when distances are frequently divided into halves , thirds and quarters , often in parallel . The metric system also lacks a parallel to the foot . Other nations had , or still have unofficially , customary units of their own , sometimes very similar in name and measure to U.S. customary units , since they often share the same Germanic or Roman origins . Frequently , however , these units designate quite different sizes . For example , the mile ranged by country from one - half to five U.S. miles ; foot and pound also had varying definitions . Historically , a wide range of non-SI units were used in the U.S. and in Britain , but many have fallen into disuse . This article deals only with the units commonly used or officially defined in the U.S. Units of length ( edit ) Unit Divisions SI equivalent Exact relationships shown in boldface International 1 point ( p ) ​ ⁄ mm or 6996352778000000000 ♠ 352.778 μm 1 pica ( P̸ ) 12 p ​ ⁄ mm or 6997423300000000000 ♠ 4.233 mm 1 inch ( in or `` ) 6 P̸ 25.4 mm 1 foot ( ft or ' ) 12 in 6999304800000000000 ♠ 0.3048 m 1 yard ( yd ) 3 ft 6999914400000000000 ♠ 0.9144 m 1 mile ( mi ) 7003160934400000000 ♠ 5280 ft or 7003160934400000000 ♠ 1760 yd 7003160934400000000 ♠ 1.609 344 km US Survey 1 link ( li ) ​ ⁄ ft or 7.92 in ​ ⁄ m or 6999201170000000000 ♠ 20.117 cm 1 ( survey ) foot ( ft ) ​ ⁄ m or 6999304800000000000 ♠ 30.480 cm 1 rod ( rd ) 25 li or 16.5 ft ​ ⁄ m or 7000502900000000000 ♠ 5.029 m 1 chain ( ch ) 4 rd or 66 ft ​ ⁄ m or 7001201160000000000 ♠ 20.116 m 1 furlong ( fur ) 10 ch ​ ⁄ km or 7002201168000000000 ♠ 201.168 m 1 survey ( or statute ) mile ( mi ) 8 fur ​ ⁄ km or 7003160934700000000 ♠ 1.609 347 km 1 league ( lea ) 3 mi ​ ⁄ km or 7003482800000000000 ♠ 4.828 km International Nautical 1 fathom ( ftm ) 2 yd 7000182880000000000 ♠ 1.8288 m 1 cable ( cb ) 120 ftm or 1.091 fur 7002219456000000000 ♠ 219.456 m 1 nautical mile ( NM or nmi ) 8.439 cb or 1.151 mi 1.852 km For measuring length , the U.S. customary system uses the inch , foot , yard , and mile , which are the only four customary length measurements in everyday use . Since July 1 , 1959 , these have been defined on the basis of 1 yard = 0.9144 meters except for some applications in surveying . The U.S. , the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries agreed on this definition , and so it is often termed international measure . When international measure was introduced in the English - speaking countries , the basic geodetic datum in North America was the North American Datum of 1927 ( NAD27 ) , which had been constructed by triangulation based on the definition of the foot in the Mendenhall Order of 1893 , that is 1 foot = ​ ⁄ meters : this definition was retained for data derived from NAD27 , but renamed the US survey foot to distinguish it from the international foot . For most applications , the difference between the two definitions is insignificant -- one international foot is exactly 0.999998 of a US survey foot , for a difference of about ​ ⁄ inch ( 3 mm ) per mile -- but it affects the definition of the State Plane Coordinate Systems ( SPCSs ) , which can stretch over hundreds of miles . The NAD27 was replaced in the 1980s by the North American Datum of 1983 ( NAD83 ) , which is defined in meters . The SPCSs were also updated , but the National Geodetic Survey left the decision of which ( if any ) definition of the foot to use to the individual states . All SPCSs are defined in meters , but seven states also have SPCSs defined in US survey feet and an eighth state in international feet : the other 42 states use only meter - based SPCSs . State legislation is also important for determining the conversion factor to be used for everyday land surveying and real estate transactions , although the difference ( 2 ppm ) is of no practical significance given the precision of normal surveying measurements over short distances ( usually much less than a mile ) . Twenty - four states have legislated that surveying measures should be based on the US survey foot , eight have legislated that they be made on the basis of the international foot , and eighteen have not specified the conversion factor from metric units . Units of area ( edit ) Unit Divisions SI equivalent Exact relationships shown in boldface 1 square survey foot ( sq ft or ft ) 144 square inches 6998929034100000000 ♠ 0.092 903 41 m 1 square chain ( sq ch or ch ) 7003435600000000000 ♠ 4356 sq ft ( survey ) or 16 sq rods 7002404687300000000 ♠ 404.6873 m 1 acre 7004435600000000000 ♠ 43 560 sq ft ( survey ) or 10 sq ch 7003404687300000000 ♠ 4046. 873 m 1 section 640 acres or 1 sq mile ( survey ) 7006258999800000000 ♠ 2.589 998 km 1 survey township ( twp ) 36 sections or 4 sq leagues 7007932399300000000 ♠ 93.239 93 km The most widely used area unit with a name unrelated to any length unit is the acre . The National Institute of Standards and Technology contends that customary area units are defined in terms of the square survey foot , not the square international foot . Conversion factors are based on Astin ( July 27 , 1968 ) and National Institute of Standards and Technology ( 2008 ) . Units of capacity and volume ( edit ) Volume in general Unit Divisions SI equivalent 1 cubic inch ( cu in ) or ( in ) 6995163870640000000 ♠ 16.387 064 mL 1 cubic foot ( cu ft ) or ( ft ) 7003172800000000000 ♠ 1728 cu in 6998283168465920000 ♠ 28.316 846 592 L 1 cubic yard ( cu yd ) or ( yd ) 27 cu ft 6999764554857984000 ♠ 764.554 857 984 L 6999764554857984000 ♠ 0.764 554 857 984 m 1 acre - foot ( acre ft ) 7004435600000000000 ♠ 43 560 cu ft 7003161333300000000 ♠ 1613. 333 cu yd 7003123348183754752 ♠ 1.233 481 837 547 52 ML 7003123348200000000 ♠ 1233. 482 m The cubic inch , cubic foot and cubic yard are commonly used for measuring volume . In addition , there is one group of units for measuring volumes of liquids , and one for measuring volumes of dry material . Other than the cubic inch , cubic foot and cubic yard , these units are differently sized from the units in the imperial system , although the names of the units are similar . Also , while the U.S. has separate systems for measuring the volumes of liquids and dry material , the imperial system has one set of units for both . Fluid volume ( edit ) Liquid volume Most common measures shown in italic font Exact conversions in bold font Unit Divisions SI equivalent 1 minim ( min ) ~ 1 drop or 0.95 grain of water 6992616115199218750 ♠ 61.611 519 921 875 μL 1 US fluid dram ( fl dr ) 60 min 6994369669119531250 ♠ 3.696 691 195 3125 mL 1 teaspoon ( tsp ) 80 min 6994492892159374999 ♠ 4.928 921 593 75 mL 1 tablespoon ( Tbsp ) 3 tsp or 4 fl dr 6995147867647812500 ♠ 14.786 764 781 25 mL 1 US fluid ounce ( fl oz ) 2 Tbsp or 1.0408 oz av of water 6995295735295625000 ♠ 29.573 529 5625 mL 1 US shot ( jig ) 1.5 fl oz or 3 Tbsp 6995443602943437500 ♠ 44.360 294 343 75 mL 1 US gill ( gi ) 2 ​ ⁄ jig or 4 fl oz 6996118294118249999 ♠ 118.294 118 25 mL 1 US cup ( cp ) 2 gi or 8 fl oz 6996236588236499999 ♠ 236.588 2365 mL 1 ( liquid ) US pint ( pt ) 2 cp or 16.65 oz av of water 6996473176472999999 ♠ 473.176 473 mL 1 ( liquid ) US quart ( qt ) 2 pt 6996946352946000000 ♠ 0.946 352 946 L 1 ( liquid ) US gallon ( gal ) 4 qt or 231 cu in 6997378541178400000 ♠ 3.785 411 784 L 1 ( liquid ) barrel ( bbl ) 31.5 gal or ​ ⁄ hogshead 6999119240471196000 ♠ 119.240 471 196 L 1 oil barrel ( bbl ) 1 ​ ⁄ ( liquid ) barrel or 42 gal or ​ ⁄ hogshead 6999158987294928000 ♠ 158.987 294 928 L 1 hogshead 1.5 oil barrels or 63 gal or 7000842187500000000 ♠ 8.421 875 cu ft or 524.7 lb of water 6999238480942392000 ♠ 238.480 942 392 L One US fluid ounce is ​ ⁄ of a US pint , ​ ⁄ of a US quart , and ​ ⁄ of a US gallon . The teaspoon , tablespoon , and cup are defined in terms of a fluid ounce as ​ ⁄ , ​ ⁄ , and 8 fluid ounces . The fluid ounce derives its name originally from being the volume of one ounce avoirdupois of water , but in the US it is defined as ​ ⁄ of a US gallon . Consequently , a fluid ounce of water weighs about 1.041 ounces avoirdupois . The saying `` a pint 's a pound the world around '' refers to 16 US fluid ounces of water weighing approximately ( about 4 % more than ) one pound avoirdupois . An imperial pint of water weighs a pound and a quarter ( 20 oz ) . A 23.7 US fl oz ( 700 mL ) bottle displaying both US and metric units . There are varying standards for barrel for some specific commodities , including 31 gal for beer , 40 gal for whiskey or kerosene , and 42 gal for petroleum . The general standard for liquids is 31.5 gal or half a hogshead . The common 55 gallon size of drum for storing and transporting various products and wastes is sometimes confused with a barrel , though it is not a standard measure . In the U.S. , single servings of beverages are usually measured in fluid ounces . Milk is usually sold in half pints ( 8 fluid ounces ) , pints , quarts , half gallons , and gallons . Water volume for sinks , bathtubs , ponds , swimming pools , etc. , is usually stated in gallons or cubic feet . Quantities of gases are usually given in cubic feet ( at one atmosphere ) . Minims , drams and gill are rarely used currently . The gill is often referred to as a `` half - cup '' . Dry volume ( edit ) Dry volume Unit Divisions SI equivalent 1 ( dry ) pint ( pt ) 7001336003125000000 ♠ 33.600 3125 cu in 6996550610471357500 ♠ 0.550 610 471 3575 L 1 ( dry ) quart ( qt ) 2 pt 6997110122100000000 ♠ 1.101 221 L 1 ( dry ) gallon ( gal ) 4 qt 6997440488400000000 ♠ 4.404 884 L 1 peck ( pk ) 2 gal 6997880976800000000 ♠ 8.809 768 L 1 bushel ( bu ) 4 pk 6998352390701668800 ♠ 35.239 070 166 88 L 1 ( dry ) barrel ( bbl ) 7003705600000000000 ♠ 7056 cu in or 6997994242424242424 ♠ 3.281 bu 6999115627100000000 ♠ 115.6271 L Dry volume is measured on a separate system , although many of the names remain the same . Small fruits and vegetables are often sold in dry pints and dry quarts . The US dry gallon is less commonly used , and was not included in the handbook that many states recognize as the authority on measurement law . However pecks , or bushels are sometimes used -- particularly for grapes , apples and similar fruits in agricultural regions . Units of weight ( edit ) Main articles : Pound ( force ) and Pound ( mass ) Conversions Type Unit Divisions SI equivalent Avoirdupois 1 grain ( gr ) ​ ⁄ lb 6995647989100000000 ♠ 64.798 91 mg 1 dram ( dr ) ​ 27 ⁄ gr or 8.859 carats 6997177184519531250 ♠ 1.771 845 195 3125 g 1 ounce ( oz ) 16 dr 6998283495231250000 ♠ 28.349 523 125 g 1 pound ( lb ) 16 oz 6999453592370000000 ♠ 453.592 37 g 1 US hundredweight ( cwt ) 100 lb 7001453592370000000 ♠ 45.359 237 kg 1 long hundredweight 112 lb 7001508023454400000 ♠ 50.802 345 44 kg 1 ton ( short ton ) 20 US cwt or 2000 lb 7002907184740000000 ♠ 907.184 74 kg 1 long ton 20 long cwt or 2240 lb 7003101604690880000 ♠ 1016. 046 9088 kg Troy 1 grain ( gr ) ​ ⁄ lb or ​ ⁄ lb t 6995647989100000000 ♠ 64.798 91 mg 1 pennyweight ( dwt ) 24 gr or 7.776 carats 6997155517384000000 ♠ 1.555 173 84 g 1 troy ounce ( oz t ) 20 dwt 6998311034768000000 ♠ 31.103 4768 g 1 troy pound ( lb t ) 12 oz t or 13.17 oz 6999373241721600000 ♠ 373.241 7216 g Most common measures shown in italics Exact conversions shown in bold There have historically been five different English systems of mass : tower , apothecaries ' , troy , avoirdupois , and metric . Of these , the avoirdupois weight is the most common system used in the U.S. , although Troy weight is still used to weigh precious metals . Apothecaries weight -- once used by pharmacies -- has been largely replaced by metric measurements . Tower weight fell out of use in England ( due to legal prohibition in 1527 ) centuries ago , and was never used in the U.S. The imperial system , which is still used for some measures in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries , is based on avoirdupois , with variations from U.S. customary units larger than a pound . The pound avoirdupois , which forms the basis of the U.S. customary system of mass , is defined as exactly 7002453592370000000 ♠ 453.592 37 grams by agreement between the U.S. , the United Kingdom , and other English - speaking countries in 1959 . Other units of mass are defined in terms of it . The avoirdupois pound is legally defined as a measure of mass , but the name pound is also applied to measures of force . For instance , in many contexts , the pound avoirdupois is used as a unit of mass , but in some contexts , the term `` pound '' is used to refer to `` pound - force '' . The slug is another unit of mass derived from pound - force . Troy weight , avoirdupois weight , and apothecaries ' weight are all built from the same basic unit , the grain , which is the same in all three systems . However , while each system has some overlap in the names of their units of measure ( all have ounces and pounds ) , the relationship between the grain and these other units within each system varies . For example , in apothecary and troy weight , the pound and ounce are the same , but are different from the pound and ounce in avoirdupois in terms of their relationships to grains and to each other . The systems also have different units between the grain and ounce ( apothecaries ' has scruple and dram , troy has pennyweight , and avoirdupois has just dram , sometimes spelled drachm ) . The dram in avoirdupois weighs just under half of the dram in apothecaries ' . The fluid dram unit of volume is based on the weight of 1 dram of water in the apothecaries ' system . To alleviate confusion , it is typical when publishing non-avoirdupois weights to mention the name of the system along with the unit . Precious metals , for example , are often weighed in `` troy ounces '' , because just `` ounce '' would be more likely to be assumed to mean an avoirdupois ounce . For the pound and smaller units , the U.S. customary system and the British imperial system are identical . However , they differ when dealing with units larger than the pound . The definition of the pound avoirdupois in the imperial system is identical to that in the U.S. customary system . In the U.S. , only the ounce , pound and short ton -- known in the country simply as the ton -- are commonly used , though the hundredweight is still used in agriculture and shipping . The grain is used to describe the mass of propellant and projectiles in small arms ammunition . It was also used to measure medicine and other very small masses . Grain measures ( edit ) In agricultural practice , a bushel is a fixed volume of 2150.42 cubic inches . The mass of grain will therefore vary according to density . Some nominal weight examples are : - 1 bushel ( corn ) = 56 lb = 25.4012 kg 1 bushel ( wheat ) = 60 lb = 27.2155 kg 1 bushel ( barley ) = 48 lb = 21.7724 kg In trade terms a bushel is a term used to refer to these nominal weights , although even this varies . With oats , Canada uses 34 lb bushels and the USA uses 32 lb bushels . Cooking measures ( edit ) Main article : Cooking weights and measures Common volume measures in English - speaking countries ( Comparable measures listed for comparison purposes . ) Measure Australia Canada UK US US FDA Teaspoon 5 mL 5 mL 4.74 mL 4.93 mL 5 mL Dessertspoon 10 mL -- 9.47 mL -- -- Tablespoon 20 mL 15 mL 14.21 mL 14.79 mL 15 mL Fluid ounce -- -- 28.41 mL 29.57 mL 30 mL Cup 250 mL 250 mL 284.13 mL 236.59 mL 240 mL Pint -- -- 568.26 mL 473.18 mL -- Quart -- -- 1136.52 mL 946.35 mL -- Gallon -- -- 4546.09 mL 3785.41 mL -- The most common practical cooking measures for both liquid and dry ingredients in the U.S. ( and many other countries ) are the teaspoon , tablespoon , and cup , along with halves , thirds , quarters , and eighths of these . Pounds , ounces , fluid ounces , and common sizes are also used , such as can ( presumed size varies depending on product ) , jar , square ( e.g. , 1 oz of chocolate ) , stick ( e.g. , 4 oz butter ) , or fruit / vegetable ( e.g. , a half lemon , two medium onions ) . Units of temperature ( edit ) Degrees Fahrenheit are used in the U.S. to measure temperatures in most non-scientific contexts . The Rankine scale of absolute temperature also saw some use in thermodynamics . Scientists worldwide use the kelvin and degree Celsius . Several U.S. technical standards are expressed in Fahrenheit temperatures and American medical practitioners often use degrees Fahrenheit for body temperature . The relationship between the different temperature scales is linear but the scales have different zero points , so conversion is not simply multiplication by a factor . Pure water freezes at 32 ° F = 0 ° C and boils at 212 ° F = 100 ° C at 1 atm . The conversion formula is : ( ∘ F ) = 9 5 ( ∘ C ) + 32 ( \ displaystyle ( ^ ( \ circ ) ( \ text ( F ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 9 ) ( 5 ) ) ( ^ ( \ circ ) ( \ text ( C ) ) ) + 32 ) or inversely as ( ∘ C ) = 5 9 ( ( ∘ F ) − 32 ) ( \ displaystyle ( ^ ( \ circ ) ( \ text ( C ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 5 ) ( 9 ) ) ( ( ^ ( \ circ ) ( \ text ( F ) ) ) - 32 ) ) . Other units ( edit ) 1 board - foot = 1 ft × 1 ft × 1 in = 6997236000000000000 ♠ 2.360 dm 1 British thermal unit ( Btu ) ≈ 1055 J 1 ton of refrigeration ( 12,000 Btu / h ) = 3.517 kW 1 calorie ( cal ) = 4.184 J 1 food calorie ( kilocalorie , large calorie ) ( kcal , Cal ) = 4.184 kJ 1 foot - pound ( energy ) ≈ 1.356 J 1 hand = 4 in = 10.16 cm 1 horsepower ≈ 745.7 W 1 R - value ( ft ⋅ ° F ⋅ h / Btu ) ≈ 0.1761 R ( K ⋅ m / W ) 1 slug = 1 lbf ⋅ s / ft 1 U ( rack unit ) = 1.75 in = 44.45 mm Various combination units are in common use , including the foot - pound ( ft ⋅ lbf ) , the acre - foot , and the pound per square inch ( psi ) ; these are straightforwardly defined based on the above basic units . Sizing systems are used for various items in commerce , several of which are U.S. - specific : US standard clothing size American wire gauge is used for most metal wire . Scoop ( utensil ) sizes , numbered by scoops per quart Thickness of leather is measured in ounces , 1 oz equals 1 / 64 inch ( 0.4 mm ) . Bolts and screws follow the Unified Thread Standard rather than the ISO metric screw thread standard . Knitting needles in the United States are measured according to a non-linear unitless numerical system . Aluminium foil is measured in mils ( 1 / 100th of an inch , or 0.0254 mm ) in the United States . Cross-sectional area of electrical wire is measured in Circular mils in the U.S. and Canada , one circular mil ( cmil ) being equal to 6990506700000000000 ♠ 5.067 × 10 mm ( or 6990506708663999999 ♠ 7.854 × 10 in ) . Since this is so small , actual wire is commonly measured in thousands of a cmil , called either kcmil or MCM . The mil or thou is also sometimes used to mean thousandth of an inch . Sheet metal in the U.S. is commonly measured in gauge ( not to be confused with the American wire gauge ) , which is derived from weight and thus differs by material . Nominal Pipe Size is used for the outside diameter of pipes . Below NPS14 , the NPS number is not consistent with the pipe diameter in inches . Copper tubing , however , is measured in nominal size , 1 / 8 inch less than the outside diameter . The Schedule system is used for standard pipe thicknesses . Alcohol content is frequently given in proof . The cord is used for volume of firewood . The square is used to mean 100 square feet in construction . Heat flux in the U.S. is measured in Langleys . Other names for U.S. customary units ( edit ) The United States Code refers to these units as `` traditional systems of weights and measures '' . Other common ways of referring to the system in the U.S. are : `` Standard '' , `` Customary '' , or , erroneously : `` Imperial '' , or `` English '' ( which refers to the post-1824 reform measures used throughout the British Empire ) . Another term is the foot -- pound -- second ( FPS ) system , as opposed to centimeter -- gram -- second ( CGS ) and meter -- kilogram -- second ( MKS ) systems . Tools and fasteners with sizes measured in inches are sometimes called `` SAE bolts '' or `` SAE wrenches '' to differentiate them from their metric counterparts . The Society of Automotive Engineers ( SAE ) originally developed fasteners standards using U.S. units for the U.S. auto industry ; the organization now uses metric units . See also ( edit ) Acre - foot Board foot Conversion of units Cord ( unit ) Fahrenheit ( vs. Celsius vs. Kelvin ) History of measurement , systems , and units of measurement Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measures of the United States ( 1790 ) Mars Climate Orbiter Standard cubic foot References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.interexchange.org/articles/career-training-usa/2012/05/24/imperial-vs-metric-system/ Jump up ^ T.C. Mendenhall , Superintendent of Standard Weights and Measures . Order of April 5 , 1893 Archived September 30 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , published as Appendix 6 to the Report for 1893 of the Coast and Geodetic Survey . ^ Jump up to : Astin , A.V. , Karo , H.A. and Mueller , F.H. ( June 25 , 1959 ) . Doc 59 - 5442 , `` Refinement of Values for the Yard and the Pound . '' Federal Register . When reading the document note that 999,998 = 3937 × 254 . Jump up ^ Laws and Metric Program . U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology , 2010 Jump up ^ `` English units of measurement '' . The Columbia Encyclopedia 6th ed. 2001 - 2007 . archived copy . ^ Jump up to : Gardner , Martin ( 1957 ) . `` The Great Pyramid '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix G - Weights and Measures '' . The World Factbook . Washington , D.C. : Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robyn Williams ( February 8 , 1998 ) `` Trouble with the Metric System '' . Australian Radio National , Ockham 's Razor . Jump up ^ Ed Tenner , ( May 2005 ) . `` The Trouble with the Meter '' Technologyreview.com ^ Jump up to : Roberts , R.W. ( February 3 , 1975 ) . Federal Register republished in Barbrow , L.E. and Judson , L.V. ( 1976 ) Weights and Measures of the United States . National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 447 . p. 36 ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions about the National Geodetic Survey '' . National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved May 16 , 2009 . contribution = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Astin , A.V. ( July 27 , 1968 ) . Federal Register Archived 2006 - 10 - 05 at the Wayback Machine ... Republished in Barbrow , L.E and Judson , L.V. Weights and Measures of the United States : A Brief History . National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 447 . pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ National Institute of Standards and Technology . ( 2008 ) . Guide for the Use of the International System of Units ( SI ) . Jump up ^ The recommended symbol for the liter in the United States is ' L ' per National Institute of Standards and Technology . ( 1995 . ) Guide for the Use of the International System of Units ( SI ) . Special Publication 811 . ^ Jump up to : 101st Conference on Weights and Measures 2016 . ( 2017 ) . Specifications , Tolerances , and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. C - 6 , C - 11 , C - 16 . Jump up ^ Summary of State Laws and Regulations in Weights and Measures Archived December 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( 2005 ) National Institute of Standards and Technology . Jump up ^ NIST Handbook 44 , Appendix C , General Tables of Units of Measurement , page C - 6 Avoirdupois Units of Mass Archived 2011 - 10 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Title 21 , 101.9 Nutrition labeling of food '' ( PDF ) . Code of Federal Regulations . US Government Printing Office . 2012 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 02 . For nutrition labeling purposes , a teaspoon means 5 milliliters ( mL ) , a tablespoon means 15 mL , a cup means 240 mL , 1 fl oz means 30 mL , and 1 oz in weight means 28 g . Jump up ^ Wells , Larry J. ( 1981 ) . Makin ' Leather : A Manual of Primitive and Modern Leather Skills . Cedar Fort . p. 13 . ISBN 0882908359 . Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 205b Jump up ^ `` Rules for SAE Use of SI ( Metric ) Units '' ( PDF ) . Society of Automotive Engineers , Inc . May 1999 . Retrieved July 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Rowlett 's A Dictionary of Units of Measurement ( hide ) Systems of measurement Current General International System of Units ( SI ) UK imperial system US customary units Myanmar Indian Specific Apothecaries ' Avoirdupois Troy Astronomical Electrical Temperature Natural atomic geometrized Gaussian Lorentz -- Heaviside Planck quantum chromodynamical Stoney Background Metric Overview Introduction Outline History Metrication UK / US Overview Comparison Foot -- pound -- second ( FPS ) Historic Metric meter -- kilogram -- second ( MKS ) meter -- tonne -- second ( MTS ) centimeter -- gram -- second ( CGS ) gravitational quadrant -- eleventh - gram -- second ( QES ) ( hebdometre -- undecimogramme -- second ( HUS ) ) Europe Byzantine Cornish Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French ( Trad . Mesures usuelles ) German Greek Hungary Icelandic Irish Scottish Italian Latvia Luxembourgian Maltese Norwegian Ottoman Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Spanish Swedish Switzerland Welsh Winchester measure Asia Afghan Cambodian Chinese Hindu Hong Kong India Indonesian Japanese Korean Mongolian Omani Philippine Pegu Singaporean Sri Lankan Syrian Taiwanese Tatar Thai Vietnamese Africa Algerian Ethiopian Egyptian Eritrean Guinean Libyan Malagasy Mauritian Moroccan Seychellois Somalian South African Tunisian Tanzanian North America Costa Rican Cuban Haitian Honduran Mexico Nicaraguan Puerto Rican South America Argentine Brazilian Chilean Colombian Paraguayan Peruvian Uruguayan Venezuelan Ancient Arabic Biblical and Talmudic Egyptian Greek Hindu Indian Mesopotamian Persian Roman List articles Humorous ( FFF system ) Obsolete Unusual Other N - body Modulor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_customary_units&oldid=815581539 '' Categories : Customary units of measurement in the United States Imperial units Systems of units Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : chapter ignored CS1 errors : dates All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano 日本 語 Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe اردو Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 18 : 43 . 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what is the system of measurement used in the us
[ "United States customary units are a system of measurements commonly used in the United States. The United States customary system (USCS or USC) developed from English units which were in use in the British Empire before the U.S. became an independent country. However, the United Kingdom's system of measures was overhauled in 1824 to create the imperial system, changing the definitions of some units. Therefore, while many U.S. units are essentially similar to their Imperial counterparts, there are significant differences between the systems. However, in the U.S. the term \"imperial\" is sometimes used colloquially in reference to the U.S. system.[1][verification needed]" ]
[ "United States customary units" ]
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2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights
2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights Television camera filming Serbia versus Brazil in Group E . FIFA , through several companies , sold the broadcasting rights for the 2018 FIFA World Cup to the following broadcasters . Television ( edit ) Country / Region Broadcaster Ref . Afghanistan ATN Albania RTSH Andorra TF1 , France Télévisions , TVE , beIN Sports Angola TPA , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Argentina TV Pública , TyC Sports , DirecTV Armenia ARMTV Australia SBS , Optus Sport Austria ORF , OE24 , DAZN Azerbaijan İTV , AzTV Bangladesh BTV , Maasranga TV , Nagorik TV , Sony Pictures Networks Bahamas ZNS , DirecTV Belarus BTRC Belgium VRT , RTBF Benin ORTB , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Bermuda BBC , DirecTV Bhutan Sony Pictures Networks Bolivia Unitel , Red Uno , DirecTV Bosnia and Herzegovina BHRT Brazil Globo , SporTV , Fox Sports Brunei Astro Bulgaria BNT Burkina Faso RTB , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Cambodia CBS Cameroon CRTV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Canada CBC , Sportsnet , TVA Sports Chad ORTNV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Chile Canal 13 , TVN , Mega , DirecTV , Movistar China CCTV , Migu , Youku Colombia Caracol TV , RCN TV , DirecTV Congo Télé Congo , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Costa Rica Teletica , Sky , Movistar Côte d'Ivoire RTI , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Croatia HRT Cuba ICRT Cyprus CyBC Czech Republic ČT Denmark DR , TV 2 Dominica Sky , DirecTV Dominican Republic Antena 7 , Sky Ecuador RTS , DirecTV El Salvador TCS , Sky Estonia ERR Faroe Islands DR , TV 2 Finland Yle France TF1 , France Télévisions , beIN Sports Gabon RTG , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Gambia GRTS , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Germany ARD , ZDF , Sky Sport , DAZN Georgia GPB Ghana GBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Greece ERT Greenland DR , TV 2 Guatemala TV Azteca , Tigo Sports , Sky , Movistar Guinea RTG , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Honduras TVC , Sky , Movistar Hong Kong ViuTV , Now TV Hungary MTVA Iceland RÚV India Jio TV , AirTel TV , Sony Pictures Networks Indonesia Trans Media , K - Vision , SuperPass , USeeTV Iran IRIB , beIN Sports Ireland RTÉ Israel KAN , Keshet , Sport 5 , Charlton Italy Mediaset Jamaica TVJ , DirecTV Japan NHK , NTV , TV Asahi , TBS , Fuji TV Kazakhstan Qazaqstan Kenya NTV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Kosovo RTK Kyrgyzstan KTRK Laos TVLAO Latvia LTV Lebanon Télé Liban , beIN Sports Liechtenstein SRG SSR Lithuania LRT Macau TDM Madagascar ORTM , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Malaysia Astro , RTM ( only terrestrial network ) Maldives PSM , Sony Pictures Networks Mali Africable , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Malta PBS Mauritius MBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Mexico Televisa , TV Azteca , Sky México Moldova TRM Monaco TF1 , France Télévisions , beIN Sports Mongolia NTV , MNB Montenegro RTCG Morocco SNRT , beIN Sports Mozambique TVM , TV Miramar , TV Sucesso , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Myanmar Skynet Sports Namibia NBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Nepal NTV , Kantipur TV , Sony Pictures Networks Netherlands NOS New Zealand Sky Sport Nicaragua Ratensa , Sky , Movistar Niger ORTN , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Nigeria NTA , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ North Korea KCTV Norway NRK , TV 2 Pakistan PTV , Sony Pictures Networks Panama Corporación Medcom , Televisora Nacional , Sky , Movistar Papua New Guinea EM TV , Sky Pacific Paraguay SNT , Telefuturo , TyC , DirecTV Peru Latina , DirecTV Philippines ABS - CBN Poland TVP , NC+ Portugal RTP , SIC , SportTV Romania TVR Rwanda RBA , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Russia Perviy Kanal , VGTRK , Match TV San Marino Mediaset Senegal RTS , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Serbia RTS Seychelles SBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Singapore Mediacorp , Singtel , StarHub Slovakia RTVS Slovenia RTVSLO Solomon Islands Our Telekom , Sky Pacific South Africa SABC , SuperSport , StarTimes South Korea KBS , MBC , SBS Spain Mediaset España Comunicación Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation , Sony Pictures Networks Suriname SCCN , DirecTV Sweden SVT , TV4 Switzerland SRG SSR , DAZN Taiwan ELTA , CTS Tajikistan Varzish TV Tanzania TBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Thailand TrueVisions , Channel 5 , Amarin TV Timor Leste ETO Telco Togo TVT , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Trinidad & Tobago CNC3 , DirecTV Tunisia ERTT , beIN Sports Turkey TRT Uganda BBS , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Ukraine Inter , NTN United Kingdom Home Nations / Territories Channel Islands England Isle of Man Northern Ireland Scotland Wales BBC , ITV United States and territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Islands Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Fox Sports , Telemundo Uruguay Monte Carlo , Canal 10 , Teledoce , TyC , DirecTV Uzbekistan Uzreport TV , Futbol TV Vatican City RAI , Sky Sport Venezuela Venevisión , TVes , Meridiano Televisión , VC Sports , DirecTV Vietnam HTV , VTV Zambia Muvi TV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Region Broadcaster Ref . Caribbean Countries / Territories Antigua & Barbuda Anguilla Aruba Barbados Belize British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Dominican Republic Grenada Guyana Haiti Montserrat St. Lucia St. Kitts & Nevis St. Vincent & the Grenadines Turks and Caicos U.S. Virgin Islands DirecTV Middle East and North Africa Countries Algeria Bahrain Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Libya Mauritania Oman Palestinian Authority Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen beIN Sports Oceania Countries / Territories Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Micronesia Nauru Palau Samoa Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Sky Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa Countries Botswana Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Guinea - Bissau Lesotho Liberia Malawi Sierra Leone Swaziland Zimbabwe Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Radio ( edit ) Nation / Territory Broadcaster Ref Albania RTSH Australia SBS , ABC Austria ORF Belarus BTRC Belgium VRT , RTBF Bosnia and Herzegovina BHRT Brazil Rádio Bandeirantes , Rádio Gaúcha , Rádio Itatiaia , Rádio Jovem Pan , Rádio Verdes Mares , Radio Sagres 730 , Sistema Globo de Rádio , Super Rádio Tupi Bulgaria BNR Chile ADN Radio , Radio Bío - Bío , Radio Cooperativa , UCV Radio Colombia Blu Radio , Caracol Radio , RCN Radio Costa Rica Radio Columbia , Radio Monumental , Teletica Radio Croatia HRT Cyprus CyBC Denmark DR Ecuador RTS Estonia ERR France Europe 1 , RTL , Radio France , RMC Finland Yle Georgia GPB Germany ARD , RTL Radio , Radio Hamburg , Radio NRW , Hitradio RTL Sachsen , Hitradio FFH , Antenne Bayern , 89.0 RTL Guatemala Emisoras Unidas , La Red Deportes 106.1 Hong Kong RTHK Iceland RÚV Indonesia RRI Iran IRIB Ireland RTÉ Israel KAN Italy RAI , Mediaset Jamaica RJR 94 FM Kosovo RTK Liechtenstein SRG SSR Lithuania LT Macau TDM Macedonia MRT Moldova TeleRadio - Moldova Monaco RMC Sport Montenegro RTCG Morocco SNRT , Radio Mars Netherlands NOS Norway NRK Peru RPP Portugal RTP , TSF , Rádio Renascença Portuguese - speaking Africa Countries Cape Verde Guinea - Bissau Mozambique São Tomé and Príncipe RTP Russia VGTRK Serbia RTS Slovenia RTVSLO South Africa SABC South Korea SBS Spain RTVE , Cadena COPE , Cadena SER , Onda Cero , Radio Marca Sub-Saharan Africa Countries Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo Côte d'Ivoire DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe France Médias Monde Sweden SR Switzerland SRG SSR Turkey TRT United Kingdom Home Nations / Territories England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Gibraltar Channel Islands Isle of Man BBC , Talksport United States and territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Islands Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Fox Sports Radio ( simulcast of television audio ) , Fútbol de Primera Uruguay 770 AM Oriental , 810 AM El Espectador , 850 AM Carve , 890 AM Sarandí Sport , 930 AM Monte Carlo , 970 AM Radio Universal , 1090 AM Radio Imparcial , 1410 AM Radio LaCatorce10 , 99.5 FM Del Sol Vietnam VOV References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Media Rights Licensees '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com. 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 FIFA World Cup '' ( PDF ) . Infront . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Hassett , Sebastian ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` SBS locks in two more World Cups '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA awards further TV rights for 2015 -- 2022 '' . FIFA. 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SBS strike EPL deal with Optus '' . SBS.com.au . SBS . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Independent , The . `` Three TVs to broadcast FIFA WC matches live '' . Three TVs to broadcast FIFA WC matches live theindependentbd.com . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Globo buys broadcast rights to 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups '' . FIFA. 28 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Sports fecha acordo para transmitir Copa do Mundo da Rússia '' . Folha de São Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . 21 August 2017 . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Band fecha acordo para transmissão da Copa da Rússia '' . UOL. 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bell Media lands deal for FIFA soccer from 2015 through 2022 '' . The Sports Network . 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CCTV pockets Fifa media rights until 2022 '' . SportsProMedia. 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Youku acquires World Cup streaming rights in China '' . SportsProMedia. 30 May 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Movistar Costa Rica ( 13 June 2017 ) , Mirá La Copa FIFA Confederaciones en Movistar Play , retrieved 15 June 2017 Jump up ^ `` Antena 7 y Antena 21 transmitirán el Mundial de Fútbol para la República Dominicana '' . www.diariolibre.com ( in Spanish ) . Diario Libre . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Rasila , Tanja ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Ylelle mittava jalkapallosopimus -- seuraavat MM - kisat ja FIFA Confederations Cup näkyvät Ylellä '' . yle.fi ( in Finnish ) . Yleisradio . Retrieved 29 April 2018 . Sopimukseen kuuluvat miesten jalkapallon MM - kisat kesällä 2018 , naisten jalkapallon MM - kisat 2019 ja tänä kesänä maanosaliittojen Confederations Cup sekä naisten EM - lopputurnaus . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Executive Committee agrees major governance reforms & Ethics structure '' . FIFA. 30 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cushnan , David ( 8 June 2014 ) . `` BBC , ITV , ARD and ZDF sign World Cup TV deals '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 2 April 2012 ) . `` ARD and ZDF get rights to 2018 World Cup '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Elena . `` Sky Deutschland gets ultra HD rights for 2018 Fifa World Cup '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Elena ( 18 May 2018 ) . `` DAZN lands Fifa World Cup highlights in Germany '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Now TV ‧ ViuTV 獨家 播 2018 世界 盃 '' ( in Chinese ) . Now TV . 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Now TV 與 ViuTV 獨家 播放 俄羅斯 2018 FIFA 世界 盃 '' ( in Chinese ) . ViuTV. 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup 2018 live broadcasters in India '' . Financial Express . Jump up ^ `` Transmedia Jadi Pemegang Hak Siar Piala Dunia 2018 '' ( in Indonesian ) . CNN Indonesia . 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Bolasport.com . `` K - Vision Pegang Hak Siar Piala Dunia 2018 untuk Televisi Kabel '' . bolasport.com ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Superpass Jadi Penyedia Siaran Piala Dunia 2018 via TV Kabel '' . FMA dan SuperPass Resmi Bekerjasama dalam Menyiarkan Piala Dunia ( in Indonesian ) . JawaPos.com . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IndiHome Sajikan Siaran Langsung Piala Dunia 2018 Goal.com '' ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` تدارک صداوسیما برای جام‌جهانی 2018 '' ( in Persian ) . Jameja Online . 10 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff , Annahar ( 30 May 2018 ) . `` Télé Liban to broadcast World Cup for free in Lebanon '' . Annahar . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Darrous , Sabine ( 6 June 2018 ) . `` World Cup to be broadcast live for free on Télé Liban '' . The Daily Star . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 24 April 2012 ) . `` SRG secures Swiss World Cup rights until 2022 '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 澳 廣 視 《 2018 FIFA 俄羅斯 世界 盃 》 64 場 全程 直播 '' ( in Chinese ) . TDM. 27 March 2018 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guan Eng : RM30mil sponsorship secured for World Cup on RTM '' . The Star . 3 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia 's World Cup broadcasts all covered by sponsors , says finance minister '' . Channel NewsAsia. 3 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Emmanuel Santa Maria Chin ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Maxis main sponsor for RTM 's World Cup 2018 telecast , Gobind reveals '' . The Malay Mail . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russie 2018 : La SNRT a obtenu les droits de retransmission des matches '' . Medias24 - Site d'information ( in French ) . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Sports signs eight - year deal with FIFA '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ABS - CBN S + A , Liga to broadcast the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' . ABS - CBN Sports . 5 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RTP e Seleção Nacional até 2018 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Lopes , Maria . `` RTP partilha direitos do Mundial 2018 com SIC '' . Público.pt ( in Portuguese ) . Público . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sport TV garante emissão da totalidade dos jogos do Mundial 2018 '' . Infocul ( in Portuguese ) . Infocul . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa awards media rights in Russia for 2018 World Cup '' . Sportspromedia.com . SportsPro . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mediacorp , Singtel , StarHub to broadcast 2018 World Cup '' . Channel NewsAsia. 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA awards 2017 - 2018 media rights for sub-Saharan Africa '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 世 足 6 月 登場 華 視 加入 轉播 行列 '' ( in Chinese ) . Chinese Television System . 30 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TrueVisions picked to broadcast World Cup '' . The Nation. 28 April 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Elena Holmes ( 30 April 2018 ) . `` Fifa World Cup rights deals agreed in Thailand '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Wassana Nanuam ; Nanat Suchiva ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` World Cup to be live streamed free , in full '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Інтер транслюватиме усі матчі ЧС - 2018 , -- голова редакції спортпрограм телеканалу '' . Football24.ua ( in Ukrainian ) . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 22 October 2011 ) . `` Fox and Telemundo Win U.S. Rights to World Cups '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA awards US TV Rights for 2015 -- 2022 '' . FIFA.com ( Press release ) . FIFA. 21 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UZREPORT приобрел права трансляции Чемпионата мира по футболу 2018 '' ( in Uzbek ) . uzreport. news . 14 April 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Ha Do ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Vietnam strikes eleventh hour World Cup 2018 deal '' . VnExpress . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyên Hà ( 9 June 2018 ) . `` Tiết lộ : Viettel và Vingroup giúp VTV mua bản quyền World Cup 2018 '' ( in Vietnamese ) . Voice of Vietnam . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Cushnan , David ( 18 December 2014 ) . `` DirecTV picks up Fifa rights package in Caribbean '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Al Jazeera Sport buys broadcast rights to 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups '' . FIFA. 26 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Eoin ( 26 January 2011 ) . `` Al Jazeera secures first 2018 / 2022 rights package '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Al Jazeera Sport rebranded beIN SPORTS '' . Al Arabiya. 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA awards 2017 - 2018 media rights for sub-Saharan Africa '' . FIFA. 30 March 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 世界 盃. 多 星 道 ( 版權 所 限 , 本 節目 不 設 網 上 收聽 及 重 溫 ) '' . RTHK . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RRI Mendapat Lisensi Radio Siaran Sepakbola Piala Dunia 2018 '' . RRI . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mondiale Russia 2018 in diretta anche su Radio 105 '' . Calcio Casteddu ( in Italian ) . Calcio Casteddu . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RTP É MUNDIAL '' ( PDF ) . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Futbol de Primera Awarded the Exclusive U.S. Spanish - Language Radio Rights to the Mexican National Team '' . FDP Radio . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Theo dõi World Cup 2018 trên các kênh của Đài Tiếng Nói Việt Nam '' ( in Vietnamese ) . Voice of Vietnam . 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_broadcasting_rights&oldid=854526326 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) CS1 Persian - language sources ( fa ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) CS1 Uzbek - language sources ( uz ) CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use dmy dates from June 2018 Talk About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Español 한국어 Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 00 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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who owns the rights to the world cup
[ "\n\nCountry/Region\n\nBroadcaster\n\nRef.\n\n\n Afghanistan\n\nATN\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Albania\n\nRTSH\n\n[1]\n\n\n Andorra\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, TVE, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Angola\n\nTPA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Argentina\n\nTV Pública, TyC Sports, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Armenia\n\nARMTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Australia\n\nSBS, Optus Sport\n\n[3][4][5]\n\n\n Austria\n\nORF, OE24, DAZN\n\n[1]\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n\nİTV, AzTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bangladesh\n\nBTV, Maasranga TV, Nagorik TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1][2][6]\n\n\n Bahamas\n\nZNS, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Belarus\n\nBTRC\n\n[1]\n\n\n Belgium\n\nVRT, RTBF\n\n[1]\n\n\n Benin\n\nORTB, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bermuda\n\nBBC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bhutan\n\nSony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bolivia\n\nUnitel, Red Uno, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n\nBHRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Brazil\n\nGlobo, SporTV, Fox Sports\n\n[7][8][9]\n\n\n Brunei\n\nAstro\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bulgaria\n\nBNT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n\nRTB, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cambodia\n\nCBS\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Cameroon\n\nCRTV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Canada\n\nCBC, Sportsnet, TVA Sports\n\n[4][10][1]\n\n\n Chad\n\nORTNV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Chile\n\nCanal 13, TVN, Mega, DirecTV, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n China\n\nCCTV, Migu, Youku\n\n[2][11][12]\n\n\n Colombia\n\nCaracol TV, RCN TV, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Congo\n\nTélé Congo, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Costa Rica\n\nTeletica, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1][13]\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n\nRTI, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Croatia\n\nHRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cuba\n\nICRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cyprus\n\nCyBC\n\n[1]\n\n\n Czech Republic\n\nČT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Denmark\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Dominica\n\nSky, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n\nAntena 7, Sky\n\n[14]\n\n\n Ecuador\n\nRTS, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n El Salvador\n\nTCS, Sky\n\n[1]\n\n\n Estonia\n\nERR\n\n[1]\n\n\n Faroe Islands\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Finland\n\nYle\n\n[1][15]\n\n\n France\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Gabon\n\nRTG, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Gambia\n\nGRTS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Germany\n\nARD, ZDF, Sky Sport, DAZN\n\n[16][17][18][19][20]\n\n\n Georgia\n\nGPB\n\n[1]\n\n\n Ghana\n\nGBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Greece\n\nERT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Greenland\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Guatemala\n\nTV Azteca, Tigo Sports, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Guinea\n\nRTG, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Honduras\n\nTVC, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Hong Kong\n\nViuTV, Now TV\n\n[1][2][21][22]\n\n\n Hungary\n\nMTVA\n\n[1]\n\n\n Iceland\n\nRÚV\n\n[1]\n\n\n India\n\nJio TV, AirTel TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1][23]\n\n\n Indonesia\n\nTrans Media, K-Vision, SuperPass, USeeTV\n\n[2][24][25][26][27]\n\n\n Iran\n\nIRIB, beIN Sports\n\n[28]\n\n\n Ireland\n\nRTÉ\n\n[1]\n\n\n Israel\n\nKAN, Keshet, Sport 5, Charlton\n\n[1]\n\n\n Italy\n\nMediaset\n\n[1]\n\n\n Jamaica\n\nTVJ, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Japan\n\nNHK, NTV, TV Asahi, TBS, Fuji TV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n\nQazaqstan\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kenya\n\nNTV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kosovo\n\nRTK\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n\nKTRK\n\n[1]\n\n\n Laos\n\nTVLAO\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Latvia\n\nLTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Lebanon\n\nTélé Liban, beIN Sports\n\n[1][29][30]\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n\nSRG SSR\n\n[31]\n\n\n Lithuania\n\nLRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Macau\n\nTDM\n\n[2][32]\n\n\n Madagascar\n\nORTM, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Malaysia\n\nAstro, RTM (only terrestrial network)\n\n[1][33][34][35]\n\n\n Maldives\n\nPSM, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mali\n\nAfricable, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Malta\n\nPBS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mauritius\n\nMBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mexico\n\nTelevisa, TV Azteca, Sky México\n\n[1]\n\n\n Moldova\n\nTRM\n\n[1]\n\n\n Monaco\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mongolia\n\nNTV, MNB\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Montenegro\n\nRTCG\n\n[1]\n\n\n Morocco\n\nSNRT, beIN Sports\n\n[1][36]\n\n\n Mozambique\n\nTVM, TV Miramar, TV Sucesso, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Myanmar\n\nSkynet Sports\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Namibia\n\nNBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Nepal\n\nNTV, Kantipur TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Netherlands\n\nNOS\n\n[1]\n\n\n New Zealand\n\nSky Sport\n\n[1][37]\n\n\n Nicaragua\n\nRatensa, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Niger\n\nORTN, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Nigeria\n\nNTA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n North Korea\n\nKCTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Norway\n\nNRK, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Pakistan\n\nPTV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Panama\n\nCorporación Medcom, Televisora Nacional, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n\nEM TV, Sky Pacific\n\n[1]\n\n\n Paraguay\n\nSNT, Telefuturo, TyC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Peru\n\nLatina, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Philippines\n\nABS-CBN\n\n[1][2][38]\n\n\n Poland\n\nTVP, NC+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Portugal\n\nRTP, SIC, SportTV\n\n[39][40][41]\n\n\n Romania\n\nTVR\n\n[1]\n\n\n Rwanda\n\nRBA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Russia\n\nPerviy Kanal, VGTRK, Match TV\n\n[42]\n\n\n San Marino\n\nMediaset\n\n[1]\n\n\n Senegal\n\nRTS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Serbia\n\nRTS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Seychelles\n\nSBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Singapore\n\nMediacorp, Singtel, StarHub\n\n[2][43]\n\n\n Slovakia\n\nRTVS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Slovenia\n\nRTVSLO\n\n[1]\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n\nOur Telekom, Sky Pacific\n\n[1]\n\n\n South Africa\n\nSABC, SuperSport, StarTimes\n\n[1][44]\n\n\n South Korea\n\nKBS, MBC, SBS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Spain\n\nMediaset España Comunicación\n\n[1]\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n\nSri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Suriname\n\nSCCN, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Sweden\n\nSVT, TV4\n\n[16][18]\n\n\n Switzerland\n\nSRG SSR, DAZN\n\n[31]\n\n\n Taiwan\n\nELTA, CTS\n\n[1][2][45]\n\n\n Tajikistan\n\nVarzish TV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Tanzania\n\nTBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Thailand\n\nTrueVisions, Channel 5, Amarin TV\n\n[2][46][47][48]\n\n\n Timor Leste\n\nETO Telco\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Togo\n\nTVT, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Trinidad & Tobago\n\nCNC3, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Tunisia\n\nERTT, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Turkey\n\nTRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Uganda\n\nBBS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Ukraine\n\nInter, NTN\n\n[1][49]\n\n\n United KingdomshowHome Nations/Territories\n Channel Islands\n England\n Isle of Man\n Northern Ireland\n Scotland\n Wales\n\nBBC, ITV\n\n[17]\n\n\n United Statesshowand territories\n American Samoa\n Guam\n Northern Mariana Islands\n Puerto Rico\n Baker Island\n Howland Island\n Jarvis Island\n Johnston Atoll\n Kingman Reef\n Midway Islands\n Navassa Island\n Palmyra Atoll\n Wake Island\n\nFox Sports, Telemundo\n\n[50][51]\n\n\n Uruguay\n\nMonte Carlo, Canal 10, Teledoce, TyC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n\nUzreport TV, Futbol TV\n\n[2][52]\n\n\n Vatican City\n\nRAI, Sky Sport\n\n[1]\n\n\n Venezuela\n\nVenevisión, TVes, Meridiano Televisión, VC Sports, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Vietnam\n\nHTV, VTV\n\n[2][53][54]\n\n\n Zambia\n\nMuvi TV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n", "\n\nCountry/Region\n\nBroadcaster\n\nRef.\n\n\n Afghanistan\n\nATN\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Albania\n\nRTSH\n\n[1]\n\n\n Andorra\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, TVE, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Angola\n\nTPA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Argentina\n\nTV Pública, TyC Sports, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Armenia\n\nARMTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Australia\n\nSBS, Optus Sport\n\n[3][4][5]\n\n\n Austria\n\nORF, OE24, DAZN\n\n[1]\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n\nİTV, AzTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bangladesh\n\nBTV, Maasranga TV, Nagorik TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1][2][6]\n\n\n Bahamas\n\nZNS, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Belarus\n\nBTRC\n\n[1]\n\n\n Belgium\n\nVRT, RTBF\n\n[1]\n\n\n Benin\n\nORTB, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bermuda\n\nBBC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bhutan\n\nSony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bolivia\n\nUnitel, Red Uno, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n\nBHRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Brazil\n\nGlobo, SporTV, Fox Sports\n\n[7][8][9]\n\n\n Brunei\n\nAstro\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bulgaria\n\nBNT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n\nRTB, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cambodia\n\nCBS\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Cameroon\n\nCRTV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Canada\n\nCBC, Sportsnet, TVA Sports\n\n[4][10][1]\n\n\n Chad\n\nORTNV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Chile\n\nCanal 13, TVN, Mega, DirecTV, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n China\n\nCCTV, Migu, Youku\n\n[2][11][12]\n\n\n Colombia\n\nCaracol TV, RCN TV, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Congo\n\nTélé Congo, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Costa Rica\n\nTeletica, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1][13]\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n\nRTI, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Croatia\n\nHRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cuba\n\nICRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cyprus\n\nCyBC\n\n[1]\n\n\n Czech Republic\n\nČT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Denmark\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Dominica\n\nSky, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n\nAntena 7, Sky\n\n[14]\n\n\n Ecuador\n\nRTS, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n El Salvador\n\nTCS, Sky\n\n[1]\n\n\n Estonia\n\nERR\n\n[1]\n\n\n Faroe Islands\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Finland\n\nYle\n\n[1][15]\n\n\n France\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Gabon\n\nRTG, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Gambia\n\nGRTS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Germany\n\nARD, ZDF, Sky Sport, DAZN\n\n[16][17][18][19][20]\n\n\n Georgia\n\nGPB\n\n[1]\n\n\n Ghana\n\nGBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Greece\n\nERT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Greenland\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Guatemala\n\nTV Azteca, Tigo Sports, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Guinea\n\nRTG, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Honduras\n\nTVC, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Hong Kong\n\nViuTV, Now TV\n\n[1][2][21][22]\n\n\n Hungary\n\nMTVA\n\n[1]\n\n\n Iceland\n\nRÚV\n\n[1]\n\n\n India\n\nJio TV, AirTel TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1][23]\n\n\n Indonesia\n\nTrans Media, K-Vision, SuperPass, USeeTV\n\n[2][24][25][26][27]\n\n\n Iran\n\nIRIB, beIN Sports\n\n[28]\n\n\n Ireland\n\nRTÉ\n\n[1]\n\n\n Israel\n\nKAN, Keshet, Sport 5, Charlton\n\n[1]\n\n\n Italy\n\nMediaset\n\n[1]\n\n\n Jamaica\n\nTVJ, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Japan\n\nNHK, NTV, TV Asahi, TBS, Fuji TV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n\nQazaqstan\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kenya\n\nNTV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kosovo\n\nRTK\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n\nKTRK\n\n[1]\n\n\n Laos\n\nTVLAO\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Latvia\n\nLTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Lebanon\n\nTélé Liban, beIN Sports\n\n[1][29][30]\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n\nSRG SSR\n\n[31]\n\n\n Lithuania\n\nLRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Macau\n\nTDM\n\n[2][32]\n\n\n Madagascar\n\nORTM, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Malaysia\n\nAstro, RTM (only terrestrial network)\n\n[1][33][34][35]\n\n\n Maldives\n\nPSM, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mali\n\nAfricable, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Malta\n\nPBS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mauritius\n\nMBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mexico\n\nTelevisa, TV Azteca, Sky México\n\n[1]\n\n\n Moldova\n\nTRM\n\n[1]\n\n\n Monaco\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mongolia\n\nNTV, MNB\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Montenegro\n\nRTCG\n\n[1]\n\n\n Morocco\n\nSNRT, beIN Sports\n\n[1][36]\n\n\n Mozambique\n\nTVM, TV Miramar, TV Sucesso, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Myanmar\n\nSkynet Sports\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Namibia\n\nNBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Nepal\n\nNTV, Kantipur TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Netherlands\n\nNOS\n\n[1]\n\n\n New Zealand\n\nSky Sport\n\n[1][37]\n\n\n Nicaragua\n\nRatensa, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Niger\n\nORTN, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Nigeria\n\nNTA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n North Korea\n\nKCTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Norway\n\nNRK, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Pakistan\n\nPTV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Panama\n\nCorporación Medcom, Televisora Nacional, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n\nEM TV, Sky Pacific\n\n[1]\n\n\n Paraguay\n\nSNT, Telefuturo, TyC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Peru\n\nLatina, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Philippines\n\nABS-CBN\n\n[1][2][38]\n\n\n Poland\n\nTVP, NC+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Portugal\n\nRTP, SIC, SportTV\n\n[39][40][41]\n\n\n Romania\n\nTVR\n\n[1]\n\n\n Rwanda\n\nRBA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Russia\n\nPerviy Kanal, VGTRK, Match TV\n\n[42]\n\n\n San Marino\n\nMediaset\n\n[1]\n\n\n Senegal\n\nRTS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Serbia\n\nRTS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Seychelles\n\nSBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Singapore\n\nMediacorp, Singtel, StarHub\n\n[2][43]\n\n\n Slovakia\n\nRTVS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Slovenia\n\nRTVSLO\n\n[1]\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n\nOur Telekom, Sky Pacific\n\n[1]\n\n\n South Africa\n\nSABC, SuperSport, StarTimes\n\n[1][44]\n\n\n South Korea\n\nKBS, MBC, SBS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Spain\n\nMediaset España Comunicación\n\n[1]\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n\nSri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Suriname\n\nSCCN, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Sweden\n\nSVT, TV4\n\n[16][18]\n\n\n Switzerland\n\nSRG SSR, DAZN\n\n[31]\n\n\n Taiwan\n\nELTA, CTS\n\n[1][2][45]\n\n\n Tajikistan\n\nVarzish TV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Tanzania\n\nTBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Thailand\n\nTrueVisions, Channel 5, Amarin TV\n\n[2][46][47][48]\n\n\n Timor Leste\n\nETO Telco\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Togo\n\nTVT, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Trinidad & Tobago\n\nCNC3, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Tunisia\n\nERTT, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Turkey\n\nTRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Uganda\n\nBBS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Ukraine\n\nInter, NTN\n\n[1][49]\n\n\n United KingdomshowHome Nations/Territories\n Channel Islands\n England\n Isle of Man\n Northern Ireland\n Scotland\n Wales\n\nBBC, ITV\n\n[17]\n\n\n United Statesshowand territories\n American Samoa\n Guam\n Northern Mariana Islands\n Puerto Rico\n Baker Island\n Howland Island\n Jarvis Island\n Johnston Atoll\n Kingman Reef\n Midway Islands\n Navassa Island\n Palmyra Atoll\n Wake Island\n\nFox Sports, Telemundo\n\n[50][51]\n\n\n Uruguay\n\nMonte Carlo, Canal 10, Teledoce, TyC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n\nUzreport TV, Futbol TV\n\n[2][52]\n\n\n Vatican City\n\nRAI, Sky Sport\n\n[1]\n\n\n Venezuela\n\nVenevisión, TVes, Meridiano Televisión, VC Sports, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Vietnam\n\nHTV, VTV\n\n[2][53][54]\n\n\n Zambia\n\nMuvi TV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n" ]
[ "Fox Sports", "Telemundo" ]
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Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb
Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb - wikipedia Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Jump to : navigation , search Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Theatrical release poster Directed by Shawn Levy Produced by Shawn Levy Chris Columbus Mark Radcliffe Screenplay by David Guion Michael Handelman Story by Mark Friedman David Guion Michael Handelman Based on Characters by Thomas Lennon Robert Ben Garant Starring Ben Stiller Robin Williams Owen Wilson Dan Stevens Ben Kingsley Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Edited by Dean Zimmerman Production company 21 Laps Entertainment 1492 Pictures TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) ( Ziegfeld Theatre ) December 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 19 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $127 million Box office $363.2 million Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a 2014 American comedy adventure film directed by Shawn Levy and written by David Guion and Michael Handelman . It is the sequel to the 2006 film Night at the Museum and the 2009 film Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian . The film stars Ben Stiller , Robin Williams , Owen Wilson , Dan Stevens and Ben Kingsley . In Secret of the Tomb , security guard Larry Daley must travel to London to return the tablet of Ahkmenrah , an Egyptian artifact which causes the exhibits to come to life , before the magic disappears . Principal photography of Secret of the Tomb took place from January to May 2014 in London , England and British Columbia , Canada . The film premiered on December 11 , 2014 , at New York City 's Ziegfeld Theater and was released in the United States on December 19 , 2014 . Secret of the Tomb grossed over $363 million at the box office . This film was dedicated to the memory of Robin Williams , who died four months before the film 's release , and fellow Night at the Museum actor Mickey Rooney , who died before principal photography was finished . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1938 Egypt , a team of archaeologists discover the tomb of pharaoh Ahkmenrah , including a young Cecil Fredericks , finding the magical Tablet of Ahkmenrah . The locals warn the group that removing the tablet will end its magic . In present day New York City , Larry Daley remains the night guard of the American Museum of Natural History . He , Theodore Roosevelt , Sacagawea , Attila the Hun , Jedediah , Octavius and Dexter the capuchin monkey help re-open the Hayden Planetarium . A new wax Neanderthal resembling Larry named Laaa is introduced , identifying Larry as his father . Ahkmenrah shows Larry that the tablet is corroding , which later causes the exhibits to act erratically , causing mayhem at the planetarium 's reopening . Afterwards , Larry catches his son Nick throwing a house party , who plans on taking a gap year to sort out his life . Larry reunites with Cecil , now in retirement , who realises the end of the tablet 's magic will cause the exhibits to become lifeless . Cecil explains Ahkmenrah 's parents , Merenkahre and Shepseheret , may be able to restore the tablet 's power , but are located in the British Museum . Larry convinces the museum 's curator , Dr. McPhee , to let him ship Ahkmenrah to London to restore the tablet , convinced that McPhee knows its secrets . Larry and Nick travel to the British Museum , bypassing the night guard Tilly . To Larry 's surprise , Roosevelt , Sacagawea , Attila , Jed , Octavius , Dexter , and Laaa have come as well . Laaa is left to stand guard while the others search the museum , the tablet bringing its own exhibits to life . They are joined by a wax Sir Lancelot who helps them fight off the aggressive museum exhibits like a Xiangliu statue and a Triceratops skeleton . Jedediah and Octavius fall through a ventilation shaft , but are rescued from an erupting Pompeii model by Dexter . The group find Ahkmenrah 's parents , learning the tablet 's power can be regenerated by moonlight , since it is empowered with the magic of Khonsu . Lancelot mistakes the tablet for the Holy Grail and steals it , leaving to find Camelot . Larry and Laaa are locked in the employee break room by Tilly but escape , Laaa remaining behind to distract Tilly , but they become attracted to each other . Lancelot crashes a performance of the musical Camelot , starring Hugh Jackman and Alice Eve as King Arthur and Queen Guinevere , but Larry and the others chase him to the theatre roof , where the New York exhibits begin to die . Lancelot then sees that the quest was about them and gives the tablet back . The moonlight restores the tablet 's power , saving the exhibits . They decide that Ahkmenrah and the tablet should stay with his parents , even if it means the New York exhibits will no longer come to life . Back in New York , Larry spends some final moments with his friends before sunrise . Three years later , Larry now works as a teacher , and a travelling British Museum exhibit comes to New York . Tilly becomes the new night guard , and gives the tablet to Dr. McPhee , showing him its power , and allowing the exhibits to awaken again . Outside , Larry watches them party inside . Cast ( edit ) Ben Stiller as Larry Daley , a security guard at the American Museum of Natural History . Stiller also plays Laaa , a Neanderthal who resembles Larry . Robin Williams as Theodore Roosevelt , the wax statue of the 26th President of the United States . Owen Wilson as Jedediah , a cowboy diorama miniature . Steve Coogan as Octavius , a Roman soldier miniature . Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee , the director of the Museum of Natural History . Rachael Harris as Madeline Phelps , the chairwoman of the American Museum of Natural History . Dan Stevens as Sir Lancelot , the wax statue of the legendary Knight of the Round Table . Rebel Wilson as Tilly , the night security guard at the British Museum . Skyler Gisondo as Nick Daley , the son of Larry Daley . He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films . Rami Malek as Ahkmenrah , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh . Patrick Gallagher as Attila the Hun , the statue of the leader of the Huns . Mizuo Peck as Sacagawea , the polyurethane model of the Lemhi Shoshone woman who is Theodore Roosevelt 's girlfriend . Ben Kingsley as Merenkahre , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh and Ahkmenrah 's father . Dick Van Dyke as Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks , a retired security guard from the first film . Percy Hynes White plays the younger Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks Mickey Rooney as Gus , a retired security guard from the first film . Bill Cobbs as Reginald , a retired security guard from the first film . Andrea Martin as Rose , an archivist at the Museum of Natural History . Brennan Elliott as Robert Fredericks , C.J. 's father in the prologue . Matt Frewer as Archibald Stanley , an archeologist who accompanies Robert and Cecil in the prologue . Anjali Jay as Shepseheret , the mummy of a Great Royal Wife of Merenkahre and mother of Ahkmenrah . Crystal the Monkey as Dexter , a Capuchin monkey . Hugh Jackman as Himself ( uncredited ) Alice Eve as Herself ( uncredited ) Voices ( edit ) Robin Williams as Garuda Artifact . Brad Garrett as Easter Island Head . Regina Taufen as New York Reporter . Production ( edit ) On January 21 , 2010 , co-writer Thomas Lennon said to Access Hollywood , `` I think it 's a really outstanding idea to do Night at the Museum 3 , in fact . I wonder if someone 's not even already working on a script for that . I can not confirm that for a fact , but I can not deny it for a fact either ... It might be in the works . '' In an October 2011 interview with The Hollywood Reporter , Stiller confirmed the sequel , however , he said that it was only in the `` ideas stage '' . In February 2013 it was announced that the film , directed by Shawn Levy , would be released on December 25 , 2014 . On September 10 , 2013 , it was announced that shooting would start in February 2014 . On November 8 , 2013 , actor Dan Stevens was cast as Lancelot . On November 15 , 2013 , it was announced that Skyler Gisondo would be replacing Jake Cherry in the role of Nicky Daley . On December 18 , 2013 , it was announced that Stiller , Robin Williams , and Ricky Gervais would be returning for the sequel . On January 9 , 2014 , it was announced that Rebel Wilson would play a security guard in the British Museum . On January 14 , 2014 , the film 's release date was moved up from December 25 , 2014 , to December 19 , 2014 . On January 23 , 2014 , it was announced Ben Kingsley would play an Egyptian Pharaoh at the British Museum . Principal photography and production began on January 27 , 2014 . On May 6 , 2014 , it was announced that the film would be titled Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb . In May 2014 , principal photography ended . Music ( edit ) Alan Silvestri returns to score the final installment of the trilogy . Night At the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by Alan Silvestri Released January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) Recorded 2014 Genre Film score Length 56 : 52 Label Varese Sarabande Track listing ( edit ) Varese Sarabande released a soundtrack album of the score on January 6 , 2015 . All tracks written by Alan Silvestri . Night At the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Ahkmenrah Expedition '' 3 : 34 2 . `` Performance Prep '' 2 : 02 3 . `` LOL '' 2 : 22 4 . `` The Grand Re-Opening '' 3 : 13 5 . `` The End Will Come '' 2 : 19 6 . `` Sneak And Greet '' 3 : 25 7 . `` Sir Lancelot '' 3 : 33 8 . `` Where Are Jed And Octavius ? '' 2 : 50 9 . `` Main Hall '' 3 : 24 10 . `` Xiangliu '' 3 : 46 11 . `` Male Bonding '' 2 : 15 12 . `` The Legend Of The Tablet '' 3 : 11 13 . `` The Escher Fight '' 3 : 45 14 . `` Camelot '' 3 : 49 15 . `` The Quest '' 2 : 35 16 . `` Seeing Your Boy Become A Man '' 3 : 14 17 . `` Laaa Love '' 1 : 53 18 . `` A Farewell Kiss '' 2 : 40 19 . `` Teddy 's Goodbye '' 3 : 02 Total length : 56 : 52 Release ( edit ) The film premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 11 , 2014 . It was then released on December 19 , 2014 in the United States . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb grossed $113.7 million in North America , and $249.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $363.2 million against a budget of $127 million . In North America , early analysts were predicting a potential $25 -- $28 million opening . In North America , the film was released on December 19 , 2014 across 3,785 theaters . It opened Friday , December 19 , 2014 and earned $5.6 million on its opening day , placing at number three at the box office . The film underperformed expectations during its opening weekend , earning $17.1 million , which was relatively lower than the openings of the original film ( $30.4 million ) and its sequel ( $54.1 million ) . The film debuted at number two at the box office behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies . According to 20th Century Fox , the movie 's audience was 51 % male , with 54 % of the audience under the age of 25 . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' , on an A+ to F scale . The film began its international rollout the same weekend as the North American premiere and earned $10.4 million from 27 markets in its opening weekend , debuting at # 3 behind at the box office behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies and Penguins of Madagascar . The film expanded to an additional 40 markets in its second week and grossed $31.2 million . It topped the box office outside North America in its fourth weekend with a total gross of $46.2 million , primarily because of China , where it opened at # 1 with $26 million . The other highest opening figures were from Mexico ( $5.85 million ) , Brazil ( $3.1 million ) , Malaysia ( $3.07 million ) , the UK ( $3 million ) , Australia ( $2.8 million ) , Germany ( $2.1 million ) and Singapore ( $2 million ) . For the weekend of January 16 , 2015 , the film grossed $17.8 million , which includes a $3.9 million debut in South Korea . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received a 48 % approval rating , based on 104 reviews , with an average score of 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` While not without its moments , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a less - than - inspired sendoff for the trilogy . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 47 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Scott Foundas of Variety gave the film a positive review , praising the visual effects and calling the production values `` topnotch '' , and admiring Guillermo Navarro 's work . He added , `` A most enjoyable capper to director Shawn Levy and producer Chris Columbus ' cheerfully silly and sneakily smart family - entertainment juggernaut ... offers little in the way of secrets of surprises , but should add much holiday cheer to Fox 's box - office coffers . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film three stars out of five and said , `` The third part in what absolutely no one is calling the Night at the Museum ' trilogy ' turns out to be a good - natured and entertainingly surreal panto fantasy . '' Glenn Kenny awarded the film 21⁄2 stars out of 4 praising the Indiana Jones themed - set while criticizing the performances of the cast and said , `` As talent - packed as any Night at the Museum picture may be -- in this third installment ... -- one does n't come to a movie of this sort expecting anybody 's best work . Or at least one certainly should n't , because it wo n't materialize . '' Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice gave the film a positive review , saying `` The third installment , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb may be the best , and even the generally wound - too - tight Ben Stiller - once again playing a bemused Museum of Natural History guard - is easy to tolerate . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Where the previous films felt frenetic and forced , this outing feels breezier , more enjoyable and less contrived . '' Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` There 's a serenity to museum visits , especially if it 's a place you know and love . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , amazingly , recaptures that feeling in big - studio franchise form . '' Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film two out of five stars , saying `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a rather lackluster affair , a cash grab that tries to aim a little higher but confuses sappy shortcuts with real emotion . '' Joe McGovern of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B , saying `` It 's kind of fun , unembarrassingly , and not least of all because the people who made it look like they had a good time doing so . '' Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film a B , saying `` There are some key elements that make this Night at the Museum sequel work better than its predecessor . '' Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` The exhibits in this Night at the Museum may still come to life nightly . But their latest movie stays stubbornly inert . '' Tom Russo of The Boston Globe gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Seeing Ben Stiller , the late Robin Williams , and their magically roused gang together again , this time in London , is initially all about indulgent , nostalgic smiles rather than new wows . But then comes the movie 's exceptionally clever and fresh final act , which delivers genuine surprise along with many laughs . '' Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` The third Night at the Museum film starts strongly , with its heart in the past ... It 's an exciting opening , and perhaps too exciting for the film 's own good . It 's hard not to be disappointed when the plot moves back to the present and settles into the time - honoured formula of digitised creatures running riot and famous people in fancy dress doing shtick . '' Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review , saying `` Despite relocating across the pond to the esteemed British Museum , the creaky Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb fails to capitalize on the comic potential provided by that change of venue . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+ , saying `` Secret of the Tomb plays it as a source of corny jokes , pop - culture references , and father - son bonding moments . In other words , it 's exactly the kind of film that should n't be expected to engage with its assorted bizarre subtexts -- but what a movie it could be if it did . '' Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` For piquing kids ' interest in history and nature , you could do worse than this goofy Ben Stiller franchise . But its third installment is more meh than manic , too reliant on wide shots of the ragtag Museum of Natural History cohorts striding down corridors . You get the feeling returning director Shawn Levy is ready to hang it up . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film one and a half stars out of five , saying `` The dialogue is schmaltzy and often painfully unfunny . The special effects are often so 1980s - bad , one wonders if it was a deliberate choice , to make the creepy visuals of sculptures dancing and paintings moving less frightening to young viewers . Time and again , terrific actors sink in the equivalent of cinematic quicksand , helpless against the sucking sound of this movie . '' Drew Hunt of Slant Magazine gave the film one out of four stars , saying `` None of the entries in the Night at the Museum series could ever pass for high art , but a wealth of comedic talent gave the first two installments a madcap energy that somewhat forgave their childish premises . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , the third and supposedly final edition in the franchise , is nothing more than an uncomfortably transparent contractual obligation . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Comedy Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Comedy Ben Stiller Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Ben Stiller Won Home media ( edit ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb was released on Blu - ray and DVD on March 10 , 2015 . The film debuted in second place on the home media charts behind The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM : SECRET OF THE TOMB ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sneak peek : ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike . `` Rebel Wilson Joins ' Night At The Museum 3 ' Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike . `` ' Downton Abbey 's Dan Stevens Joins ' Night At The Museum 3 ' As Lancelot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen . `` Skyler Gisondo Set For ' Night At The Museum 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` Ben Kingsley Joins ' Night At The Museum 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raring to go ! A grinning Mickey Rooney , 93 , is pushed through airport in wheelchair as he arrives in Canada to film Night At The Museum 3 '' . Dailymail.co.uk . January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night At The Museum 3 ' In The Works '' . Access Hollywood . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller Reveals ' Zoolander ' Sequel Secrets ; Future of the Fockers and What He Thinks of ' Tower Heist ' Co-Star Eddie Murphy as Oscar Host '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Shawn Levy Returns to Direct NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM 3 for December 25 , 2014 Release ; THE MAZE RUNNER Set to Open February 14 , 2014 '' . Collider . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night At The Museum 3 ' In The Works Access Hollywood - Celebrity News , Photos & Videos '' . Access Hollywood . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Gervais Reprising In ' Night At The Museum 3 ′ '' . Deadline.com . December 18 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita . `` Fox Sets Date For ' Planet of the Apes ' Project , Moves Romancer ' The Longest Ride ' Away From ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' ; ' Night At the Museum ' Now Head to Head With ' The Hobbit ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ben Kingsley Joining Shawn Levy 's Night at the Museum 3 '' . Comingsoon.net . January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On The Set For 1 / 27 / 14 : Universal 's ' Ouija ' Wraps , ' Night At The Museum 3 ′ Starts For 20th Century Fox `` Studio System News '' . Studiosystemnews.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quiet on set ! Ben Stiller and Robin Williams are joined by former Downton Abbey star Dan Stevens as they film Night At The Museum 3 in London '' . DailyMail.com . January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller 's Third Franchise Adventure is Now Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb . '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Robin Williams leaves behind four upcoming films '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . movie-wave.net . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' Soundtrack Details '' . filmmusicreporter.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night At the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night At The Museum : Secret Of The Tomb Soundtrack List Movie ( 2014 '' . songonlyrics.net . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Soundtrack '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller , ' Night at the Museum ' Cast Remember Robin Williams - Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` ' Night at the Museum 3 ′ Trailer # 2 : Do n't Let the Magic Die '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Hobbit ' Finale Opens Strong with $24.5 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Forecast ( cont . ) : ' Night at the Museum , ' ' Annie ' Open Ahead of Christmas Holiday '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Widest Releases '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Hobbit ' Wakes Up Auds ; ' Annie ' Arm Wrestling Ben Stiller For No. 2 -- Friday B.O. '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Hobbit ' Rules Them All With $90.6 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Subers ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report ( cont . ) : Final ' Night at the Museum ' Narrowly Tops ' Annie ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Hobbit ' Finale Adds $109 Million Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deadline.com reported slightly different opening figures : $10.93 million from 29 international markets . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Rules While Chinese , Indian And French Films Make Noise : Intl BO Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hobbit ' Finale Soars To $355 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' , ' Exodus ' Lead XMas Frame ; Euro , Korea Pics Boom Locally : Intl BO Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Strong Weekend For Fox , Clint Eastwood At International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Hobbit ' Finale Adds $109 Million Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Passes $500 M ; ' American Sniper ' , ' Taken 3 ′ Skillful : Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Taken ' Repeats , ' Hobbit ' Hits $800 Million '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Foundas ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb review -- surreal panto fantasy '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night At the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Review '' . Rogererbert.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Zacharek ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` The Night at the Museum Movies Are Better Than Critics Say '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Claudia Puig ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Third ' Night at the Museum ' is breezy , bittersweet fun '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , ' movie review '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Night at the Museum : Tomb ' doomed by ennui '' . The Arizona Republic . December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Long , The Detroit News ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Night at the Museum ' is family - friendly fun '' . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' review : Bury it '' . Newark Star - Ledger . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Russo ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Night at the Museum ' sequel shakes off the dust '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robbie Collin ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , review : ' so much fun ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Rechtshaffen . `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : The creepy Night At The Museum series comes to a close with Secret Of The Tomb '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New ' Night at the Museum ' is a bit musty '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' : Please do not touch '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Drew Hunt ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb - Film Review '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WINNERS OF TEEN CHOICE 2015 ANNOUNCED '' . Teen Choice Awards . FOX . August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Announces Nominations for the ' 28th Annual Kids ' Choice Awards ' '' . Zap2it . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meryl Streep gets her first Kids ' Choice Awards nomination : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Hunger Games ' Fends Off ' Night at the Museum ' on Home Video Sales Charts '' . Variety.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb on IMDb Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb at the TCM Movie Database Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb at Box Office Mojo Milan Trenc 's The Night at the Museum Films Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Video games Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Films directed by Shawn Levy Just in Time ( 1997 ) Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) Big Fat Liar ( 2002 ) Just Married ( 2003 ) Cheaper by the Dozen ( 2003 ) The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Real Steel ( 2011 ) The Internship ( 2013 ) This Is Where I Leave You ( 2014 ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Night_at_the_Museum:_Secret_of_the_Tomb&oldid=805477193 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy films 2010s fantasy films 1492 Pictures films 21 Laps Entertainment films American films American adventure comedy films American sequel films British Museum Cultural depictions of Attila the Hun Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt Fantasy adventure films Film scores by Alan Silvestri Films about Theodore Roosevelt Films directed by Shawn Levy Films set in 1938 Films set in 2014 Films set in Egypt Films set in London Films set in museums Films set in New York City Films shot in London IMAX films Neanderthals in fiction Performance capture in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 17 : 28 . 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who plays larry's son in night at the museum
[ "Skyler Gisondo as Nick Daley, the son of Larry Daley.[6] He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films." ]
[ "Skyler Gisondo" ]
152867068950083562
Carbon tax
Carbon tax - Wikipedia Carbon tax Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series about Environmental economics Concepts Green accounting Green economy Green trading Eco commerce Green job Environmental enterprise Fiscal environmentalism Environmental finance Renewable energy Policies Sustainable tourism Ecotax Environmental tariff Net metering Environmental pricing reform Pigovian tax Dynamics Renewable energy commercialization Marginal abatement cost Green paradox Green politics Pollution haven hypothesis Carbon related Low - carbon economy Carbon neutral fuel Carbon neutrality Carbon pricing Emissions trading Carbon credit Carbon offset Carbon emission trading Personal carbon trading Carbon tax Carbon finance Feed - in tariff Carbon diet Food miles 2000 - watt society Carbon footprint A carbon tax is a tax levied on the carbon content of fuels . It is a form of carbon pricing . Carbon is present in every hydrocarbon fuel ( coal , petroleum , and natural gas ) and converted to carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) and other products when combusted . In contrast , non-combustion energy sources -- wind , sunlight , geothermal , hydropower , and nuclear -- do not convert hydrocarbons to CO 2 . CO 2 is a heat - trapping `` greenhouse '' gas which represents a negative externality on the climate system ( see scientific opinion on global warming ) . Since GHG emissions caused by the combustion of fossil fuels are closely related to the carbon content of the respective fuels , a tax on these emissions can be levied by taxing the carbon content of fossil fuels at any point in the product cycle of the fuel . Carbon tax offers social and economic benefits . It is a tax that increases revenue without significantly altering the economy while simultaneously promoting objectives of climate change policy . The objective of a carbon tax is to reduce the harmful and unfavorable levels of carbon dioxide emissions , thereby decelerating climate change and its negative effects on the environment and human health . Carbon taxes offer a potentially cost - effective means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions . From an economic perspective , carbon taxes are a type of Pigovian tax . They help to address the problem of emitters of greenhouse gases not facing the full social cost of their actions . Carbon taxes can be a regressive tax , in that they may directly or indirectly affect low - income groups disproportionately . The regressive impact of carbon taxes could be addressed by using tax revenues to favour low - income groups . A number of countries have implemented carbon taxes or energy taxes that are related to carbon content . Most environmentally related taxes with implications for greenhouse gas emissions in OECD countries are levied on energy products and motor vehicles , rather than on CO 2 emissions directly . A coal - fired power plant in Luchegorsk , Russia . A carbon tax would tax the CO emitted from the power station . Opposition to increased environmental regulation such as carbon taxes often centers on concerns that firms might relocate and / or people might lose their jobs . It has been argued , however , that carbon taxes are more efficient than direct regulation and may even lead to higher employment ( see footnotes ) . Many large users of carbon resources in electricity generation , such as the United States , Russia , and China , are resisting carbon taxation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 CO and global warming 1.2 Economic theory 1.3 Social cost of carbon 1.4 Carbon leakage 1.5 Border adjustments , tariffs and bans 1.6 Other types of taxes 1.7 Petroleum ( motor gasoline , diesel , jet fuel ) 1.8 Calculation 2 Implementation 2.1 Africa 2.1. 1 Zimbabwe 2.1. 2 South Africa 2.2 Asia 2.2. 1 China 2.2. 2 India 2.2. 3 Japan 2.2. 4 South Korea 2.2. 5 Taiwan 2.3 Oceania 2.3. 1 Australia 2.3. 2 New Zealand 2.4 Europe 2.4. 1 European Union 2.4. 1.1 Denmark 2.4. 1.2 Finland 2.4. 1.3 France 2.4. 1.4 Germany 2.4. 1.5 Republic of Ireland 2.4. 1.6 Netherlands 2.4. 1.7 Sweden 2.4. 1.8 United Kingdom 2.4. 2 Norway 2.4. 3 Switzerland 2.5 Central America 2.5. 1 Costa Rica 2.6 North America 2.6. 1 Canada 2.6. 2 United States 3 Harmonized carbon taxes 4 Support 5 Opposition by the Sierra Club 6 Carbon taxes compared to cap - and - trade 6.1 Views 6.1. 1 Supporters of taxes over caps 6.1. 2 Difficulties with taxes 7 Distributional impacts 8 Footnotes 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) CO and global warming ( edit ) Carbon dioxide is one of several heat - trapping greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) emitted by humans ( anthropogenic GHGs ) . The scientific consensus is that human - induced greenhouse gas emissions are the primary cause of global warming , and that carbon dioxide is the most important of the anthropogenic GHGs . Worldwide , 27 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide are produced by human activity annually . The physical effect of CO in the atmosphere can be measured as a change in the Earth - atmosphere system 's energy balance -- the radiative forcing of CO . Carbon taxes are one of the policies available to governments to reduce GHG emissions . In the Kyoto Protocol ( an international treaty ) , CO emissions are regulated along with other GHGs . Different GHGs have different physical properties : the global warming potential is an internationally accepted scale of equivalence for other greenhouse gases in units of tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent . Economic theory ( edit ) See also : Carbon tax § Carbon taxes compared to cap - and - trade `` Economists like to argue , about climate change as much as anything else . ( ... ) But on the biggest issue of all they nod in agreement , whatever their political persuasion . The best way to tackle climate change , they insist , is through a global carbon tax . '' -- The Economist , 28 November 2015 A carbon tax is a form of pollution tax ( although carbon dioxide is naturally occurring ) . Pollution taxes are often grouped with two other economic policy instruments : tradable pollution permits / credits and subsidies . These three environmental economic policy instruments are built upon a foundation of a command and control regulation . The difference is that classic command - penalty regulations stipulate , through performance or prescriptive standards , what each polluter is required to do to be in compliance with the law . Command and control regulation is not considered an economic instrument as it is typically enforced by narrower means such as stop or control order , though it may include an administrative monetary penalty in site - specific regulations . The instrumental distinction between a tax and a command - and - control regulation is determined by the enacted legislative names , and whether they contain `` tax '' as a defined term within the Act , for example British Columbia 's Carbon Tax Act versus Alberta 's Specified Gas Emitters Regulation , Alta Reg 139 / 2007 A carbon tax is also an indirect tax -- a tax on a transaction -- as opposed to a direct tax , which taxes income . A carbon tax is called a price instrument , since it sets a price for carbon dioxide emissions . In economic theory , pollution is considered a negative externality , a negative effect on a party not directly involved in a transaction , which results in a market failure . To confront parties with the issue , the economist Arthur Pigou proposed taxing the goods ( in this case hydrocarbon fuels ) , which were the source of the negative externality ( carbon dioxide ) so as to accurately reflect the cost of the goods ' production to society , thereby internalizing the costs associated with the goods ' production . A tax on a negative externality is called a Pigovian tax , and should equal the marginal damage costs . Within Pigou 's framework , the changes involved are marginal , and the size of the externality is assumed to be small enough not to distort the rest of the economy . According to the scientific consensus , the impact of climate change may result in catastrophe and non-marginal changes . `` Non-marginal '' means that the impact could significantly reduce the growth rate in income and welfare . The amount of resources that should be devoted to avoiding climate change impacts is controversial . Policies designed to reduce carbon emissions could also have a non-marginal impact . Prices of hydrocarbon fuels are expected to continue increasing as more countries industrialize and add to the demand on fuel supplies . In addition to creating incentives for energy conservation , a carbon tax would put renewable energy sources such as wind , solar and geothermal on a more competitive footing , stimulating their growth . David Gordon Wilson first proposed a carbon tax in 1973 . Social cost of carbon ( edit ) See also : Economic impacts of climate change § Marginal impacts The social cost of carbon ( SCC ) is the marginal cost of the impacts caused by emitting one extra tonne of carbon ( as carbon dioxide ) at any point in time , inclusive of ' non-market ' impacts on the environment and human health . The concept of a social cost of carbon was first mooted by the Reagan administration in 1981 . The initial purpose of putting a price on a ton of emitted CO2 was to aid policymakers in evaluating whether a policy designed to curb climate change is justified . An intuitive way of looking at this is as follows : if the price of carbon is $50 per tonne in 2030 , and we currently have a technology that can reduce emissions by 1 million metric tonnes in 2030 , then any investment amount below $50 million would make economic sense , while any amount over that would lead us to consider investing the money somewhere else , and paying to reduce emissions in 2030 . Calculating the SCC requires estimating the residence time of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere , along with estimating the impacts of climate change . The impact of the extra tonne of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere must then be converted to equivalent impacts on climate and human health , as measured by the amount of damage done and the cost to fix it . In economics , comparing impacts over time requires a discount rate . This rate determines the weight placed on impacts occurring at different times . Best estimates of the SCC come from Integrated Assessment Models ( IAM ) which predict the effects of climate change under various scenarios and allow for calculation of monetized damages . One of the most widely used IAMs is the Dynamic Integrated model of Climate and the Economy ( DICE ) . The DICE model , developed by William Nordhaus , makes provisions for the calculation of a social cost of carbon . The DICE model defines the SCC to be `` equal to the economic impact of a unit of emissions in terms of t - period consumption as a numéraire . '' The SCC figure computed in 2015 is $31.2 per ton of CO2 for emissions , this amount will rise 3 % in real terms , to account for inflation till 2050 . Estimates of the dollar cost of carbon dioxide pollution is given per tonne , either carbon , $ X / tC , or carbon dioxide , $ X / tCO . One tC is roughly equivalent to 3.7 tCO . According to economic theory , if SCC estimates were complete and markets perfect , a carbon tax should be set equal to the SCC . Emission permits would also have a value equal to the SCC . In reality , however , markets are not perfect , SCC estimates are not complete , and externalities in the market are difficult to calculate accurately , resulting in an inaccurate carbon tax ( Yohe et al ... , 2007 : 823 ) . Estimates of the SCC are highly uncertain . Yohe et al. ( 2007 : 813 ) summarized the literature on SCC estimates : peer - reviewed estimates of the SCC for 2005 had an average value of $43 / tC ( $12 / tCO ) with a standard deviation of $83 / tC . The wide range of estimates is explained mostly by underlying uncertainties in the science of climate change ( e.g. , the climate sensitivity , which is a measure of the amount of global warming expected for a doubling in the atmospheric concentration of CO 2 ) , different choices of discount rate , different valuations of economic and non-economic impacts , treatment of equity , and how potential catastrophic impacts are estimated . One specific issue arises over coming to a consensus on what discount rate to use . Some , like Nordhaus , advocate for a discount rate that is pegged to current market interest rates , as we should treat efforts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions just like we treat any other economic activity . Others , like Stern , propose a much smaller discount rate because `` normal '' discount rates are skewed when applied over the time scales over which climate change acts . As a result , other estimates of the SCC spanned at least three orders of magnitude , from less than $1 / tC to over $1,500 / tC . The true SCC is expected to increase over time . The rate of increase will very likely be 2 to 4 % per year . A recent meta - analysis of the literature on the estimates of the social costs of carbon , however , finds evidence of publication bias in favor of larger estimates . Carbon leakage ( edit ) Carbon leakage is the effect that regulation of emissions in one country / sector has on the emissions in other countries / sectors that are not subject to the same regulation . Leakage effects can be both negative ( i.e. , increasing the effectiveness of reducing overall emissions ) and positive ( reducing the effectiveness of reducing overall emissions ) . Negative leakages , which are desirable , are usually referred to as `` spill - over '' . According to Goldemberg et al ... ( 1996 , p. 28 ) , short - term leakage effects need to be judged against leakage effects in the long - term . A policy that , for example , saw a carbon taxes set only in developed countries might lead to leakage of emissions to developing countries . However , a desirable negative leakage could occur due to a lowering in demands of coal , oil , and gas from the developed countries and thus the world prices . This will lead to developing countries being able to afford more of any hydrocarbon fuel type , thus being able to substitute more oil or gas for coal , in effect lowering their national emissions . In the long - run , however , if the transfer of less polluting technologies is delayed , this substitution by income effects might have no long - term benefit . Carbon leakage is central to the discussion on climate policy , given the confluence of issues that are currently being debated , including the 2030 Energy and Climate Framework and the review of the EU carbon leakage list by 2014 . Border adjustments , tariffs and bans ( edit ) A number of policies have been suggested to address concerns over competitive losses due to one country introducing a carbon tax while another country does not . Similar policies have also been suggested in an attempt to induce countries to introduce carbon taxes . Suggested policies include border tax adjustments , trade tariffs , trade bans and deaths . Border tax adjustments would account for emissions attributable to imports from nations without a carbon price . An alternative would be trade bans or tariffs applied to non-taxing countries . It has been argued that such approaches could be disadvantageous to a target country as a trade measure ( Gupta et al ... , 2007 ) . To date , World Trade Organization case law has not provided specific rulings on climate - related taxes . The administrative aspects of border tax adjustments has also been discussed . Other types of taxes ( edit ) See also : energy tax and fee and dividend Two other types of taxes that are related to carbon taxes are emissions taxes and energy taxes . An emissions tax on GHG emissions requires individual emitters to pay a fee , charge or tax for every tonne of greenhouse gas released into the atmosphere while an energy tax is charged directly on the energy commodities . In terms of mitigating climate change , a carbon tax , which is levied according to the carbon content of fuels , is not a perfect substitute for a tax on CO emissions . For example , a carbon tax encourages reduced use of hydrocarbon fuels , but it does not provide an incentive to mitigate or improve mitigation technologies , e.g. carbon capture and storage . Energy taxes increase the price of energy uniformly , regardless of the emissions produced by the energy source ( Fisher et al ... , 1996 , p. 416 ) . An ad valorem energy tax is levied according to the energy content of a fuel or the value of an energy product , which may or may not be consistent with the emitted amounts of green house gases and their respective global warming potentials . Studies indicate that to reduce emissions by a certain amount , ad valorem energy taxes would be more costly than carbon taxes . However , although CO emissions are an externality , using energy services may result in other negative externalities , e.g. , air pollution . If these other externalities are accounted for , an energy tax may be more efficient than a carbon tax alone . Another type of tax is a fee and dividend , where the money collected from the tax is returned equitably to all households , effectively taxing carbon emitters and rebating those that burn less carbon . Petroleum ( motor gasoline , diesel , jet fuel ) ( edit ) Many OECD countries have taxed fuel directly for many years for some applications ; for example , the UK imposes duty directly on vehicle hydrocarbon oils , including petrol and diesel fuel . The duty is adjusted to ensure that the carbon content of different fuels is handled with equivalence . While a direct tax should send a clear signal to the consumer , its use as an efficient mechanism to influence consumers ' fuel use has been challenged in some areas : There may be delays of a decade or more as inefficient vehicles are replaced by newer models and the older models filter through the ' fleet ' . There may be political reasons that deter policy makers from imposing a new range of charges on their electorate . There is some evidence that consumers ' decisions on fuel economy are not entirely aligned to the price of fuel . In turn , this can deter manufacturers from producing vehicles that they judge have lower sales potential . Other efforts , such as imposing efficiency standards on manufacturers , or changing the income tax rules on taxable benefits , may be at least as significant . In many countries fuel is already taxed to influence transport behavior and to raise other public revenues . Historically , they have used these fuel taxes as a source of general revenue , as their experience has been that the price elasticity of fuel is low , thus increasing fuel taxation has only slightly impacted on their economies . However , in these circumstances the policy behind a carbon tax may be unclear . Some also note that a suitably priced tax on vehicle fuel may also counterbalance the `` rebound effect '' that has been observed when vehicle fuel consumption has improved through the imposition of efficiency standards . Rather than reduce their overall consumption of fuel , consumers have been seen to make additional journeys or purchase heavier and more powerful vehicles . Calculation ( edit ) A carbon tax that compensates for the SCC varies by fuel source . The carbon dioxide production of the fuel source per unit mass or volume is multiplied by the SCC to obtain the tax . Based on the mean peer reviewed value ( $43 / tC or $12 / tCO , see Social cost of carbon , above ) , the table below estimates the tax : Fuel CO Emissions ( mass of CO produced ) Tax ( per fuel unit ) CO Emissions ( mass of CO produced ) Tax per kWh of electricity gasoline 19.6 lb / US gal ( 2.35 kg / L ) $0.11 / USgal ( $0.028 / L ) n / a n / a diesel fuel 22.3 lb / US gal ( 2.67 kg / L ) $0.12 / USgal ( $0.032 / L ) n / a n / a jet fuel 22.1 lb / US gal ( 2.65 kg / L ) $0.12 / USgal ( $0.032 / L ) n / a n / a natural gas 0.1206 lb / cu ft ( 1.93 kg / m ) $0.00066 / cu ft ( $0.023 / m ) 117 lb / MBTU ( 181 g / kWh ) $0.0066 coal ( lignite ) 2791 lb / ton ( 1.396 kg / kg ) n / a 215 lb / MBTU ( 333 g / kWh ) $0.0121 coal ( subbituminous ) 3715 lb / ton ( 1.858 kg / kg ) n / a 213 lb / MBTU ( 330 g / kWh ) $0.0119 coal ( bituminous ) 4931 lb / ton ( 2.466 kg / kg ) n / a 205 lb / MBTU ( 317 g / kWh ) $0.0115 coal ( anthracite ) 5685 lb / ton ( 2.843 kg / kg ) n / a 227 lb / MBTU ( 351 g / kWh ) $0.0127 Note that the tax per kWh of electricity depends on the thermal efficiency of the generating power plant , which varies from power plant to power plant . The table follows the American Physical Society ( APS ) estimate of 10.3 BTU / Wh ( 33 % ) . The APS notes that `` It is expected that future plants , especially those based on gas turbine systems , often will have higher efficiency , in some cases exceeding 50 % . '' The highest efficiency reached is 62 % by the new EDF powerplant in Bouchain ( 1 ) A theoretical conversion rate of 100 % is 3.412 BTU / Wh . A more practical limit for thermal power plants is Carnot 's theorem . Implementation ( edit ) Both energy and carbon taxes have been implemented in responses to commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . In most cases where an energy or carbon tax is implemented , the tax is implemented in combination with various forms of exemptions . Africa ( edit ) Zimbabwe ( edit ) Carbon Tax is payable in foreign currency at the rate of US $0.03 ( 3 cents ) per litre of petroleum and diesel products or 5 % of cost , insurance and freight value ( as defined in the Customs and Excise Act ( Chapter 23 : 02 ) ) , whichever is greater . South Africa ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2011 ) A tax on emissions has been proposed for South Africa . Announced by Finance Minister Pravin Gordhan , the tax will be implemented starting September 1 , 2015 on new motor vehicles . This tax will apply at the time of sale , and will be related to the amount of CO emitted by the vehicle . 75 South African Rand will be added to the price for every gram of CO per kilometer the vehicle emits over 120 g / km . The tax will apply to passenger cars first and eventually to commercial vehicles . Bakkies ( pickup trucks ) will be taxed because they are often used as passenger vehicles : this has caused an uproar for fear of affecting industry . David Powels of the National Association of Automobile Manufacturers of South Africa ( NAAMSA ) , opposes this taxation on light commercial vehicles . The tax could increase the cost of new vehicles by 2.5 % and cause a decrease in total automobile sales : in addition , Powels questions the ability to accurately predict CO emissions based on engine capacity . NAAMSA acknowledges the ability of carbon taxes to change consumer behavior for the betterment of the environment , but argues that this tax is not transparent enough for consumers because the taxation occurs at the time of automobile production . Powels says the tax is discriminatory because it targets new vehicles , and that the government should focus on introducing `` green fuel '' to South Africa . The goal of the carbon tax is to put South Africa on a `` sustainable path '' . South Africa has produced Long Term Mitigation Scenarios ( LTMS ) to address climate policy issues that consider variables such as technology , investment , and policy ( including carbon taxes ) and to clarify South Africa 's position for potential UNFCC negotiations . Asia ( edit ) China ( edit ) The Chinese Government Ministry of Finance had proposed to introduce a carbon tax from 2012 or 2013 , based on carbon dioxide output from hydrocarbon fuel sources such as oil and coal . The introduction of a carbon tax in China might affect severely the internal market , as well as many other laws and regulations of the country , but given the size of Chinese economy also contribute importantly to the mitigation of climate change . India ( edit ) On July 1 , 2010 , India introduced a nationwide carbon tax of 50 rupees per tonne ( $1.07 / t ) of coal both produced and imported into India . In a budget speech in 2014 , the finance Minister increased the price to 100 rupees per tonne ( $1.60 / t at $60.5 conversion ) In India coal is used to power more than half of the country 's electricity generation . India 's total coal production is estimated to reach 571.87 million tons in the year ending March 2010 and is expected to import around 100 million tons . The carbon tax expects to raise 25 billion rupees ( $535 million ) for the financial year 2010 -- 2011 . According to then Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee , the clean energy tax will help to finance a National Clean Energy Fund ( NCEF ) . Industry bodies have not favored the levy and fear that the resultant higher price of coal could trigger inflation . While many remain apprehensive , a carbon tax is a step towards helping India meet their voluntary target to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released per unit of gross domestic product by 25 % from 2005 levels by 2020 . Environment Minister Jairam Ramesh told reporters in June 2010 that a domestic tax should come before a global carbon tax , and India has imposed one while others debate the issue . With the new government in India under PM Narendra Modi , the carbon tax has been further increased form 100Rs per tonne to 200Rs per tonne in the Budget 2015 - 16 . Currently the carbon tax stands at 400rs per tonne . Japan ( edit ) In October 2012 Japan introduced a Carbon tax with the goal to take action on mitigating dangerous climate change . The government plans to use the revenues generated from this tax to finance clean energy and energy saving projects . In December 2009 , nine industry groupings opposed a carbon tax at the opening day of the COP - 15 Copenhagen climate conference stating , `` Japan should not consider a carbon tax as it would damage the economy which is already among the world 's most energy efficient . '' The industry groupings represented the oil , cement , paper , chemical , gas , electric power , auto manufacturing and electronics , and information technology sectors . The sectors state that `` the government has neither studied nor explained thoroughly enough why such a carbon tax is needed , how effective and fair it is and how the payments are to be used . '' In 2005 , an environmental tax proposed by Japanese authorities was also delayed due to major opposition from the Petroleum Association of Japan ( PAJ ) , other industries and consumers . The delay was `` to avoid putting too much economic burden on end - users as they were already paying heavy taxes on hydrocarbon fuels amid high oil prices . '' The tax that was to be implemented would be 2,400 yen ( $20.85 in 2005 dollars ) per tonne of carbon dioxide emitted from fuels . Tax on coal would be about 1.58 yen per kilogram and that on gasoline 1.52 yen per litre ( 4.3 cents per gallon in 2005 dollars ) . Officials estimated that the tax would generate income of 37 billion yen a year for the government and result in a payment of 2,100 yen per year for an average household . South Korea ( edit ) On August 22 , 2008 The Chong Wa Dae , also known as the Blue house -- the executive office and official residence of the South Korean head of state , confirmed a list of 40 new administrative strategy agenda , which included substitution of a carbon tax with the current transportation tax . Most revenues of the tax amounting to an annual $11 trillion won ( $10.4 billion ) will be financed toward the `` Low Carbon , Green Growth '' move , which was announced in President Lee Myung - bak 's speech marking the nation 's 63rd Liberation day the week before the announcement . A carbon tax is imposed on emissions of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide . The direct taxation system is now applied to several European countries , such as Sweden , the Netherlands and Norway , as well as several states in North America . The temporary transportation tax , one of the major objective taxes in the country , is slated to end in 2009 . About 80 percent of its yield is used in transportation - related work like road construction . Additional taxation amendment could follow with a `` tax on emissions '' bottom line , in possible implementations of tax discrimination according to a vehicles ' size and a carbon tax on the currently tax - free thermal power plants . Taxation on emissions is inevitable in that low carbon policies take substantial budget , the government says . In February 2010 , a deputy finance minister Yoon Young - sun confirmed that South Korea is considering a carbon tax to help reduce emissions 4 % from 2005 levels by 2020 . This would be in conjunction with a cap - and - trade program to be implemented later this year . With a tax rate of 31,828 won ( 25 Euros ) per ton of CO , the South Korean government would collect 9.1 trillion won ( $7.9 billion ) in tax revenue based on 2007 emissions . Income from the carbon tax would be used to reduce corporate and income taxes . On July 22 , 2010 Chairman Sohn Kyung - shik of the Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry asked for the South Korean government to delay the implementation of the carbon tax : `` If the government applies much stricter guidelines over carbon emissions , then companies might be burdened . '' On July 13 , 2010 South Korea 's government announced plans to more than double its financing for green research and development projects to 3.5 trillion won ( $2.9 / £ 1.9 bn ) by 2013 . The finance ministry decided that the new investment will be put into a new dedicated green fund operated by the state - run Korea Finance Corporation , for distribution to private sector projects . The government said that the fund forms part of a huge low - carbon investment drive that will see it invest a total of 107.4 trillion won , or two percent of the country 's annual gross domestic product , on green projects between 2009 and 2013 . However , the government signaled that in addition to setting aside state funds , it will ask private companies to contribute 2.4 trillion won to the fund . It added that spending from the fund will be directed mainly toward business involved in greenhouse gas emissions reduction and promoting energy efficiency . In addition , the government intends to expand its system of tax breaks to cover new technologies in solar , wind and thermal power , low - emission vehicles , rechargeable batteries and next generation nuclear reactors . The government also set a voluntary target last year ( 2007 ) to reduce 2020 emissions by four percent on 2005 levels by 2020 , and is expected to soon announce plans for carbon trading scheme to begin in 2012 . Taiwan ( edit ) In October 2009 vice finance minister Chang Sheng - ho announced that Taiwan was planning to adopt a carbon tax in 2011 . However , Premier Wu Den - yih and legislators stated that the carbon taxes would increase public suffering from the recession and that the government should not levy the new taxes until Taiwan 's economy has recovered . He opposed the carbon tax . Many Taiwanese citizens are opposed to tax increases as well . However , Chung - Hua Institution for Economic Research ( CIER ) , the think - tank that was commissioned by the government to advise on its plan to overhaul the nation 's taxes , had recommended a levy of NT $2,000 ( US $61.8 , £ 37.6 ) on each tonne of CO emissions . CIER estimated that Taiwan could raise NT $164.7 bn ( US $5.1 bn , £ 3.1 bn ) from the energy tax and a further NT $239 bn ( US $7.3 bn , £ 4.4 bn ) from the carbon levy on an annual basis by 2021 . If Taiwan does pass the carbon tax policy , Taiwan would become the first Asian country with taxation on carbon emissions . Due to the amount of revenues from such a comparatively high carbon tax , the government is planning to subsidize low income families and public transportation by using the revenues from carbon taxes . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Main article : Carbon pricing in Australia On 1 July 2012 the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD $23 per tonne of emitted CO-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils . To offset the impact of the tax on some sectors of society , the government reduced income tax ( by increasing the tax - free threshold ) and increased pensions and welfare payments slightly to cover expected price increases , as well as introducing compensation for some affected industries . On 17 July 2014 , a report by the Australian National University estimated that the Australian scheme had cut carbon emissions by as much as 17 million tonnes , the biggest annual reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in 24 years of records in 2013 as the carbon tax helped drive a large drop in pollution from the electricity sector . On 17 July 2014 , the Abbott Government passed repeal legislation through the Senate , and Australia became the first nation to abolish a carbon tax . In its place the government set up the Emission Reduction Fund , paid by taxpayers from consolidated revenue , which according to RepuTex , a markets consultancy , estimated the government 's main climate policy may only meet a third of the emissions reduction challenge if Australia is to cut 2000 levels by 5 % by 2020 . New Zealand ( edit ) In 2005 , the Fifth Labour Government proposed a carbon tax in order to meet obligations under the Kyoto Protocol . The proposal would have set an emissions price of NZ $15 per tonne of CO-equivalent . The planned tax was scheduled to take effect from April 2007 , and applied across most economic sectors though with an exemption for methane emissions from farming and provisions for special exemptions from carbon intensive businesses if they adopted world 's - best - practice standards of emissions . After the 2005 election , some of the minor parties supporting the Fifth Labour Government ( NZ First and United Future ) opposed the proposed tax , and it was abandoned in December 2005 . In 2008 , the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme was enacted via the Climate Change Response ( Emissions Trading ) Amendment Act 2008 . Europe ( edit ) In Europe , a number of countries have imposed energy taxes or energy taxes based partly on carbon content . These include Denmark , Finland , Germany , Ireland , Italy , the Netherlands , Norway , Slovenia , Sweden , Switzerland , and the UK . None of these countries has been able to introduce a uniform carbon tax for fuels in all sectors . For a review of Europe 's experience with carbon taxation see Andersen ( 2010 ) . European Union ( edit ) During the 1990s , a carbon / energy tax was proposed at the EU level but failed due to industrial lobbying . In 2010 , the European Commission considered implementing a pan-European minimum tax on pollution permits purchased under the European Union Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme ( EU ETS ) in which the proposed new tax would be calculated in terms of carbon content rather than volume , so that fuels with high energy concentrations , despite their subsequently high carbon content , will no longer carry the same traditionally low price . According to the European Commission , the new plan will charge firms a minimum tax per tonne of carbon dioxide emissions at a suggested rate of € 4 to € 30 per tonne of CO . Denmark ( edit ) As of the year 2002 , the standard carbon tax rate since 1996 amounts to 100 DKK per tonne of CO , equivalent to approximately 13 Euros or 18 US dollars . Net carbon emission tax from fuel combustion can vary depending on the level of pollution each source emits , the tax rate varies between 402 DKK per tonne of oil to 5.6 DKK per tonne of natural gas and 0 for non-combustible renewables . The rate for electricity is 1164 DKK per tonne or 10 øre per kWh , equivalent to . 013 Euros or . 017 US dollars per kWh . The CO tax applies to all energy users , including the industrial sector . But the industrial companies can be taxed differently according to two principles : the process the energy is used for , and whether or not the company has entered into a voluntary agreement to apply energy efficiency measures . Danish policies like this provide incentives for companies to put in place more sustainable practices similar to a cap and trade program on carbon dioxide . In 1992 Denmark issued a carbon dioxide tax , which was about $14 for business and $7 for households , per ton of CO . However , Denmark offers a tax refund for energy efficient changes . One of the main goals for the tax is to have people change their habits , because most of the money collected would be put into research for alternative energy resources . Finland ( edit ) Finland was the first country in the 1990s to introduce a CO tax , initially with few exemptions for specific fuels or sectors . Since then , however , energy taxation has been changed many times and substantially . These changes were related to the opening of the Nordic electricity market . Other Nordic countries exempted energy - intensive industries , and Finnish industries felt disadvantaged by this . Finland did place a border tax on imported electricity , but this was found to be out of line with EU single market legislation . Changes were then made to the carbon tax to partially exclude energy - intensive firms . This had the effect of increasing the costs of reducing CO emissions ( p. 16 ) . Vourc'h and Jimenez ( 2000 , p. 17 ) stated that arguments based on competitive losses needed to be viewed with caution . For example , they suggested that carbon tax revenues could be used to reduce labour taxes , which would favour the competitiveness of non energy - intensive industries . France ( edit ) On September 10 , 2009 , France detailed a new carbon tax with a new levy on oil , gas and coal consumption by households and businesses that was supposed to come into effect on January 1 , 2010 . The new carbon tax would be 17 euros ( 25 US dollars ) per tonne of carbon dioxide ( CO ) for households and businesses , which will raise the cost of a liter of unleaded fuel by about four cents ( 25 US cents per gallon ) . The total estimated income from the carbon tax would have been between 3 and 4.5 billion euros annually , with 55 percent of profit coming from households and 45 percent coming from businesses . The tax will not apply to electricity as mostly produced by France 's network of nuclear reactors . On December 30 , the bill was blocked by the French Constitutional Council . It considered the bill included too many exceptions and said they were unconstitutional . It condemned the exemptions for industries as being unequal and inefficient , pointing out that less than half the whole emissions would have been taxed and saying it was unfair to apply the tax only to fuels and heating , which accounted for a limited part of carbon emissions . Discounts and exceptions would have applied to many aspects of industry and agriculture , including fishing , trucking , and farming . French President Nicolas Sarkozy , despite his vow to `` lead the fight to save the human race from global warming '' , did not support the bill , saying that France needed support from the rest of the European Union before it would try and proceed with a carbon tax . In 2013 Carbon tax was again announced for France . Prime Minister Jean - Marc Ayrault launched the new Climate Energy Contribution ( CEC ) on September 21 , 2013 . The tax will apply at a rate of € 7 / tonne CO in 2014 , € 14.50 in 2015 and rising to € 22 in 2016 . Germany ( edit ) The German ecological tax reform was adopted in 1999 . After that , the ecological law of the country was amended twice - in 2000 and in 2003 . First of all , the law provided rung - by - rung growth of the taxes on fuel and fossil fuels and laid the foundation for the tax for energy . Only in 2003 , after the law 's gradual implementation , the amount of emissions reduced by 2.4 % , which is 20 million tons of CO2 . Thus , the eco-tax is one of the most powerful instruments for climate protection in Germany . The number of workplaces rose by 250,000 jobs . Republic of Ireland ( edit ) In 2004 , following a policy review , the Irish Government rejected the introduction of a carbon tax as a policy option . However , in 2007 a Fianna Fáil - Green Party coalition government was formed , and promised to reconsider the matter . In the 2010 budget the country 's first carbon tax was introduced . The new tax was levied at € 15 per tonne of CO emissions ( approx . US $20 per tonne ) . The carbon tax applies to kerosene , marked gas oil , liquid petroleum gas , fuel oil , and natural gas . The Natural Gas Carbon Tax does not apply to electricity because the cost of electricity is already included in pricing under the Single Electricity Market ( SEM ) . Similarly , natural gas users are exempt from the tax if they can prove they are using the gas to `` generate electricity , for chemical reduction , or for electrolytic or metallurgical processes '' . `` A partial relief from the tax is granted for natural gas delivered for use in an installation that is covered by a greenhouse gas emissions permit issued by the Environmental Protection Agency . The natural gas concerned will be taxed at the minimum rate specified in the EU Energy Tax Directive , which is € 0.54 per megawatt hour at gross calorific value . '' Pure biofuels are also exempt . The Economic and Social Research Institute has estimated the tax will cost between about € 2 and € 3 a week per household , or about € 156 per year : a survey from the Central Statistics Office reports that Ireland 's average disposable income was almost € 48,000 in 2007 . There is concern that the carbon tax may disproportionately affect elderly persons and low - income households . One group , Active Retirement Ireland , proposes that `` an extra allowance of € 4 per week be made to people in receipt of the State pension for the 30 weeks currently covered by the fuel allowance , '' they suggest that `` home heating oil be added to the categories covered under the Household Benefit Package , which is available to older people in receipt of the State pension '' . The tax is paid by companies to the Collector General . Fraudulent violation is punishable under section 1078 of the Taxes Consolidation Act 1997 , which allows for a jail sentence of up to 5 years or a fine of no more than € 126,970 . Failure to comply with the tax violates section 73 of the Finance Act of 2010 . Payment for the first accounting period was due in July 2010 . The NGO Irish Rural Link has noted that according to the Irish Economic and Social Research Institute ( ESRI ) `` a carbon tax would weigh more heavily on rural households . '' Irish Rural Link claim that experience from other countries has shown that carbon taxation will only succeed if it is part of a comprehensive package of measures , which includes reducing some other taxes which does not appear to be the Government 's approach . Carbon Tax was introduced in Ireland in the 2010 budget by the Green Party / Fianna Fáil coalition government at a rate of € 15 / tonne CO which was applied to motor gasoline and diesel and to home heating oil ( diesel ) . Electricity was exempted as electricity generation from fossil fuel power stations was covered under the EU ETS . Solid fuels including coal and turf were also exempted . In 2011 the new government coalition of Fine Gael and Labour raised the carbon tax by 33 % to € 20 / tonne . Farmers were granted a tax relief to compensate for this increase . Netherlands ( edit ) The Netherlands initiated a carbon tax in 1990 . However , in 1992 it was replaced with a 50 / 50 carbon / energy tax called the Environmental Tax on Fuels , the taxes are assessed partly on carbon content and partly on energy content . The charge was transformed into a tax and became part of general tax revenues . As such , it fell under the administration of the Ministry of Finance . The general fuel tax is collected on all hydrocarbon fuels . Fuels used as raw materials are not subject to the tax . Tax rates are based 50 / 50 on the energy and carbon contents of fuels . In 1996 The Regulatory Tax on Energy , another 50 / 50 carbon / energy tax , was also implemented . The Environmental tax and the regulatory tax are 5.16 Dutch guilder , or NLG , ( ~ $3.13 ) or per tonne of CO and 27.00 NLG ( ~ 16.40 ) per tonne CO respectively . Under the general fuel tax , electricity is not taxed , though fuels used to produce electricity are taxable . Energy - intensive industries used to benefit from preferential rates under this tax but the benefit was cancelled in January 1997 . Also , since 1997 nuclear power has been taxed under the general fuel tax at the rate of NLG 31.95 per gram of uranium - 235.38 The European Environment Agency put out an Executive Summary stating `` Although the 5th Environmental Action Programme of the EU in 1992 recommended the greater use of economic instruments such as environmental taxes , there has been little progress in their use since then at the EU level . '' However , `` at Member State level , there has been a continuing increase in the use of environmental taxes over the last decade , which has accelerated in the last 5 -- 6 year ... Countries including the Netherlands and the United Kingdom . '' More recently , in 2007 , The Netherlands introduced a Waste Fund that is funded by a carbon - based packaging tax . This tax was both used to finance the national Treasury and to finance the activities to help reach the goals of recycling 65 % of used packaging by 2012 . The organization Nedvang ( Nederland van afval naar grondstof or The Netherlands from waste to value ) , which was set up in 2005 , is the organization supporting producers and importers of packaged goods reaching individual company goals under the Dutch packaging decree . This decree was signed in 2005 and states that producers and importers of packaged goods are responsible for the collection and recycling of that waste , and that at least 65 % of that waste has to be recycled . Producers and importers can choose to reach the goals on an individual basis or by joining an organization like Nedvang . The Carbon - Based Tax on Packaging was analyzed on behalf of the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment and proven to be ineffective . Therefore , the packaging tax was abolished . Producer responsibility activities for packaging are now financed based on private contracts , that have been declared legally binding . Sweden ( edit ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In January 1991 , Sweden enacted a CO tax of 0.25 SEK / kg per ton ( $40 at the time , or EUR 27 at current rates ) on the use of oil , coal , natural gas , liquefied petroleum gas , petrol , and aviation fuel used in domestic travel . Industrial users paid half the rate ( between 1993 and 1997 , 25 % of the rate ) , and certain high - energy industries such as commercial horticulture , mining , manufacturing and the pulp and paper industry were fully exempted from these new taxes . In 1997 the rate was raised to 0.365 SEK / kg ( $60 per ton ) of CO . In 2007 , the tax was SEK 930 ( EUR 101 ) per ton of CO . The tax is credited with spurring a significant move from hydrocarbon fuels to biomass . As the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation climate change expert Emma Lindberg said , `` It was the one major reason that steered society towards climate - friendly solutions . It made polluting more expensive and focused people on finding energy - efficient solutions . '' `` It increased the use of bioenergy '' , said University of Lund Professor Thomas Johansson , former director of energy and climate at the UN Development Programme . `` It had a major impact in particular on heating . Every city in Sweden uses district heating . Before , coal or oil were used for district heating . Now biomass is used , usually waste from forests and forest industries . '' Economic growth appears to be unaffected . Between 1990 and 2006 , Sweden 's economy grew by 44 - 46 percent ( approx 2 , 8 % annually ) , depending on source . United Kingdom ( edit ) In 1993 , the UK government introduced the fuel duty escalator ( FDE ) , an environmental tax on retail petroleum products . The tax was explicitly designed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the transport sector . Since carbon is in fixed ratio to the quantity of fuel , the FDE roughly approximated a carbon tax . The transport lobby in the UK was extremely critical of the FDE . The FDE , which was the UK 's only `` real '' carbon tax , failed because of the political criticism it provoked , and the automatic increase of the FDE was cancelled in 1999 . Increases in fuel tax have since been discretionary . The politically damaging fuel protests in 2000 contributed to the government decision to reduce the real rates of fuel tax . At the time , tax and duty represented more than 75 % of the total pump price . In money terms , the past increments of the FDE remain in force , but in real terms , increments have been reduced by the rate of inflation . In 2006 , tax represented about 2⁄3 of the pump price . In addition , the UK 's Climate Change Levy was introduced in 2001 . Norway ( edit ) Norway introduced a CO tax on hydrocarbon fuels in 1991 . The tax started at a high rate of US $51 per tonne of CO on gasoline , with an average tax of US $21 per tonne The tax was also applied to diesel , mineral oil , oil and gas used in North Sea extraction activities . The International Energy Agency 's ( IEA ) 2001 Review of Norway in the Energy Policies of IEA Countries stated that `` since 1991 a carbon dioxide tax has applied in addition to excise taxes on fuel . '' It is among the highest carbon taxes in the OECD . Carbon taxation is also applied to the production of oil and gas offshore . The IEA estimates for revenue generated by the CO tax in 2004 were 7,808 million NOK ( about US $1.3 billion in 2010 dollars ) . According to IEA 2005 Review of Norway , Norway 's CO tax is its most important climate policy instrument , and covers about 64 % of Norwegian CO emissions and 52 % of total GHG emissions . Some industry sectors have been granted exemptions from the tax to preserve their competitive position . Various studies in the 1990s , and an economic analysis by Statistics Norway , have estimated the effect of the CO tax to be a reduction of 2.5 -- 11 % of Norwegian emissions under a business - as - usual approach ( i.e. , the predicted emissions that would have occurred without the tax ) . However , even with the carbon tax , Norway 's per capita emissions rose by 15 % between 1991 ( when the carbon tax was introduced ) and 2008 . In attempt to reduce CO2 emissions by a larger amount Norway implemented the first phase of an Emissions Trading Scheme in 2005 and joined the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme ( EU ETS ) in 2008 . As of 2013 , roughly 55 % of CO2 emissions in Norway are taxed and emissions that are not covered by a carbon tax are included in the EU ETS . Certain CO2 taxes are applied to emissions that result from petroleum activities on the continental shelf . This tax is charged per liter of oil and natural gas liquids produced , as well as per standard cubic meter of gas burnt off or otherwise directly emitted into the air . However , this carbon tax is considered a deductible operating cost for petroleum production which can therefore be written off to reduce the ordinary taxes paid by oil companies . In 2013 , carbon tax rates were doubled in Norway to a rate of 0.96 NOK per liter / standard cubic meter of mineral oil and natural gas . As of 2016 , the tax rate has been increased to 1 , 02 NOK per liter or standard cubic meter of oil and natural gas . Despite this increase , there is intention to reduce the tax in the future if there is a rise in the EU ETS price from the rate it was when the increased carbon tax rate was implemented . According to the Norwegian Ministry of the Environment , CO2 taxes have been the most important tool for reducing emissions produced by petroleum activities and there is a low level of CO2 emissions per produced oil equivalent . Switzerland ( edit ) In January 2008 , Switzerland implemented a CO incentive tax on all hydrocarbon fuels , such as coal , oil and natural gas , unless they are used for energy . Gasoline and diesel fuels are not affected by the CO tax . The tax is collected by the Swiss Federal Customs Administration . It is an incentive tax because it is designed to promote the economic use of hydrocarbon fuels . The tax amounts to CHF 12 per tonne CO ( US $11.41 per tonne CO ) , which is the equivalent of CHF 0.03 per litre of heating oil ( US $0.108 per gallon ) and CHF 0.025 per m of natural gas ( US $0.024 per m ) . This tax comes from Switzerland 's 1999 Federal Law on the Reduction of CO ( CO Law ) . Although Switzerland prefers to rely on voluntary actions and measures to achieve emissions reductions , the CO Law mandated the introduction of a CO tax if voluntary measures proved to be insufficient . In 2005 the federal government decided that additional measures were needed to achieve emissions reductions and meet Kyoto Protocol commitments of an 8 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012 . In 2007 , the CO tax was approved by the Swiss Federal Council , coming into effect 2008 . In 2010 , the highest tax rate will be CHF 36 per tonne of CO ( US $34.20 per tonne CO ) . Companies are allowed to exempt themselves from the tax by participating in a Swiss cap - and - trade emissions trading scheme where they voluntarily commit to legally binding targets to reduce their CO emissions . Under this scheme , emission allowances are given to companies for free , and each year emission allowances equal to the amount of CO emitted must be surrendered by the company . Companies are allowed to sell or trade excess permits . However , should a company fail to surrender the correct amount of allowances , they must pay the CO tax retroactively for each tonne of CO emitted since the exemption was granted . About 400 companies take part in trading CO emission credits under this program . In 2009 , for the second year in a row , the companies returned enough credits to the Swiss government to cover their CO emissions for the year . The 2009 report shows that companies emitted only about 2.6 million tonnes of CO , falling well below the total permissible quantity of 3.1 million tonnes . The Swiss carbon market still remains fairly small , with few emissions permits being traded . Swiss domestic law tends to favor the use of a CO tax to achieve emissions reductions and this preference for taxes combined with an immature carbon market could partially explain why Switzerland has not yet joined the European Union Emission Trading Scheme ( EU ETS ) . The tax is revenue neutral , and its revenues are redistributed proportionally to companies and to the Swiss population . For example , if the population bears 60 % of the tax burden , they will receive 60 % of the redistribution . For companies , revenues will be redistributed to all companies , except those who chose to exempt themselves from the tax through the cap - and - trade program . The revenue is given to the companies in proportion to the total payroll of their employees and is distributed through an AHV compensation fund ( Federal Old Age and Survivors ' Insurance ) that pays the relevant amount of revenue to the company . The revenues from the tax that were paid by the Swiss population are redistributed equally to all Swiss residents through health insurance companies and a deduction on their insurance premium . In June 2009 the Swiss Parliament decided to allocate about one - third of the revenue from the carbon tax to a 10 - year building program for climate - friendly building renovations . This program promotes building renovations , the use of renewable energies , the utilization of waste heat , and building engineering . As part of the early - redistribution program decided by the Swiss Federal Council in 2009 , the tax revenue from 2008 , 2009 and 2010 are being distributed in 2010 . In 2008 alone , the tax of CHF 12 per tonne of CO raised around CHF 220 million ( US $209 million ) in revenue . As of June 16 , 2010 , a total of around CHF 360 million ( US $342 million ) have become available for distribution to the Swiss population and economy . It is estimated that in 2010 , at the highest tax rate of CHF 36 per tonne of CO , the revenue from the tax will be about CHF 630 million ( US $598 million ) . Out of the projected CHF 630 million , CHF 200 million ( US $190 million ) will be allocated for the building program and the remaining CHF 430 million ( US $409 million ) will be redistributed in 2010 to the population and the economy . The International Energy Agency ( IEA ) commends Switzerland 's CO tax for its excellent design and notes that the recycling of the tax revenues to all citizens and enterprises is `` sound fiscal practice '' . Since 2005 , transport fuels in Switzerland have been subjected to the Climate Cent Initiative surcharge -- a surcharge of CHF 0.015 per litre on gasoline and diesel ( US $. 0038 per gallon ) which will remain in place until the end of 2012 . However , this surcharge can be supplemented with a CO tax on transport fuels if emissions reductions are not satisfactory . In their 2007 review , the IEA recommended that Switzerland implement a CO tax on transport fuels or increase the Climate Cent surcharge to better balance the high costs of meeting emissions reductions targets across sectors . Switzerland is currently on track to meet its Kyoto Protocol commitment of an 8 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012 . The combination of the CO tax and other voluntary measures by businesses and private individuals is enabling Switzerland to achieve these reduction goals . Central America ( edit ) Costa Rica ( edit ) In 1997 Costa Rica imposed a 3.5 percent carbon tax on hydrocarbon fuels . A portion of the funds generated by the tax go to `` Payment for Environmental Services '' ( PSA ) program which gives incentives to property owners to practice sustainable development and forest conservation . Approximately 11 % of Costa Rica 's national territory is protected by the plan . The program now pays out roughly $15 million a year to around 8,000 property owners . North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) In the 2008 Canadian federal election , a carbon tax proposed by Liberal Party leader Stéphane Dion , known as the Green Shift , became a central issue in the campaign . It would have been revenue - neutral , with increased taxation on carbon being balanced by tax cuts for individual citizens . However , it proved to be unpopular and contributed to the defeat of Liberal Party with its worst share of the popular vote since Confederation . By contrast , the Conservative party , who won the election , had promised to `` develop and implement a North American - wide cap - and - trade system for greenhouse gases and air pollution , with implementation to occur between 2012 and 2015 . '' Although there is no federal carbon tax , some Canadian provinces do have carbon taxes : Quebec : Main article : Quebec carbon tax The Canadian province of Quebec became the first in Canada to introduce a carbon tax . The tax was to be imposed on energy producers starting October 1 , 2007 , with revenue collected used for energy - efficiency programs including public transit . The tax rate for gasoline is $ CDN0. 008 per liter , or about $3.50 per tonne of CO 2 equivalent . British Columbia : Main article : British Columbia carbon tax On February 19 , 2008 , the province of British Columbia announced its intention to implement a carbon tax of $10 per tonne of Carbon dioxide equivalent ( CO e ) emissions ( 2.41 cents per litre on gasoline ) beginning July 1 , 2008 , making BC the first North American jurisdiction to implement such a tax . The tax will increase each year after until 2012 , reaching a final price of $30 per tonne ( 7.2 cents per litre at the pumps ) . Unlike previous proposals , legislation will keep the pending carbon tax revenue neutral by reducing corporate and income taxes at an equivalent rate . Also , the government will also reduce taxes above and beyond the carbon tax offset by $481 million over three years . In January 2010 , the carbon tax was applied to biodiesel . Before the tax actually went into effect , the government of British Columbia sent out `` rebate cheques '' from expected revenues to all residents of British Columbia as of December 31 , 2007 . In January 2013 , the carbon tax was collecting about $1 billion each year which was used to lower other taxes in British Columbia . Terry Lake , the minister of the environment of British Columbia , said `` It makes sense , it 's simple , it 's well accepted . '' The British Columbia revenue - neutral carbon tax is based on the following principles : All carbon tax revenue is recycled through tax reductions -- The government has a legal requirement to present an annual plan to the legislature demonstrating how all of the carbon tax revenue will be returned to taxpayers through tax reductions . The money will not be used to fund government programs . The tax rate started low and increases gradually -- Starting at a low rate gave individuals and businesses time to make adjustments and respects decisions made prior to the announcement of the tax . Low - income individuals and families are protected -- A refundable Low Income Climate Action Tax Credit is designed to help offset the carbon tax paid by low - income individuals and families . The tax has the broadest possible base -- Virtually all emissions from fuel combustion in B.C. captured in Environment Canada 's National Inventory Report are taxed , with no exemptions except those required for integration with other climate action policies in the future and for efficient administration . The tax will be integrated with other measures -- The carbon tax will not , on its own , meet B.C. 's emission - reduction targets , but it is a key element in the strategy . The carbon tax and complementary measures such as a `` cap and trade '' system will be integrated as these other measures are designed and implemented . Following implementation many Canadians concluded that the carbon tax generally benefitted the British Columbian economy , in large part because its revenue neutral feature did indeed reduce personal income taxes . However some industries complained loudly that the tax had harmed them , notably cement manufacturers and farmers . Nevertheless , the tax generated sufficient praise to attract broad attention in the United States and elsewhere from those seeking an economically efficient way of reducing the emission of greenhouse gases without hurting economic growth . Alberta : In July 2007 , Alberta enacted the Specified Gas Emitters Regulation , Alta . Reg. 139 / 2007 , ( SGER ) . This carbon tax requires a $15 / tonne contribution be made to the `` Climate Change and Emissions Management Fund '' ( CCEMF ) by companies that emit more than 100,000 tonnes of greenhouse gas annually to either reduce their CO emissions per barrel by 12 percent , or buy an offset in Alberta to apply against their total emissions . In January 2016 , the contribution required by large emitters to the CCEMF was increased by the provincial government to $20 / tonne . The tax will fall most heavily on oil companies and coal - fired electricity plants . It intends to give companies a real incentive to lower emissions while fostering technology that makes the job easier . The plan only covers the largest companies that produce 70 % of Alberta 's emissions . There are concerns that this is a serious omission because the smallest energy producers are often the most casual about emissions and pollution . The carbon tax is currently $20 per tonne . Because Alberta has the highest greenhouse gas emissions in Canada the majority of Albertans are strongly opposed to a nationwide carbon tax . There is a fear that a nationwide carbon tax would cause Alberta 's economy to suffer significantly more in proportion to other provinces . Alberta is also opposed to a Cap and Trade system it fears the trades will pull revenue out of the province , a fear not to be dismissed . Alberta 's local carbon price allows the money to stay within Alberta . On November 23 , 2015 , the Alberta government announced a new carbon tax scheme very similar to British Columbia 's in that it will be applied to the entire economy . All businesses and residents will pay a carbon tax based upon the carbon dioxide equivalent emissions , including the burning of wood and biofuels . The tax will come into force in 2017 with a price of $20 per tonne . The price will increase to $30 per tonne in 2018 and increase thereafter by the rate of inflation plus 2 % . Also announced will be the reduction of coal - powered electricity generation . Currently , coal provides 51 % of the power in the province . The target is to eliminate coal generation by 2030 . Renewable energy production ( primarily wind and solar in Alberta ) is targeted at 30 % of generating capacity by 2030 . The effect on consumers will be an increase of 4.49 ¢ per litre for gasoline and $1.011 per gigajoule for natural gas . Because it is primarily generated from burning hydrocarbons , electricity prices are also expected to rise , although the exact amount is currently unknown . The total personal cost is estimated to be about $120 per capita , based on a $300 per household cost . Rebates will be provided to low income earners and temporary rebates provided to exporters to offset competitive disadvantages . United States ( edit ) Estimated effect of a carbon tax on sources of United States electrical generation ( US Energy Information Administration ) According to the Carbon Tax Center , the United States is one of the few large and industrialized nations on Earth that does not implement a Carbon tax . One simple solution being considered is to implement a federal carbon emissions tax , instead of relying on states to enforce their own . According to economists a tax would be the simplest and the easiest way to reduce emissions since , primarily , it seems like a plan both parties can get behind since it would not impose strict regulations on business , instead allowing the industries to self regulate , while also a showing that the government is taking steps to protect the environment . Furthermore , a tax would lead both producers and consumers to adjust their respective habits accordingly , and in ways that may become more efficient . There is also a national movement called Citizens ' Climate Lobby to create support across parties to put a national price on Carbon . Internal Price on Carbon Although the United States does not currently implement a carbon tax , many American corporations have set the precedent on setting an `` internal price on carbon '' . Companies calculate this internal price to assess the risk value of future projects when making economic investment decisions . Companies usually assess a higher internal price when i ) the company emits large amounts of CO2 , and ii ) when the company projects further into the future . Oil companies usually have assets ( factories , refineries ) that have a long lifespan and that can be affected by energy policies in the future ; the products and assets of consumer - goods companies are mostly influenced by current policies , so their carbon prices are usually lower . Oil companies like Shell and ConocoPhillips apply this carbon price to current and future operations ; the motivation is to `` apply the carbon price as much to spur mitigation as to quantify risks '' . Internal Carbon Prices for Various US Companies Company Internal Carbon Price ( $ USD ) CO emitted in 2013 ( million tonnes ) Exxon Mobil 60 127 BP 40 60 Shell 40 72 Total 34 47 Ameren 30 56 Xcel Energy 20 54 Google 13 . 04 Disney 10 - 20 . 9 ConocoPhillips 8 - 46 24 Microsoft 6 . 05 Timeline for implementing Social Cost of Carbon The US Environmental Protection Agency has recently removed their page regarding the social cost of carbon since the new Trump administration has been installed . EPA Director Scott Pruitt 's skepticism towards human contributions to climate change has led to a decreased emphasis towards advancing climate change policies . Several administrative advisers have stated that the social cost should be reduced to zero ( currently at $36 per ton of carbon dioxide ) . A possible reduction or elimination of the social carbon cost would lead to the overhaul of dozens of climate regulations established in previous administrations . Colorado In November 2006 , voters in Boulder , Colorado passed what is said to be the first municipal carbon tax . It is a tax on electricity consumption ( utility bills ) with deductions for using electricity from renewable sources ( primarily Xcel 's WindSource program ) . The goal is to reduce carbon emissions to those outlined in the Kyoto Protocol ; specifically to reduce their emissions by 7 % below 1990 levels by 2012 . Tax revenues are collected by Xcel Energy and are directed to the city 's Office of Environmental Affairs to fund programs to reduce community - wide greenhouse gas emissions . Boulder 's Climate Action Plan ( CAP ) tax is expected to raise $1.6 million in 2010 . The tax was increased to a maximum allowable rate by voters in 2009 to meet CAP goals . Currently the tax is set at $0.0049 / kWh for residential users ( ave . $21 per year ) , $0.0009 / kWh for commercial ( ave . $94 per year ) , and $0.0003 / kWh for industrial ( ave . $9,600 per year ) . The revenues from the tax are expected to decrease over time as businesses and residents reduce their energy use and begin to use more solar and wind power . The tax was renewed by voters on November 6 , 2012 . As of 2015 , the Boulder carbon tax is estimated to reduce carbon output by over 100,000 tons per year , and allows the city to collect $1.8 million in revenue that is interjected back into the city . Those funds are infused back into the community by providing bike lanes , energy efficient solutions , rebates for business and homeowners to further invest in green energy , and community based programs to further still bring awareness to the movement The tax is Boulder 's way of initiating a future global movement . Because of Boulder 's progressiveness and willingness to adapt , this was a fantastic opportunity to trail - run this type of program . It leverages all forms of individual - residential , commercial , and industrial . This results in a low surcharge that has been generally well received . The average household pays just $21 - USD towards the tax each year , while the average business pays just $94 - USD per year . The success of the program has provided a stable and efficient means of carbon tax implementation and enforcement that shows its long - term sustainability in all U.S. markets . California In May 2008 , the Bay Area Air Quality Management District , which covers nine counties in the San Francisco Bay Area , passed a carbon tax on businesses of 4.4 cents per ton of CO . In 2006 , the state of California , passed AB - 32 ( Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 ) , which requires California to reduce greenhouse gas emissions . To implement AB - 32 , the California Air Resources Board proposed a carbon tax , but has yet to reach agreement with the Western States Petroleum Association which represents the refineries in the state . The WSPA holds that AB - 32 only allows a carbon tax to cover administrative costs . Maryland In May 2010 Montgomery County , Maryland passed the nation 's first county - level carbon tax . The legislation required payments of $5 per ton of CO emitted from any stationary source emitting more than a million tons of carbon dioxide during a calendar year . There is only one source of emissions fitting the criteria laid out by the council , an 850 megawatt coal - fired power plant owned by Mirant Corporation . The tax was expected to raise between $10 million and $15 million for the county , which faced a nearly $1 billion budget gap . The law provided for half of revenue to go toward creating a low interest loan plan for county residents to invest in residential energy efficiency upgrades . The County 's energy supplier buys its energy at auction , so Mirant would have to sell its energy at market value , which meant no discernible increase in energy costs would be felt by the county 's residents . In June 2010 the Mirant Corporation sued the county to stop the tax . In June 2011 the Federal Court of Appeals ruled that the tax was a fee imposed `` for regulatory or punitive purposes '' rather than a tax , and therefore could be challenged in court . The County Council repealed the fee in July 2012 . Washington In 2016 , a group of climate activists put an initiative for a revenue - neutral carbon tax on the November ballot in Washington State . If approved by voters , it would have imposed a tax on carbon dioxide emissions and used that revenue to decrease the state 's sales tax , the business tax , and expand the state 's version of the earned income tax credit for low - income workers . Harmonized carbon taxes ( edit ) Cooper ( 1998 , 2001 ) has been a leading proponent of a harmonized carbon tax ( a tax where the country setting the tax keeps all the revenues ) . Under his proposals , all participating nations would be subject to a tax at a common rate , thus achieving cost - effectiveness . A number of problems have been suggested with Cooper 's proposals : One criticism is of the fairness of having developing countries being subject to the same tax rates as developed countries , given their relative level of welfare and responsibility for the climate problem . It has been asked what incentive developed countries would have to adopt a tax . It is possible that governments would attempt to neutralize the effects of the tax on certain economic sectors . Given the presence of existing tax distortions , it might not be politically feasible to implement a uniform tax rate . Support ( edit ) Former US Vice President Al Gore strongly backed a carbon tax in his book , Earth in the Balance . In 2000 , when Gore ran for president , one commentator labeled Gore 's carbon tax proposal a `` central planning solution '' harking back to `` the New Deal politics of his father . '' Greg Mankiw , head of the Council of Economic Advisers under the George W. Bush administration , economic adviser to Mitt Romney for his 2012 presidential campaign and economics professor at Harvard University since 1985 , has been advocating for increased carbon / oil taxation since at least 1999 . In 2006 , he founded the Pigou Club of economists advocating for Pigovian taxes , a carbon tax chiefly among them . In the club 's manifesto , he writes that `` ( h ) igher gasoline taxes , perhaps as part of a broader carbon tax , would be the most direct and least invasive policy to address environmental concerns . '' In 1979 , economist Milton Friedman expressed support for the idea of a carbon tax in an interview on The Phil Donahue Show , saying `` ... the best way to ( deal with pollution ) is to impose a tax on the cost of the pollutants emitted by a car and make an incentive for car manufacturers and for consumers to keep down the amount of pollution . '' In 2001 , environmental scientist Lester Brown , founder of the Worldwatch Institute and founder and president of the Earth Policy Institute , outlined a detailed `` tax shifting '' structure which would not lead to an overall higher tax level : `` It means reducing income taxes and offsetting them with taxes on environmentally destructive activities such as carbon emissions , the generation of toxic waste , the use of virgin raw materials , the use of non-refillable beverage containers , mercury emissions , the generation of garbage , the use of pesticides , and the use of throwaway products ... activities that should be discouraged by taxing . '' '' Brown subsequently added that such a tax shift would amount to an `` honest market , '' explaining , `` The key to restructuring the economy is the creation of an honest market , one that tells the ecological truth . '' In 2011 he estimated the cost of such a tax shift , including the effects of better technology , the use of renewables and `` updating the concept of national security . '' Former US Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker suggested ( February 6 , 2007 ) that `` it would be wiser to impose a tax on oil , for example , than to wait for the market to drive up oil prices . '' NASA climatologist James E. Hansen has argued in support of a carbon tax . Commencing in North America , the nonprofit Citizens Climate Lobby has been advocating for carbon tax legislation ( specifically a progressive fee and dividend model with revenue returned to citizens in the form of a check or rebate ) . The organization has about 165 chapters in the United States , Canada , and several other countries including Bangladesh and Sweden . Former United States Congressional Representative Bob Inglis ( R - South Carolina ) heads the Energy and Enterprise Initiative at George Mason University which is making the conservative case for climate legislation through support for a carbon tax . A number of businesses and business leaders also support a carbon tax . These include : FedEx CEO Fred Smith ; James Owens , CEO of Caterpillar ; Paul Anderson , CEO and Chairman of Duke Energy . Elon Musk , CEO of Tesla and SpaceX Unilever has also spoken out in favor of a carbon tax Nestlé also favors a carbon tax In 2015 , BG Group , BP , Eni , Royal Dutch Shell , Statoil and Total sent an open letter to the UNFCCC calling for the implementation of carbon pricing and eventually link it all up into a global system . Monica Prasad , a Northwestern University sociologist , wrote about Denmark 's carbon tax in the New York Times in 2008 . In her view , the Danish carbon tax served as an example of how to reduce emissions in the US . Prasad argued , however , that a critical component for Denmark 's success in reducing carbon emissions from 1990 -- 2005 was that the tax revenues from the carbon tax were dedicated to subsidies for firms to use for alternative , environmentally cleaner sources of energy . Economist Laura D'Andrea Tyson wrote in June 2013 : `` The beauty of a carbon tax is its market - based simplicity . Economists since Adam Smith have insisted that prices are by far the most efficient way to guide the decisions of producers and consumers . Carbon emissions have an `` unpriced '' societal cost in terms of their deleterious effects on the earth 's climate . A tax on carbon would reflect these costs and send a powerful price signal that would discourage carbon emissions . '' She listed several prominent economists and political figures that have supported carbon taxes . Carbon Tax Now is an online petition for citizens from around the globe to show support for implementing a carbon tax in their country of citizenship . Opposition by the Sierra Club ( edit ) In 2016 in Washington state , the Sierra Club , the Washington Environmental Council , Climate Solutions , and the Alliance for Jobs and Clean Energy opposed a proposed tax of $25 per metric ton on fossil fuels arguing that the enactment would undermine state finances . Carbon taxes compared to cap - and - trade ( edit ) See also : Cap - and - trade An alternative government policy to a carbon tax is a cap on greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions . Emission levels of GHGs are capped and permits to pollute are freely allocated ( called `` grandfathering '' ) or auctioned to polluters . Auctioning permits has significant economic advantages over grandfathering . In particular , auctioning raises revenues that can be used to reduce distortionary taxes and improve overall efficiency . A market may be allowed for these emission permits so that polluters can trade some or all of their permits with others ( cap - and - trade ) . A hybrid instrument of a cap and carbon tax can be made by creating a price - floor and price - ceiling for emission permits . A carbon tax can also be implemented concurrently with a cap . Unlike a cap system with grandfathered permits , a carbon tax raises revenues . If the revenues are used to reduce other distortionary taxes , this can improve the efficiency of the tax . On the other hand , a cap with grandfathered permits can have an efficiency advantage of being applied to all industries . This provides an equal incentive at the margin for all polluters to reduce their emissions . This is an advantage over a tax that exempts or has reduced rates for certain sectors . Views ( edit ) Both cap - and - trade and carbon taxes give polluters a financial incentive to reduce their GHG emissions . Carbon taxes provide certainty regarding emission prices , while a cap provides certainty regarding emissions quantity . In a literature assessment , Fisher et al ... ( 1996 : 430 ) concluded that the choice between an international quota ( cap ) system , or an international carbon tax , remained ambiguous . Lu et al. ( 2012 ) compared a carbon tax , an emission trading , and command - and - control regulation at the industrial level . Their abstract concludes that market - based mechanisms would perform better than emission standards in achieving emission targets without affecting industrial production . Supporters of taxes over caps ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` Carbon tax '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Carbon tax . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) James E. Hansen has argued in his book ( Storms of My Grandchildren ) and in an open letter to President Obama , that policies to cap carbon emissions and trade permits for them ( see cap and trade ) will only make money for banks and hedge funds and allow ' business - as - usual ' for the chief carbon - emitting industries . He advocates phasing out and protesting against coal - fired power stations that do not have onsite carbon sequestration and imposing a progressive carbon tax . Carl Pope , former executive director of the Sierra Club , supports a carbon tax over cap - and - trade because employers will know exactly what they paid for the carbon dioxide they produced , and because a cap - and - trade system ( with grandfathered permits ) rewards those who have the highest emissions now and have done the least to reduce them previously . Gary Becker , a follower of the Chicago School of Economics , expressed his support for carbon taxes over cap - and - trade . Becker won the Nobel Prize in economics in 1992 . On December 11 , 2008 , Rex Tillerson , the CEO of Exxonmobil , said a carbon tax is `` a more direct , more transparent and more effective approach '' than a cap and trade program , which he said , `` inevitably introduces unnecessary cost and complexity . '' He also said that he hoped that the revenues from a carbon tax would be used to lower other taxes so as to be revenue neutral . The American Enterprise Institute , Environmental economist Jack Pezzey , economist Jeffrey Sachs ( director of the Earth Institute of Columbia University ) , Yale economist William Nordhaus , The Earth Policy Institute , The Australia Institute , the Centre for Independent Studies , and Harvard professor , Gregory Mankiw also prefer carbon taxes to cap - and - trade . Difficulties with taxes ( edit ) According to the Carbon Trust ( 2009 ) , a carbon tax suffers from combining a set price for carbon along with a transfer of revenue from industry to government . This , it is argued , guarantees that the tax will not be set at the appropriate level , but will instead be determined by the politics of large - scale revenue transfers . With a cap , however , the revenues from emission allowances can be separately negotiated with industry . Another issue with taxes is whether the emissions reductions they bring about actually exist -- that is , the `` additionality '' of emissions reductions attributable solely to the taxes ( Carbon Trust , 2009 ) . Additionality usually requires a comparison of observed emission reductions against an estimate of the emission reductions that would have taken place without the presence of the tax ( the emissions `` baseline '' ) . The additionality of a carbon tax , in this sense , is difficult to establish because other policies usually will also have impacts on levels of emissions , e.g. , subsidies and regulations . ( As a case in point , greenhouse gas emissions from British Columbia had fallen 4.5 % between 2007 and 2010 following imposition of its carbon tax . However , it is estimated by the government that most of this decrease is , in fact , attributable to an economic recession . ) There are about USD $550 billion in fossil fuel subsidies annually worldwide . Distributional impacts ( edit ) In most instances , firms pass the costs of a carbon price onto consumers . Studies typically find that poor consumers spend a greater proportion of their income on energy - intensive goods and fuel , and cost increases in energy tend to impact the poor worse than the rich . Therefore , if the revenue from a carbon tax is retained by the government , a price on carbon is expected to be regressive , similar to any policy that increases the cost of fuels and energy . A study by Resources for the Future ( 2014 ) examined the regressive nature of a carbon tax evaluating three different options for the use of a revenue neutral carbon tax . The study concluded that distributing the fee back to the public as a lump sum payment eliminates the regressive nature of the carbon tax , where people in the lower 60 % of income brackets will , on average , perceive a positive impact on their household welfare . Studies by Metcalf et al. ( 2008 ) and Metcalf ( 2009 ) consider the possible distributional impacts of carbon taxes in the United States . The 2008 study considers three recent tax bills introduced to the US Congress . The taxes themselves are highly regressive , but when revenues from the tax are returned lump - sum , the taxes become progressive . The 2009 study looks at a carbon tax combined with a reduction in payroll taxes . It is found that this combination can be distributionally neutral . With an adjustment in Social Security payments for the lowest - income households , the carbon tax policy can be made progressive . A study by Ekins and Dresner ( 2004 ) considers the distributional impact in the UK of introducing a carbon tax and increasing fuel duty . It is found that a carbon tax can be made progressive , but that the tax would make those currently worst affected by fuel poverty more badly off . Of the policy options looked at for transport , the most effective in compensating low - income motorists is found to be an increase in fuel duties and the abolishment of vehicle excise duty . Footnotes ( edit ) Bashmakov et al. ( 2001 ) refer to emissions taxes . Carbon taxes are not identical to emissions taxes , but they can be designed to be a close approximation . See also ( edit ) Global warming portal Ecology portal Environment portal 4 Degrees and Beyond International Climate Conference Economics of global warming Cap and share Carbon Credit Carbon pricing Carbon offset Congestion pricing Emissions Reduction Currency System Environmental economics Environmental impact of aviation Gasoline tax Hyper - mobile travel Landfill Tax Credit Scheme ( in the UK ) Mitigation of global warming Meat tax The Pigou Club Polluter pays principle Tax horsepower Tax on electricity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hoeller , P. ; M. Wallin ( 1991 ) . OECD Economic Studies No. 17 , Autumn 1991 . 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Jump up ^ The correct conversion factor is the molar mass of carbon dioxide divided by the molar mass of carbon ( approx. 44 g per mol divided by 12 g per mol ) Jump up ^ Yohe , G.W. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` 20.6. 1 History and present state of aggregate impact estimates '' . In M.L. Parry , ; et al. Perspectives on climate change and sustainability . Climate Change 2007 : Impacts , Adaptation and Vulnerability . Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Klein , R.J.T. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` 18.4. 2 Consideration of costs and damages avoided and / or benefits gained '' . In M.L. Parry ; et al. Inter-relationships between adaptation and mitigation . Climate Change 2007 : Impacts , Adaptation and Vulnerability . Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . pp. 756 -- 757 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Quote : `` Note that the estimates of avoided damages are highly uncertain . A survey of fourteen experts in estimating the social cost of carbon rated their estimates as low confidence , due to the many gaps in the coverage of impacts and valuation studies , uncertainties in projected climate change , choices in the decision framework and the applied discount rate ( ... ) Many published studies of damages in sectors that are quantified in economic models ( but mostly market - based costs and related to incremental projections of temperature ) and with discount rates commonly used in economic decision - making ( e.g. , 3 % or higher ) lead to low estimates of the social cost of carbon . In general , confidence in these estimates is low . '' ^ Jump up to : Yohe , G.W. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Executive summary '' . In M.L. Parry , ; et al. Perspectives on climate change and sustainability . 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Jump up ^ Décision n ° 2009 - 599 DC du 29 décembre 2009 French Constitutional Council ( in French ) Jump up ^ Chrisafis , Angelique ( September 10 , 2009 ) . `` Sarkozy Launches Carbon Tax to Help ' Save the Human Race ' '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Evans - Pritchard , Ambrose ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` France Ditches Carbon Tax as Social Protests Mount '' . The Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Taxe carbone : comment ça va marcher , The Tribune 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon tax policy in Germany '' . biomassa.de . Jump up ^ IEA ( 2007 ) . `` Energy Policies of IEA Countries -- Ireland - 2007 Review '' . International Energy Agency 's website . p. 154 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ The 2010 budget was delivered in December 2009 Jump up ^ `` Carbon tax of € 15 a tonne announced '' . Inside Ireland . 2009 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ € 1 was equal to US $1.32 as of August 2010 . See : 9 August 2010 , Currency Calculator Jump up ^ Bord Gáis Energy ( 2010 ) . `` Help & Questions -- Home Gas -- Carbon Tax '' . Bord Gáis Energy website . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Revenue . `` Guide to Natural Gas Carbon Tax '' . Revenue : Irish tax and customs . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Harry McGee ( Jan 30 , 2010 ) . `` Producers of biofuels want changes to carbon tax '' . Irish Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Harry McGee ( 2009 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Carbon tax to drive up fuel costs '' . IrishTimes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ AOIFE CARR ( 2009 ) . `` Irish household income up 10 % in 2007 '' . IrishTimes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Multy woman among group arguing for aid for elderly '' . Westmeath Examiner. 2010 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Revenue ( 2010 ) . `` Guide to Natural Gas Carbon Tax '' ( PDF ) . Revenue : Irish tax and customs . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . 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Eye Weekly . January 7 , 2009 Jump up ^ Reid , Scott . The good , the ( mostly ) bad , and the faint signs of hope . The Globe and Mail . December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Findlay , Martha Hall . After the Green Shift . The Globe and Mail . January 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Case of the Conservatives ' carbon amnesia '' . The Globe And Mail . Jump up ^ `` Quebec to collect nation 's 1st carbon tax '' . Jump up ^ `` Quebec Government to Implement Carbon Tax '' . Jump up ^ `` Where Carbon is Taxed '' . ^ Jump up to : `` B.C. introduces carbon tax '' . CanWest MediaWorks Publications . 22 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2012 . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British Columbia Carbon Tax '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Small Business and Revenue . February 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` B.C. 's Revenue - neutral Carbon Tax '' . Balanced Budget 2008 Backgrounder . Province of British Columbia . 1 July 2008 . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . Jump up ^ CTV News ( 23 June 2008 ) . `` B.C. tax rebate cheques due out this week '' . CTV British Columbia News . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Ahearn , Ashley ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` Talk Of A Carbon Tax In The Northwest '' . EarthFix Oregon Public Broadcasting . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . `` It makes sense , it 's simple , it 's well accepted , '' says Terry Lake , the minister of the environment of British Columbia . ^ Jump up to : `` What is a Carbon Tax ? '' . Government of British Columbia . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Beaty , Ross ; Lipsey , Richard ; Elgie , Stewart ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` The shocking truth about B.C. 's carbon tax : It works '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto , Ontario . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British Columbia 's carbon tax ; The evidence mounts '' . The Economist. 31 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` Alberta boosts carbon tax to $20 a tonne starting in 2016 as part of climate change plan '' . 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alberta Extends Climate Change Rules , Including $15 Tonne Carbon Levy '' . Huffpost Alberta . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Jeffery ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Many Albertans agree : A carbon tax was the best solution '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon levy and rebates '' . www.alberta.ca . Government of Alberta . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Tombe , Trevor . `` Here 's what we know -- and do n't know -- about Alberta 's carbon tax '' . Macleans . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Where Carbon Is Taxed '' . www.carbontax.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Tyson , Laura D'Andrea . `` The Myriad Benefits of a Carbon Tax '' . Economix Blog . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon copy '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ CNN , Rene Marsh . `` EPA removes climate change information from website '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Climate Action Plan Tax , City of Boulder , Colorado `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 20 . June 30 , 2010 accessed Aug 5 , 2010 Jump up ^ Kelley , Katie ( 2006 - 11 - 18 ) . `` City Approves ' Carbon Tax ' in Effort to Reduce Gas Emissions '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` How Boulder Taxed its Way to a Climate - Friendlier Future '' . Jump up ^ https://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/app/legacy/documents/Boulder-Carbon-Tax.pdf Jump up ^ Air quality board to fine Bay Area polluters , San Francisco Chronicle , May 22 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` California and AB32 '' . www.carbonshare.org . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Sciences Repository Index 130 '' . Itsgettinghotinhere.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Template '' . Washingtonexaminer.com. 2013 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Template '' . Washingtonexaminer.com. 2013 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/Opinions/Published/101882.P.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/council/resources/files/res/2012/20120710_17-484.pdf Jump up ^ Noah , Timothy ( Nov. 9 , 2006 ) . The GOP Triangulates . Slate . Jump up ^ Gas Tax Now ! First Principles , Greg Mankiw , Fortune , May 24 , 1999 . Jump up ^ The Pigou Club Manifesto , Greg Mankiw , October 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Jeff ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` What Would Milton Friedman Do About Climate Change ? Tax Carbon '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lester . Eco-Economy : Building an Economy for the Earth , Chapter 11 . Tools for Restructuring the Economy : Tax Shifting , Earth Policy Institute ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Brown , Lester . Plan B : Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble , Chapter 11 . Plan B : Rising to the Challenge : Creating an Honest Market , Earth Policy Institute ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Brown , Lester . World on the Edge : How to Prevent Environmental and Economic Collapse , Earth Policy Institute ( 2011 ) , Preface to Part 3 Jump up ^ `` Economist Paul Volcker says steps to curb global warming would not devastate an economy '' . Associated Press . 2007 - 02 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen , James . `` Letter to Obama '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Bone , James ( 2009 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Climate scientist James Hansen hopes the summit will fail '' . Timesonline . London . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Randerson , James ( 2009 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Nasa climate expert makes personal appeal to Obama '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen , James . `` Tell Barack Obama the Truth '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kloor , Keith ( 2009 - 11 - 26 ) . `` The Eye of the Storm . Nature Reports Climate Change '' . Nature . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Climate group forming in Oklahoma City '' . The Oklahoman. 2012 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Energy and Enterprise Initiative '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Smith Addresses the Topic of Carbon Tax '' . FedEx Multimedia Center . 2009 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bittle , Scott ; Johnson , Jean . `` The Energy Debate We Should Be Having '' . Forbes . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Makower , Joel ( 2005 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Climate Change : Keeping Up with the Andersons '' . Two Steps forward . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ DeBord , Matthew ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` Elon Musk Just Demanded a Carbon Tax in Paris '' . businessinsider.com . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Companies pledging action as leaders set to talk climate Jump up ^ `` De CO2 - taks : onethisch en gevaarlijk ondoeltreffend '' . Jump up ^ unfccc.com . `` Six Oil Majors Say : We Will Act Faster with Stronger Carbon Pricing Open Letter to UN and Governments '' . Jump up ^ Monica Prasad ( 2008 - 03 - 25 ) . `` On Carbon , Tax and Do n't Spend '' . NY Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Tyson , Laura ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` The Myriad Benefits of a Carbon Tax '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon Tax Now '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WEC Statement on I - 732 '' . Washington Environmental Council . October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , S. ( June 11 , 2008 ) . `` Environmentally Related Taxes and Tradable Permit Systems in Practice '' ( PDF ) . OECD , Environment Directorate , Centre for Tax Policy and Administration . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Memorandum submitted by The Carbon Trust ( ET19 ) '' . Environmental Audit Committee -- Memoranda . Contents : The role of carbon markets in preventing dangerous climate charge . UK Parliament website . March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Yujie Lu ; Xinyuan Zhu ; Qingbin Cui ( 2012 ) . `` Effectiveness and equity implications of carbon policies in the United States construction industry '' . Building and Environment . Elsevier Ltd. 49 : 259 -- 269 . doi : 10.1016 / j. buildenv. 2011.10. 002 . Jump up ^ James Hansen . Storms of My Grandchildren Bloomsbury , London 2009 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4088 - 0744 - 6 p 241 . Jump up ^ `` Tax on Carbon Emissions Gains Support '' , Juliet Eilperin and Steven Mufson , The Washington Post , April 1 , 2007 , Page A05 Jump up ^ `` The Power in the Carbon Tax '' , John D. Dingell , Washington Post , page A21 , August 2 , 2007 Jump up ^ Exxon supports carbon tax , Herald News Services , January 09 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Exploring a Carbon Tax for Australia '' , John Humphreys , The Centre for Independent Studies Jump up ^ `` Experts divided on carbon tax '' , Matthew Warren , The Australian , July 17 , 2008 Jump up ^ Tickell , Oliver ( 2009 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Replace Kyoto protocol with global carbon tax , says Yale economist '' . The Guardian , . London . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` We need to start emissions debate '' , John Humphreys , The Australian , Feb 18 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Carbon tax only way to keep planet cool : Hansen '' , AFP , March 12 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Economy plays key role in B.C. meeting greenhouse gas targets '' , June 28 , 2012 Jump up ^ IEA ( June 16 , 2010 ) Analysis of the Scope of Energy Subsidies and Suggestions for the G - 20 Initiative Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Neuhoff , K. ( 2008 ) . `` Tackling Carbon : How to price carbon for climate policy '' ( PDF ) . Electricity Policy Research Group . Retrieved August 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Roberton C. Williams III ; Hal Gordon ; Dallas Burtraw ; Jared C. Carbone ; Richard D. Morgenstern ( 2014 ) . `` The Initial Incidence of a Carbon Tax across Income Groups '' . Resources for the Future . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burtraw , D. ; et al. ( June 2009 ) . `` The Incidence of U.S. Climate Policy : Alternative Uses of Revenues from a Cap - and - Trade Auction '' ( PDF ) . Resources for the Future . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ekins , P. ; S. Dresner ( 2004 ) . `` Green taxes and charges : Reducing their impact on low - income households '' . Joseph Rowntree Foundation . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Aldy , J. ( 9 August 2007 ) . `` Cap - and - Trade vs. Emission Tax : An Introduction '' . www.climatepolicy.org . ClimatePolicy . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 30 . Cuervo , J. ; V.P. Gandhi ( 1 May 1998 ) . `` Carbon Taxes -- Their Macroeconomic Effects and Prospects for Global Adoption -- A Survey of the Literature . Working Paper No. 98 / 73 '' . International Monetary Fund , Fiscal Affairs Department . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 12 . Dower , R.C. ; M.B. Zimmerman ( August 1992 ) . `` The right climate for carbon taxes : Creating economic incentives to protect the environment '' . World Resources Institute website . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Climate change at the OECD . The Carbon Tax Center Analysis of Proposed Carbon Tax Rates Energy Taxes -- analysis by Global Policy Forum The Case for Charges on Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- Richard Cooper , on behalf of the Harvard Project on International Climate Agreements TACA Association 's website Arguments for an Ecotax . GEMINI - E3 web is a web application which simulates world climate change policies and their impacts at the world level . France 's Example : Understanding France 's Carbon Tax . 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carbon economy Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with French - language external links Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with obsolete information from August 2011 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2010 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2010 Accuracy disputes from March 2010 All accuracy disputes Talk Article Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Slovenščina Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 16 : 10 . 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which country was the first country to impose carbon tax
[ "Finland was the first country in the 1990s to introduce a CO2 tax, initially with few exemptions for specific fuels or sectors.[92] Since then, however, energy taxation has been changed many times and substantially. These changes were related to the opening of the Nordic electricity market. Other Nordic countries exempted energy-intensive industries, and Finnish industries felt disadvantaged by this. Finland did place a border tax on imported electricity, but this was found to be out of line with EU single market legislation. Changes were then made to the carbon tax to partially exclude energy-intensive firms. This had the effect of increasing the costs of reducing CO2 emissions (p. 16)." ]
[ "Finland" ]
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List of Dragon Ball Z episodes (season 1)
List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 1 ) - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search Dragon Ball Z ( season 1 ) DVD release poster Country of origin Japan No. of episodes 39 Release Original network Fuji Television Original release April 26 , 1989 ( 1989 - 04 - 26 ) -- March 7 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 07 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of Dragon Ball Z episodes The first season of the Dragon Ball Z anime series was directed by Daisuke Nishio and produced by Toei Animation . It contains a single story arc , the Saiyan Saga , which adapts the 17th through the 21st volumes of the Dragon Ball manga series by Akira Toriyama . The series follows the adventures of Goku . The episodes deal with Goku as he learns about his Saiyan heritage and battles Raditz , Nappa , and Vegeta , three other Saiyans who want Goku to join them and help them destroy life on Earth . The season initially ran from April 1989 until March 1990 in Japan on Fuji Television . The season was then licensed for a heavily edited dubbed broadcast by Funimation Entertainment . Their adaptation first ran in September 1996 through September 1997 on FOX , UPN and WB affiliate stations in the United States and Canada . The 39 episodes were cut down to a mere 28 . Their edited adaptation was syndicated to television by Saban Entertainment , and was released by Geneon Entertainment ( then known as Pioneer ) on VHS and DVD in 1999 . Eventually , Geneon Entertainment lost the license to the first 67 episodes and Funimation began redubbing the series for an uncut broadcast . The unedited version was released on DVD in 2005 , but later cancelled and Funimation eventually began releasing season box sets of Dragon Ball Z and they re-released their first season on February 6 , 2007 . In late 2013 , the company re-released the first season box set on the Blu - ray Disc format . In June 2009 , Funimation announced that they would be re-releasing Dragon Ball Z in a new seven volume set called the `` Dragon Boxes '' . Based on the original series masters with frame - by - frame restoration , the first set was released November 10 , 2009 . Two pieces of theme music were used throughout the season . The opening theme , `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' , is performed by Hironobu Kageyama and the ending theme , `` Detekoi Tobikiri Zenkai Power ! '' ( で て こい とびきり ZENKAI パワー ! , Detekoi Tobikiri Zenkai Pawā ! , `` Come out , incredible full - force power ! '' ) is performed by Manna . The theme for the original 1996 English dub is `` Rock the Dragon '' , performed by Jeremy Sweet . The uncut English redub from 2005 uses `` Dragon Ball Z Movie theme '' by Mark Menza . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 English dub production 2 Episode list 3 References Development ( edit ) English dub production ( edit ) In 1996 , Funimation began working on their first season of an English dub Dragon Ball Z . The company had previously produced a dub of Dragon Ball 's first 13 episodes and first movie , but when plans for a second season were cancelled due to lower than expected ratings , they partnered with Saban Entertainment ( known at the time for shows such as Mighty Morphin Power Rangers and X-Men ) to distribute their adaption to Fox , UPN and The WB affiliate stations . Heightened exposure from Saban helped ensure a larger audience for the series , which led to Funimation creating a second season . Like the prior Dragon Ball dub , this production used Canadian voice actors from Vancouver , British Columbia . However , this time ADR work was handled by The Ocean Group ( now known as Ocean Productions ) , leading to fans referring to this dub as `` the Ocean dub '' . Funimation also outsourced the role of music to ex-Saban musician Ron Wasserman , who was allowed to compose the background score from his home in Los Angeles , California . The theme song `` Main Title '' ( known by fans as `` Rock the Dragon '' ) was created by Saban Entertainment , with the vocals performed by Jeremy Sweet . In 2004 , Funimation redubbed these episodes , now with their then - current American voice actors from Dallas , Texas . Unlike the 1996 Ocean / Saban co-production , this dub had no episodes or scenes cut out , and no visual censorship ; and while the script was still not based on a translation , they did rewrite it , and even threw in curse words . It featured a new background score by Dallas - based composer Nathan M. Johnson . Episode list ( edit ) No . Initial dub No . Translated title / Original FUNimation dub title ( Funimation 's redub title ) Japanese title Japanese airdate English airdate `` Mini-Goku is an Overprotected Boy ! I Am Gohan . '' / `` The Arrival of Raditz '' ( The New Threat ) `` Mini Gokū wa Obotchama ! Boku Gohan Desu . '' ( ミニ 悟空 はお ぼっ ちゃ ま ! ボク 悟 飯 です . ) April 26 , 1989 September 13 , 1996 June 14 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Five years have passed since Goku 's victory at the 23rd World Martial Arts Tournament . Goku 's son , Gohan , is wandering around the woods outside of his house when a tiger steals his hat . While he 's looking for the tiger , he accidentally falls into a river . Goku , searching for his son , finds his hat . He suddenly sees Gohan floating down a river , but he ca n't reach him in time before he goes over a waterfall . Goku looks up and sees Gohan clinging to a branch , having somehow jumped out of the river . With Gohan safe , they head to Master Roshi 's house . Meanwhile , a mysterious alien has arrived on Earth looking for a man named Kakarrot . With a special device : the Scouter he wears on his head , he searches for high power levels on Earth . He finds Piccolo , whose attack is completely ineffective . The alien is about to devastate Piccolo when he finds a higher power level and flies off . `` The Mightiest Warrior in All of History is Goku 's Older Brother ! '' / `` The Arrival of Raditz '' ( Reunions ) `` Shijō Saikyō no Senshi wa Gokū no Ani Datta ! '' ( 史上 最強 の 戦士 は 悟空 の 兄 だっ た ! ) May 3 , 1989 September 13 , 1996 June 15 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Goku and Gohan arrive at Master Roshi 's island to meet Bulma , Krillin , Master Roshi , and Turtle . Quickly the others notice the difference between Gohan 's behavior and that of Goku as a child . Goku informs his friends that Chi Chi refuses to allow Gohan to fight , instead he studies constantly . The same mysterious alien arrives at the island and reveals himself : he is a Saiyan warrior named Raditz , and he is Goku 's older brother . He also reveals that Goku 's real Saiyan name is Kakarrot . Goku learns that he was sent to destroy all life on Earth , but his memory loss from a terrible fall as a child prevented this outcome . Raditz came to Earth to get Goku to join him and the other two remaining Saiyans , and he wo n't accept a refusal . `` All Right ! This is the Strongest Combo in the World ! '' / `` The World 's Strongest Team '' ( Unlikely Alliance ) `` Yatta ! Kore ga Chijō Saikyō no Konbi Da ! '' ( やっ た ! これが 地上 最強 の コンビ だ ! ) May 10 , 1989 September 20 , 1996 June 16 , 2005 ( re-dub ) In order to get Goku to join him , Raditz kidnaps Gohan and orders Goku to kill 100 Earthlings before the next day . Goku tries to stop him , but not even he could stop his brother 's power . Even though he 's no match for him , Goku will do whatever it takes to save his son . Krillin and Roshi volunteer to join Goku and save Gohan , however Goku refuses . He tells them that once the Eternal Dragon grants a wish , he will not grant it again , hence the two can not be resurrected again . Suddenly , Piccolo appears and proposes that he and Goku team up in order to stop Raditz . He had seen Raditz 's power while the Saiyan was looking for Goku , and he knows that neither of them are a match for this alien . Raditz returns to the location of his landing pod , leaving Gohan imprisoned in it . His Scouter detects a large power level coming from Gohan , but ignores it thinking that it 's malfunctioning . Using the Dragon Radar to find Gohan ( with a Dragon Ball on his hat ) and Raditz , Goku and Piccolo arrive and shed their equipment , boosting their power levels . `` Piccolo 's Trump Card ! Gohan , the Crybaby - kun '' / `` Gohan 's Hidden Powers '' ( Piccolo 's Plan ) `` Pikkoro no Kirifuda ! Gohan wa Nakimushikun '' ( ピッコロ の 切り札 ! 悟 飯 は 泣き むし クン ) May 17 , 1989 September 27 , 1996 June 20 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Goku and Piccolo throw everything they 've got against Raditz , but it seems that even their combined power stops short of Raditz 's own strength . Both get injured and Piccolo even loses an arm . However , Piccolo has an idea that might beat him : the Special Beam Cannon , his newest and most powerful technique . But , he has to power up to make it work . He requires five minutes to gather the strength , and Goku does his best to give him that . Despite the fact that the two drastically raise their power levels with heavy concentration , they do not manage to defeat Raditz using their attacks . Suddenly , Goku does manage to grab Raditz 's tail , instantly weakening him . Raditz surrenders and Goku releases his tail . However , Raditz quickly attacks Goku again elbowing him in the face and crushing his chest . As Raditz prepares to kill Goku , he suddenly picks up an enormous power level coming from Gohan . 5 `` Goku Dies ! There 's Only One Last Chance '' / `` Goku 's Unusual Journey '' ( Gohan 's Rage ) `` Gokū Shisu ! Rasuto Chansu wa Ichido dake '' ( 悟空 死す ! ラスト チャンス は 一度 だけ ) May 24 , 1989 October 4 , 1996 June 21 , 2005 ( re-dub ) As Raditz tortures Goku , Gohan bursts out of Raditz 's spaceship and hurls himself into Raditz with incredible power that stuns and injures the Saiyan . However , Gohan 's power disappears as quickly as it surfaced , leaving him defenseless against his father 's attacker who quickly hits Gohan , knocking him out . Raditz intends to kill Gohan , who he views as the only person capable of defeating him . In a last - ditch effort to save his son , Goku gets Raditz in a hold that leaves both of them open to Piccolo 's Special Beam Cannon . Goku urges Piccolo to use it , even if it costs his own life . Piccolo then starts to wonder whether or not he should use it . Despite Raditz 's pleas for mercy , Piccolo lets loose his attack , which kills both Goku and Raditz . Thinking they 've already won , Piccolo tells Raditz ( who 's slowly dying ) about the Dragon Balls . Once he 's heard everything , Raditz tells Piccolo that his Scouter is also a transmitter and that in one year 's time , two more Saiyans , more powerful than Raditz , will arrive on Earth to avenge his murder . Goku lives to see Bulma , Roshi and Krillin arrive and hear that the unconscious Gohan is alive , but thereafter dies , his body taken by Kami . Far away in another planet , Nappa and Vegeta plan to visit Earth and wish for immortality using the Dragon Balls . 6 `` Even Yama - sama is Surprised -- The Fight Continues in the Next World '' / `` Goku 's Unusual Journey '' ( No Time Like the Present ) `` Enmasama mo Bikkuri -- Ano Yo de Faito '' ( エンマ 様 も ビックリ あの世 で ファイト ) June 7 , 1989 October 4 , 1996 June 22 , 2005 ( re-dub ) To prepare for this threat , Kami takes Goku to the Other World for training with the legendary martial arts master , King Kai . But in order to get to King Kai , first he must cross a treacherous path called Snake Way . Only one person has ever successfully crossed it , King Yemma . King Yemma tells Goku not to fall off Snake Way or he will never return . Goku starts the long journey by flying over the path , until eventually he runs out of energy and must continue on foot . Back on Planet Earth , Piccolo regnerates his arm and decides to take Gohan ( who 's still unconscious ) under his wing , with the hope of tapping into his hidden power . Piccolo awakens the boy and forces him to train using fear . Bulma studies the circuitry of Raditz 's Scouter , and agrees with Master Roshi that Krillin should be the one to tell Chi Chi the recent news of Goku and Gohan . 7 5 `` Survival with Dinosaurs ! Gohan 's Harsh Training '' / `` Gohan 's Metamorphosis '' ( Day 1 ) `` Kyōryū to Sabaibaru ! Gohan no Tsurai Shugyō '' ( 恐竜 と サバイバル ! 悟 飯 の ツライ 修行 ) June 14 , 1989 October 11 , 1996 June 23 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Piccolo leaves Gohan alone in the wilderness for six months so he can learn to take care of himself , just like his father did as a child . Even though there are dangerous animals in the wild , Gohan 's hidden powers help him escape , but also get him stuck on a really tall boulder , from which he ca n't get down . High above , Kami tells Mr. Popo that in a years time , both he and Piccolo will die from unknown causes and that if Piccolo knew this it might have been what caused his slow change of heart towards Gohan . Meanwhile , Krillin tries to break the news about Goku and Gohan to Chi Chi , but is too scared . 8 5 `` A Great Transformation on a Moonlit Night ! The Secret of Gohan 's Power '' / `` Gohan 's Metamorphosis '' ( Gohan Goes Bananas ! ) `` Tsuki no Kagayaku Yoru ni Daihenshin ! Gohan Pawā no Himitsu '' ( 月 の 輝く 夜 に 大 変身 ! 悟 飯 パワー の 秘密 ) June 21 , 1989 October 11 , 1996 June 27 , 2005 ( re-dub ) As Krillin and the others try to find the Dragon Balls after Bulma adjusts the eyepiece for their use . Chi Chi arrives with her father to search for Goku and Gohan , there Master Roshi is forced to tell Chi Chi the truth himself , to which she faints . Yajirobe appears with a task for Krillin : he must bring Yamcha , Tien , and Chiaotzu to Korin Tower in preparation for the Saiyans ' arrival , before he leaves he also tells them that Baba is coming to tell them that Goku wishes to be brought back just before the Saiyans ' arrival . That night , back at the wilderness , Gohan sees the full moon for the first time and goes through the same transformation as his father once did , becoming a giant ape - like creature , known as a Great Ape . Gohan then went on destroying the Earth , unable to control his new monstrous form and power . With no other way to stop the rampaging Gohan , Piccolo is forced to destroy the moon . Gohan reverts to his normal , naked form , and with no moon , the chance of the transformation ever happening again is gone . Just to be safe , Piccolo pulls Gohan 's tail off before giving him new clothes with his symbol on it and a sword . Finally , Piccolo again leaves Gohan by himself . 9 6 `` Sorry , Robot - san -- The Desert of Vanishing Tears '' / `` Gohan Makes a Friend '' ( The Strangest Robot ) `` Gomen ne Robottosan Sabaku ni Kieta Namida . '' ( ゴメン ね ロボット さん 砂漠 に 消え た 涙 . ) June 28 , 1989 October 18 , 1996 June 28 , 2005 ( re-dub ) After waking up from his transformation , Gohan finds his tail gone and a new set of clothes that resemble his father 's gi . But he has no time to figure out what happened , as hungry animals descend upon him . Gohan escapes , but falls into a cave where he finds an ancient Capsule Corp. robot that 's been trapped for over 30 years , and it 's not too pleased about having company . Wanting to escape the cave , he seeks the robot for help , but it 's not interested . However , the robot lets out his soft side and helps Gohan get some mushrooms to eat . Later when Gohan tries to help the robot escape , the cave starts collapsing and the robot helps him , throwing him to safety . 10 6 `` Do n't Cry , Gohan ! His First Fight '' / `` Gohan Makes a Friend '' ( A New Friend ) `` Naku na Gohan ! Hajimete no Tatakai . '' ( 泣く な 悟 飯 ! はじめて の 闘い ) July 5 , 1989 October 18 , 1996 June 29 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Krillin and Bulma find Yamcha and Puar . Krillin tells Yamcha of the important news , and start heading to Korin Tower on the Capsule Corp. ship with the others . As Gohan becomes more like his father in bravery , power , and benevolence , he finds a wounded dinosaur , and aids it in recovering . He then defends it from a hungry predator . 11 7 `` The Saiyans , Mightiest Warriors in the Universe , Awaken ! '' / `` Trouble on Arlia '' ( Terror on Arlia ) `` Uchūichi no Kyōsenshi Saiyajin Mezameru ! '' ( 宇宙 一 の 強 戦士 サイヤ 人 めざめる ! ) July 12 , 1989 October 25 , 1996 June 30 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Goku continues his seemingly endless journey on Snake Way . Deep in space , the Saiyan warriors , Vegeta and Nappa , make a stop on a planet called Arlia and `` become prisoners '' to their tyrant king . When they are called before the king , they break their bonds and kill the guards . The king summons his giant monster on them , but they easily take care of them both . The other Arlians are grateful of the Saiyans for killing their tyrant king . They proclaim that Vegeta and Nappa will always receive a hero 's welcome on Arlia . Despite all of this , Vegeta destroys the entire planet . 12 8 `` Catnap on the Serpentine Road Goku Takes a Tumble '' / `` Home For Infinite Losers '' ( Global Training ) `` Hebi no Michi de Inemuri Gokū ga Okkochiru '' ( 蛇 の 道 で い ねむり 悟空 が 落っこちる ) July 19 , 1989 November 1 , 1996 July 4 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Gohan trains hard in the wilderness , while Piccolo trains himself . Meanwhile , Krillin and Bulma are still trying to find Tien and Chiaotzu so they can begin training with Kami . Unfortunately for Tien and Chiaotzu , Launch is n't very willing to part with her company . 13 8 `` Hands Off ! Yama - sama 's Secret Fruit '' / `` Home For Infinite Losers '' ( Goz and Mez ) `` Te o Dasu na ! Enmasama no Himitsu no Kudamono '' ( 手 を 出す な ! エンマ 様 の 秘密 の 果実 ) July 26 , 1989 November 1 , 1996 July 5 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Goku accidentally falls from Snake Way into Hell , where he finds a fruit tree . Goku is famished , so he tries to take a piece . However , the tree belongs to King Yemma , and the two oni there , Goz and Mez , will do anything it takes to stop Goku from acquiring the fruit . They explain that it is a special fruit that will keep whoever eats it full for a long time . Goz and Mez have their own tests to give . The first was n't very successful ( even though he won ) , but the second was . To their great surprise , Goku wins the race . Frustrated , they direct Goku to a `` shortcut '' back to Snake Way . Goku reveals that he has stolen a piece of fruit from the tree . Unfortunately , this leads back to King Yemma , and Goku must start all over . However , after eating the fruit he is much faster and will not get as tired . 14 9 `` Such Sweet Temptation ! The Snake Princess - sama 's Hospitality '' / `` Princess Snake 's Hospitality '' ( Princess Snake ) '' `` Ama 〜 i Yūwaku ! Hebihimesama no Omotenashi '' ( あま ~ い 誘惑 ! 蛇 姫 さま の おもてなし ) August 2 , 1989 November 8 , 1996 July 6 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Even though Goku has to start all over on Snake Way , he quickly catches up to where he was last thanks to King Yemma 's fruit . He sees a castle in up ahead , and assumes it must belong to King Kai . He enters the castle , only to find out that it belongs to Princess Snake . The Princess finds Goku very attractive , so she does everything she can to keep him there . Goku tries several times to leave , but finally , she is forced to show her true form . In her new , horrible form , she captures Goku , but he is able to break free and continue down Snake Way . 15 10 `` Escape from Piccolo ! Gohan Summons a Storm '' / `` Escape from Piccolo '' ( Dueling Piccolos ) `` Pikkoro kara no Dasshutsu ! Arashi o Yobu Gohan '' ( ピッコロ から の 脱出 ! 嵐 を 呼ぶ 悟 飯 ) August 9 , 1989 September 14 , 1998 July 7 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Piccolo splits himself in half , and the two forms fight each other . Piccolo uses this method to train by himself at a high intensity . Meanwhile , Gohan sleds down a sandy hill . After he crashes , he tries to find a way out of wherever he is to his mother ( he thinks his home is close by ) After coming to the same spot he originally was at first , he realizes , he must be on an island . Brainstorming , he builds a boat , so he can pay a quick visit to his mother , whom he misses . As he drifts on the sea at night , a huge storm is heading Gohan 's way , and he ca n't swim . 16 10 `` Run , Gohan ! Longing for Mount Paozu , Where Chichi is Waiting '' / `` Escape from Piccolo '' ( Plight of the Children ) `` Hashire Gohan ! Chichi no Matsu Natsukashi no Paozu Yama '' ( 走れ 悟 飯 ! チチ の 待つ なつかし の パオズ 山 ) August 16 , 1989 September 14 , 1998 July 11 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Gohan was able to survive the storm , and he washes up on the shore . There he finds a group of orphans living on their own . The adults in the area are trying to capture them and take them to an orphanage . After telling them his goal , Pigero , their leader , designs a plan to get Gohan home , and get all of the orphans to a safe location . The adults come , and Pigero and Gohan are able to defend themselves against the adults , but Pigero suddenly realizes something : the children will be better off at the orphanage . Knowing this , he lets the adults capture the other orphans . He takes Gohan to the woods near his house , and then drives off . Gohan gets within sight of his home , but decides not to go in . He knows how important it is that he train for the Saiyans . Piccolo , hovering above him , sees all of this , and takes Gohan back . 17 11 `` City of No Tomorrow ! The Long Road to Victory '' / `` Showdown in the Past '' ( Pendulum Room Peril ) `` Asu Naki Machi ! Shōri e no Tōi Michinori '' ( 明日 なき 街 ! 勝利 へ の 遠い 道のり ) August 30 , 1989 November 15 , 1996 July 12 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Gohan 's real training is about to begin , as Piccolo trains him in the martial arts . On Kami 's Lookout , Yamcha , Tien , Krillin and Chiaotzu want to get the same training as Goku did . So , Mr. Popo takes them to the Pendulum Room where the past , present , and future intertwine . Krillin and the others use the room and are sent to Planet Vegeta in the past , facing two powerful Saiyan warriors . After a horrifying battle , the Z Fighters continue their training with more motivation . 18 12 `` Last Stop on the Serpentine Road ! Are You Kaio - sama ? '' / `` The End of Snake Way '' ( The End of Snake Way ) `` Shūte 〜 n Hebi no Michi ! Omē Kaiōsama ka ? '' ( 終点 ~ ん 蛇 の 道 ! お め え 界 王様 か ? ) September 6 , 1989 January 3 , 1997 July 13 , 2005 ( re-dub ) After a rough day of training with Piccolo , Gohan rests for the next day . Gohan has a bad dream involving Raditz beating his father , and he suddenly wakes up . Gohan looks up at the moon which has mysteriously reappeared , and overcome by his nightmares of Goku 's death , he losts control of himself and attacks Piccolo , who has arrived to see what 's going on . Piccolo does his best to stop him , but once Gohan grows his tail back and changes into a Great Ape with another gaze at the moon , he was powerless to stop him . Piccolo tries to destroy the moon , but finds that it is a projection from Goku 's old spaceship . Piccolo destroys the ship , reversing the transformation . Meanwhile , after a long trip , Goku finally makes it to King Kai 's planet , and finds a friendly little monkey , whom he believes to be King Kai . 19 13 `` The Battle with Gravity ! Catch Bubbles - kun '' / `` A Fight Against Gravity ... Catch Bubbles ! '' ( Defying Gravity ) `` Jūryoku to no Tatakai ! Baburusukun o Tsukamaero '' ( 重力 と の 戦い ! バブルス 君 を つかまえろ ) September 13 , 1989 January 10 , 1997 July 14 , 2005 ( re-dub ) As Gohan 's training gets harder every day , Goku 's training with King Kai has just begun . He has about 88 days to prepare for the Saiyans . It turns out that the monkey is not King Kai , but it is his pet . His first task is to catch the monkey , whose name is Bubbles , but it 's not going to be easy . The gravity on this tiny planet is 10 times that of Earth , making it hard for Goku to even stand up . Just when Goku is losing hope , he gets inspired after learning that his people withstand different fighting conditions . After three weeks , Goku conquers the gravity and catches Bubbles . 20 14 `` The Saiyan Legend Reborn ! Goku 's Roots '' / `` The Legend of the Saiyans '' ( Goku 's Ancestors ) `` Yomigaeru Saiyajin Densetsu ! Gokū no Rūtsu '' ( よみがえる サイヤ 人 伝説 ! 悟空 の ルーツ ) September 20 , 1989 January 17 , 1997 July 18 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Goku 's next task in King Kai 's training is to hit the grasshopper , Gregory , with a heavy mallet . After a long chase , it seems that Goku ca n't hit Gregory yet . While taking a break , King Kai tells Goku about the Saiyan people . They were a warrior race who shared a planet with the smarter , though weaker , Tuffles . Eventually , the Saiyans overpowered the Tuffles and stole their technology . Willing to stop the Saiyans from destroying Earth , Goku continues his training and manages to hit Gregory . Now King Kai will train Goku himself in the ways of the Kaio - Ken . 21 15 `` Come Forth , Shen Long ! The Saiyans Finally Arrive on Earth '' / `` A Black Day for Planet Earth '' ( Counting Down ) `` Ide yo Shenron ! Saiyajin Tsui ni Chikyū Tōchaku '' ( いでよ 神龍 ! サイヤ 人 ついに 地球 到着 ) September 27 , 1989 January 24 , 1997 July 19 , 2005 ( re-dub ) After 70 days of hard training with King Kai , Goku has gotten much stronger and faster . But , the Saiyans are going to arrive the next day , so Goku speaks to Master Roshi telepathically through King Kai . He asks him to use the Dragon Balls to wish him back . Suddenly , King Kai realizes that he forgot to account for the time it will take Goku to go back down Snake Way . With no time to waste , Goku leaves King Kai 's planet and races down Snake Way . 22 16 `` Unbelievable ! Saibaimen , Born of the Soil '' / `` The Battle Begins ... Goku Where Are You ? '' ( The Darkest Day ) ( ん な バカ な ! 土 から 生まれ た サイバイマン ) October 11 , 1989 February 1 , 1997 July 20 , 2005 ( re-dub ) After a year of space travel , the two Saiyans , Vegeta and Nappa , arrive on Earth . To celebrate their arrival , Nappa completely destroys East City with ease by creating an energy blast . Sensing their power , the Z Fighters mobilize for an attack . The Saiyans search for any large power levels with their scouters , and they head toward Piccolo and Gohan . Just when Krillin shows up to help , the Saiyans also arrive . Piccolo learns that he is a Namekian , because Vegeta recognizes the green skin that is typical of Namekians . Yajirobe knows the threat as well , but instead of stopping them , he is posing as the leader of the earth 's Special Forces to get food . 23 17 `` Yamucha Dies ! The Terror of the Saibaimen '' / `` The Saibamen Strike '' ( Saibamen Attack ! ) `` Yamucha Shisu ! Osoru Beshi Saibaiman '' ( ヤムチャ 死す ! お そる べし サイバイマン ) October 18 , 1989 February 8 , 1997 July 21 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Just to have some fun , Vegeta and Nappa grow some weird creatures , called Saibamen , to test their opponents ' strength . Suddenly , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Yamcha arrive to join the battle . Tien is the first to go up against one of the Saibamen . Thanks to his training , Tien easily beats one of them . Angry at his failure , Vegeta destroys the losing Saibaman . Yamcha is up against the next Saibaman , and it seems he , too , is stronger , but his opponent grabs Yamcha and self - destructs , killing them both . 24 18 `` Farewell Ten - san ! Chaozu 's Suicide Strategy '' / `` Nappa ... The Invincible ? '' ( The Power of Nappa ) `` Sayonara Tensan ! Chaozu no Sutemi no Senpō '' ( さよなら 天 さん ! 餃子 の 捨て身 の 戦法 ) October 25 , 1989 February 15 , 1997 July 25 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Yamcha has been killed by the Saibaman 's surprise explosion . Back at the Kame House , everyone mourns his death , especially Bulma and Puar . Angered by losing him , Krillin fights the remaining Saibamen . He fires a powerful energy attack that completely destroys the remaining Saibamen . However , the real battle is about to begin , because the Saiyan Nappa steps up to fight . Nappa is clearly much stronger than any of them . 25 19 `` Tenshinhan Cries Out ! ! This is My Final Kikoho '' / `` Tien Goes All Out ! ! '' ( Sacrifice ) `` Tenshinhan Zekkyō ! ! Kore ga Saigo no Kikōhō Da '' ( 天津飯 絶叫 ! ! これが 最後 の 気功 砲 だ ) November 1 , 1989 February 22 , 1997 July 26 , 2005 ( re-dub ) As Tien gets beaten up by Nappa , Chiaotzu latches on to Nappa 's back and explodes after a telepathic goodbye to Tien . As the smoke clears , it is discovered Nappa has only been slightly wounded by Chiaotzu 's attack . Piccolo and Krillin do their best against Nappa , but the Saiyan is much too strong for them . Using all the power he has , Tien fires an attack to avenge his fallen friend , but it is still not enough to stop the rampaging Nappa . Even though the attack had no effect , Tien dies of exhaustion claiming that he has failed . 26 19 `` An Intense Three - Hour Delay ! The Kinto Un Bullet - Express '' / `` Tien Goes All Out ! ! '' ( Nappa 's Rampage ) `` Hitasura Matte Sanjikan ! Dangan Hikō no Kintoun '' ( ひたすら 待っ て 3 時間 ! 弾丸 飛行 の 筋斗 雲 ) November 8 , 1989 February 22 , 1997 July 27 , 2005 ( re-dub ) With Tien gone , only Piccolo , Krillin , and Gohan are left to fight , and they begin to wonder when Goku will show up . They tell Vegeta that Goku is far more powerful than any of them , and the Saiyan Prince ca n't resist the thought of a better fight , as he has grown bored of the relatively weak Earthlings . He tells Nappa that they will wait three hours for Goku . But instead of standing around for three hours , Nappa flies around the world destroying everything in his path to kill some time . Goku arrives on Earth , but he is far away from the battlefield . The three hours are up , so Vegeta tells Nappa to continue the fight . 27 20 `` Leave it to Me ! Gohan 's Great Burst of Anger '' / `` Time 's Up ! '' ( Nimbus Speed ) `` Boku ni Makasete ! Gohan - Ikari no Daibakuhatsu '' ( ぼく に まかせ て ! 悟 飯 ・ 怒り の 大 爆発 ) November 22 , 1989 April 12 , 1997 July 28 , 2005 ( re-dub ) As Goku heads toward the battlefield , Piccolo , Krillin , and Gohan devise a plan to stop Nappa : they plan to pull his tail , which will weaken him enough to take him out . As Piccolo grabs Nappa 's tail , Gohan rushes to finish the fight . However , it seems that Nappa and Vegeta have evolved past their weaknesses , and they are no longer crippled when their tail is pulled . With their plan a failure , Nappa begins to pound on Piccolo and Krillin . Only Gohan is left to fight , and the young Saiyan is holding his own against Nappa . Enraged by Gohan 's attack , Nappa fires a blast at Gohan that could finish him off . 28 21 `` Ferocity of the Saiyans ! Kami - sama and Piccolo Both Die '' / `` The Return of Goku '' ( Goku 's Arrival ) `` Saiyajin no Mōi ! Kamisama mo Pikkoro mo Shinda '' ( サイヤ 人 の 猛威 ! 神様 も ピッコロ も 死ん だ ) November 29 , 1989 April 19 , 1997 August 1 , 2005 ( re-dub ) To save his only friend , Piccolo makes the ultimate sacrifice , and dives in front of Gohan to block Nappa 's attack . As Piccolo dies , he tells Gohan that he is his only friend and how sorry he was about going so hard on him during training . With Piccolo dead , Kami and the Dragon Balls are also gone , meaning that no one can be wished back . When all hope seems lost for Earth , Goku finally arrives . After giving Gohan and Krillin a Senzu bean , Goku learns what happened to his friends . Angered , Goku takes out his frustration on the hulking Nappa . 29 22 `` Father is Awesome ! Kaio - ken , the Ultimate Finishing Technique '' / `` Goku Strikes Back '' ( Lesson Number One ) `` Tōsan Sugē ya ! Kyūkyoku no Hissatsuwaza - Kaiōken '' ( 父さん すげ ぇ や ! 究極 の 必殺 技 ・ 界 王 拳 ) December 6 , 1989 April 26 , 1997 August 2 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Goku is able to easily beat Nappa , thanks to King Kai 's training . With a measured power level in the thousands , he is vastly superior to the man who so easily defeated his friends . Goku avenges all of his friends . Having seen enough of the fight , Vegeta orders Nappa to stop and let him fight Goku . To have some more fun , Nappa decides to attack Gohan and Krillin , only to be stopped by Goku 's Kaio - ken attack . Unable to move , Nappa asks Vegeta for help , but the cruel prince does not tolerate weakness . He kills his partner with a sadistic display of power . 30 23 `` A Hot , Unbounded Battle ! Goku vs. Vegeta '' / `` Goku vs. Vegeta ... A Saiyan Duel ! '' ( Goku vs. Vegeta ) `` Genkai o Koeta Atsui Tatakai ! Gokū Tai Bejīta '' ( 限界 を 超え た 熱い 戦い ! 悟空 対 ベジータ ) December 13 , 1989 May 3 , 1997 August 3 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Goku instructs Krillin and Gohan to leave the battlefield , because he does n't want them to get hurt . With no one in their way , Goku and Vegeta begin their fight for the fate of the Earth . Even with Goku using his Kaio - ken technique , Vegeta is still more powerful . Goku has no choice but to try a Kaio - ken x2 , but even with this increase in power , he still ca n't overpower Vegeta . His only choice is to try a Kaio - ken x3 , but the incredible surge in power could destroy his body . 31 23 `` Now , Goku ! A Final Technique with Everything on the Line '' / `` Goku vs. Vegeta ... A Saiyan Duel ! '' ( Saiyan Sized Secret ) `` Ima da Gokū ! Subete o Kaketa Saigo no Ōwaza '' ( いまだ 悟空 ! すべて を 賭け た 最後 の 大 技 ) December 20 , 1989 May 3 , 1997 August 4 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Thanks to the Kaio - ken x3 technique , Goku has the upper hand against Vegeta , but the Saiyan Prince will not give up so easily . He decides that if he ca n't beat Goku , he will destroy the Earth . He flies high up in the air and fires his Galick Gun attack . Goku unleashes the Kamehameha wave , and the two energy blasts meet in midair . Goku and Vegeta pour all of their energy into this attack , and after a long struggle , Vegeta 's blast is pushing Goku 's back , even with Goku using the Kaio - ken x3 attack . With no choice left , Goku uses a Kaio - ken x4 attack , and with the extra power , he is able to blast Vegeta into space . However , Vegeta is able to recover , and he decides to become a Great Ape for his rematch with Goku . The evil Saiyan Prince starts searching for the full moon , but could n't find it ( it 's because the moon was destroyed by Piccolo before the Vegeta and Nappa 's arrival ) . Thinking Goku must have blown up the moon just to prevent him from transforming , Vegeta returns to Earth where Goku is completely spent and claims to have a trick up his sleeve . After telling Goku the origin of how Saiyans transform into Great Apes through Blutz Waves : the power of the moon that reaches 17 million zenos , he creates and launches an artificial moon into the sky . Absorbing the Blutz Waves reflecting from the artificial moon , Vegeta begins to transform into a Great Ape as Goku looked on in horror . Meanwhile , Krillin and Gohan feel the tremendous surge in energy coming from the battlefield , and decide to head back . 32 24 `` Battle Power Times Ten ! ! Vegeta 's Great Metamorphosis '' / `` Vegeta ... Saiyan Style ! '' ( Spirit Bomb Away ! ) `` Sentōryoku Jūbai ! ! Bejīta Daihenshin '' ( 戦闘 力 10 倍 ! ! ベジータ 大 変身 ) January 17 , 1990 May 10 , 1997 August 8 , 2005 ( re-dub ) By creating an artificial moon with a specialized ball of energy completed with Blutz Waves , Vegeta transforms into a Great Ape . But unlike most other Saiyans , he has complete control of himself while in this transformed state . Luckily , Goku has one last attack that could finish Vegeta : the Spirit Bomb . As Gohan and Krillin return to the battlefield , Goku is able to create the bomb . Vegeta , however , is able to prevent Goku from using it . With no energy left , Goku is now at the mercy of Vegeta . 33 25 `` Do n't Die , Father ! ! This is the Depth of Gohan 's Power '' / `` Stop Vegeta Now ! '' ( Hero in the Shadows ) `` Shinanaide Tōsan ! ! Kore ga Gohan no Sokojikara '' ( 死な ない で 父さん ! ! これが 悟 飯 の 底力 ) January 24 , 1990 May 17 , 1997 August 9 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Gohan and Krillin arrive at the battlefield , but have to be quick to save Goku , who is being pounded mercilessly . Krillin devises a plan to stop Vegeta : cut off the Saiyan Prince 's tail . As Krillin prepares to fire the Destructo Disk and Gohan distracts Vegeta . But , the Saiyan Prince is too smart for their tricks , and foils their plot . Suddenly , Yajirobe appears out of nowhere and cuts Vegeta 's tail off . Vegeta reverts to his normal form , but he is still too powerful to be stopped by the remaining Z Fighters . 34 25 `` Shoot , Kuririn ! The Genki Dama , Packed with Hope '' / `` Stop Vegeta Now ! '' ( Krillin 's Offensive ) `` Ute Kuririn ! Negai o Kometa Genkidama '' ( 撃て クリリン ! 願い を こめ た 元気 玉 ) January 31 , 1990 May 17 , 1997 August 10 , 2005 ( re-dub ) As Gohan fights against Vegeta , Goku gives Krillin the part of the Spirit Bomb that he was able to save . As Krillin prepares to unleash the ball , King Kai says not to use his eyes to throw it , but to feel it out . Sensing the right moment , Krillin fires the bomb , but Vegeta is able to dodge it . Goku telepathically communicates with Gohan , telling his son to redirect the blast at Vegeta , who has jumped into the air . Gohan is able to aim it directly at Vegeta , and lands a direct hit . However , Vegeta falls back down to Earth , and recovers from the blast . He blew away the Z Fighters with a giant explosion of energy , but finds that they withstood the blast , separated from each other . Vegeta is about to destroy them one by one starting with Gohan , when he notices in horror that Gohan 's tail has grown back . 35 26 `` Cause a Miracle ! Son Gohan , the Super Saiyan '' / `` The Battle Ends '' ( Mercy ) `` Kiseki o Okose ! Sūpā Saiyajin Son Gohan '' ( 奇跡 を 起こせ ! スーパー サイヤ 人 孫 悟 飯 ) February 7 , 1990 May 24 , 1997 August 11 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Vegeta attempted to rip off Gohan 's tail to prevent him from looking at his artificial moon and transforming , when Yajirobe jumps in and stops him by cutting through his armor with his sword , resulting in a heroic distraction . Gohan recovers , and then on Goku 's telepathic commands , he looks at Vegeta 's moon and transforms into a Great Ape . However , unlike Vegeta , Gohan ca n't control himself in this state . But quickly stopped by Goku and Krillin 's cries for him to defeat Vegeta , Gohan quickly regains some of his consciousness and resumes the fight , pounding on Vegeta . Vegeta is able to cut off Gohan 's tail in midair , but as Gohan falls to Earth , he lands on Vegeta and crushes him before finally reverting to his normal form . Vegeta pulls out his remote and summons his spaceship . As he crawls toward it , Krillin attempts to kill him with Yajirobe 's sword . Goku tells him to stop , and let Vegeta go . His life spared , Vegeta promises the Z Fighters revenge when he will return as he leaves the Earth in his spaceship for good . The battle with Vegeta is over . 36 27 `` We 're Off Into Space ! The Star of Hope is Piccolo 's Homeland '' / `` A New Goal ... Namek '' ( Picking Up the Pieces ) `` Tobidase Uchū e ! Kibō no Hoshi wa Pikkoro no Furusato '' ( 飛び出せ 宇宙 へ ! 希望 の 星 は ピッコロ の 故郷 ) February 14 , 1990 September 13 , 1997 August 15 , 2005 ( re-dub ) The exhausted Goku , Krillin , and Gohan won their battle , and Bulma , Chi Chi , and the others arrive to help their friends . Learning of the death of Yamcha , Chiaotzu , Tien , Piccolo , and Kami , the Z Fighters were upset because without the Dragon Balls the others ca n't be wished back to life again , but Krillin has an idea . He overheard Vegeta saying that it was the Nameks who created the Dragon Balls , so they decide to go to the planet Namek . The only problem is that it will take 4339.2516 years to reach Namek . They decide to use Nappa 's spaceship , because Saiyan spaceships travel much faster . 37 27 `` Mysterious Yunzabit ! The Search for Kami - sama 's Spaceship '' / `` A New Goal ... Namek '' ( Plans for Departure ) `` Nazo no Yunzabitto ! Kamisama no Uchūsen o Sagase '' ( 謎 の ユンザビット ! 神様 の 宇宙 船 を 探せ ) February 21 , 1990 September 13 , 1997 August 16 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Bulma destroys the Saiyan ship by accidentally pressing the self - destruct button on its remote . Mr. Popo arrives , and tells them that he knows of another spaceship . It 's the Namekian ship that Kami used to come to Earth when he was a boy . Hesitant , but willing , Bulma goes with Mr. Popo despite her fear over him . 38 28 `` Blast - off for Planet Namek ! The Terror Awaiting Gohan & Co . '' / `` Journey to Namek '' ( Nursing Wounds ) `` Namekkusei Iki Hasshin ! Gohantachi o Matsu Kyōfu '' ( ナメック 星 行き 発進 ! 悟 飯 たち を 待つ 恐怖 ) February 28 , 1990 September 20 , 1997 August 17 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Because the ship works on voice commands given in the Namekian language , Mr. Popo teaches Bulma a little of the language so she can operate the spaceship . Meanwhile , Goku , Krillin , and Gohan recover from their wounds . Because Goku 's injuries are worse , he has to stay in the hospital after Gohan and Krillin are completely recovered . Gohan and Krillin decide to accompany Bulma on her journey to planet Namek . 39 28 `` Friends or Foes ? Children of the Mysterious Giant Spaceship '' / `` Journey to Namek '' ( Friends or Foes ? ) `` Teki ka Mikata ka ? Nazo no Kyodai Uchūsen no Kodomotachi '' ( 敵 か 味方 か ? 謎 の 巨大 宇宙 船 の 子供 たち ) March 7 , 1990 September 20 , 1997 August 18 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Gohan , Krillin , and Bulma blast off to Namek . On the way , they run into what appears to be an invisible spaceship . They enter the ship , only to discover that it 's full of traps . After getting through what seemed to be all the traps , Bulma , Gohan , and Krillin feast on a table - full of food . They soon figured out that was a mistake after the children with guns holding Bulma hostage came into the picture . Notes The term Oozaru has been changed to Great Ape as it was used in the live - action movie Dragonball Evolution which Akira Toriyama was not involved in and was not mentioned at all in the series , therefore it is non-canon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Funimation Entertainment Announces First U.S. Release of Dragon Box '' ( Press release ) . Funimation . July 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Vol. 6 , No. 3 of Animerica magazine Jump up ^ https://variety.com/1996/scene/vpage/saban-to-sell-new-kangaroo-x-men-1117466224/ Jump up ^ Erickson , Hal ( 2005 ) . Television cartoon shows : an illustrated encyclopedia , 1949 through 2003 . McFarland & Co. pp. 283 -- 285 . Jump up ^ http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.6/articles/schechter1.6.html ^ Jump up to : Dragon Ball Z end credits ( FUNimation / Saban dub , 1996 ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 interview with Ron Wasserman '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Escape From Piccolo '' Unaired English Dub Episode Played on Cartoon Network `` . Kanzenshuu . ( hide ) Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Z Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Master Roshi Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Arale Norimaki List of Dr. Slump characters Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Portal Anime and manga portal Dragon Ball portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_Z_episodes_(season_1)&oldid=835280146 '' Categories : 1989 Japanese television seasons 1990 Japanese television seasons 1996 American television seasons 1997 American television seasons 2005 American television seasons Dragon Ball episode lists Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Add links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 18 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how many episodes are in season 1 of dragon ball z
[ "\n\nDragon Ball Z (season 1)\n\n\n\nDVD release poster\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nJapan\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n39\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nFuji Television\n\n\nOriginal release\nApril 26, 1989 (1989-04-26) – March 7, 1990 (1990-03-07)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n\nNext →\nSeason 2\n\n\n\nList of Dragon Ball Z episodes\n\n" ]
[ "39" ]
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United States Attorney General
United States Attorney General - Wikipedia United States Attorney General Jump to : navigation , search Attorney General of the United States of America Seal of the Department of Justice Flag of the Attorney General Incumbent Jeff Sessions since February 9 , 2017 United States Department of Justice Style The Honorable ( formal ) Mister Attorney General ( informal ) Member of Cabinet Reports to The President Seat Washington , D.C. , United States Appointer The President with Senate confirmation Term length No fixed term Constituting instrument Judiciary Act of 1789 Formation September 26 , 1789 First holder Edmund Randolph Succession Seventh Deputy Deputy Attorney General Salary Executive Schedule , level 1 Website www.justice.gov The United States Attorney General ( A.G. ) is the head of the United States Department of Justice per 28 U.S.C. § 503 , concerned with legal affairs , and is the chief lawyer of the United States government . Also in cases of the federal death penalty , the power to seek the death penalty rests with the Attorney General . The Attorney General is appointed by the President of the United States and takes office after confirmation by the United States Senate . The Attorney General is subject to summary dismissal by the President and impeachment by Congress . The current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions , who assumed the office on February 9 , 2017 . The Attorney General is a member of the Cabinet and is seventh in the presidential line of succession . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Presidential transition 3 List of Attorneys General 4 Living former U.S. Attorneys General 5 Line of succession 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) See also : United States Department of Justice § History Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 which , besides other things , established the Office of the Attorney General . The original duties of this officer were `` to prosecute and conduct all suits in the Supreme Court in which the United States shall be concerned , and to give his or her advice and opinion upon questions of law when required by the President of the United States , or when requested by the heads of any of the departments . '' The Department of Justice was established in 1870 to support the Attorney General in the discharge of their responsibilities . The Attorney General , the Secretary of State , the Secretary of the Treasury , and the Secretary of Defense are generally regarded as the four most important cabinet officials because of the importance and age of their departments . Presidential transition ( edit ) It is the practice for the Attorney General , along with many other public officials , to give resignation with effect on the Inauguration Day ( 20 January ) of a new President . The Deputy Attorney General , who is also required to tender their resignation , is commonly requested to stay on and act as Attorney General pending the confirmation by the Senate of the new Attorney General . For example , on the inauguration of President Donald Trump on January , 20 , 2017 , the tenure of the then Attorney General Loretta Lynch was brought to an end , and the Deputy Attorney General Sally Yates , who had also tendered her resignation , was asked to stay on and be Acting Attorney General until the confirmation of the new Attorney General Jeff Sessions , who had been nominated for the office in November 2016 by then - President - elect Donald Trump . However , Yates was dismissed by Trump on 30 January 2017 before Sessions had been confirmed . Dana Boente automatically succeeded Yates as Acting Attorney General as the next available successor in the line of succession . Boente , who was the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia , was the most senior Justice Department official whose resignation had not been accepted by Trump . When Sessions was confirmed and sworn in as Attorney General on February 9 , 2017 , Boente became Acting Deputy Attorney General . On March 10 , 2017 , Sessions oversaw the firing of 46 United States Attorneys , leaving only his acting Deputy Dana Boente and nominated Deputy Rod Rosenstein in place . Rosenstein 's appointment was subject to Senate confirmation . Rosenstein was confirmed on April 25 , 2017 and became Deputy Attorney General on April 26 , 2017 , and Boente reverted to his permanent position . As at May 12 , 2017 , 205 of the 207 senior Justice Department positions subject to presidential appointment were still awaiting nomination and then confirmation . Hearings by the Senate Committee on the Judiciary of four presidential nominees are still to take place . Deputy United States Attorneys , who are career officials , were left in an acting capacity for the Attorneys . List of Attorneys General ( edit ) Parties No party ( 1 ) Federalist ( 3 ) Democratic - Republican ( 5 ) Democratic ( 34 ) Whig ( 4 ) Republican ( 38 ) Status Denotes service as acting Attorneys General prior to appointment or after resignation No . Portrait Name Home state Took office Left office President ( s ) Edmund Randolph Virginia September 26 , 1789 January 26 , 1794 George Washington William Bradford Pennsylvania January 27 , 1794 August 23 , 1795 Charles Lee Virginia December 10 , 1795 February 19 , 1801 John Adams Levi Lincoln Sr . Massachusetts March 5 , 1801 March 2 , 1805 Thomas Jefferson 5 John Breckinridge Kentucky August 7 , 1805 December 14 , 1806 6 Caesar A. Rodney Delaware January 20 , 1807 December 10 , 1811 James Madison 7 William Pinkney Maryland December 11 , 1811 February 9 , 1814 8 Richard Rush Pennsylvania February 10 , 1814 November 12 , 1817 9 William Wirt Virginia November 13 , 1817 March 4 , 1829 James Monroe John Quincy Adams 10 John M. Berrien Georgia March 9 , 1829 July 19 , 1831 Andrew Jackson 11 Roger B. Taney Maryland July 20 , 1831 November 14 , 1833 12 Benjamin Franklin Butler New York November 15 , 1833 July 4 , 1838 Martin Van Buren 13 Felix Grundy Tennessee July 5 , 1838 January 10 , 1840 14 Henry D. Gilpin Pennsylvania January 11 , 1840 March 4 , 1841 15 John J. Crittenden Kentucky March 5 , 1841 September 12 , 1841 William Henry Harrison John Tyler 16 Hugh Swinton Legaré South Carolina September 13 , 1841 June 30 , 1843 17 John Nelson Maryland July 1 , 1843 March 4 , 1845 18 John Y. Mason Virginia March 5 , 1845 October 16 , 1846 James K. Polk 19 Nathan Clifford Maine October 17 , 1846 March 17 , 1848 20 Isaac Toucey Connecticut June 21 , 1848 March 4 , 1849 21 Reverdy Johnson Maryland March 8 , 1849 July 21 , 1850 Zachary Taylor 22 John J. Crittenden Kentucky July 22 , 1850 March 4 , 1853 Millard Fillmore 23 Caleb Cushing Massachusetts March 7 , 1853 March 4 , 1857 Franklin Pierce 24 Jeremiah S. Black Pennsylvania March 6 , 1857 December 16 , 1860 James Buchanan 25 Edwin M. Stanton Pennsylvania December 20 , 1860 March 4 , 1861 26 Edward Bates Missouri March 5 , 1861 November 24 , 1864 Abraham Lincoln 27 James Speed Kentucky December 2 , 1864 July 22 , 1866 Andrew Johnson 28 Henry Stanbery Ohio July 23 , 1866 July 16 , 1868 29 William M. Evarts New York July 17 , 1868 March 4 , 1869 30 Ebenezer R. Hoar Massachusetts March 5 , 1869 November 22 , 1870 Ulysses S. Grant 31 Amos T. Akerman Georgia November 23 , 1870 December 13 , 1871 32 George Henry Williams Oregon December 14 , 1871 April 25 , 1875 33 Edwards Pierrepont New York April 26 , 1875 May 21 , 1876 34 Alphonso Taft Vermont May 22 , 1876 March 4 , 1877 35 Charles Devens Massachusetts March 12 , 1877 March 4 , 1881 Rutherford B. Hayes 36 Wayne MacVeagh Pennsylvania March 5 , 1881 December 15 , 1881 James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur 37 Benjamin H. Brewster Pennsylvania December 16 , 1881 March 4 , 1885 38 Augustus H. Garland Arkansas March 6 , 1885 March 4 , 1889 Grover Cleveland 39 William H.H. Miller Indiana March 7 , 1889 March 4 , 1893 Benjamin Harrison 40 Richard Olney Massachusetts March 6 , 1893 April 7 , 1895 Grover Cleveland 41 Judson Harmon Ohio April 8 , 1895 March 4 , 1897 42 Joseph McKenna California March 5 , 1897 January 25 , 1898 William McKinley 43 John W. Griggs New Jersey January 25 , 1898 March 29 , 1901 44 Philander C. Knox Pennsylvania April 5 , 1901 June 30 , 1904 Theodore Roosevelt 45 William H. Moody Massachusetts July 1 , 1904 December 17 , 1906 46 Charles J. Bonaparte Maryland December 17 , 1906 March 4 , 1909 47 George W. Wickersham New York March 4 , 1909 March 4 , 1913 William Howard Taft 48 James C. McReynolds Tennessee March 5 , 1913 August 29 , 1914 Woodrow Wilson 49 Thomas Watt Gregory Texas August 29 , 1914 March 4 , 1919 50 Alexander Mitchell Palmer Pennsylvania March 5 , 1919 March 4 , 1921 51 Harry M. Daugherty Ohio March 4 , 1921 April 6 , 1924 Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge 52 Harlan F. Stone New York April 7 , 1924 March 1 , 1925 53 John G. Sargent Vermont March 7 , 1925 March 4 , 1929 54 William D. Mitchell Minnesota March 4 , 1929 March 4 , 1933 Herbert Hoover 55 Homer Stille Cummings Connecticut March 4 , 1933 January 1 , 1939 Franklin D. Roosevelt 56 Frank Murphy Michigan January 2 , 1939 January 18 , 1940 57 Robert H. Jackson New York January 18 , 1940 August 25 , 1941 58 Francis Biddle Pennsylvania August 26 , 1941 June 26 , 1945 Harry S. Truman 59 Tom C. Clark Texas June 27 , 1945 July 26 , 1949 60 J. Howard McGrath Rhode Island July 27 , 1949 April 3 , 1952 61 James P. McGranery Pennsylvania April 4 , 1952 January 20 , 1953 62 Herbert Brownell Jr . New York January 21 , 1953 October 23 , 1957 Dwight D. Eisenhower 63 William P. Rogers Maryland October 23 , 1957 January 20 , 1961 64 Robert F. Kennedy Massachusetts January 20 , 1961 September 3 , 1964 John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson 65 Nicholas Katzenbach Illinois September 4 , 1964 January 28 , 1965 January 28 , 1965 November 28 , 1966 66 Ramsey Clark Texas November 28 , 1966 March 10 , 1967 March 10 , 1967 January 20 , 1969 67 John N. Mitchell New York January 20 , 1969 February 15 , 1972 Richard Nixon 68 Richard Kleindienst Arizona February 15 , 1972 May 25 , 1973 69 Elliot Richardson Massachusetts May 25 , 1973 October 20 , 1973 -- Robert Bork Acting Pennsylvania October 20 , 1973 January 4 , 1974 70 William B. Saxbe Ohio January 4 , 1974 January 14 , 1975 Gerald Ford 71 Edward H. Levi Illinois January 14 , 1975 January 20 , 1977 -- Dick Thornburgh Acting Pennsylvania January 20 , 1977 January 26 , 1977 Jimmy Carter 72 Griffin Bell Georgia January 26 , 1977 August 16 , 1979 73 Benjamin Civiletti Maryland August 16 , 1979 January 19 , 1981 74 William French Smith California January 23 , 1981 February 25 , 1985 Ronald Reagan 75 Edwin Meese California February 25 , 1985 August 12 , 1988 76 Dick Thornburgh Pennsylvania August 12 , 1988 August 15 , 1991 George H.W. Bush 77 William P. Barr New York August 16 , 1991 November 26 , 1991 November 26 , 1991 January 20 , 1993 -- Stuart M. Gerson Acting Washington , D.C. January 20 , 1993 March 12 , 1993 Bill Clinton 78 Janet Reno Florida March 12 , 1993 January 20 , 2001 -- Eric Holder Acting Washington , D.C. January 20 , 2001 February 2 , 2001 George W. Bush 79 John Ashcroft Missouri February 2 , 2001 February 3 , 2005 80 Alberto Gonzales Texas February 3 , 2005 September 17 , 2007 -- Paul Clement Acting Washington , D.C. September 17 , 2007 September 18 , 2007 -- Peter Keisler Acting Washington , D.C. September 18 , 2007 November 9 , 2007 81 Michael Mukasey New York November 9 , 2007 January 20 , 2009 -- Mark Filip Acting Illinois January 20 , 2009 February 3 , 2009 Barack Obama 82 Eric Holder Washington , D.C. February 3 , 2009 April 27 , 2015 83 Loretta Lynch New York April 27 , 2015 January 20 , 2017 -- Sally Yates Acting Georgia January 20 , 2017 January 30 , 2017 Donald Trump -- Dana Boente Acting Virginia January 30 , 2017 February 9 , 2017 84 Jeff Sessions Alabama February 9 , 2017 Incumbent Living former U.S. Attorneys General ( edit ) As of October 2017 , there are eleven , living former US Attorneys General , the oldest being Ramsey Clark ( served 1967 -- 1969 , born 1927 ) . The most recent Attorney General to die was Janet Reno ( served 1993 -- 2001 , born 1938 ) on November 7 , 2016 . Name Term of office Date of birth ( and age ) Ramsey Clark 1967 -- 1969 ( 1927 - 12 - 18 ) December 18 , 1927 ( age 89 ) Benjamin Civiletti 1979 -- 1981 ( 1935 - 07 - 17 ) July 17 , 1935 ( age 82 ) Edwin Meese 1985 -- 1988 ( 1931 - 12 - 02 ) December 2 , 1931 ( age 85 ) Dick Thornburgh 1988 -- 1991 ( 1932 - 07 - 16 ) July 16 , 1932 ( age 85 ) William P. Barr 1991 -- 1993 ( 1950 - 05 - 23 ) May 23 , 1950 ( age 67 ) John Ashcroft 2001 -- 2005 ( 1942 - 05 - 09 ) May 9 , 1942 ( age 75 ) Alberto Gonzales 2005 -- 2007 ( 1955 - 08 - 04 ) August 4 , 1955 ( age 62 ) Michael Mukasey 2007 -- 2009 ( 1941 - 07 - 28 ) July 28 , 1941 ( age 76 ) Eric Holder 2009 -- 2015 ( 1951 - 01 - 21 ) January 21 , 1951 ( age 66 ) Loretta Lynch 2015 -- 2017 ( 1959 - 05 - 21 ) May 21 , 1959 ( age 58 ) Line of succession ( edit ) On February 9 , 2017 , President Donald Trump signed an Executive Order which modified the line of succession for the Attorney General . Under Executive Order 13762 signed by President Obama on January 13 , 2017 , before leaving office , the line of succession was : United States Deputy Attorney General United States Associate Attorney General Other Officers potentially designated by the Attorney General ( in no particular order ) : Solicitor General of the United States Assistant Attorney General , Antitrust Division Assistant Attorney General , Civil Division Assistant Attorney General , Civil Rights Division Assistant Attorney General , Criminal Division Assistant Attorney General , National Security Division Assistant Attorney General , Environment and Natural Resources Division Assistant Attorney General , Justice Management Division Assistant Attorney General , Tax Division Assistant Attorney General , Office of Justice Programs Assistant Attorney General , Office of Legal Counsel Assistant Attorney General , Office of Legal Policy Assistant Attorney General , Office of Legislative Affairs United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia United States Attorney for the Eastern District of North Carolina United States Attorney for the Northern District of Texas See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Law portal Subpoena duces tecum Subpoena ad testificandum United States Deputy Attorney General United States Associate Attorney General United States Assistant Attorney General United States Solicitor General List of living former members of the United States Cabinet Executive Order 13557 for `` Order of Succession Within the Department of Justice '' Notes ( edit ) Nicholas Katzenbach ( 1964 -- 1965 ) , Ramsey Clark ( 1966 -- 1967 ) and William P. Barr ( 1991 ) served as acting attorney general in their capacity as deputy attorney general , until their own appointment as attorney general . Richard L. Thornburgh ( 1977 ) and Eric Holder ( 2001 ) served as acting attorney general in their capacity as deputy attorney general , until the appointment of a new attorney general . Both subsequently served as attorney general , Thornburgh 1988 -- 1991 and Holder 2009 -- 2015 . On October 20 , 1973 , Solicitor General Robert Bork became acting attorney general following the `` Saturday Night Massacre '' , in which U.S. Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus both resigned . Assistant Attorney General for the DOJ Civil Division Stuart M. Gerson was acting attorney general from January 20 , 1993 , to March 12 , 1993 . Gerson was fourth in the line of succession at the Justice Department ( other senior DOJ officials had already resigned ) . During his time as Acting AG , Gerson supported the Brady bill and was in office in the beginnings of the Waco siege . Janet Reno , President Clinton 's nominee for attorney general , was confirmed on March 12 , and he resigned the same day . Acting Attorney General Gerson 's last day at the Justice Department was March 19 . On August 27 , 2007 , President Bush named Solicitor General Paul Clement as the future acting attorney general , to take office upon the resignation of Alberto Gonzales , effective September 17 , 2007 . According to administration officials , Clement took that office at 12 : 01 am September 17 , 2007 , and left office 24 hours later . On September 17 , President Bush announced that Assistant Attorney General for the DOJ Civil Division Peter Keisler would become acting attorney general , pending a permanent appointment of a presidential nominee . Keisler served as acting attorney general until the nomination of Michael Mukasey on November 9 , 2007 . Deputy Attorney General Mark Filip was asked to assume the position of acting attorney general by then President - elect Obama . Filip led the Department while President Obama 's nominee , then Attorney - General Designate Eric Holder , awaited confirmation by the United States Senate . Holder was confirmed on February 2 , 2009 , and sworn in the next day , thus ending Filip 's tenure as the acting attorney general . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . Jump up ^ Judiciary Act of 1789 , section 35 . Jump up ^ Cabinets and Counselors : The President and the Executive Branch ( 1997 ) . Congressional Quarterly . p. 87 . Jump up ^ Lichtblau , Eric ; Apuzzo , Matt ; Landler , Mark ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Fires Acting Attorney General '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Acting Attorney General Sally Yates Refuses to Enforce Trump Refugee EO '' . Lawfare Blog . January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the U.S. Attorney : Dana J. Boente '' . U.S. Department of Justice . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ Lichtblau , Eric ; Apuzzo , Matt ; Landler , Mark ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Fires Acting Attorney General '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Acting Attorney General Sally Yates Refuses to Enforce Trump Refugee EO '' . Lawfare Blog . January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lichtblau , Eric ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Sessions Confirmed as Attorney General , Capping Bitter Battle '' . The New York Times Company . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Acting Deputy Attorney General DAG Department of Justice '' . www.justice.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Charlie Savage ; Maggie Haberman ( 11 March 2017 ) . `` Trump Abruptly Orders 46 Obama - Era Prosecutors to Resign '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Wall Street Journal , May 12 , 2017 , The 205 Open Jobs at Justice Jump up ^ `` Without fanfare , Trump reverses Obama order on Justice Department succession '' . USA Today . February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Providing an Order of Succession Within the Department of Justice '' . Federal Register . 2017 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 13787 , Providing an Order of Succession Within the Department of Justice '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register / Vol. 82 , No. 64 / Presidential Documents. April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cahoon , Ben ( 2000 ) . `` United States Government '' . World Statesmen . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 12 . January 20 , 1993 -- March 12 , 1993 Stuart M. Gerson ( acting ) ( b . 1944 ) ^ Jump up to : Staff reporter ( 1993 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Stuart Gerson 's Parting Shot '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 12 . As supporters of the Brady gun - control bill prepare to introduce it in Congress yet again this week , they find a welcome , if unlikely , ally in Stuart Gerson , the Acting Attorney General . Because President Clinton has had so many problems finding a new Attorney General , Mr. Gerson remains in office ... Jump up ^ Labaton , Stephen ( 1993 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Notes on Justice ; Who 's in Charge ? Bush Holdover Says He Is , but Two Clinton Men Differ '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Scruggs , Richard ; Steven Zipperstein ; Robert Lyon ; Victor Gonzalez ; Herbert Cousins ; Roderick Beverly ( 1993 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Report to the Deputy Attorney General on the Events at Waco , Texas February 28 to April 19 , 1993 '' . Department of Justice . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Ifill , Gwen ( 1993 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Reno Confirmed in Top Justice Job '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 12 . She will replace Acting Attorney General Stuart M. Gerson , a holdover appointee from the Bush Administration . Ms. Reno said he resigned today . Jump up ^ Meyers , Steven Lee ( August 27 , 2007 ) . `` Embattled Attorney General Resigns '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Eggen , Dan ; Elizabeth Williamson ( September 19 , 2007 ) . `` Democrats May Tie Confirmation to Gonzales Papers '' . Washington Post . pp. A10 . Retrieved September 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` President Bush Announces Judge Michael Mukasey as Nominee for Attorney General '' , White House press release , September 17 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Bush Text on Attorney General Nomination '' . NewsOK.com . The Oklahoman . The Associated Press . September 17 , 2007 . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2009 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Obama asks U.S. Attorneys to stay ' for the time being ' '' . CNN Political Ticker . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . In addition , Obama 's transition team has asked current Deputy Attorney General Mark Filip , also a Bush appointee , to serve as Acting Attorney General replacing outgoing Attorney General Michael Mukasey. ) Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2009 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Bush Appointees Holding Down the Fort While Obama Nominees Await Confirmation '' . FOX News . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 04 . While Holder waits for his confirmation , Bush appointee Mark Filip is acting attorney general . A former U.S. District Court judge in Illinois , the native Chicagoan holds a law degree from Harvard and was a lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School . Holder was supposed to have faced a confirmation vote on Wednesday , but scheduling conflicts necessitated a delay in the Senate . Jump up ^ `` Acting Attorney General Mark Filip . '' United States Department of Justice . January 20 , 2009 . ( Archived by WebCite at https://www.webcitation.org/5eJ6TAbgg ) Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2009 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Obama attorney - general confirmed '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . President Barack Obama 's choice for attorney - general , Eric Holder , has been confirmed in the post by the US Senate . Jump up ^ Staff ( n.d. ) . `` USDOJ : Office of the Attorney General '' . US Department of Justice . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . Alberto Gonzales . was sworn in as the 83rd Attorney General of the United States on March 22 , 2013 by Vice-President Joe Biden . President Barack Obama announced his intention to nominate Mr. Gonzales on December 1 , 2012 . 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NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament
NCAA Division I Women 's basketball tournament - wikipedia NCAA Division I Women 's basketball tournament Jump to : navigation , search NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament Most recent season or competition : 2018 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament Sport Basketball Founded 1982 No. of teams 64 Country NCAA Division I ( USA ) Most recent champion ( s ) Notre Dame ( 2nd ) Most titles Connecticut ( 11 ) TV partner ( s ) ESPN , ESPN2 , ESPNU , WatchESPN Official website NCAA.com The NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament is an annual college basketball tournament for women . Held each March , the Women 's Championship was inaugurated in the 1981 -- 82 season . The NCAA tournament was preceded by the AIAW Women 's Basketball Tournament , which was held annually from 1972 to 1982 . Basketball was one of 12 women 's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981 -- 82 school year , as the NCAA engaged in battle with the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women for sole governance of women 's collegiate sports . The AIAW continued to conduct its established championship program in the same 12 ( and other ) sports ; however , after a year of dual women 's championships , the NCAA prevailed , while the AIAW disbanded . Attendance and interest in the Women 's Division I Championship have grown over the years , especially from 2003 to 2016 , when the final championship game was moved to the Tuesday following the Monday men 's championship game . The women 's championship game is the penultimate overall game of the college basketball season since 2017 . From 1982 to 1990 , 1996 to 2002 , and since 2017 the Women 's Final Four is usually played on the Friday before the Men 's Final Four or the hours before the men played on the final Saturday of the tournament . The final was usually played the Sunday afternoon following the Men 's Final Four ; since 2017 , Sunday evening . The tournament bracket is made up of champions from each Division I conference , which receive automatic bids . The remaining slots are at - large bids , with teams chosen by an NCAA selection committee . The selection process and tournament seedings are based on several factors , including team rankings , win - loss records , and Ratings Percentage Index ( RPI ) data . Unlike the men 's tournament , there are only 32 at - large bids ( since 2014 ) , and no play - in game . The women 's tournament , like the men 's , is staged in a single elimination format and is part of the media and public frenzy known colloquially as March Madness or The Big Dance . All 63 games have been broadcast on television since 2003 on ESPN and ESPN2 . Similar to the pre-2011 men 's tournament coverage on CBS , local teams are shown on each channel when available , with `` whip - around '' coverage designed to showcase the most competitive contests in the rest of the country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tournament format 2 Number of teams , and seeding 3 Selection process 4 Women 's NCAA Division I basketball champions 4.1 Team titles 4.2 NCAA Final Fours by school 4.3 Multiple NCAA championship coaches 4.4 NCAA Championship by Conference 4.5 NCAA Final Four locations 5 Tournament trends 5.1 Top - ranked teams 5.2 Champions excluded the next year 5.3 # 1 seeds 5.4 High seeds 5.5 Low seeds 5.6 Best Performances by # 14 & # 15 Seeds 5.7 First - round games 5.8 Second - round games 5.9 Teams entering the tournament unbeaten 5.10 Home state 5.11 Championship margins 5.12 Same - conference championship games 6 Result by school and by year 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Tournament format ( edit ) Main article : NCAA basketball tournament selection process A total of 64 teams qualify for the tournament played in March and April . Of these teams , 32 earn automatic bids by winning their respective conference tournaments . Since 2017 the Ivy League conducts their own post-season tournament . The remaining teams are granted `` at - large '' bids , which are extended by the NCAA Selection Committee . Dr. Marilyn McNeil , vice president / director of athletics at Monmouth University is the current chairwoman . On March 1 , 2011 , Bowling Green State University 's director of intercollegiate athletics , Greg Christopher , was appointed chair of the NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Committee during the 2011 -- 12 academic year . The tournament is split into four regional tournaments , and each regional has teams seeded from 1 to 16 , with the committee ostensibly making every region as comparable to the others as possible . The top - seeded team in each region plays the # 16 team , the # 2 team plays the # 15 , etc . Number of teams , and seeding ( edit ) The first NCAA women 's basketball tournament was held in 1982 . The AIAW also held a basketball tournament in 1982 , but most of the top teams , including defending AIAW champion Louisiana Tech , decided to participate in the NCAA tournament . The championship consisted of 32 teams from 1982 -- 1985 ( in 1983 , 36 ) , 40 teams from 1986 -- 1988 , and 48 teams from 1989 -- 1993 . Since 1994 , 64 teams compete in each tournament . Prior to 1996 , seeding was conducted on a regional basis . The top teams ( eight in the 32 - , 40 - , and 48 - team formats , and 16 in the 64 - team format ) were ranked and seeded on a national basis . The remaining teams were then seeded based on their geographic region . Teams were moved outside of its geographic region only if it was necessary to balance the bracket , or if the proximity of an opponent outside of its region would be comparable and a more competitive game would result . In 1993 , all teams except for the top four were explicitly unseeded . The regional seeding resumed in 1994 . In 1996 , seeds were assigned on a national basis using an `` S - Curve '' format similar to the process used in selecting the field for the men 's tournament . The following table summarizes some of the key attributes of the seeding process : Number of teams selected Year Automatic At - Large Total Location of first round ( s ) Seeding Basis 1982 12 20 32 Higher seed Regional 14 22 36 Higher seed † 1984 17 15 32 1985 18 14 Higher seed 1986 17 23 40 Higher seed † 18 22 1988 1989 19 29 48 1990 21 27 1991 1992 22 26 1993 23 25 1994 32 32 64 1995 31 33 Higher seed National 1997 30 34 Higher seed † 1998 Higher seed 1999 2000 Higher seed † 2001 31 33 2002 Higher seed 2003 16 Sites ‡ 2005 8 Sites ‡ 2006 2007 2008 2009 16 Sites ‡ 2011 2012 2013 2014 32 32 2015 Higher seed † 2016 2017 2018 2019 † Some exceptions . Due to venue availability , in some cases , the lower seed hosted , or the game was played at a neutral site . ‡ From 2003 -- 2014 , sixteen predetermined sites were selected for first and second - round games . Teams were allowed to play at home , if hosting . Between 2005 and 2008 , eight sites were used for first - round games . Selection process ( edit ) Further information : NCAA basketball tournament selection process A special selection committee appointed by the NCAA determines which 64 teams will enter the tournament , and where they will be seeded and placed in the bracket . Because of the automatic bids , only 32 teams ( the at - large bids ) rely on the selection committee to secure them a spot in the tournament . Women 's NCAA Division I basketball champions ( edit ) Year Winner Score Opponent Venue Other Semifinalists 1982 Louisiana Tech 76 -- 62 Cheyney State Norfolk Scope ( Norfolk , Virginia ) Tennessee & Maryland USC 69 -- 67 Louisiana Tech Old Dominion & Georgia 1984 USC 72 -- 61 Tennessee Pauley Pavilion ( Los Angeles , California ) Cheyney State & Louisiana Tech 1985 Old Dominion 70 -- 65 Georgia Frank Erwin Center ( Austin , Texas ) Western Kentucky & Northeast Louisiana 1986 Texas 97 -- 81 USC Rupp Arena ( Lexington , Kentucky ) Western Kentucky & Tennessee Tennessee 67 -- 44 Louisiana Tech Frank Erwin Center ( Austin , Texas ) Texas & Long Beach State 1988 Louisiana Tech 56 -- 54 Auburn Tacoma Dome ( Tacoma , Washington ) Long Beach State & Tennessee 1989 Tennessee 76 -- 70 Auburn Louisiana Tech & Maryland 1990 Stanford 88 -- 81 Auburn Thompson -- Boling Arena ( Knoxville , Tennessee ) Virginia & Louisiana Tech 1991 Tennessee 70 -- 67 ( OT ) Virginia Lakefront Arena ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Connecticut & Stanford 1992 Stanford 78 -- 62 Western Kentucky Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena ( Los Angeles , California ) Southwest Missouri State & Virginia 1993 Texas Tech 84 -- 82 Ohio State Omni Coliseum ( Atlanta , Georgia ) Iowa & Vanderbilt 1994 North Carolina 60 -- 59 Louisiana Tech Richmond Coliseum ( Richmond , Virginia ) Purdue & Alabama 1995 Connecticut 70 -- 64 Tennessee Target Center ( Minneapolis , Minnesota ) Stanford & Georgia Tennessee 83 -- 65 Georgia Charlotte Coliseum ( Charlotte , North Carolina ) Connecticut & Stanford 1997 Tennessee 68 -- 59 Old Dominion Riverfront Coliseum ( Cincinnati , Ohio ) Notre Dame & Stanford 1998 Tennessee 93 -- 75 Louisiana Tech Kemper Arena ( Kansas City , Missouri ) Arkansas & North Carolina State 1999 Purdue 62 -- 45 Duke San Jose Arena ( San Jose , California ) Louisiana Tech & Georgia 2000 Connecticut 71 -- 52 Tennessee First Union Center ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) Rutgers & Penn State 2001 Notre Dame 68 -- 66 Purdue Savvis Center ( St. Louis , Missouri ) Connecticut & Southwest Missouri State 2002 Connecticut 82 -- 70 Oklahoma Alamodome ( San Antonio , Texas ) Tennessee & Duke 2003 Connecticut 73 -- 68 Tennessee Georgia Dome ( Atlanta , Georgia ) Texas & Duke Connecticut 70 -- 61 Tennessee New Orleans Arena ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Minnesota & LSU 2005 Baylor 84 -- 62 Michigan State RCA Dome ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) LSU & Tennessee 2006 Maryland 78 -- 75 ( OT ) Duke TD Garden ( Boston , Massachusetts ) North Carolina & LSU 2007 Tennessee 59 -- 46 Rutgers Quicken Loans Arena ( Cleveland , Ohio ) 2008 Tennessee 64 -- 48 Stanford St. Pete Times Forum ( Tampa , Florida ) LSU & Connecticut 2009 Connecticut 76 -- 54 Louisville Scottrade Center ( St. Louis , Missouri ) Stanford & Oklahoma Connecticut 53 -- 47 Stanford Alamodome ( San Antonio , Texas ) Baylor & Oklahoma 2011 Texas A&M 76 -- 70 Notre Dame Conseco Fieldhouse ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) Connecticut & Stanford 2012 Baylor 80 -- 61 Notre Dame Pepsi Center ( Denver , Colorado ) Stanford & Connecticut 2013 Connecticut 93 -- 60 Louisville New Orleans Arena ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Notre Dame & California 2014 Connecticut 79 -- 58 Notre Dame Bridgestone Arena ( Nashville , Tennessee ) Stanford & Maryland 2015 Connecticut 63 -- 53 Notre Dame Amalie Arena ( Tampa , Florida ) South Carolina & Maryland 2016 Connecticut 82 -- 51 Syracuse Bankers Life Fieldhouse ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) Oregon State & Washington 2017 South Carolina 67 -- 55 Mississippi State American Airlines Center ( Dallas , Texas ) Connecticut & Stanford 2018 Notre Dame 61 -- 58 Mississippi State Nationwide Arena ( Columbus , Ohio ) Connecticut & Louisville 2019 Amalie Arena ( Tampa , Florida ) 2020 Smoothie King Center ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Team titles ( edit ) Baylor Connecticut Louisiana Tech Maryland North Carolina Notre Dame Old Dominion Purdue South Carolina Stanford Tennessee Texas Texas A&M Texas Tech USC Schools who have won the NCAA Championship -- 11 championships -- 8 championships -- 2 championships -- 1 championship Team Titles Year Won Connecticut 11 1995 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Tennessee 8 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2007 , 2008 Baylor 2005 , 2012 Louisiana Tech 1982 , 1988 Notre Dame 2001 , 2018 Stanford 1990 , 1992 USC 1983 , 1984 Maryland 2006 North Carolina 1994 Old Dominion 1985 Purdue 1999 South Carolina 2017 Texas 1986 Texas A&M 2011 Texas Tech 1993 NCAA Final Fours by school ( edit ) School Final Four Years Number of Appearances Championships Connecticut 1991 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 19 11 Tennessee 1982 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1991 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 18 8 Stanford 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2017 13 Louisiana Tech 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 1999 10 Notre Dame 1997 , 2001 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2018 8 Georgia 1983 , 1985 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 5 0 LSU 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 5 0 Maryland 1982 , 1989 , 2006 , 2014 , 2015 5 Duke 1999 , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 0 Auburn 1988 , 1989 , 1990 0 Baylor 2005 , 2010 , 2012 Louisville 2009 , 2013 , 2018 0 North Carolina 1994 , 2006 , 2007 Oklahoma 2002 , 2009 , 2010 0 Old Dominion 1983 , 1985 , 1997 Purdue 1994 , 1999 , 2001 Texas 1986 , 1987 , 2003 USC 1983 , 1984 , 1986 Virginia 1990 , 1991 , 1992 0 Western Kentucky 1985 , 1986 , 1992 0 Cheyney St . 1982 , 1984 0 Long Beach St . 1987 , 1988 0 Mississippi St . 2017 , 2018 0 Missouri St . 1992 , 2001 0 Rutgers 2000 , 2007 0 South Carolina 2015 , 2017 Alabama 1994 0 Arkansas 1998 0 California 2013 0 Iowa 1993 0 Louisiana - Monroe 1985 0 Michigan St . 2005 0 Minnesota 0 North Carolina St . 1998 0 Ohio St . 1993 0 Oregon St . 2016 0 Penn St . 2000 0 Syracuse 2016 0 Texas A&M 2011 Texas Tech 1993 Vanderbilt 1993 0 Washington 2016 0 Multiple NCAA championship coaches ( edit ) Coach School Championships Geno Auriemma Connecticut 11 Pat Summitt Tennessee 8 Muffet McGraw Notre Dame Kim Mulkey Baylor Linda Sharp USC Tara VanDerveer Stanford NCAA championship by conference ( edit ) Note : Conferences are listed by all champions ' affiliations at that time ; these do not necessarily match current affiliations . Conference Year Championships Big East 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 9 Southeastern 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2007 , 2008 , 2017 American Athletic 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Atlantic Coast 1994 , 2006 , 2018 Big 12 2005 , 2011 , 2012 Pac - 12 1990 , 1992 Southwest 1986 , 1993 Western Collegiate 1983 , 1984 American South 1988 Big Ten 1999 Independent 1982 Sun Belt 1985 Jump up ^ The Big East Conference operated in its original form from 1979 until 2013 . During that time , Connecticut won eight championships , and Notre Dame won one . Following the three - way 2013 split of that conference and subsequent settlement between the non-FBS schools and the remaining schools , the conference legally changed its name to the American Athletic Conference . Three schools ( among them Notre Dame ) left for the Atlantic Coast Conference in 2013 , with a fourth doing the same in 2014 ; one school left for the Big Ten in 2014 ; and the non-FBS schools retained the Big East name . However , the current Big East now maintains the history of the original conference in all sports that it sponsors , including women 's basketball . The American no longer claims any of the original Big East 's competition history , even in the two sports that it sponsors and the current Big East does not ( football and women 's rowing ) . Jump up ^ Known as the Pacific - 10 Conference , or Pac - 10 , when both of its titles were won . NCAA Final Four locations ( edit ) 1982 -- Norfolk , Virginia 1983 -- Norfolk , Virginia 1984 -- Los Angeles , California 1985 -- Austin , Texas 1986 -- Lexington , Kentucky 1987 -- Austin , Texas 1988 -- Tacoma , Washington 1989 -- Tacoma , Washington 1990 -- Knoxville , Tennessee 1991 -- New Orleans , Louisiana 1992 -- Los Angeles , California 1993 -- Atlanta , Georgia 1994 -- Richmond , Virginia 1995 -- Minneapolis , Minnesota 1996 -- Charlotte , North Carolina 1997 -- Cincinnati , Ohio 1998 -- Kansas City , Missouri 1999 -- San Jose , California 2000 -- Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 2001 -- St. Louis , Missouri 2002 -- San Antonio , Texas 2003 -- Atlanta , Georgia 2004 -- New Orleans , Louisiana 2005 -- Indianapolis , Indiana 2006 -- Boston , Massachusetts 2007 -- Cleveland , Ohio 2008 -- Tampa Bay , Florida 2009 -- St. Louis , Missouri 2010 -- San Antonio , Texas 2011 -- Indianapolis , Indiana 2012 -- Denver , Colorado 2013 -- New Orleans , Louisiana 2014 -- Nashville , Tennessee 2015 -- Tampa Bay , Florida 2016 -- Indianapolis , Indiana 2017 -- Dallas , Texas 2018 -- Columbus , Ohio 2019 -- Tampa Bay , Florida 2020 -- New Orleans , Louisiana 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 NCAA Final Four locations ( hover over city to see arena ) Tournament trends ( edit ) Top - ranked teams ( edit ) Since the women 's tournament began in 1982 , 16 teams have entered the tournament ranked # 1 in at least 1 poll and gone on to win the tournament : 1982 : Louisiana Tech 1983 : USC 1986 : Texas 1989 : Tennessee 1995 : Connecticut 1998 : Tennessee 1999 : Purdue 2000 : Connecticut 2002 : Connecticut 2003 : Connecticut 2009 : Connecticut 2010 : Connecticut 2012 : Baylor 2014 : Connecticut 2015 : Connecticut 2016 : Connecticut Champions excluded the next year ( edit ) Only once has the reigning champion ( the previous year 's winner ) not made it to the tournament the next year . 1985 champion Old Dominion went 15 -- 13 in 1986 . # 1 seeds ( edit ) Since 1982 , at least one # 1 seed has made the Final Four every year . Under coach Geno Auriemma , Connecticut has been seeded # 1 a record 22 times . Tennessee is second with 21 # 1 seeds . All four # 1 seeds have made it to the Final Four 4 times ( champion in bold ) : 1989 Auburn , Louisiana Tech , Maryland , Tennessee 2012 Baylor , Connecticut , Notre Dame , Stanford 2015 Connecticut , Maryland , Notre Dame , South Carolina 2018 Connecticut , Mississippi State , Notre Dame , Louisville The championship game has matched two # 1 seeds 13 times : 1983 USC beat Louisiana Tech 1986 Texas beat USC 1989 Tennessee beat Auburn 1991 Tennessee beat Virginia 1995 Connecticut beat Tennessee 2000 Connecticut beat Tennessee 2002 Connecticut beat Oklahoma 2003 Connecticut beat Tennessee 2010 Connecticut beat Stanford 2012 Baylor beat Notre Dame 2014 Connecticut beat Notre Dame 2015 Connecticut beat Notre Dame 2018 Notre Dame beat Mississippi State Three teams have beaten three # 1 seeds during the course of a tournament ( the largest number of such teams that can be faced ) ( all three teams won the national championship as beating a 3rd # 1 seed in a single tournament can only happen in the finals ) : 1987 Tennessee ( beat Auburn , Long Beach State , Louisiana Tech ) 1988 Louisiana Tech ( beat Auburn , Tennessee , Texas ) 2005 Baylor ( beat LSU , Michigan State , North Carolina ) Prior to the expansion of the tournament to 64 teams , all four # 1 seeds advanced to the Sweet Sixteen with three exceptions . Notably , the first two times this occurred were at the hands of the same school : 1986 East # 1 seed Virginia lost to # 8 seed James Madison 1991 East # 1 seed Penn State lost to # 8 seed James Madison 1992 Midwest # 1 seed Iowa lost to # 8 seed Southwest Missouri State High seeds ( edit ) 1999 was the first time in tournament history ( since the expansion to 64 teams ) that all top seeds ( 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 seeds ) made it to the Sweet Sixteen . Low seeds ( edit ) See also : NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship upsets Lowest seeds to reach each round since the expansion to 64 teams : Second Round : # 16 seed Harvard in 1998 ( the only # 16 seed to beat a # 1 seed in either the women 's or men 's tournament until 2018 , and still the only one to do so in the women 's tournament ) Regional Semifinals ( Sweet Sixteen ) : # 13 seed Texas A&M in 1994 Liberty in 2005 Marist in 2007 Regional Finals ( Elite Eight ) : # 11 seed Gonzaga in 2011 National Semifinals ( Final Four ) : # 9 seed Arkansas in 1998 National Finals ( Championship Game ) : # 5 seed Louisville in 2013 National Champion : # 3 seed North Carolina in 1994 Tennessee in 1997 Best performances by # 14 & # 15 seeds ( edit ) Unlike in the men 's tournament , no # 14 seed has beaten a # 3 and no # 15 seed has beaten a # 2 seed , but they have come close . 2 points : # 14 Seed Austin Peay lost to UNC in 2003 ( 2 points , 72 -- 70 ) Eastern Michigan lost to Boston College in 2004 ( 2 points , 58 -- 56 ) Creighton lost to St. John 's in 2012 ( 2 points , 69 -- 67 ) Overtime games : # 15 Seed UTSA lost to Baylor in 2009 ( 5 points , 87 -- 82 ) . UTSA is the only # 15 seed to take a game into overtime . 1 point : # 15 Seed Long Beach State lost to Oregon State in 2017 ( 1 point , 56 -- 55 ) First - round games ( edit ) Since the expansion to 64 teams in 1994 , each seed - pairing has played 100 first - round games with these results : The # 1 seed is 99 -- 1 against the # 16 seed (. 990 ) . The # 2 & # 3 seeds are 100 -- 0 against the # 15 & # 14 seeds ( 1.000 ) . The # 4 seed is 94 -- 6 against the # 13 seed (. 940 ) . The # 5 seed is 78 -- 22 against the # 12 seed (. 780 ) . The # 6 seed is 69 -- 31 against the # 11 seed (. 690 ) . The # 7 seed is 65 -- 35 against the # 10 seed (. 650 ) . The # 9 seed is 53 -- 47 against the # 8 seed (. 530 ) . Second - round games ( edit ) Since the expansion to 64 teams in 1994 , the following results have occurred for each pairing : In the 1 / 16 / 8 / 9 bracket : vs. # 8 vs. # 9 # 1 45 -- 1 (. 978 ) 46 -- 2 (. 958 ) # 16 -- 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) note : The 3 losses by the # 1 seed vs # 8 / 9 were : Duke ( vs Michigan St , 2009 ) , Ohio St ( vs Boston College , 2006 ) , Texas Tech ( vs Notre Dame , 1998 ) . note : The # 9 vs. # 16 game was Arkansas over Harvard in 1998 . In the 2 / 15 / 7 / 10 bracket : vs. # 7 vs. # 10 # 2 49 -- 13 (. 790 ) 31 -- 3 (. 912 ) # 15 -- -- In the 3 / 14 / 6 / 11 bracket : vs. # 6 vs. # 11 # 3 45 -- 22 (. 672 ) 17 -- 12 (. 586 ) # 14 -- -- In the 4 / 13 / 5 / 12 bracket : vs. # 5 vs. # 12 # 4 42 -- 27 (. 609 ) 18 -- 3 (. 857 ) # 13 3 -- 3 (. 500 ) -- Teams entering the tournament unbeaten ( edit ) Of the 18 teams who have entered the tournament unbeaten , 9 went on to win the National Championship . In 1986 , Texas entered the tournament 30 -- 0 , beat USC for the national title , and ended the season 34 -- 0 . In 1990 , Louisiana Tech entered the tournament 29 -- 0 , but lost in the Final Four to Auburn . In 1992 , Vermont entered the tournament 29 -- 0 , but lost in the first round to George Washington . In 1993 , Vermont entered the tournament 28 -- 0 , but lost in the first round to Rutgers . In 1995 , Connecticut entered the tournament 29 -- 0 , beat Tennessee for the national title , and ended the season 35 -- 0 . In 1997 , Connecticut entered the tournament 30 -- 0 , but lost in the Midwest Regional Final to Tennessee . In 1998 , Tennessee ( 33 -- 0 ) and Liberty ( 28 -- 0 ) both entered the tournament unbeaten ; Liberty lost in the first round to Tennessee , which went on to beat Louisiana Tech for the national title and ended the season 39 -- 0 . In 2002 , 2009 , and 2010 , Connecticut entered the tournament 33 -- 0 , won the national title in each , and ended those seasons 39 -- 0 . They respectively beat Oklahoma , Louisville , and Stanford in those championship games . In 2012 , Baylor entered the tournament 34 -- 0 , beat Notre Dame for the national title , and ended the season 40 -- 0 . The Lady Bears became the first team in NCAA college basketball history , for either women or men , to win 40 games in a season . Notably , Louisiana Tech went 40 -- 5 during the 1979 -- 80 season . This was during the AIAW era for women 's basketball . In 2014 , Connecticut ( 34 -- 0 ) and Notre Dame ( 32 -- 0 ) both entered the tournament unbeaten ; Connecticut beat Notre Dame 79 -- 58 for the national title , ended the season 40 -- 0 and is the 8th team to end the season unbeaten . In 2015 , Princeton entered the tournament 30 -- 0 , but lost in the second round to Maryland . In 2016 , Connecticut entered the tournament 32 -- 0 , beat Syracuse for the national title , ending the season 38 -- 0 . In 2017 , Connecticut entered the tournament 32 -- 0 , but lost in the Final Four to Mississippi State , ending their 111 - game winning streak to finish 36 -- 1 . In 2018 , Connecticut entered the tournament 32 -- 0 , but lost in the Final Four to Notre Dame , ending their 36 - game winning streak to finish 36 -- 1 . Home State ( edit ) Only one team has ever played the Final Four on its home court . Two other teams have played the Final Four in their home cities , and seven others have played the Final Four in their home states . The only team to play on its home court was Texas in 1987 , which lost its semifinal game at the Frank Erwin Special Events Center . Old Dominion enjoyed nearly as large an advantage in 1983 when the Final Four was played at the Norfolk Scope in its home city of Norfolk , Virginia , but also lost its semifinal . The Scope has never been the Lady Monarchs ' regular home court . ODU has always used on - campus arenas , first the ODU Fieldhouse and since 2002 the Ted Constant Convocation Center . The following year , USC won the national title at Pauley Pavilion , the home court of its Los Angeles arch - rival UCLA . Of the other teams to play in their home states , Stanford ( 1992 ) won the national title ; Notre Dame ( 2011 ) lost in the championship game ; and Western Kentucky ( 1986 ) , Penn State ( 2000 ) , Missouri State ( 2001 ) , LSU ( 2004 ) , and Baylor ( 2010 ) lost in the semifinals . Championship margins ( edit ) Overtime games in a championship game : Tennessee 70 , Virginia 67 / OT ( 1991 ) Maryland 78 , Duke 75 / OT ( 2006 ) Smallest margin of victory in a championship game : 1 point North Carolina 60 , Louisiana Tech 59 ( 1994 ) Biggest margin of victory in a championship game : 33 points Connecticut 93 , Louisville 60 ( 2013 ) Margin of 10 points : Louisiana Tech ( 1982 ) , Tennessee ( 1987 & 1989 ) , Purdue ( 1999 ) , Connecticut ( 2000 , 2002 , 2009 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 & 2016 ) , and Baylor ( 2012 ) are teams to win every game in the tournament by 10 points or more on their way to a championship . The 2016 UConn team won every game by more than 20 points . Top 8 largest point differentials accumulated over the entire tournament by tournament champion . Notably , Louisiana Tech 's differential is prior to the expansion of 64 teams and the addition of one more round of play . 2016 Connecticut ( + 239 ) 2010 Connecticut ( + 214 ) 2013 Connecticut ( + 208 ) 2015 Connecticut ( + 197 ) 2000 Connecticut ( + 187 ) 2002 Connecticut ( + 161 ) 1982 Louisiana Tech ( + 158 ) 2014 Connecticut ( + 156 ) Same - conference championship games ( edit ) 6 championship games have featured two teams from the same conference ( winner in bold ) : 1989 SEC , Tennessee and Auburn 1996 SEC , Tennessee and Georgia 2006 ACC , Maryland and Duke 2009 Big East , Connecticut and Louisville 2013 Big East , Connecticut and Louisville 2017 SEC , South Carolina and Mississippi State Result by school and by year ( edit ) 267 teams have appeared in the NCAA Tournament in at least a year , since 1982 ( the initial year that the post-season tournament was under the auspices of the NCAA ) . The results for all years are shown in this table below . The code in each cell represents the furthest the team made it in the respective tournament : < blank > Not in tournament O Opening Round ( only in 1983 ) 1 First round 2 Second Round S Sweet 16 E Elite 8 F Final 4 R National Runner - up C National Champion Year - > 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Team Akron 1 ! 1 Alabama 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 5 ! F 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Alabama St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Albany ( NY ) 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Alcorn St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 American 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Appalachian St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Arizona 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Arizona St . 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Arkansas 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Army 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Auburn 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 6 ! R 6 ! R 6 ! R 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Austin Peay 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Ball St . 2 ! 2 Baylor 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 7 ! C 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F 4 ! E 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S Belmont 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Boise St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Boston College 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S Boston U . 1 ! 1 Bowling Green 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Brown 1 ! 1 Bucknell 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Buffalo 1 ! 1 3 ! S Butler 1 ! 1 BYU 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Cal Poly 1 ! 1 Cal St. Fullerton 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Cal St. Northridge 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 California 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Campbell 1 ! 1 Canisius 1 ! 1 Central Arkansas 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Central Mich . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S Charlotte 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Chattanooga 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Cheyney 6 ! R 3 ! S 5 ! F Cincinnati 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Clemson 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Cleveland St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Colgate 1 ! 1 Colorado 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Colorado St . 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Connecticut 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 5 ! F 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 7 ! C 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 7 ! C 5 ! F 7 ! C 7 ! C 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 5 ! F 7 ! C 7 ! C 5 ! F 5 ! F 7 ! C 7 ! C 7 ! C 7 ! C 6 ! F 5 ! F Coppin St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Cornell 1 ! 1 Creighton 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Dartmouth 0 ! O 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Dayton 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Delaware 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S Delaware St . 1 ! 1 Denver 1 ! 1 DePaul 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Detroit 1 ! 1 Drake 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Drexel 1 ! 1 Duke 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 5 ! F 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S Duquesne 2 ! 2 East Carolina 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 East Tenn . St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Eastern Ill . 1 ! 1 Eastern Ky . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Eastern Mich . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Eastern Wash . 1 ! 1 Elon 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Evansville 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Fairfield 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 FGCU 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 FIU 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Fla . Atlantic 1 ! 1 Florida 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Florida A&M 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Florida St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 Fordham 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Fresno St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Furman 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Ga . Southern 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Gardner - Webb 1 ! 1 George Washington 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Georgetown 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Georgia 1 ! 1 5 ! F 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 5 ! F 6 ! R 4 ! E 1 ! 1 5 ! F 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Georgia St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Georgia Tech 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 Gonzaga 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Grambling 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Green Bay 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Hampton 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Hartford 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Harvard 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Hawaii 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Holy Cross 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Houston 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Howard 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Idaho 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Idaho St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Illinois 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Illinois St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Indiana 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Iona 1 ! 1 Iowa 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 5 ! F 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 Iowa St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Jackson St . 1 ! 1 0 ! O 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Jacksonville 1 ! 1 James Madison 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Kansas 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S Kansas St . 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Kent St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Kentucky 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 La. - Monroe 1 ! 1 3 ! S 5 ! F La Salle 0 ! O 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 La. - Lafayette 1 ! 1 Lamar 4 ! E 1 ! 1 Lehigh 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Liberty 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Lipscomb 1 ! 1 Little Rock 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 LIU Brooklyn 1 ! 1 Long Beach St . 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 5 ! F 5 ! F 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Louisiana Tech 7 ! C 6 ! R 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 6 ! R 7 ! C 5 ! F 5 ! F 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 6 ! R 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Louisville 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 6 ! R 3 ! S 2 ! 2 6 ! R 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F Loyola Marymount 1 ! 1 Loyola ( MD ) 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 LSU 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 5 ! F 5 ! F 5 ! F 5 ! F 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Maine 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Manhattan 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Marist 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Marquette 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Marshall 1 ! 1 Maryland 5 ! F 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 5 ! F 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 7 ! C 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 5 ! F 5 ! F 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Massachusetts 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 McNeese St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Memphis 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Mercer 1 ! 1 Miami ( FL ) 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Miami ( OH ) 1 ! 1 Michigan 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Michigan St . 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 6 ! R 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Middle Tenn . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Milwaukee 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Minnesota 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Ole Miss 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E Mississippi St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 6 ! R 6 ! R Missouri 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Missouri State 2 ! 2 5 ! F 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 5 ! F 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Monmouth 1 ! 1 Montana 0 ! O 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Montana State 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Mount St. Mary 's 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Murray St . 1 ! 1 N.C. A&T 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Navy 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Nebraska 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 New Mexico 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 New Mexico St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 New Orleans 2 ! 2 Nicholls St . 1 ! 1 Norfolk St . 1 ! 1 North Carolina 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 7 ! C 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 5 ! F 5 ! F 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S North Carolina St . 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 5 ! F 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S North Dakota 1 ! 1 North Texas 1 ! 1 Northeastern 1 ! 1 Northern Ariz . 1 ! 1 Northern Colorado 1 ! 1 Northern Ill . 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Northern Iowa 1 ! 1 Northwestern 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Northwestern St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Notre Dame 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 5 ! F 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 7 ! C 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 6 ! R 6 ! R 5 ! F 6 ! R 6 ! R 3 ! S 4 ! E 7 ! C Oakland 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Ohio 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Ohio St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 6 ! R 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Oklahoma 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 6 ! R 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 5 ! F 5 ! F 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Oklahoma St . 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Old Dominion 3 ! S 5 ! F 4 ! E 7 ! C 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S Oral Roberts 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Oregon 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E Oregon St . 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 5 ! F 3 ! S 4 ! E Penn 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Penn St . 3 ! S 4 ! E 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 5 ! F 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S Pepperdine 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Pittsburgh 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Portland 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Portland St . 1 ! 1 Prairie View 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Princeton 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Providence 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Purdue 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 7 ! C 2 ! 2 6 ! R 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Quinnipiac 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Radford 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Rhode Island 1 ! 1 Rice 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Richmond 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Robert Morris 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Rutgers 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 4 ! E 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 6 ! R 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Sacred Heart 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Samford 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 San Diego 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 San Diego St . 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 San Francisco 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Santa Clara 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Savannah St . 1 ! 1 Seton Hall 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Siena 1 ! 1 SMU 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 South Ala . 1 ! 1 South Carolina 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F 3 ! S 7 ! C 4 ! E South Carolina St . 1 ! 1 South Dakota 1 ! 1 South Dakota St . 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 South Fla . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Southeast Mo . St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Southern California 4 ! E 7 ! C 7 ! C 3 ! S 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Southern Ill . 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Southern Miss 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Southern U . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 St. Bonaventure 3 ! S 2 ! 2 St. Francis Brooklyn 1 ! 1 Saint Francis ( PA ) 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 St. John 's 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Saint Joseph 's 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Saint Mary 's 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Saint Peter 's 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Seattle 1 ! 1 Stanford 1 ! 1 3 ! S 4 ! E 7 ! C 5 ! F 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 5 ! F 5 ! F 5 ! F 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 6 ! R 5 ! F 6 ! R 5 ! F 5 ! F 3 ! S 5 ! F 3 ! S 4 ! E 6 ! F 3 ! S Stephen F. Austin 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Stetson 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Syracuse 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 6 ! R 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 TCU 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Temple 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Tennessee 5 ! F 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 5 ! F 7 ! C 5 ! F 7 ! C 4 ! E 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 6 ! R 7 ! C 7 ! C 7 ! C 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 5 ! F 6 ! R 6 ! R 5 ! F 4 ! E 7 ! C 7 ! C 1 ! 1 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Tennessee St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Tennessee Tech 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Texas 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 7 ! C 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 5 ! F 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S Texas A&M 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 7 ! C 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S Texas Southern 1 ! 1 Texas St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Texas Tech 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Texas - Arlington 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Toledo 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Troy 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Tulane 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Tulsa 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 UAB 1 ! 1 3 ! S UC Davis 1 ! 1 UC Irvine 1 ! 1 UC Riverside 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UC Santa Barb . 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UCF 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UCLA 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E UMBC 1 ! 1 UNC Asheville 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UNC Greensboro 1 ! 1 UNI 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UNLV 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UT Martin 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Utah 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 UTEP 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 UTSA 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Valparaiso 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Vanderbilt 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 5 ! F 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 VCU 1 ! 1 Vermont 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Villanova 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Virginia 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 5 ! F 6 ! R 5 ! F 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Virginia Tech 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Wake Forest 2 ! 2 Washington 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 5 ! F 3 ! S Washington St . 1 ! 1 Weber St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 West Virginia 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Western Caro . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Western Ill . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Western Ky . 5 ! F 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 6 ! R 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Western Mich . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Wichita State 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Winthrop 1 ! 1 Wisconsin 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Wright St . 1 ! 1 Wyoming 1 ! 1 Xavier 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 2 ! 2 Youngstown St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 See also ( edit ) College basketball portal NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament NCAA Division III Women 's Basketball Tournament AIAW Women 's Basketball Tournament Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women , Basketball Champions Pre-NCAA Women 's Basketball Champions NCAA Women 's Division I Tournament bids by school NAIA national women 's basketball championship List of NCAA Women 's Final Four broadcasters NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NCAA may move Women 's Final Four dates '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 75 Jump up ^ `` Greg Christopher named chair of DI Women 's Basketball Committee '' . NCAA . Mar 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NCAA Women 's Final Four Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved 15 Apr 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 58 Jump up ^ Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 67 Jump up ^ Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 6 , 7 ^ Jump up to : Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 9 Jump up ^ Nixon , Rick . `` Official 2017 NCAA Women 's Final Four Records Book '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 . References ( edit ) `` Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record Book '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . `` List of Winning Rosters '' . allcompetitions . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament AIAW Tournaments 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 NCAA Tournaments 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Records & statistics AIAW Tournament ( pre-NCAA ) Appearances Broadcasters NCAA women 's college basketball tournaments Division I postseason conference tournaments ACC America East The American Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland SWAC Sun Belt Summit WAC West Coast Division I postseason tournaments AIAW Women 's Basketball Tournament NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament Women 's National Invitation Tournament Women 's Basketball Invitational Division II and III postseason tournaments NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament NCAA Division III Women 's Basketball Tournament National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Division II Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship Division III Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Single - division sports and championships Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women Events listed in italics have been discontinued . Major women 's sport leagues in North America Women 's basketball Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) Women 's American Basketball Association ( WABA ) Women 's Blue Chip Basketball League ( WBCBL ) American Basketball League ( defunct ) National Women 's Basketball League ( defunct ) Women 's Professional Basketball League ( defunct ) NCAA Division I NCAA Division II NCAA Division III NAIA U Sports Women 's ice hockey Canadian Women 's Hockey League ( CWHL ) National Women 's Hockey League ( NWHL ) Western Women 's Hockey League ( defunct ) National Collegiate women 's ice hockey championship NCAA Division III women 's ice hockey ( NCAA ) U Sports women 's ice hockey Women 's soccer National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) Liga MX Femenil Women 's Premier Soccer League ( WPSL ) United Women 's Soccer ( UWS ) Liga Mexicana de Fútbol Femenil NCAA Women 's Soccer Championship NAIA Women 's Soccer Championship U Sports women 's soccer Women 's Professional Soccer ( WPS ) ( defunct ) Women 's United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) ( defunct ) Women 's League Soccer ( WLS ) ( defunct ) Women 's Premier Soccer League Elite ( defunct ) USL W - League ( defunct ) Women 's softball National Pro Fastpitch ( NPF ) NCAA Division I Softball Championship Women 's College World Series ( WCWS ) NAIA Softball Championship Women 's gridiron football Independent Women 's Football League ( IWFL ) Women 's Football Alliance ( WFA ) United States Women 's Football League ( USWFL ) Legends Football League ( LFL ) Maritime Women 's Football League ( MWFL ) Western Women 's Canadian Football League ( WWCFL ) LFL Canada ( LFL ) American Football Women 's League ( AFWL ) ( defunct ) Women 's American Football League ( WAFL ) ( defunct ) Women 's Football Association ( WFA ) ( defunct ) Ladies Tackle Football League ( LTFL ) ( defunct ) Women 's Football League ( WFL ) ( defunct ) Women 's Professional Football League ( WPFL ) ( defunct ) National Women 's Football Association ( NWFA ) ( defunct ) Other sports Ladies Professional Golf Association ( LPGA ) Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) National Ringette League ( NRL ) United Women 's Lacrosse League ( UWLX ) National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship NCAA Bowling Championship NCAA Women 's Division I Cross Country Championship NCAA Division I Field Hockey Championship NCAA Division I Women 's Golf Championships NCAA Women 's Gymnastics Championships NCAA Division I Women 's Lacrosse Championship NCAA Division I Rowing Championship NCAA Women 's Division I Swimming and Diving Championships NCAA Women 's Tennis Championship NCAA Women 's Indoor Track and Field Championship NCAA Women 's Outdoor Track and Field Championship NCAA Women 's Volleyball Championship NCAA Women 's Water Polo Championship National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics NAIA Women 's Cross Country Championship NAIA Women 's Golf Championship NAIA Women 's Swimming and Diving Championships NAIA Women 's Tennis Championship NAIA Women 's Indoor Track and Field Championship NAIA Women 's Outdoor Track and Field Championship NAIA Volleyball Championship NAIA lacrosse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=837936264 '' Categories : NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship Postseason college basketball competitions in the United States Recurring sporting events established in 1982 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2009 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Français 日本 語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 22 : 52 . 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who has won the most ncaa women's basketball championships
[ "NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament\nMost recent season or competition:2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament\nSport\nBasketballFounded\n1982No. of teams\n64Country\nNCAA Division I (USA)Most recentchampion(s)\nNotre Dame (2nd)Most titles\nConnecticut (11)TV partner(s)\nESPN, ESPN2, ESPNU, WatchESPNOfficial website\nNCAA.com" ]
[ "Connecticut (11)" ]
1916793360678634314
History of the center of the Universe
History of the center of the Universe - wikipedia History of the center of the Universe Jump to : navigation , search Figure of the heavenly bodies -- An illustration of the Ptolemaic geocentric system by Portuguese cosmographer and cartographer Bartolomeu Velho , 1568 ( Bibliothèque Nationale , Paris ) , depicting Earth as the centre of the Universe . The center of the Universe is a concept that lacks a coherent definition in modern astronomy ; according to standard cosmological theories on the shape of the universe , it has no center . Historically , the center of the Universe had been believed to be a number of locations . Many mythological cosmologies included an axis mundi , the central axis of a flat Earth that connects the Earth , heavens , and other realms together . In the 4th century BCE Greece , the geocentric model was developed based on astronomical observation , proposing that the center of the Universe lies at the center of a spherical , stationary Earth , around which the sun , moon , planets , and stars rotate . With the development of the heliocentric model by Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century , the sun was believed to be the center of the Universe , with the planets ( including Earth ) and stars orbiting it . In the early 20th century , the discovery of other galaxies and the development of the Big Bang theory led to the development of cosmological models of a homogeneous , isotropic Universe ( which lacks a central point ) that is expanding at all points . Contents ( hide ) 1 Outside astronomy 2 Center of a flat Earth 3 Earth as the center of the Universe 4 Sun as center of the Universe 5 Milky Way 's galactic center as center of the Universe 6 The nonexistence of a center of the Universe 6.1 Expanding Universe 6.2 Copernican and cosmological principles 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Outside astronomy ( edit ) Nature timeline view discuss edit - 13 -- -- - 12 -- -- - 11 -- -- - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- cosmic expansion Earliest light cosmic speed - up Solar System water Single - celled life photosynthesis Multicellular life Land life Earliest gravity Dark energy Dark matter ← Earliest universe ( − 13.80 ) ← Earliest galaxy ← Earliest quasar / sbh ← Omega Centauri forms ← Andromeda Galaxy forms ← Milky Way Galaxy spiral arms form ← Alpha Centauri forms ← Earliest Earth ( − 4.54 ) ← Earliest life ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans i f r i m o r d i l Axis scale : billions of years ago . Also see : Human timeline and Life timeline In religion or mythology , the axis mundi ( also cosmic axis , world axis , world pillar , columna cerului , center of the world ) is a point described as the center of the world , the connection between it and Heaven , or both . Mount Hermon in Lebanon was regarded in some cultures as the axis mundi . Mount Hermon was regarded as the axis mundi in Caananite tradition , from where the sons of God are introduced descending in 1 Enoch ( 1En6 : 6 ) . The ancient Greeks regarded several sites as places of earth 's omphalos ( navel ) stone , notably the oracle at Delphi , while still maintaining a belief in a cosmic world tree and in Mount Olympus as the abode of the gods . Judaism has the Temple Mount and Mount Sinai , Christianity has the Mount of Olives and Calvary , Islam has Mecca , said to be the place on earth that was created first , and the Temple Mount ( Dome of the Rock ) . In Shinto , the Ise Shrine is the omphalos . In addition to the Kun Lun Mountains , where it is believed the peach tree of immortality is located , the Chinese folk religion recognizes four other specific mountains as pillars of the world . A 1581 map depicting Jerusalem as the center of the world . Sacred places constitute world centers ( omphalos ) with the altar or place of prayer as the axis . Altars , incense sticks , candles and torches form the axis by sending a column of smoke , and prayer , toward heaven . The architecture of sacred places often reflects this role . `` Every temple or palace -- and by extension , every sacred city or royal residence -- is a Sacred Mountain , thus becoming a Centre . '' The stupa of Hinduism , and later Buddhism , reflects Mount Meru . Cathedrals are laid out in the form of a cross , with the vertical bar representing the union of earth and heaven as the horizontal bars represent union of people to one another , with the altar at the intersection . Pagoda structures in Asian temples take the form of a stairway linking earth and heaven . A steeple in a church or a minaret in a mosque also serve as connections of earth and heaven . Structures such as the maypole , derived from the Saxons ' Irminsul , and the totem pole among indigenous peoples of the Americas also represent world axes . The calumet , or sacred pipe , represents a column of smoke ( the soul ) rising form a world center . A mandala creates a world center within the boundaries of its two - dimensional space analogous to that created in three - dimensional space by a shrine . In medieval times some Christians thought of Jerusalem as the center of the world ( Latin : umbilicus mundi , Greek : Omphalos ) , and was so represented in the so - called T and O maps . Byzantine hymns speak of the Cross being `` planted in the center of the earth . '' Center of a flat Earth ( edit ) The Flammarion engraving ( 1888 ) depicts a traveller who arrives at the edge of a Flat Earth and sticks his head through the firmament . The Flat Earth model is a belief that the Earth 's shape is a plane or disk covered by a firmament contain heavenly bodies . Most pre-scientific cultures have had conceptions of a Flat Earth , including Greece until the classical period , the Bronze Age and Iron Age civilizations of the Near East until the Hellenistic period , India until the Gupta period ( early centuries AD ) and China until the 17th century . It was also typically held in the aboriginal cultures of the Americas , and a flat Earth domed by the firmament in the shape of an inverted bowl is common in pre-scientific societies . `` Center '' is well - defined in a Flat Earth model . A flat earth would have a definite geographic center . There would also be a unique point at the exact center of a spherical firmament ( or a firmament that was a half - sphere ) . Earth as the center of the Universe ( edit ) Main article : Geocentric model The Flat Earth model gave way to an understanding of a Spherical Earth . Aristotle ( 384 -- 322 BCE ) provided observational arguments supporting the idea of a spherical Earth , namely that different stars are visible in different locations , travelers going south see southern constellations rise higher above the horizon , and the shadow of Earth on the Moon during a lunar eclipse is round , and spheres cast circular shadows while discs generally do not . This understanding was accompanied by models of the Universe that depicted the Sun , Moon , stars , and naked eye planets circling the spherical Earth , including the noteworthy models of Aristotle ( see Aristotelian physics ) and Ptolemy . This geocentric model was the dominant model from the 4th century BCE until the 17th century CE . Sun as center of the Universe ( edit ) Main articles : Copernican heliocentrism and Copernican revolution The heliocentric model from Nicolaus Copernicus ' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium Heliocentrism , or heliocentricism , is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around a relatively stationary Sun at the center of our Solar System . The word comes from the Greek ( ἥλιος helios `` sun '' and κέντρον kentron `` center '' ) . The notion that the Earth revolves around the Sun had been proposed as early as the 3rd century BCE by Aristarchus of Samos , but had received no support from most other ancient astronomers . Nicolaus Copernicus ' major theory of a heliocentric model was published in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres ) , in 1543 , the year of his death , though he had formulated the theory several decades earlier . Copernicus ' ideas were not immediately accepted , but they did begin a paradigm shift away from the Ptolemaic geocentric model to a heliocentric model . The Copernican revolution , as this paradigm shift would come to be called , would last until Isaac Newton 's work over a century later . Johannes Kepler published his first two laws about planetary motion in 1609 , having found them by analyzing the astronomical observations of Tycho Brahe . Kepler 's third law was published in 1619 . The first law was `` The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci . '' On 7 January 1610 Galileo used his telescope , with optics superior to what had been available before . He described `` three fixed stars , totally invisible by their smallness '' , all close to Jupiter , and lying on a straight line through it . Observations on subsequent nights showed that the positions of these `` stars '' relative to Jupiter were changing in a way that would have been inexplicable if they had really been fixed stars . On 10 January Galileo noted that one of them had disappeared , an observation which he attributed to its being hidden behind Jupiter . Within a few days he concluded that they were orbiting Jupiter : Galileo stated that he had reached this conclusion on 11 January . He had discovered three of Jupiter 's four largest satellites ( moons ) . He discovered the fourth on 13 January . His observations of the satellites of Jupiter created a revolution in astronomy : a planet with smaller planets orbiting it did not conform to the principles of Aristotelian Cosmology , which held that all heavenly bodies should circle the Earth , and many astronomers and philosophers initially refused to believe that Galileo could have discovered such a thing . Newton made clear his heliocentric view of the solar system -- developed in a somewhat modern way , because already in the mid-1680s he recognised the `` deviation of the Sun '' from the centre of gravity of the solar system . For Newton , it was not precisely the centre of the Sun or any other body that could be considered at rest , but rather `` the common centre of gravity of the Earth , the Sun and all the Planets is to be esteem 'd the Centre of the World '' , and this centre of gravity `` either is at rest or moves uniformly forward in a right line '' ( Newton adopted the `` at rest '' alternative in view of common consent that the centre , wherever it was , was at rest ) . Milky Way 's Galactic center as center of the Universe ( edit ) Great Andromeda Nebula by Isaac Roberts ( 1899 ) In 1750 Thomas Wright , in his work An original theory or new hypothesis of the Universe , correctly speculated that the Milky Way might be a body of a huge number of stars held together by gravitational forces rotating about a Galactic Center , akin to the solar system but on a much larger scale . The resulting disk of stars can be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk . In a treatise in 1755 , Immanuel Kant elaborated on Wright 's idea about the structure of the Milky Way . At the time , the existence of other galaxies had not been discovered . The nonexistence of a center of the Universe ( edit ) In 1917 , Heber Doust Curtis observed a nova within what then was called the `` Andromeda Nebula '' . Searching the photographic record , 11 more novae were discovered . Curtis noticed that novas in Andromeda were drastically fainter than novas in the Milky Way . Based on this , Curtis was able to estimate that Andromeda was 500,000 light - years away . As a result , Curtis became a proponent of the so - called `` island Universes '' hypothesis , which held that objects previously believed to be spiral nebulae within the Milky Way were actually independent galaxies . In 1920 , the Great Debate between Harlow Shapley and Curtis took place , concerning the nature of the Milky Way , spiral nebulae , and the dimensions of the Universe . To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula ( M31 ) was an external galaxy , Curtis also noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in our own Galaxy , as well as the significant Doppler shift . In 1922 Ernst Öpik presented a very elegant and simple astrophysical method to estimate the distance of M31 . His result put the Andromeda Nebula far outside our Galaxy at a distance of about 450,000 parsec , which is about 1,500,000 ly . Edwin Hubble settled the debate about whether other galaxies exist in 1925 when he identified extragalactic Cepheid variable stars for the first time on astronomical photos of M31 . These were made using the 2.5 metre ( 100 in ) Hooker telescope , and they enabled the distance of Great Andromeda Nebula to be determined . His measurement demonstrated conclusively that this feature was not a cluster of stars and gas within our Galaxy , but an entirely separate galaxy located a significant distance from our own . This proved the existence of other galaxies . Expanding Universe ( edit ) Hubble also demonstrated that the redshift of other galaxies is approximately proportional to their distance from the Earth ( Hubble 's law ) . This raised the appearance of our galaxy being in the center of an expanding Universe , however , Hubble rejected the findings philosophically : ... if we see the nebulae all receding from our position in space , then every other observer , no matter where he may be located , will see the nebulae all receding from his position . However , the assumption is adopted . There must be no favoured location in the Universe , no centre , no boundary ; all must see the Universe alike . And , in order to ensure this situation , the cosmologist , postulates spatial isotropy and spatial homogeneity , which is his way of stating that the Universe must be pretty much alike everywhere and in all directions . '' The redshift observations of Hubble , in which galaxies appear to be moving away from us at a rate proportional to their distance from us , are now understood to be a result of the metric expansion of space . This is the increase of the distance between two distant parts of the Universe with time , and is an intrinsic expansion whereby the scale of space itself changes . As Hubble theorized , all observers anywhere in the Universe will observe a similar effect . Copernican and cosmological principles ( edit ) The Copernican principle , named after Nicolaus Copernicus , states that the Earth is not in a central , specially favored position . Hermann Bondi named the principle after Copernicus in the mid-20th century , although the principle itself dates back to the 16th - 17th century paradigm shift away from the geocentric Ptolemaic system . The cosmological principle is an extension of the Copernican principle which states that the Universe is homogeneous ( the same observational evidence is available to observers at different locations in the Universe ) and isotropic ( the same observational evidence is available by looking in any direction in the Universe ) . A homogeneous , isotropic Universe does not have a center . See also ( edit ) Cosmic microwave background radiation Doughnut theory of the universe Illustris project Multiverse Religious cosmology Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Copernican heliocenterism held that the Sun itself was the center of the entire Universe . As it is modernly understood , Heliocenterism refers to the much narrower concept that the sun is the center of the Solar System , not the center of the entire Universe . Jump up ^ The work of Aristarchus 's in which he proposed his heliocentric system has not survived . We only know of it now from a brief passage in Archimedes 's The Sand Reckoner . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kelley Coblentz Bautch ( 25 September 2003 ) . A Study of the Geography of 1 Enoch 17 - 19 : `` no One Has Seen what I Have Seen '' . BRILL . pp. 62 -- . ISBN 9789004131033 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Mircea Eliade ( tr . Willard Trask ) . ' Archetypes and Repetition ' in The Myth of the Eternal Return . Princeton , 1971 . p. 12 Jump up ^ Jean Chevalier and Alain Gheerbrandt . The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols . Editions Robert Lafont S.A. et Editions Jupiter : Paris , 1982 . Penguin Books : London , 1996 . pp. 148 - 149 Jump up ^ Mircea Eliade ( tr . Philip Mairet ) . ' Symbolism of the Centre ' in Images and Symbols . Princeton , 1991 . p. 52 - 54 Jump up ^ `` Their cosmography as far as we know anything about it was practically of one type up til the time of the white man 's arrival upon the scene . That of the Borneo Dayaks may furnish us with some idea of it . ' They consider the Earth to be a flat surface , whilst the heavens are a dome , a kind of glass shade which covers the Earth and comes in contact with it at the horizon . ' '' Lucien Levy - Bruhl , Primitive Mentality ( repr . Boston : Beacon , 1966 ) 353 ; `` The usual primitive conception of the world 's form ... ( is ) flat and round below and surmounted above by a solid firmament in the shape of an inverted bowl . '' H.B. Alexander , The Mythology of All Races 10 : North American ( repr . New York : Cooper Square , 1964 ) 249 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Russell M. ( 2004 ) . Science in the ancient world : an encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 29 -- 30 . ISBN 1851095349 . Retrieved 2 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Teaching about Evolution and the Nature of Science ( National Academy of Sciences , 1998 ) , p. 27 ; also , Don O ' Leary , Roman Catholicism and Modern Science : A History ( Continuum Books , 2006 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Dreyer , J.L.E. ( 1906 ) . History of the planetary systems from Thales to Kepler . pp. 135 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Linton , C.M. ( 2004 ) . From Eudoxus to Einstein : A History of Mathematical Astronomy . E-Libro . Cambridge University Press . p. 38,205 . ISBN 9781139453790 . ^ Jump up to : Holton , Gerald James ; Brush , Stephen G. ( 2001 ) . Physics , the Human Adventure : From Copernicus to Einstein and Beyond ( 3rd paperback ed . ) . Piscataway , NJ : Rutgers University Press . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2908 - 5 . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ i.e. , invisible to the naked eye . ^ Jump up to : Drake , Stillman ( 1978 ) . Galileo at Work : His Scientific Biography . University of Chicago Press . pp. 146 , 152 , 157 -- 163 . Jump up ^ In Sidereus Nuncius , 1892 , 3 : 81 ( in Latin ) Jump up ^ Linton , C.M. ( 2004 ) . From Eudoxus to Einstein : A History of Mathematical Astronomy . E-Libro . Cambridge University Press . p. 38 . ISBN 9781139453790 . Jump up ^ See Curtis Wilson , `` The Newtonian achievement in astronomy '' , pages 233 -- 274 in R Taton & C Wilson ( eds ) ( 1989 ) The General History of Astronomy , Volume , 2A ' , at page 233 . Jump up ^ Text quotations are from 1729 translation of Newton 's Principia , Book 3 ( 1729 vol. 2 ) at pages 232 -- 233 . Jump up ^ Evans , J.C. ( 1995 ) . `` Our Galaxy '' . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Curtis , H.D. ( 1988 ) . `` Novae in Spiral Nebulae and the Island Universe Theory '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 100 : 6 . Bibcode : 1988PASP ... 100 ... 6C . doi : 10.1086 / 132128 . Jump up ^ Öpik , E. ( 1922 ) . `` An estimate of the distance of the Andromeda Nebula '' . Astrophysical Journal . 55 : 406 -- 410 . Bibcode : 1922ApJ ... 55 ... 406O . doi : 10.1086 / 142680 . Jump up ^ Hubble , E.P. ( 1929 ) . `` A spiral nebula as a stellar system , Messier 31 '' . Astrophysical Journal . 69 : 103 -- 158 . Bibcode : 1929ApJ ... 69 ... 103H . doi : 10.1086 / 143167 . Jump up ^ Hubble , E.P. ( 1937 ) . The observational approach to cosmology . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ H. Bondi ( 1952 ) . Cosmology . Cambridge University Press . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Livio , Mario ( 2001 ) . The Accelerating Universe : Infinite Expansion , the Cosmological Constant , and the Beauty of the Cosmos . John Wiley and Sons . p. 53 . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . ( hide ) Earth 's location in the Universe Included Earth → Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Related Cosmic View ( 1957 essay ) To the Moon and Beyond ( 1964 film ) Cosmic Zoom ( 1968 film ) Powers of Ten ( 1968 and 1977 films ) Cosmic Voyage ( 1996 documentary ) Cosmic Eye ( 2012 ) Astronomy portal - Cosmology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_center_of_the_Universe&oldid=813692514 '' Categories : History of astronomy History of ideas Physical cosmology Obsolete scientific theories Hidden categories : Articles with Latin - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles containing Greek - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 19 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who wrote a book describing the universe with the sun in the center
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus' major theory of a heliocentric model was published in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), in 1543, the year of his death, though he had formulated the theory several decades earlier. Copernicus' ideas were not immediately accepted, but they did begin a paradigm shift away from the Ptolemaic geocentric model to a heliocentric model. The Copernican revolution, as this paradigm shift would come to be called, would last until Isaac Newton’s work over a century later." ]
[ "Nicolaus Copernicus" ]
3895235173021115886
Kinematic pair
Kinematic pair - wikipedia Kinematic pair Jump to : navigation , search Classical mechanics F → = m a → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \ vec ( a ) ) ) Second law of motion History Timeline Branches ( hide ) Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical Fundamentals ( show ) Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work Formulations ( show ) Newton 's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics Core topics ( show ) Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler 's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion Motion ( linear ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation Newton 's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration Rotation ( show ) Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity Scientists ( show ) Galileo Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy A kinematic pair is a connection between two bodies that imposes constraints on their relative movement . Franz Reuleaux introduced the kinematic pair as a new approach to the study of machines that provided an advance over the motion of elements consisting of simple machines . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Lower pair 3 Higher pairs 4 Wrapping pair 5 References Description ( edit ) Kinematics is the branch of classical mechanics which describes the motion of points , bodies ( objects ) and systems of bodies ( groups of objects ) without consideration of the causes of motion . Kinematics as a field of study is often referred to as the `` geometry of motion '' . For further detail , see Analytical dynamics . Hartenberg & Denavit presents the definition of a kinematic pair : In the matter of connections between rigid bodies , Reuleaux recognized two kinds ; he called them higher and lower pairs ( of elements ) . With higher pairs , the two elements are in contact at a point or along a line , as in a ball bearing or disk cam and follower ; the relative motions of coincident points are dissimilar . Lower pairs are those for which area contact may be visualized , as in pin connections , crossheads , ball - and socket joints and some others ; the relative motion of coincident points of the elements , and hence of their links , are similar , and an exchange of elements from one link to the other does not alter the relative motion of the parts as it would with higher pairs . Lower pair ( edit ) A lower pair is an ideal joint that constrains contact between a surface in the moving body to a corresponding surface in the fixed body . A lower pair is one in which there occurs a surface or area contact between two members , e.g. nut and screw , universal joint used to connect two propeller shafts . Cases of lower joints : A revolute pair , or hinged joint , requires a line in the moving body to remain co-linear with a line in the fixed body , and a plane perpendicular to this line in the moving body maintain contact with a similar perpendicular plane in the fixed body . This imposes five constraints on the relative movement of the links , which therefore has one degree of freedom . A prismatic joint , or slider , requires that a line in the moving body remain co-linear with a line in the fixed body , and a plane parallel to this line in the moving body maintain contact with a similar parallel plane in the fixed body . This imposes five constraints on the relative movement of the links , which therefore has one degree of freedom . A screw pair requires cut threads in two links , so that there is a turning as well as sliding motion between them . This joint has one degree of freedom . A cylindrical joint requires that a line in the moving body remain co-linear with a line in the fixed body . It is a combination of a revolute joint and a sliding joint . This joint has two degrees of freedom . A planar joint requires that a plane in the moving body maintain contact with a plane in fixed body . This joint has three degrees of freedom . The moving plane can slide in two dimensions along the fixed plane , and it can rotate on an axis normal to the fixed plane . Higher pairs ( edit ) Generally , a higher pair is a constraint that requires a curve or surface in the moving body to maintain contact with a curve or surface in the fixed body . For example , the contact between a cam and its follower is a higher pair called a cam joint . Similarly , the contact between the involute curves that form the meshing teeth of two gears are cam joints , as is a wheel rolling on a surface . It has a point or line contact . Ball or spherical joint requires that a point in the moving body maintain contact with a point in the fixed body . This joint has three degrees of freedom . Wrapping pair ( edit ) A wrapping pair is a constraint that comprises belts , chains , and such other devices . A belt - driven pulley is an example of this pair . In this type of which is very similar to the higher pair ( which is having point or line contact ) , but having multiple point contact . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Reuleaux , F. , 1876 The Kinematics of Machinery , ( trans . and annotated by A.B.W. Kennedy ) , reprinted by Dover , New York ( 1963 ) Jump up ^ A.P. Usher , 1929 , A History of Mechanical Inventions , Harvard University Press , ( reprinted by Dover Publications 1968 ) . Jump up ^ Thomas Wallace Wright ( 1896 ) . Elements of Mechanics Including Kinematics , Kinetics and Statics . E and FN Spon . Chapter 1 . Jump up ^ Russell C. Hibbeler ( 2009 ) . `` Kinematics and kinetics of a particle '' . Engineering Mechanics : Dynamics ( 12th ed . ) . Prentice Hall . p. 298 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 607791 - 9 . Jump up ^ R.S. Hartenberg and J. Denavit ( 1964 ) Kinematic synthesis of linkages , pp 17 - 18 , New York : McGraw - Hill . Hartenberg , R.S. & J. Denavit ( 1964 ) Kinematic synthesis of linkages , pp 17 , 18 , New York : McGraw - Hill , online link from Cornell University . ( hide ) Kinematic pair Lower pairs Revolute Prismatic Cylindrical Screw Planar Spherical ( ball ) Higher pairs Cam Gears Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinematic_pair&oldid=805579232 '' Categories : Kinematics Rigid bodies Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español Italiano Қазақша 日本 語 Polski Română Русский Српски / srpski Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 08 : 58 . About Wikipedia
universal joint is an example of which pair
[ "A lower pair is an ideal joint that constrains contact between a surface in the moving body to a corresponding surface in the fixed body. A lower pair is one in which there occurs a surface or area contact between two members, e.g. nut and screw, universal joint used to connect two propeller shafts. Cases of lower joints:" ]
[ "lower pair" ]
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National Christmas Tree (United States)
National Christmas tree ( United States ) - wikipedia National Christmas tree ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Christmas Tree placed on the Ellipse near the White House . For the Christmas Tree placed inside the White House , see White House Christmas tree . For the giant Sequoia known as the `` Nation 's Christmas Tree '' , see General Grant ( tree ) . Lighting of the National Christmas Tree and the Pageant of Peace A children 's choir from Olney Elementary School in Olney , Maryland , sing before the 2012 National Christmas Tree . Begins December 1 Ends January 1 Frequency Annual Location ( s ) The Ellipse , Washington , D.C. , U.S. Years active 1923 -- 1941 ; 1945 -- present Attendance 17,000 ( 2011 approximate ) Organized by National Park Foundation and Pageant of Peace , Inc . Website www.thenationaltree.org The National Christmas Tree is a large evergreen tree located in the northeast quadrant of The Ellipse near the White House in Washington , D.C. Each year since 1923 , the tree has been decorated as a Christmas tree . Every early December , the tree is traditionally lit by the President of the United States . Every president since Franklin D. Roosevelt has made formal remarks during the tree lighting ceremony . Since 1954 , the event has marked the start of month - long festivities known as the Pageant of Peace . Smaller trees representing the U.S. states , District of Columbia , and the five territories around the National Christmas Tree are referred to as the Pathway to Peace . Contents ( hide ) 1 Beginnings of the National Christmas Tree tradition 1.1 1923 tree 1.2 1924 tree 1.3 1927 to 1933 trees 2 National Christmas Tree during the Great Depression and World War II 3 Post-War National Christmas Trees and the Pageant of Peace 3.1 Development of the Pageant of Peace and Pathway of Peace 4 National Christmas Trees from 1955 to 1972 5 National Christmas Tree : Living trees since 1973 5.1 The first living trees : 1973 to 1977 5.2 The third living tree : 1978 to 2010 5.3 Recent replacement living trees : 2011 to present 6 Locations of the National Christmas Tree 7 Sources of National Christmas Trees 8 Organizing and decorating the National Christmas Tree 8.1 The modern Pageant of Peace and Pathway of Peace 9 Legal issues 10 Gallery of the U.S. National Christmas Tree in recent years 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links Beginnings of the National Christmas tree tradition ( edit ) `` The first National Christmas Tree , '' lit on December 24 , 1923 , in the middle of the Ellipse outside the White House . 1923 tree ( edit ) The idea of a decorated , outdoor national Christmas tree originated with Frederick Morris Feiker . Feiker was a highly educated engineer who had been a technical journalist for General Electric from 1906 - 1907 and editor of Electrical World and Electrical Merchandising from 1915 to 1921 . In 1921 , Feiker joined the personal staff of United States Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover as a press aide . The Society for Electrical Development ( an electrical industry trade group ) was looking for a way to encourage people to purchase more electric Christmas lights and use electricity , and Feiker suggested that President Calvin Coolidge personally light the tree as a way of giving Christmas lights prominence and social cachet . Vermont Republican Senator Frank L. Greene accompanied Feiker to the White House , where they successfully convinced Coolidge to light the tree . Feiker arranged for Paul Moody , president of Middlebury College in Vermont to donate a 48 - foot ( 15 m ) tall balsam fir as the first National Christmas Tree . Middlebury College alumni paid to have it shipped via express to Washington . The branches on the lower 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) of the tree were damaged in transit , so cut branches from a local evergreen were tied to the tree to restore its appearance . Feiker put together a group of local civic organizations to erect the tree in the center of the Ellipse and decorate it , and the U.S. electrical industry donated $5,000 worth of electrical cables ( which were buried under the Ellipse and provided the tree with electricity ) . The site for the tree was personally approved by Grace Coolidge . Arrangements were also made to have 3,000 city school children present to sing Christmas carols and the United States Marine Band to play music . The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) agreed to broadcast the event on radio . The tree was decorated with more than 2,500 electric bulbs in red , white , and green donated by the Electric League of Washington . At 3 : 00 P.M. on December 24 , 1923 , a 100 - voice choir from the First Congregational Church assembled on the South Portico of the White House and began a two - hour concert of Christmas carols . At 5 : 00 P.M. ( dusk ) on Christmas Eve , President Coolidge touched a button at the foot of the tree which lit the lights and electric candles adorning the tree , but he did not speak . A searchlight from the nearby Washington Monument was trained on the tree to help illuminate it as well . The Coolidge family invited citizens of the city to sing Christmas carols on the Ellipse after dark . Between 5,000 and 6,000 people thronged the park , joined by 3,000 more people by 9 : 00 P.M. The crowds were joined by the Epiphany Church and First Congregational Church choirs , which sang carols , and the Marine Band played Christmas - themed music . The singing ended shortly before midnight . After the white residents of the city had dispersed , African American residents of the city were permitted on the park grounds to see the National Christmas Tree . An outdoor Christian worship service was held , and a mass choir composed of signing groups from area community centers sang more Christmas carols . An illuminated Christian cross was flashed on the Washington Monument , and men dressed as shepherds walked from the National Christmas Tree to the monument . 1924 tree ( edit ) President Coolidge lights the 1924 tree . The 1924 ceremony changed significantly . In April 1924 , Coolidge gave a speech to the American Forestry Association in which he criticized cutting down trees for use as Christmas decorations . Feiker believed this was the end of the Christmas tree lighting ceremony , but his wife suggested that a live tree be used instead . Feiker , accompanied by T.H. Ormesby of the Society for Electrical Development and Republican Representative Hamilton Fish II extended the invitation to light the tree to Coolidge on December 6 , which he again accepted . Will H. Hays , chairman of the Republican National Committee , was also chairman of Amawalk Nursery , and Hays arranged for a live , 30 - year - old , 35 - foot ( 11 m ) Norway spruce to be delivered to the capital . The tree arrived in the city on December 13 and was planted on December 18 on the west side of Sherman Plaza ( the patio , garden , and public square just south of the Treasury Building and its adjacent Alexander Hamilton Place ) . The tree was planted by the American Forestry Association , and decorated with 1,000 red , white , and green lights and white electric candles again provided by the Electric League of Washington . The organization donated the strings of lights to the federal government . Power was provided by the Potomac Electric Power Company via an open manhole on the plaza . The tree was now called the National Community Christmas Tree , and the Community Center Department of the District of Columbia Public Schools coordinated the choirs for the event while the United States Army Band provided music . Coolidge threw a switch at 8 : 00 P.M. to light the tree . It was the only year a switch was used ; before and since , a button has been pushed . Although he did not address the people , he and Mrs. Grace Coolidge stayed to sing Christmas carols with the large crowd of several thousand . Dr. Jason Noble Pierce , pastor of the First Congregational Church , wrote a new Christmas carol , `` Christmas Bells , '' which was dedicated to Mrs. Coolidge ( the Coolidge 's son , Calvin Coolidge , Jr. , had died on July 7 from blood poisoning ) . The 70 - voice First Congregational Church choir sang the carol for the Coolidges , accompanied by buglers and flute provided by the U.S. Army Band . 1927 to 1933 trees ( edit ) Over the next seven years , the annual National Community Christmas Tree lighting ceremony did not change in major ways . The lighting ceremony was pushed back to 6 : 00 P.M. in 1925 to better accommodate children 's bedtimes . In 1926 , a flare was fired into the air as the tree was illuminated , a tradition which occurred for several years . In 1927 , a bronze marker was placed at the base of the tree , declaring it the National Community Christmas Tree . The tree was decorated with improved lighting strings ( which only required 500 multi-colored bulbs ) as well as with 2,000 light - scattering jewels . Colored floodlights at the base of the tree also helped provide color . President Coolidge briefly addressed the crowd , beginning a tradition of a brief presidential speech during the ceremony . NBC broadcast a selection of Christmas carols from speakers placed around the tree from 9 : 00 P.M. until midnight . In 1928 , the time of the lighting ceremony was again moved to 8 : 00 P.M. That year , the Christmas lights were replaced completely by colored floodlights . An inspection of the National Community Christmas Tree in 1929 found that the tree had been severely damaged by the decoration process and the heat and weight of the lights . Amawalk nurseries again donated a living tree , this one a 35 - foot ( 11 m ) tall Norway spruce . It was planted on May 29 , 1929 . The year 1929 was special in other ways , too . It was the first time that Christmas tree decorations ( not just lights ) were placed on the tree . To prevent the tree from being damaged during decoration , scaffolding was erected around the tree ( instead of ladders placed into the branches ) , lighter strings of lights were used , lights with a lower wattage were employed , and a low fence erected around the tree so that its roots would not be trampled . Although much of the Christmas choral and music program remained unchanged ( the ceremony reverted to its 6 : 00 P.M. time again ) , the 1929 event was notable for another reason as well . That evening , as President Herbert Hoover and Mrs. Lou Henry Hoover entertained children from the local community , a fire broke out in the West Wing of the White House . While Mrs. Hoover quietly moved the children into the East Wing and safety , the President and other men rushed into the West Wing where they retrieved furniture , files , historic items , important papers , Hoover 's personal effects , and even a puppy ( being given as a gift to one of the children ) . The West Wing ( including the Oval Office ) was gutted and had to be rebuilt . The National Community Christmas Tree was again found to be so severely damaged in 1931 that it was replaced a second time . The National Park Service history of the tree concludes that although there is no documentation that the tree was removed , photographic evidence clearly shows the 35 - foot ( 11 m ) tall Norway spruce had been replaced by a 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) tall blue spruce . The National Park Service believes this tree was obtained from the Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capitol ( an independent federal agency ) in the spring of 1931 . During the 1931 ceremony , a buzzer went off when Hoover lit the tree at 5 : 00 P.M. Because the button he pressed was not actually connected to the electricity , the buzzer alerted another official to actually light the tree . The button the president pushed would not be reconnected to actual electricity again until 1980 . Changes also occurred in 1932 . President Hoover and his family were vacationing away from the White House that year , so Vice President Charles Curtis lit the tree at 5 : 00 P.M. on December 24 . Loudspeakers connected to a phonograph were concealed in the branches of the tree , and Christmas carols were played every night from 6 : 00 P.M. to 10 : 00 P.M. until New Year 's Day . The Singing Tree was a hit with the public , and although music and choirs continued to perform each year , the tradition of the Singing Tree lasted for several more decades . In 1933 , the National Community Christmas Tree stood alone on Sherman Square . All plants but the National Christmas Tree had been removed from the area in the fall and the ground regraded as part of a widening of E Street NW . During early 1934 , the tree was cut down and replaced with double row of willow oaks . National Christmas tree during the great depression and World War II ( edit ) Program for the 1938 tree lighting ceremony , which marked the last time the National Christmas Tree ceremony was held in Lafayette Park . In 1934 , the National Christmas Tree was relocated to Lafayette Park north of the White House . The 1931 Norway spruce had again become damaged , and the National Park Service purchased two `` Koster '' blue spruce cultivars to plant on the west side of Sherman Square with the intent of using alternating between trees each year . But when it became clear later that year that the National Christmas Tree would have to be moved from Sherman Square , the agency asked the Commission of Fine Arts ( which had partial jurisdiction over planting decisions around the White House ) for permission to plant the two trees to the southeast and southwest of the statue of Andrew Jackson in Lafayette Square . The Commission of Fine Arts opposed the plan , and suggested that two fir trees be planted east and west of the statue instead . For a time , the National Park Service hoped to plant two trees ( of an undetermined species ) on the Ellipse near the White House , but in the end acceded to the Commission of Fine Art 's plan . Two 23 - foot ( 7.0 m ) high Fraser firs from North Carolina were planted to the 18 to 23 feet ( 5.5 to 7.0 m ) east and west of the Jackson statue . The trees were planted just a few weeks before the tree lighting ceremony , and the western tree was chosen to begin the alternating use of the trees because it was more visible from the first family 's living quarters . During the tree lighting ceremony , President Roosevelt drew attention to the statue of Andrew Jackson and asked the American people to be as courageous in the face of the depression as Jackson had been throughout his lifetime . The tree did not light when Roosevelt threw the switch . The tree remained unlit for about five seconds while Roosevelt worriedly looked about , but then the lights came on . In 1935 , the 24 - foot ( 7.3 m ) high eastern tree was used . During the tree lighting ceremony , President Roosevelt extemporaneously poked fun at the previous year 's lighting glitch before exhorting all Americans to come together in courage and unity as did the famous American war heroes who are honored with statues in the park : Comte de Rochambeau , the Marquis de Lafayette , General Tadeusz Kos'ciuszko , Major General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben , and Andrew Jackson . New star - shaped Christmas tree lights were used in 1935 , but some were stolen the week after Christmas . To discourage future thefts , a temporary low octagonal fence was constructed around the 1936 tree . The method of lighting the tree also changed . The National Park Service history of the tree claims that in 1936 or 1937 , the button used since 1925 was replaced by a switchbox . The Washington Post , however , indicates that the button was still used in 1936 . The box was definitely in use by 1937 . It was constructed and donated by the Electric Institute of Washington , and was engraved with the name of every person who had lit the tree since 1923 . In 1938 , the Electric Institute of Washington donated mercury - vapor floodlights to the federal government , which were used to help illuminate the tree . The National Community Christmas Tree in Lafayette Square , circa 1936 to 1938 . In 1939 , the National Community Christmas Tree was moved back to the Ellipse . Reasons for moving the event varied . The National Park Police said it was because the Ellipse was more spacious . A 36 - foot ( 11 m ) high red cedar was dug up from along the Mount Vernon Memorial Parkway in Virginia , and planted just a few days before Christmas at a site just south of the center of the Ellipse . ( The tree was replanted back at its old site after January 1 , 1940 . ) The tree was the second - highest national Christmas tree in the history of the event , and it required 700 hand - colored light bulbs , 100 hand - crafted glass stars and several mercury - vapor floodlights to decorate and illuminate . More than 8,000 people attended the 1939 ceremony . The tradition of the `` Singing Tree '' was discontinued this year , however . The tradition of using a briefly - transplanted tree occurred again in 1940 . The 1940 tree was a 34 - foot ( 10 m ) high red cedar . More than 700 hand - colored lights , 700 ornaments , and six blue - green mercury - vapor lights were used to light and decorate the tree . Once more , the tree was taken from along the Mount Vernon Memorial Parkway and replanted after January 1 . President Franklin D. Roosevelt speaks before lighting the 1941 National Christmas Tree . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill ( right ) was a surprise guest . In 1941 , however , the National Christmas Tree was relocated to just inside the south fence on the South Lawn of the White House . President Roosevelt personally made the request ( after having discussed the issue with Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt on December 24 , 1940 ) so that the ceremony could be a more `` homey '' experience . Two live , 35 - foot ( 11 m ) high Oriental spruce trees were taken from the White House grounds itself and planted 100 feet ( 30 m ) north of the south fence of the White House ( each about 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) off the north - south axis with the Jefferson Memorial ) . As with the trees in Lafayette Park , they were to be used in alternate years . After the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , there was concern that the tree would not be lit due to security concerns . But the ceremony and musical program went ahead as planned , with the east tree serving as the year 's National Community Christmas Tree . On December 22 , British Prime Minister Winston Churchill secretly arrived in the United States about the HMS Duke of York and flew the remaining 150 miles ( 240 km ) to Washington , where he stayed with President Roosevelt in the White House for the Arcadia Conference . At 4 : 00 P.M. on December 24 , the southeast and southwest gates of the South Lawn were opened , and between 20,000 and 40,000 people entered the grounds ( searched and watched over by U.S. Army soldiers , D.C. Metropolitan Police , and agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ) . Another 2,000 to 3,000 people waited outside the fence . On the portico of the White House with Roosevelt and Churchill stood Crown Prince Olav and Crown Princess Märtha of Norway and their three children ; Roosevelt confidante Harry Hopkins ; Attorney General Francis Biddle ; Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Stanley Forman Reed ; and Associate Justice Robert H. Jackson . ( Norway had been occupied by Nazi Germany on April 9 , 1940 . ) Although warned that it was a security risk , Roosevelt and Churchill remained on the portico for the entire hour - long program . The crowd was kept at least 330 feet ( 100 m ) from the White House porch . For the first time in its history , the National Community Christmas Tree was not lit in 1942 due to the need to conserve power and observe security restrictions on outdoor lighting . For security reasons , it was not lit again until after the war concluded in 1945 . Nonetheless , President Roosevelt continued to give a national radio address on what would have been the date of the tree lighting ceremony during these three years . Ornaments for the 1942 tree were donated by local D.C. schoolchildren , and limited to the colors red , white , and blue . With the president and his family spending Christmas of 1943 at the family home of Springwood in Hyde Park , New York , and with concern that the tree ceremony might worsen the transportation overcrowding situation in the city , the decision was made to cancel the National Community Christmas Tree decoration altogether . But Eleanor Roosevelt requested that the ceremony proceed , and it did . Once more , local children contributed the tree 's ornaments ( which were again permitted to be multi-colored ) . Each ornament had a small white tag attached to it , commemorating an American soldier , sailor , or flier who had been wounded , killed , or gone missing in combat . Roosevelt was in Hyde Park again in 1944 ( although Eleanor Roosevelt remained at the White House for the annual tree ceremony ) , and once more local schoolchildren contributed the ornaments . Post-war National Christmas trees and the Pageant of Peace ( edit ) The lighting ceremony was first televised in 1946 , although the broadcast was limited and reached few homes . The two Oriental spruce trees were again found to be damaged by the decorations . Federal officials raised the suggestion that the trees be replaced with artificial trees , but this was actively opposed by the live Christmas tree industry and the idea was dropped . Television coverage expanded for the 1947 ceremony , with both NBC and the DuMont Television Network televising the event . Television coverage continued to expand in the following years . In 1948 , the tree included many more white bulbs in addition to the traditional red and green ones , so that the tree would look better on TV . It was also topped by a star - shaped tree topper consisting of eight flashing bulbs . That year , for the first time since 1938 , the `` Singing Tree '' returned . From 1948 to 1951 , President Truman spent Christmas at his home in Independence , Missouri , and lit the National Community Christmas Tree by remote control . Declining public attendance after four years of the president 's absence led organizers in January 1952 to plead for Truman 's presence at the next ceremony . Truman agreed to stay at the White House for Christmas 1952 , and personally lit the tree . Even though the Korean War was raging during Christmas 1950 , 1951 , and 1952 , crowds were still permitted on the White House grounds . The lone exception was in 1950 , when crowds were kept outside the fences due to renovations going on at the White House . Development of the Pageant of Peace and Pathway of Peace ( edit ) The annual lighting ceremony for the National Community Christmas Tree was growing quickly in the 1950s . In 1953 , the New York Times reported that millions of Americans were watching the ceremony on television . There were also pressures to expand the event . For roughly 15 years , the ceremony had remained largely the same . A local choir would sing some carols and a military service band would play a selection of Christmas music for a half - hour before the president emerged to speak briefly and light the tree . A member of the Boy Scouts of America and either the Girl Scouts of America or the Camp Fire Girls would greet the president on behalf of the people of the city of Washington . After the president returned to the White House , the band would play more music for a half - hour , and then the public would be cleared from the area . In 1952 , however , a group of Catholic Church sodalities asked that a nativity scene be included in the ceremony . The request was repeated in 1953 . There was also pressure to move the ceremony off the White House 's South Lawn . In 1953 , only 700 members of the public were allowed onto the White House grounds ( while another 3,500 watched from outside the fence ) due to security concerns . 1954 marked the beginning of the Pageant of Peace . The pageant was the brainchild of Edward M. Kirby , public relations counsel for the National Capitol Committee of the Washington Board of Trade . Kirby had flown into the District of Columbia in early December 1953 , and was disappointed that the city had none of the visual impact that other major metropolises did . On December 29 , 1953 , Kirby submitted a memo to the Board of Trade proposing a pageant of light , music , and art . The concept evolved into a three - week - long series of nightly performances and religious observances . The Board of Trade was also interested in the idea because of waning interest in the lighting ceremony . The pageant would , however , require that the Christmas tree be moved off the White House grounds and that the tree lighting ceremony be moved from Christmas Eve to earlier in December . President Dwight Eisenhower approved the plan on November 4 . The 1954 Pageant of Peace was held on December 17 , 1954 . The Ellipse became the site of the National Community Christmas Tree , and cut trees were used because Park Service officials felt that a living tree would interfere with the various cultural and recreational events on the Ellipse at other times of the year . The `` pageant of peace '' theme was intended to echo the words of the angels ( `` Glory to God in the highest , and on earth peace , good will toward men '' ) during the Annunciation to the shepherds as found in the Authorized King James Version of the New Testament . Most of the goods and services which made the event possible were donated : Local architect Leon Chatelain , Jr. , designed the site ; Michigan State College provided the tree ; the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Norfolk Southern Railway gave the transportation to get the tree to D.C. ; Pepco supplied the Christmas lights and power ; Hargrove Display Decorators provided the nativity scene ; the peace symbols , plaques , and trees for the `` Pathway of Peace '' were given by 27 U.S. states and territories and 23 embassies ; and the reindeer stalls , metal fencing , stage , and wooden walkways were provided by the National Park Service . A half - hour concert by the Marine Band and the 80 - voice Justin Lawrie Choir preceded the 5 : 00 P.M. ceremony . The Pageant of Peace included a life - size nativity scene with live animals , an outdoor stage which accommodated singing groups and tableau vivant , and a `` Children 's Corner '' with live reindeer and a place for children to donate toys to less fortunate children overseas . Religious ceremonies and religious and secular entertainment both occurred nightly through January 6 . More than 6,000 people performed or participated in the pageant , and 22 22 embassies took part . The National Community Christmas Tree was a 67 - foot ( 20 m ) tall balsam fir from northern Michigan decorated in 2,100 red , blue , and gold lights and topped by a brilliant white star . South of the tree , a `` Pathway of Peace '' extended in a straight line from E Street NW to the middle of the Ellipse and the National Community Christmas Tree . Smaller Christmas trees decorated by U.S. states , U.S. territories , and foreign embassies stood on either side of the pathway . These smaller trees were adorned with multi-colored lights and various kind of ornaments , and wooden boardwalks were used to guide visitors along the path and to the various parts of the pageant ( which took up much of the Ellipse ) . Man - made snow covered the grounds , courtesy of the American Ice Co . President Eisenhower lit the tree in front of 7,500 people at 5 : 25 P.M. Six Boy Scouts and Cub Scouts from around the world ( flown in with funds provided by UNICEF ) joined the president on the dais . Movie actor Robert Montgomery , who served as Eisenhower 's advisor on the president 's television appearances , was also present . The ceremony was carried by all the major radio and television networks . The total cost of the event was set at $30,000 ( about $253,000 in 2011 inflation - adjusted dollars ) , most of which was provided by payment in kind ( although the Board of Trade contributed $7,500 in cash ) . The 1954 Pageant of Peace was a huge success . More than 6,000 people performed during the pageant . Up to 20,000 people a day visited the event . Between 300,000 and 500,000 people visited the Ellipse to see the exhibits and performances ( with bumper - to - bumper traffic on nearby streets as people drove by to see the trees ) , and the pageant proved so popular that it was extended for two days . National Christmas trees from 1955 to 1972 ( edit ) Red lights adorn the state trees surrounding the National Christmas tree in 1965 . Smaller live trees representing the 50 states , five territories , and the District of Columbia , formed a `` Pathway of Peace . '' A formal organization , Pageant of Peace , Inc. , was formed in 1955 to take over the event from the loose confederation of business , religious , and civic groups which had organized the 1954 pageant . Spurring the legal incorporation of the group was the projected cost of the 1955 event , which was estimated to be between $35,000 and $50,000 . The group was incorporated on September 30 , 1955 , with the Board of Trade providing the seed money for the new nonprofit organization . President Eisenhower had suffered a serious heart attack on September 24 , 1955 , and was recuperating at his farm near Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , so the 1955 tree was lit remotely once more . 1955 was also the first year that decorating company Hargrove Inc. of Cheverly , Maryland , began decorating the National Christmas Tree . Ten minutes after the tree was lit , the star and many lights near the top of the tree went out . Earl Hargrove quickly ascended a ladder and discovered why : A string of lights had come unplugged . The problem was immediately rectified . More than 50 embassies took part in the Pathway of Peace . Attendance at the now two - week event soared to 540,000 . A record 51 embassies participated in the 1956 Pageant of Peace , which included a 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) high Christmas tree jointly donated by 11 Arab nations . In 1957 , the Pageant of Peace culminated in a night of folk dancing at Lisner Auditorium on the campus of George Washington University . Foreign embassies were not invited to participate in the 1958 Pathway to Peace , after festival organizers came to believe that they were imposing on the legations . But the embassies were invited to participate again in 1959 , and did so . 1959 also saw festival organizers dye the grass green for the first time . When President Eisenhower lit the tree on December 23 , a `` Singing Christmas Tree '' ( a choir on an inclined grandstand holding candles , forming the triangular shape of a Christmas tree ) formed a backdrop behind him . President John F. Kennedy did not light the tree in December 1961 , because his father , Joseph P. Kennedy , Sr. , had suffered a major stroke , so Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson lit the tree . An electronic console nearby picked up musical sounds from performers on the stage , and altered the color and brightness of the tree 's 3,000 multicolored lights . The tree lighting occurred three days earlier than usual because President Kennedy had been scheduled to leave for Bermuda to meet with British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan . The Washington Post reported that embassies did not provide trees or symbols for the Pathway of Peace , instead participating in a music festival at Lisner Auditorium on December 26 . Just 16 U.S. states provide trees for the Pathway of Peace . President Kennedy did light the 1962 tree ( on December 17 ) , although the changing lights used in 1961 were not used again . The number of Christmas trees on the Pathway of Peace now numbered 52 , including all 50 states , Guam , and Puerto Rico . The 1963 tree lighting ceremony was scheduled for December 18 . But President Kennedy was assassinated on November 22 . President Johnson declared an official 30 - day period of national mourning , which delayed lighting of the National Christmas Tree until December 22 . After a one - hour candle - lighting ceremony at the Lincoln Memorial , President Johnson traveled to the Ellipse and lit the tree . That year , the General Electric company began donating the lights for the tree , changing the lighting set every year . In addition to the life - size nativity scene , Yule log , stage , and live reindeer , the International Paper Company donated 80 cut , small Christmas trees which were decorated with white lights and erected in the shape of a `` Cross of Peace '' on the Ellipse . Although green dye had been used since 1959 to make the grass look green , no dye was used in 1963 due to the unusual snow which covered the grounds . Small changes in the tree lighting scheme and pageant occurred throughout the 1960s . Instead of multi-colored lights , in 1964 the tree was lit with 5,000 red bulbs . It was decorated with 500 large gold ornaments , and instead of a star was topped with a white cross . But when British Prime Minister Harold MacMillan visited the United States in 1965 and witnessed the tree lighting ceremony , the tree once more featured multi-colored ( blue , green , and white ) lights . The 53 trees on the Pathway of Peace that year were lit with red and white bulbs . This was also the first year that the American Mining Congress , a coalition of coal industry mining companies , began providing the trees of the Pathway of Peace . In 1966 , the 53 Christmas trees of the Pathway of Peace were alternatively lit in all green or all blue lights , and were arranged in an arc around the National Christmas Tree rather than lining the path to it . The following year , the National Christmas Tree was lit with blue lights and encircled with strings of red and white lights , and decorated with gold balls . The tree - topper that year was not a star but a 4 - foot ( 1.2 m ) tall gold spire with a base of golden stars . The trees on the Pathway to Peace , however , returned to multi-colored lights . For the first time in the history of the tree lighting ceremony , a non-American choir ( the Festival Singers of Toronto ) performed at the opening event . The National Christmas Tree used a blue , white , and yellow lighting scheme in 1968 . When President Johnson lit the National Christmas Tree , this caused another Christmas tree to be lit remotely by radio control in the newly electrified village of Nulato , Alaska ( one of 59 rural Eskimo villages to receive electricity for the first time that year ) . In 1969 , the number of trees on the Pathway to Peace expanded to 57 , to include all American unincorporated territories and the District of Columbia . The National Christmas Tree that year was decorated in bands of red and white lights , and was at the top of a huge capital letter `` V '' formed by the Pathway 's 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) tall Red Pine trees from eastern Ohio . The 1969 ceremony was interrupted by about 200 individuals protesting the Vietnam War , who repeatedly heckled the president during his short speech and who temporarily planted an 8 - foot ( 2.4 m ) tall `` peace tree '' a few yards from the National Christmas Tree . Eight adults and a youth were arrested during the event for disorderly conduct . The 1970 National Christmas Tree suffered several near - disasters . The 78 - foot ( 24 m ) tall blue spruce from South Dakota 's Black Hills was carried to Washington , D.C. , on a train . The train derailed twice on its way to the city . The weekend before the tree lighting ceremony , the tree blew over in high winds and several cut branches had to be attached to the tree to replace damaged ones . A few days after the tree was lit , lightbulbs on the lower half of the tree began exploding after a fireproofing liquid applied to the sockets began causing shorts in the strings of lights . No anti-war protests occurred during the tree lighting ceremony in 1970 , however . Women Strike for Peace temporarily won a court order permitting them to set up an anti-Vietnam War display of 11 lighted styrofoam tombstones listing the number of American war dead near the pageant , but this ruling was overturned by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit two days later on December 18 . ( The anti-war display was set up on the Washington Monument grounds instead . ) The 1970 tree was lit by President Richard Nixon and Andre Proctor , a local District of Columbia child whom President Nixon picked out of the crowd at the last moment to assist him with the tree - lighting . The 1970 Pageant of Peace also included a tree dedicated to prisoners of war and soldiers missing in action . Vice President Spiro Agnew lit the 1971 National Christmas Tree . Protesters briefly interrupted the beginning of Agnew 's speech , chanting for peace , before Agnew and seven - year - old Gary Morris ( a child in the institutional care of the city ) lit the tree . On December 15 , Women Strike for Peace was granted permission by Judge Joseph Cornelius Waddy of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia to place an anti-war display next to the National Christmas Tree , but they did not have time to erect a display before the lighting ceremony . The tree - topper that year resembled a white snowflake , while the tree itself was decorated with red and white bulbs in clusters amid a wider blanket of gold lights . There were 56 trees in Pageant of Peace , plus an extra tree for POW / MIAs . Vice President Agnew again lit the tree in 1972 . Assisting the Vice President was Eric Watt , 10 - year - old son of future Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt . More than 9,000 green bulbs , 1,000 clear bulbs , and 250 5 - inch ( 13 cm ) globe bulbs were used to decorate the tree . The U.S. Army supplied floodlights which also helped to illuminate the tree , which was kept lit 24 hours a day . There were 57 trees representing the 50 U.S. states and territories at the Pageant of Peace , with another 75 evergreen trees for decoration . The trees were again placed in the shape of a giant `` V '' rather than two parallel rows . The American Mining Congress declined to supply the smaller trees in 1972 , so the state of Pennsylvania agreed to do so . Former President Harry S. Truman died on December 26 , 1972 . All performances at the Pageant of Peace were cancelled on December 28 ( the national day of mourning for Truman ) , although the tree remained lit for security reasons . Although there were no protests at the tree lighting ceremony , anti-war protests were held at the Pageant of Peace on December 25 and December 30 . National Christmas tree : living trees since 1973 ( edit ) The first living trees : 1973 to 1977 ( edit ) Having used cut trees from around the country since 1954 , the Christmas Pageant of Peace reintroduced a living tree in 1973 . A spontaneous , grass - roots letter writing campaign by American citizens began pressing in 1965 for a live tree . The letter - writing campaign intensified in 1969 . Prodded by environmentalists , a much larger letter - writing campaign ( `` more letters and phone calls of protest than in the previous 10 years '' a Park Service spokesperson said ) occurred in the two months prior to the 1972 tree lighting ceremony , which prompted the National Park Service to bow to public pressure and plant a live tree . A 42 - foot Colorado blue spruce from the Sunset Lake Nursery near Shickshinny , Pennsylvania , was donated by the National Arborist Association and planted in the Ellipse close to the Zero Milestone ( just east of the central north - south axis of the White House ) . The tree arrived in the city via flatbed truck and was planted on October 11 , 1973 . The tree was badly damaged just before it was planted when it fell off the flatbed truck carrying it , an accident which had significant effects on the tree 's lifespan . North of the tree , a bronze plaque was installed that read `` National Christmas Tree , Transplanted October 11 , 1973 , Christmas Pageant of Peace Committee . '' Initially , the General Electric company , which had been donating the lighting for the tree for years , developed a `` cool lighting '' system to help protect the tree from the heat damage caused by standard Christmas tree lights . But this scheme was subsequently abandoned due to the need to conserve energy because of the 1973 oil crisis . Instead , eight colored floodlights at the base of the tree were used to illuminate the National Christmas Tree 's decorations and its 36 - inch ( 91 cm ) high gold snowflake tree - topper ( although the snowflake itself was lit from within ) . The spotlights did not illuminate the tree directly for fear of causing heat damage ; instead , the light was reflected on the tree . To further conserve energy , the National Christmas Tree was lit not 24 hours a day but only from 5 P.M. to 10 P.M. Public pressure on the Park Service and the energy crisis also led to changes in the 1973 Pageant of Peace . The Park Service used no cut trees for the Pageant of Peace . Instead , it obtained 57 live trees and planted them on the Ellipse . After the Pageant of Peace ended , the living trees were replanted in D.C. area parks or donated to the states they were intended to represent . These trees were decorated , but had no Christmas lights due to the energy crisis . Only footlights illuminated the Pageant 's trees , primarily for safety reasons . Upset by a court ruling that held that the Christian nativity scene could not be included in the Pageant of Peace , local resident Vaughn Barkdoll and a few friends formed the Christian Heritage Association and won a permit to display a nativity scene just beyond the service road encircling the Ellipse . The Barkdoll display included four sheep , a donkey , and a Holstein calf . An American Legion post from Hyattsville , Maryland , erected a similar but smaller display on the opposite side of the Ellipse . Energy conserving lights were used on the National Christmas Tree in 1974 , however . More than 2,000 tiny amber and white lights ( which used just a third of the wattage of pre-1973 strings of lights ) , as well as braided gold - colored rope and large gold ornaments , were used . The Pageant of Peace continued to feature just 57 trees , but there was competition over the nativity scene ( which was no longer part of the festival ) . Barkdoll 's Christian Heritage Association provided a creche with 2 - foot ( 0.61 m ) high plaster figures and no live animals . The Hyattsville American Legion provided a display with life - size papier - mâché figures and live animals including some sheep , a calf , and a burro . A third display was provided by the Christian Service Corps ( a nondenominational Christian organization whose members mixed public service with missionary work ) . The Christian Service Corps display included live actors in period costumes , a musical soundtrack , three camels , a cow , a donkey , and 15 sheep . In 1975 , the National Christmas Tree had a Bicentennial theme . The tree was decorated with 4,600 red , white , and blue lights ; red , white , and blue ornaments , and silver garland ; and topped by a 4 - foot ( 1.2 m ) high gold and green Liberty Bell . The low - watt Christmas tree lights were specially designed by General Electric . In a circle around the National Christmas Tree were 13 tall evergreen trees , symbolizing the Thirteen Colonies . An additional 47 smaller trees formed the Pathway to Peace , representing the rest of the states , U.S. territories , POW / MIAs , and senior citizens . The 12,000 total light bulbs and 2 - mile ( 3.2 km ) of electrical cord used 40 percent less wattage than the year before . Once more , three different organizations provided three different nativity scenes away from the pageant . With the Bicentennial year ending , the 1976 National Christmas Tree was decorated with 2,500 red lamps ( rather than strings of tree lights ) , which represented the theme `` Youth . '' That year 's Pageant of Peace was also truncated , presenting live entertainment only through December 23 . However , there were now 60 trees in the Pathway to Peace . By December 1976 , it was clear that the National Christmas Tree planted just three years earlier was dying . The appearance of the tree had deteriorated significantly , with many of the lower branches dead or damaged and many parts of the tree showing large areas of dead needles . Government horticulturalists said the tree had suffered root damage and had not thrived in the hot , damp climate of Washington , D.C. David Rhoads , a citizen from Silver Spring , Maryland , donated his 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) tall blue spruce to the National Park Service , chopped off its branches and wired many of them to the lower part of the existing tree to cover up the damage . The tree 's plight was so obvious that the public made 112 offers for a new living tree to the government by early December . The 1974 tree was removed and used for the Yule log in 1977 . An anonymous resident of Potomac , Maryland donated a 34 - foot ( 10 m ) tall blue spruce as the new National Christmas tree . The new tree was planted on the Ellipse on November 3 , 1977 . President Jimmy Carter , assisted by his daughter , Amy , lit the tree during a ceremony on December 15 , 1977 . The tree was decorated with 2,000 five - watt green lamps ( not bulbs ) symbolizing `` Hope , '' as well as 500 `` twinkle lamps '' and white ornaments . Due to the ongoing energy crisis , the tree was only lit from dusk to midnight from December 15 to December 26 , and from dusk to 10 P.M. from December 27 to January 2 . This achieved a further 74 percent reduction in energy use . A petting zoo was added to the Pagaent of Peace for the first time . The 1977 living tree did not last , however . January 1978 brought several severe rain and snow storms to the Washington , D.C. , region , along with heavy winds , heavy precipitation , and extremes in temperatures . On January 26 , 62 mph ( 100 km / h ; 54 kn ) winds whipped through the nation 's capitol ( and a tornado damaged homes in nearby Quantico , Virginia ) . Park Service officials feared the National Christmas Tree would be toppled , and attached guy - wires to the tree to keep it upright . But despite the additional bracing , the tree was nearly uprooted in mid-afternoon and leaned at a 45 degree angle for several hours until workers were able to get it upright again . A National Park Service spokesperson said that the agency feared the tree had suffered extensive root damage , and would not survive . The third living tree : 1978 to 2010 ( edit ) The Washington Monument glows behind the yet - to - be-lit 1979 U.S. National Christmas Tree . The National Park Service undertook a lengthy study to find a species of tree that could thrive in the climate and soil conditions of the capital and better withstand the annual decoration process . Agency officials traveled more than 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) to find a tree that met their specifications . A 30 - foot ( 9.1 m ) tall blue spruce , located at the home of Mr. and Mrs. William E. Myers of York , Pennsylvania , was chosen as the new National Christmas Tree planted in the Ellipse in 1978 . ( The Myers offered to donate the tree , but were paid $1,500 for it . ) A second tree , an 18 - foot ( 5.5 m ) tall blue spruce purchased from a nursery in New Jersey , was planted in a corner of the Ellipse in early summer 1978 for use as a spare in case the new transplanted tree did not survive . New , stronger cables were used to help brace the tree against high winds . The bronze plaque at the base of the tree was altered slightly to reflect the new date of the tree 's transplanting ( October 11 , 1978 ) . The tree was topped off by First Daughter Amy Carter on December 5 , 1978 , a ceremony which began a new tradition of having a member of the President or Vice President 's family top off the tree ( a tradition observed every year since except in 1980 ) . President Carter , assisted by his wife Rosalynn and daughter Amy , lit the newly transplanted National Christmas Tree on December 15 , 1978 . The tree was illuminated by 1,600 low - watt gold lamps , floodlit with gold spotlights , and decorated with gold garland and 50 large red ornaments . Once more , each state and territory was represented by a tree on the Pathway of Peace , and the petting zoo and live reindeer both returned to the Pageant of Peace . Additionally , there was a small tree representing senior citizens , as well as a new `` community tree . '' In 1979 , the National Christmas Tree was only partially lit . When President Jimmy Carter sent his daughter Amy to light the tree on December 13 , the switch lit only the star atop the National Christmas Tree , while the state trees on the Pathway of Peace were illuminated only by tiny blue lights . Carter told the surprised crowd that the National Christmas Tree would remain dark until the American hostages in Iran were set free . The theme of the tree was `` Hope and Light '' , which celebrated the 100th anniversary of Thomas Edison 's invention of the practical incandescent light . The tree itself was trimmed with silver balls and white garland , and a complex , changing lighting scheme ( also in white ) designed . There were only 50 smaller trees that year ( one for each of the hostages ) , and a single tree separate from the Pathway of Peace representing prisoners of war . Only nine days of musical performances were planned . President Carter helps light the first National Menorah in 1979 . 1979 also marked the first appearance of the National Menorah commemorating Hanukkah . The 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) high steel menorah ( painted gold ) was the brainchild of Rabbi Abraham Shemtov , leader of the Chabad - Lubavitch movement . President Carter assisted Rabbi Shemtov in lighting the menorah , which was placed in Lafayette Square . By 1987 , the National Menorah had been moved to The Ellipse . A new aluminum menorah replaced the steel one in 1998 . The National Christmas Tree again remained largely unlit in 1980 . President Carter 's five - year - old grandson , Jason , switched on the tree . The tree had been completely decorated with large balls and lights , but at a meeting in early December 1980 the families of the American hostages asked that the tree remain unlit . The lights on the tree shone for 417 seconds , one second for every day that the hostages had been captive . The lights were then turned off , leaving only the star atop the tree shining . When the hostages were released on January 20 , 1981 , the tree was redecorated . It was relit for the returning hostages on January 27 . 1980 was also the first year that the Pageant of Peace organizers were required by the National Park Service to hold an open meeting to solicit input from the public . Once again , a separate small tree honored of American prisoners of war . Due to security concerns about an assassination attempts , President Ronald Reagan lit the National Christmas Tree via remote control from the East Room of the White House in 1981 , 1982 , and 1983 . Supporters of the Equal Rights Amendment and increased aid for the poor protested at the event . The lights on the 1981 tree suffered from faulty wiring , and could not be lit on the final night of the event ( January 1 , 1982 ) . 1981 also marked the beginning of a number of changes to the Pageant of Peace . The petting zoo was canceled due to cost concerns , but for the first time each state or territory donated the ornaments to be used on their tree lining the Pathway of Peace . A request to honor Vietnam War veterans during the ceremony was turned down to keep the focus on Christmas . A new contractor , Westport Marketing Group , was also hired to manage the tree lighting ceremony . Westport changed the ceremony so that fewer guests sat on stage . This made room for more performers . Westport also suggested that more national celebrities be invited to perform as well to turn the event into a national ( rather than local ) event and boost the appeal to a national audience . Westport suggested even more radical reductions in the number of guests and field seating as well as elimination of the Yule log in 1982 . There was also discussion of moving the entire event into the White House , but these suggestions were not acted on . In 1984 , First Lady Nancy Reagan lit the National Christmas Tree from the stage on The Ellipse . Westport Marketing Group proposed selling a National Christmas Tree ornament to raise money for the pageant , but the idea was discarded because it illegally commercialized a national civic event . President Reagan resumed his involvement with the tree lighting ceremony in 1985 , when he and Nancy Reagan jointly lit the tree via remote control while standing on the South Portico of the White House . A large video screen depicted the Reagans for the crowd . As the Pageant of Peace opened , the Community for Creative Non-Violence ( CCNV ; an advocacy organization for the homeless led by Mitch Snyder ) sued to have a life - size statue of three homeless people huddled over a steam grate included in the event . On December 11 , a federal district judge ruled against the organization . A federal appellate court upheld the decision . The group then applied for a regular protest permit , which it received . The statue of the homeless family was erected on Christmas Eve just outside the fence from the official pageant . Another change did occur , however . For the first time since 1954 , there were no reindeer present at the Pageant of Peace . Officials said the cost of transporting the animals to and from Maine was too prohibitive . `` Reindeer '' ( actually fallow deer from Virginia ) returned to the pageant the following year . President Reagan lit the tree from inside the White House in 1986 , 1987 , and 1988 . The 1987 tree lighting ceremony was held on December 7 ( almost a week early ) due to the arrival of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev for a summit meeting to be held December 8 . American Marketing ( the former Westport Marking ) again proposed the sale of a tree ornament and was again turned down . Opposition to the nativity scene and menorah were again expressed , and CCNV again tried to get its statue of homeless people into the pageant ( and was unsuccessful ) . Michelle Obama reads `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' at the National Christmas Tree lighting ceremony on the Ellipse in Washington , D.C. , on December 9 , 2010 . President George H.W. Bush resumed the tradition of lighting the National Christmas Tree from a platform on The Ellipse in 1989 . In 1991 , President Bush presided over the tree - lighting ceremony with five Americans who had recently been released by their kidnappers in Lebanon : journalist Terry A. Anderson , university employee Joseph Cicippio , professor Alann Steen , professor Thomas Sutherland , and professor Jesse Turner . Also in attendance was Secretary - General of the United Nations Javier Pérez de Cuéllar , who had helped negotiate the release of the hostages . Anderson attempted to light the tree twice , but failed . Bush tried to the light the tree , and after several seconds the lights finally came on . In 1992 , the National Park Service permitted the first National Christmas Tree ornament to be produced . The designer was Peggy Henkel , president of Georgetown Marketing Company ( formerly American Marketing ) , and to avoid rules against commercialization the ornament was distributed without charge . 1992 was also the year that the National Christmas Tree and Pageant of Peace was featured on the official White House House Christmas card . The card was created by artist Kamil Kubik and printed by Hallmark Cards . Several changes were made to the National Christmas Tree and the Pageant of Peace in 1993 and 1994 . Although organizers considered moving the pageant to the Washington Monument or onto the National Mall , no change in location was actually made . In 1994 , a G scale model railway was placed around the base of the tree . A study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory showed that solar lighting could be used to help illuminate the tree during the daytime , and the lights ( donated by the United States Department of Energy ) were used . 1994 also saw the first commercial sales of official National Christmas Tree items . The National Park Service approved the sales after organizers said proceeds would be used to fund the Pageant of Peace . Two items were sold : a National Christmas Tree ornament , and a limited edition Christmas card bearing an image of the tree . But few other changes were made during the latter half of the 1990s . In 1995 , the National Christmas Tree was lit by solar power for the first time at night , using energy stored during the day . The United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 forced the cancellation of the Pageant of Peace beginning December 16 , although the National Park Service had enough funds to keep the tree lit through January 1 , 1996 . The park service also decided to discontinue the display of live deer during the pageant . In 1996 , the Office of Surface Mining declined to donate trees for the Pageant of Peace ( as it had done for many years ) . This forced the pageant organizers to purchase cut trees . Pageant organizers also sold 1,950 limited - edition prints and 250 artist 's proofs by local artist G. Harvey to raise money for the pageant . Finally , the President 's Park unit of the National Park Service began administering the music portion of the pageant . The National Christmas Tree Growers Association provided cut trees for the Pageant of Peace in 1997 , and another limited edition print was sold to raise money for the event . But in 1998 , tree grower Ron Hudler of North Carolina agreed to begin donating cut trees for the festival . Polk Aristo - Craft began providing the model train , and for the first time refreshments were sold . To celebrate the millennium on December 31 , 1999 , the National Christmas Tree 's lights turned white at midnight . The following year , Polk Aristo - Craft expanded the model train display and a new wrought iron fence was erected around the tree ( replacing an older chain - link fence ) . In the wake of the September 11 attacks , the United States Secret Service announced on November 16 that only those individuals with tickets would be permitted onto The Elllipse for the December 6 tree lighting . The restrictions were lifted just 10 days later . Access to The Ellipse was closed except for two points ( at 17th and E Streets NW and at 17th Street NW and Constitution Avenue NW ) . 15th Street NW was temporarily closed for the event , while traffic moved only in a north - bound direction on 17th Street NW . ( The street closings during the ceremony continued to occur through the 2011 ceremony . ) The original gold , green , and red lighting scheme was changed after September 11 to a patriotic red , white , and blue with red garland . The model train was provided again by Aristo - Craft , with financial , set - up , and other assistance from the National Capital Trackers ( a model train enthusiasts group ) . Clowns , a magician , and a juggler were added to help lighten the crowd 's mood . Major changes to the lighting display and ornaments were made after 2001 . In 2002 , the National Christmas Tree sported a gold , green , and red design ( again ) with gold garland and wreath - shaped ornaments . For the first time , light - emitting diodes ( LEDs ) were used as part of the lighting scheme . Two strands of red LED lights were entwined with the garland . The incandescent tree lights changed from gold to green and back again continuously . The garland and lighted ornaments remained lit without a color change . The tree consumed enough power nightly to light two homes . The following year , the 80th anniversary of the tree - lighting ceremony , a nostalgic and simplified lighting design featuring 13,000 incandescent blue , gold , green , and red lights with lighted candle and snowflake ornaments was used . In 2004 , holographic suncatchers were first used as ornaments on the tree , to help make it sparkle during daylight hours . A blue , gold , green , and red lighting scheme ( composed of 15,000 incandescent bulbs ) was used again , but de-emphasized the green in order to evoke a patriotic theme . One - hundred and thirty star - shaped ornaments also adorned the tree . A three - dimensional star made of Lexan topped the tree . The 2005 lighting design used 25,000 clear white incandescent lights . There were 105 large snowflake ornaments ( each lit from within by 25 clear incandescent lights ) with holographic blue vinyl accents , and a three - dimensional snowflake tree topper . Suncatchers were used also again . There were 105 snowflake - shaped suncatchers on the tree . A traditional lighting design returned in 2006 . The tree featured 25,000 blue , green , orange purple , and red incandescent lights . Its 125 18 - inch ( 46 cm ) wide round ornaments with concave fronts . The glass fronts were reverse painted , while the concave area was covered in a gold holographic material that made the ornament appear to sparkle when lit . The tree topper was a star in three dimensions , with a holographic vinyl plate between the two to enhance its sparkle . In 2007 , LEDs replaced the incandescent lights on the National Christmas Tree . The tree 's 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) of red garland also used LEDs . The 2006 star - shaped tree - topper was reused , although it was reworked to use LEDs as well . According to the National Park Service officials , the tree was 100 times more energy efficient than in 2006 -- although the lighting designer from General Electric said it was just 60 percent more energy efficient . The ornaments were 125 red bows 26 inches ( 66 cm ) high and 20 inches ( 51 cm ) wide . SABIC Innovative Plastics donated the Lexan used to make the ornaments . That same year , the tree lighting ceremony was officially named the Lighting of the National Christmas Tree . The Pageant of Peace was also officially renamed as `` The National Christmas Tree and Pathway of Peace . '' LEDs replaced incandescent lights on the state trees along the Pathway of Peace , the lighted garland was omitted , and smaller illuminated ornaments were used in 2008 , achieving an additional 50 percent savings in electricity . However , traditional bulbs were still used in the ornaments . A Santa 's workshop was added to the pageant in 2008 as well . The lighting ceremony was dedicated to the memory of Ron Hudler . The three - dimensional star tree topper first created in 2006 continued to top the National Christmas Tree in 2011 . Recent replacement living trees : 2011 to present ( edit ) The replacement National Christmas Tree on November 2 , 2012 , six days after it was planted . On Saturday , February 19 , 2011 , the National Christmas tree was felled after its trunk snapped in a windstorm which contained gusts of up to 50 mph ( 80 km / h ; 43 kn ) . National Park Service spokesman Bill Line noted the tree was at risk since it stood alone exposed to the elements and lacked the protection of other trees . Knowing the tree was at risk and would eventually need to be replaced , a successor tree had already been selected . The new tree was planted on March 19 , 2011 . The new tree was a 26.5 - foot ( 8.1 m ) tall Colorado blue spruce which was obtained from an unnamed tree nursery in New Jersey . On May 5 , 2012 , the blue spruce was declared dead by the National Park Service due to `` transplant shock '' . The agency said the exceptionally warm summer of 2011 and the winter of 2011 - 2012 also played a role . The dead tree was cut down . The NPS said it had already identified a Colorado spruce as a replacement . On Saturday , October 27 , 2012 , a 28 - foot ( 8.5 m ) Colorado blue spruce from Virginia was planted as the new National Christmas Tree . The Park Service decided to plant the tree even though Hurricane Sandy would pass near the D.C. area in less than 48 hours . Park Service horticulturists felt the tree was safer in the ground than in the container in which it was shipped . Wires were attached to the tree to help stabilize it , and a special base ( hidden by mulch and soil ) surrounded the roots to help prevent flooding . For the first time in 50 years , the National Park Service did not have a Yule log during the 2012 Pageant of Peace . The performance stage was made much smaller and shifted from the east side of the display area to the south ( so that the National Christmas Tree provided a backdrop for performances ) . Park Service personnel say that this interfered with the Yule log pit . The model railroad , nativity scene , Santa 's Workshop , and state trees and Pathway of Peace remained in 2012 . The Yule log pit remains , but is covered over by steel plates and 14 inches ( 36 cm ) of soil and sod . The lighting scheme for the National Christmas Tree was altered in 2013 . General Electric provided the lights , as it had since 1962 , and for the fourth year in a row LED lights were used . New round `` sugar plum lights '' in bright blue , green , and red colors were added in 2013 to enhance the tree 's nighttime appearance . A garland of twinkling white 7 - inch ( 18 cm ) spherical ornaments were also added . The ornaments were lit during the day as well to improve the tree 's daytime visual interest . The star - shaped tree topper was rebuilt for 2013 as well using a commercial lighting system to provide for brighter illumination . The lighting scheme used 60,000 LED lights strung in 110 nets and 225 strings , and 265 spherical ornaments . The lighting scheme weighed several hundred pounds , and used 5700 watts of energy . CNN said in 2013 that the National Christmas Tree was the sixth most beautiful Christmas tree in the world . The cable new channel listed 12 trees , and put the National Christmas Tree behind the tree erected in Cathedral Square , Vilnius , Lithuania ; the Lego Christmas tree at Legoland Malaysia ; the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree at Rockefeller Center in New York City ; the tree at the Galeries Lafayette department store in Paris , France ; and the `` Floating Christmas tree '' erected by oil company Bradesco Seguros in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . The 2015 Christmas Tree was covered in amber and white lights that occasionally twinkled . The state and territory trees had the same color lights and were decorated with ornaments made from the state or territory they represented . Locations of the National Christmas tree ( edit ) The National Christmas Tree is a living evergreen tree planted in the Ellipse in the President 's Park , close to the Zero Milestone but just east of the central north - south axis . In early 1974 , a low stone wall was constructed around the National Christmas Tree to provide partial protection for its roots , and currently serves as the limit of the planting bed below the tree . In 2001 , a cast iron fence was built around the tree about 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) from the low stone wall to protect the soil from compaction by the thousands of people who visit the tree annually . A temporary gravel road is constructed in the northeast quadrant of the Ellipse each year to give workers access to the tree for decoration . A wooden snow fence is installed near the tree and around the Pageant of Peace area each year as well to protect the lawn during periods of high foot traffic . According to the National Park Service , since the National Christmas Tree and its associated ceremonies go back to a historic period in the nation 's history , this cultural event has not only become historically important itself but has helped to protect the historic integrity of the Ellipse . The agency says that the tree has become `` a defining feature of President 's Park South '' . Visitors also have a decent view of the front of the White House illuminated with its own Christmas decorations . A `` backup National Christmas Tree '' is occasionally mentioned by many sources . This tree is located southwest of Ellipse Road , where the path from the 17th Street NW and Constitution Avenue NW meets the Ellipse sidewalk . This tree was planted by the National Park Service as a replacement for the National Christmas Tree . However , this tree is not historic , did not grow well , and by 2010 was not considered as a backup for the National Christmas Tree any longer . When cut trees were used , backup trees were also identified . In 1971 , the National Park Service revealed that it required four trees to be selected as `` the '' National Christmas Tree . One would be the actual tree used ; two would be replacement trees in case some accident befell the primary tree ; and the fourth tree was cut up and its branches used to fill out bare spots in the primary tree . Sources of National Christmas trees ( edit ) Main article : List of sources of the National Christmas Tree ( United States ) Cut evergreen trees were used in 1923 , and from 1954 to 1972 . Living trees were used from 1924 to 1953 , and again from 1973 to the present ( 2012 ) . The species , height , and sources of these trees has varied widely over time . Organizing and decorating the National Christmas tree ( edit ) The model railroad train is ready to be unpacked and set up at the base of the 2012 U.S. National Christmas Tree . An undecorated `` state tree '' is to the right . Creating the design of the National Christmas Tree and organizing the Pageant of Peace is a year - long process . In 1999 , the Washington Post reported that General Electric ( GE ) lighting designers begin sketching plans for the lighting scheme in March . In 2004 , they began their design efforts in February . GE changes the design every year . The lights are manufactured at a GE plant in Cleveland , Ohio , and are tested on a tree at GE 's headquarters in Fairfield , Connecticut , in mid-October to ensure that the design looks right and nothing is technically wrong with it . Contractors begin soliciting ornaments for the trees along the Pathway of Peace about the same time , usually around a theme . Other vendors begin contacting nationally known singers , performers , and the providers of children 's characters ( such as Warner Bros. Animation , Sesame Workshop , or The Walt Disney Company ) for their availability . Various contractors build the decorations , depending on what is required . In 2000 , Brilliant Electric Sign Co. of Cleveland , Ohio , spent four weeks building the 200 ornaments required for that year 's display . Many of the decorations in 2000 and 2002 were manufactured with the same high - tech plastic used to make the faceplates of astronaut helmets . During the summer , National Park Service workers apply a pesticide to the tree to kill red spider mites ( which can kill evergreen trees ) . The tree is also checked so that rodents do not take up residence in its roots or branches . The tree is pruned yearly , and fertilized every three years . The 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) high Fraser Firs for the Pathway of Peace are cut in early November . Hargrove Inc. , a company which provides trade show and custom exhibits , begins decorating all the trees with the lights and decorations about 10 days before the tree lighting ceremony is set to occur . ( As of 2001 , Hargrove had decorated the tree every year since 1954 . ) The lights and decorations do not actually hang from the National Christmas Tree itself . Rather , they hang from guy - wires which run up the sides of the tree . In 2008 , it took 15 people to decorate the tree . The National Christmas Tree can be covered with fewer or greater lights , depending on the lighting scheme . In 1999 , 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) of lights containing 75,000 bulbs were used . In 2000 , however , 125,000 lights ( using 75,000 watts per day ) were used . There were 200,000 bulbs in 2002 , but just 13,000 in 2003 ( the year a more traditional lighting scheme was used ) . In 2008 , after the switch to LED lights , the National Christmas Tree was illuminated by more than 45,000 lights on 900 50 - light strings . About 34,000 LED lights were used on the branches , with the remainder used to light ornaments and the tree topper . Improvements in LED technology meant that 100 fewer strings were used than in 2007 ( the first year LED lighting was used ) . By 2010 , although the number of LED lights had increased to 81,104 , the number of strings had been reduced to 750 . The National Christmas Tree and Pathway of Peace trees consumed 7,000 watts over four weeks in 2010 , at a cost of about $180 per day . ( The National Christmas Tree alone consumed 2,000 watts per day in 2011 . ) The lighting scheme used 60,000 LED lights and 265 spherical ornaments in 2013 , while consuming just 5700 watts of energy . It took 173 feet ( 53 m ) of incandescent lights ( containing 225 small bulbs ) and about 50 ornaments to decorate each state tree in 1999 . By 2008 , after the switch to LED lights , it took six to seven strings of clear LEDs lights to decorate each state tree . To provide electricity to the National Christmas Tree and all the trees in the Pathway of Peace , up to 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) of electrical cord was laid in 2000 -- all connected to an underground electrical system . Aristo - Craft Trains originally donated , set up , and ran the model trains at the base of the tree . Gravel was placed in each engine and car so that wind could not blow them off the tracks . By 2008 , sponsorship of the train had expanded to include Bachmann Industries , BridgeWorks , Garden Metal Models , Hartland Locomotive Works , LGB , Mainline America , Sound Traxx , Split Jaw Rail Clamps , and USA Trains . The train expanded from two trains to nine trains and three trolley lines ( running in more than 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) of track ) in 2008 . National Capital Trackers as well as other model railroading groups continued to set up , run , and maintain the model train . The modern Pageant of Peace and Pathway of Peace ( edit ) As of 2010 , 56 smaller cut evergreen trees representing the states , District of Columbia , and unincorporated territories of the United States are arranged in a large oval around the National Christmas Tree each December . A sign in front of each tree identifies which geographic area the small tree represents . A temporary black plastic walkway is laid down to provide pedestrian access ( the actual `` Pathway of Peace '' ) , and the trees guarded by a white vinyl picket fence . The National Park Service lays boardwalks , plastic paths , and artificial turf walkways on The Ellipse beginning in October . A stage and a blue plywood amphitheater are erected southeast of the National Christmas Tree , and the placement of heavy plastic mats and metal folding chairs in front of the stage ( with seating for only 200 people at most ) creates an audience area for performances . A plywood nativity scene , 15 - by - 10 - foot ( 4.6 by 3.0 m ) Yule log fire pit , and barn for donkeys , reinder , and sheep are built south of the Pathway of Peace . Speakers on high stands throughout the area broadcast the live performances , or provide recorded music for viewers ' enjoyment . Since the Pageant of Peace and Pathway of Peace are traditions extending back only to 1954 , they are not considered historic elements by the National Park Service . Legal issues ( edit ) Several times , the Pageant of Peace has been the subject of legal dispute . The first legal challenge occurred in 1968 when the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) objected to the inclusion of the Christian nativity scene in the pageant . The ACLU argued the display violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . Although the National Park Service responded that the nativity scene was not religious per se but a symbol `` of the national holiday '' , the agency did agree not to store , maintain , or erect the display ( turning those duties over to Pageant of Peace , Inc. , in September 1968 ) . The legal effort to remove the creche continued the following year . In 1969 , three clergymen , an atheist , and a member of the Ethical Society sued to have the nativity scene removed . Once more , the Park Service said the nativity scene was merely a symbol of `` our spiritual heritage '' and `` wholly secular '' . The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit denied on December 12 , 1969 , a request for a temporary injunction barring construction of the display . The court 's ruling said it would decide the case on its merits at a later date . The five plaintiffs were represented by the ACLU , and joined by the American Jewish Congress . In April 1970 , the court of appeals ordered a full trial on the issue . Although the trial was set for February 1 , 1971 , the plaintiffs and ACLU declined to seek a temporary injunction against the display in December 1970 in favor of a permanent resolution of the issue . On November 3 , 1971 , the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia ruled in Allen v. Morton , 333 F. Supp. 1088 , ( D.D.C. 1971 ) , that inclusion of the nativity display did not violate the Establishment Clause of the Constitution . The court said that the purpose of the event was purely secular ( to increase tourism and shopping in the city ) , and that was determinative . But on September 26 , 1973 , a unanimous three - judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit overturned the district court 's ruling . The appellate court held that the commercial nature of the event did not mean that the creche lost its religious meaning , and that the government 's involvement in displaying the creche was not the absolute minimum necessary to meet the Supreme Court 's constitutional tests . The appellate court did not explicitly bar the government from allowing the nativity display , but laid out very specific rules under which the government 's participation could occur . Beginning in 1973 , the American Christian Heritage Association ( a group based in Prince George 's County , Maryland ) began hosting a private nativity display complete with live animals on The Ellipse . In 1978 , another lawsuit over the Pageant of Peace was filed . The government had banned all groups not associated with the Pageant of Peace from the Ellipse ( even though it only used a one - fourth of the Ellipse 's total area for the pageant ) , but permitted them to use lightly wooded areas nearby . The government argued that it had to avoid any appearance of government sponsorship of any religion and to be even - handed with all groups . The Christian Service Corps sued , arguing in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on December 16 , 1978 , that it was unreasonable to keep all groups off the Ellipse during this time . On December 20 , the court ruled that the Park Service 's rules did not violate Christian Service Corps ' constitutional rights . The nativity scene returned as part of the official Pageant of Peace in 1984 . On March 5 , 1984 , the Supreme Court of the United States held in Lynch v. Donnelly , 465 U.S. 668 , that a Christian nativity scene was a secular symbol which served secular purposes . It held that the city of Pawtucket , Rhode Island , could include this display in its government - sponsored holiday display . Citizens for God and Country , a one - person organization based in Virginia , asked the National Park Service to include a nativity scene in the 1984 Pageant of Peace . The Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith protested its inclusion . The same year , additional Jewish groups challenged the existence of the National Menorah as equally offensive to the constitutional principal of separation of church and state . Nonetheless , both displays remained as part of the Pageant of Peace . Gallery of the U.S. National Christmas Tree in recent years ( edit ) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to U.S. National Christmas Trees . Capitol Christmas Tree General Grant tree , also proclaimed the `` Nation 's Christmas Tree '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Domke and Coe , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Domke and Coe , p. 88 - 89 . Jump up ^ Ford , p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` Students , Artist , Create Ornaments for the National Christmas Tree . '' Norwich Bulletin . December 9 , 2010 . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Leinwand , p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` Vice-President F.M. Feiker . '' Electrical Merchandising , January 1920 , p. 3 . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Feiker later held several important U.S. government positions , and became Dean of the School of Engineering at George Washington University . See : `` People of the Century . '' WPI Journal . Spring 1998 . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Christmas in Washington , D.C. , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Menendez , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Crump , p. 402 . Jump up ^ Reports of the tree 's height varied considerably . The National Park Service history of the National Christmas Tree notes that media outlets reported the tree 's height at 35 feet ( 11 m ) , 48 feet ( 15 m ) , and 60 feet ( 18 m ) . The agency says that photographs of the tree appear to make the height closer to 48 feet . See : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1923 National Christmas Tree . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Branches Spliced On Tree For President . '' The Washington Post December 20 , 1923 . Jump up ^ Christmas in Washington , D.C. , p. 14 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 85 . Jump up ^ `` National Christmas Tree for President . '' The Washington Post December 13 , 1923 . ^ Jump up to : `` White House Carols and Brilliant Tree Usher Christmas . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1923 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas Carols at the White House . '' The New York Times . December 25 , 1923 . Jump up ^ Christmas in Washington , D.C. , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Menendez , p. 41 . Jump up ^ `` Coolidge Will Light Big Christmas Tree . '' The New York Times December 7 , 1924 . ^ Jump up to : `` Huge Yuletide Tree for City Is Planted . '' The Washington Post December 18 , 1924 . Jump up ^ A contemporary source put the tree 's height at 45 feet ( 14 m ) . See : `` Coolidge Will Light Big Christmas Tree . '' The New York Times December 7 , 1924 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coolidge Lights Up Tree to Inaugurate Nation 's Christmas . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1925 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coolidges Sing Christmas Carols at Community Tree . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1924 . Jump up ^ `` President Will Light Big Christmas Tree . '' The Washington Post December 21 , 1924 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yuletide Services to Be Held For All in Capital Tonight . '' The Washington Post December 24 , 1924 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1924 - 1933 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Schiavo , Laura . `` 1923 National Christmas Tree . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ One source claims the tree was lit at 6 : 00 P.M. See : `` Coolidges Sing Christmas Carols at Community Tree . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1924 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas Ushered In At White House and Sherman Park . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1924 . Jump up ^ `` Coolidge Opens Yule Festivities . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1927 . Jump up ^ Crump , p. 426 . Jump up ^ `` President Lights Capital Yule Tree Before Thousands . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1927 . Jump up ^ `` Coolidge Ushers In Nation 's Christmas As He Lights Tree . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1928 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Leads Nation in Yule Season Gayety . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1928 . Jump up ^ Seeley , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` The National Christmas Tree . '' American Lumberman . May 4 , 1929 . Jump up ^ `` New Capital Yule Tree Planted as Sun Blazes . '' The Washington Post May 30 , 1929 . Jump up ^ Harris , p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` President Lights Tree for Nation . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1929 . Jump up ^ Christmas in Washington , D.C. , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Graff , p. 50 ; `` Headquarters of Roosevelt & Co . '' Life . January 4 , 1937 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Hoover Wishes All A Merry Christmas . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1931 . Jump up ^ `` Curtis Marks Debut of Yule at Ceremony . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1932 . Jump up ^ Shemanski , p. 205 . Jump up ^ `` Wider E Street at ' Bottleneck ' Wins Approval . '' The Washington Post August 25 , 1933 . Jump up ^ Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1934 - 1938 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roosevelt Lights Tree . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1934 . Jump up ^ `` President Lights Tree . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1934 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peace Urged By Roosevelt At Yule Tree . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1935 . Jump up ^ `` World Given Peace Pledge By President At Tree Rite . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1936 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yule Tree To Be Placed In Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 9 , 1939 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roosevelt to Light National Christmas Tree Here Sunday . '' The Washington Post December 21 , 1939 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Sadler , Christine . `` Capital , Ready for Holiday , Prepares to Light Giant Tree . '' The Washington Post December 24 , 1939 . Jump up ^ Hart , Scott . `` Roosevelt Lights Tree , Decries War . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1939 . ^ Jump up to : Bookman , George B. `` President Bares His Head to Listen To Carols With 8,000 on Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1940 . Jump up ^ Kluckhorn , Frank L. `` President Says Christmas Signifies Bettering World in ' Voluntary Way ' . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1940 . Jump up ^ Seeley , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1941 - 1953 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ These two trees died some time between 1954 and 1973 . See : Elsen , William A. `` Yule Tree Will Be Planted on Ellipse . '' The Washington Post August 14 , 1973 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Tree Lighting Decision Expected Friday . '' The Washington Post December 10 , 1941 . Jump up ^ His potential arrival had been reported on December 19 , but was not confirmed until December 22 . See : `` Talks in Three Capitals . '' United Press . December 19 , 1941 ; Post , Robert P. `` Churchill 's Visit Called Own Idea . '' The New York Times December 23 , 1941 ; Schom , p. 248 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roosevelt , Churchill Voice Faith to War - Weary World . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1941 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Gerald G. `` Leaders of Democracies Key Their Speeches To Christmas Spirit at Tree Lighting . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1941 . Jump up ^ `` Impatient Comment Stops as Churchill Speaks . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1941 . Jump up ^ `` Roosevelt to Broadcast Yule Greetings . '' The Washington Post December 13 , 1942 ; Lawrence , W.H. `` Axis Faith Fades , Roosevelt Says . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1942 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 86 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. Children to Help Trim National Christmas Tree . '' The Washington Post December 18 , 1942 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Tree Ceremony Holds Spotlight In Capital 's ' Bright Christmas ' Celebration . '' The Washington Post December 23 , 1943 . Jump up ^ `` Tree Fete 's Fate Up to White House . '' The Washington Post December 7 , 1943 ; `` President Will Not Light ' 43 Yule Tree . '' The Washington Post December 10 , 1943 . Jump up ^ `` First Lady Intercedes to Save White Houuse Tree Ceremony . '' The Washington Post December 14 , 1943 . Jump up ^ `` While House Christmas Tree Arrangements Completed . '' The Washington Post December 22 , 1943 . Jump up ^ Towe , Emily . `` 15,000 Take Part in Tree Ceremony at White House . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1944 . Jump up ^ `` Cold , Hungry Pledged Aid By Truman At Tree Fete . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1947 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2100 Attend White House Tree Lighting . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1948 . Jump up ^ Leviero , Anthony . `` Truman Proposes Peace Dedication . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1948 ; `` During Christmas Eve Program on White House Lawn . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1949 ; Kennedy , Paul P. `` Truman Says Faith Is Best U.S. Weapon . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1950 ; Lawrence , W.H. `` Truman Cites ' Higher Hope ' For ' Just and Lasting Peace ' . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1951 . Jump up ^ `` Truman Yule Plea . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1952 . Jump up ^ `` National Tree to Be Lit at 5 : 16 P.M. '' The Washington Post December 24 , 1950 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Paul P. `` Prayer for Peace By President Heard Round the World . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1953 . Jump up ^ Folliard , Edward T. `` Hope Bright , Ike Asserts . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1953 . ^ Jump up to : Ben Klein , Elihu . `` One Man 's Dream Came True to Give City a Glittering Pageant of Peace . '' The Washington Post December 28 , 1954 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1954 - Present National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Eisenhower Will Light Christmas Tree Early . '' United Press . November 5 , 1954 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ike to Light Yule Tree Night of December 17 . '' The Washington Post November 5 , 1954 . Jump up ^ Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Luke 2 : 14 , KJV . Jump up ^ Smith , Marie D. `` Concert Precedes Pageant of Peace . '' The Washington Post December 16 , 1954 . ^ Jump up to : Folliard , Edward T. `` Eisenhower Sets Peace Tree Aglow . '' The Washington Post December 18 , 1954 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pageant of Peace Plans Ready . '' The Washington Post November 27 , 1955 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Robert . `` Christmas at Washington . '' The New York Times December 4 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Giant Fir for Peace Pageant . '' Associated Press . November 23 , 1954 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2100 Lights on Nation 's Big Tree Twinkle in Night for Last Time . '' The Washington Post January 8 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Nation 's Trees Lighted . '' The New York Times December 19 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Spirit Pervades the City . '' The New York Times December 18 , 1954 . Jump up ^ `` Eisenhower Lights Tree In Capital Park Today . '' Associated Press . December 17 , 1954 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fund Drive Planned for Yule Fete . '' The Washington Post February 22 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Pageant , Solemn and Gay in Tone , Draws 20,000 . '' The Washington Post January 2 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Yule Pageant Held Over Extra Day . '' The Washington Post January 6 , 1955 . ^ Jump up to : `` D.C. Leaders to Continue Yule Pageant . '' The Washington Post October 2 , 1955 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , p. 87 - 91 . Jump up ^ Sampson , Paul . `` President Lights Tree to Launch D.C. Pageant . '' The Washington Post December 19 , 1955 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Keith L. `` Throwing Light on A Holiday Tradition . '' The Washington Post December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Embassies Plan Parts In Pageant . '' The Washington Post November 30 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Pageant of Peace Ends . '' The Washington Post January 3 , 1956 . Jump up ^ `` 51 Nations to Decorate Pageant Path of Peace . '' The Washington Post December 9 , 1956 . Jump up ^ `` Nations to Erect Culture Symbols As Backdrop for Peace Pageant . '' The Washington Post December 5 , 1956 . Jump up ^ `` Ike to Light Tree , Open Fete Tonight . '' The Washington Post December 23 , 1957 . Jump up ^ `` Embassy Trees Missing From Pageant of Peace . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1958 . Jump up ^ `` Embassies Join In Yule Pageant . '' The Washington Post November 10 , 1959 . Jump up ^ Schiavo , Laura . `` 1954 - 1960 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Smith , Marie ( November 20 , 1959 ) . `` Already on Yuletide Threshold '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , M.D. `` Yule Tree of U.S. Lit By Johnson . '' The Washington Post December 21 , 1961 . Jump up ^ `` Tree Lights Will Change Colors With Music at Pageant of Peace . '' The Washington Post December 17 , 1961 . Jump up ^ `` Peace Pageant Opens Dec. 20 . '' The Washington Post December 14 , 1961 . Jump up ^ Schiavo , Laura . `` 1961 - 1962 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Gilliam , Dorothy . `` President Sounds Hope for Peace In Lighting Up Nation 's Yule Tree . '' The Washington Post December 18 , 1962 ; Pattee , Dorothea . `` Symbolic Trees for Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 2 , 1962 . Jump up ^ `` Pageant of Peace to Run Dec. 18 - 31 '' . The Washington Post . November 21 , 1963 . Jump up ^ `` Words of Slain President Inspire Ceremony to End Mourning Period '' . The Washington Post . December 19 , 1963 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson Pushes Button Lighting 8000 Bulbs on Nation 's Yule Tree '' . The Washington Post . December 23 , 1963 . ^ Jump up to : Camp , Patricia . `` Nation 's Christmas Tree Gets Liberty Bell Crown . '' The Washington Post December 3 , 1975 . Jump up ^ Clopton , Willard ( December 6 , 1963 ) . `` 71 - Foot West Virginia Yule Tree Erected on Ellipse '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1963 - 1968 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Geremia , Ramon ( December 18 , 1964 ) . `` Gay Lights of Christmas Illuminate the Ellipse '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` LBJ Sets Tree Aglow , Sees ' Star of Peace ' '' . The Washington Post . December 19 , 1964 . ^ Jump up to : Reekie , Keith . `` LBJ Calls for Peace At Yule Tree Lighting . '' The Washington Post December 18 , 1965 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson , At Tree Lighting , Is Hopeful on Vietnam . '' The New York Times December 16 , 1966 . ^ Jump up to : Cronk , Sue . `` Throng of 4500 Sees LBJ Light Yule Tree . '' The Washington Post December 16 , 1967 . Jump up ^ Hinton , Robert . `` LBJ Lights Tree for 6th Time . '' The Washington Post December 17 , 1968 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Philip D. `` Nixon Lights National Tree , Ignores Protest in Crowd . '' The Washington Post December 17 , 1969 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1969 - 1973 National Christmas Trees '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 11 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Talking About Peace , President Lights Tree . '' The Washington Post December 17 , 1970 . Jump up ^ Hodge , Paul . `` Antiwar Signs Allowed Next to Yule Pageant . '' The Washington Post December 17 , 1970 . Jump up ^ Hodge , Paul . `` U.S. Court Overrules Ruling on Peace Signs . '' The Washington Post December 19 , 1970 . Jump up ^ Hodge , Paul and Weil , Martin . `` ' Tombstones for Peace ' Erected . '' The Washington Post December 21 , 1970 . Jump up ^ President Nixon was at his winter home in Key Biscayne , Florida , for a talks with Willy Brandt , Chancellor of West Germany , and British Prime Minister Edward Heath . See : `` President Flies to Florida ; Will Prepare for Heath Visit . '' Associated Press . December 16 , 1971 ; `` Brandt Flies to U.S. Today For Talks With President . '' Associated Press . December 27 , 1971 . ^ Jump up to : Shaffer , Ron and Weil , Martin . `` National Yule Tree Lighted by Agnew . '' The Washington Post December 17 , 1971 . Jump up ^ President Nixon again spent the holiday in Key Biscayne . See : Clarity , James F. `` For Nixon Family , First Christmas Apart . '' The New York Times December 12 , 1972 . ^ Jump up to : Weil , Martin . `` Tree Lit On Ellipse In the Rain . '' The Washington Post December 16 , 1972 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , J.W. `` Wyoming Spruce Arrives . '' The Washington Post November 29 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Ronald . `` 250 Gather to Protest Viet War . '' The Washington Post December 26 , 1972 ; Baker , Donald . `` 1,500 Join ' Conscience Walk , ' Pray for Peace at the Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 31 , 1972 . ^ Jump up to : Elsen , William A. `` Yule Tree Will Be Planted on Ellipse . '' The Washington Post August 14 , 1973 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 42 . Jump up ^ `` Sparing That Tree . '' The Washington Post August 18 , 1973 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Linda Newton . `` Living Christmas Tree Due to Arrive Thursday . '' The Washington Post October 10 , 1973 . ^ Jump up to : Hodge , Paul . `` National Yule Tree Dies . '' The Washington Post September 14 , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : Wolhowe , Cathe . `` Nixon Turns on Tree 's Lone Light . '' The Washington Post December 15 , 1973 . ^ Jump up to : Hyer , Marjorie . `` Pageant Differs From Christmas Past . '' The Washington Post December 14 , 1973 . Jump up ^ Rippeteau , Jane . `` President Lights the National Christmas Tree . '' The Washington Post December 18 , 1974 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Mary . `` Decorations . '' The Washington Post December 1 , 1974 . Jump up ^ Hyer , Marjorie . `` Christ Child Is Present in Triplicate at Pageant . '' The Washington Post December 20 , 1974 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Bill . `` Santa - ing for Uncle Sam . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1975 . ^ Jump up to : Prince , Richard E. `` 10,000 See President Light Yule Tree . '' The Washington Post December 17 , 1976 . ^ Jump up to : Hodge , Paul . `` National Yule Tree , Padded Out at Bottom ; Gets Ornament on Top . '' The Washington Post December 1 , 1976 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas Tree . '' The Washington Post November 3 , 1977 . Jump up ^ `` National Christmas Tree . '' The Washington Post December 16 , 1977 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1977 - 1980 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 11 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Valentine , Paul W. `` Wind , Flooding Spread Damage Through Region . '' The Washington Post January 27 , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 89 . Jump up ^ `` '' Strong Winds Topple National Christmas . '' ' ' Associated Press . ' ' February 19 , 2011 `` . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Weil , Martin . `` 10,000 Watch Carter Launch Peace Pageant . '' The Washington Post December 15 , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : `` Of Note . '' The Washington Post December 14 , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : Bowman , LaBarbara . `` Yule Tree Stays Dim for Hostages . '' The Washington Post December 14 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Tarnapol , Paula . `` Christmas Lights Kindled on Successive Nights . '' The Washington Post December 7 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Rabbis had ruled that 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) was the maximum height permitted , because otherwise it was too tall for people to see comfortably . See : Reel , Monte . `` Menorah Evokes Parallels in History . '' The Washington Post December 2 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Lawrence . `` Jewish Groups Urge Menorah 's Removal . '' The Washington Post December 22 , 1984 . Jump up ^ Although the National Park Service and other sources claim that the National Menorah was erected on The Ellipse , contemporary primary sources as well as photographic evidence shows that the menorah was erected in Lafayette Park . See : Polakoff , Joseph . `` Carter Dedicates Menorah in Historic Chanukah Ceremony . '' Jewish Telegraphic Agency . December 19 , 1979 , accessed 2012 - 09 - 16 ; Carter , Jimm . `` Chanukah Remarks at the Lighting of the National Menorah . '' December 17 , 1979 . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project , accessed 2012 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ The date of this move is not clearly established , but definitely had occurred by 1987 . See : Sugarman , Carole . `` Eight Days , Eight Ways . '' The Washington Post December 9 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Cohn , D'Vera . `` Marking Hanukah 's Start . '' The Washington Post December 14 , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Cooke , Janet . `` Star Shines for Hostages . '' The Washington Post December 19 , 1980 . Jump up ^ Harden , Blaine . `` Gala Welcome on Agenda Here Today . '' The Washington Post January 27 , 1981 . ^ Jump up to : Earley , Pete . `` Reagan Lights National Christmas Tree . '' The Washington Post December 18 , 1981 . Jump up ^ Kernan , Michael . `` The Bauble That Did n't Burst . '' The Washington Post December 3 , 1982 . Another report says the President stood on the South Portico of the White House . See : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1981 - 1988 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date , accessed 2012 - 09 - 16 . However , the president may have stood inside the South Portico . Jump up ^ Eisen , Jack . `` Tree - Lighting Ceremony . '' The Washington Post December 2 , 1983 . Another report says Reagan lit the 1983 from the South Portico of the White House . See : Ringle , Ken . `` A Night of Light . '' The Washington Post December 16 , 1983 . This report is unclear as to whether Reagan was outside or inside . Jump up ^ `` National Christmas Tree Misses Own Swan Song . '' The Washington Post January 2 , 1982 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1981 - 1988 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2012 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Zibart , Eve . `` Our Christmas Tree Basks in the Sun . '' The Washington Post December 14 , 1984 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Anne . `` A Christmas Tradition Shines Forth on the Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 13 , 1985 . Jump up ^ `` Statue Request Denied . '' The Washington Post December 12 , 1985 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Linda . `` Snyder Relents on Statue . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1985 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Marc . `` Tree Lightens Gloom . '' The Washington Post December 12 , 1986 . Jump up ^ `` Let There Be Christmas Light . '' The Washington Post December 8 , 1987 ; `` Finger on the Button . '' The Washington Post December 8 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Radcliffe , Donnie . `` For Bush , a Reunion and a Reminder . '' The Washington Post December 6 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Oberdorfer , Don and Cannon , Lou . `` Gorbachev Arrives , Urging Progress on Broader Treaty . '' The Washington Post December 8 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Casteneda , Reuben . `` ' Points of Light ' Adorn National Tree . '' The Washington Post December 15 , 1989 . Jump up ^ Priest , Dana . `` President Honors Former Hostages At National Tree - Lighting Ceremony . '' The Washington Post December 13 , 1991 . Jump up ^ Schiavo , Laura . `` 1989 - 1992 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2012 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1993 - 2000 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2012 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ly , Phuong . `` Ceremony Brings Oohs , Aahs to Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 9 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny and Hsu , Spencer S. `` Security Tightened For Tree Lighting . '' The Washington Post November 17 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny . `` Christmas Tree - Lighting Restrictions Are Lifted . '' The Washington Post November 27 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Manny . `` Shining Through Trials , Trauma . '' The Washington Post December 6 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 2001 - 2008 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2012 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Robert . `` Detours and Delays in D.C. for National Christmas Tree Lighting . '' The Washington Post December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DeMillo , Andrew . `` A Bright Spot in a Dark Year . '' The Washington Post December 7 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Manny . `` A National Symbol 's Pennsylvania Roots . '' The Washington Post December 5 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Shulman , Robin . `` National Tree Firm Basks in Tradition . '' The Washington Post December 5 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartzman , Paul . `` The Stars Come Out Today on the Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 2 , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : LeDuc , Daniel . `` Ode to a Diode . '' The Washington Post December 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Hudler , his son , and a worker was murdered in 2008 by Frederick Hammer during a robbery at the Hudler home . See : Johnson , Rob . `` Community Grieves for Homicide Victims in Grayson County . '' Roanoke Times . January 31 , 2008 . Accessed 2012 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Samuels , Robert . `` Illuminating the Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Huetteman , Emmarie . `` Winds Topple National Christmas Tree '' . The New York Times February 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Office of Communications . `` National Park Service to Plant New National Christmas Tree '' . Press release . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . March 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Clary , Glen . `` National Park Service to Replace National Christmas Tree . '' CNN.com . May 5 , 2012 . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Weil , Martin . `` National Christmas Tree Dies , Is Cut Down . '' The Washington Post May 5 , 2012 . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Forzato , Jamie . `` National Christmas Tree Planted Days Before Massive Storm . '' WTOP.com . October 28 , 2012 . Accessed 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , David . `` The National Yule Log Blazes No More . '' The Washington Post December 23 , 2012 . Accessed 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , David . `` Toasting the Season on the Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 2007 . Accessed 2012 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 National Christmas Tree . '' National Park Foundation . 2013 . Accessed 2013 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Spruce : Lights from GE Have Been Illuminating America 's National Christmas Tree for 50 Years . '' General Electric . December 23 , 2013 . Accessed 2013 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Tamara. `` 12 of the World 's Most Spectacular Christmas Trees . '' CNN . December 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Barker , Karlyn . `` U.S. Has 4 National Christmas Trees . '' The Washington Post December 2 , 1971 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno , Sylvia . `` Christmas Tree 's 15 Minutes of Fame Months in Making . '' The Washington Post December 8 , 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Manny . `` Nation 's Holiday Glow . '' The Washington Post December 10 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Eugene L. `` Event Cancellations Leave Display Firm on Sidelines . '' The Washington Post October 8 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Betancourt , David . `` How Lovely Are Thy Middle - Aged Branches . '' The Washington Post December 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Buerger , Megan . `` Christmas in America : 30 Billion Points of Light . '' The Washington Post December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Lippman , Thomas W. `` Ellipse Nativity Scene Allowed . '' The Washington Post December 13 , 1969 . ^ Jump up to : Hodge , Paul . `` Lawsuit Wo n't Affect Ellipse Nativity Scene . '' The Washington Post December 15 , 1970 . Jump up ^ `` Nativity Scene Declared Legal . '' The Washington Post November 4 , 1971 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Timothy S. `` Court Limits Use Of Pageant Creche . '' The Washington Post September 27 , 1973 . Jump up ^ Sauve , Francis . `` The P.G. Man Behind Ellipse Nativity Scene . '' The Washington Post December 15 , 1983 . Jump up ^ Government officials claimed that Christian groups as well as the American Nazi Party had sought access to the Ellipse during the Pageant of Peace . Jump up ^ Bredemeier , Kenneth . `` Group Sues Park Service for Right to Stage Nativity on the Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 16 , 1978 . Jump up ^ `` Group Loses Bid for Ellipse Space . '' The Washington Post December 21 , 1978 . Jump up ^ Painton , Priscilla and Carton , Barbara . `` National Christmas Display Will Include a Nativity Scene . '' The Washington Post November 21 , 1984 . Jump up ^ Carton , Barbara . `` Group Seeks to Halt Reinstatement of Nativity Scene . '' The Washington Post November 28 , 1984 . Bibliography ( edit ) Christmas in Washington , D.C. Chicago : World Book , 1998 . Crump , William D . The Christmas Encyclopedia . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co. , 2006 . Domke , David Scott and Coe , Kevin M. The God Strategy : How Religion Became a Political Weapon in America . New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 . Ford , Elise . Frommer 's Washington , D.C. , 2012 . Indianapolis , Ind. : Frommer 's , 2011 . Gilbert , Robert E. The Mortal Presidency : Illness and Anguish in the White House . New York : Fordham University Press , 1998 . Graff , Henry Franklin . The Presidents : A Reference History . New York : Simon and Schuster , 2002 . Harris , Jessie Eubank . Legends and Stories of Famous Trees . Philadelphia : Dorrance , 1963 . Leinwand , Gerald . 1927 : High Tide of the Twenties . New York : Four Walls Eight Windows , 2001 . Menendez , Albert J. Christmas in the White House . Louisville , Ky. : Westminster John Knox Press , 1983 . Park Cultural Landscapes Program . National Park Service Cultural Landscapes Inventory : President 's Park South , President 's Park . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . 2010 . Schom , Alan . The Eagle and the Rising Sun : The Japanese - American War , 1941 - 1943 , Pearl Harbor Through Guadalcanal . New York : W.W. Norton , 2004 . Seeley , Mary Evans . Season 's Greetings From the White House . Tampa , Fla. : A Presidential Christmas , 1998 . Shemanski , Frances . A Guide to Fairs and Festivals in the United States . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press , 1984 . External links ( edit ) Lighting of the National Christmas Tree , official website presented by the National Park Foundation and the National Park Service History of the National Christmas Trees and various related webpages at the National Park Service ( NPS ) website , by Laura Schiavo and other NPS staff , U.S. Department of the Interior Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 41.5 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 10.7 '' W  /  38.894861 ° N 77.036306 ° W  / 38.894861 ; - 77.036306 Christmas trees Cultivation Christmas tree cultivation Christmas tree cultivation history Christmas tree pests and weeds Production Canadian production Danish production Global production Mexican production U.S. production Artificial Artificial Christmas tree Aluminum Christmas tree Feather Christmas tree Pre-lit tree Decorations Candy cane Christmas ornament Christmas lights Garland Pickle Pleated Christmas hearts Shiny Brite ornaments Szaloncukor Tinsel Tree - topper Individual trees Anthem Boston California Capitol Chicago Grand Place ( Brussels ) Grove ( L.A. ) Lisbon ( Portugal ) Macy 's ( Atlanta ) Milwaukee Mount Ingino ( Italy ) U.S. Capitol U.S. National Tree Rockefeller Center Sri Lanka Toledo ( Ohio ) Zoo Trafalgar Square ( London ) Tree ( Paris ) Vatican White House Trade groups American Christmas Tree Association British Christmas Tree Growers Association Canadian Christmas Tree Growers Association Christmas Tree Promotion Board Danish Christmas Tree Growers Association National Christmas Tree Association Other topics Chichilaki Christmas tree stand Festive ecology Hanukkah bush Holiday tree Rouse Simmons Singing Christmas Tree Tree baler Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Christmas_Tree_(United_States)&oldid=818273305 '' Categories : Individual Christmas trees 1923 establishments in Washington , D.C. Christmas in the United States Individual trees in the District of Columbia 1923 introductions Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Հայերեն Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 16 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is the white house christmas tree located
[ "The National Christmas Tree is a large evergreen tree located in the northeast quadrant of The Ellipse near the White House in Washington, D.C. Each year since 1923, the tree has been decorated as a Christmas tree. Every early December, the tree is traditionally lit by the President of the United States. Every president since Franklin D. Roosevelt has made formal remarks during the tree lighting ceremony.[1] Since 1954,[2] the event has marked the start of month-long festivities known as the Pageant of Peace.[3] Smaller trees representing the U.S. states, District of Columbia, and the five territories around the National Christmas Tree are referred to as the Pathway to Peace.[4]" ]
[ "in the northeast quadrant of The Ellipse near the White House in Washington, D.C." ]
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SpongeBob SquarePants (musical)
SpongeBob SquarePants ( musical ) - Wikipedia SpongeBob SquarePants ( musical ) SpongeBob SquarePants The Broadway Musical Playbill of the Broadway production Music Various Lyrics Various Book Kyle Jarrow Basis SpongeBob SquarePants by Stephen Hillenburg Premiere June 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 07 ) : Oriental Theatre , Chicago Productions 2016 Chicago 2017 Broadway SpongeBob SquarePants : The Broadway Musical ( originally titled The SpongeBob Musical ) is a stage musical , co-conceived and directed by Tina Landau with songs by various artists , a book by Kyle Jarrow . It is based on the Nickelodeon animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants and made its world premiere in June 2016 at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago . The musical premiered on Broadway at the Palace Theatre in December 2017 . The musical opened to critical acclaim . With twelve Tony Award nominations , it tied for most - nominated production at the 2018 72nd Tony Awards with Mean Girls . The show will close at the Palace Theatre on September 16 , 2018 due to construction at the theatre . A US tour is planned for 2019 . At the time of its closing it will have played 29 previews and 327 regular performances . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Pre-Show 1.2 Act One 1.3 Act Two 2 Background 3 Production 4 Musical numbers 4.1 SpongeBob SquarePants Original Cast recording 5 Cast 6 Critical response 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Original Broadway production 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pre-show ( edit ) Before the show begins , a pirate sits down on part of the stage after the audience has taken their seats . The pirate is revealed to be SpongeBob 's number one fan , Patchy , who has traveled from Encino , California to catch the premiere of SpongeBob 's musical . Two security guards appear and tell Patchy to get off the stage , as the show is about to begin . Patchy objects , but the guards lead him out of the theater as Patchy claims he is a victim of pirate discrimination and sings the protest song `` Yo Ho , We Wo n't Go '' . One of the security guards apologizes for the interruption , then tells the audience to enjoy the show . Act one ( edit ) SpongeBob SquarePants awakens and happily welcomes the day with his pet snail , Gary ( `` Bikini Bottom Day '' ) . He greets various friends in his hometown of Bikini Bottom -- including his best friend Patrick , his neighbor Squidward , and his squirrel friend Sandy Cheeks -- as he walks to the Krusty Krab restaurant . At work , his boss Mr. Krabs tells his whale daughter Pearl she will manage the restaurant one day . With Pearl uninterested , SpongeBob hints that he dreams of being the manager . Mr. Krabs laughs at the idea , telling SpongeBob he is `` just a simple sponge '' and could not handle the position ( `` Bikini Bottom Day Reprise 1 '' ) . The day continues uneventfully until a violent tremor suddenly rocks the entire town . The mayor announces all citizens should return to their homes . A television news report reveals that the tremor was caused by a nearby volcano that will erupt ( `` No Control '' ) . SpongeBob checks up on Patrick , who is upset over the emergency . To cheer him up , SpongeBob reiterates that they are best friends forever ( `` BFF '' ) . With the town in a panic over the impending doom , married villains Plankton and Karen try to convince the citizens to enter an escape pod that will take them away from the volcano . But , the two have a secret scheme planned . Once the residents are inside , they will hypnotize them into liking the chum that they serve at their restaurant , the Chum Bucket ( `` When the Going Gets Tough '' ) . The townspeople , unknowingly , support this idea and decide to hold a last - minute music concert to raise money for the transport . Squidward , who dreams of getting to perform his own one - man show , is immediately shut down when he brings it up . Instead , Pearl suggests that the famous rock band , the Electric Skates , plays at the concert . Everyone agrees and Squidward is named manager of the event . SpongeBob , however , is against the idea of leaving town and believes the citizens should fight to save Bikini Bottom . SpongeBob thinks back on Mr. Krabs ' words from earlier and wonders if he could really save the town ( `` Just a Simple Sponge '' ) . He decides that he can think of a solution with the help of Patrick and Sandy . Together , the three could build a device that could stop the volcano . Mr. Krabs sees the upcoming disaster as a money - making opportunity , holding an `` apocalypse sale '' on his signature fast food dish , Krabby Patties . Pearl worries about her father 's greedy obsession with money , believing that it overshadows his care for her ( `` Daddy Knows Best '' ) . Meanwhile , SpongeBob convinces Patrick and Sandy to team up , climb the volcano , and stop it from erupting with an invention Sandy will build . Sandy has smarts and Patrick has strength , but SpongeBob does not know what he can contribute . Regardless , the friends are determined to succeed ( `` Hero Is My Middle Name '' ) . Before they can start their plan , a group of cultist sardines appear . They found wisdom in Patrick 's simple thoughts at the town meeting and decide to make him their new leader ( `` Super Star Sea Savior '' ) . Patrick likes the idea and decides to back out of SpongeBob 's plan so that he can bask in self - glory , angering SpongeBob . The two fight and end their `` BFF '' status . After Patrick leaves , Sandy reminds SpongeBob that things are bound to be okay . The entire company reveals their personal thoughts and feelings about the impending disaster ( `` Tomorrow Is '' ) . Act two ( edit ) After intermission , Patchy again sneaks onstage , telling the audience that pirates are persecuted by others because of stereotypes ( `` Poor Pirates '' ) . Once again , security intervenes to chase Patchy away . SpongeBob wakes up and greets a new day : the day when the volcano is expected to erupt ( `` Bikini Bottom Day Reprise 2 '' ) . Bikini Bottom has fallen into anarchy and chaos : the mayor has employed a dictator - like rule over the people and an angry mob has started to hunt down Sandy , thinking her scientific achievements are the cause for the volcano 's impending eruption . Sandy is able to hide from the mob and show SpongeBob her invention , the Eruptor Interrupter . They plan to throw it inside the volcano and save the town . Back in Bikini Bottom , Plankton worries Sandy and Spongebob will successfully climb up the mountain and save the town. But Karen tells him that she found his avalanche maker. She says they can use it to create an avalanche that Spongebob and Sandy wo n't survive. Electric Skates finally arrive ( `` Bikini Bottom Boogie '' ) . Squidward asks if he may perform with them as an opening act . The band will only allow it if Squidward buys every item on a ridiculously long shopping list . Meanwhile , SpongeBob and Sandy make their way up the volcano with great difficulty . Sandy tries to lift their spirits by reminding them of what they have learned in karate class about never giving up ( `` Chop to the Top '' ) . When they stop to rest , SpongeBob can not help but think of how he misses Patrick and wishes he was there to help them . In Bikini Bottom , Patrick finds life as a guru unexciting and misses SpongeBob as well , prompting him to leave his followers behind to help SpongeBob ( `` ( I Guess ) I Miss You '' ) . Meanwhile , we see Karen preparing the avalanche machine . Plankton then nervously says that his real name ( Sheldon ) is small sounding and he then asks to be called big guy . Karen happily agrees to call him big guy and she jumps into Planktons arms and the two have a very romantic kiss . Squidward obtains all but one of the items on the Electric Skates ' list ( seahorse radish ) , so the band refuses to let him perform despite his pleas , calling him a `` loser '' in the process . Their use of this word causes Squidward -- constantly called a loser in childhood by his classmates -- to snap back at the band in anger , and they end up quitting . Now alone , Squidward insists that he is not a loser and performs a show - stopping song with a tap dance number and a back - up chorus in his imagination ( `` I 'm Not a Loser '' ) . Back on the mountain , Plankton and Karen use the avalanche maker to make the avalanche. SpongeBob starts to fall when Patrick saves him with a jetpack Sandy invented . The two reaffirm their friendship and follow Sandy to the summit of the mountain . When they reach the top , neither Sandy nor Patrick are able to reach the rim where they need to throw the device in . They turn to SpongeBob , who doubts his skills ( `` Just a Simple Sponge Reprise '' ) . They remind him that he is the only one who can squeeze through tight areas and that his optimism has gotten them this far . With new determination , SpongeBob throws the Eruptor Interrupter in . They head back to Bikini Bottom and wait to see if their plan will work . In Bikini Bottom , the entire city is in anarchy . Since the band is gone , there will be no concert and no escape pod . SpongeBob tries to calm everyone down , insisting that whatever happens , they have each other ( `` Best Day Ever '' ) . When the time comes for the volcano to erupt , everyone braces for their deaths . The time passes without an eruption , signaling that the Eruptor Interrupter has worked . With Bikini Bottom safe , everyone decides that they should celebrate by having a new concert with Pearl as the lead vocalist . Patchy descends from above on a rope , having finally managed to sneak into the show , and joins in ( `` Bikini Bottom Day Reprise 3 '' ) . During the curtain call , the cast performs the ( `` SpongeBob SquarePants Theme Song '' ) . Background ( edit ) Lyrics for the show were being written by January 2014 , as The Flaming Lips ' lead singer Wayne Coyne mentioned through Twitter on January 16 . Plans for developing the show were first announced at Nickelodeon 's upfront on February 25 , 2015 . The upfront presentation included a performance of the musical 's opening number , `` Bikini Bottom Day . '' On February 26 , Nickelodeon 's chief operating officer Sarah Kirshbaum Levy told the Associated Press that the show was `` not definite . '' In August 2015 , Nickelodeon announced that the show would premiere in Chicago before a Broadway run in late 2016 . Its director , book author , and several of the musicians involved were also announced . The full cast list was released in April 2016 . The majority of the cast members play more than one character . Rehearsals for the show 's debut in Chicago began on April 11 in New York . Throughout early 2016 , Nickelodeon executives met with Broadway theater owners to arrange its Broadway premiere . Michael Reidel of New York Post stated that Broadway representatives were `` impressed '' after seeing a presentation of the show . In late May 2016 , technical rehearsals for the show were conducted . Chris Jones of Chicago Tribune stated that Nickelodeon was concerned about `` an incomplete SpongeBob costume ( making ) it into a photograph , spoiling a planned big reveal . '' In June 2016 , Gordon Cox of Variety reported that the musical 's budget was between $15 and $20 million . Production ( edit ) The musical opened at the Oriental Theatre , Chicago on June 19 , 2016 . The musical premiered on Broadway at the Palace Theatre on November 6 , 2017 in previews , officially on December 4 , 2017 . Choreography is by Christopher Gattelli , scenic and costume design by David Zinn , lighting design by Kevin Adams , projection design by Peter Nigrini , sound design by Walter Trarbach and hair and wig design by Charles G. LaPointe . The musical is expected to close on September 16 , 2018 , after 327 regular performances , due to renovation of the Palace Theatre . The musical will have a North American national tour beginning fall 2019 . Playbill noted that `` Director Tina Landau , whose visual style and unconventional use of performance spaces are a hallmark of her ambitious , ensemble - driven works , is the driving force behind SpongeBob on Broadway . '' Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I `` Bikini Bottom Day '' by Jonathan Coulton -- SpongeBob , Patrick , Squidward , Sandy , Mr. Krabs , Plankton , Karen & Company `` Bikini Bottom Day Reprise 1 '' by Coulton -- SpongeBob `` No Control '' by David Bowie & Brian Eno -- Perch Perkins , SpongeBob , Mr. Krabs , Pearl , Squidward , Patrick , Sandy & Company `` BFF '' by Plain White T 's -- SpongeBob and Patrick `` When the Going Gets Tough '' by T.I. -- Plankton , Karen , SpongeBob & Company `` Just a Simple Sponge '' by Panic ! at the Disco -- SpongeBob & Ensemble `` Daddy Knows Best '' by Alex Ebert -- Mr. Krabs , Pearl , Electric Skates , Ensemble `` Hero Is My Middle Name '' by Cyndi Lauper -- SpongeBob , Patrick & Sandy `` Super Sea Star Savior '' by Yolanda Adams -- Patrick & Sardines `` Tomorrow Is '' by The Flaming Lips -- Sandy , SpongeBob , Squidward , Mr. Krabs , Plankton , Karen & Company Act II `` Poor Pirates '' by Sara Bareilles -- Patchy & Pirates `` Bikini Bottom Day Reprise 2 '' by Coulton -- SpongeBob `` Bikini Bottom Boogie '' by Steven Tyler & Joe Perry -- The Electric Skates , Pearl & Company `` Chop to the Top '' by Lady Antebellum -- Sandy & SpongeBob `` ( I Guess I ) Miss You '' by John Legend -- Patrick & SpongeBob `` I 'm Not a Loser '' by They Might Be Giants -- Squidward & Company `` Just a Simple Sponge Reprise '' by Panic ! at the Disco -- SpongeBob `` Best Day Ever '' by Andy Paley & Tom Kenny -- SpongeBob & Company `` Finale : Bikini Bottom Day '' by Coulton -- SpongeBob & Company `` SpongeBob SquarePants Theme Song '' by Derek Drymon , Mark Harrison , Stephen Hillenburg & Blaise Smith -- SpongeBob & Company SpongeBob SquarePants original cast recording ( edit ) On June 28 , 2016 , it was announced that the Chicago cast would record a cast album in early August with Masterworks Broadway producing the album . On September 14 , 2017 , the full cast recording was made available on the NPR website . The cast recording was released in its physical form in stores as well as on streaming sites on September 22 , 2017 , two months prior to the show 's Broadway premiere . SpongeBob SquarePants : Original Cast Recording Soundtrack album cast recording by Original Cast of SpongeBob SquarePants Released 22 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) Recorded August 2016 Genre Showtunes , Musical comedy , Indie rock , Alternative rock Length 57 : 19 Label Masterworks Broadway All tracks written and composed by various artists listed below ( additional music , arrangements and orchestrations by Tom Kitt ; additional lyrics by Jonathan Coulton . ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Prologue '' 1 : 04 2 . `` Bikini Bottom Day '' ( Jonathan Coulton ) 6 : 12 3 . `` No Control '' ( David Bowie and Brian Eno ) 3 : 17 4 . `` BFF '' ( Plain White T 's ) 2 : 41 5 . `` When the Going Gets Tough '' ( T.I. ) 2 : 47 6 . `` ( Just a ) Simple Sponge '' ( Panic ! at the Disco ) 3 : 57 7 . `` Daddy Knows Best '' ( Alex Ebert ) 2 : 53 8 . `` Hero Is My Middle Name '' ( Cyndi Lauper ) 3 : 15 9 . `` Super Sea Star Savior '' ( Yolanda Adams ) 4 : 44 10 . `` Tomorrow Is '' ( The Flaming Lips ) 3 : 31 11 . `` Poor Pirates '' ( Sara Bareilles ) 3 : 49 12 . `` Bikini Bottom Boogie '' ( Steven Tyler and Joe Perry ) 2 : 11 13 . `` Chop to the Top '' ( Lady Antebellum ) 2 : 26 14 . `` ( I Guess I ) Miss You '' ( John Legend ) 3 : 41 15 . `` I 'm Not a Loser '' ( They Might Be Giants ) 4 : 38 16 . `` Best Day Ever '' ( Andy Paley and Tom Kenny ) 4 : 19 17 . `` Bikini Bottom Day ( Reprise ) '' ( Coulton ) 2 : 04 18 . `` SpongeBob SquarePants Theme Song '' ( Derek Drymon , Mark Harrison , Stephen Hillenburg and Blaise Smith ) 0 : 47 Total length : 57 : 19 Cast ( edit ) Character Original Chicago Cast ( 2016 ) Original Broadway Cast ( 2017 ) SpongeBob SquarePants Ethan Slater Patrick Star Danny Skinner Sandy Cheeks Lilli Cooper Squidward Q. Tentacles Gavin Lee Sheldon J. Plankton Nick Blaemire Wesley Taylor Karen Plankton Stephanie Hsu * Eugene Krabs Carlos Lopez Brian Ray Norris Pearl Krabs Emmy Raver - Lampman Jai'len Christine Li Josey Mrs. Puff Abby C. Smith Gary the Snail Tom Kenny ( prerecorded ) Allan K. Washington Patchy the Pirate Jason Michael Snow Jon Rua Mayor Gaelen Gilliland Perch Perkins Kelvin Moon Loh Old Man Jenkins Mark Ledbetter JC Schuster Larry the Lobster Allan K. Washington Fred the Fish Curtis Holbrook The Electric Skates Curtis Holbrook L'ogan J'ones JC Schuster Curtis Holbrook L'ogan J'ones Kyle Matthew Hamilton French Narrator Mark Ledbetter Tom Kenny ( prerecorded ) Replacements ( Broadway ) Brandon Espinoza replaced Jon Rua as Patchy the Pirate on June 16 Catherine Ricafort replaced Stephanie Hsu as Karen Plankton on June 19 , 2018 Critical response ( edit ) The Chicago production received positive reviews . Dean Richards of WGN - TV gave it an A+ , writing that `` the story is multi-layered for kids and adults . It all adds up to one of the most fun , well produced , and best acted shows Chicago has seen in a long time . '' Chris Jones of the Chicago Tribune praised the cast ( particularly Slater , Skinner , Cooper , and Lee ) and the production values . He wrote positively of the show 's songs , writing that the musical 's `` biggest gamble -- a score made up of singles by different songwriters and unified by orchestrator Tom Kitt -- works quite beautifully . '' Nonetheless , he warned `` the transition to Broadway now needs to involve a dialing back of excess and more attention to truth -- Bikini Bottom truth , sure , but metaphoric human veracity . '' Similarly , Steve Oxman in Variety magazine praises the entertainment , invention and `` terrifically talented cast '' but argues for a `` slight shift in world view '' to truly engage the broadest audience . In the Chicago Sun - Times ' review , Hedy Weiss expressed praise for the set design 's creativity and the coherency , but felt that it was almost too extravagant ; she wrote that the musical `` exhausts itself long before it 's over . '' Kendall Ashley of Nerdist described the set as `` pretty darn impressive '' and called the decision not to use extensive makeup on the actors `` interesting . '' Barbara Vitello of the Daily Herald also commended the actors ' costumes and performances , stating that the `` imaginative costumes that add a punch of color to the glittering sea green and aquamarine backdrop are among the delights . '' The Broadway production was equally praised . Ben Brantley of The New York Times , called it a `` ginormous giggle of a show '' , and particularly praised Slater 's performance as the titular character . Marilyn Stasio of Variety stated the show provided a good amount of `` giddy , goofy fun '' for all audiences . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 2018 Outer Critics Circle Awards Outstanding New Broadway Musical Won Outstanding Book of a Musical ( Broadway or Off - Broadway ) Kyle Jarrow Nominated Outstanding New Score ( Broadway or Off - Broadway ) Yolanda Adams , Steven Tyler , Joe Perry , Sara Bareilles , Jonathan Coulton , Alex Ebert , The Flaming Lips , Lady Antebellum , Cyndi Lauper , Rob Hyman , John Legend , Panic ! At the Disco , Plain White T 's , They Might Be Giants , T.I. , Domani , Lil'C , David Bowie , Brian Eno , Andy Paley , Tom Kenny , Derek Drymon , Mark Harrison , Stephen Hillenburg , Blaise Smith & Tom Kitt Won Outstanding Director of a Musical Tina Landau Won Outstanding Actor in a Musical Ethan Slater Won Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Gavin Lee Nominated Outstanding Choreographer Christopher Gattelli Nominated Outstanding Set Design ( Play or Musical ) David Zinn Nominated Outstanding Costume Design ( Play or Musical ) Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design ( Play or Musical ) Kevin Adams Nominated Outstanding Orchestrations Tom Kitt Nominated Drama League Awards Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off - Broadway Musical Nominated Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Musical Won Outstanding Actor in a Musical Ethan Slater Won Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Gavin Lee Won Outstanding Director of a Musical Tina Landau Won Outstanding Choreography Christopher Gattelli Nominated Outstanding Book of a Musical Kyle Jarrow Nominated Outstanding Orchestrations Tom Kitt Nominated Outstanding Set Design for a Musical David Zinn Won Outstanding Costume Design Nominated Outstanding Projection Design Peter Nigrini Nominated Outstanding Wig and Hair Charles G. LaPointe Won Chita Rivera Awards for Dance and Choreography Outstanding Choreography in a Broadway Show Christopher Gattelli Nominated Outstanding Ensemble in a Broadway Show Nominated Outstanding Male Dancer in a Broadway Show Gavin Lee Nominated Tony Awards Best Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Musical Ethan Slater Nominated Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Role in a Musical Gavin Lee Nominated Best Book of a Musical Kyle Jarrow Nominated Best Original Score Yolanda Adams , Steven Tyler , Joe Perry , Sara Bareilles , Jonathan Coulton , Alex Ebert , Edward Sharpe , The Flaming Lips , Lady Antebellum , Cyndi Lauper , Rob Hyman , John Legend , Panic ! at the Disco , Plain White T 's , They Might Be Giants , T.I. , Domani & Lil'C Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Tina Landau Nominated Best Orchestrations Tom Kitt Nominated Best Choreography Christopher Gattelli Nominated Best Sound Design of a Musical Walter Trarbach and Mike Dobson Nominated Best Scenic Design of a Musical David Zinn Won Best Costume Design of a Musical Nominated Best Lighting Design of a Musical Kevin Adams Nominated Theatre World Award Ethan Slater Honoree Tied with Bartlett Sher for My Fair Lady References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' The SpongeBob Musical ' : Here Come the Songs In Behind - The - Scenes Promo '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' SpongeBob ' Musical Will Open in Chicago , With Sights on Broadway '' . The New York Times . August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chen , Wei - Huan ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' SpongeBob ' musical underscores nautical nonsense of art vs. entertainment '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Tony Award Nominations : SpongeBob SquarePants and Mean Girls Lead the Pack '' . Playbill . May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wayne Coyne ( @ waynecoyne ) ( 17 January 2014 ) . `` Doing more lyrics for SpongeBob Musical ! ! Maybe as high as a star ! ! ! # freaks # flamiglips ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` With Ratings in Flux , Nickelodeon Puts Upfront Focus on Shows '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` SpongeBob musical has eye on Broadway '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon announces mobile service Noggin for pre-K children '' . New York Daily News . February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` ' The SpongeBob Musical ' Will Premiere in Chicago Before Broadway Bow '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Broadway - Bound SpongeBob Musical Announces Complete Cast '' . Playbill. April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent Waller ( @ VincentWaller72 ) ( 28 December 2016 ) . `` @ kargjuniordenhe All the Cast for the musical were new . Almost everyone in the musical , play multiple characters , &they 're great # SpongeBob '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Riedel , Michael ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Could ' SpongeBob ' be the next great Broadway musical ? '' . New York Post . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Gordon ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' SpongeBob SquarePants ' Hits the Stage to Soak Up Broadway Spotlight '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` How SpongeBob SquarePants got his own musical in Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . ^ Jump up to : `` Young SpongeBob saves the day , in a big , loud way '' . Chicago Tribune . June 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hetrick , Adam . `` ' SpongeBob SquarePants : The Broadway Musical ' Opens December 4 '' Playbill , December 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . ' ' SpongeBob SquarePants ' Will End Broadway Run in September '' Playbill , July 8 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` First Listen : ' SpongeBob SquarePants : Original Cast Recording ' '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : SpongeBob Musical Will Record Cast Album Pre-Broadway '' . Playbill . July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob SquarePants - The New Musical Original Cast Recording Available September 22 From Masterworks Broadway '' . PR Newswire . August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The SpongeBob Musical ' picks its Patrick , Squidward and Plankton '' . Chicago Tribune . February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McPhee , Ryan ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` What Did Critics Think of Broadway 's SpongeBob SquarePants Musical ? '' . Playbill . Philip S. Birsh . Jump up ^ `` Meet Ethan Slater , the boy who would be SpongeBob '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.broadwaybox.com/daily-scoop/introduce-yourselfie-spongebob-star-danny-skinner/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Hedy ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` Feel - good ' SpongeBob Musical ' rumbles , toils and bubbles '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Gelt , Jessica ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` From chorus girl to leading lady : Emmy Raver - Lampman , the Cinderella of ' Hamilton ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Johnson , Joshua ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Singing with SpongeBob and Playing Mrs. Puff '' . Harding University . ^ Jump up to : Brantley , Ben ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' SpongeBob SquarePants , ' a Watery Wonderland on Broadway '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Curtis ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Curtis Holbrook on Instagram '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Catherine Ricafort Broadway '' Playbill , retrieved July 14 , 2018 Jump up ^ Richards , Dean ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Dean 's Review : ' The SpongeBob Musical ' world premiere '' . WGN - TV . Jump up ^ Oxman , Steve ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` The SpongeBob Musical review '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Ashley , Kendall ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` I 'm Ready ! Get Your First Look at The SpongeBob Musical ! '' . Nerdist Industries . Jump up ^ Vitello , Barbara ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' SpongeBob Musical ' delights with whimsical visuals , spirited cast '' . Daily Herald . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' SpongeBob SquarePants , ' a Watery Wonderland on Broadway '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stasio , Marliyn ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Broadway Review : ' SpongeBob SquarePants , ' the Musical '' . Variety . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Outer Critics Circle Nominations Announced '' . TheaterMania.com. 2018 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` '' SpongeBob SquarePants '' Heads the List with 11 Nominations ! `` . Outer Critics Circle Awards . Outer Critics Circle . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : THE BAND 'S VISIT , ANGELS IN AMERICA , MEAN GIRLS , FROZEN , And More Earn Drama League Nominations ; See The Full List ! '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 2018 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Breaking : CAROUSEL , SPONGEBOB SQUAREPANTS Lead the Pack with Drama Desk Awards Nominations ; The Full List ! '' . Broadway World . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Playbill External links ( edit ) Internet Broadway Database Official site Oriental Theatre SpongeBob SquarePants Characters SpongeBob SquarePants Patrick Star Squidward Tentacles Mr. Krabs Plankton and Karen Sandy Cheeks Mrs. Puff Pearl Krabs Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy Production Cast members Guest stars Awards and nominations Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Episodes `` Help Wanted '' `` Pizza Delivery '' `` Rock Bottom '' `` Christmas Who ? '' `` Band Geeks '' `` Graveyard Shift '' `` Sailor Mouth '' `` Chocolate with Nuts '' `` The Sponge Who Could Fly '' `` Have You Seen This Snail ? '' `` Dunces and Dragons '' `` Best Day Ever '' `` Friend or Foe '' `` Pest of the West '' `` What Ever Happened to SpongeBob ? '' `` SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One '' `` To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants '' `` The Clash of Triton '' `` SpongeBob 's Last Stand '' `` The Great Patty Caper '' `` It 's a SpongeBob Christmas ! '' `` Extreme Spots '' `` SpongeBob , You 're Fired '' `` Squid Noir '' Films The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water The SpongeBob Movie : It 's a Wonderful Sponge ( 2020 ) Television films SpongeBob 's Atlantis SquarePantis SpongeBob 's Truth or Square Miniseries Legends of Bikini Bottom SpongeBob 's Runaway Roadtrip Locations Krusty Krab Attractions Jimmy Neutron 's Nicktoon Blast SpongeBob SquarePants 4 - D SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge SpongeBob SquarePants 4D : The Great Jelly Rescue Universal 's Superstar Parade Miscellaneous Merchandise SpongeBob Comics SpongeBob SquarePants ( musical ) Related articles 2015 SpongeBob SquarePants 400 Square Roots : The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants Spongiforma squarepantsii United Plankton Pictures Book Category Portal Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical The Wiz ( 1975 ) A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1983 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1984 ) The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1986 ) Les Miserables ( 1987 ) Into the Woods ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Secret Garden ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Show Boat ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) The Life ( 1997 ) Ragtime ( 1998 ) Parade ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Wicked ( 2004 ) Spamalot ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) Passing Strange ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Hamilton ( 2015 ) Shuffle Along ( 2016 ) Come from Away ( 2017 ) SpongeBob SquarePants ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpongeBob_SquarePants_(musical)&oldid=850570215 '' Categories : Broadway musicals Musicals based on television series 2016 musicals SpongeBob SquarePants Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages with timeline metadata Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 17 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who wrote the music for spongebob the musical
[ "SpongeBob SquarePants: The Broadway Musical (originally titled The SpongeBob Musical) is a stage musical, co-conceived and directed by Tina Landau[1] with songs by various artists, a book by Kyle Jarrow[2]. It is based on the Nickelodeon animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants and made its world premiere in June 2016 at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago. The musical premiered on Broadway at the Palace Theatre in December 2017.\n" ]
[ "various artists" ]
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Good Time Charlie's Got the Blues
Good Time Charlie 's Got the Blues - wikipedia Good Time Charlie 's Got the Blues `` Good Time Charlie 's Got the Blues '' Single by Danny O'Keefe from the album O'Keefe B - side `` The Valentine Pieces '' Released August 1972 Genre Country Length 3 : 01 Label Signpost Songwriter ( s ) Danny O'Keefe Producer ( s ) Ahmet Ertegün Danny O'Keefe singles chronology `` Good Time Charlie 's Got the Blues '' ( 1972 ) `` The Road '' ( 1972 ) `` Good Time Charlie 's Got the Blues '' ( 1972 ) `` The Road '' ( 1972 ) `` Good Time Charlie 's Got the Blues '' is a song written and performed by Danny O'Keefe . It was first recorded by O'Keefe in 1967 , but not released . It was recorded by The Bards and released in 1968 as the b - side to the song `` Tunesmith '' on Parrot Records . The Bards were a band from Moses Lake , Washington . The song was recorded by O'Keefe for his self - titled debut album in 1971 . The following year he re-recorded it ( with a slower , more downbeat arrangement ) for his second album , O'Keefe . The second version was issued as a single , reaching number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart , number 5 on the adult contemporary chart , and number 63 on the country chart . The song was also covered by Mel Tormé , especially for a 1986 episode of NBC 's Night Court entitled `` Leon , We Hardly Knew Ye '' . It was covered by numerous artists . A cover by Leon Russell peaked at number 63 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1984 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 19 US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100 10 Selected list of recorded versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Bards ( 1968 ) on Parrot Records Danny O'Keefe ( 1971 ) , on the album Danny O'Keefe Dwight Yoakam Willie Nelson Waylon Jennings Mike Farris Elvis Presley , recorded at Stax and featured on his 1974 album Good Times Leon Russell Chris Hillman Earl Klugh on his 1978 album Magic in Your Eyes Rita Wilson Charlie Rich ( 1980 ) , on the album Once a Drifter Jerry Lee Lewis and Leon Russell Holly Cole , from the album Night ( 2012 ) Harry Manx ( 2008 ) , from the album Live at the Glenn Gould Studio Mel Tormé , ( 1986 ) , for a Night Court episode entitled `` Leon , We Hardly Knew Ye '' . Conway Twitty ( 1977 ) , on the album Play , Guitar Play Nat Stuckey ( 1973 ) , on the album Take Time To Love Her Shooter Jennings ( 2016 ) , on the album Black Country Rock 2015 Mixtape . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ David Neale . `` Elvis Presley : Original Version Recordings of Songs He Sang '' . Davidneale.eu . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danny O'Keefe - Danny O'Keefe - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` O'Keefe - Danny O'Keefe - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Good Time Charlie 's Got the Blues ( song by Danny O'Keefe ) Music VF , US & UK hits charts '' . Musicvf.com . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2013 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 -- 2012 . Record Research , Inc. p. 293 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 203 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Rockin ' My Life Away ( Warner ) - Jerry Lee Lewis - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Time_Charlie%27s_Got_the_Blues&oldid=855233167 '' Categories : 1967 songs Elvis Presley songs Willie Nelson songs Jerry Lee Lewis songs Leon Russell songs Song recordings produced by Ahmet Ertegun Songs written by Danny O'Keefe Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from August 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 20 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who wrote good time charlie's got the blues
[ "\"Good Time Charlie's Got the Blues\" is a song written and performed by Danny O'Keefe. \n" ]
[ "Danny O'Keefe" ]
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Brandenburg Gate
Brandenburg gate - wikipedia Brandenburg gate Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the gate in Berlin . For other uses , see Brandenburg Gate ( disambiguation ) . Brandenburg Gate Brandenburger Tor The Brandenburg Gate at blue hour Location within central Berlin General information Type City gate Architectural style Neoclassical Location Berlin , Germany Coordinates 52 ° 30 ′ 58.58 '' N 13 ° 22 ′ 39.80 '' E  /  52.5162722 ° N 13.3777222 ° E  / 52.5162722 ; 13.3777222 Coordinates : 52 ° 30 ′ 58.58 '' N 13 ° 22 ′ 39.80 '' E  /  52.5162722 ° N 13.3777222 ° E  / 52.5162722 ; 13.3777222 Construction started 1788 Completed 1791 Design and construction Architect Carl Gotthard Langhans The Brandenburg Gate ( German : Brandenburger Tor ) is an 18th - century neoclassical monument in Berlin , built on the orders of Prussian king Frederick William II after the ( temporarily ) successful restoration of order during the early Batavian Revolution . One of the best - known landmarks of Germany , it was built on the site of a former city gate that marked the start of the road from Berlin to the town of Brandenburg an der Havel , which used to be capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg . It is located in the western part of the city centre of Berlin within Mitte , at the junction of Unter den Linden and Ebertstraße , immediately west of the Pariser Platz . One block to the north stands the Reichstag building , which houses the German parliament ( Bundestag ) . The gate is the monumental entry to Unter den Linden , the renowned boulevard of linden trees , which led directly to the royal City Palace of the Prussian monarchs . Throughout its existence , the Brandenburg Gate was often a site for major historical events and is today considered not only as a symbol of the tumultuous history of Europe and Germany , but also of European unity and peace . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Design and construction 1.2 19th and early 20th centuries 1.3 Cold War 1.4 Post-1989 2 Political history 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Design and Construction ( edit ) Berlin in 1688 : The future site of the Brandenburg gate was near the middle left of the map , separating the Tiergarten from Unter den Linden . Travellers going west from the city toward Brandenburg an der Havel could pass in this direction In the time of Frederick William ( 1688 ) , shortly after the Thirty Years ' War and a century before the gate was constructed , Berlin was a small walled city within a star fort with several named gates : Spandauer Tor , St. Georgen Tor , Stralower Tor , Cöpenicker Tor , Neues Tor , and Leipziger Tor ( see map ) . Relative peace , a policy of religious tolerance , and status as capital of the Kingdom of Prussia facilitated the growth of the city . The Berlin Customs Wall with its 18 gates The Brandenburg Gate was not part of the old Berlin Fortress , but one of 18 gates within the Berlin Customs Wall ( German : Akzisemauer ) , erected in the 1730s , including the old fortified city and many of its then suburbs . The new gate was commissioned by Frederick William II of Prussia to represent peace . The Gate was designed by Carl Gotthard Langhans , the Court Superintendent of Buildings , and built between 1788 and 1791 , replacing the earlier simple guardhouses which flanked the original gate in the Customs Wall . The gate consists of twelve Doric columns , six to each side , forming five passageways . Citizens originally were allowed to use only the outermost two on each side . Atop the gate is a Quadriga , a chariot drawn by four horses , sculpted by Johann Gottfried Schadow . The new gate was originally named the Peace Gate ( German : Friedenstor ) and the goddess is Victoria , the goddess of victory . The gate 's design is based upon the Propylaea , the gateway to the Acropolis in Athens , Greece , and is consistent with Berlin 's history of architectural classicism ( first , Baroque , and then neo-Palladian ) . The gate was the first element of `` Athens on the River Spree '' by architect Langhans . 19th and early 20th centuries ( edit ) The Brandenburg Gate has played different political roles in German history . After the 1806 Prussian defeat at the Battle of Jena - Auerstedt , Napoleon was the first to use the Brandenburg Gate for a triumphal procession , and took its Quadriga to Paris . After Napoleon 's defeat in 1814 and the Prussian occupation of Paris by General Ernst von Pfuel , the Quadriga was restored to Berlin . It was now redesigned by Karl Friedrich Schinkel for the new role of the Brandenburg Gate as a Prussian triumphal arch ; the goddess , now definitely Victoria , was equipped with the Prussian eagle and Iron Cross on her lance with a wreath of oak leaves . The Quadriga faces east , as it did when it was originally installed in 1793 . Only the royal family was allowed to pass through the central archway , as well as members of the Pfuel family , from 1814 to 1919 . The Kaiser granted this honour to the family in gratitude to Ernst von Pfuel , who had overseen the return of the Quadriga to the top of the gate . In addition , the central archway was also used by the coaches of ambassadors on the single occasion of their presenting their letters of credence to council . Bernard Montgomery and Soviet Marshals Zhukov and Rokossovsky leave the Brandenburg Gate on 12 July 1945 after being decorated by Montgomery When the Nazis ascended to power , they used the gate as a party symbol . The gate survived World War II and was one of the damaged structures still standing in the Pariser Platz ruins in 1945 ( another being the Academy of Fine Arts ) . The gate was badly damaged with holes in the columns from bullets and nearby explosions . One horse 's head from the original quadriga survived , and is today kept in the collection of the Märkisches Museum . Cold War ( edit ) Following Germany 's surrender and the end of the war , the governments of East Berlin and West Berlin restored it in a joint effort . The holes were patched , but were visible for many years following the war . Vehicles and pedestrians could travel freely through the gate , located in East Berlin , until the Berlin Wall was built , 13 August 1961 . Brandenburg Gate border crossing was later closed on 14 August 1961 . West Berliners gathered on the western side of the gate to demonstrate against the Berlin Wall , among them West Berlin 's governing Mayor Willy Brandt , who had spontaneously returned from a federal election campaigning tour in West Germany earlier on the same day . It was closed throughout the Berlin Wall period until 22 December 1989 . Post-1989 ( edit ) A crane removes a section of the Berlin Wall near Brandenburg Gate on 21 December 1989 When the Revolutions of 1989 occurred and the wall was demolished , the gate symbolized freedom and the desire to unify the city of Berlin . Thousands of people gathered at the wall to celebrate its fall on 9 November 1989 . On 22 December 1989 , the Brandenburg Gate border crossing was reopened when Helmut Kohl , the West German chancellor , walked through to be greeted by Hans Modrow , the East German prime minister . Demolition of the rest of the wall around the area took place the following year . During 1990 , the quadriga was removed from the gate as part of renovation work carried out by the East German authorities following the fall of the wall in November 1989 . Germany was officially reunified in October 1990 . The Brandenburg Gate was privately refurbished on 21 December 2000 , at a cost of six million euros . It was once again opened on 3 October 2002 following extensive refurbishment , for the 12th anniversary of German reunification . Brandenburg Gate became the main venue for the 20th - anniversary celebrations of the fall of the Berlin Wall or `` Festival of Freedom '' on the evening of 9 November 2009 . The high point of the celebrations was when over 1000 colorfully designed foam domino tiles , each over 2.5 m tall , were lined up along the route of the former wall through the city centre . The domino `` wall '' was then toppled in stages converging here . The Brandenburg Gate is now again closed to vehicle traffic , and much of Pariser Platz has been turned into a cobblestone pedestrian zone . The gate , along with the broad Straße des 17 . Juni avenue to the west , is also one of the large public areas in Berlin where over a million people can gather to watch stage shows or party together , watch major sport events shown on huge screens , or see fireworks at midnight on New Year 's Eve . After winning the 2014 FIFA World Cup , the Germany national football team held their victory rally in front of the gate . It has also hosted street events at 2009 IAAF World Championships in Athletics and will repeat its role in 2018 European Athletics Championships . It is also the usual finish line of the Berlin Marathon . Political history ( edit ) Ronald Reagan speaks at the Berlin Wall 's Brandenburg Gate on June 12 , 1987 , challenging Gorbachev to `` tear down this wall ! ! '' Tear down this wall Complete speech by Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate , 12 June 1987 Problems playing this file ? See media help . A Soviet flag flew from a flagpole atop the gate from 1945 until 1957 , when it was replaced by an East German flag . Since the reunification of Germany , the flag and the pole have been removed . In 1963 , U.S. President John F. Kennedy visited the Brandenburg Gate . The Soviets hung large red banners across it to prevent him looking into East Berlin . In the 1980s , decrying the existence of two German states and two Berlins , West Berlin mayor Richard von Weizsäcker said : `` The German question is open as long as the Brandenburg Gate is closed . '' On 12 June 1987 , U.S. President Ronald Reagan spoke to the West Berlin populace at the Brandenburg Gate , demanding the razing of the Berlin Wall . Addressing the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , Mikhail Gorbachev , Reagan said , General Secretary Gorbachev , if you seek peace , if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe , if you seek liberalization : Come here to this gate ! Mr. Gorbachev , open this gate ! Mr. Gorbachev , tear down this wall ! On 25 December 1989 , less than two months after the Berlin Wall began to come down , the conductor Leonard Bernstein conducted the Berlin Philharmonic in a version of the Ninth Symphony of Beethoven at the then newly opened Brandenburg Gate . In the concluding choral movement of the symphony , the famous `` Ode to Joy '' , the word Freude ( `` Joy '' ) was replaced with Freiheit ( `` Freedom '' ) to celebrate the fall of the Wall and the imminent reunification of Germany . On 2 -- 3 October 1990 , the Gate was the scene of the official ceremony to mark the reunification of Germany . At the stroke of midnight on 3 October , the black - red - gold flag of West Germany -- now the flag of a reunified Germany -- was raised over the Gate . On 12 July 1994 , U.S. President Bill Clinton spoke at the Gate about peace in post -- Cold War Europe . Twentieth anniversary celebrations of the Fall of the Wall at Brandenburg Gate on 9 November 2009 , featuring a performance by Paul van Dyk On 9 November 2009 , Chancellor Angela Merkel , walked through Brandenburg Gate with Russia 's Mikhail Gorbachev and Poland 's Lech Wałęsa as part of the 20 - year celebration of tearing down the Berlin Wall . On 13 August 2011 , Germany marked the 50th anniversary of the day the Berlin Wall started to go up with a memorial service and a minute of silence in memory of those who died trying to flee to the West . `` It is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations as a reminder to stand up for freedom and democracy to ensure that such injustice may never happen again , '' Berlin Mayor Klaus Wowereit said . German Chancellor Angela Merkel -- who grew up behind the wall in Germany 's communist eastern part -- also attended the commemoration . German President Christian Wulff added , `` It has been shown once again : Freedom is invincible at the end . No wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom . '' On 19 June 2013 , U.S. President Barack Obama spoke at the Gate about nuclear arms reduction and the recently revealed U.S. internet surveillance activities . On the night of 5 January 2015 , the lights illuminating the gate were completely shut off in protest against a protest held by far - right anti-Islamic group Pegida . In April 2017 , Die Zeit noted that the gate was not illuminated in Russian colours after the 2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing . The gate was previously illuminated after attacks in Jerusalem and Orlando . The Berlin Senate only lets the gate be illuminated for events in partner cities and cities with a special connection to Berlin . Gallery ( edit ) The Brandenburg Gate at night in panorama The Brandenburg Gate in early morning light The Brandenburg Gate at midnight Napoleon passing through the Brandenburg Gate after the Battle of Jena - Auerstedt ( 1806 ) . Painted by Charles Meynier in 1810 . The Gate in 1928 The Gate in the 1930s Play media Brandenburg Gate in 1945 badly damaged just after the end of World War II In 1984 , East Berliners and others were kept away from the Gate , which they could view only from this distance . The Berlin Wall in front of the Brandenburg Gate , shortly before its fall in 1989 Gate with Pariser Platz The Brandenburg Gate as seen from the rooftop terrace of the Reichstag building , with the United States Embassy in the background Brandenburg Gate in 2003 The Quadriga with skyscrapers of Potsdamer Platz Dark silhouette impression at sunset , 21 August 2010 Brandenburg gate lit up to look like the French Flag after the November 2015 Paris attacks The Brandenburg Gate quadriga at night See also ( edit ) Berlin portal Mitte ( locality ) Puerta de Alcalá -- a similar structure in Madrid Siegestor -- a similar structure in Bavaria References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Das Brandenburger Tor und sein Geheimnis , Der Tagesspiegel ^ Jump up to : `` Denkmale in Berlin . Brandenburger Tor '' . Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt , Berlin . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Deutsches Historisches Museum '' . Dhm.de . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dunton , Larkin ( 1742 ) . The World and Its People . Silver , Burdett . p. 188 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Paul ( 2016 ) . `` Brandenburg Gate '' . Pocket Rough Guide Berlin . Rough Guides . London : Penguin Random House . p. 72 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin Feuerland '' . Google Books ( in German ) . 2016 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 225 Jahre Brandenburger Tor '' . DW.COM. 2016 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Dedio , Florian ; Dedio , Gunnar ( 2013 ) . `` Berlin , Germany , before the war '' . The Great War Diaries : Breathtaking Colour Photographs from a World Torn Apart . London : BBC Books , Penguin Random House . p. 50 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 20 Jahre Mauerfall '' ( in German ) . Kulturprojekte Berlin GmbH. 2009 . Retrieved 9 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin feiert am Brandenburger Tor ins neue Jahr 2013 ( in German ) '' . Berliner Morgenpost. 4 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks on East - West Relations at the Brandenburg Gate in West Berlin '' . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Reagan 's `` Tear Down This Wall '' speech 25 years later `` . CBS News . 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lessons from Reagan after `` Tear down this wall '' speech `` . CBS News . 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 20 Jahre Mauerfall : : `` Fest der Freiheit '' zum 20 . Jahrestag des Mauerfalls `` . Mauer.host8.3-point.de . Archived from the original on 4 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Germany Celebrates Fall of the Berlin Wall '' . FoxNews. 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fall of the Berlin Wall ( slides / captions ) '' . FoxNews. 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Germany marks 50th anniversary of Berlin Wall '' . London : UK Telegraph . 13 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Germany Marks Construction of the Berlin Wall '' . Fox News . Associated Press . 13 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reflecting on the Berlin Wall , 50 Years After Its Construction '' . History.com. 11 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Dan ; Connolly , Kate ( 19 June 2013 ) . `` Obama calls for reduction in nuclear arms in broad - brush Berlin speech '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Tagesspiegel : Bärgida und Gegendemonstration beendet ( in German ) , 5 January 2015 , retrieved 20 November 2015 Jump up ^ RBB : Licht aus am Brandenburger Tor ( in German ) `` Lights off at Brandenburg Gate '' , 5 January 2015 , retrieved 20 November 2015 Jump up ^ Storify : Anti-islamization rally in Germany met with countrywide protests , 5 January 2015 , retrieved 20 November 2015 Jump up ^ http://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/zeitgeschehen/2017-04/berlin-brandenburger-tor-anschlag-st-petersburg-farben-russland External links ( edit ) This section 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brandenburger Tor . Brandenburg-gate.de : official Brandenburg Gate website Stiftung Denkmalschutz Berlin ( Berlin Monument Conservation Foundation ) Brandenburg Gate described in its historic context Panorama Brandenburg Gate - Panoramic view from the Pariser Platz Webcam : Live - View of the Street `` Unter den Linden '' with Brandenburg Gate in Berlin , Germany Ronald Reagan 's Tear down this Wall speech Complete text , audio and video of Ronald Reagan 's Brandenburg Gate Address from AmericanRhetoric.com Bill Clinton 's Berlin is free speech Video News report of the Brandenburg Gate re-opening - RealPlayer needed Germany , Berlin , Brandenburger Tor Virtual tour with map and compass effect by Tolomeus Panorama Brandenburg Gate 1945 - Panoramic view into the past , 60 years after World War II Celebrating 20 years after tearing down the Berlin wall , 1989 - Pictures at Brandenburg Gate on 9 November 2009 Panoramen und weitere Bilder vom Brandenburger Tor Three - dimensional view of Brandenburger Gate ( without plugin English , German , Spanish ) ( hide ) Visitor attractions in Berlin Mitte Alexanderplatz ( Weltzeituhr ) Alte Nationalgalerie Altes Museum Berlin Wall Memorial Berliner Dom Bode Museum Brandenburg Gate Checkpoint Charlie museum DDR Museum Deutsches Historisches Museum Fernsehturm Friedrichstraße Gendarmenmarkt Hackesche Höfe Hotel Adlon Humboldt University Kulturforum Lustgarten Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe Museum Island Neptunbrunnen Neue Synagoge Neues Museum Nikolaiviertel Oranienburger Straße Pariser Platz Pergamon Museum Platz der Republik Potsdamer Platz Reichstag Rotes Rathaus Sony Center Staatsoper Berlin Topography of Terror Unter den Linden Western Berlin Allied Museum Aquarium Berlin Bellevue Palace Berlin Zoological Garden Botanical Gardens Europa - Center Freie Universität Berlin Hauptbahnhof Haus der Kulturen der Welt Jewish Museum Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church Kaufhaus des Westens Kurfürstendamm Museum Europäischer Kulturen Berlin 's Natural History Museum Olympiastadion Prussian National Monument for the Liberation Wars Schloss Charlottenburg Soviet War Memorial Tauentzienstraße Tempelhof Airport Tiergarten Victory Column Viktoriapark Wannsee Eastern Berlin Berlin - Hohenschönhausen Memorial East Side Gallery German - Russian Museum Karl - Marx - Allee Köpenick Palace Mercedes - Benz Arena Molecule Man Müggelberge Oberbaum Bridge Stasi Museum Tierpark Berlin Treptower Park Soviet War Memorial ( Treptower Park ) Berlin metropolitan region Charlottenhof Palace New Palace Orangery Palace Potsdam Roman Baths Sachsenhausen concentration camp Sanssouci Berlin Wall Culture Landmarks Spree River Transport in Berlin U-Bahn S - Bahn BNF : cb16687527s ( data ) GND : 4236650 - 1 ISNI : 0000 0001 2154 3600 LCCN : sh91005932 NARA : 10665913 NKC : ph217749 SUDOC : 081149247 VIAF : 127583713 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg_Gate&oldid=842749265 '' Categories : Gates in Germany Buildings and structures in Mitte Monuments and memorials in Berlin Triumphal arches in Germany Berlin border crossings Terminating vistas Heritage sites in Berlin Tourist attractions in Berlin National symbols of Germany Prussian cultural sites Buildings and structures completed in 1791 1791 establishments in Germany Classicist architecture in Germany Greek Revival architecture in Germany Neoclassical architecture in Berlin Hidden categories : CS1 German - 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was brandenburg gate in east or west berlin
[ "It is located in the western part of the city centre of Berlin within Mitte, at the junction of Unter den Linden and Ebertstraße, immediately west of the Pariser Platz. One block to the north stands the Reichstag building, which houses the German parliament (Bundestag). The gate is the monumental entry to Unter den Linden, the renowned boulevard of linden trees, which led directly to the royal City Palace of the Prussian monarchs." ]
[ "western part" ]
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List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh
List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh - Wikipedia List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Incumbent Yogi Adityanath since 19 March 2017 Appointer Governor of Uttar Pradesh Inaugural holder Govind Ballabh Pant Formation 26 January 1950 The Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh ( UP ) , a North Indian state , is the head of the Government of Uttar Pradesh . As per the Constitution of India , the governor is the state 's de jure head , but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister . Following elections to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly , the governor usually invites the party ( or coalition ) with a majority of seats to form the government . The governor appoints the chief minister , whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly . Given that he has the confidence of the assembly , the chief minister 's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits . On 26 January 1950 Govind Ballabh Pant , Premier of United Provinces , became the first Chief Minister of the newly renamed Uttar Pradesh . Including him , 11 out of UP 's 21 chief ministers belonged to the Indian National Congress . Among these is V.P. Singh , a future Prime Minister of India , as was Charan Singh of the Rashtriya Lok Dal . UP has also had two women chief ministers -- Sucheta Kriplani and Mayawati . Akhilesh Yadav of the Samajwadi Party served as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh from 2012 to 2017 , having assumed office at the age of 38 , he is the youngest person to have held the office . On ten occasions , most recently in 2002 , the state has come under President 's rule , leaving the office of chief minister vacant . Yogi Adityanath of the Bharatiya Janata Party has served as the incumbent chief minister since 19 March 2017 . Contents 1 Premiers of United Provinces 2 Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh 3 References 4 External links Premiers of United Provinces ( edit ) Govind Ballabh Pant , the first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh The United Provinces , headquartered in Allahabad was a province of British India that comprised present day Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand . Under the Government of India Act , 1935 , a bicameral legislature was set up with a legislative assembly and a legislative council . No Name Term of office Party Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari 3 April 1937 16 July 1937 Independent Govind Ballabh Pant 17 July 1937 2 November 1939 Indian National Congress Vacant ( 2 ) Govind Ballabh Pant 1 April 1946 25 January 1950 Indian National Congress Chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh ( edit ) Colour key for parties Bahujan Samaj Party Bharatiya Kranti Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Indian National Congress Indian National Congress ( O ) Janata Dal Janata Party Samajwadi Party N / A ( President 's rule ) UP 's fifth chief minister , Charan Singh of the Bharatiya Kranti Dal , went on to become India 's fifth prime minister . Ram Naresh Yadav served as UP 's chief minister in the late 1970s as a member of the Janata Party . Although V.P. Singh 's chief - ministerial reign was as a Congressman , as Prime Minister of India he headed the National Front government as a member of the Janata Dal . Kalyan Singh was the first chief minister from the BJP . His tenure also witnessed the demolition of Babri Masjid UP 's 19th chief minister , Rajnath Singh , is the current Union Home Minister . Mulayam Singh Yadav of the Samajwadi Party has served three stints as UP 's chief minister . Mayawati was the one who completed her tenure in UP as Chief Minister from 2007 to 2012 after 1960 . Akhilesh Yadav , the state 's youngest - ever Chief Minister , holding office from 2012 to 2017 . No Name Constituency Term of office Tenure length Party Assembly ( Election ) Ref Govind Ballabh Pant Bareilly Municipality 26 January 1950 20 May 1952 4 years , 335 days Indian National Congress Not yet created 20 May 1952 27 December 1954 First Assembly ( 1952 -- 57 ) ( 1951 election ) Sampurnanand Varanasi South 28 December 1954 9 April 1957 5 years , 344 days 10 April 1957 6 December 1960 Second Assembly ( 1957 -- 62 ) ( 1957 election ) Chandra Bhanu Gupta Ranikhet South 7 December 1960 14 March 1962 2 years , 298 days 14 March 1962 1 October 1963 Third Assembly ( 1962 -- 67 ) ( 1962 election ) Sucheta Kriplani Mendhwal 2 October 1963 13 March 1967 3 years , 162 days ( 3 ) Chandra Bhanu Gupta ( 2 ) Ranikhet 14 March 1967 2 April 1967 19 days Fourth Assembly ( 1967 -- 68 ) ( 1967 election ) Charan Singh Chhaprauli 3 April 1967 25 February 1968 328 days Bharatiya Kranti Dal -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 25 February 1968 26 February 1969 1 year , 1 day N / A Dissolved ( 3 ) Chandra Bhanu Gupta ( 3 ) Ranikhet 26 February 1969 17 February 1970 356 days Indian National Congress Fifth Assembly ( 1969 -- 74 ) ( 1969 election ) ( 5 ) Charan Singh ( 2 ) Chhaprauli 18 February 1970 1 October 1970 225 days Bharatiya Kranti Dal -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 1 October 1970 18 October 1970 17 days N / A 6 Tribhuvana Narayana Singh 18 October 1970 3 April 1971 167 days Indian National Congress ( O ) 7 Kamlapati Tripathi Chandauli 4 April 1971 12 June 1973 2 years , 69 days Indian National Congress -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 13 June 1973 8 November 1973 148 days N / A 8 Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Bara 8 November 1973 4 March 1974 2 years , 21 days Indian National Congress 5 March 1974 29 November 1975 Sixth Assembly ( 1974 -- 77 ) ( 1974 election ) -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 30 November 1975 21 January 1976 52 days N / A 9 N.D. Tiwari Kashipur 21 January 1976 30 April 1977 1 year , 99 days Indian National Congress -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 30 April 1977 23 June 1977 54 days N / A Dissolved 10 Ram Naresh Yadav Nidhauli Kalan 23 June 1977 27 February 1979 1 year , 249 days Janata Party Seventh Assembly ( 1977 -- 80 ) ( 1977 election ) 11 Banarsi Das Hapur 28 February 1979 17 February 1980 354 days -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 17 February 1980 9 June 1980 113 days N / A Dissolved 12 V.P. Singh Tindwari 9 June 1980 18 July 1982 2 years , 39 days Indian National Congress Eighth Assembly ( 1980 -- 85 ) ( 1980 election ) 13 Sripati Mishra Isauli 19 July 1982 2 August 1984 2 years , 14 days ( 9 ) N.D. Tiwari ( 2 ) Kashipur 3 August 1984 10 March 1985 1 year , 52 days 11 March 1985 24 September 1985 Ninth Assembly ( 1985 -- 89 ) ( 1985 election ) 14 Vir Bahadur Singh Paniyara 24 September 1985 24 June 1988 2 years , 274 days ( 9 ) N.D. Tiwari ( 3 ) Kashipur 25 June 1988 5 December 1989 1 year , 163 days 15 Mulayam Singh Yadav Jaswantnagar 5 December 1989 24 June 1991 1 year , 201 days Janata Dal Tenth Assembly ( 1989 -- 91 ) ( 1989 election ) 16 Kalyan Singh Atrauli 24 June 1991 6 December 1992 1 year , 165 days Bharatiya Janata Party Eleventh Assembly ( 1991 -- 92 ) ( 1991 election ) -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 6 December 1992 4 December 1993 363 days N / A Dissolved ( 15 ) Mulayam Singh Yadav ( 2 ) Jaswantnagar 4 December 1993 3 June 1995 1 year , 181 days Samajwadi Party Twelfth Assembly ( 1993 -- 95 ) ( 1993 election ) 17 Mayawati 3 June 1995 18 October 1995 137 days Bahujan Samaj Party -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 18 October 1995 17 October 1996 1 year , 154 days N / A Dissolved 17 October 1996 21 March 1997 Thirteenth Assembly ( 1996 -- 2002 ) ( 1996 election ) ( 17 ) Mayawati ( 2 ) Harora 21 March 1997 21 September 1997 184 days Bahujan Samaj Party ( 16 ) Kalyan Singh ( 2 ) Atrauli 21 September 1997 12 November 1999 2 years , 52 days Bharatiya Janata Party 18 Ram Prakash Gupta MLC 12 November 1999 28 October 2000 351 days 19 Rajnath Singh Haidergarh 28 October 2000 8 March 2002 1 year , 131 days -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 8 March 2002 3 May 2002 56 days N / A Fourteenth Assembly ( 2002 -- 07 ) ( 2002 election ) ( 17 ) Mayawati ( 3 ) Harora 3 May 2002 29 August 2003 1 year , 118 days Bahujan Samaj Party ( 15 ) Mulayam Singh Yadav ( 3 ) Gunnaur 29 August 2003 13 May 2007 3 years , 257 days Samajwadi Party ( 17 ) Mayawati ( 4 ) MLC 13 May 2007 15 March 2012 4 years , 307 days Bahujan Samaj Party Fifteenth Assembly ( 2007 -- 12 ) ( 2007 election ) 20 Akhilesh Yadav MLC 15 March 2012 19 March 2017 5 years , 4 days Samajwadi Party Sixteenth Assembly ( 2012 -- 17 ) ( 2012 election ) 21 Yogi Adityanath MLC 19 March 2017 Incumbent 1 year , 136 days Bharatiya Janata Party Seventeenth Assembly ( 2017 -- ) ( 2017 election ) Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister 's party . The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents ; these are not listed here . ^ Jump up to : When President 's rule is in force in a state , its council of ministers stands dissolved . The office of chief minister thus lies vacant . At times , the legislative assembly also stands dissolved . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu . Introduction to the Constitution of India . 1960 . 20th Edition , 2011 Reprint . pp. 241 , 245 . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 559 - 9 . Note : although the text talks about Indian state governments in general , it applies for the specific case of Uttar Pradesh as well . ^ Jump up to : Chief Ministers . Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly . Retrieved on 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ President 's rule . Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly . Retrieved on 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Date of Constitution & Dissolution of Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha Archived 12 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly . Retrieved on 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.patrika.com/news/bareilly/up-first-cm-pandit-govind-ballabh-pant-was-won-from-bareilly-constituency-hindi-news-1505294/ Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1951 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1957 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1962 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1967 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Amberish K. Diwanji . `` A dummy 's guide to President 's rule '' . Rediff.com. 15 March 2005 . Retrieved on 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1969 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1974 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1977 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1980 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1985 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1989 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1991 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1993 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1996 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 2002 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 2007 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 2012 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh Election Results '' . Economic Times . Retrieved on 12 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) States of India since 1947 on WorldStatesmen.org `` Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh '' . The Indian Express . 15 May 2007 . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh Govind Ballabh Pant Sampurnanand Chandra Bhanu Gupta Sucheta Kriplani Charan Singh Tribhuvan Narain Singh Kamalapati Tripathi Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna N.D. Tiwari Ram Naresh Yadav Banarsi Das V.P. Singh Sripati Mishra Vir Bahadur Singh Mulayam Singh Yadav Kalyan Singh Mayawati Jagdambika Pal Ram Prakash Gupta Rajnath Singh Akhilesh Yadav Yogi Adityanath Lists of chief ministers of Indian states ( and current incumbents ) Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Bihar Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Goa Manohar Parrikar Gujarat Vijay Rupani Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Himachal Pradesh Jai Ram Thakur Jammu and Kashmir Vacant Jharkhand Raghubar Das Karnataka H.D. Kumaraswamy Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh Meghalaya Conrad Sangma Mizoram Lal Thanhawla Nagaland Neiphiu Rio Odisha Naveen Patnaik Puducherry V. Narayanasamy Punjab Amarinder Singh Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana K. Chandrashekhar Rao Tripura Biplab Kumar Deb Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Uttarakhand Trivendra Singh Rawat West Bengal Mamata Banerjee Women chief ministers From the Bharatiya Janata Party From the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Topics in Uttar Pradesh History History of Uttar Pradesh Late Harappan Painted Grey Ware culture Vedic period Mahajanapadas Magadha Nanda Maurya Sunga Kushan Gupta Harsha Delhi Sultanate Mughal Empire Nawabs Rebellion British Nationalism Independence Geography Geography of Uttar Pradesh Bakhira Sanctuary Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary Chandra Prabha Sanctuary Dudhwa National Park Dudhwa Tiger Reserve Hastinapur Sanctuary Kachhua Sanctuary Kaimoor Sanctuary Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary Mahavir Swami Sanctuary Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary Okhla Sanctuary Patna Bird Sanctuary Pilibhit Tiger Reserve Saman Sanctuary Samaspur Sanctuary Sandi Bird Sanctuary Sohagi Barwa Sanctuary Suhelva Sanctuary Sur Sarovar Sanctuary Vijai Sagar Sanctuary Climate Government and politics Government of Uttar Pradesh Governors Chief Ministers Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha Allahabad High Court Uttar Pradesh Police Divisions Districts Cities Political parties Assembly elections , 2007 Languages Western Hindi Braj Bhasha Kannauji Hindustani Hindi Urdu Bundeli Eastern Hindi Awadhi Bagheli Bihari Bhojpuri Literature Vedas Epic poetry Sanskrit Hindi Urdu Bhojpuri Culture Culture of Uttar Pradesh Ganga - Jamuni tehzeeb Music of Uttar Pradesh Hindustani classical music Music and dance Music of Uttar Pradesh Hindustani classical music Kathak Nautanki Economy Economy of Uttar Pradesh Conglomerates Other Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh cricket team Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Uttar_Pradesh&oldid=849643892 '' Categories : Lists of Chief Ministers of Indian states Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh Lists of people from Uttar Pradesh Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from August 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 11 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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who is cm of uttar pradesh 2018 name
[ "Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh\nIncumbentYogi Adityanathsince 19 March 2017Appointer\nGovernor of Uttar PradeshInaugural holder\nGovind Ballabh PantFormation\n26 January 1950" ]
[ "Yogi Adityanath" ]
-2884700832188602474
Wonderful Tonight
Wonderful Tonight - wikipedia Wonderful Tonight `` Wonderful Tonight '' Single by Eric Clapton from the album Slowhand B - side `` Peaches and Diesel '' Released 1977 Format 45 Record Recorded May 1977 Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 43 Label RSO Songwriter ( s ) Eric Clapton Producer ( s ) Glyn Johns Eric Clapton singles chronology `` Lay Down Sally '' ( 1977 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( 1977 ) `` Promises '' ( 1978 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' is a ballad written by Eric Clapton . It was included on Clapton 's 1977 album Slowhand . Clapton wrote the song about Pattie Boyd . The female vocal harmonies on the song are provided by Marcella Detroit ( then Marcy Levy ) and Yvonne Elliman . Contents 1 Background 2 Personnel 3 Performance 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Certifications 6 Cover versions 6.1 Damage version 6.2 David Kersh version 6.3 Butch Baker version 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) On 7 September 1976 , Clapton wrote `` Wonderful Tonight '' for Boyd while waiting for her to get ready to attend Paul and Linda McCartney 's annual Buddy Holly party . Of `` Wonderful Tonight '' , Boyd would say : `` For years it tore at me . To have inspired Eric , and George before him , to write such music was so flattering . ' Wonderful Tonight ' was the most poignant reminder of all that was good in our relationship , and when things went wrong it was torture to hear it . '' The song is mentioned in her autobiographical book Wonderful Tonight : George Harrison , Eric Clapton , and Me . Personnel ( edit ) Eric Clapton -- lead vocals , guitar Jamie Oldaker -- drums , percussion Carl Radle -- bass guitar Dick Sims -- fender rhodes , hammond organ George Terry -- guitar Yvonne Elliman -- harmony and backing vocals Marcy Levy -- harmony and backing vocals Performance ( edit ) In 1988 , Clapton appeared in the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute concert as a guest guitarist for Dire Straits . The group became his backing musicians for a surprise performance of `` Wonderful Tonight '' during their set . The song was featured in the film Captain Phillips and in the Friends season 6 episode `` The One With the Proposal Part 2 '' ( 18 May 2000 ) where Monica and Chandler dance to it at the end of the episode after getting engaged . The song was also featured on Ricky Gervais 's radio show , where producer Karl Pilkington argued that the lyrics suggested that it came from the point of view of a disabled man in a wheelchair . Both Gervais and co-host Stephen Merchant dismissed Pilkington 's claims as conjecture . Clapton performed an extended version of `` Wonderful Tonight '' between 1987 and 2003 , featuring Katie Kissoon and Tracy Ackerman on backing vocals and David Sancious on saxophone . Clapton and Steve Winwood performed an acoustic version of the song during their 2011 tour in Japan . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 -- 2000 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) 6 Canada ( CHUM ) 16 Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) 15 France ( IFOP ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Japanese International Singles ( Oricon ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 26 US Billboard Hot 100 16 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 39 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Position Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) 144 Chart ( 1988 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 39 Netherlands ( Dutch Singles 100 ) 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Chile ( IFPI Chile ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 250,000 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) 2 × Platinum 40,000 Iceland ( IFPI Iceland ) 2 × Platinum 12,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Million 1,000,000 Macao ( IFPI Macao ) Gold 15,000 Portugal ( AFP ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 Russia ( NFPF ) Gold 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 Uruguay ( CUD ) Gold 10,000 Summaries Worldwide ( IFPI ) 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) Damage version ( edit ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' Single by Damage from the album Forever B - side `` I 'm Ready '' Released 28 April 1997 Format CD single , cassette Genre R&B Length 4 : 01 Label Big Life Records Songwriter ( s ) Eric Clapton Producer ( s ) Steve Mac Damage singles chronology `` Love Guaranteed '' ( 1997 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( 1997 ) `` Love Lady '' ( 1997 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' was covered by British R&B / pop group Damage in 1997 , and was released as the fifth single from the band 's debut studio album , Forever . The single peaked at # 3 on the UK Singles Chart , becoming the band 's most successful single to date , also peaking high in several other territories , which was a first for the band . The song is prominently performed by Richards , with little vocal input from any other members of the band . The music video features the band performing the song in a recording studio with cut scenes of a girl preparing to go on a night out . The B - side , `` I 'm Ready '' , launched the career of Craig David , being the first song he had ever written to be released by himself or another artist . Track listing CD1 `` Wonderful Tonight '' -- 4 : 01 `` I 'm Ready '' ( Bromfield / Richards / Simpson / Jones / Harriott / Craig David , produced by Mark Lewis ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( Ethnic Boyz Mix ) CD2 `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( Acoustic Mix ) `` Just My Imagination '' ( Whitfield / Strong , produced by Howard Francis ) `` Love II Love '' ( Acoustic Mix ) Cassette `` Wonderful Tonight '' -- 4 : 01 `` I 'm Ready '' Chart performance Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 39 Ireland ( IRMA ) 15 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 26 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 34 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) David Kersh version ( edit ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' Single by David Kersh from the album If I Never Stop Loving You Released 14 March 1998 Genre Country Label Curb Songwriter ( s ) Eric Clapton Producer ( s ) Pat McMakin David Kersh singles chronology `` If I Never Stop Loving You '' ( 1997 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( 1998 ) `` Something to Think About '' ( 1998 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' was covered by country singer David Kersh in 1998 . His version went to # 29 on the Hot Country Songs chart . Chart performance Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 45 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 29 Butch Baker version ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song was covered by country music singer Butch Baker , whose rendition reached # 66 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in 1989 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chris Smith ( 2006 ) . Greenwood Press , ed . The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History : From arenas to the underground , 1974 -- 1980 . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33611 - 9 . `` the hard - rock pioneer and guitar god also become a soft - rock star in the mid-1970s . He celebrated his sobriety with ( ... ) the Top 5 hit `` Lay Down Sally '' and hit No. 16 with the ballad `` Wonderful Tonight , '' both off his 1977 Slowhand album '' Jump up ^ Pattie Boyd ( 11 August 2007 ) . `` I 'd pray Eric would pass out and not touch me ' - Part 2 of Pattie Boyd 's sensational autobiography '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 8 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eric Clapton -- Wonderful Tonight '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Radio2 Top 30 Artiest : Eric Clapton '' . VRT ( in Dutch ) . Top30-2.radio2.be . Archived from the original on 27 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1050 CHUM -- CHUM Charts '' . Archived from the original on 22 February 2006 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . CHUM . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 29 , No. 18 , July 29 , 1978 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Gustave , Heidé . Le Singles Argent de la SNEP ( 1978 ) ( in French ) ( 43 ed . ) . Paris : Decovert . ' Wonderful Tonight ' spent 17 weeks on the national french singles chart and peaked at number three . It was requested to be certified silver . The certification was awarded on the last week , ' Wonderful Tonight ' charted in France . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Wonderful Tonight '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Oricon International Singles . `` Eric Clapton '' -- Wonderful Tonight . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Eric Clapton - Wonderful Tonight '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eric Clapton -- Wonderful Tonight '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Eric Clapton -- Wonderful Tonight '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Slowhand -- Eric Clapton -- Awards -- AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 30 , No. 14 , December 30 , 1978 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1988 '' . Ultratop Charts . ultratop.be -- Stefan Hung -- Hung Medien . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1988 '' . MegaCharts.nl . dutchcharts.nl -- Stefan Hung -- Hung Medien . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Keil , Astrid ( 2014 ) . Die Musikindustrie ( Limitierte Auflage ) . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Miyahara , Ayano ( 2003 ) . 12 月 23 日 から エリック クラプトン の 最高 の バラード ! . Yomiuri Shimbun . Jump up ^ Macao Music Sales ( 2001 - 2009 ) . Record Sales . 2015 - 02 - 08 ( Former link : recordsales.2xik.com/The-first-blog-b1/Macao-Music-Sales-2001-2009-b1-p1.htm ) . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eric Clapton -- Wonderful Tonight '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Type Wonderful Tonight in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Eric Clapton -- Wonderful Tonight '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Damage -- Wonderful Tonight '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Damage '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Damage -- Wonderful Tonight '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Damage -- Wonderful Tonight '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 7891 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . 24 August 1998 . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Kersh Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . External links ( edit ) Allmusic review Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Eric Clapton Discography Singles discography Videography Studio albums Eric Clapton 461 Ocean Boulevard There 's One in Every Crowd No Reason to Cry Slowhand Backless Another Ticket Money and Cigarettes Behind the Sun August Journeyman From the Cradle Pilgrim Reptile Me and Mr. Johnson / Sessions for Robert J Back Home Clapton Old Sock I Still Do Happy Xmas Live albums Eric Clapton 's Rainbow Concert E.C. Was Here Just One Night Time Pieces Vol. II Live in the Seventies 24 Nights Unplugged Crossroads 2 : Live in the Seventies One More Car , One More Rider Live in San Diego Compilations The History of Eric Clapton Eric Clapton at His Best Clapton Steppin ' Out Timepieces : The Best of Eric Clapton Backtrackin ' The Cream of Eric Clapton Crossroads Story The Cream of Clapton Blues Clapton Chronicles : The Best of Eric Clapton Complete Clapton Forever Man Singles `` After Midnight '' / `` Easy Now '' `` Blues Power '' / `` Bottle of Red Wine '' `` Let It Rain '' `` I Shot the Sheriff '' / `` Give Me Strength '' `` Willie and the Hand Jive '' `` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` Hello Old Friend '' `` Carnival '' `` Lay Down Sally '' / `` Cocaine '' `` Wonderful Tonight '' `` Tulsa Time '' `` Promises '' / `` Watch Out for Lucy '' `` Early in the Morning ( Live ) '' `` I Ca n't Stand It '' `` I 've Got a Rock ' n ' Roll Heart '' `` Crosscut Saw '' `` Forever Man '' `` It 's in the Way That You Use It '' `` Behind the Mask '' `` Tearing Us Apart '' `` Pretending '' / `` Before You Accuse Me '' `` Hound Dog '' `` Bad Love '' `` Tears in Heaven '' / `` White Room ( Live ) '' `` Layla ( Acoustic ) '' `` Down & Out '' `` Motherless Child '' / `` Driftin ' '' `` Change the World '' `` Born in Time '' `` Circus '' `` My Father 's Eyes '' `` Pilgrim '' `` Blue Eyes Blue '' `` ( I ) Get Lost '' `` Come Rain or Come Shine '' / `` Ten Long Years '' `` 3 O'Clock Blues '' `` Key to the Highway '' `` Worried Life Blues '' `` I Ai n't Gonna Stand for It '' `` Every Little Thing '' / `` No Sympathy '' Soundtracks Edge of Darkness Homeboy Rush Concert films Live 1986 The Cream of Eric Clapton Live in Hyde Park In Concert : A Benefit for the Crossroads Centre at Antigua Sessions for Robert J Crossroads Guitar Festival 2004 Live at Montreux 1986 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2007 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2010 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2013 Planes , Trains and Eric Slowhand at 70 -- Live at the Royal Albert Hall Collaborations Riding with the King The Road to Escondido Live from Madison Square Garden Play the Blues : Live from Jazz at Lincoln Center Crossroads Guitar Festival 2013 The Breeze : An Appreciation of JJ Cale Tours Journeyman World Tour 1992 Eric Clapton World Tour 2019 Eric Clapton World Tour Bands The Yardbirds John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers Cream Blind Faith Derek and the Dominoes Related Blackie Brownie The Fool Signature Stratocaster Crossroads Centre Crossroads Guitar Festival Pattie Boyd Ferrari SP12 EC Va Bene Wonderful Today Damage Rashaan J Bromfield Noel Simpson Andrez Harriott Jade Jones Studio albums Forever ( 1997 ) Since You 've Been Gone ( 2001 ) Singles `` Anything '' `` Love II Love '' `` Forever '' `` Love Guaranteed '' `` Wonderful Tonight '' `` Love Lady '' `` Ghetto Romance '' `` Rumours '' `` After the Love Has Gone '' David Kersh Studio albums Goodnight Sweetheart If I Never Stop Loving You Notable singles `` Goodnight Sweetheart '' `` Another You '' `` Day In , Day Out '' `` If I Never Stop Loving You '' `` Wonderful Tonight '' Related articles Curb Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonderful_Tonight&oldid=854680846 '' Categories : 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1997 singles 1998 singles Afroman songs Butch Baker songs Curb Records singles Damage ( British band ) songs David Kersh songs Eric Clapton songs Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles British soft rock songs Rock ballads RSO Records singles Song recordings produced by Glyn Johns Songs written by Eric Clapton 1977 songs Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Greece Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Portugal Certification Table Entry usages for Russia Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Uruguay Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Suomi Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 02 : 19 ( UTC ) . 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who is eric clapton singing about in wonderful tonight
[ "\"Wonderful Tonight\" is a ballad written by Eric Clapton. It was included on Clapton's 1977 album Slowhand. Clapton wrote the song about Pattie Boyd.[1] The female vocal harmonies on the song are provided by Marcella Detroit (then Marcy Levy) and Yvonne Elliman.\n" ]
[ "Pattie Boyd" ]
-3926532599141606210
Snow goose
Snow goose - wikipedia Snow goose Jump to : navigation , search This article is about species of goose . For the novella by Paul Gallico , see The Snow Goose . For the Camel album , see Music Inspired by The Snow Goose ( album ) . Snow goose A. c. caerulescens white morph Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Anseriformes Family : Anatidae Genus : Anser Species : A. caerulescens Binomial name Anser caerulescens ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Subspecies A. c. caerulescens ( Lesser snow goose ) ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) A. c. atlanticus ( Greater snow goose ) ( Kennard , 1927 ) Snow goose range : Breeding range Wintering range Synonyms Chen caerulescens The snow goose ( Anser caerulescens ) , consisting of both a white phase and blue phase ( blue goose ) , is a North American species of goose commonly collectively referred to as `` light geese '' . Its name derives from the typically white plumage . Many taxonomic authorities placed this species and the other `` white geese '' in the genus Chen . Most authorities now follow the traditional treatment of placing these species in the `` gray goose '' genus Anser . The scientific name is from the Latin anser , `` goose '' , and caerulescens , `` bluish '' , derived from caeruleus , `` dark blue '' . This goose breeds north of the timberline in Greenland , Canada , Alaska , and the northeastern tip of Siberia , and spends winters in warm parts of North America from southwestern British Columbia through parts of the United States to Mexico . They fly as far south as Texas and Mexico during winter , and return to nest on the Arctic tundra each spring . It is a rare vagrant to Europe , but a frequent escape from collections and an occasional feral breeder . Snow geese are visitors to the British Isles where they are seen regularly among flocks of barnacle , Brent and Greenland white - fronted geese . There is also a feral population in Scotland from which many vagrant birds in Britain seem to derive . In Central America , vagrants are frequently encountered during winter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Breeding 3 Migration 4 Ecology 5 Population 6 Conservation Order for Light Geese 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Description ( edit ) A. c. caerulescens blue morph A. c. atlanticus , spring migration , blue morphs in foreground , Alexandria , Ontario The snow goose has two color plumage morphs , white ( snow ) or gray / blue ( blue ) , thus the common description as `` snows '' and `` blues '' . White - morph birds are white except for black wing tips , but blue - morph geese have bluish - grey plumage replacing the white except on the head , neck and tail tip . The immature blue phase is drab or slate - gray with little to no white on the head , neck , or belly . Both snow and blue phases have rose - red feet and legs , and pink bills with black tomia ( `` cutting edges '' ) , giving them a black `` grin patch '' . The colors are not as bright on the feet , legs , and bill of immature birds . The head can be stained rusty - brown from minerals in the soil where they feed . They are very vocal and can often be heard from more than a mile away . White - and blue - morph birds interbreed and the offspring may be of either morph . These two colors of geese were once thought to be separate species ; since they interbreed and are found together throughout their ranges , they are now considered two color phases of the same species . The color phases are genetically controlled . The dark phase results from a single dominant gene and the white phase is homozygous recessive . When choosing a mate , young birds will most often select a mate that resembles their parents ' coloring . If the birds were hatched into a mixed pair , they will mate with either color phase . The species is divided into two subspecies on the basis of size and geography . Size overlap has caused some to question the division . The smaller subspecies , the lesser snow goose ( C. c. caerulescens ) , lives from central northern Canada to the Bering Straits area . The lesser snow goose stands 64 to 79 cm ( 25 to 31 in ) tall and weighs 2.05 to 2.7 kg ( 4.5 to 6.0 lb ) . The larger subspecies , the greater snow goose ( C. c. atlanticus ) , nests in northeastern Canada . It averages about 3.2 kg ( 7.1 lb ) and 79 cm ( 31 in ) , but can weigh up to 4.5 kg ( 9.9 lb ) . The wingspan for both subspecies ranges from 135 to 165 cm ( 53 to 65 in ) . Blue - morph birds are rare among the greater snow geese and among eastern populations of the lesser . Breeding ( edit ) Play media Greater snow geese in flight Snow geese ( Anser caerulescens ) Long - term pair bonds are usually formed in the second year , although breeding does not usually start until the third year . Females are strongly philopatric , meaning they will return to the place they hatched to breed . Snow geese often nest in colonies . Nesting usually begins at the end of May or during the first few days of June , depending on snow conditions . The female selects a nest site and builds the nest on an area of high ground . The nest is a shallow depression lined with plant material and may be reused from year to year . After the female lays the first of three to five eggs , she lines the nest with down . The female incubates for 22 to 25 days , and the young leave the nest within a few hours of hatching . The young feed themselves , but are protected by both parents . After 42 to 50 days they can fly , but they remain with their family until they are two to three years old . Where snow geese and Ross 's geese breed together , as at La Pérouse , they hybridize at times , and hybrids are fertile . Rare hybrids with the greater white - fronted goose , Canada goose , and cackling goose have been observed . Migration ( edit ) Snow geese in a corn field on Fir Island , Washington in the Skagit River delta Snow geese breed from late May to mid-August , but they leave their nesting areas and spend more than half the year on their migration to - and - from warmer wintering areas . During spring migration ( the reverse migration ) , large flocks of snow geese fly very high and migrate in large numbers along narrow corridors , more than 3,000 mi ( 4,800 km ) from traditional wintering areas to the tundra . The lesser snow goose travels through the Central Flyway , Mississippi Flyway , and Pacific Flyway across prairie and rich farmland to their wintering grounds on grassland and agricultural fields across the United States and Mexico , especially the Gulf coastal plain . The larger and less numerous greater snow goose travels through the Atlantic Flyway and winters on a relatively more restricted range on the Atlantic coastal plain . Traditionally , lesser snow geese wintered in coastal marsh areas where they used their short but strong bills to dig up the roots of marsh grasses for food . However , they have also since shifted inland towards agricultural areas , likely the cause behind the unsustainable population increase in the 20th century . This shift may help to contribute to increased goose survival rates , leading to overgrazing on tundra breeding grounds . In March 2015 , 2,000 snow geese were killed in northern Idaho from an avian cholera epidemic while flying their spring migration to northern Canada . Ecology ( edit ) Wintering snow geese on Fir Island , Washington Outside of the nesting season , they usually feed in flocks . In winter , snow geese feed on left - over grain in fields . They migrate in large flocks , often visiting traditional stopover habitats in spectacular numbers . Snow geese frequently travel and feed alongside greater white - fronted geese ; in contrast , the two tend to avoid travelling and feeding alongside Canada geese , which are often heavier birds . The population of greater snow geese was in decline at the beginning of the 20th century , but has now recovered to sustainable levels . Snow geese in North America have increased to the point where the tundra breeding areas in the Arctic and the saltmarsh wintering grounds are both becoming severely degraded , and this affects other species using the same habitat . Major nest predators include Arctic foxes and skuas . The biggest threat occurs during the first couple of weeks after the eggs are laid and then after hatching . The eggs and young chicks are vulnerable to these predators , but adults are generally safe . They have been seen nesting near snowy owl nests , which is likely a solution to predation . Their nesting success was much lower when snowy owls were absent , leading scientists to believe that the owls , since they are predatory , were capable of keeping competing predators away from the nests . A similar association as with the owls has been noted between geese and rough - legged hawks . Additional predators at the nest have reportedly included wolves , coyotes and all three North American bear species . Few predators regularly prey on snow geese outside of the nesting season , but bald eagles ( as well as possibly golden eagles ) will readily attack wintering geese . Population ( edit ) The breeding population of the lesser snow goose exceeds 5 million birds , an increase of more than 300 % since the mid-1970s . The population is increasing at a rate of more than five percent per year . Non-breeding geese ( juveniles or adults that fail to nest successfully ) are not included in this estimate , so the total number of geese is likely higher . Lesser snow goose population indices are the highest they have been since population records have been kept , and evidence suggests that large breeding populations are spreading to previously untouched sections of the Hudson Bay coastline . The cause of this overpopulation may be the heavy conversion of land from forest and prairie to agricultural usage in the 20th century . Since the late 1990s , efforts have been underway in the U.S. and Canada to reduce the North American population of lesser snow and Ross 's geese to sustainable levels due to the documented destruction of tundra habitat in Hudson Bay and other nesting areas . The Light Goose Conservation Order was established in 1997 and federally mandated in 1999 . Increasing hunter bag limits , extending the length of hunting seasons , and adding new hunting methods have all been successfully implemented , but have not reduced the overall population of Snow Geese in North America . Conservation Order for Light geese ( edit ) The late 90 's was when the mid-continent population of snow geese was recognized as causing significant damage to the arctic and sub-arctic breeding grounds which was also causing critical damage to other varieties of waterfowl species and other wildlife that uses the arctic and sub-arctic grounds for home habitat . The increase in population in substantial amounts raised concern to then DU chief biologist Dr. Bruce Batt who was part of a committee that put together various data and submitted it to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Candian Wildlife Service with the recommendation on ways to combat the growing population and the damage that the snow geese were creating in the arctic breeding grounds . It was recommended by the committee to relax hunting restrictions and give hunters a better opportunity to harvest more snow geese on their way back to the breeding grounds in the spring . The suggested restrictions we 're to allow the use of electronic callers , unplugged shotguns , extended shooting hours , and no bag limits . Two years after the Light Goose Conservation Order was introduced it was federally mandated in 1999 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BirdLife International ( 2016 ) . `` Anser caerulescens '' . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . IUCN. 2016 : e. T22679896A85973888 . doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 - 3. RLTS. T22679896A85973888. en . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chen caerulescens '' . ITIS . Jump up ^ Ogilvie , Malcolm A. ; Young , Steve ( 2002 ) . Wildfowl of the World . London : New Holland Publishers . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84330 - 328 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kear , Janet ( 2005 ) . Ducks , Geese and Swans. 1 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 297 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 861008 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jobling , James A ( 2010 ) . The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . London : Christopher Helm . pp. 48 , 83 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4081 - 2501 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Mowbray , Thomas B. ; Fred , Cooke ; Barbara , Ganter ( 2000 ) . `` Snow Goose ( Chen caerulescens ) '' . In Poole , A . The Birds of North America Online . Ithaca : Cornell Lab of Ornithology . Retrieved 10 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Herrera , Néstor ; Rivera , Roberto ; Ibarra Portillo , Ricardo ; Rodríguez , Wilfredo ( 2006 ) . `` Nuevos registros para la avifauna de El Salvador '' ( New records for the avifauna of El Salvador ) ( PDF ) . Boletín de la Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología ( in Spanish and English ) . 16 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 19 . Jump up ^ `` Light Goose Dilemma '' . www.ducks.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/18/us/idaho-snow-geese-deaths/index.html Jump up ^ `` Snow geese degrade tundra '' . The New York Times . 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tremblay , J. - P. ; Gauthier , G. ; Lepage , D. ; Desrochers , A. `` Factors Affecting Nesting Success in Greater Snow Geese : Effects of Habitat and Association with Snowy Owls '' . Wilson Bulletin . 109 ( 3 ) : 449 -- 461 . JSTOR 4163840 . Jump up ^ Coakley , Amber ( 3 March 2009 ) . `` Duck Duck Goose -- Snow Goose '' . Birders Lounge . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Stephen R. ; Noel , Lynn E. ( 2005 ) . `` Temperature and Predation Effects on Abundance and Distribution of Lesser Snow Geese in the Sagavanirktok River Delta , Alaska '' . Waterbirds. 28 ( 3 ) : 292 . doi : 10.1675 / 1524 - 4695 ( 2005 ) 028 ( 0292 : TAPEOA ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1524 - 4695 . JSTOR 4132542 . Jump up ^ `` Too Many Snow Geese Central Flyways '' . central.flyways.us . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Light Goose Dilemma '' . www.ducks.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . Further reading ( edit ) Johnson , Mike ( 16 July 1997 ) . `` The snow goose population problem '' . Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chen caerulescens . Wikispecies has information related to Chen caerulescens Conservation Order for Light Geese - Cornell Law School Snow Goose Species Account -- Cornell Lab of Ornithology The Nature Conservancy 's Species profile : Snow Goose Learn more about the conservation of these geese Snow Goose - Chen caerulescens -- USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter `` Snow Goose '' . Avibase . Song of the North Wind : A Story of the Snow Goose by Paul A. Johnsgard ( 1974 , rev. 2009 ) `` Snow goose media '' . Internet Bird Collection . Snow goose photo gallery at VIREO ( Drexel University ) Game animals and shooting in North America Game birds Bobwhite quail Chukar Hungarian partridge Prairie chicken Mourning dove Ring - necked pheasant Ptarmigan Ruffed grouse Sharp - tailed grouse Snipe ( common snipe ) Spruce grouse Turkey Woodcock Waterfowl Black duck Canada goose Canvasback Gadwall Greater scaup Lesser scaup Mallard Northern pintail Redhead Ross 's goose Snow goose Wood duck Big game Bighorn sheep Black bear Razorback Brown bear Bison ( buffalo ) Caribou Cougar ( mountain lion ) Elk Moose White - tailed deer Gray wolf Mountain goat Mule deer Pronghorn Muskox Dall sheep Polar bear Other quarry American alligator Bobcat Coyote Fox squirrel Gray fox Gray squirrel Opossum Rabbit Red fox Snowshoe hare See also Bear hunting Big game hunting Bison hunting Deer hunting Waterfowl hunting Whaling Fishing Wolf hunting Upland hunting Taxon identifiers Wd : Q27074540 Avibase : D3A260BCA65503C6 BioLib : 8436 eBird : snogoo GBIF : 2498167 IRMNG : 10195594 ITIS : 175029 IUCN : 22679896 WoRMS : 1034711 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snow_goose&oldid=838415136 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Anser ( bird ) Geese Arctic birds Arctic land animals Native birds of Alaska Birds of Canada North American migratory birds Birds described in 1758 Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Адыгэбзэ Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית Kalaallisut Қазақша Кырык мары Latviešu Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Magyar Nederlands Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Саха тыла Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Zeêuws 中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 21 : 25 . 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where do snow geese go for the winter
[ "This goose breeds north of the timberline in Greenland, Canada, Alaska, and the northeastern tip of Siberia, and spends winters in warm parts of North America from southwestern British Columbia through parts of the United States to Mexico. They fly as far south as Texas and Mexico during winter, and return to nest on the Arctic tundra each spring.[6] It is a rare vagrant to Europe, but a frequent escape from collections and an occasional feral breeder. Snow geese are visitors to the British Isles where they are seen regularly among flocks of barnacle, Brent and Greenland white-fronted geese. There is also a feral population in Scotland from which many vagrant birds in Britain seem to derive." ]
[ "in warm parts of North America from southwestern British Columbia through parts of the United States to Mexico" ]
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Wonder Woman (2017 film)
Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Wonder Woman Theatrical release poster Directed by Patty Jenkins Produced by Charles Roven Deborah Snyder Zack Snyder Richard Suckle Screenplay by Allan Heinberg Story by Zack Snyder Allan Heinberg Jason Fuchs Based on Wonder Woman by William Moulton Marston Starring Gal Gadot Chris Pine Robin Wright Danny Huston David Thewlis Connie Nielsen Elena Anaya Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Cinematography Matthew Jensen Edited by Martin Walsh Production company RatPac - Dune Entertainment DC Films Tencent Pictures Wanda Pictures Atlas Entertainment Cruel and Unusual Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) ( Shanghai ) June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) ( United States ) Running time 141 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $149 million Box office $821.9 million Wonder Woman is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name , distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is the fourth installment in the DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) . The film is directed by Patty Jenkins , with a screenplay by Allan Heinberg , from a story by Heinberg , Zack Snyder , and Jason Fuchs , and stars Gal Gadot , Chris Pine , Robin Wright , Danny Huston , David Thewlis , Connie Nielsen , and Elena Anaya . Wonder Woman is the second live action theatrical film featuring the titular character , following her debut in 2016 's Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . Jenkins 's role as director makes her the first female director of a live - action , theatrically released comic book superhero film . The film tells the story of Princess Diana , who grows up on the Amazon island of Themyscira . After American pilot Steve Trevor crashes offshore of the island and is rescued by her , he tells the Amazons about the ongoing World War . Diana then leaves her home in order to end the conflict . While development for the film began in 1996 , Jenkins signed on to direct in 2015 . Principal photography began on November 21 , 2015 , with filming taking place in the United Kingdom , France , and Italy before wrapping up on May 9 , 2016 , the 123rd anniversary of the birth of the creator , William Moulton Marston . Additional filming took place in November 2016 . Wonder Woman premiered in Shanghai on May 15 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on June 2 , 2017 , in 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D . It received largely positive reviews from critics , with praise for its performances ( particularly those of Gadot and Pine ) , direction , action sequences , and musical score . The film set numerous box office records ; it is the fifth - highest - grossing superhero film domestically and 20th - highest - grossing film in the United States . It grossed over $821 million worldwide , making it the ninth highest - grossing film of 2017 . It also helped the DCEU to push past $3 billion at the worldwide box office , making it the fourteenth - highest - grossing film franchise of all time . As of October 2017 , Rotten Tomatoes has listed the movie as # 1 on its list of the `` 50 Best Superhero Movies of All Time '' , and the American Film Institute selected it as one of the top 10 Movies of the Year . The film received three nominations at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards . A sequel is set to be released on November 1 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Background 3.2 Development 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 5.3 Controversies 5.3. 1 Bans 5.3. 2 Women - only screenings 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 International 6.2 Critical response 7 Feminist debate 8 Accolades 9 Sequel 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Diana Prince , in modern Paris , receives a photographic plate of herself and four men taken during World War I , prompting her to recall her past . Daughter of Queen Hippolyta , Diana was raised on the hidden island of Themyscira , home to the Amazonian warrior women created by Zeus to protect mankind . Hippolyta shares the Amazonian history with Diana , including how Ares , Zeus 's son , became jealous of humanity and orchestrated its destruction . When the other gods attempted to stop him , Ares killed all but Zeus , who used the last of his power to wound Ares and force his retreat ( thus dying in the process ) . Zeus left the Amazons the island and a weapon , the `` Godkiller '' , to prepare them for Ares ' return . Initially forbidding Diana to train as a warrior , Hippolyta allows her sister Antiope to train Diana , only more rigorously than any other warrior . In 1918 , Diana , now a young woman , rescues American pilot Captain Steve Trevor when his plane crashes off the Themysciran coast . The island is soon invaded by a German ship pursuing Trevor . The Amazons kill the crew , but Antiope sacrifices herself to save Diana ( by taking the bullet fired from a German marine that was meant to target Diana ) . Steve is interrogated with the Lasso of Hestia , and reveals that a war is consuming the outside world , and that he is an Allied spy . He has stolen a notebook of the chief chemist Isabel Maru , who is attempting to engineer a deadlier form of mustard gas , under the orders of General Erich Ludendorff from a weapon facility in the Ottoman Empire . Believing Ares to be responsible for the war , Diana arms herself with the `` Godkiller '' sword , the lasso , and her armor before leaving Themyscira with Steve to locate and destroy Ares for good . In London , they deliver Maru 's notebook to the Supreme War Council , where Sir Patrick Morgan is trying to negotiate an armistice with Germany . Diana translates Maru 's notes and reveals that the Germans plan to release the deadly gas at the Western Front . Although forbidden by his commander to act , Steve , with secret funding from Sir Patrick , recruits spy Sameer , marksman Charlie , and smuggler Chief to help prevent the gas from being released . The team reaches the front in Belgium . Diana goes alone through No Man 's Land and captures the enemy trench , allowing the Allied forces to help her liberate the village of Veld . The team briefly celebrates , while Diana and Steve grow closer romantically . The team learns a gala will be held at the nearby German High Command . Steve and Diana separately infiltrate the party , with Steve intending to locate the gas and destroy it , while Diana intends to kill Ludendorff , believing that he is Ares and thus killing him will end the war . Steve stops her to avoid jeopardizing his mission , but this allows Ludendorff to unleash the gas on Veld , killing its inhabitants . Blaming Steve for intervening , Diana pursues Ludendorff to a base where the gas is being loaded into a bomber aircraft bound for London . Diana fights and kills Ludendorff , but is confused and disillusioned when his death does not stop the war . Sir Patrick appears and reveals himself as Ares . He tells Diana that although he has subtly given humans ideas and inspirations , using Ludendorff and Maru as pawns in the process , it is ultimately their decision to resort to violence as they are inherently corrupt . When Diana attempts to kill Ares with the `` Godkiller '' sword , he destroys it , then reveals Diana to be the `` Godkiller '' , as the daughter of Zeus and Hippolyta . He fails to persuade Diana to help him destroy mankind to restore paradise on Earth . While the two battle , Steve 's team destroys Maru 's laboratory . Steve hijacks and pilots the bomber carrying the gas to a safe altitude and detonates it , sacrificing himself in the process . Ares attempts to direct Diana 's rage and grief at Steve 's death by convincing her to kill Maru , but the memories of her experiences with Steve cause her to realize that humans have good within them . She spares Maru and redirects Ares ' lightning into him , killing him . Later , the team celebrates the end of the war . In the present day , Diana sends an email to Bruce Wayne thanking him for the photographic plate of her and Steve and reaffirms her new mission to fight and give on the world 's behalf . Cast ( edit ) Gal Gadot as Diana / Wonder Woman : An immortal Amazon warrior goddess , and the daughter of Queen Hippolyta and Zeus given to the Amazons to raise , and half - sister of Ares . Describing Wonder Woman and her appeal , Gadot said , `` She 's relatable . She has the heart of a human and is very compassionate , but her experiences -- or lack of them , her naivete , really -- make her interested in everything around her and able to view the world in a way that we 'd all like to : with a genuine curiosity . '' On Diana 's relationship with her mother , Gadot said , `` Diana is a very opinionated girl . Her mother is very opinionated . Her mother is very protective as well , and they have , you know , the very natural clash that a mother has with her daughter , with their daughters , the first time they want to leave home . '' On taking on the role as Wonder Woman , Gadot stated , `` I feel very privileged that I got the opportunity to portray such an iconic , strong female character . I adore this character and everything that she stands for and everything that she symbolizes . '' On Diana going to the world , Gadot stated , `` When Diana comes to the real world she 's completely oblivious about gender and society rules , that women are not equal to men . '' Describing Diana 's relationship with her mother and aunts , Jenkins said , `` She is the only child they raised together . And their love for her manifests in a different way for each of them . '' On working with Gadot , Jenkins said , `` Gal quickly became the person I wanted to talk to about everything . We 'd shoot together all day . And then on weekends , we 'd be like , ' What do you want to do ? ' That 's maybe not totally normal . '' Lilly Aspell was cast as the 8 - year - old Diana and Emily Carey was cast as the 12 - year - old Diana . Chris Pine as Steve Trevor : An American pilot and the love interest of Diana . On his role for the film , Pine said , `` I am an American pilot who 's a spy . It 's like a boy 's dream : You 're either a spy or a fighter pilot . The first thing I wanted to be was a fighter pilot a long time ago . I wanted to be Goose ( from Top Gun ) '' . As to how his mortal character would interact with an Amazon , Pine stated , `` When I first read the script , it had elements of Romancing the Stone , kind of a very classic fish out of water . Two people that do n't really bond well at first and they 're butting heads and just fun , witty banter '' . When speaking about meeting the director and being cast , Pine said , `` Patty is a pretty incredible human being . When we first met about the part of Steve , she sat across from me and essentially acted out the entire film over the course of a two - hour lunch . She was so specific , so articulate , and so ardent . I would 've said yes just for Patty alone . '' Pine went through a workout regime for the film , commenting , `` I got in incredible shape for this film '' but also joking `` I was also wearing about 75 pounds of clothing . What I realized is that I made a major mistake , I got in great shape and they just put clothes over all my hard work . '' Robin Wright as Antiope : The sister of Hippolyta , General of the Amazonian army , Diana 's aunt and mentor . On being cast for the film , Wright said , `` It 's two-fold because when Patty Jenkins called me , the director , it was a three - minute long conversation . She said , ' I 'm doing a movie about Wonder Woman . Do you want to be her trainer ? ' And I was like , ' Yes . Of course . ' And the general of the Amazonian army . That was pretty cool . '' Describing her character mentoring and training Diana to be a warrior , Wright said , `` It 's a sixth sense that it is coming and I think that 's also in the mythological story behind Antiope and Queen Hippolyta . They know it 's coming and it 's her duty as the aunt to her young niece to make sure she is the fiercest warrior of all time . '' On the Amazons fighting style , Wright said , `` It 's hand combat . Yes , swords and knives and arrows , but the precision that they have , right , as these warrior women ; it 's so nice to see that disparity between what we had in the day of just raw fighting materials and the guns and how easy that is in comparison . '' The message of the film , Wright stated , `` is not just female empowerment . It 's about love and justice . That 's what the film 's about . And what a great message to spread to our little ones . '' Commenting about training for the film , Wright said , `` The most empowering was to get into that physical shape . So we were doing horseback riding training , weight training , martial arts , and 2,000 to 3,000 calories a day '' . Danny Huston as General Erich Ludendorff : An iron - fisted general of the German Army during World War I. Huston described Ludendorff as a `` pragmatist , realist , patriotic , fighting for his country '' , further explaining , `` he lost his son on the German front lines and was just quite tortured , diabolical , stubborn and believes that what he 's doing is for the betterment of mankind . '' On his character , Huston said , `` Ludendorff is a believer that war is a natural habitat for humans . '' Huston stated the film as an anti-war film and `` somebody like Ludendorff would probably think that the idea that love conquers all is quite a naive concept . But finally it 's true and sometimes the best way to examine mankind is from another perspective . '' On the genre of the film , Huston said , `` It 's Greek mythology . It 's the origin of story and sometimes we need demigods to look at us to understand what our weaknesses are . It serves the mythological world . '' David Thewlis as Sir Patrick Morgan / Ares : The Greek God of War , Zeus 's treacherous son and half - brother of Diana , based on the Greek mythological god of War , who masquerades as Sir Patrick Morgan , a speaker for peace on the Imperial War Cabinet as part of his deceptive master plan of conquest and destruction . Describing the Sir Patrick persona of his character , Thewlis said , `` Sir Patrick 's entire drive through the other half of the story is to bring about the armistice . That 's his whole intention no matter what 's going on . He meets Diana and see in her somebody who is sympathetic to his cause , quite vehemently so . '' Connie Nielsen as Hippolyta : The Amazon Queen of Themyscira and Diana 's mother . On meeting the director for the role , Nielsen said , `` Patty and I met in London , and we just hit it off from the get - go . We could n't stop talking . What was supposed to be a one - hour meeting turned into a two - and - a-half - hour lunch and we just really got each other . '' She described Jenkins ' directing style for the film as `` She 's also the kind of director that I really flourish under . She has very strong and particular and specific ideas about what it is she wants to say . She comes from a place of strength always . And so , when you are dealing with someone like that , you feel absolutely free to be vulnerable , to be creative , and I am a big researcher . '' On playing the character , Nielsen said , `` It was a complete and utter pleasure and I absolutely loved every second of playing her . '' On her character being Diana 's mother and Amazonian queen , Nielsen stated , `` I 'm queen and I 'm preparing my child for a world that entails a lot of responsibility . So it was important to me to bring that into the character . '' She read The Amazons by Adrienne Mayor to familiarize herself with women warriors and said `` I used what I learned in Mayor 's book as a rallying cry for how I approached Hippolyta . And then , of course , what is a leader who is elected by her peers every year and has been doing this for a thousand years ? That too was interesting to think about '' . Nielsen went through a workout regime for the film , saying `` I did six hours a day . You know , two hours of weight training , two hours of swords training , and then two hours of horseback riding '' . Elena Anaya as Isabel Maru / Doctor Poison : The chief chemist associated with General Ludendorff who specializes in chemistry and poisons . On her role , Anaya said , `` Well , it was a small role in this big ensemble , but it is an important character in the story . I 'm going to be a big nightmare '' for Wonder Woman and Steve Trevor . Describing her character , Anaya said , `` Dr. Maru loves rage and enjoys people 's pain . She 's creating terrible weapons , and her purpose in life is to kill as many people as possible , and provoke as much pain as possible '' . She researched World War I and Fritz Haber , the scientist who created mustard gas , to prepare for the role . On the character 's facial scars , Anaya stated , `` I went to Patty Jenkins and asked , ' What happened to her ? ' And she said , ' She did it on purpose . ' I was like , ' What ? Patty , you 're going further than I ever imagined . ' She said , ' She wants to provoke painful suffering , so she tested her own gas on her own face . She wanted to know how deep this form of her gas would go , so she put it on her own face . ' You can see half of her face is completely gone . This is the sadistic side of Dr. Maru '' . She also stated her character `` is quite the opposite to the lead role of this movie , one of the strongest characters ever of DC comics , Wonder Woman . I can tell you that Doctor Poison is someone with a capacity to provoke so much pain . '' On Dr. Maru 's relationship with General Ludendorff , Anaya said , `` I think that they have a relationship based on loyalty . Ludendorff is a very tormented General that lacks self - confidence . That 's why , in part , he takes these drugs that Dr. Poison gives him . They are from different worlds , but they complement each other '' . Lucy Davis as Etta Candy : Steve Trevor 's secretary who befriends Diana . Describing her character , Davis said , `` She 's a woman in a man 's world and so being heard and seen are n't the easiest things , but it kind of does n't deter her '' , adding , `` Etta is unapologetically herself and I think that that 's the thing that has drawn me to her the most '' . When asked if she was previously familiar with the character , Davis responded , `` No . I was n't . It took me a while to know that I was auditioning for Etta because even when I found out it was Wonder Woman , I still had no idea what the role was . It took a little while then I Googled the character '' . On Etta Candy 's relationship with Steve Trevor , Davis said , `` One of the great things that Etta gets to work with Steve Trevor is because Steve is not your typical man , in that he does entrust her with things that in 1918 probably would n't have been entrusted to a secretary of somebody who is quite important '' , further explaining , `` So I think that ( Trevor ) needs her just as much as she needs that because now she 's been given responsibility that she would n't have normally be given before , and equally he has somebody who could probably fly under the radar a bit . So he can trust the person who no one 's really looking at '' . Saïd Taghmaoui as Sameer : A secret agent and ally of Steve Trevor . On his casting , Taghmaoui stated , `` I was among hundreds of potential candidates , and I slowly became the favorite '' , adding , `` It was n't easy . It took me three months . ( I 'll have to go through ) extensive physical training . '' Ewen Bremner as Charlie : A sharpshooter and ally of Steve Trevor . On his role , Bremner said , `` I play a character who 's enlisted by Wonder Woman to help save the world as part of a small , unlikely band '' . Describing his character , Bremner stated `` He 's a shellshocked soldier who 's been discharged from the war and is brought back to help on a secret mission '' . On working with Jenkins , Bremner commented , `` Patty Jenkins is a force of nature . She has fantastic vision , strength and enthusiasm , which is completely infectious and motivates a cast and crew of thousands to really go beyond themselves . '' Eugene Brave Rock as Chief Napi : A Blackfoot demi - god , and a smuggler who trades with both sides of the war and knows how to get people across the front lines . On his casting , Brave Rock said , `` I had no idea it was for Wonder Woman . I lost it when I showed up and I could n't remember my lines . I did n't take it literally until a month later , I got a call saying I got the role and they wanted me to fly to London for a fitting . '' Brave Rock raised several concerns with Jenkins over the representation of the character in the film , particularly that he was not comfortable playing into stereotypes and that he was not keen on his character being simply known as `` Chief '' . Jenkins responded by giving him some extra creative control over his character which Brave Rock says was `` unprecedented '' . Lisa Loven Kongsli as Menalippe : Antiope 's lieutenant and Diana 's aunt . Describing her character , Kongsli said `` Menalippe is a fearless warrior with a strong justice needs . She lives with the other Amazons on the island Themiscyra and exercising continuous battle to assist man in the fight for the good . '' On filming , Kongsli stated , `` It 's a blast . I 've worked damn hard to make this happen , so it 's absolutely absurd and fun all at once . '' Additionally , Mayling Ng , Florence Kasumba , Madeleine Vall Beijner , Hayley Jane Warnes and Ann Wolfe portray Orana , Acantha , Egeria , Aella and Artemis , respectively , all of whom are Amazons . James Cosmo appears as Field Marshal Haig , Steffan Rhodri appears as Colonel Darnell , and Dutch model Doutzen Kroes portrays the Amazon Venelia . Samantha Jo was cast as the Amazonian Euboea , and previously played the Kryptonian , Car - Vex , in Man of Steel . Zack Snyder also makes a brief cameo appearance in the film as an unnamed soldier . Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Development for a live action Wonder Woman feature film began in 1996 , with Ivan Reitman attached as producer and possible director . In 1999 the project became attached to Jon Cohen , who adapted Wonder Woman for producer Joel Silver , with the hope that Sandra Bullock would star . By 2001 , Todd Alcott was hired to write the screenplay , with Silver Pictures backing the project . At that time , performers such as Mariah Carey and Catherine Zeta - Jones were also rumored to be possible candidates for the role of Wonder Woman . Leonard Goldberg , however , focused on Bullock who said that she was approached for the role . In addition , wrestler Chyna also expressed interest . Lucy Lawless , the star of Xena : Warrior Princess , was also under consideration , though she stated that she would have been more interested if Wonder Woman was portrayed as a `` flawed hero '' . The screenplay went through various drafts written by Alcott , Cohen , Becky Johnston , and Philip Levens , and by August 2003 , Levens had been replaced by screenwriter Laeta Kalogridis . In March 2005 , Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures announced that Joss Whedon would write and direct the film , with a reported salary was of $2 to $3 million . Since Whedon was directing Serenity at the time , and required time to research Wonder Woman 's background , he did not begin the screenplay until late 2005 . Early drafts of his screenplay included Steve Trevor as the narrator , a fierce battle between Diana and her mother over Trevor 's welfare , and after leaving Themyscira , his need to frequently rescue a Diana rendered helpless by the modern world . Whedon was not able to complete a final version of his screenplay however , and left the project in 2007 . Although Whedon stated in May 2005 that he would not cast the part of Wonder Woman until he finished the script , actors such as Kate Beckinsale were linked to the part . In 2010 however , Whedon admitted that he did have an actress in mind for the part , stating that `` Wonder Woman was basically Angelina Jolie . '' A few years later in May 2017 , Indie Ground Films leaked a version of Whedon 's script in - progress online . Some reacted negatively to it on social media in June 2017 , shortly after the release of Patty Jenkins 's version of the film . When asked about this response to his script , Jenkins said in a June 2017 interview that she has not read it and that Whedon is `` in the DC universe now , and I do n't think there 's any reason to go there ( ... ) It was what it was . I 'm lucky that I 'm the person who got to do it . But I do n't see what would be beneficial about comparing what he would 've done versus what I would have done . '' A day before Whedon 's departure from Wonder Woman , Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures purchased a spec script for the film written by Matthew Jennison and Brent Strickland . Set during World War II , the script impressed executives at Silver Pictures . However , Silver stated that he had purchased the script because he did not want the rights reverting ; while stating the script had good ideas , Silver did not want the film to be a period piece . By April 2008 , Silver hired Jennison and Strickland to write a new script set in contemporary times that would not depict Wonder Woman 's origin , but explore Paradise Island 's history . In November 2008 , Beyoncé met with representatives from DC Comics and Warner Bros. , to discuss her interest in portraying Wonder Woman . In 2010 , Warner Bros. stated that a film was in development , along with films based on DC Comics superheroes the Flash and Aquaman . Both Wonder Woman and Aquaman were still under consideration for solo film subjects as of June 2013 . DC Chief Diane Nelson said Wonder Woman `` has been , since I started , one of the top three priorities for DC and for Warner Bros . We are still trying right now , but she 's tricky . '' On October 5 , 2013 , WB chairman Kevin Tsujihara said he wanted to get Wonder Woman in a film or on TV . Shortly afterward , Paul Feig said he had pitched the studio an idea for Wonder Woman as an action - comedy film . The studio then began to search for female directors to direct the film . While Michelle MacLaren was the studio 's initial choice to direct ( and while she initially indicated interest ) , she eventually left the project due to creative differences . Development ( edit ) DC Films ' co-chairman Geoff Johns and director Patty Jenkins at the WonderCon 2017 . In 2015 , Patty Jenkins accepted an offer to direct Wonder Woman , based on a screenplay by Allan Heinberg and a story co-written by Heinberg , Zack Snyder , Geoff Johns and Jason Fuchs . Of this version , Gadot stated that , for a long time , people did n't know how to approach the story . When Patty and I had our creative conversations about the character , we realized that Diana can still be a normal woman , one with very high values , but still a woman . She can be sensitive . She is smart and independent and emotional . She can be confused . She can lose her confidence . She can have confidence . She is everything . She has a human heart . This version was conceived of as a prequel to the first live - action , theatrical appearance of Wonder Woman , in the 2016 film , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , placing Wonder Woman in the 1910s and World War I ( a decision which differs from her comic book origins as a supporter of the Allies during World War II ) . As for story development , Jenkins credits the stories by the character 's creator William Moulton Marston in the 1940s and George Perez 's seminal stories in the 1980s in which he modernized the character . In addition , it follows some aspects of DC Comics ' origin changes in The New 52 reboot , where Diana is the daughter of Zeus . Jenkins cited Richard Donner 's Superman as an inspiration . Casting ( edit ) `` I remember when I read in the news that Wonder Woman had been cast and my heart sank ( ... ) I 'm sure we would n't have made the same choice . And then I started paying attention to her , and watching her and looking at her and it was just unbelievable . Frankly , I think they did a better job than I could have because I do n't know that I would have scoured the earth as hard to find her ( ... ) They were looking for all the same things I would have looked for -- all the values that Wonder Woman stands for exuding from someone in an honest way , and boy did they find it ( ... ) She shares every quality with Wonder Woman and that 's no joke . It 's one of those rare things . You need someone who can appear to be Wonder Woman on screen ( ... ) Every once in a while , there 's superhero casting that transcends , because that person is so authentic to the character that it becomes identified with them , like Lynda Carter or Christopher Reeve . '' -- Director Patty Jenkins in response to the interview questions : `` Let 's talk a bit about Gal . You inherited her from Zack Snyder . Was it difficult to not get to choose your own Wonder Woman ? '' and `` What is it about Gal that makes her such a good fit ? '' In late 2013 , Zack Snyder cast Gal Gadot in the role of Wonder Woman for the 2016 film , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice over Élodie Yung and Olga Kurylenko . Some fans initially reacted to this choice by criticizing Gadot 's appearance . Snyder would later comment on his decision to cast Gadot , stating that he tested a `` bunch of actresses , as you can imagine . But the thing with Gal is that she 's strong , she 's beautiful , and she 's a kind person , which is interesting , but fierce at the same time . It 's that combination of being fierce but kind at the same time that we were looking for . Gadot described Diana as having `` the heart of a human so she can be emotional , she 's curious , she 's compassionate , she loves people . And then she has the powers of a goddess . She 's all for good , she fights for good . '' She also said that Diana has `` many strengths and powers , but at the end of the day she 's a woman with a lot of emotional intelligence '' . As to how her character is different from her appearance in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , Gadot said `` We go back 100 years to when she 's more naive '' , further explaining , `` She 's this young idealist . She 's pure . Very different to the experienced , super-confident , grown - up woman you 've seen '' . Gadot underwent a diet and training regimen , practiced different martial arts and gained 17 pounds of muscle for the role . Gadot was previously offered a different role ( as a villain ) in Man of Steel , which she declined because she was pregnant at the time ; this allowed her to later be cast as Wonder Woman in the film 's follow - up . Gadot signed a three - picture deal . She was only paid a base salary of $300,000 for the film itself . Chris Pine was cast as Steve Trevor , a character he described as a `` rogue - ish , cynical realist who 's seen the awful brutish nature of modern civilization '' and added that he is a `` worldly guy , a charming guy '' . He signed a multi-picture deal . Lucy Davis ' performance as Etta Candy is the first live - action cinematic portrayal of the character . As well , Elena Anaya 's performance as Doctor Poison is the cinematic debut of that character . Nicole Kidman was in negotiations for the role of Queen Hippolyta , but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts with Big Little Lies . Filming ( edit ) Production began on November 21 , 2015 , under the working title Nightingale . Among the film sets were Lower Halstow , Kent , Australia House , and the Sassi di Matera , Castel del Monte and Camerota in Southern Italy . Matthew Jensen was the director of photography , filming in the United Kingdom , France and Italy . Production in London ended on March 13 , 2016 . On March 20 , 2016 , filming was underway in Italy . In late April , filming took place at a museum in France , where a Wayne Enterprises truck was spotted alongside Gadot . Production ended on May 9 , 2016 . Patty Jenkins and director of photography Matt Jensen revealed that the film 's look was inspired by painter John Singer Sargent . Reshoots took place in November 2016 , while Gadot was five months pregnant . A green cloth was placed over her stomach to edit out her pregnancy during post-production . To find the perfect location to shoot the Amazon island of Themyscira , the birthplace of Wonder Woman herself , the film 's producers searched all over the world , finally settling on the Amalfi Coast : a stretch of coastline on the Tyrrhenian Sea , located in the Province of Salerno in Southern Italy . It was chosen because most beaches in the world that sit below big cliffs disappear beneath the tide for part of every day . Production designer Aline Bonetto and her location manager Charles Somers considered 47 countries and visited several of them before they found what they were looking for . Bonetto explained that , `` Italy had beautiful weather , a beautiful blue - green sea , not too much tide , not too much wave . Our effects team added some cliffs in post-production , and it was the perfect way to go '' . The estuary at Lower Halstow in Kent , featured in the scenes in which Princess Diana arrives in the Belgian creek to make her way to the warfront . Post-production ( edit ) Bill Westenhofer served as the visual effects supervisor for the film and Martin Walsh served as editor . Music ( edit ) Main article : Wonder Woman ( soundtrack ) On November 3 , 2016 , Rupert Gregson - Williams was hired to write and compose the film 's music . He was joined by Evan Jolly , Tom Howe , Paul Mounsey , and Andrew Kawczynski , who provided additional music . The soundtrack was released on CD , digital , and vinyl the same day as the film . Australian musician Sia sang a song for the film , titled `` To Be Human '' , featuring English musician Labrinth . Written by Florence Welch and Rick Nowels , the track is also featured on the soundtrack . Additional music featured in the film are : `` Another Little Drink Would n't Do Us Any Harm '' by Clifford Grey and Nat Ayer and performed by Edgar Trevor and Cecil Cooper ; `` Molly O'Morgan '' written by Fred Godfrey and Will Letters and performed by Ella Retford ; `` It 's a Long Way to Tipperary '' written by Jack Judge and Harry Williams ; `` Sous les ponts de Paris '' written by Jean Rodor and Vincent Scotto and performed by Lucienne Delyle ; `` I 'll Walk Beside You '' written by Edward Lockton and Alan Murray and performed by Ewen Bremner ; `` Green Grow the Rushes , O '' written by Robert Burns and performed by Ewen Bremner ; and `` Schatzwalzer Op. 4 '' written by Johann Strauss II and performed by the Berlin String Quartet . Also features samples from the movie 's soundtrack `` Is She with You '' from Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice composed by Hans Zimmer and Junkie XL . Release ( edit ) Wonder Woman had its world premiere on May 15 , 2017 in Shanghai . It premiered on May 25 , 2017 in Los Angeles . The film 's London premiere , which was scheduled to take place on May 31 at the Odeon Leicester Square , was cancelled due to the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing . The film had its Latin America premiere in Mexico City on May 27 . It was released in most of the world , including in IMAX , on June 2 , 2017 , after originally being scheduled for June 23 . Belgium , Singapore and South Korea received the film first , with May 31 openings . On April 17 , it was announced that Wonder Woman would be released in China on June 2 , the same day as its North American release . Marketing ( edit ) The success of the superhero television series Supergirl informed the marketing and promotion strategy used for Wonder Woman . According to Time Warner chief marketing officer Kristen O'Hara , they wanted to approach the Wonder Woman marketing campaign in a light manner , similar to how they did with Supergirl . O'Hara elaborated that the modest campaign route they took for Supergirl aided in establishing a large central fanbase among women well in advance of the series , which reportedly generated 5 million female superhero fans in one week . They were then able to model over time , and grow that audience leading up to the 15 - months - later release of Wonder Woman . Though neither the film nor the series are aimed exclusively at women , the latter 's campaign gave them their first opportunity to begin collecting data about female superhero fans . In May 2017 , a promo for Wonder Woman was released during the season finale of Supergirl , featuring a remix of the song `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' and Supergirl ( Melissa Benoist ) wearing Wonder Woman 's boots . The promo included an appearance by Lynda Carter , star of the 1970s Wonder Woman , who plays the American president on Supergirl . The costs for television advertisements for Wonder Woman are higher in comparison to that of previous DCEU film Suicide Squad . Warner Bros. has spent over $3 million on advertisements for Wonder Woman , whereas they spent $2.6 million on advertisements for Suicide Squad . Ticket selling site Fandango reported that Wonder Woman rounded the final leg of its marketing campaign as the most anticipated blockbuster of summer 2017 , according to a poll conducted by 10,000 voters , the biggest survey in company history . Separately , Fandango also found that 92 % of people surveyed said that they are looking forward to seeing a film that features a standalone woman superhero , and 87 % wished Hollywood would make more women - led superhero films . In May 2017 , NASCAR driver Danica Patrick drove her No. 10 car with a Wonder Woman paint scheme at the Go Bowling 400 in Kansas and at the Monster Energy Open in Charlotte . Home Media ( edit ) Wonder Woman was released on Digital HD on August 29 , 2017 and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , 4K Ultra-HD Blu - ray and DVD on September 19 , 2017 . The film debuted at the top spot of both the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart and the Blu - ray Disc sales chart . Controversies ( edit ) Bans ( edit ) On May 31 , Wonder Woman was banned in Lebanon after the Campaign to Boycott Supporters of Israel asked the Lebanese government 's Ministry of Economy and Trade to block the film because its star , Gal Gadot , is Israeli . The Lebanese government did not , however , ban Gadot 's Fast & Furious films which did screen in Lebanon . On June 7 , Variety reported that a Tunisian court suspended the theatrical release of Wonder Woman after a lawsuit brought by the Al - Chaab party and the Tunisian Association of Young Lawyers to have the film blocked due to Gadot 's Israeli citizenship , military service , and public comments in support of the Israeli military during the 2014 war in Gaza . Jordan was reportedly also considering a ban of the film and suspended screenings pending a decision , but on June 11 , Al Bawaba reported that the government decided not to do so , as there was no legal precedent for it . Women - only screenings ( edit ) Some men were unhappy with women - only screenings held at the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in Austin , with some opponents of the gender - restricted screening stating on platforms such as Facebook that such screenings were discriminatory against men . An Albany Law School professor initiated a complaint with Austin 's Equal Employment and Fair Housing Office claiming discrimination against male prospective customers and employees of the theater . The chain responded with an online statement saying the event `` may have created confusion -- we want everybody to see this film '' and announced a similar event at their Brooklyn location . Tickets sold out in less than an hour , prompting the chain to schedule additional screenings . On July 18 , Alamo Drafthouse proposed settlement offers of a Wonder Woman DVD to the complainants , stating `` Respondent did not realize that advertising a ' women 's only ' screening was a violation of discrimination laws '' Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Wonder Woman grossed $412.6 million in the United States and Canada and $409.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $821.9 million , against a production budget of $149 million . Estimates for the number the film needed to surpass internationally in order to cover its production and promotional costs and break even ranged from $300 million to $460 million . North America ( edit ) In May 2017 , early tracking had Wonder Woman opening with $65 -- 75 million , and possibly as high as $105 million . The film opened Friday , June 2 , 2017 , across 4,165 theaters and made $38.7 million on its opening day , including $3.7 million in IMAX . It was the biggest single - day gross for a woman - directed film , ahead of the $35.9 million opening Friday of Catherine Hardwicke 's Twilight in 2008 and the biggest opening day for a woman - led comic book superhero film , ahead of Ghost in the Shell ( $7 million ) . This included $11 million it made from Thursday previews , also the best start for a film directed by a woman , surpassing Fifty Shades of Grey 's $8.6 million which was directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson , and the third - biggest of the year , behind Beauty and the Beast and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Of that , $1.5 million came from IMAX screenings . Earning a total of $103.3 million on its opening weekend , the film recorded a number of records : the biggest domestic opening of all time for a female director ( surpassing previous record holder Fifty Shades of Grey by Sam Taylor - Johnson ) , the biggest DC Comics release without Batman or Superman ( ahead of Constantine ) , the sixth - biggest non-sequel comic book superhero debut ever , as well as the sixth - biggest June debut weekend . Its three - day opening alone made it the highest - grossing woman - led comic book superhero film ever ( surpassing Ghost in the Shell ) . It was also the 16th superhero film to cross $100 million in its domestic box office launch . About 9 % ( $9 million ) of the opening weekend came from IMAX screenings from 343 theaters . In its second week the film grossed $58.5 million , again topping the box office . It marked a 43.3 % drop for its second weekend at the box office , better than the average 50 -- 60 % decline superhero films tend to see , and was a better second weekend than Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $51.3 million ) and Suicide Squad ( $43.5 million ) . In its third weekend it grossed $40.8 million , finishing second behind newcomer Cars 3 ( $53.5 million ) . It was the second - best third weekend ever for Warner Bros. and was nearly double what Batman v Superman ( $23.3 million ) , Suicide Squad ( $20.9 million ) and Man of Steel ( $20.7 million ) made in their third weekends . It earned $24.9 million and $15.7 million in its fourth and fifth weekends , respectively , dropping just 39 % and 36 % despite facing rough competition from opening films Transformers : The Last Knight and Despicable Me 3 . It eventually became the highest - grossing film directed by a woman , surpassing the previous records of Jennifer Yuh Nelson 's Kung Fu Panda 2 and Phyllida Lloyd 's Mamma Mia ! . By August 8 , the film had garnered $400 million in ticket sales , becoming the second female - fueled film ( after Disney 's Beauty and the Beast and behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi ) , Warner Bros . ' third - biggest movie ( after Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises ) , holding the record of the highest - earning superhero origin film -- supplanting the previous record held by Spider - Man ( 2002 ) , and also becoming the highest - earning film with a female director in terms of domestic earnings -- surpassing Frozen ( 2013 ) . International ( edit ) Internationally , the film was released day - and - date with its North American debut in 55 markets ( 72 % of its total release ) , and was projected to debut with anywhere between $92 -- 118 million . It ended up opening to $125 million , including $38 million in China , $8.5 million in Korea , $8.4 million in Mexico , $8.3 million in Brazil and $7.5 million in the UK . In its second week of release , the film brought in another $60 million , including holding the top spot on France , the UK , Australia and Brazil . As of June 25 , 2017 , the biggest markets of Wonder Woman outside North America are China ( US $90 million ) followed by Brazil ( US $34 million ) , UK ( US $28 million ) and Australia ( US $24 million ) . In the Philippines , it broke 2017 box office record for highest - earning non-holiday opening day -- earning $4.7 million and becoming the 6th-most successful commercial film of all time as well overtaking the record set by Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . The film opened in its last market , Japan , on August 25 and debuted to $3.4 million , helping the international gross cross the $400 million mark . Critical response ( edit ) The chemistry and performances of Gal Gadot and Chris Pine were particularly praised by critics . Wonder Woman received largely positive reviews from film critics , with some calling it the best film in the DC Extended Universe , and praising Jenkins 's direction , performances , chemistry of Gadot and Pine and musical score . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 92 % based on 363 reviews , with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Thrilling , earnest , and buoyed by Gal Gadot 's charismatic performance , Wonder Woman succeeds in spectacular fashion . '' It is the highest - rated superhero film on the site . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Critics commented favorably on Gadot 's performance of the titular character and Chris Pine 's Steve Trevor . Andrew Barker of Variety found the film to be more lighthearted than recent DC Comics films : `` Never prone to stewing in solitude , and taking more notes from Richard Donner than from Christopher Nolan , Patty Jenkins ' Wonder Woman provides a welcome respite from DC 's house style of grim darkness -- boisterous , earnest , sometimes sloppy , yet consistently entertaining -- with star Gal Gadot proving an inspired choice for this avatar of truth , justice , and the Amazonian way . '' Vox stated `` Trevor is the superhero girlfriend comic book movies need '' . The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle lauded the performances of Gadot , Pine , Huston , and Thewlis while commending the film 's `` different perspective '' and humor . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times described Gadot 's performance as inspirational , heroic , heartfelt and endearing and the most `` real '' Wonder Woman portrayal . A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that it `` briskly shakes off blockbuster branding imperatives and allows itself to be something relatively rare in the modern superhero cosmos . It feels less like yet another installment in an endless sequence of apocalyptic merchandising opportunities than like ... what 's the word I 'm looking for ? A movie . A pretty good one , too . '' Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune compared the film to Captain America : The First Avenger , noting that as with `` the first Captain America movie over in the Marvel Comics universe , DC 's Wonder Woman offers the pleasures of period re-creation for a popular audience . Jenkins and her design team make 1918 - era London ; war - torn Belgium ; the Ottoman Empire ; and other locales look freshly realized , with a strong point of view . There are scenes here of dispossessed war refugees , witnessed by an astonished and heartbroken Diana , that carry unusual gravity for a comic book adaptation . '' Katie Erbland of IndieWire commended its thematic depth , explaining that `` Wonder Woman is a war movie . Patty Jenkins ' first -- and we hope not last -- entry into the DC Expanded Universe is primarily set during World War I , but while the feature does n't balk at war - time violence , it 's the internal battles of its compelling heroine that are most vital . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap similarly felt that , `` Diana 's scenes of action are thrilling precisely because they 're meant to stop war , not to foment it ; the idea of a demi - god using love to fight war might sound goofy in the abstract , but Jenkins makes the concept work . '' Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post praised Gadot and Pine 's performances as well the film 's detailed plot and narrative while comparing of some slow - motion action sequences to The Matrix . Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine hailed the film as a `` cut above nearly all the superhero movies that have been trotted out over the past few summers '' while praising Gadot 's performance as `` charming '' and `` marvelous '' and commending Jenkins ' direction of the film as a step forward for women directors in directing big - budget blockbuster films in Hollywood . Elise Jost of Moviepilot observed that `` Gadot 's take on Wonder Woman is one of those unique cases of an actor merging with their story , similar to Robert Downey Jr. 's Tony Stark . Gal Gadot is Wonder Woman , and Wonder Woman is Gal Gadot . '' Jost praised Gadot 's interpretation of Wonder Woman as the one in which Gadot `` absolutely nails the character 's unwaveringly positive outlook on life . She 's a force of nature who believes in the greater good ; her conviction that she 's meant to save the world is stronger than her bullet - deflecting shield . She 's genuine , she 's fun , she 's the warm source of energy at the heart of the movie . '' The Federalist suggests that Wonder Woman is `` a story of Jesus '' . `` The movie is wrapped up in faux Greek mythology , true , but there 's no mistaking the Christology here . '' `` Perhaps Christ in the form of a beautiful and kick - ass Amazon is all that our contemporary society can handle right now '' , stated M. Hudson , a Christian feminist . On HuffPost cultural critic , G. Roger Denson , who regards the superhero genre as a source of contemporary `` Mainstream Mythopoetics '' ( `` the making of new yet vitally meaningful , if not symbolic , stories filled with imagery reflecting , yet also shaping and advancing , the political , legal , moral and social practices of today '' ) , wrote that the `` No Man 's Land '' scene `` that people are crying over in theaters and raving about afterward happens to be among the most powerfully mythopoetic scenes ever filmed at the same time it is one of the oldest myths to have been utilized by artists and writers after it had been invented by early military strategists and leaders . '' Specifically `` used by director Patty Jenkins '' , the scene raises `` the esteem for powerful yet compassionate women as heroes and leaders to a level equal with that of men for having won over a huge and adoring popular audience around the world '' . Steve Rose in The Guardian criticized the film for failing to explore the material 's potential for `` patriarchy - upending subversion '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone criticized the film 's over-reliance on exposition : `` Wonder Woman is hobbled by a slogging origin story and action that only comes in fits and starts . Just when Gadot and director Patty Jenkins ... are ready to kick ass , we get backstory . '' `` Gas was intended to win the war . On that much Wonder Woman is absolutely right . '' said David Hambling in Popular Mechanics . Rachel Becker of The Verge stated that despite the scientific liberties of using a `` hydrogen - based '' chemical weapon as a plot device , the film succeeds in evoking real and horrifying history . `` First off , mustard gas is such a horrible , terrifying weapon , it does n't need to be made more potent . But if you were a chemist bent on raining destruction on the Allied forces , you would n't do it by replacing the sulfur atom in mustard gas with a hydrogen atom . You 'd know that sulfur is the linchpin holding together this poisonous molecule . '' Feminist debate ( edit ) Wonder Woman has been the subject of a discussion regarding the appearance and representation of female power in general , and of female action heroes in particular since her initial 1941 appearance in Sensation Comics , as she was created to document `` the growth in the power of women '' , while wearing `` a golden tiara , a red bustier , blue underpants and knee - high , red leather boots . '' She was blacklisted a year later in 1942 in the `` Publications Disapproved for Youth '' because , the group behind the list argued , she was `` not sufficiently dressed '' . A few decades later , second - wave feminist Gloria Steinem 's Ms. Magazine debuted in 1972 with an image of Wonder Woman on the cover . Historian Tim Hanley suggested that this move shifted `` the focus away from female superiority to sisterhood and equality , essentially making her a mascot of the women 's movement '' . This perception shifted over the years , however , as demonstrated in December 2016 when the United Nations decided to drop the title of `` honorary ambassador for the empowerment of women and girls '' which it had given to the comic book character Wonder Woman a few months before , in a ceremony attended by the actors who had portrayed her ( Lynda Carter and Gal Gadot ) . The title was dropped in response to a petition signed by 44,000 people which argued that Wonder Woman undermines female empowerment due to her costume , described as a `` shimmery , thigh - baring bodysuit with an American flag motif and knee - high boots '' . The petition stated that `` it is alarming that the United Nations would consider using a character with an overtly sexualised image at a time when the headline news in United States and the world is the objectification of women and girls '' . Wonder Woman director Patty Jenkins responded to both the petition and to the U.N. 's decision by stating that she thinks `` that that 's sexist . I think it 's sexist to say you ca n't have both . I have to ask myself what I would apply to any other superhero '' . The debate continued with the release of Jenkins ' 2017 film , Wonder Woman , which according to the BBC had `` some thinking it 's too feminist and others thinking it 's not feminist enough '' . Kyle Killian found an inherent contradiction in the construction of Wonder Woman as `` a warrior '' whom , she states , is also highly sexualized . Killian thus suggests that these elements `` should not be the focus of a kickass heroine -- her beauty , bone structure , and sexiness -- if she is to be a feminist icon '' . Theresa Harold concurred , comparing Wonder Woman to Katniss Everdeen ( of The Hunger Games ) , who `` did n't have to wear a teenager 's wet dream of a costume to fight in '' . Christina Cauterucci also felt that Wonder Woman 's ability to be considered a `` feminist antidote '' was undermined by her `` sex appeal '' . Other critics refer to the construction of Wonder Woman in the film as `` an implausible post-feminist hero '' . Jenkins disagrees with this line of critique , however . She has stated that she was raised by a second - wave `` feminist mother '' , who taught her to be `` both super aware that there had been sexism but also : ' Congratulations -- thank you , now I get to do whatever I want , Mom ! ' '' Jenkins thus notes that it is this upbringing which has led her to question a feminist critique of Wonder Woman 's costume . When she was working on her own version of Wonder Woman 's `` Gladiator '' re-design of the outfit ( in the 2016 film Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ) Jenkins decided that Wonder Woman ( as well as the other Amazons ) `` should n't be dressed in armor like men ( ... ) It should be different ( ... ) I , as a woman , want Wonder Woman to be hot as hell , fight badass , and look great at the same time -- the same way men want Superman to have huge pecs and an impractically big body . '' Jenkins also notes that she is `` frustrated '' by the critique of Wonder Woman 's appearance , stating `` when people get super critical about her outfit , who 's the one getting crazy about what a woman wears ? That 's who she is ; that 's Wonder Woman . '' Gal Gadot concurred with Jenkins , arguing that the character `` is a feminist '' as `` feminism is about equality and choice and freedom . And the writers , Patty and myself all figured that the best way to show that is to show Diana as having no awareness of social roles . She has no gender boundaries . To her , everyone is equal . '' Critics such as Valerie Estelle Frankel support Jenkins ' vision . Frankel argues that the film subverts the male gaze , stating that the construction of Wonder Woman tends to shift every few decades as it reflects the state of feminism during different time periods , including third - wave feminism ( which reflects Jenkins ' approach ) . Zoe Williams offers a similar argument , stating that while Wonder Woman `` is sort of naked a lot of the time , '' that is not , at the same time , `` objectification so much as a cultural reset : having thighs , actual thighs you can kick things with , not thighs that look like arms , is a feminist act '' . Williams then juxtaposes Wonder Woman to past female action heroes such as Sarah Connor , Ellen Ripley , and Lara Croft , whom she suggests were all constructed for the male gaze , in which a `` female warrior becomes a sex object '' , ( a point which she argues that Jenkins directly references in the film ) . Gloria Steinem thought that the film `` was very good '' as it made Wonder Woman 's `` Amazon origin story clear ; she was stopping war , not perpetuating it . '' Steinem also noted that she knew `` some women were disappointed by all the makeup , but I may be desperate -- I was just happy that the Amazons had wild hair ! '' Her only complaint lay in the choice to eliminate the World War II setting as the Wonder Woman comic book developed in response to existing comics that were `` so sadistic and racist that there was a congressional hearing on the subject '' . Steinem also gave Hillary Clinton the first Wonder Woman Award in October 2017 during the Women 's Media Center 's `` Speaking Truth to Power Awards '' ( an organization created by Steinem , Jane Fonda , and Robin Morgan ) . Upon receiving the award , Clinton noted that she had seen Jenkins ' Wonder Woman film and that she `` loved the outfit '' . She also said that as her granddaughter was `` really keen '' on Wonder Woman , Clinton `` thought maybe I could borrow something from her for the night . It did n't quite work for me , but I will say that this award means a lot to me because as a little girl , and then as a young woman , and then as a slightly older woman , I always wondered when Wonder Woman would have her time , and now that has happened . '' Clinton had previously praised Jenkins ' film , in a public August 2017 message , stating that `` it was just as inspirational as I 'd suspected a movie about a strong , powerful woman in a fight to save the world from international disaster would be . '' Director James Cameron continued this debate , through his critique of the representation of female power in Jenkins ' film . In an August 2017 interview with The Guardian , Cameron qualifies Jenkins ' vision of Wonder Woman as `` an objectified icon '' and called the film `` a step backwards '' . In contrast , he states , his character Sarah Connor ( from his Terminator films ) `` was not a beauty icon . She was strong , she was troubled , she was a terrible mother , and she earned the respect of the audience through pure grit . '' Jenkins stated in response that Cameron 's `` inability to understand what ' Wonder Woman ' is , or stands for , to women all over the world is unsurprising as , though he is a great filmmaker , he is not a woman '' . She further argued `` there is no right and wrong kind of powerful woman '' because `` if women have to always be hard , tough and troubled to be strong , and we are n't free to be multidimensional or celebrate an icon of women everywhere because she is attractive and loving , then we have n't come very far have we . '' Reaction to this debate was mixed . Julie Miller sided with Cameron , whom she states refers to himself as `` a pretty hardcore feminist '' and who told Vulture that `` I have no problem writing a script in which the males become subservient to the females , which is what happens in Aliens ( ... ) It 's up to Ripley to win the day . '' In contrast , Miller argues that Jenkins and Gadot envisioned Wonder Woman as `` a woman who exuded both femininity and strength , along with genuine confusion as to why men would treat women differently than they do other men '' . Susannah Breslin also agreed with Cameron , describing Jenkins ' Wonder Woman as `` a Playmate with a lasso '' and `` female power with no balls '' . Others were more critical of Cameron 's critique . An article in Newsweek suggested that Cameron 's films include `` lot of objectification '' , and included quotes from Hollywood celebrities such as Jesse McLaren who commented that `` James Cameron 's just confused there 's a female hero whose motivations are n't centered around motherhood . '' Noah Berlatsky found areas of agreement between both Cameron and Jenkins , stating that while Cameron 's objection is `` an old point that 's been made over and over for decades '' , Jenkins ' film is not `` solely focused on objectifying Gal Gadot for a male audience '' . A few weeks later in September , Cameron reiterated his criticism in an interview with The Hollywood Reporter . He compared Gal Gadot 's representation of the character to Raquel Welch films of the 1960s , and reinforced a comparison with Linda Hamilton 's portrayal of Sarah Connor . He argued that Connor was `` if not ahead of its time , at least a breakthrough in its time '' because though she `` looked great '' , she `` was n't treated as a sex object '' . He also stated that he while he `` applaud ( s ) Patty directing the film and Hollywood , uh , ' letting ' a woman direct a major action franchise , I did n't think there was anything groundbreaking in Wonder Woman . I thought it was a good film . Period . '' Former Wonder Woman actress Lynda Carter responded to Cameron 's The Hollywood Reporter interview by asking him to `` Stop dissing WW . '' Like Jenkins , she suggests that while Cameron does `` not understand the character '' , she does . She also refers to Cameron 's critiques as `` thuggish jabs at a brilliant director '' that are as `` ill advised '' as the `` movie was spot on . '' Carter also states that she has the authority to make these observations because she has `` embodied this character for more than 40 years '' . A month later , Jenkins responded to Cameron 's comments once again in an interview with Variety , stating that she `` was not upset at all '' , as `` everybody is entitled to their own opinion . But if you 're going to debate something in a public way , I have to reply that I think it 's incorrect . '' Tricia Ennis was also critical of Cameron 's statements , arguing that `` while he may consider himself a feminist and an ally to women , ( he ) is not very good at it '' as being an ally means using his position of privilege `` without silencing the voices of those you 're trying to help '' . She also states that it `` is not enough to simply call yourself a feminist . It 's not even enough to create a strong female character ( ... ) You have to bring women to the table . You have to let them speak . You can not speak for them . But speaking for women is exactly what Cameron is doing through his comments ( ... ) Cameron is using his position of power as a respected producer and director to silence women . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . American Film Institute January 5 , 2018 Top Ten Films of the Year Wonder Woman Won Art Directors Guild Awards January 27 , 2018 Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Aline Bonetto Pending Artios Awards January 18 , 2018 Big Budget Drama Lora Kennedy , Kristy Carlson , Lucinda Syson , Jeanette Benzie ( Associate ) Pending Chicago Independent Film Critics Circle Awards December 30 , 2017 Impact Awards Patty Jenkins Won Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Action Movie Wonder Woman Pending Best Costume Design Lindy Hemming Best Visual Effects Wonder Woman Detroit Film Critics Society December 7 , 2017 Breakthrough Gal Gadot Nominated Dragon Awards September 3 , 2017 Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Movie Wonder Woman Won Dublin Film Critics ' Circle December 13 , 2017 Best Director Patty Jenkins Runner - up EDA Awards TBA Best Woman Director Patty Jenkins Pending Outstanding Achievement by A Woman in The Film Industry Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best of Show Wonder Woman Won Best Fantasy / Adventure Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster Trailer Nominated Best Fantasy / Adventure Poster Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster Poster Won Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 16 , 2017 Best Original Score -- Sci - Fi / Fantasy / Horror Film Rupert Gregson - Williams Nominated IndieWire Critic 's Poll December 19 , 2016 Most Anticipated of 2017 Wonder Woman Nominated International Online Cinema Awards ( INOCA ) July 29 , 2017 Best Visual Effects Nominated Best Sound Mixing Best Original Song `` To Be Human '' -- Sia and Labrinth Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society January 3 , 2018 Best Female Director Patty Jenkins Nominated Best Stunt Work Wonder Woman Best Action / War Best Blockbuster Won Best Visual Effects Nominated Memphis Online Film Critics Awards December 11 , 2017 Best Costume Design Wonder Woman Won National Board of Review January 9 , 2018 Spotlight Award Patty Jenkins Won Gal Gadot North Texas Film Critics Association December 17 , 2017 Best Actress Gal Gadot Nominated Best Director Patty Jenkins Best Cinematography Matthew Jensen Palm Springs International Film Festival January 2 , 2018 Rising Star Award -- Actress Gal Gadot Won Philadelphia Film Critics Circle Awards December 10 , 2017 Steve Friedman Award Patty Jenkins Won Phoenix Film Critics Society December 19 , 2017 Best Costume Design Wonder Woman Nominated Best Visual Effects Producers Guild of America Awards January 20 , 2018 Best Theatrical Motion Picture Charles Roven , Richard Suckle , Zack Snyder , and Deborah Snyder Pending Santa Barbara Film Festival February 3 , 2018 Virtuosos Award Gal Gadot Won Satellite Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Adapted Screenplay Allan Heinberg , Zack Snyder , and Jason Fuchs Pending Best Original Score Rupert Gregson - Williams Best Visual Effects Wonder Woman Screen Actors Guild Awards January 21 , 2018 Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture Wonder Woman Pending Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Action Wonder Woman Won Choice Movie Actor : Action Chris Pine Choice Movie Actress : Action Gal Gadot Choice Movie : Ship Gal Gadot and Chris Pine Nominated Choice Liplock Choice Movie : Summer Wonder Woman Choice Movie Actor : Summer Chris Pine Choice Movie Actress : Summer Gal Gadot Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Production Design Aline Bonetto and Anna Lynch - Robinson Nominated Women Film Critics Circle Awards December 17 , 2017 Women 's Work : Best Ensemble Wonder Woman Nominated Best Female Action Hero Won Best Equality of the Sexes Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Originally signed for three feature films , with Wonder Woman and Justice League being her second and third films , Gadot signed an extension to her contract for additional films . Jenkins initially signed for only one film , but in an interview with Variety , Geoff Johns revealed that he and Jenkins are writing the treatment for a Wonder Woman sequel and that he has a `` cool idea for the second one '' . At the 2017 San Diego Comic Con , Warner Bros. officially announced a sequel would be released on December 13 , 2019 , and would be titled Wonder Woman 2 ; the date was later moved up to November 1 , 2019 to avoid competition with Star Wars : Episode IX . Later , Jenkins was officially signed to return as director , with confirmation that Gadot will be returning as the titular role . Days later , the studio hired Dave Callaham to co-write the film 's script with Jenkins and Johns . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : This is by an adjusted Tomatometer with at least 20 reviews each that , uses a weighted Bayesian based formula to account for the differences in ratings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davis , Edward ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Stream Track From Rupert Gregson - Williams ' ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Score , Composer Talks ' Wonder Woman , ' Mel Gibson , More '' . The Playlist . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' . Consumer Protection BC , Canada . May 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sperling , Nicole ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Gal Gadot interview '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Bob ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Wonder Woman ' lassoed the first female director of a studio superhero movie '' . The Mercury News . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman review roundup -- Critics conclude Patty Jenkins ' film better than Batman v Superman '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Trey ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' passes ' Mamma Mia ! ' as highest - grossing film by female director '' . MarketWatch . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 50 Best Superhero Movies of All Time '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2017 '' . AFI . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman 2 ' Release Date Moves Up 6 Weeks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McBeth , Susie ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Batman vs Superman : Wonder Woman 's origin revealed for Dawn of Justice film '' . Metro . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Gal Gadot Dishes on the New ' Wonder Woman ' Film '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : Gal Gadot on Creating a Superhero That Young Girls Can Admire '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNiece , Mia ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot felt ' privileged ' to play Wonder Woman : ' I adore this character ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` What it 's like to be a real - life Amazon on the set of ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sperling , Nicole ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Gal Gadot , Robin Wright , Connie Nielsen first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glock , Allison ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` No Small Wonder : Gal Gadot Takes Summer by Storm '' . Marie Claire . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Young Diana Finds Her Power '' . ComicBook.com . 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Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hara , Helen ( April 2017 ) . `` Alpha Female '' . Empire . pp. 60 -- 67 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Huston on Making ' Wonder Woman ' , the Superhero Genre and Waltzing with Gal Gadot '' . Collider.com . June 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Danny Huston Describes His ' Fascinating ' Villain '' . Screen Rant . May 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , S.C. ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` David Thewlis Cast As Comic Book Accurate Ares in Wonder Woman '' . moviepilot.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' : Who Is Really Playing the Villain Ares ? '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` How Ares Factors into the Wonder Woman Movie '' . comingsoon.net . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : David Thewlis Reveals Surprising Details About His Role '' . DC . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Casts Wonder Woman 's Mother '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Nielsen is a Modern Day Wonder Woman '' . Haute Living . May 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Nielsen Describes The ' Absolute Pleasure ' of Wonder Woman '' . Screen Rant . June 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greco , Patti ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` What It Was Like to Play Diana 's Mother in ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Elena Anaya Confirms She 's Playing a Villain '' . Screen Rant . September 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Tasha ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Elena Anaya reveals the secret motives and tragic history behind her Wonder Woman villain '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galvez , Daniela ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Star Elena Anaya on Female Superheroes in Hollywood '' . Latina . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elena Anaya Talks WONDER WOMAN in Exclusive Interview '' . DH Movie News . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amaya , Eric ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` Etta Candy Spotted in Wonder Woman Set Photos '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lucy Davis Talks Etta Candy In ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Onenewspapge.com . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lucy Davis on Her Top - Secret ' Wonder Woman ' Audition and Etta Candy 's Future on Screen '' . Cosmopolitan . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Lucy Davis Explains Etta Candy 's Relationship With Steve Trevor '' . DC . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cast : Charlie , Sameer , and Chief '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2017 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Production Begins on Warner Bros. Pictures ' Wonder Woman Feature Film '' . Business Wire . November 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saïd Taghmaoui Talks WONDER WOMAN Role ; Is He Playing A Superhero ? '' . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's who T2 Trainspotting 's Ewen Bremner is playing in Wonder Woman '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ewen Bremner webchat -- your questions answered on Trainspotting , Wonder Woman and sunglasses '' . The Guardian . June 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman Actor Confirms A Major Character Twist '' . Cinemablend.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` DC Entertainment Chief Reveals What 's Next for Superman , Wonder Woman and 5 Superheroes Who Deserve Movies ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Handel , Jonathan . `` Warner Bros . ' Kevin Tsujihara Talks ' Gravity , ' J.K. Rowling and Tentpole Strategy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Bridesmaids and The Heat Director Paul Feig Pitched a Wonder Woman Movie to Warner Bros '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` How Powerful Will Wonder Woman Be in ' Batman v Superman ' ? '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ; Kit , Borys ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` 29 Superhero Movies Through 2020 : A Breakdown of What 's Coming '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Michelle MacLaren in Talks to Direct ' Wonder Woman ' Movie '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` Michelle MacLaren Signs to Develop and Direct ' Wonder Woman ' Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2014 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Movie Lassoes ' Pan ' Writer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Movie Loses Director Michelle MacLaren '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Movie Finds a New Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Producer Charles Roven on the Many Writers That Tried to Tackle the Script '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Superman and Batman Film Casts Its Wonder Woman '' . DC Comics . December 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sloan , Jodie B. ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Why Placing ' Wonder Woman ' In World War I Could Work Wonders '' . Moviepilot.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex . `` Wonder Woman Director Reveals Comic Book Influences '' . ScreenRant.com . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Subtle Genius of Wonder Woman 's Cinematic Origin '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins on Being Inspired by Richard Donner 's ' Superman ' '' . Collider.com . March 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barna , Daniel ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins Might Finally End Marvel 's Chokehold on Hollywood '' . Playboy . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` New Actresses Test for ' Batman vs. Superman ' ... as Wonder Woman ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Gal Gadot Signs Three - Picture Deal with Warner Bros '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Gal Gadot Signs Three - Picture Deal with Warner Bros '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hawksley , Rupert ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wonder Woman to be first female - led superhero film since 2005 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Luchina ( December 28 , 2013 ) . `` Gal Gadot Defends ' Wonder Woman ' Casting '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pringle , Gill ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' . Filmink . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Gal Gadot : Wonder Woman ' not there because of a love story ' in Batman v Superman '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Russell , Scarlett ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman star Gal Gadot says that her solo movie has ' moments of humour ' '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wayne , Teddy ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Gal Gadot '' . Interview . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Taryn ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` How Gal Gadot Transformed Her Body to Play Wonder Woman '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Matt ( September 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's Gal Gadot Had Turned Down a Role in Man of Steel '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` No , Gal Gadot Is n't Making 46 Times Less Than Henry Cavill '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Pine in Talks to Co-Star in ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Slotek , Jim ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Chris Pine talks ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Finest Hours ' '' . Toronto Sun . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Angelique ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` From ' The Office ' to ' Wonder Woman ' : Get to Know Lucy Davis '' . ET Online . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Nicole Kidman in Talks to Join Gal Gadot in ' Wonder Woman ' '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2015 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Casts Superhero 's Mother '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roach , Araceli ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Wonder Woman : First Look at Chris Pine as Steve Trevor '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Kinsey ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` Gal Gadot Tweets ' Wonder Woman ' Photo , Signals Filming Is ' Underway ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Production Weekly -- Issue 960 -- Thursday , August 27 , 2015 / 211 Listings -- 44 Pages '' . Production Weekly . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Wonder Woman Movie to Begin Production in November '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Aodhan ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Lower Halstow features in new Wonder Woman trailer '' . kentonline . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Millar , Lisa ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` Australia House 's 900 - year - old ' holy well ' in basement holds water fit to drink '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Deehan , Tom ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman to film in multiple Italian locations '' . TheLocationGuide.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sapienza , Cinzia ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Neanche la frana ferma Wonder Woman , al via le riprese a Camerota '' ( Not even the landslide stops Wonder Woman , starts filming in Camerota ) . InfoCilento.it ( in Italian ) . Agropoli , Italy : Qwerty Publishing House . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : First Official Image , Full Cast Revealed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Kinsey ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` Gal Gadot Tweets ' Wonder Woman ' Photo , Signals That Filming Is ' Underway ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Varma , Arjun ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman officially wraps filming in London ; will first trailer release at 2016 Comic Con ? '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Scenic Wonder Woman Filming Locations Across Europe '' . Condé Nast Traveler . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Patty ( @ pattyjenks ) ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` So happy and excited to have wrapped the first Wonder Woman film ! ! And one William Marston 's birthday , no less ! ( WW 's creator ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman movie 's look was inspired by someone very surprising '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot did reshoots for Wonder Woman while pregnant '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beck , Laura ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Here Are the Magical Places the Cast of Wonder Woman Stayed in Italy '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where is Wonder Woman 's idyllic island Themiscyra ? '' . Radio Times . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent Film Office . `` Kent Film Office Wonder Woman Article '' . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Gersh , CEC , WPA Book Clients '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Lena ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman Gets Hacksaw Ridge Composer '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Tom Howe '' . tomhowe.co.uk . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Paul Mounsey '' . hans-zimmer.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Andrew Kawczynski '' . hans-zimmer.com . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rupert Gregson - Williams ( @ RupertGWilliams ) ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Yes it 'll be released on vinyl '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Wiederhorn , Jon ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sia 's New Track , ' To Be Human , ' Featured on ' Wonder Woman ' Soundtrack '' . Radio.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' . Soundtrack.net . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Andrea ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot glitters at the ' Wonder Woman ' world premiere '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' London Premiere Canceled After Manchester Attack ; Ariana Grande Tour Dates Shelved '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IMAX and Warner Bros. Extend Deal to Include 12 More Films '' . ComingSoon.net . October 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Pushes ' Jungle Book ' to 2018 , ' Wonder Woman ' Gets New Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` DC Comics Movies Announced : ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Justice League , ' ' The Flash , ' ' Aquaman ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman de Patty Jenkins avec Gal Gadot et Chris Pine '' ( in French ) . cinenews.be. April 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' ( in French ) . CineBel. April 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warner Bros. Belgium ( @ WarnerBrosBE ) ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` C'est la guerrière la plus redoutable . Gal Gadot est # WonderWoman , dès le 31 mai au cinéma '' ( Tweet ) ( in French ) . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Brzeski , Patrick ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` China Sets Release Dates for ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Transformers 5 , ' ' Wonder Woman , ' More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mueller , Matthew ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` How Supergirl Influenced Wonder Woman 's Marketing '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supergirl ' Cast Unites to Promote ' Wonder Woman ' Film '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` What 's Going on with Wonder Woman '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman tops Fandango survey of most anticipated summer movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 12 , 2017 ) , ' Wonder Woman ' Tickets on Sale Everywhere ; 92 % Of All Moviegoers Want To See Female Superhero Movie , Deadline.com , archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 , retrieved May 12 , 2017 Jump up ^ Maine , D'Arcy ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Danica Patrick will have a ' Wonder Woman ' paint scheme for two races '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' is coming soon to a living room near you , with one sweet extra '' . Mashable.com . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Flies to Top of DVD , Blu - ray Disc Sales Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bearak , Max ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Lebanon bans ' Wonder Woman ' in protest against Israeli actress Gal Gadot '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holpuch , Amanda ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman banned in Lebanon due to Israeli lead , Gal Gadot '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AP ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Lebanon Seeks to Ban ' Wonder Woman ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keslassy , Elsa ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Screenings Suspended in Tunisia Amid Opposition to Gal Gadot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan bans screening of ' Wonder Woman ' film over controversy '' . Xinhua News Agency . June 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Jordan Will Not be Banning Wonder Woman '' . Al Bawaba . June 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Buckley , Cara ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Solidarity at an All - Female Screening of ' Wonder Woman ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' women - only screenings cause uproar '' . CNN . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holley , Peter ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' It 's sexist ' : Men flip out over women - only ' Wonder Woman ' screenings '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holley , Peter ( June 1 , 2017 ) , `` Why a gay law professor is trying to shut down women - only ' Wonder Woman ' screenings '' , The Washington Post , archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 Jump up ^ Cheong , Ian Miles ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Alamo Drafthouse 's Women - Only ' Wonder Woman ' Screenings Were Illegal '' . DailyCaller.com . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : All The World Is Waiting For You As Warner Bros. / DC Pic Eyes $175 M+ Global Opening '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is Going To Be Bigger at the Box Office Than Estimates '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Tracking for Solid $65 M Box - Office Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Wonder Woman ' Flies Onto Tracking With Projected $65 M+ Opening , On Par With ' Thor ' & ' Captain America ' , Deadline.com , May 12 , 2017 , archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman ' : Early Tracking for Debut All Over the Map , From $65 Million to $105 Million '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Box Office : How Big Is Big Enough ? '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Soars To Record - Breaking $39 M Friday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Nabs Marvel - ous $11 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps to $11 Million on Thursday Night '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Opens to Historic $103 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Five Ways ' Wonder Woman ' Has Already Made History '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Opens to Historic $100.5 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Breaks Glass Ceiling For Female Directors & Stomps On ' Iron Man ' With $100.5 M Debut -- Sunday AM '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Soars on Saturday ; ' Mummy ' Still Crummy -- Sunday AM Box Office '' . Deadline.com . June 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cars 3 ' $53 M+ Is Third Best Debut For Pixar Series ; ' Wonder Woman ' Still Wows With $40 M+ ; ' All Eyez on Me ' Solid '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Wonder Woman ' Crosses $400 M in North America '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is Now the Top Female - Helmed Film at the Domestic Box Office '' . Blog.womenandhollywood.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Jedi Passes Wonder Woman at U.S. Box Office '' . ScreenRant . December 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Lassos $122.5 M Offshore , $223 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M at International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . June 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' now biggest Warner Bros. film in PH '' . ABS - CBN News . July 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' grosses P48. 39M on PH opening day '' . Rappler . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Valerian ' Tops China ; ' Wonder Woman ' Hits $400 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam . `` Review : ' Wonder Woman ' delivers action , humor , thrills '' . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Wonder Woman finally gives DC a superhero story that soars '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jost , Elise ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` # WonderWoman : Why Gal Gadot Was The Perfect Choice To Play Wonder Woman '' . Moviepilot . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Breaks Glass Ceiling For Female Directors With $97 M+ Debut ; Earns ' A ' CinemaScore '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman is the smart , satisfying DC movie you 've been waiting for '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linden , Sheri ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abad - Santos , Alex ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Chris Pine 's Steve Trevor is the superhero girlfriend comic book movies need '' . Vox . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' gives different perspective to an action movie '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Heartfelt ' Wonder Woman ' finally gives a brave superhero her due '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Wonder Woman ' Is a Blockbuster That Lets Itself Have Fun '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' review : Finally , a DC Comics movie that works '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Katie ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is the DC Universe 's Best Superhero Movie Yet , Proving the Future Is Very Much Female -- Review '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Review : Gal Gadot 's Amazon Warrior Conquers Superhero Doldrums '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' saves the day , in more ways than one '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Can We Build a Better Blockbuster ? Wonder Woman Points a Way Forward '' . Time . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hudson , M. ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' Wonder Woman ' Is Really A Story About Jesus '' . The Federalist . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Woman ' No Man 's Land ' Scene Is Rooted in History , Myth and Art '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Steve ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman review -- glass ceiling still intact as Gal Gadot reduced to weaponised Smurfette '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Review : Gal Gadot Brings Comics ' Original Riot Girl to Life '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hambling , David ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` How Realistic Is the WWI Warfare of ' Wonder Woman ' ? '' . Popular Mechanics . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Becker , Rachel ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's chemical weapon makes no scientific sense , but it evokes real and horrifying history '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kilkenny , Katie ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` HOW A MAGAZINE COVER FROM THE 1970S HELPED WONDER WOMAN WIN OVER FEMINISTS '' . Pacific Standard . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lepore , Jill ( October 2014 ) . `` The Surprising Origin Story of Wonder Woman '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lepore , Jill ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's Unwinnable War '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Jane ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Road Warrior : After fifty years , Gloria Steinem is still at the forefront of the feminist cause '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dockterman , Eliana ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman Breaks Through '' . Time . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman at 75 : How the Superhero Icon Inspired a Generation of Feminists '' . Variety . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serrao , Nivea ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman named UN Honorary Ambassador for empowerment of women and girls '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Ross , Alice ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` One less woman in politics : Wonder Woman loses job as UN ambassador '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavna , Michael ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` The U.N. hires Wonder Woman to fight for gender equality . But not everyone is happy about it '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Patty Jenkins wants to be a great director -- not a great female director '' . CBS This Morning . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman is a feminist , and society is n't ready for her '' . BBC . June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Killian , Kyle ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` How Wonder Woman Is and Is n't a Feminist Superheroine Movie '' . Psychology Today . Jump up ^ Harold , Theresa ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Why Wonder Woman is n't the feminist fantasy we 've been told it is '' . Metro . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cauterucci , Christina ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` I Wish Wonder Woman Were as Feminist as It Thinks It Is '' . Slate . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Complex Gender Politics of the ' Wonder Woman ' Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cavna , Michael ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Wonder Woman ' director Patty Jenkins cracked the superhero - movie glass ceiling '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Woerner , Meredith ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` The world needs Wonder Woman . Director Patty Jenkins explains why '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Solis , Marie ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's skimpy clothing is no match for the movie 's feminist statement '' . Mic . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berman , Eliza ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman Producers on Everything We Can Expect From Her 2017 Movie '' . Time . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot : ' Of course ' Wonder Woman is a feminist '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sulcas , Roslyn ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Can Gal Gadot Make Wonder Woman a Hero for Our Time ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leon , Melissa ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' is the Feminist Hero We 've Been Waiting For '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fottrell , Quentin ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Why millions of teenage girls need ' Wonder Woman ' now more than ever '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Zoe ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Why Wonder Woman is a masterpiece of subversive feminism '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` How Gloria Steinem Saved Wonder Woman '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Benjamin ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Read Hillary Clinton 's Full Speech Accepting the Wonder Woman Award '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brounstein , Laura ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins and Lucy Davis Respond to Hillary Clinton 's Wonder Woman Praise '' . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruner , Raisa ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins responds to Hillary Clinton 's praise of Wonder Woman '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Hillary ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Email from Hillary Clinton : August 22 , 2017 '' . still4hill.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Hadley ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` James Cameron : ' The downside of being attracted to independent women is that they do n't need you ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mumford , Gwilym ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins hits back at James Cameron : ' He does n't understand Wonder Woman ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins Responds to James Cameron 's Unsolicited Wonder Woman Criticism '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breslin , Susannah ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` What James Cameron Gets Right About The ' Wonder Woman ' Feminism Debate ( Forbes ) '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins responds to James Cameron 's Wonder Woman diss '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bort , Ryan ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Women in film : ' Wonder Woman ' criticism latest example of James Cameron 's questionable feminism '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berlatsky , Noah ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` James Cameron 's comments on Wonder Woman completely ignore her history of sex appeal '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` James Cameron Doubles Down on ' Wonder Woman ' Critique , Details the ' Avatar ' Sequels '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mumford , Gwilym ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Lynda Carter attacks ' thuggish ' James Cameron over Wonder Woman jibes '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Lynda Carter to James Cameron : ' Stop Dissing ' ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Respers , Lisa ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Lynda Carter calls out James Cameron over ' Wonder Woman ' '' . CNN . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Setoodeh , Ramin ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins on Equal Pay , Hollywood Sexism and James Cameron 's Nasty Words '' . Variety . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Tricia ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` James Cameron , Wonder Woman , and the Problem With Bad Feminist Allies '' . Syfy . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Get Out , ' ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Make AFI Awards Lists '' . Variety . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' ' Dunkirk , ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Art Directors Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Artios Awards : Casting Society Reveals Film Nominees '' . January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Independent Film Critics Circle Nominations -- ' Get Out ' Leads the Way '' . December 24 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 CIFCC AWARDS '' . December 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' The Shape Of Water ' Leads With 14 ; Netflix Tops TV Contenders '' . Deadline.com . December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards Nominations '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dublin Film Critics Circle Awards , 2017 '' . The M0vie Blog . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 AWFJ EDA Award Nominees '' . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards Announces Nominees in Film , TV , & Video Game Music '' . Shoot Online . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Critics Poll : The Best Films and Performances of the Year According to Over 200 Critics '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( AW Halfways 2017 ) Winners Ceremony '' . awardswatch.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Film Nominations '' . LA Online Film Critics Society . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Announces Their Inaugural Year Award Winners '' . LA Online Film Critics Society . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Memphis Online Film Critics Awards Winners '' . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Board of Review Winners : ' The Post ' Comes Up Strong With Best Pic , Best Actress Meryl Streep , Best Actor Tom Hanks '' . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 from the NTFCA '' . North Texas Film Critics Association . 9 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rising Star Award -- 2018 Film Awards Gala '' . Palm Springs International Film Festival . November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 PFCC Inaugural Awards '' . December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Awards NOMINATIONS '' . December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Awards WINNERS '' . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` PGA Awards Film & TV Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot , Kumail Nanjiani , Timothee Chalamet Among Recipients for Virtuosos Award at Santa Barbara Film Festival '' . Variety . November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . The Wrap . November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards Reveals Full List of Nominees '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . August 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Awards Nominations '' . Washington DC Area Film Critics Association . December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle ( WFCC ) Nominations '' . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle ( WFCC ) Winners '' . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman Sequel Details Emerge , and More Movie News '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Bory ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins Not Signed for Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ; Shanley , Patrick . `` ' Wonder Woman 2 ' Sets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Officially Announces Wonder Woman Sequel '' . Screen Rant . July 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' sequel title revealed '' . Fox News . July 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` Patty Jenkins Closes Deal to Direct ' Wonder Woman ' Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` ' The Expendables ' Writer Joins Patty Jenkins , Geoff Johns to Write ' Wonder Woman 2 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) . Official website Wonder Woman on IMDb Wonder Woman at the TCM Movie Database Related topic navboxes Wonder Woman William Moulton Marston Elizabeth Holloway Marston H.G. Peter Other contributors Characters Wonder Women Diana Prince Orana Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Hippolyta Donna Troy Supporting characters Antiope Aphrodite Artemis Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Athena Drusilla Etta Candy Fury Hephaestus Hera Heracles / Hercules Hermes I Ching Julia and Vanessa Kapatelis Mala Nemesis ( Thomas Tresser ) Nubia The Olympian Orion Paula Philippus Poseidon Queen Hippolyta Helena Sandsmark Sarge Steel Superman Steve Trevor Wonder Girl ( Cassie Sandsmark Donna Troy ) Zeus Zola Adversaries Aegeus Angle Man Ares / Mars Baron Blitzkrieg Baroness Paula von Gunther Blue Snowman Veronica Cale Captain Wonder Cheetah Circe Dark Angel Decay Doctor Cyber Doctor Poison Doctor Psycho Duke of Deception Earl of Greed Egg Fu / Chang Tzu Eviless The First Born Genocide Giganta Hades Hypnota Kung Lord Conquest Mask Medusa Minister Blizzard Osira Queen Clea Red Panzer Silver Swan Tezcatlipoca Zara Factions Amazons of Themyscira Amazons of Bana - Mighdall Children of Ares Godwatch Gorilla Knights Olympian Gods Titans of Myth Villainy Inc . Locations Aeaea Boston , Massachusetts London , England Mount Olympus Thalarion Themyscira ( The Paradise Islands ) The Underworld Publications All Star Comics Amazonia Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity The Blue Amazon Comic Cavalcade The Legend of Wonder Woman Sensation Comics Superman and Wonder Woman : The Hidden Killer Superman / Wonder Woman Wonder Woman ' 77 The Wonder Woman Chronicles Wonder Woman : Earth One The World 's Greatest Superheroes Storylines Introducing Wonder Woman ( 1941 ) Gods and Mortals ( 1987 ) Challenge of the Gods ( 1987 -- 88 ) War of the Gods ( 1991 ) The Contest ( 1994 ) The Challenge of Artemis ( 1995 ) Paradise Island Lost ( 2001 ) Our Worlds at War ( 2001 ) The Hiketeia ( 2002 ) Down to Earth ( 2003 -- 04 ) Who Is Wonder Woman ? ( 2006 -- 07 ) Amazons Attack ! ( 2007 ) The Circle ( 2008 ) Ends of the Earth ( 2008 ) Rise of the Olympian ( 2009 ) Flashpoint ( 2011 ) Technology Bracelets Golden Girdle of Gaea Invisible plane Lasso of Truth Mental radio Pegasi Purple Ray Sky Kangas In other media Super Friends ( episodes ) Wonder Woman ( 1974 film ) Wonder Woman ( TV series ) ( episodes ) Justice League ( episodes ) Justice League Unlimited ( episodes ) Justice League : The New Frontier Wonder Woman ( 2009 film ) Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Wonder Woman ( 2011 TV pilot ) Young Justice DC Universe Online Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War The Lego Movie Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Justice League : Gods and Monsters Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League vs. Teen Titans Justice League Action Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Justice League Miscellaneous Alternative versions Earth - Two Bizarra Olive Byrne Cultural impact Professor Marston and the Wonder Women Literature Wonder Women ! The Untold Story of American Superheroines Portal Category DC Extended Universe Feature films Man of Steel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad accolades Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Music Man of Steel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad `` Heathens '' `` Sucker for Pain '' `` Purple Lamborghini '' `` Gangsta '' Wonder Woman `` To Be Human '' Justice League See also Cast Book Category Live - action films based on DC Comics Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel Spy Smasher Batman Hop Harrigan The Vigilante Superman Congo Bill Batman and Robin Atom Man vs. Superman Blackhawk Single films Supergirl Steel Road to Perdition The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Catwoman Constantine A History of Violence V for Vendetta Watchmen The Losers Jonah Hex Green Lantern Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Franchises Batman 1966 Batman Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin 2005 Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Superman 1951 Superman and the Mole Men Stamp Day for Superman 1978 Superman Superman II The Richard Donner Cut Superman III Superman IV : The Quest for Peace Superman Returns 2013 Man of Steel Red Red Red 2 Swamp Thing Swamp Thing The Return of Swamp Thing See also DC Extended Universe Justice League Mortal Films directed by Patty Jenkins Monster ( 2003 ) Five ( 2011 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Zack Snyder Films directed Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) 300 ( 2006 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Legend of the Guardians : The Owls of Ga'Hoole ( 2010 ) Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) Man of Steel ( 2013 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) Justice League ( 2017 ) Films produced 300 : Rise of an Empire ( 2014 ) Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Aquaman ( 2018 ) See also Cruel and Unusual Films Deborah Snyder Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Action The Matrix Reloaded ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Abduction ( 2012 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Divergent ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Film in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonder_Woman_(2017_film)&oldid=819337569 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films Superheroine films 2017 3D films 2010s action thriller films 2010s coming - of - age films 2010s adventure films 2010s drama films 2010s fantasy films 2010s science fiction films 2010s superhero films 2010s war films American war drama films American 3D films American action films American coming - of - age films American fantasy adventure films American science fiction action films American science fiction war films American superhero films Action adventure films Atlas Entertainment films Chemical war and weapons in popular culture Cruel and Unusual Films films DC Extended Universe films Fantasy war films Films scored by Rupert Gregson - Williams Films based on DC Comics Films based on Greco - Roman mythology Films directed by Patty Jenkins Films set in 1918 Films set in Belgium Films set in France Films set in Germany Films set in London Films set in the Mediterranean Sea Films set in the Ottoman Empire Films set on islands Films shot in London Films shot in Matera Films using computer - generated imagery Greek gods in fiction IMAX films Performance capture in film Prequel films Science fantasy films War adventure films Western Front films ( World War I ) Wonder Woman films Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2017 Use mdy dates from October 2017 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar მარგალური مازِرونی မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 20 : 38 . 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how much money did it take to make wonder woman
[ "Wonder Woman grossed $412.6 million in the United States and Canada and $409.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $821.9 million, against a production budget of $149 million.[4] Estimates for the number the film needed to surpass internationally in order to cover its production and promotional costs and break even ranged from $300 million[187] to $460 million.[188]" ]
[ "$149 million" ]
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Houston Rockets
Houston Rockets - wikipedia Houston Rockets Houston Rockets 2018 -- 19 Houston Rockets season Conference Western Division Southwest Founded 1967 History San Diego Rockets 1967 -- 1971 Houston Rockets 1971 -- present Arena Toyota Center Location Houston , Texas Team colors Red , silver , black , white General manager Daryl Morey Head coach Mike D'Antoni Ownership Tilman Fertitta Affiliation ( s ) Rio Grande Valley Vipers Championships 2 ( 1994 , 1995 ) Conference titles 4 ( 1981 , 1986 , 1994 , 1995 ) Division titles 6 ( 1977 , 1986 , 1993 , 1994 , 2015 , 2018 ) Retired numbers 7 ( 11 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 34 , 45 , CD ) Website www.nba.com/rockets Home Away Third Fourth The Houston Rockets are an American professional basketball team based in Houston , Texas . The Rockets compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the Toyota Center , located in downtown Houston . The Rockets have won two NBA championships and four Western Conference titles . The team was established as the San Diego Rockets , an expansion team originally based in San Diego , in 1967 . In 1971 , the Rockets moved to Houston . The Rockets won only 15 games in their debut season as a franchise in 1967 . In the 1968 NBA draft , the Rockets , picking first overall , selected power forward Elvin Hayes , who would lead the team to its first playoff appearance in his rookie season . The Rockets did not finish a season with a winning record until the 1976 -- 77 season , when they traded for center Moses Malone . Malone went on to win the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award twice and led Houston to the conference finals in his first year with the team . He also led the Rockets to the NBA Finals in 1981 where they were defeated in six games by the Boston Celtics , led by Larry Bird and future Rockets coach Kevin McHale . In 1984 , the Rockets drafted center Hakeem Olajuwon , who would be paired with 7 feet 4 inches ( 2.24 m ) Ralph Sampson , forming one of the tallest front courts in the NBA . Nicknamed the `` Twin Towers '' , they led the team to the 1986 NBA Finals -- the second NBA Finals appearance in franchise history -- where Houston was again defeated by the Boston Celtics . The Rockets continued to reach the playoffs throughout the 1980s , but failed to advance past the first round for several years following a second - round defeat to the Seattle SuperSonics in 1987 . Rudy Tomjanovich took over as head coach midway through the 1991 -- 92 season , ushering in the most successful period in franchise history . The Olajuwon - led Rockets went to the 1994 NBA Finals and won the franchise 's first championship against Patrick Ewing and the New York Knicks . The following season , reinforced by another All - Star , Clyde Drexler , the Rockets repeated as champions with a four - game sweep of the Orlando Magic , who were led by a young Shaquille O'Neal and Penny Hardaway . Houston , which was seeded sixth in the Western Conference during the 1995 playoffs , became the lowest - seeded team in NBA history to win the title . The Rockets acquired all - star forward Charles Barkley in 1996 , but the presence of three of the NBA 's 50 greatest players of all - time ( Olajuwon , Drexler , and Barkley ) was not enough to propel Houston past the Western Conference Finals . Each one of the aging trio had left the team by 2001 , and the Rockets of the early 2000s , led by superstars Tracy McGrady and Yao Ming , followed the trend of consistent regular season respectability followed by playoff underachievement as both players struggled with injuries . After Yao 's early retirement in 2011 , the Rockets entered a period of rebuilding , completely dismantling and retooling their roster . The acquisition of franchise player James Harden in 2012 has launched the Rockets back into championship contention in the mid-2010s . Moses Malone , Hakeem Olajuwon and James Harden have been named the NBA 's Most Valuable Player while playing for the Rockets , for a total of four MVP awards . The Rockets , under general manager Daryl Morey , are notable for popularizing the use of advanced statistical analytics ( similar to sabermetrics in baseball ) in player acquisitions and style of play . Contents 1 Franchise history 1.1 1967 -- 1971 : San Diego Rockets 1.2 1971 -- 1976 : Improving in Houston with Murphy and Rudy - T 1.3 1976 -- 1982 : The Moses Malone era 1.4 1984 -- 2001 : The Hakeem Olajuwon era 1.4. 1 1984 -- 1987 : The `` Twin Towers '' 1.4. 2 1987 -- 1992 : Lean years 1.4. 3 1993 -- 1995 : Clutch City championships 1.4. 4 1995 -- 2002 : Post-championship and rebuilding 1.5 2002 -- 2009 : Return to relevance 1.6 2009 -- 2012 : Competitive rebuilding 1.7 2012 -- present : The James Harden era 2 Season - by - season record 3 Home arenas 4 Team identity 4.1 Uniforms and logos 4.2 Mascots 4.3 Rivalries 5 Honors and statistics 5.1 Individual honors 5.2 Statistics and records 5.3 Franchise leaders 6 Players 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Retained draft rights 6.3 Retired numbers 6.4 Basketball Hall of Famers 6.5 FIBA Hall of Famers 7 Management 7.1 General managers 7.2 Owners 7.3 Coaches 8 References 9 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Houston Rockets 1967 -- 1971 : San Diego Rockets ( edit ) Elvin Hayes was selected first overall by the San Diego Rockets in the 1968 NBA Draft . The Rockets were founded in 1967 in San Diego by Robert Breitbard , who paid an entry fee of US $1.75 million to join the NBA as an expansion team for the 1967 -- 68 season . The NBA wanted to add more teams in the Western United States , and chose San Diego based on the city 's strong economic and population growth , along with the local success of an ice hockey team owned by Breitbard , the San Diego Gulls . The resulting contest to name the franchise chose the name `` Rockets '' , which paid homage to San Diego 's theme of `` a city in motion '' and the local arm of General Dynamics developing the Atlas missile and booster rocket program . Breitbard brought in Jack McMahon , then coach of the Cincinnati Royals , to serve as the Rockets ' coach and general manager . The team , that would join the league along with the Seattle SuperSonics , then built its roster with both veteran players at an expansion draft , and college players from the 1967 NBA draft , where San Diego 's first ever draft pick was Pat Riley . The Rockets lost 67 games in their inaugural season , which was an NBA record for losses in a season at the time . In 1968 , after the Rockets won a coin toss against the Baltimore Bullets to determine who would have the first overall pick in the 1968 NBA draft , they selected Elvin Hayes from the University of Houston . Hayes improved the Rockets ' record to 37 wins and 45 losses , enough for the franchise 's first ever playoff appearance in 1969 , but the Rockets lost in the semi-finals of the Western Division to the Atlanta Hawks , four games to two . Despite the additions of Calvin Murphy and Rudy Tomjanovich and the management of Hall of Fame coach Alex Hannum , the Rockets tallied a 67 -- 97 record in the following two seasons and did not make the playoffs in either season . Because of the low performance and attendance , Breitbard looked to sell the team , and in 1971 , Texas Sports Investments bought the franchise for $5.6 million , and moved the team to Houston . The franchise became the first NBA team in Texas , and the nickname `` Rockets '' took on even greater relevance after the move , given Houston 's long connection to the space industry . 1971 -- 1976 : improving in Houston with Murphy and Rudy - T ( edit ) Before the start of the 1971 -- 72 season , Hannum left for the Denver Rockets of the American Basketball Association -- later renamed Denver Nuggets , who joined the NBA in 1976 -- and Tex Winter was hired in his place . However , Winter 's clashes with Hayes , due to a system that contrasted with the offensive style to which Hayes was accustomed , made Hayes ask for a trade , leaving for the Baltimore Bullets at the end of the 1971 -- 72 season . It was also around this time that the Rockets would unveil their classic yellow and red logo and accompanying uniforms used until the end of the 1994 -- 95 season . Winter left soon after , being fired in January 1973 following a ten - game losing streak , and was replaced by Johnny Egan . Egan led the Rockets back to the playoffs in 1975 , where the franchise also won their first round against the New York Knicks , subsequently losing to the veteran Boston Celtics in 5 games . At that time the Rockets gained popularity in Houston , selling out several home games during the regular season as the Rockets battled for a playoff spot and then selling out all of their home playoff games . 1976 -- 1982 : the Moses Malone era ( edit ) In the 1975 -- 76 season the Rockets finally had a permanent home in Houston as they moved into The Summit , which they would call home for the next 29 years . During the period , the franchise was owned by Kenneth Schnitzer , developer of the Greenway Plaza which included The Summit . After missing the 1976 playoffs , Tom Nissalke was hired as a coach , and pressed the team to add a play - making guard in college standout John Lucas and a rebounding center through Moses Malone , who he had coached in the ABA . The additions had an immediate impact , with the 1976 -- 77 Rockets winning the Central Division and going all the way to the Eastern Conference Finals , losing to the Julius Erving 's Philadelphia 76ers 4 games to 2 . The following season had the team regressing to just 28 wins due to an injury to captain Tomjanovich , who got numerous facial fractures after being punched by Kermit Washington of the Los Angeles Lakers and wound up spending five months in rehabilitation . After trading Lucas to the Golden State Warriors in exchange for Rick Barry , the Rockets returned to the playoffs in 1978 -- 79 , with `` The Chairman Of The Boards '' Moses Malone receiving the 1979 MVP Award , but the team was swept 2 -- 0 by Atlanta in the first round . Nissalke was let go , and assistant Del Harris was promoted to head coach . In 1979 , George Maloof , a businessperson from Albuquerque , New Mexico , bought the Rockets for $9 million . He died the following year , and while the Maloof family expressed interest in selling the team , George 's 24 - year - old son Gavin took over the Rockets . A buyer was eventually found in 1982 as businessman Charlie Thomas and Sidney Shlenker purchased the franchise for $11 million . The Maloof period of ownership marked the first dominant period of the Rockets , highlighted by the team 's first NBA Finals appearance in 1981 . Prior to the 1980 -- 81 season , the arrival of the Dallas Mavericks led to an NBA realignment that sent the Rockets back to the Western Conference . Houston qualified for the playoffs only in the final game of the season with a 40 -- 42 record . The postseason had the Rockets beat the Lakers , in - state rivals San Antonio Spurs , and the equally underdog Kansas City Kings to become only the second team in NBA history ( after the 1959 Minneapolis Lakers ) to have advanced to the Finals after achieving a losing record in the regular season . In the final round facing Larry Bird 's Boston Celtics in the finals round , the Rockets blew a late lead in Game 1 and won Game 2 at the Boston Garden . However , afterwards the team failed to capitalize on the early success against the favored Celtics , and eventually lost in six games . While new owner Charlie Thomas expressed interest in renewing with Moses Malone , who had been again chosen as MVP in 1981 -- 82 , the Rockets traded him to the Philadelphia 76ers for Caldwell Jones , as a declining regional economy made the Rockets unable to pay Malone 's salary . When the Rockets finished a league worst 14 -- 68 , Celtics coach Bill Fitch was hired to replace outgoing Del Harris , and the team won the first pick of the 1983 NBA draft , used to select Ralph Sampson from the University of Virginia . Sampson had good numbers and was awarded the NBA Rookie of the Year award , but the Rockets still finished last overall , again getting the top pick at the upcoming 1984 NBA draft , used to select Hakeem Olajuwon from the University of Houston . 1984 -- 2001 : the Hakeem Olajuwon era ( edit ) 1984 -- 1987 : the `` Twin Towers '' ( edit ) In his first season , Olajuwon finished second to Michael Jordan in NBA Rookie of the Year balloting , and the Rockets record improved by 19 games , good enough for a return to the playoffs as the third best team in the West , where they were upset by the sixth - seeded Utah Jazz . The Olajuwon and Sampson duo earned much praise , and was nicknamed `` Twin Towers '' . In the following season , Houston won the Midwest Division title with a 51 -- 31 record . The subsequent playoffs had the Rockets sweeping the Sacramento Kings , having a hard - fought six - game series with Alex English 's Denver Nuggets , and then facing defending champion Lakers , losing the first game but eventually managing to win the series -- the only Western Playoffs defeat of the Showtime Lakers -- to get to the franchise 's second Finals appearance . The NBA Finals once again matched the Rockets up against the Celtics , a contrast to Houston 's young front challenging the playoff - hardened Celtics front court of Larry Bird , Kevin McHale and Robert Parish . The Celtics won the first two games in Boston , gave the Rockets their only home playoff defeat that season in game 4 , and clinched the title as Bird scored a triple - double on Game 6 . A ticket for Game 2 of the 1987 Western Conference Semifinals between the Rockets and the Seattle SuperSonics . After the Finals , Boston coach K.C. Jones called the Rockets `` the new monsters on the block '' feeling they had a bright future . But the team had a poor start to the following season amidst players getting injured or suspended for cocaine usage , and during the playoffs were defeated in the second round by Seattle SuperSonics in six games , with the final game being a double - overtime classic that saw Olajuwon notching 49 points , 25 rebounds and 6 blocks in defeat . Early in the 1987 -- 88 season , Sampson , who had signed a new contract , was traded to the Golden State Warriors , bringing the Twin Towers era to an end just 18 months after their Finals appearance . Sampson 's once - promising career was shortened due to chronic knee injuries , which forced his retirement in 1991 . Jones ' prophecy of a Rockets dynasty never materialized until the early 1990s . 1987 -- 1992 : lean years ( edit ) In the next five seasons , the Rockets either failed to qualify for the playoffs or were eliminated in the first round . The first elimination in 1988 led to Fitch 's dismissal , with Don Chaney replacing him as head coach . Chaney , like Olajuwon , also played for the Houston Cougars under Guy Lewis , having played along Elvin Hayes in the late 1960s . Chaney had his best season during 1990 -- 91 , where he was named the Coach of the Year after leading the Rockets to a 52 - 30 record despite Olajuwon 's absence due to injury for 25 games . Despite Olajuwon 's usual strong numbers , the underwhelming roster could not be lifted out of mediocrity . However , the attempts to rebuild the team nucleus incorporated players that would later make an impact in the years to come , such as Kenny Smith , Vernon Maxwell , Robert Horry , Mario Elie , Sam Cassell and Otis Thorpe . Midway through the 1991 -- 92 season , with the Rockets ' record only 26 -- 26 , Chaney was fired and replaced by his assistant Rudy Tomjanovich , a former Houston player himself . While the Rockets did not make the playoffs , Tomjanovich 's arrival was considered a step forward . In the next year , the Rockets improved their record by 13 games , getting the Midwest Division title , and winning their first playoff series in 6 years by defeating the Los Angeles Clippers , before an elimination by the SuperSonics in a closely contested Game 7 overtime loss . Rudy Tomjanovich spent all his playing career with the Rockets , and after becoming the team 's head coach in 1992 led Houston to two straight championships . 1993 -- 1995 : Clutch City championships ( edit ) On July 30 , 1993 , Leslie Alexander purchased the Rockets for $85 million . Following the bitter Game 7 loss in Seattle in overtime , Olajuwon gathered the team and famously stated `` we go from here '' . The next season , in Tomjanovich 's second full year as head coach , the Rockets began the 1993 -- 94 season by tying an NBA record with a start of 15 -- 0 . Led by Olajuwon , who was named the MVP and Defensive Player of the Year , the Rockets won 58 games , a franchise record at the time . After quickly dispatching the Portland Trail Blazers ( who had made the finals just two years prior ) in 4 games , they then faced the defending Western Conference champion Phoenix Suns , led by the previous year 's MVP Charles Barkley . The series opened up in Houston , which saw the Rockets open up a big lead going into the fourth quarter . In both games , however , the Rockets inexplicably collapsed to allow the Suns a 2 - 0 lead going back to Phoenix . Following recent heart - breaking playoff losses by the Houston Oilers , it appeared as though the Rockets were doomed . Local newspapers labeled Houston as `` Choke City '' , which the Rockets took to heart and ultimately came back to win the series in seven games . As `` Choke City '' became `` Clutch City '' , the name permanently became a part of Houston folklore . The Rockets then soon defeated John Stockton and Karl Malone 's Utah Jazz in five in the Conference Finals to advance to their third finals . The New York Knicks opened a 3 - 2 advantage , but the Rockets won the last two games on their home court and claimed their first championship in franchise history . Olajuwon was awarded the Finals MVP , after averaging 27 points , nine rebounds and four blocked shots a game . The Rockets initially struggled in the first half of the 1994 -- 95 season , which they fixed by sending Otis Thorpe to the Portland Trail Blazers in exchange for Olajuwon 's former college teammate Clyde Drexler . With only 47 wins , the Rockets entered the playoffs as the sixth seed in the Western Conference . Still , a strong playoff run that earned Houston the nickname `` Clutch City '' had the Rockets defeating the West 's top three seeds -- the Jazz , Suns and Spurs -- to reach back - to - back finals , this time against the Orlando Magic , led by Shaquille O'Neal and Anfernee `` Penny '' Hardaway . When Houston swept the series in four straight games , they became the first team in NBA history to win the championship as a sixth seed , and the first to beat four 50 - win teams in a single postseason en route to the championship . Olajuwon was again the Finals MVP , only the second player after Michael Jordan to win the award two years in a row . It was on the floor of The Summit after they captured their second title that head coach Rudy Tomjanovich proclaimed , `` Do n't ever underestimate the heart of a champion ! '' 1995 -- 2002 : post-championship and rebuilding ( edit ) During the off - season , the Rockets went for a change of visual identity , making navy blue and silver the new primary colors while adopting a new cartoon - inspired logo and pinstriped jerseys . The Rockets won 48 games in the 1995 -- 96 season , in which Olajuwon became the NBA 's all - time leader in blocked shots . The playoffs had the Rockets beating the Lakers before a sweep by the SuperSonics . Before the start of the succeeding season , the Rockets sent four players to Phoenix in exchange for Charles Barkley . The resulting `` Big Three '' of Olajuwon , Drexler , and Barkley had a strong debut season with a 57 -- 25 record , going all the way to the Western Conference finals before losing to the Utah Jazz 4 -- 2 on a dramatic last - second shot by John Stockton . The following season was marked by injuries , and Houston finished 41 -- 41 and the 8th seed , leading to another elimination by the top - seeded Jazz . Drexler retired after the season , and the Rockets traded to bring in Scottie Pippen to take his place . In the lockout - shortened 1998 -- 99 season , the Rockets lost to the Lakers in the first round of the playoffs . After the 1999 draft , the Rockets traded for the second overall pick Steve Francis from the Vancouver Grizzlies , in exchange for four players and a first - round draft pick . However , after Houston traded a discontented Pippen to Portland , and Barkley suffered a career - ending injury , the rebuilt Rockets went 34 -- 48 and missed the playoffs , for only the second time in 15 years . In the 2000 -- 01 season , the Rockets worked their way to a 45 -- 37 record . However , in a competitive Western Conference where seven teams won 50 games , this left the Rockets two games out of the playoffs . In the following off - season , a 38 - year - old Olajuwon requested a trade , and , despite stating their desire to keep him , the Rockets reached a sign - and - trade agreement , sending him to the Toronto Raptors . The ensuing 2001 -- 02 season -- the first without Hakeem in two decades -- was unremarkable , and the Rockets finished with only 28 wins . 2002 -- 2009 : return to relevance ( edit ) Yao Ming during his rookie season with the Rockets . After Houston was awarded the first overall pick in the 2002 NBA draft , they selected Yao Ming , a 7 feet 6 inches ( 2.29 m ) Chinese center . The Rockets missed the 2003 playoffs by one game , improving their record by 15 victories . The 2003 -- 04 season marked the Rockets ' arrival to a new arena , the Toyota Center , a redesign of their uniforms and logo , and their first season without Rudy Tomjanovich , who resigned as head coach after being diagnosed with bladder cancer . Led by former Knicks coach Jeff Van Gundy , the Rockets finished the regular season with a record of 45 -- 37 , earning their first playoff berth since 1999 , again losing to the Lakers in the first round . In the off - season , Houston saw major changes in the roster as the Rockets acquired Tracy McGrady in a seven - player deal with the Orlando Magic . The scoring champion McGrady and the strong rebounder Yao formed a well - regarded pair that helped the Rockets win 22 consecutive games in the 2007 -- 08 season , which was at the time the 3rd longest winning streak in NBA history . Still , the duo was plagued with injuries -- of the 463 regular season games for which they were teammates , Yao missed 146 and McGrady 160 -- and did not win any playoff series , despite gathering leads over the Dallas Mavericks in 2005 and the Jazz in 2007 . After the 2007 elimination , Van Gundy was fired , and the Rockets hired Rick Adelman to replace him . Houston acquired Tracy McGrady in 2004 . For the 2008 -- 09 season , the Rockets signed forward Ron Artest . While McGrady wound up playing only half the games before enduring a season - ending microfracture surgery , the Rockets ended the season 53 -- 29 , enough for the Western Conference 's fifth seed . During the playoffs , the Rockets beat the Portland Trail Blazers four games to two , winning their first playoff round since 1997 . During the series , Dikembe Mutombo injured his knee , which forced him to retire after 18 seasons in the NBA . However , the second round against the Lakers had the Rockets losing 4 - 3 and Yao Ming suffering yet another season - ending injury , this time a hairline fracture in his left foot . 2009 -- 2012 : competitive rebuilding ( edit ) During the 2009 -- 10 season , the Rockets saw the departures of Artest in the off - season and McGrady , Joey Dorsey and Carl Landry during mid-season trades . Despite great play by Kevin Martin , who arrived from the Kings , and Aaron Brooks , who would eventually be chosen as the Most Improved Player of the season , the Rockets could not make it to the playoffs , finishing 42 -- 40 , 3rd in the Southwest Division . At that time , the Rockets set an NBA record for best record by a team with no All - Stars . The Rockets would also finish ninth in the Western Conference for the following two seasons , with Yao Ming getting a season - ending injury seven games into the 2010 -- 11 season and deciding to retire during the 2011 off - season . Said off - season , which saw the NBA going through a lockout , had Adelman dismissed , and general manager Daryl Morey deciding to start a revamp of the Rockets based on advanced statistical analytics ( similar to sabermetrics in baseball ) in player acquisitions and style of play . Kevin McHale was named head coach , and the roster saw significant changes . 2012 -- present : the James Harden era ( edit ) After the roster moves made by Morey during the 2012 NBA off - season , only four players were left from the 2011 -- 12 Rockets roster : Chandler Parsons , Greg Smith , Marcus Morris and Patrick Patterson , with the latter two leaving through trades during the 2012 -- 13 season . The most important acquisition was reigning sixth man of the year James Harden , who Morey called a `` foundational '' player which he expected to be Houston 's featured player after a supporting role in the Oklahoma City Thunder . Harden caused an immediate impact as part of the starting lineup for the Rockets , with 37 points , 12 assists , 6 rebounds , 4 steals , and a block in the season opener against the Detroit Pistons , and an average of 25.9 points a game through the season . Combining Harden 's performance and McHale 's up - tempo offense , the Rockets became one of the highest scoring offenses in the NBA , leading the league in scoring for the majority of the season . In the postseason , the Rockets fell to the Oklahoma City Thunder in the first round , losing the series 4 -- 2 . James Harden arrived in Houston in 2012 , and has since become a franchise player for the Rockets . Eager to add another franchise player to their team , the Rockets heavily pursued Jeremy Lin , the first American of Taiwanese and Chinese descent to play in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , led the Knicks to seven straight victories while establishing an NBA scoring record in July 2012 . Also , they pursued free agent center Dwight Howard in the 2013 off - season . He officially signed with the Rockets on July 13 , 2013 . Led by the new inside - out combination of Howard and James Harden , and with a strong supporting cast including Chandler Parsons , Jeremy Lin , and Ömer Aşık , the Rockets were expected to jump into title contention in the upcoming season . However , that postseason , the Rockets were defeated in the first round by the Portland Trail Blazers , losing the series 4 -- 2 . Still , in the 2014 -- 15 season , without Lin and Parsons but reinforced by Trevor Ariza , the Rockets started the season well , winning the first four games of the season for the first time since 1996 -- 97 , and winning each of their first six games by 10 points or more , the first team to accomplish this feat since the 1985 -- 86 Denver Nuggets . While the Rockets had many key players miss time throughout the entire season , James Harden took it upon himself to keep the Rockets near the top of the conference , turning him into an MVP front - runner . He became the first Rocket to score 50 points in a game since Hakeem Olajuwon , as well as the only player in franchise history to record multiple 50 point games in a season . On April 15 , 2015 , the Rockets beat the Jazz to claim their first ever Southwest Division title and first Division crown since 1994 , and by completing 56 wins finished with the third - best regular season record in franchise history . During the playoffs , the Rockets beat the Mavericks 4 -- 1 in the first round , and overcame a 3 -- 1 deficit against the Los Angeles Clippers to win the Western Semifinals and return to the Conference Finals for the first time in 18 years . In the Conference Finals , the Rockets were defeated by the Golden State Warriors 4 -- 1 . The 2015 -- 16 season saw Kevin McHale fired after a bad start where the team only won 4 of its first 11 games , and assistant J.B. Bickerstaff took over coaching duties . Inconsistent play led to the Rockets struggling to remain in the playoff qualifying zone , and surrounded by trade rumors . Houston only clinched its 2016 playoffs spot by winning its last game , finishing the season 41 -- 41 to earn an eight seed and a match - up against the Warriors . Like in the previous year , the Rockets were once again defeated by Golden State in 5 games . During the 2016 off - season , Mike D'Antoni was named as the Rockets ' new head coach , and Dwight Howard opted out of his contract 's final year , becoming a free agent . In the following free - agency period , the Rockets looked to embrace the play styles of both coach D'Antoni and Harden through the signings of Ryan Anderson and Eric Gordon , two predominately perimeter players and good fits in Houston 's up - tempo offense style . When the 2016 -- 17 season started , Harden was off to a great start and was widely considered a top MVP runner along with Kawhi Leonard , alongside former teammate Russell Westbrook . When the season ended , the Rockets were third in both the Western Conference and overall rankings , a major improvement from the season before . D'Antoni was named the NBA Coach of the Year , Eric Gordon the Sixth Man of the Year , and Harden finished second in MVP voting to Russell Westbrook . In the playoffs , the Rockets faced the sixth seeded Oklahoma City Thunder in a battle of the MVP frontrunners , as the winner was not announced until after the finals . The Rockets won the series 4 -- 1 including Nene Hilario 's perfect 12 -- 12 in field goals in Game 4 . In the following round , Houston opened with a dominating 27 points win over the San Antonio Spurs , lost the following two games and then tied the series again . Game 5 went into overtime and had both Manu Ginobili blocking James Harden 's game tying three point attempt at the final second , and Nene injuring himself out of the postseason . Without Nene , the Rockets could not guard LaMarcus Aldridge , who scored 34 points and grabbed 12 rebounds in the series - closing match . During the 2017 off - season , the Rockets were purchased by Houston restaurant billionaire Tilman Fertitta for $2.2 billion , breaking the record for the price to purchase an American professional sports team . The team also acquired 8 time All - NBA player and 9 time All - Star Chris Paul in a trade from the Los Angeles Clippers , in exchange for seven players , cash considerations , and a top three protected 2018 first round draft pick . Even if Paul missed many games due to a knee injury , he was a key addition to the Rockets . The team finished the season with 65 wins , a record both league - leading and the best in franchise history . During the playoffs , Houston easily beat the Minnesota Timberwolves and Utah Jazz before another confrontation with the Golden State Warriors . In game 5 of the Conference Finals , the Rockets took a 3 -- 2 lead in the series , but saw Paul leave with an injured hamstring . His absence was felt in the two remaining games , where Houston led by halftime only to suffer a comeback by Golden State . Season - by - season record ( edit ) List of the last five seasons completed by the Rockets . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Houston Rockets seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , % = Winning percentage Season GP % Finish Playoffs 2013 -- 14 82 54 28 . 659 2nd , Southwest Lost in First Round , 2 -- 4 ( Trail Blazers ) 2014 -- 15 82 56 26 . 683 1st , Southwest Lost in Conference Finals , 1 -- 4 ( Warriors ) 2015 -- 16 82 41 41 . 500 4th , Southwest Lost in First Round , 1 -- 4 ( Warriors ) 2016 -- 17 82 55 27 . 671 2nd , Southwest Lost in Conference Semifinals , 2 -- 4 ( Spurs ) 2017 -- 18 82 65 17 . 793 1st , Southwest Lost in Conference Finals , 3 -- 4 ( Warriors ) Home arenas ( edit ) The Summit ( later Compaq Center ) hosted the Rockets from 1975 to 2003 , and was also the site where the Rockets won both of their NBA titles in 1994 and 1995 . Today the site is the worship center for Lakewood Church . Toyota Center is the current home of the Houston Rockets . During the four years the Rockets were in San Diego , they played their games in the San Diego Sports Arena , which had a seating capacity of 14,400 . In their first season after moving to Houston , the Rockets did not have their own arena , and they played their first two years at various venues in the city , including the Astrodome , AstroHall , Sam Houston Coliseum and Hofheinz Pavilion , the latter eventually being adopted as their home arena until 1975 . They also had to play `` home '' games in other cities such as San Antonio , Waco , Albuquerque , and even San Diego in efforts to extend the fan - base . During their first season , the Rockets averaged less than 5,000 fans per game ( roughly half full ) , and in one game in Waco , there were only 759 fans in attendance . Their first permanent arena in Houston was the 10,000 seat Hofheinz Pavilion on the campus of the University of Houston , which they moved into starting in their second season . They played in the arena for four years , before occupying The Summit in 1975 . The arena , which could hold 16,611 spectators , was their home for the next 28 years . It was renamed the Compaq Center from 1998 to 2003 . Following the 1994 title , the Rockets had a sellout streak of 176 consecutive home games , including the playoffs , which lasted until 1999 . However , the struggling 2000 -- 01 and 2001 -- 02 seasons saw Houston having the worst attendance average in the league , with less than 12,000 spectators each season . For the 2003 -- 04 season , the Rockets moved into their new arena , the Toyota Center , with a seating capacity of 18,500 . During the 2007 -- 08 season where the team achieved a 22 - game winning streak , the Rockets got their best numbers to date , averaging 17,379 spectators . These were exceeded once James Harden joined the team in 2013 . The Rockets averaged 18,123 spectators during the 2013 -- 14 season , selling out 39 out of the 41 home games . The 2014 -- 15 season had even better numbers , with 40 sellouts and an average of 18,230 tickets sold . Team identity ( edit ) Uniforms and logos ( edit ) When the Rockets debuted in San Diego , their colors were green and gold . Road uniforms featured the city name , while the home uniforms feature the team name , both in a serifed block lettering . This was the only uniform design the Rockets would use throughout their years in San Diego . The Rockets ' first logo featured a rocket streaking with a basketball surrounded by the team name . Upon moving to Houston in 1971 , the Rockets replaced green with red . They kept the same design from their San Diego days , save for the change of color and city name . The logo used is of a player with a spinning basketball launching upward , with boosters on his back , leaving a trail of red and gold flames and the words `` Houston Rockets '' below it . For the 1972 -- 73 season , the Rockets introduced the famous `` mustard and ketchup '' logo , so dubbed by fans , featuring a gold basketball surrounded by two red trails , with `` Houston '' atop the first red trail and `` Rockets '' ( all capitalized save for the lowercase ' E ' and ' T ' ) in black surrounding the basketball . The initial home uniforms , used until the 1975 -- 76 season , features the city name , numbers and serifed player name in red with gold trim , while the away uniforms feature the city name ( all capitalized except for the lower case ' T ' and ' N ' ) , numbers and serifed player name in gold with white trim . In the 1976 -- 77 season , the Rockets modified their uniforms , featuring a monotone look on the Cooper Black fonts and white lettering on the road uniforms . On the home shorts , the team logo is located on the right leg , while the away shorts feature the team name wordmark on the same location . With minor modifications in the number font , this version was used in all four of their NBA Finals appearances , including their 1994 and 1995 championships . Following the 1995 title , the Rockets opted to modernize their look . After a fan contest with over 5,000 entries , the team went with the idea of Missouri City artist Thomas Nash of a rocket orbiting a basketball , which was then reworked by Houston designer Chris Hill . Nash would later sue the Rockets for breach of contract , given they were using his idea despite not having paid the contest prizes . The NBA suggested that the identity should follow the cartoon - inspired imagery that other teams adopted during the 1990s , leading to a rocket painted with sharkmouth nose art orbiting a basketball . Red was retained , but navy blue and silver became the uniform 's primary colors . Both the home white and away navy uniforms featured gradient - fading pinstripes and futuristic number fonts , with side stripes of navy fading to red . This was used until the 2002 -- 03 season . The Rockets ' current logos and uniforms were introduced in the 2003 -- 04 season , created by New York - based agency Alfafa Studio in association with Japanese designer Eiko Ishioka . The logo is a stylized ' R ' in the shape of a rocket during takeoff , surrounded by a red orbit streak that can be interpreted as the central circle of a basketball court . Said `` R '' inspired the team 's new custom typeface , designed so that every single digit could be read well from a distance , whether in the arena or on television . Red once again became the dominant color , with silver and black as secondary . In 2009 , the Rockets invoked the championship years with an alternate red uniform , featuring gold numbers and side stripes . The Rockets had two sleeved alternate jerseys for the 2015 -- 16 season , an alternate silver - colored uniform whose design referenced the design of NASA 's Gemini - Titan rocket , and a red and gold jersey featuring the nickname `` Clutch City '' . For the 2016 -- 17 season , the Rockets began to wear a black alternate uniform . Following the switch to Nike in 2017 , the Rockets made some slight tweaks to the uniform . While the black `` Statement '' uniform remained mostly unchanged , the red `` Icon '' and white `` Association '' uniforms now feature truncated side striping that no longer wrap around the shoulders . The Rockets also wore a `` City '' uniform that was similar to their red `` Icon '' uniforms but with Chinese lettering in place of `` Rockets '' in front . Clutch the Bear is the Rockets ' mascot . Mascots ( edit ) The mascot of the Houston Rockets in the 1980s was called Booster . From 1993 to 1995 , the mascot was Turbo , a costumed man that performed acrobatic dunks and other maneuvers . In 1995 , the Rockets debuted Clutch the Bear as a second mascot , a large teddy bear - like mascot that performs a variety of acts during the games . After eight years of serving as dual mascots , the performer playing Turbo retired , making Clutch the sole mascot for the team . Rivalries ( edit ) Main articles : Rockets -- Spurs rivalry , Mavericks -- Rockets rivalry , and Jazz -- Rockets rivalry The Rockets have developed many rivalries within the Western Conference ever since the team returned there in 1980 . Two are intrastate rivalries , with the San Antonio Spurs , who moved along with the Rockets after four years with them in the Eastern Conference , and the Dallas Mavericks , introduced that very season . Houston faced both Texas teams in playoffs since 1980 , beating the Spurs three times and losing once . The Rockets lost twice to the Mavericks , while beating them once . Other famed rivalries were with the Los Angeles Lakers , who in the 1980s Showtime era only missed the NBA Finals when beaten by the Rockets , and the Utah Jazz , who the Rockets beat in both championship seasons but were defeated by Utah in five other occasions . Honors and Statistics ( edit ) Individual honors ( edit ) NBA Most Valuable Player Award Moses Malone -- 1979 , 1982 Hakeem Olajuwon -- 1994 James Harden -- 2018 NBA Finals MVP Hakeem Olajuwon -- 1994 , 1995 NBA Scoring Champions Elvin Hayes -- 1969 James Harden -- 2018 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Hakeem Olajuwon -- 1993 , 1994 NBA Rookie of the Year Ralph Sampson -- 1984 Steve Francis -- 2000 NBA Sixth Man of the Year Eric Gordon -- 2017 NBA Most Improved Player Aaron Brooks -- 2010 NBA Coach of the Year Tom Nissalke -- 1977 Don Chaney -- 1991 Mike D'Antoni -- 2017 NBA Executive of the Year Ray Patterson -- 1977 Daryl Morey -- 2018 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award Calvin Murphy -- 1979 Dikembe Mutombo -- 2009 NBA All - Defensive First Team Hakeem Olajuwon -- 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 Rodney McCray -- 1988 Scottie Pippen -- 1999 Patrick Beverley -- 2017 NBA All - Defensive Second Team Moses Malone -- 1979 Hakeem Olajuwon -- 1985 , 1991 , 1996 , 1997 Rodney McCray -- 1987 Shane Battier -- 2008 , 2009 Ron Artest -- 2009 Patrick Beverley -- 2014 NBA All - Rookie First Team Elvin Hayes -- 1969 Calvin Murphy -- 1971 Joe Meriweather -- 1976 John Lucas -- 1977 Ralph Sampson -- 1984 Hakeem Olajuwon -- 1985 Steve Francis -- 2000 Yao Ming -- 2003 Luis Scola -- 2008 NBA All - Rookie Second Team Robert Horry -- 1993 Matt Maloney -- 1997 Cuttino Mobley -- 1999 Michael Dickerson -- 1999 Eddie Griffin -- 2002 Luther Head -- 2006 Carl Landry -- 2008 Chandler Parsons -- 2012 All - NBA First Team Moses Malone -- 1979 , 1982 Hakeem Olajuwon -- 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1993 , 1994 , 1997 James Harden -- 2014 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 All - NBA Second Team Moses Malone -- 1980 , 1981 Ralph Sampson -- 1985 Hakeem Olajuwon -- 1986 , 1990 , 1996 Yao Ming -- 2007 , 2009 Tracy McGrady -- 2007 Dwight Howard -- 2014 All - NBA Third Team Hakeem Olajuwon -- 1991 , 1995 , 1999 Clyde Drexler -- 1995 Yao Ming -- 2004 , 2006 , 2008 Tracy McGrady -- 2005 , 2008 James Harden -- 2013 All - Star Don Kojis -- 1968 , 1969 Elvin Hayes -- 1969 -- 1972 Jack Marin -- 1973 Rudy Tomjanovich -- 1974 -- 1977 , 1979 Moses Malone -- 1978 -- 1982 Calvin Murphy -- 1979 Ralph Sampson -- 1984 -- 1987 Hakeem Olajuwon -- 1985 -- 1990 , 1992 -- 1997 Otis Thorpe -- 1992 Charles Barkley -- 1997 Clyde Drexler -- 1996 , 1997 Steve Francis -- 2002 -- 2004 Tracy McGrady -- 2005 -- 2007 Yao Ming -- 2003 -- 2009 , 2011 James Harden -- 2013 -- 2018 Dwight Howard -- 2014 All - Star head coach Rudy Tomjanovich -- 1997 Mike D'Antoni -- 2018 All - Star Game MVP Ralph Sampson -- 1985 Statistics and records ( edit ) Main article : Houston Rockets statistics and records Franchise Leaders ( edit ) Bold denotes still active with team . Italics denotes still active but not with team . Points scored ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season ) 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 26,511 ) 2 . Calvin Murphy ( 17,949 ) 3 . Rudy Tomjanovich ( 13,383 ) 4 . James Harden ( 13,014 ) 5 . Elvin Hayes ( 11,762 ) 6 . Moses Malone ( 11,119 ) 7 . Yao Ming ( 9,247 ) 8 . Robert Reid ( 8,823 ) 9 . Mike Newlin ( 8,480 ) 10 . Otis Thorpe ( 8,177 ) 11 . Cuttino Mobley ( 7,448 ) 12 . Steve Francis ( 7,281 ) 13 . Tracy McGrady ( 6,888 ) 14 . Allen Leavell ( 6,684 ) 15 . Vernon Maxwell ( 6,002 ) 16 . Ralph Sampson ( 5,995 ) 17 . Kenny Smith ( 5,910 ) 18 . Luis Scola ( 5,597 ) 19 . Rodney McCray ( 5,059 ) 20 . Sleepy Floyd ( 5,030 ) 21 . Stu Lantz ( 4,947 ) 22 . Trevor Ariza ( 4,863 ) 23 . Lewis Lloyd ( 4,384 ) 24 . Clyde Drexler ( 4,155 ) 25 . Buck Johnson ( 4,139 ) 26 . John Block ( 4,138 ) 27 . Don Kojis ( 4,037 ) 28 . John Lucas II ( 3,756 ) 29 . Kevin Kunnert ( 3,550 ) 30 . Aaron Brooks ( 3,465 ) Other Statistics ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season ) Minutes Played 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 42,844 ) 2 . Calvin Murphy ( 30,607 ) 3 . Rudy Tomjanovich ( 25,714 ) 4 . Robert Reid ( 21,718 ) 5 . Elvin Hayes ( 20,782 ) Rebounds 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 13,382 ) 2 . Elvin Hayes ( 6,974 ) 3 . Moses Malone ( 6,959 ) 4 . Rudy Tomjanovich ( 6,198 ) 5 . Otis Thorpe ( 5,010 ) Assists 1 . Calvin Murphy ( 4,402 ) 2 . James Harden ( 3,615 ) 3 . Allen Leavell ( 3,339 ) 4 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 2,992 ) 5 . Mike Newlin ( 2,581 ) Steals 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 2,088 ) 2 . Calvin Murphy ( 1,165 ) 3 . Allen Leavell ( 929 ) 4 . Robert Reid ( 881 ) 5 . James Harden ( 797 ) Blocks 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 3,740 ) 2 . Yao Ming ( 920 ) 3 . Moses Malone ( 758 ) 4 . Ralph Sampson ( 585 ) 5 . Kelvin Cato ( 431 ) Players ( edit ) Current Roster ( edit ) For the complete list of Houston Rockets players , see Houston Rockets all - time roster . For the players drafted by Houston Rockets , see List of Houston Rockets first and second round draft picks . Houston Rockets roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Anderson , Ryan 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1988 -- 05 -- 06 California 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Anthony , Carmelo 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1984 -- 05 -- 29 Syracuse -- Caboclo , Bruno 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 218 lb ( 99 kg ) 1995 -- 09 -- 21 Brazil 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Capela , Clint 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1994 -- 05 -- 18 INSEP ( FRA ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Carter - Williams , Michael 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1991 -- 10 -- 10 Syracuse 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Clark , Gary 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1994 -- 11 -- 16 Cincinnati 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Edwards , Vincent 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1996 -- 04 -- 05 Purdue 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Ennis , James 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1990 -- 07 -- 01 Long Beach State 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Gordon , Eric 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1988 -- 12 -- 25 Indiana 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Gray , Rob 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1994 -- 04 -- 03 Houston G / F 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Green , Gerald 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1986 -- 01 -- 26 Gulf Shores Academy ( TX ) 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Harden , James 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1989 -- 08 -- 26 Arizona State F / C 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Hartenstein , Isaiah 7000215899999999999 ♠ 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) 249 lb ( 113 kg ) 1998 -- 05 -- 05 Germany 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Melton , De'Anthony ( DP ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 193 lb ( 88 kg ) 1998 -- 05 -- 28 Southern California F / C 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Nenê 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1982 -- 09 -- 13 Brazil 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Paul , Chris 7000182880000000000 ♠ 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) 175 lb ( 79 kg ) 1985 -- 05 -- 06 Wake Forest 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Tucker , P.J. 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1985 -- 05 -- 05 Texas F / C 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Zhou Qi 7000215899999999999 ♠ 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1996 -- 01 -- 16 China Head coach Mike D'Antoni Assistant coach ( es ) Jeff Bzdelik Brett Gunning Roy Rogers John Lucas ( player development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2018 -- 07 -- 25 Retained draft rights ( edit ) The Rockets hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref 2014 53 Alessandro Gentile G / F Italy Virtus Segafredo Bologna ( Italy ) Acquired from the Minnesota Timberwolves 2013 45 Marko Todorović F / C Montenegro Free agent Acquired from the Portland Trail Blazers 2011 51 Jon Diebler United States Beşiktaş ( Turkey ) Acquired from the Portland Trail Blazers 2009 34 Sergio Llull Spain Real Madrid ( Spain ) Acquired from the Denver Nuggets 2008 54 Maarty Leunen United States Consultinvest Bologna ( Italy ) Re-acquired from the Dallas Mavericks ( via Los Angeles Clippers ) 2005 52 Axel Hervelle Belgium Spirou Charleroi ( Belgium ) Acquired from the Denver Nuggets Retired numbers ( edit ) Yao Ming Retired February 3 , 2017 Clyde Drexler Retired February 3 , 2000 Calvin Murphy Retired March 17 , 1984 Moses Malone Retired April 19 , 1998 Hakeem Olajuwon Retired November 9 , 2002 Rudy Tomjanovich Retired January 28 , 1982 Carroll Dawson Assistant coach GM Honored April 16 , 2007 Also served as head coach from 1991 to 2003 . As Dawson did not play for the Rockets , the team used his initials . Basketball Hall of Famers ( edit ) Houston Rockets Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted Rick Barry 1978 -- 1980 11 44 Elvin Hayes C / F 1968 -- 1972 1981 -- 1984 23 Calvin Murphy 1970 -- 1983 1993 24 Moses Malone C / F 1976 -- 1982 2001 22 Clyde Drexler G / F 1995 -- 1998 Charles Barkley 1996 -- 2000 2006 34 Hakeem Olajuwon 1984 -- 2001 2008 33 Scottie Pippen 1998 -- 1999 50 Ralph Sampson C / F 1983 -- 1987 2012 55 Dikembe Mutombo 2004 -- 2009 2015 11 Yao Ming 2002 -- 2011 2016 Tracy McGrady G / F 2004 -- 2010 2017 Coaches Name Position Tenure Inducted Alex Hannum Head coach 1969 -- 1971 1998 Tex Winter Head coach 1971 -- 1973 2011 Notes : All three players were also inducted to the Hall of Fame as members of the 1992 Olympic team . FIBA Hall of Famers ( edit ) Houston Rockets Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 34 Hakeem Olajuwon 1984 -- 2001 2016 Management ( edit ) General managers ( edit ) GM history GM Tenure Jack McMahon Mar 1967 -- June 1968 Pete Newell June 1968 -- May 1972 Ray Patterson May 1972 -- September 1989 Steve Patterson September 1989 -- August 1993 Tod Leiweke August 1993 -- January 1994 Bob Weinhauer January 1994 -- May 1996 Carroll Dawson May 1996 -- May 2007 Daryl Morey May 2007 -- present Owners ( edit ) Ownership history Owner Tenure Robert Breitbard January 1967 -- June 1971 Billy Goldberg , Wayne Duddlesten , Mickey Herskowitz June 1971 -- December 1973 Irvin Kaplan December 1973 -- February 1975 James Talcott Incorporated February 1975 -- February 1976 Kenneth Schnitzer February 1976 -- May 1979 George J. Maloof , Sr . May 1979 -- November 1980 Gavin Maloof November 1980 -- June 1982 Charlie Thomas June 1982 -- July 1993 Leslie Alexander July 1993 -- October 2017 Tilman Fertitta October 2017 -- present Coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Houston Rockets head coaches San Diego Rockets Coach Tenure Jack McMahon 1968 -- 1970 Alex Hannum 1970 -- 1971 Houston Rockets Coach Tenure Tex Winter 1971 -- 1973 Johnny Egan 1973 -- 1976 Tom Nissalke 1976 -- 1979 Del Harris 1979 -- 1983 Bill Fitch 1983 -- 1988 Don Chaney 1988 -- 1992 Rudy Tomjanovich 1992 -- 2003 Jeff Van Gundy 2003 -- 2007 Rick Adelman 2007 -- 2011 Kevin McHale 2011 -- 2015 J.B. Bickerstaff ( interim ) 2015 -- 2016 Mike D'Antoni 2016 -- present References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rockets All - Time Record '' ( PDF ) . Houston Rockets 2017 -- 18 Media Guide . NBA Properties , Inc . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2017 -- 18 . 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Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Devadanam , Steven ( August 2003 ) . `` Rocket Science '' . In Town Magazine . Houston Chamber of Commerce . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets '' . Alfafa Studio . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barron , David ( July 8 , 2003 ) . `` Rockets settle on new logo '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Jason ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` Rockets Unveil Alternate Jersey '' . Houston Rockets . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Godwin , Jordan ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` Rockets ' new alternate jerseys have look of a champion '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Rockets display trio of new alternates , including ' Clutch City ' design '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets : Turbo '' . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hlavaty , Craig ( August 16 , 2010 ) . `` Mascot School : How To Entertain , And What About Having To Pee ? '' . Houston Press . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets - Spurs rivalry 's top moments '' . Beaumont Enterprise . April 11 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Series sets up Dallas Mavericks - Houston Rockets to be a real rivalry -- Dallas Mavericks Blog -- ESPN '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets Playoff History '' . RealGM . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : Key moments from Rockets - Lakers rivalry '' . Ultimate Rockets . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Diana Allen . `` Rockets - Jazz : The Best Rivalry You Have n't Heard Of '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Moses Malone Statistics '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hakeem Olajuwon Statistics '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` James Harden Statistics '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elvin Hayes Statistics '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` James Harden Statistics '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : 2015 -- 16 Media Guide , p. 150 Jump up ^ `` NBA Awards -- Executive of the Year '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets ' Daryl Morey named NBA Executive of the Year '' . Houston Chronicle . June 25 , 2018 . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mutombo wins J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award '' . NBA.com. April 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2009 . Retrieved April 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Beverley makes NBA All - Defensive Team on second unit '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Durant , LeBron headline 2013 -- 14 All - NBA First Team '' . NBA.com . June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : 2015 -- 16 Media Guide , pp. 152 - 3 ^ Jump up to : `` Rockets Career Leaders : Statistics '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ `` Houston Rockets draft Switzerland forward Clint Capela , Arizona guard Nick Johnson '' . click2houston.com . August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets Acquire Papanikolaou , Todorovic and Two Future 2nd Round Picks '' . NBA.com . July 10 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets Get Players And Pick In Three - Team Deal '' . NBA.com . July 20 , 2012 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Houston purchases trio of second - round picks '' . NBA.com . June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mavericks Get Center Chinanu Onuaku in Trade With Rockets '' . www.nbcdfw.com . August 1 , 2018 . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nuggets acquire swingman White from Rockets '' . NBA.com . September 22 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Houston Rockets '' . CBS Sports . CBS Interactive . May 15 , 2010 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Damien ( April 4 , 2007 ) . `` Tribute to Dawson '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2015 -- 16 Media Guide , p. 149 ^ Jump up to : `` Houston Rockets Media Guide 2008 -- 09 '' ( PDF ) . NBA.com . p. 154 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patterson 's reign '' . Houston Chronicle . August 30 , 1990 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sefko , Eddie ( August 31 , 1993 ) . `` Rockets ' Patterson era ends '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sefko , Eddie . `` Rockets shaken at foundation '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sefko , Eddie ( August 30 , 1996 ) . `` Rockets ' VP Weinhauer resigns post '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sefko , Eddie ( May 24 , 1996 ) . `` Dawson set for promotion '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Feigen , Jonathan ( May 11 , 2007 ) . `` Morey officially takes charge '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Houston Rockets Media Guide 2008 -- 09 '' ( PDF ) . NBA.com . p. 137 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` It 's official : Tilman Fertitta owns the Rockets '' . chron.com . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Houston portal National Basketball Association portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Houston Rockets . Official website Houston Rockets Founded in 1967 Played in San Diego ( 1967 -- 1971 ) Based in Houston , Texas Franchise Franchise History Expansion Draft All - time roster Seasons Records Draft history Head coaches Current season Arenas San Diego Sports Arena Hofheinz Pavilion HemisFair Arena The Summit / Compaq Center Toyota Center Culture and lore Red Rowdies ClutchFans Clutch City Clutch the Rockets Bear Dancing Barry Kermit Washington punches Rudy Tomjanovich The Clock Incident The Kiss of Death The Dream Shake 13 points in 35 seconds 22 wins in a row NBA Championships ( 2 ) 1994 1995 Western Conference Championships ( 4 ) 1981 1986 1994 1995 Administration Owner Tilman Fertitta General Manager Daryl Morey Head Coach Mike D'Antoni Retired numbers 11 22 23 24 34 45 CD Most Valuable Players Moses Malone Hakeem Olajuwon Hall of Famers Charles Barkley Rick Barry Clyde Drexler Elvin Hayes Moses Malone Tracy McGrady Calvin Murphy Dikembe Mutombo Hakeem Olajuwon Scottie Pippen Ralph Sampson Yao Ming G League affiliate Rio Grande Valley Vipers Rivals Dallas Mavericks San Antonio Spurs Utah Jazz Media TV AT&T SportsNet Southwest Radio Sportstalk 790 Announcers Bill Worrell Clyde Drexler Matt Bullard Craig Ackerman Links to related articles Houston Rockets seasons Franchise History Seasons 1960s 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory Relocated National Basketball Association teams Tri-Cities Blackhawks -- Milwaukee Hawks ( 1951 ) Milwaukee Hawks -- St. Louis Hawks ( 1955 ) Fort Wayne Pistons -- Detroit Pistons ( 1957 ) Rochester Royals -- Cincinnati Royals ( 1957 ) Minneapolis Lakers -- Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 ) Philadelphia Warriors -- San Francisco Warriors ( 1962 ) Chicago Zephyrs -- Baltimore Bullets ( 1963 ) Syracuse Nationals -- Philadelphia 76ers ( 1963 ) St. Louis Hawks -- Atlanta Hawks ( 1968 ) San Diego Rockets -- Houston Rockets ( 1971 ) Cincinnati Royals -- Kansas City -- Omaha Kings ( 1972 ) Baltimore Bullets -- Capital Bullets ( 1973 ) Kansas City -- Omaha Kings -- Kansas City Kings ( 1975 ) Buffalo Braves -- San Diego Clippers ( 1978 ) New Orleans Jazz -- Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) San Diego Clippers -- Los Angeles Clippers ( 1984 ) Kansas City Kings -- Sacramento Kings ( 1985 ) Vancouver Grizzlies -- Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 ) New Orleans Hornets -- New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2005 ) New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets -- New Orleans Hornets ( 2007 ) Seattle SuperSonics -- Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2008 ) National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - 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when's the last time the houston rockets won a championship
[ "Houston Rockets\n2018–19 Houston Rockets season\nConference\nWesternDivision\nSouthwestFounded\n1967History\nSan Diego Rockets1967–1971Houston Rockets1971–present[1][2][3]Arena\nToyota CenterLocation\nHouston, TexasTeam colors\nRed, silver, black, white[4][5] General manager\nDaryl MoreyHead coach\nMike D'AntoniOwnership\nTilman Fertitta[6]Affiliation(s)\nRio Grande Valley VipersChampionships\n2 (1994, 1995)Conference titles\n4 (1981, 1986, 1994, 1995)Division titles\n6 (1977, 1986, 1993, 1994, 2015, 2018)Retired numbers\n7 (11, 22, 23, 24, 34, 45, CD)Website\nwww.nba.com/rockets\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHome\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAway\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThird\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFourth\n\n\n" ]
[ "1995" ]
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United States presidential line of succession
United States Presidential line of succession - wikipedia United States Presidential line of succession Jump to : navigation , search The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which persons may become or act as President of the United States if the incumbent President becomes incapacitated , dies , resigns or is removed from office . ( A President can be removed from office by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate . ) The line of succession is set by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices . The succession follows the order of Vice President , Speaker of the House of Representatives , President pro tempore of the Senate , and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States , which currently has fifteen members , beginning with the Secretary of State . Those heads of departments who are ineligible to act as President are also ineligible to succeed the President by succession , for example most commonly if they are not a natural - born U.S. citizen . Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency , and in 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission raised a number of other issues with the current line of succession . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current order 2 Eligibility 2.1 Eligibility requirements 2.2 Acting officers 3 Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 4 Constitutional provisions 5 Acting President and President 6 History of succession law set by Congress 6.1 Presidential Succession Act 1792 6.2 Presidential Succession Act 1886 6.3 Presidential Succession Act 1947 6.4 Postmaster General removed 1971 6.5 Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 7 Successions beyond Vice President 8 Constitutional concerns 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Current order ( edit ) The current presidential order of succession is as follows : Key Eligible Democrat ( D ) Eligible Republican ( R ) Eligible Independent ( I ) Eligible Unknown Not eligible No . Office Current officer Vice President Mike Pence ( R ) Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan ( R ) President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch ( R ) Secretary of State Rex Tillerson ( R ) 5 Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin ( R ) 6 Secretary of Defense James Mattis ( I ) 7 Attorney General Jeff Sessions ( R ) 8 Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke ( R ) 9 Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue ( R ) 10 Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross ( R ) 11 Secretary of Labor Alex Acosta ( R ) 12 Secretary of Health and Human Services Tom Price ( R ) 13 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson ( R ) -- Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao ( R ) 14 Secretary of Energy Rick Perry ( R ) 15 Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos ( R ) 16 Secretary of Veterans Affairs David Shulkin ( I ) 17 Secretary of Homeland Security Elaine Duke ( I ) Jump up ^ Not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . Jump up ^ This listing assumes that acting officers whose prior appointment required Senate confirmation are eligible for the line of succession . See Acting officers below . Cabinet officers are in line according to the chronological order of their department 's creation or the department of which their department is the successor ( the Department of Defense being successor to the Department of War , and the Department of Health and Human Services being successor to the Department of Health , Education and Welfare ) . Eligibility ( edit ) Eligibility requirements ( edit ) To be eligible to serve as President , a person must be a natural - born U.S. citizen , at least 35 years of age , and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years . These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U.S. Constitution , Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 , and in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ( e ) ) . Acting officers ( edit ) Acting officers may be eligible . In 2009 , the Continuity of Government Commission , a private non-partisan think tank , reported , The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation . The 1886 Act refers to `` such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named ... '' The current act merely refers to `` officers appointed , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . '' Read literally , this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post ( even for example , the second or third in command within a department ) . It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office . Though there is some dispute over this provision , the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession . ( We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession . ) Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 ( edit ) Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt , President Harry S. Truman proposed that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be granted priority in the line of succession over the Cabinet so as to ensure the President would not be able to appoint his successor to the Presidency . The Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the President , while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials . The Speaker is chosen by the U.S. House of Representatives , and every Speaker has been a member of that body for the duration of their term as Speaker , though this is not technically a requirement ; the President pro tempore is chosen by the U.S. Senate and customarily the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service fills this position . The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and President pro tempore in line , ahead of the members of the Cabinet in the order in which their positions were established . In his speech supporting the changes , Truman noted that the House of Representatives is more likely to be in political agreement with the President and Vice President than the Senate . The succession of a Republican to a Democratic Presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation . However , when the changes to the succession were signed into law , they placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the Vice President . Some of Truman 's critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then - current holder of the latter rank , Senator Kenneth McKellar . Further motivation may have been provided by Truman 's preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession , rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius , Jr . Constitutional provisions ( edit ) The line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution : Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 makes the Vice President first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the President nor Vice President can serve . The current such law governing succession is the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ) . Section 3 of the 20th Amendment provides that if the President - elect dies before his term begins , the Vice President - elect becomes President on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the President - elect was elected . The section also provides that if , on Inauguration Day , a president has not been chosen or the President - elect does not qualify for the presidency , the Vice President - elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the President - elect qualifies . Finally , Section 3 allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither a President - elect nor a Vice President - elect is eligible or available to serve . The 25th Amendment , ratified in 1967 , clarified Article II , Section 1 : that the Vice President is the direct successor of the President . He or she becomes President if the President dies , resigns or is removed from office . The amendment also provides for the situation where the President is temporarily disabled , such as if the President has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unstable . The amendment also provides for Vice Presidential succession , by requiring Vice Presidential vacancies to be filled by the President and confirmed by both houses of the Congress . Previously , whenever a Vice President had succeeded to the Presidency or had otherwise left the office empty ( through death , resignation , or removal from office ) , the Vice Presidency remained vacant until the next Presidential and Vice Presidential terms began . Acting President and President ( edit ) Main article : Acting President of the United States New President Lyndon Johnson was sworn in aboard Air Force One , following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 . Article II , Section 1 of the United States Constitution provides that : In case of the removal of the President from office , or of his death , resignation , or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office , the same shall devolve on the Vice President ... until the disability be removed , or a President elected . This originally left open the question whether `` the same '' refers to `` the said office '' or only `` the powers and duties of the said office . '' Some historians , including Edward Corwin and John D. Feerick , have argued that the framers ' intention was that the Vice President would remain Vice President while executing the powers and duties of the Presidency ; however , there is also much evidence to the contrary , the most compelling of which is Article I , section 3 , of the Constitution itself , the relevant text of which reads : The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate , but shall have no vote , unless they be equally divided . The Senate shall chuse ( sic ) their other officers , and also a President pro tempore , in the absence of the Vice President , or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States . This text appears to answer the hypothetical question of whether the office or merely the powers of the Presidency devolved upon the Vice President on his succession . Thus , the 25th Amendment merely restates and reaffirms the validity of existing precedent , apart from adding new protocols for Presidential disability . Not everyone agreed with this interpretation when it was first actually tested , and it was left to Vice President John Tyler , the first presidential successor in U.S. history , to establish the precedent that was respected in the absence of the 25th Amendment . In 1841 , John Tyler became the first person to succeed to the presidency . Upon the death of President William Henry Harrison in 1841 and after a brief hesitation , Tyler took the position that he was the President and not merely acting President upon taking the presidential oath of office . However , some contempories -- including John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay and other members of Congress Whig party leaders and even Tyler 's own cabinet -- believed that he was only acting as President and did not have the office itself . Nonetheless , Tyler adhered to his position , even returning , unopened , mail addressed to the `` Acting President of the United States '' sent by his detractors. Tyler 's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title `` President , '' and this precedent was followed thereafter . The question was finally resolved by Section 1 of the 25th Amendment , which specifies that `` In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation , the Vice President shall become President . '' The Amendment does not specify whether officers other than the Vice President can become President rather than Acting President in the same set of circumstances . The Presidential Succession Act refers only to other officers acting as President rather than becoming President . History of succession law set by Congress ( edit ) Presidential succession Act 1792 ( edit ) Main article : Presidential Succession Act Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1792 The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 was the first succession law passed by Congress . The act was contentious because the Federalists did not want the then Secretary of State , Thomas Jefferson , who had become the leader of the Democratic - Republicans , to follow the Vice President in the succession . There were also separation of powers concerns over including the Chief Justice of the United States in the line . The compromise they worked out established the President pro tempore of the Senate as next in line after the Vice President , followed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives . In either case , these officers were to `` act as President of the United States until the disability be removed or a president be elected . '' The Act called for a special election to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred ( unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October , in which case the election would occur the following year ; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term , in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled ) . The people elected President and Vice President in such a special election would have served a full four - year term beginning on March 4 of the next year , but no such election ever took place . Presidential succession Act 1886 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1886 In 1881 , after the death of President Garfield , and in 1885 , after the death of Vice President Hendricks , there had been no President pro tempore in office , and as the new House of Representatives had yet to convene , no Speaker either , leaving no one at all in the line of succession after the vice president . When Congress convened in December 1885 , President Cleveland asked for a revision of the 1792 act , which was passed in 1886 . Congress replaced the President pro tempore and Speaker with officers of the President 's Cabinet with the Secretary of State first in line . In the first 100 years of the United States , six former Secretaries of State had gone on to be elected President , while only two congressional leaders had advanced to that office . As a result , changing the order of the line of succession seemed reasonable . Presidential succession Act 1947 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1947 The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , signed into law by President Harry S. Truman , added the Speaker of the House and President pro tempore back in the line , but switched the two from the 1792 order . It remains the sequence used today . Since the reorganization of the military in 1947 had merged the War Department ( which governed the Army ) with the Department of the Navy into the Department of Defense , the Secretary of Defense took the place in the order of succession previously held by the Secretary of War . The office of Secretary of the Navy , which had existed as a Cabinet - level position since 1798 , had become subordinate to the Secretary of Defense in the military reorganization , and so was dropped from the line of succession in the 1947 Succession Act . Postmaster General removed 1971 ( edit ) Until 1971 , the Postmaster General , the head of the Post Office Department , was a member of the Cabinet , initially the last in the presidential line of succession before new officers were added . Once the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service , a special agency independent of the executive branch , the Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet and was thus removed from the line of succession . Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 ( edit ) The United States Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002 . On March 9 , 2006 , pursuant to the renewal of the Patriot Act as Pub. L. 109 -- 177 , the Secretary of Homeland Security was added to the line of succession . The order of Cabinet members in the line has always been the same as the order in which their respective departments were established . Despite custom , many in Congress had wanted the Secretary to be placed at number eight on the list -- below the Attorney General , above the Secretary of the Interior , and in the position held by the Secretary of the Navy prior to the creation of the Secretary of Defense -- because the Secretary , already in charge of disaster relief and security , would presumably be more prepared to take over the presidency than some of the other Cabinet secretaries . Despite this , the 2006 law explicitly specifies that the `` Secretary of Homeland Security '' follows the `` Secretary of Veterans Affairs '' in the succession , effectively at the end of the list . Successions beyond Vice President ( edit ) David Rice Atchison 's tombstone ( Plattsburg , Missouri ) , including the claim `` President of the United States for One Day '' While nine Vice Presidents have succeeded to the office upon the death or resignation of the President , and two Vice Presidents have temporarily served as acting President , no other officer has ever been called upon to act as President . On March 4 , 1849 , President Zachary Taylor 's term began , but he declined to be sworn in on a Sunday , citing religious beliefs , and the Vice President was not sworn either . As the last President pro tempore of the Senate , David Rice Atchison was thought by some to be next in line after the Vice President , and his tombstone claims that he was US President for the day . However , Atchison took no oath of office to the presidency either , and his term as Senate President pro tempore had by then expired . In 1865 , when Andrew Johnson assumed the Presidency on the death of Abraham Lincoln , the office of Vice President became vacant . At that time , the Senate President pro tempore was next in line to the presidency . In 1868 , Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and subjected to impeachment trial in the Senate , and if he had been convicted and thereby removed from office , Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Wade would have become acting President . This posed a conflict of interest , as Wade 's own vote on removal could have helped to determine whether he would have assumed the presidential powers and duties . In his book The Shadow Presidents , which he published in 1979 , Michael Medved describes a situation that arose prior to the 1916 election , when the First World War was raging in Europe . In view of the current international turmoil , President Woodrow Wilson thought that if he lost the election it would be better for his opponent to begin his administration straight away , instead of waiting through the lame duck period , which at that time had a duration of almost four months . President Wilson and his aides formed a plan to exploit the rule of succession so that his rival Charles Evans Hughes could take over the Presidency as soon as the result of the election was clear . The plan was that Wilson would appoint Hughes to the post of Secretary of State . Wilson and his Vice President Thomas R. Marshall would then resign , and as the Secretary of State was at that time designated next in line of succession , Hughes would become President immediately . As it happened , President Wilson won re-election , so the plan was never put into action . New President Gerald Ford is sworn in following the resignation of Richard Nixon on August 9 , 1974 . Since the 25th Amendment 's ratification , its Second Section , which addresses Vice Presidential succession as noted above , has been invoked twice . During the 1973 Vice Presidential vacancy , House Speaker Carl Albert was first in line . As the Watergate scandal made President Nixon 's removal or resignation possible , Albert would have become Acting President and -- under Title 3 , Section 19 ( c ) of the U.S. Code -- would have been able to `` act as President until the expiration of the then current Presidential term '' on January 20 , 1977 . Albert openly questioned whether it was appropriate for him , a Democrat , to assume the powers and duties of the presidency when there was a public mandate for the Presidency to be held by a Republican . Albert announced that should he need to assume the Presidential powers and duties , he would do so only as a caretaker . However , with the nomination and confirmation of Gerald Ford to the Vice Presidency , which marked the first time the Second Section of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked , these series of events were never tested . Albert again became first - in - line during the first four months of Ford 's Presidency , before the confirmation of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller , which marked the second time Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked . In 1981 , when President Ronald Reagan was shot , Vice President George H.W. Bush was traveling in Texas . Secretary of State Alexander Haig responded to a reporter 's question regarding who was running the government by stating : `` Constitutionally , gentlemen , you have the President , the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order , and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President , he will do so . He has not done that . As of now , I am in control here , in the White House , pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him . If something came up , I would check with him , of course . '' A bitter dispute ensued over the meaning of Haig 's remarks . Most people believed that Haig was referring to the line of succession and erroneously claimed to have temporary Presidential authority , due to his implied reference to the Constitution . Haig and his supporters , noting his familiarity with the line of succession from his time as White House Chief of Staff during Richard Nixon 's resignation , said he only meant that he was the highest - ranking officer of the Executive branch on - site , managing things temporarily until the Vice President returned to Washington . Constitutional concerns ( edit ) Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency . James Madison , one of the authors of the Constitution , raised similar constitutional questions about the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 in a 1792 letter to Edmund Pendleton . Two of these issues can be summarized : The term `` Officer '' in the relevant clause of the Constitution is most plausibly interpreted to mean an `` Officer of the United States '' , who must be a member of the Executive or Judicial Branch . The Speaker and the President pro tempore are not officers in this sense . Under the principle of separation of powers , the Constitution specifically disallows legislative officials from also serving in the executive branch . For the Speaker or the Senate President pro tempore to become Acting President , they must resign their position , at which point they are no longer in the line of succession . This is seen by some to form a constitutional paradox . However , the current Act specifies that the Speaker becomes President `` upon his resignation as Speaker '' and as a member of Congress , allowing for a seamless transition . In 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has `` at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention '' , specifically : The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington , D.C. In the event of a nuclear , chemical , or biological attack , it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated . Doubt ( such as those expressed above by James Madison ) that congressional leaders are eligible to act as President . A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the `` largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest - serving Senator of the majority party '' . For example , from January 20 , 2001 , to June 6 , 2001 , the President pro tempore was then - 98 - year - old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina . A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term , as the President , Speaker , and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other . A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments , without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary . The fact that , should a Cabinet member begin to act as President , the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker ( or the Senate , a new President pro tempore ) , who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time . The absence of a provision where a President is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant ( for example , if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the President and killed the Vice President ) . See also ( edit ) Central Locator System Designated survivor List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots United States presidential line of succession in fiction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 19 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Presidential order of succession '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Continuity of the Presidency , '' Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 , p. 34 . ( Archived by WebCite at ( 1 ) Accessed : 2012 - 05 - 23 ) Jump up ^ `` Special Message to the Congress on the Succession to the Presidency . June 19 , 1945 '' by President Harry S. Truman ; from the American Presidency Project archives ^ Jump up to : Wildavsky , Aaron B. ( 2003 ) . Horowitz , Irving , ed . The revolt against the masses and other essays on politics and public policy ( Google Books ) . Transaction Publishers . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0960 - 5 . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading - '' . kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr . ( Autumn 1974 ) . `` On the Presidential Succession '' . Political Science Quarterly . 89 ( 3 ) : 475 , 495 -- 496 . JSTOR 2148451 . ^ Jump up to : Rankin , Robert S. ( Feb 1946 ) . `` Presidential Succession in the United States '' . The Journal of Politics . 8 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 56 . JSTOR 2125607 . doi : 10.2307 / 2125607 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott , Philip ( Dec 2005 ) . `` Accidental Presidents : Death , Assassination , Resignation , and Democratic Succession '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 35 ( 4 ) : 627 , 638 . JSTOR 27552721 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2005. 00269. x . Jump up ^ Crapol , Edward P. ( 2006 ) . John Tyler : the accidental president . UNC Press Books . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3041 - 3 . OCLC 469686610 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton Thomas ; Willsey , Joseph H. ( 1895 ) . Harper 's Book of Facts : a Classified History of the World ; Embracing Science , Literature , and Art . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 884 . LCCN 01020386 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postmasters General '' . postalmuseum.si.edu . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ US Congress ( 2005 ) . USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act OF 2005 . 109th Congress Public Law 177 . Retrieved on October 29 , 2015 from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ177/html/PLAW-109publ177.htm . Jump up ^ `` 1801 : President for a Day -- March 4 , 1849 '' . May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Mikkelson ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` President for a Day '' . snopes . Jump up ^ Medved , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Shadow Presidents : The Secret History of the Chief Executives and Their Top Aides . New York , U.S.A. : Times Books . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0816 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Haig '' , Time Magazine , April 02 , 1984 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 6 : James Madison to Edmund Pendleton '' . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Presidential Succession Act 1947 Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link Further reading ( edit ) Ask Gleaves : Presidential Succession from the website of Grand Valley State University 3 U.S.C. § 19 -- `` Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' Presidential Succession Act of 1792 , 1 Stat. 239 ( from the American Memory website of the Library of Congress `` Presidential Line of Succession Examined '' , a September 20 , 2003 article from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel `` WI Presidential Succession Act of 1947 held unconstitutional '' , David Tenner , Usenet group : soc. history. what - if , January 14 , 2003 . Fools , Drunkards , & Presidential Succession from the Federalist Society website Testimony of M. Miller Baker from the U.S. Senate website External links ( edit ) The Presidency : Preserving Our Institutions Second report of the Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 ( includes the text of the Presidential Succession Acts of 1792 , 1886 and 1947 ) Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Rex Tillerson ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( James Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Tom Price ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( David Shulkin ) Secretary of Homeland Security Jump up ^ Never confirmed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and thus ineligible for the presidential line of succession . Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . 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Congo Dominican Republic France Finland Germany Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy South Korea Mexico Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Sri Lanka Taiwan United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_line_of_succession&oldid=801069645 '' Categories : United States presidential succession Vice Presidency of the United States Continuity of government in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 13 : 30 . 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who becomes president if the president and vice president are impeached
[ "The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which persons may become or act as President of the United States if the incumbent President becomes incapacitated, dies, resigns or is removed from office. (A President can be removed from office by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate.) The line of succession is set by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947[1] as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices. The succession follows the order of Vice President, Speaker of the House of Representatives, President pro tempore of the Senate, and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States, which currently has fifteen members, beginning with the Secretary of State. Those heads of departments who are ineligible to act as President are also ineligible to succeed the President by succession, for example most commonly if they are not a natural-born U.S. citizen." ]
[ "Speaker of the House of Representatives" ]
-1516664552476080774
Watergate scandal
Watergate scandal - wikipedia Watergate scandal `` Watergate '' redirects here . For the buildings , see Watergate complex . For other uses , see Watergate ( disambiguation ) . For a chronological guide to this subject , see Timeline of the Watergate scandal . Watergate scandal Watergate complex Events List ( show ) Presidency of Richard Nixon Timeline Nixon White House tapes Operation Sandwedge Operation Gemstone 1972 U.S. presidential election `` Saturday Night Massacre '' `` White House horrors '' United States v. Nixon Resignation speech Inauguration of Gerald Ford People Watergate burglars ( show ) Bernard Barker Virgilio Gonzalez Eugenio Martínez James W. McCord Jr . Frank Sturgis Groups ( show ) Master list of Nixon 's political opponents Nixon 's Enemies List Watergate Babies Watergate Seven White House Plumbers CRP ( show ) Committee for the Re-Election of the President ( CRP ) Fred LaRue Jeb Stuart Magruder Robert Mardian John N. Mitchell Kenneth Parkinson Hugh W. Sloan Jr . Maurice Stans White House ( show ) President Richard Nixon Alexander Butterfield Charles Colson John Dean John Ehrlichman Gerald Ford H.R. Haldeman E. Howard Hunt Egil Krogh G. Gordon Liddy Gordon C. Strachan Rose Mary Woods Judiciary ( show ) Archibald Cox Leon Jaworski John Sirica Journalists ( show ) Carl Bernstein Bob Woodward Ben Bradlee Howard Simons Lesley Stahl The Washington Post Intelligence community ( show ) Mark Felt ( `` Deep Throat '' ) L. Patrick Gray Richard Helms James R. Schlesinger Congress ( show ) Howard Baker Sam Ervin Peter W. Rodino U.S. Senate Watergate Committee Impeachment process Related ( show ) Frank Wills ( security guard ) James F. Neal ( prosecutor ) All the President 's Men ( book , film ) The Final Days ( book , film ) Dick ( film ) The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal that occurred in the United States during the early 1970s , following a break - in by five men at the Democratic National Committee ( DNC ) headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington , D.C. on June 17 , 1972 , and President Richard Nixon 's administration 's subsequent attempt to cover up its involvement . After the five burglars were caught and the conspiracy was discovered -- chiefly through the work of a few journalists , Congressional staffers and an election - finance watchdog official -- Watergate was investigated by the United States Congress . Meanwhile , Nixon 's administration resisted its probes , which led to a constitutional crisis . The term Watergate , by metonymy , has come to encompass an array of clandestine and often illegal activities undertaken by members of the Nixon administration . Those activities included such dirty tricks as bugging the offices of political opponents and people of whom Nixon or his officials were suspicious . Nixon and his close aides also ordered investigations of activist groups and political figures , using the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , and the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) as political weapons . The scandal led to the discovery of multiple abuses of power by members of the Nixon administration , an impeachment process against the president that led to articles of impeachment , and Nixon 's resignation . The scandal also resulted in the indictment of 69 people , with trials or pleas resulting in 48 being found guilty , many of whom were top Nixon officials . The affair began with the arrest of five men for breaking into the DNC headquarters at the Watergate complex on Saturday , June 17 , 1972 . The FBI investigated and discovered a connection between cash found on the burglars and a slush fund used by the Committee for the Re-Election of the President ( CRP ) , the official organization of Nixon 's campaign . In July 1973 , evidence mounted against the president 's staff , including testimony provided by former staff members in an investigation conducted by the Senate Watergate Committee . The investigation revealed that Nixon had a tape - recording system in his offices and that he had recorded many conversations . After a series of court battles , the Supreme Court of the United States unanimously ruled that the president was obliged to release the tapes to government investigators ( United States v. Nixon ) . The tapes revealed that Nixon had attempted to cover up activities that took place after the break - in , and to use federal officials to deflect the investigation . Facing virtually certain impeachment in the House of Representatives and equally certain conviction by the Senate , Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9 , 1974 , preventing the House from impeaching him . On September 8 , 1974 , his successor , Gerald Ford , pardoned him . The name `` Watergate '' and the suffix `` - gate '' have since become synonymous with political and non-political scandals in the United States , and some other parts of the world . Contents 1 Wiretapping of the Democratic Party 's headquarters 2 Cover - up and its unraveling 2.1 Initial cover - up 2.2 Money trail 2.3 Role of the media 2.4 Scandal escalates 2.5 Senate Watergate hearings and revelation of the Watergate tapes 2.6 `` Saturday Night Massacre '' 2.7 Legal action against Nixon Administration members 2.8 Release of the transcripts 2.9 Supreme Court 2.10 Release of the tapes 3 Final investigations and resignation 3.1 `` Smoking Gun '' tape 3.2 Resignation 4 President Ford 's pardon of Nixon 5 Aftermath 5.1 Final legal actions and effect on the law profession 5.2 Political and cultural reverberations 6 Purpose of the break - in 7 Reactions 7.1 Australia 7.2 China 7.3 Japan 7.4 Singapore 7.5 Soviet Union 7.6 United Kingdom 7.7 Other international reactions 7.8 Domestic reactions 8 See also 9 External links 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Wiretapping of the Democratic Party 's headquarters E. Howard Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy , who led the Watergate break - in team , were stationed in a Watergate Hotel room while the burglary was underway . A lookout was posted across the street at the Howard Johnson Hotel . Bruce Givner was a 21 - year old intern working at the DNC 's 6th floor offices in the Watergate Hotel Complex when his prolonged stay on that floor precluded the burglars from entering the offices to correct their earlier wiretap work . During the break - in , Hunt and Liddy would remain in contact with each other and with the burglars by radio . These Chapstick tubes outfitted with tiny microphones were later discovered in Hunt 's White House office safe . Transistor radio used in the Watergate break - in Walkie - talkie used in Watergate break - in A DNC filing cabinet from the Watergate office building , damaged by the burglars On January 27 , 1972 , G. Gordon Liddy , Finance Counsel for the Committee for the Re-Election of the President ( CRP ) and former aide to John Ehrlichman , presented a campaign intelligence plan to CRP 's Acting Chairman Jeb Stuart Magruder , Attorney General John Mitchell , and Presidential Counsel John Dean that involved extensive illegal activities against the Democratic Party . According to Dean , this marked `` the opening scene of the worst political scandal of the twentieth century and the beginning of the end of the Nixon presidency '' . Mitchell viewed the plan as unrealistic . Two months later , he was alleged to have approved a reduced version of the plan , including burgling the Democratic National Committee 's ( DNC ) headquarters at the Watergate Complex in Washington , D.C. -- ostensibly to photograph campaign documents and install listening devices in telephones . Liddy was nominally in charge of the operation , but has since insisted that he was duped by both Dean and at least two of his subordinates , which included former CIA officers E. Howard Hunt and James McCord , the latter of which was serving as then - CRP Security Coordinator after John Mitchell had by then resigned as Attorney General to become the CRP chairman . In May , McCord assigned former FBI agent Alfred C. Baldwin III to carry out the wiretapping and monitor the telephone conversations afterward . McCord testified that he selected Baldwin 's name from a registry published by the FBI 's Society of Former Special Agents to work for the Committee to re-elect President Nixon . Baldwin first served as bodyguard to Martha Mitchell -- John Mitchell 's wife , who was living in Washington . Baldwin accompanied Martha Mitchell to Chicago . Martha did not like Baldwin and described him as the `` gauchest character ( she 'd ) ever met '' . The Committee replaced Baldwin with another security man . On May 11 , McCord arranged for Baldwin , who investigative reporter Jim Hougan described as `` somehow special and perhaps well known to McCord '' , to stay at the Howard Johnson 's motel across the street from the Watergate complex . Room 419 was booked in the name of McCord 's company . At behest of G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt , McCord and his team of burglars prepared for their first Watergate break - in , which began on May 28 . Two phones inside the DNC headquarters ' offices were said to have been wiretapped . One was Robert Spencer Oliver 's phone . At the time , Oliver was working as the executive director of the Association of State Democratic Chairmen . The other phone belonged to DNC chairman Larry O'Brien . The FBI found no evidence that O'Brien's phone was bugged ; however , it was determined that an effective listening device was installed in Oliver 's phone . Despite successfully installing the listening devices , the Committee agents soon determined that they needed repairs . They planned a second `` burglary '' in order to take care of the situation . Shortly after midnight on June 17 , 1972 , Watergate Complex security guard Frank Wills noticed tape covering the latches on some of the complex 's doors leading from the underground parking garage to several offices , which allowed the doors to close but stay unlocked . He removed the tape , thinking nothing of it . But when he returned an hour later and discovered that someone had retaped the locks , he called the police . Five men identified as Virgilio Gonzalez , Bernard Barker , James McCord , Eugenio Martínez , and Frank Sturgis were discovered inside the DNC office and arrested . They were charged with attempted burglary and attempted interception of telephone and other communications . The Washington Post reported , `` In addition , police found lock - picks and door jimmies , almost $2,300 in cash , most of it in $100 bills with the serial numbers in sequence ... a short wave receiver that could pick up police calls , 40 rolls of unexposed film , two 35 millimeter cameras and three pen - sized tear gas guns . '' On September 15 , a grand jury indicted them , as well as Hunt and Liddy , for conspiracy , burglary , and violation of federal wiretapping laws . The five burglars who broke into the office were tried by a jury , with Judge John Sirica officiating , and pled guilty or were convicted on January 30 , 1973 . On the morning of 18 June 1972 , G. Gordon Liddy called Jeb Magruder in Los Angeles and informed him that `` the four men arrested with McCord were Cuban freedom fighters , whom Howard Hunt recruited . '' Initially , Nixon 's organization and the White House quickly went to work to cover up the crime and any evidence that might have damaged the president and his reelection . Cover - up and its unraveling Initial cover - up Address book of Watergate burglar Bernard Barker , discovered in a room at the Watergate Hotel , June 18 , 1972 Within hours of the burglars ' arrest , the FBI discovered E. Howard Hunt 's name in Barker and Martínez 's address books . Nixon administration officials were concerned because Hunt and Liddy were also involved in a separate secret activity known as the `` White House Plumbers '' , which was set up to stop security `` leaks '' and investigate other sensitive security matters . Dean later testified that top Nixon aide John Ehrlichman ordered him to `` deep six '' the contents of Howard Hunt 's White House safe . Ehrlichman subsequently denied this . In the end , Dean and the FBI 's Acting Director L. Patrick Gray ( in separate operations ) destroyed the evidence from Hunt 's safe . Nixon 's own reaction to the break - in , at least initially , was one of skepticism . Watergate prosecutor James Neal was sure that Nixon had not known in advance of the break - in . As evidence , he cited a conversation taped on June 23 between the President and his Chief of Staff , H.R. Haldeman , in which Nixon asked , `` Who was the asshole who ordered it ? '' However , Nixon subsequently ordered Haldeman to have the CIA block the FBI 's investigation into the source of the funding for the burglary . A few days later , Nixon 's Press Secretary , Ron Ziegler , described the event as `` a third - rate burglary attempt . '' On August 29 , at a news conference , Nixon stated that Dean had conducted a thorough investigation of the incident , when Dean had actually not conducted any investigations at all . Nixon furthermore said , `` I can say categorically that ... no one in the White House staff , no one in this Administration , presently employed , was involved in this very bizarre incident . '' On September 15 , Nixon congratulated Dean , saying , `` The way you 've handled it , it seems to me , has been very skilful , because you -- putting your fingers in the dikes every time that leaks have sprung here and sprung there . '' Money trail This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On June 19 , 1972 , the press reported that one of the Watergate burglars was a Republican Party security aide . Former Attorney General John Mitchell , who at the time was the head of the CRP , denied any involvement with the Watergate break - in or knowledge of the five burglars . On August 1 , a $25,000 ( $146,000 today ) cashier 's check was found to have been deposited in the US and Mexican bank accounts of one of the Watergate burglars , Bernard Barker . Made out to the Finance Committee of the Committee to Reelect the President , the check was a 1972 campaign donation by Kenneth H. Dahlberg . This money ( and several other checks which had been lawfully donated to the CRP ) had been directly used to finance the burglary / wire tapping team 's expenses , hardware , and supplies . Mr. Barker 's multiple national and international businesses all had separate bank accounts , which he was found to have attempted to use to disguise the true origin of the monies being paid to the burglars . The donor 's checks demonstrated the burglars ' direct link to the finance committee of the CRP . Donations totaling $86,000 ( $503,000 today ) were made by individuals who thought they were making private donations by certified and cashier 's checks for the president 's re-election . Investigators ' examination of the bank records of a Miami company run by Watergate burglar Barker revealed an account controlled by him personally had deposited a check and then transferred it ( through the Federal Reserve Check Clearing System ) . The banks that had originated the checks were keen to ensure the depository institution used by Barker had acted properly in ensuring the checks had been received and endorsed by the check 's payee , before its acceptance for deposit in Bernard Barker 's account . Only in this way would the issuing banks not be held liable for the unauthorized and improper release of funds from their customers ' accounts . The investigation by the FBI , which cleared Barker 's bank of fiduciary malfeasance , led to the direct implication of members of the CRP , to whom the checks had been delivered . Those individuals were the Committee bookkeeper and its treasurer , Hugh Sloan . As a private organization , the committee followed normal business practice in allowing only duly authorized individuals to accept and endorse checks on behalf of the Committee . No financial institution could accept or process a check on behalf of the committee unless a duly authorized individual endorsed it . The checks deposited into Barker 's bank account were endorsed by Committee treasurer Hugh Sloan , who was authorized by the Finance Committee . However , once Sloan had endorsed a check made payable to the Committee , he had a legal and fiduciary responsibility to see that the check was deposited only into the accounts named on the check . Sloan failed to do that . When confronted with the potential charge of federal bank fraud , he revealed that committee deputy director Jeb Magruder and finance director Maurice Stans had directed him to give the money to G. Gordon Liddy . Liddy , in turn , gave the money to Barker , and attempted to hide its origin . Barker tried to disguise the funds by depositing them into accounts in banks outside of the United States . What Barker , Liddy , and Sloan did not know was that the complete record of all such transactions were held for roughly six months . Barker 's use of foreign banks in April and May 1972 , to deposit checks and withdraw the funds via cashier 's checks and money orders , resulted in the banks keeping the entire transaction records until October and November 1972 . All five Watergate burglars were directly or indirectly tied to the 1972 CRP , thus causing Judge Sirica to suspect a conspiracy involving higher - echelon government officials . On September 29 , 1972 , the press reported that John Mitchell , while serving as Attorney General , controlled a secret Republican fund used to finance intelligence - gathering against the Democrats . On October 10 , the FBI reported the Watergate break - in was part of a massive campaign of political spying and sabotage on behalf of the Nixon re-election committee . Despite these revelations , Nixon 's campaign was never seriously jeopardized ; on November 7 , the President was re-elected in one of the biggest landslides in American political history . Role of the media The connection between the break - in and the re-election committee was highlighted by media coverage -- in particular , investigative coverage by The Washington Post , Time , and The New York Times . The coverage dramatically increased publicity and consequent political and legal repercussions . Relying heavily upon anonymous sources , Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein uncovered information suggesting that knowledge of the break - in , and attempts to cover it up , led deeply into the upper reaches of the Justice Department , FBI , CIA , and the White House . Woodward and Bernstein interviewed Judy Hoback Miller , the bookkeeper for Nixon , who revealed to them information about the mishandling of funds and records being destroyed . Chief among the Post 's anonymous sources was an individual whom Woodward and Bernstein had nicknamed Deep Throat ; 33 years later , in 2005 , the informant was identified as William Mark Felt , Sr. , deputy director of the FBI during that period of the 1970s , something Woodward later confirmed . Felt met secretly with Woodward several times , telling him of Howard Hunt 's involvement with the Watergate break - in , and that the White House staff regarded the stakes in Watergate extremely highly . Felt warned Woodward that the FBI wanted to know where he and other reporters were getting their information , as they were uncovering a wider web of crimes than the FBI first disclosed . All of the secret meetings between Woodward and Felt took place at an underground parking garage somewhere in Rosslyn over a period from June 1972 to January 1973 . Prior to resigning from the FBI on June 22 , 1973 , Felt also anonymously planted leaks about Watergate with Time magazine , the Washington Daily News and other publications . The garage in Rosslyn where Woodward and Felt met , seen in January 2018 ; also visible is the historical marker erected by the county to note its significance . During this early period , most of the media failed to grasp the full implications of the scandal , and concentrated reporting on other topics related to the 1972 presidential election . Most outlets ignored or downplayed Woodward and Bernstein 's scoops ; the crosstown Washington Star - News and the Los Angeles Times even ran stories incorrectly discrediting the Post 's articles . After the Post revealed that H.R. Haldeman made payments from the secret fund , newspapers like the Chicago Tribune and the Philadelphia Inquirer failed to publish the information , but did publish the White House 's denial of the story the following day . The White House also sought to isolate the Post 's coverage by tirelessly attacking that newspaper while declining to criticize other damaging stories about the scandal from the New York Times and Time Magazine . After it was learned that one of the convicted burglars wrote to Judge Sirica alleging a high - level cover - up , the media shifted its focus . Time magazine described Nixon as undergoing `` daily hell and very little trust . '' The distrust between the press and the Nixon administration was mutual and greater than usual due to lingering dissatisfaction with events from the Vietnam War . At the same time , public distrust of the media was polled at more than 40 % . Nixon and top administration officials discussed using government agencies to `` get '' ( or retaliate against ) those they perceived as hostile media organizations . The discussions had precedent . At the request of Nixon 's White House in 1969 , the FBI tapped the phones of five reporters . In 1971 , the White House requested an audit of the tax return of the editor of Newsday , after he wrote a series of articles about the financial dealings of Charles `` Bebe '' Rebozo , a friend of Nixon . The Administration and its supporters accused the media of making `` wild accusations '' , putting too much emphasis on the story , and of having a liberal bias against the Administration . Nixon said in a May 1974 interview with supporter Baruch Korff that if he had followed the liberal policies that he thought the media preferred , `` Watergate would have been a blip . '' The media noted that most of the reporting turned out to be accurate ; the competitive nature of the media guaranteed widespread coverage of the far - reaching political scandal . Applications to journalism schools reached an all - time high in 1974 . Scandal escalates Rather than ending with the conviction and sentencing to prison of the five Watergate burglars on January 30 , 1973 , the investigation into the break - in and the Nixon Administration 's involvement grew broader . Nixon 's conversations in late March and all of April 1973 revealed that not only did he know he needed to remove Haldeman , Ehrlichman , and Dean to gain distance from them , but he had to do so in a way that was least likely to incriminate him and his presidency . Nixon created a new conspiracy -- to effect a cover - up of the cover - up -- which began in late March 1973 and became fully formed in May and June 1973 , operating until his presidency ended on August 9 , 1974 . On March 23 , 1973 , Judge Sirica read the court a letter from Watergate burglar James McCord , who alleged that perjury had been committed in the Watergate trial , and defendants had been pressured to remain silent . Trying to make them talk , Sirica gave Hunt and two burglars provisional sentences of up to 40 years . On March 28 , on Nixon 's orders , aide John Ehrlichman told Attorney General Richard Kleindienst that nobody in the White House had prior knowledge of the burglary . On April 13 , Magruder told U.S. attorneys that he had perjured himself during the burglars ' trial , and implicated John Dean and John Mitchell . John Dean believed that he , Mitchell , Ehrlichman , and Haldeman could go to the prosecutors , tell the truth , and save the presidency . Dean wanted to protect the president and have his four closest men take the fall for telling the truth . During the critical meeting between Dean and Nixon on April 15 , 1973 , Dean was totally unaware of the president 's depth of knowledge and involvement in the Watergate cover - up . It was during this meeting that Dean felt that he was being recorded . He wondered if this was due to the way Nixon was speaking , as if he were trying to prod attendees ' recollections of earlier conversations about fundraising . Dean mentioned this observation while testifying to the Senate Committee on Watergate , exposing the thread of what were taped conversations that would unravel the fabric of the conspiracy . Two days later , Dean told Nixon that he had been cooperating with the U.S. attorneys . On that same day , U.S. attorneys told Nixon that Haldeman , Ehrlichman , Dean , and other White House officials were implicated in the cover - up . On April 30 , Nixon asked for the resignation of Haldeman and Ehrlichman , two of his most influential aides . They were later both indicted , convicted , and ultimately sentenced to prison . He asked for the resignation of Attorney General Kleindienst , to ensure no one could claim that his innocent friendship with Haldeman and Ehrlichman could be construed as a conflict . He fired White House Counsel John Dean , who went on to testify before the Senate Watergate Committee and said that he believed and suspected the conversations in the Oval Office were being taped . This information became the bombshell that helped force Richard Nixon to resign rather than be impeached . Writing from prison for New West and New York magazines in 1977 , Ehrlichman claimed Nixon had offered him a large sum of money , which he declined . The President announced the resignations in an address to the American people : In one of the most difficult decisions of my Presidency , I accepted the resignations of two of my closest associates in the White House , Bob Haldeman , John Ehrlichman , two of the finest public servants it has been my privilege to know . Because Attorney General Kleindienst , though a distinguished public servant , my personal friend for 20 years , with no personal involvement whatsoever in this matter has been a close personal and professional associate of some of those who are involved in this case , he and I both felt that it was also necessary to name a new Attorney General . The Counsel to the President , John Dean , has also resigned . On the same day , Nixon appointed a new attorney general , Elliot Richardson , and gave him authority to designate a special counsel for the Watergate investigation who would be independent of the regular Justice Department hierarchy . In May 1973 , Richardson named Archibald Cox to the position . Senate Watergate hearings and revelation of the Watergate tapes Main article : Nixon White House tapes See also : United States Senate Watergate Committee and G. Bradford Cook From left to right : minority counsel Fred Thompson , ranking member Howard Baker , and chair Sam Ervin of the Senate Watergate Committee in 1973 . On February 7 , 1973 , the United States Senate voted 77 - to - 0 to approve Senate Resolution S. Res. 60 and establish a select committee to investigate Watergate , with Sam Ervin named chairman the next day . The hearings held by the Senate committee , in which Dean and other former administration officials testified , were broadcast from May 17 to August 7 , 1973 . The three major networks of the time agreed to take turns covering the hearings live , each network thus maintaining coverage of the hearings every third day , starting with ABC on May 17 and ending with NBC on August 7 . An estimated 85 % of Americans with television sets tuned into at least one portion of the hearings . On Friday , July 13 , 1973 , during a preliminary interview , deputy minority counsel Donald Sanders asked White House assistant Alexander Butterfield if there was any type of recording system in the White House . Butterfield said he was reluctant to answer , but finally stated there was a new system in the White House that automatically recorded everything in the Oval Office , the Cabinet Room and others , as well as Nixon 's private office in the Old Executive Office Building . On Monday , July 16 , 1973 , in front of a live , televised audience , chief minority counsel Fred Thompson asked Butterfield whether he was `` aware of the installation of any listening devices in the Oval Office of the President . '' Butterfield 's revelation of the taping system transformed the Watergate investigation . Cox immediately subpoenaed the tapes , as did the Senate , but Nixon refused to release them , citing his executive privilege as president , and ordered Cox to drop his subpoena . Cox refused . `` Saturday night massacre '' Main article : Saturday Night Massacre On October 20 , 1973 , after Cox refused to drop the subpoena , Nixon ordered Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire the special prosecutor . Richardson resigned in protest rather than carry out the order . Nixon then ordered Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus to fire Cox , but Ruckelshaus also resigned rather than fire him . Nixon 's search for someone in the Justice Department willing to fire Cox ended with the Solicitor General Robert Bork . Though Bork said he believed Nixon 's order was valid and appropriate , he considered resigning to avoid being `` perceived as a man who did the President 's bidding to save my job . '' Bork carried out the presidential order and dismissed the special prosecutor . These actions met considerable public criticism . Responding to the allegations of possible wrongdoing , in front of 400 Associated Press managing editors at Disney 's Contemporary Resort on November 17 , 1973 , Nixon stated emphatically , `` I 'm not a crook . '' He needed to allow Bork to appoint a new special prosecutor ; Bork chose Leon Jaworski to continue the investigation . Legal action against Nixon administration members On March 1 , 1974 , a grand jury in Washington , D.C. , indicted several former aides of Nixon , who became known as the `` Watergate Seven '' -- H.R. Haldeman , John Ehrlichman , John N. Mitchell , Charles Colson , Gordon C. Strachan , Robert Mardian , and Kenneth Parkinson -- for conspiring to hinder the Watergate investigation . The grand jury secretly named Nixon as an unindicted co-conspirator . The special prosecutor dissuaded them from an indictment of Nixon , arguing that a President can only be indicted after he leaves office . John Dean , Jeb Stuart Magruder , and other figures had already pled guilty . On April 5 , 1974 , Dwight Chapin , the former Nixon appointments secretary , was convicted of lying to the grand jury . Two days later , the same grand jury indicted Ed Reinecke , the Republican Lieutenant Governor of California , on three charges of perjury before the Senate committee . Release of the transcripts President Nixon giving a televised address explaining release of edited transcripts of the tapes on April 29 , 1974 The Nixon administration struggled to decide what materials to release . All parties involved agreed that all pertinent information should be released . Whether to release unedited profanity and vulgarity divided his advisers . His legal team favored releasing the tapes unedited , while Press Secretary Ron Ziegler preferred using an edited version where `` expletive deleted '' would replace the raw material . After several weeks of debate , they decided to release an edited version . Nixon announced the release of the transcripts in a speech to the nation on April 29 , 1974 . Nixon noted that any audio pertinent to national security information could be redacted from the released tapes . Initially , Nixon gained a positive reaction for his speech . As people read the transcripts over the next couple of weeks , however , former supporters among the public , media and political community called for Nixon 's resignation or impeachment . Vice President Gerald Ford said , `` While it may be easy to delete characterization from the printed page , we can not delete characterization from people 's minds with a wave of the hand . '' The Senate Republican Leader Hugh Scott said the transcripts revealed a `` deplorable , disgusting , shabby , and immoral '' performance on the part of the President and his former aides . The House Republican Leader John Jacob Rhodes agreed with Scott , and Rhodes recommended that if Nixon 's position continued to deteriorate , he `` ought to consider resigning as a possible option . '' The editors of The Chicago Tribune , a newspaper that had supported Nixon , wrote , `` He is humorless to the point of being inhumane . He is devious . He is vacillating . He is profane . He is willing to be led . He displays dismaying gaps in knowledge . He is suspicious of his staff . His loyalty is minimal . '' The Providence Journal wrote , `` Reading the transcripts is an emetic experience ; one comes away feeling unclean . '' This newspaper continued that , while the transcripts may not have revealed an indictable offense , they showed Nixon contemptuous of the United States , its institutions , and its people . According to Time magazine , the Republican Party leaders in the Western U.S. felt that while there remained a significant number of Nixon loyalists in the party , the majority believed that Nixon should step down as quickly as possible . They were disturbed by the bad language and the coarse , vindictive tone of the conversations in the transcripts . Supreme Court The issue of access to the tapes went to the United States Supreme Court . On July 24 , 1974 , in United States v. Nixon , the Court ruled unanimously ( 8 to 0 ) that claims of executive privilege over the tapes were void . ( Then - Justice William Rehnquist -- who had recently been appointed to the Court by Nixon and most recently served in the Nixon Justice Department as Assistant Attorney General of the Office of Legal Counsel -- recused himself from the case . ) The Court ordered the President to release the tapes to the special prosecutor . On July 30 , 1974 , Nixon complied with the order and released the subpoenaed tapes to the public . Release of the tapes The tapes revealed several crucial conversations that took place between the President and his counsel , John Dean , on March 21 , 1973 . In this conversation , Dean summarized many aspects of the Watergate case , and focused on the subsequent cover - up , describing it as a `` cancer on the presidency . '' The burglary team was being paid hush money for their silence and Dean stated : `` That 's the most troublesome post-thing , because Bob ( Haldeman ) is involved in that ; John ( Ehrlichman ) is involved in that ; I am involved in that ; Mitchell is involved in that . And that 's an obstruction of justice . '' Dean continued , saying that Howard Hunt was blackmailing the White House demanding money immediately . Nixon replied that the money should be paid : `` ... just looking at the immediate problem , do n't you have to have -- handle Hunt 's financial situation damn soon ? ... you 've got to keep the cap on the bottle that much , in order to have any options . '' At the time of the initial congressional proceedings , it was not known if Nixon had known and approved of the payments to the Watergate defendants earlier than this conversation . Nixon 's conversation with Haldeman on August 1 , 1972 , is one of several that establishes he did . Nixon said : `` Well ... they have to be paid . That 's all there is to that . They have to be paid . '' During the congressional debate on impeachment , some believed that impeachment required a criminally indictable offense . Nixon 's agreement to make the blackmail payments was regarded as an affirmative act to obstruct justice . On December 7 , 1973 , investigators found that an ​ 18 ⁄ - minute portion of one recorded tape had been erased . Rose Mary Woods , Nixon 's longtime personal secretary , said she had accidentally erased the tape by pushing the wrong pedal on her tape player when answering the phone . The press ran photos of the set - up , showing that it was unlikely for Woods to answer the phone while keeping her foot on the pedal . Later forensic analysis in 2003 determined that the tape had been erased in several segments -- at least five , and perhaps as many as nine . Final investigations and resignation See also : Impeachment process of Richard Nixon Richard Nixon 's resignation speech Resignation speech of President Richard Nixon , delivered August 8 , 1974 . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Nixon 's position was becoming increasingly precarious . On February 6 , 1974 , the House of Representatives approved H. Res. 803 giving the Judiciary Committee authority to investigate impeachment of the President . On July 27 , 1974 , the House Judiciary Committee voted 27 - to - 11 to recommend the first article of impeachment against the president : obstruction of justice . The Committee recommended the second article , abuse of power , on July 29 , 1974 . The next day , on July 30 , 1974 , the Committee recommended the third article : contempt of Congress . On August 20 , 1974 , the House authorized the printing of the Committee report H. Rep. 93 -- 1305 , which included the text of the resolution impeaching Nixon and set forth articles of impeachment against him . `` Smoking gun '' tape Nixon Oval Office meeting with H.R. Haldeman `` Smoking Gun '' Conversation June 23 , 1972 Full Transcript On August 5 , 1974 , the White House released a previously unknown audio tape from June 23 , 1972 . Recorded only a few days after the break - in , it documented the initial stages of the cover - up : it revealed Nixon and Haldeman had conducted a meeting in the Oval Office where they discussed how to stop the FBI from continuing their investigation of the break - in , as they recognised that there was a high risk that their position in the scandal may be revealed . Haldeman introduced the topic as follows : ... the Democratic break - in thing , we 're back to the -- in the , the problem area because the FBI is not under control , because Gray does n't exactly know how to control them , and they have ... their investigation is now leading into some productive areas ... and it goes in some directions we do n't want it to go . After explaining how the money from CRP was traced to the burglars , Haldeman explained to Nixon the cover - up plan : `` the way to handle this now is for us to have Walters ( CIA ) call Pat Gray ( FBI ) and just say , ' Stay the hell out of this ... this is ah , business here we do n't want you to go any further on it . ' '' Nixon approved the plan , and after he was given more information about the involvement of his campaign in the break - in , he told Haldeman : `` All right , fine , I understand it all . We wo n't second - guess Mitchell and the rest . '' Returning to the use of the CIA to obstruct the FBI , he instructed Haldeman : `` You call them in . Good . Good deal . Play it tough . That 's the way they play it and that 's the way we are going to play it . '' Nixon denied that this constituted an obstruction of justice , as his instructions ultimately resulted in the CIA truthfully reporting to the FBI that there were no national security issues . Nixon urged the FBI to press forward with the investigation when they expressed concern about interference . Before the release of this tape , Nixon had denied any involvement in the scandal . He claimed that there were no political motivations in his instructions to the CIA , and claimed he had no knowledge before March 21 , 1973 , of involvement by senior campaign officials such as John Mitchell . The contents of this tape persuaded Nixon 's own lawyers , Fred Buzhardt and James St. Clair , that `` the President had lied to the nation , to his closest aides , and to his own lawyers -- for more than two years . '' The tape , which Barber Conable referred to as a `` smoking gun , '' proved that Nixon had been involved in the cover - up from the beginning . In the week before Nixon 's resignation , Ehrlichman and Haldeman tried unsuccessfully to get Nixon to grant them pardons -- which he had promised them before their April 1973 resignations . Resignation `` Resignation of Richard Nixon '' redirects here . For the nationally televised address from the Oval Office , see Richard Nixon 's resignation speech . Further information : Inauguration of Gerald Ford Nixon 's resignation letter , August 9 , 1974 . Pursuant to federal law , the letter was addressed to Secretary of State Henry Kissinger . When Kissinger initialed the letter at 11 : 35 AM , Ford officially became president . Oliver F. Atkins ' photo of Nixon leaving the White House on Marine One shortly before his resignation became effective , August 9 , 1974 The release of the `` smoking gun '' tape destroyed Nixon politically . The ten congressmen who had voted against all three articles of impeachment in the House Judiciary Committee announced they would all support the impeachment article accusing Nixon of obstructing justice when the articles came up before the full House . On the night of August 7 , 1974 , Senators Barry Goldwater and Hugh Scott and Congressman John Jacob Rhodes met with Nixon in the Oval Office . Scott and Rhodes were the Republican leaders in the Senate and House , respectively ; Goldwater was brought along as an elder statesman . The three lawmakers told Nixon that his support in Congress had all but disappeared . Rhodes told Nixon that he would face certain impeachment when the articles came up for vote in the full House . Goldwater and Scott told the president that there were enough votes in the Senate to convict him , and that no more than 15 Senators were willing to vote for acquittal . Realizing that he had no chance of staying in office and that public opinion was not in his favor , Nixon decided to resign . In a nationally televised address from the Oval Office on the evening of August 8 , 1974 , the president said , in part : In all the decisions I have made in my public life , I have always tried to do what was best for the Nation . Throughout the long and difficult period of Watergate , I have felt it was my duty to persevere , to make every possible effort to complete the term of office to which you elected me . In the past few days , however , it has become evident to me that I no longer have a strong enough political base in the Congress to justify continuing that effort . As long as there was such a base , I felt strongly that it was necessary to see the constitutional process through to its conclusion , that to do otherwise would be unfaithful to the spirit of that deliberately difficult process and a dangerously destabilizing precedent for the future ... . I would have preferred to carry through to the finish whatever the personal agony it would have involved , and my family unanimously urged me to do so . But the interest of the Nation must always come before any personal considerations . From the discussions I have had with Congressional and other leaders , I have concluded that because of the Watergate matter I might not have the support of the Congress that I would consider necessary to back the very difficult decisions and carry out the duties of this office in the way the interests of the Nation would require . I have never been a quitter . To leave office before my term is completed is abhorrent to every instinct in my body . But as President , I must put the interest of America first . America needs a full - time President and a full - time Congress , particularly at this time with problems we face at home and abroad . To continue to fight through the months ahead for my personal vindication would almost totally absorb the time and attention of both the President and the Congress in a period when our entire focus should be on the great issues of peace abroad and prosperity without inflation at home . Therefore , I shall resign the Presidency effective at noon tomorrow . Vice President Ford will be sworn in as President at that hour in this office . Oliver F. Atkins ' photo of Nixon leaving the White House shortly before his resignation became effective , August 9 , 1974 The morning that his resignation took effect , the President , with Mrs. Nixon and their family , said farewell to the White House staff in the East Room . A helicopter carried them from the White House to Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland . Nixon later wrote that he thought , `` As the helicopter moved on to Andrews , I found myself thinking not of the past , but of the future . What could I do now ? '' At Andrews , he and his family boarded Air Force One to El Toro Marine Corps Air Station in California , and then were transported to his home La Casa Pacifica in San Clemente . President Ford 's pardon of Nixon Further information : Pardon of Richard Nixon Pen used by President Gerald R. Ford to pardon Richard Nixon on September 8 , 1974 With Nixon 's resignation , Congress dropped its impeachment proceedings . Criminal prosecution was still a possibility both on the federal and state level . Nixon was succeeded by Vice President Gerald Ford as President , who on September 8 , 1974 , issued a full and unconditional pardon of Nixon , immunizing him from prosecution for any crimes he had `` committed or may have committed or taken part in '' as president . In a televised broadcast to the nation , Ford explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interest of the country . He said that the Nixon family 's situation `` is an American tragedy in which we all have played a part . It could go on and on and on , or someone must write the end to it . I have concluded that only I can do that , and if I can , I must . '' Nixon proclaimed his innocence until his death in 1994 . In his official response to the pardon , he said that he `` was wrong in not acting more decisively and more forthrightly in dealing with Watergate , particularly when it reached the stage of judicial proceedings and grew from a political scandal into a national tragedy . '' Some commentators have argued that pardoning Nixon contributed to President Ford 's loss of the presidential election of 1976 . Allegations of a secret deal made with Ford , promising a pardon in return for Nixon 's resignation , led Ford to testify before the House Judiciary Committee on October 17 , 1974 . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Nixon Pardon In his autobiography A Time to Heal , Ford wrote about a meeting he had with Nixon 's Chief of Staff , Alexander Haig . Haig was explaining what he and Nixon 's staff thought were Nixon 's only options . He could try to ride out the impeachment and fight against conviction in the Senate all the way , or he could resign . His options for resigning were to delay his resignation until further along in the impeachment process , to try and settle for a censure vote in Congress , or to pardon himself and then resign . Haig told Ford that some of Nixon 's staff suggested that Nixon could agree to resign in return for an agreement that Ford would pardon him . Haig emphasized that these were n't his suggestions . He did n't identify the staff members and he made it very clear that he was n't recommending any one option over another . What he wanted to know was whether or not my overall assessment of the situation agreed with his . ( emphasis in original ) ... Next he asked if I had any suggestions as to courses of actions for the President . I did n't think it would be proper for me to make any recommendations at all , and I told him so . -- Gerald Ford , A Time to Heal Aftermath Final legal actions and effect on the law profession Charles Colson pled guilty to charges concerning the Daniel Ellsberg case ; in exchange , the indictment against him for covering up the activities of the Committee to Re-elect the President was dropped , as it was against Strachan . The remaining five members of the Watergate Seven indicted in March went on trial in October 1974 . On January 1 , 1975 , all but Parkinson were found guilty . In 1976 , the U.S. Court of Appeals ordered a new trial for Mardian ; subsequently , all charges against him were dropped . Haldeman , Ehrlichman , and Mitchell exhausted their appeals in 1977 . Ehrlichman entered prison in 1976 , followed by the other two in 1977 . Since Nixon and many senior officials involved in Watergate were lawyers , the scandal severely tarnished the public image of the legal profession . The Watergate scandal resulted in 69 government officials being charged and 48 being found guilty , including : John N. Mitchell , Attorney General of the United States who resigned to become Director of Committee to Re-elect the President , convicted of perjury about his involvement in the Watergate break - in . Served 19 months of a one - to four - year sentence . Richard Kleindienst , Attorney General , convicted of `` refusing to answer questions '' ( contempt of court ) ; given one month in jail . Jeb Stuart Magruder , Deputy Director of Committee to Re-elect the President , pled guilty to one count of conspiracy to the burglary , and was sentenced to 10 months to four years in prison , of which he served 7 months before being paroled . Frederick C. LaRue , Advisor to John Mitchell , convicted of obstruction of justice . He served four and a half months . H.R. Haldeman , Chief of Staff for Nixon , convicted of conspiracy to the burglary , obstruction of justice , and perjury . Served 18 months in prison . John Ehrlichman , Counsel to Nixon , convicted of conspiracy to the burglary , obstruction of justice , and perjury . Served 18 months in prison . Egil Krogh , aide to John Ehrlichman , sentenced to six months for his part in the Daniel Ellsberg case . John W. Dean III , counsel to Nixon , convicted of obstruction of justice , later reduced to felony offenses and sentenced to time already served , which totaled 4 months . Dwight L. Chapin , deputy assistant to Nixon , convicted of perjury . Maurice Stans , United States Secretary of Commerce who resigned to become Finance Chairman of Committee to Re-elect the President , convicted of multiple counts of illegal campaigning , fined $5,000 ( in 1975 -- $22,700 today ) . Herbert W. Kalmbach , personal attorney to Nixon , convicted of illegal campaigning . Served 191 days in prison and fined $10,000 ( in 1974 -- $49,600 today ) . Charles W. Colson , special counsel to Nixon , convicted of obstruction of justice . Served 7 months in Federal Maxwell Prison . Herbert L. Porter , aide to the Committee to Re-elect the President . Convicted of perjury . G. Gordon Liddy , Special Investigations Group , convicted of masterminding the burglary , original sentence of up to 20 years in prison . Served ​ 4 ⁄ years in federal prison . E. Howard Hunt , security consultant , convicted of masterminding and overseeing the burglary , original sentence of up to 35 years in prison . Served 33 months in prison . James W. McCord Jr. , convicted of six charges of burglary , conspiracy and wiretapping . Served 2 months in prison . Virgilio Gonzalez , convicted of burglary , original sentence of up to 40 years in prison . Served 13 months in prison . Bernard Barker , convicted of burglary , original sentence of up to 40 years in prison . Served 18 months in prison . Eugenio Martínez , convicted of burglary , original sentence of up to 40 years in prison . Served 15 months in prison . Frank Sturgis , convicted of burglary , original sentence of up to 40 years in prison . Served 10 months in prison . To defuse public demand for direct federal regulation of lawyers ( as opposed to leaving it in the hands of state bar associations or courts ) , the American Bar Association ( ABA ) launched two major reforms . First , the ABA decided that its existing Model Code of Professional Responsibility ( promulgated 1969 ) was a failure . In 1983 it replaced it with the Model Rules of Professional Conduct . The MRPC have been adopted in part or in whole by 49 states ( and is being considered by the last one , California ) . Its preamble contains an emphatic reminder that the legal profession can remain self - governing only if lawyers behave properly . Second , the ABA promulgated a requirement that law students at ABA - approved law schools take a course in professional responsibility ( which means they must study the MRPC ) . The requirement remains in effect . On June 24 and 25 , 1975 , Nixon gave secret testimony to a grand jury . According to news reports at the time , Nixon answered questions about the ​ 18 ⁄ - minute tape gap , altering White House tape transcripts turned over to the House Judiciary Committee , using the Internal Revenue Service to harass political enemies , and a $100,000 contribution from billionaire Howard Hughes . Aided by the Public Citizen Litigation Group , the historian Stanley Kutler , who has written several books about Nixon and Watergate and had successfully sued for the 1996 public release of the Nixon White House tapes , sued for release of the transcripts of the Nixon grand jury testimony . On July 29 , 2011 , U.S. District Judge Royce Lamberth granted Kutler 's request , saying historical interests trumped privacy , especially considering that Nixon and other key figures were deceased , and most of the surviving figures had testified under oath , have been written about , or were interviewed . The transcripts were not immediately released pending the government 's decision on whether to appeal . They were released in their entirety on November 10 , 2011 , although the names of people still alive were redacted . Texas A&M University -- Central Texas professor Luke Nichter wrote the chief judge of the federal court in Washington to release hundreds of pages of sealed records of the Watergate Seven . In June 2012 the U.S. Department of Justice wrote the court that it would not object to their release with some exceptions . On November 2 , 2012 , Watergate trial records for G. Gordon Liddy and James McCord were ordered unsealed by Federal Judge Royce Lamberth . Political and cultural reverberations According to Thomas J. Johnson , a professor of journalism at University of Texas at Austin , Secretary of State Henry Kissinger predicted during Nixon 's final days that history would remember Nixon as a great president and that Watergate would be relegated to a `` minor footnote . '' When Congress investigated the scope of the president 's legal powers , it belatedly found that consecutive presidential administrations had declared the United States to be in a continuous open - ended state of emergency since 1950 . Congress enacted the National Emergencies Act in 1976 to regulate such declarations . The Watergate scandal left such an impression on the national and international consciousness that many scandals since then have been labeled with the suffix `` - gate . '' One of a variety of anti-Ford buttons generated during the 1976 presidential election : it reads `` Gerald ... Pardon me ! '' and depicts a thief cracking a safe labeled `` Watergate '' . Disgust with the revelations about Watergate , the Republican Party , and Nixon strongly affected results of the November 1974 Senate and House elections , which took place three months after Nixon 's resignation . The Democrats gained five seats in the Senate and forty - nine in the House ( the newcomers were nicknamed `` Watergate Babies '' ) . Congress passed legislation that changed campaign financing , to amend the Freedom of Information Act , as well as to require financial disclosures by key government officials ( via the Ethics in Government Act ) . Other types of disclosures , such as releasing recent income tax forms , became expected , though not legally required . Presidents since Franklin D. Roosevelt had recorded many of their conversations but the practice purportedly ended after Watergate . Ford 's pardon of Nixon played a major role in his defeat in the 1976 presidential election against Jimmy Carter . In 1977 , Nixon arranged an interview with British journalist David Frost in the hopes of improving his legacy . Based on a previous interview in 1968 , he believed that Frost would be an easy interviewer and was taken aback by Frost 's incisive questions . The interview displayed the entire scandal to the American people , and Nixon formally apologized , but his legacy remained tarnished . In the aftermath of Watergate , `` follow the money '' became part of the American lexicon and is widely believed to have been uttered by Mark Felt to Woodward and Bernstein . The phrase was never used in the 1974 book All the President 's Men and did not become associated with it until the movie of the same name was released in 1976 . The parking garage where Woodward and Felt met in Rosslyn still stands . Its significance was noted by Arlington County with a historical marker in 2011 . In 2017 it was announced that the garage would be demolished as part of construction of an apartment building on the site ; the developers announced that the site 's significance would be memorialized within the new complex . Purpose of the break - in Despite the enormous impact of the Watergate scandal , the purpose of the break - in of the DNC offices has never been conclusively established . Records from the United States v. Liddy trial , made public in 2013 , showed that four of the five burglars testified that they were told the campaign operation hoped to find evidence that linked Cuban funding to Democratic campaigns . The longtime hypothesis suggests that the target of the break - in was the offices of Larry O'Brien , the DNC Chairman . However , O'Brien's name was not on Alfred C. Baldwin III 's list of targets that was released in 2013 . Among those listed were senior DNC official R. Spencer Oliver , Oliver 's secretary Ida `` Maxine '' Wells , co-worker Robert Allen and secretary Barbara Kennedy . Based on these revelations , Texas A&M history professor Luke Nichter , who had successfully petitioned for the release of the information , argued that Woodward and Bernstein were incorrect in concluding , based largely on Watergate burglar James McCord 's word , that the purpose of the break - in was to bug O'Brien's phone to gather political and financial intelligence on the Democrats . Instead , Nichter sided with late journalist J. Anthony Lukas of the New York Times , who had concluded that the committee was seeking to find evidence linking the Democrats to prostitution , as it was alleged that Oliver 's office had been used to arrange such meetings . However , Nichter acknowledged that Woodward and Bernstein 's theory of O'Brien as the target could not be debunked unless information was released about what Baldwin heard in his bugging of conversations . In 1968 , O'Brien was appointed by Vice President Hubert Humphrey to serve as the national director of Humphrey 's presidential campaign and , separately , by Howard Hughes to serve as Hughes ' public - policy lobbyist in Washington . O'Brien was elected national chairman of the DNC in 1968 and 1970 . In late 1971 , the president 's brother , Donald Nixon , was collecting intelligence for his brother at the time and asked John H. Meier , an adviser to Howard Hughes , about O'Brien . In 1956 , Donald Nixon had borrowed $205,000 from Howard Hughes and had never repaid the loan . The loan 's existence surfaced during the 1960 presidential election campaign , embarrassing Richard Nixon and becoming a political liability . According to author Donald M. Bartlett , Richard Nixon would do whatever was necessary to prevent another family embarrassment . From 1968 to 1970 , Hughes withdrew nearly half a million dollars from the Texas National Bank of Commerce for contributions to both Democrats and Republicans , including presidential candidates Humphrey and Nixon . Hughes wanted Donald Nixon and Meier involved but Nixon opposed this . Meier told Donald that he was sure the Democrats would win the election because they had considerable information on Richard Nixon 's illicit dealings with Hughes that had never been released , and that it resided with Larry O'Brien . According to Fred Emery , O'Brien had been a lobbyist for Hughes in a Democrat - controlled Congress , and the possibility of his finding out about Hughes ' illegal contributions to the Nixon campaign was too much of a danger for Nixon to ignore . James F. Neal , who prosecuted the Watergate 7 , did not believe Nixon had ordered the break - in because of Nixon 's surprised reaction when he was told about it . Reactions Australia Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam criticised the Watergate scandal during Question Time in May 1973 . Just two years later , in November 1975 , Australia experienced its own constitutional crisis which led to the dismissal of Whitlam by the Australian Governor - General , Sir John Kerr . China Chinese then - Premier Zhou Enlai said in October 1973 that the scandal did not affect the relations between China and the United States . According to Thai then - Prime Minister Kukrit Pramoj of Thailand in July 1975 , Chairman Mao Zedong called the Watergate scandal `` the result of ' too much freedom of political expression in the U.S. ' '' Mao called it `` an indication of American isolationism , which he saw as ' disastrous ' for Europe . '' He further said , `` Do Americans really want to go isolationist ? ... In the two world wars , the Americans came ( in ) very late , but all the same , they did come in . They have n't been isolationist in practice . '' Japan In August 1973 , then - Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka said that the scandal had `` no cancelling influence on U.S. leadership in the world . '' Tanaka further said , `` The pivotal role of the United States has not changed , so this internal affair will not be permitted to have an effect . '' In March 1975 , Tanaka 's successor , Takeo Miki , said at a convention of the Liberal Democratic Party , `` At the time of the Watergate issue in America , I was deeply moved by the scene in the House Judiciary Committee , where each member of the committee expressed his own or her own heart based upon the spirit of the American Constitution . It was this attitude , I think , that rescued American democracy . '' Singapore Then - Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew said in August 1973 , `` As one surprising revelation follows another at the Senate hearings on Watergate , it becomes increasingly clear that the District of Columbia ( Washington D.C. ) , today is in no position to offer the moral or strong political and economic leadership for which its friends and allies are yearning . '' Moreover , Lee said that the scandal may have led the United States to lessen its interests and commitments in world affairs , to weaken its ability to enforce the Paris Peace Accords on Vietnam , and to not react to violations of the Accords. Lee said further that the United States `` makes the future of this peace in Indonesia an extremely bleak one with grave consequence for the contiguous states . '' Lee then blamed the scandal for economic inflation in Singapore because the Singapore dollar was pegged to the United States dollar at the time , assuming the U.S. dollar was stronger than the British pound sterling . Soviet Union In June 1973 , when Leonid Brezhnev arrived in the United States to have a one - week meeting with Nixon , Brezhnev told the press , `` I do not intend to refer to that matter -- ( the Watergate ) . It would be completely indecent for me to refer to it ... My attitude toward Mr. Nixon is of very great respect . '' When one reporter suggested that Nixon and his position with Brezhnev were `` weakened '' by the scandal , Brezhnev replied , `` It does not enter my mind to think whether Mr. Nixon has lost or gained any influence because of the affair . '' Then he said further that he had respected Nixon because of Nixon 's `` realistic and constructive approach to Soviet Union -- United States relations ... passing from an era of confrontation to an era of negotiations between nations '' . United kingdom Talks between Nixon and Prime Minister Edward Heath may have been bugged . Heath did not publicly display his anger , with aides saying that he was unconcerned about having been bugged at the White House . According to officials , Heath commonly had notes taken of his public discussions with Nixon so a recording would not have bothered him . However , officials privately said that if private talks with Nixon were bugged , then Heath would be outraged . Even so , Heath was privately outraged over being taped without his prior knowledge . Other International reactions Iranian then - Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi told the press in 1973 , `` I want to say quite emphatically ... that everything that would weaken or jeopardize the President 's power to make decisions in split seconds would represent grave danger for the whole world . '' An unnamed Kenyan senior official of Foreign Affairs Ministry accused Nixon of lacking interest in Africa and its politics and then said , `` American President is so enmeshed in domestic problems created by Watergate that foreign policy seems suddenly to have taken a back seat ( sic ) . '' Cuban then - leader Fidel Castro said in his December 1974 interview that , of the crimes committed by the Cuban exiles , like killings , attacks on Cuban ports , and spying , the Watergate burglaries and wiretappings were `` probably the least of ( them ) . '' Domestic reactions After the fall of Saigon ended the Vietnam War , Secretary of State Henry Kissinger said in May 1975 that , if the scandal had not caused Nixon to resign , and Congress had not overridden Nixon 's veto of the War Powers Resolution , North Vietnam would not have captured South Vietnam . Kissinger told the National Press Club in January 1977 that Nixon 's presidential powers weakened during his tenure , ( rephrased by the media ) `` prevent ( ing ) the United States from exploiting the ( scandal ) . '' The publisher of The Sacramento Union , John P. McGoff , said in January 1975 that the media overemphasized the scandal , though he called it `` an important issue , '' overshadowing more serious topics , like a declining economy and an energy crisis . See also List of American federal politicians convicted of crimes List of federal political scandals in the United States List of scandals with `` - gate '' suffix Second - term curse Watergate Babies External links The Watergate Files , at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library , National Archives . Official and unoffical documents on the Watergate scandal from the Presidential collection of President Nixon 's successor , Vice President Gerald R. Ford . References ^ Jump up to : Perry , James M. ( chief political correspondent , Wall Street Journal ) , `` Watergate Case Study , '' , from Class Syllabus for `` Critical Issues in Journalism . '' Columbia School of Journalism , Columbia University , retrieved July 27 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` A burglary turns into a constitutional crisis '' . CNN . June 16 , 2004 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ervin , Sam , U.S. Senator , et . al. , Final Report of the Watergate Committee ) Jump up ^ Manheim , Karl ; Solum , Lawrence B. ( Spring 1999 ) . `` Nixon Articles of Impeachment '' . Impeachment Seminar . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Marsh ( October 30 , 2005 ) . `` Ideas & Trends -- When Criminal Charges Reach the White House '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , William B. ; Mercer Cross ; Barry Polsky ( 1973 ) . Watergate : chronology of a crisis . 1 . Washington D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Inc . pp. 8 133 140 180 188 . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 059 - 2 . OCLC 20974031 . This book is volume one of a two - volume set . Both volumes share the same ISBN and Library of Congress call number , E859 . C62 1973 ^ Jump up to : `` The Smoking Gun Tape '' ( Transcript of the recording of a meeting between President Nixon and H.R. Haldeman ) . Watergate.info website . June 23 , 1972 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ narrative by R.W. Apple , jr . ; chronology by Linda Amster ; general ed. : Gerald Gold . ( 1973 ) . The Watergate hearings : break - in and cover - up ; proceedings . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 75152 - 9 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nixon , Richard ( 1974 ) . The White House Transcripts . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 76324 - 1 . OCLC 1095702 . Jump up ^ The evidence was quite simple : the voice of the President on June 23 , 1972 directed the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) to halt an FBI investigation that would be politically embarrassing to his re-election . This direction was an obstruction of justice . White , Theodore Harold ( 1975 ) . Breach of Faith : The Fall of Richard Nixon . New York : Atheneum Publishers . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 689 - 10658 - 0 . Jump up ^ White ( 1975 ) , Breach of Faith , p. 29 . `` And the most punishing blow of all was to come in late afternoon when the President received , in his Oval Office , the Congressional leaders of his party - -- Barry Goldwater , Hugh Scott and John Rhodes . The accounts of all three coincide . Goldwater averred that there were not more than fifteen votes left in his support in the Senate . '' Jump up ^ `` Soon Alexander Haig and James St. Clair learned of the existence of this tape and they were convinced that it would guarantee Nixon 's impeachment in the House of Representatives and conviction in the Senate . '' Dash , Samuel ( 1976 ) . Chief Counsel : Inside the Ervin Committee -- The Untold Story of Watergate . New York : Random House . pp. 259 -- 260 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 40853 - 5 . Jump up ^ Trahair , R.C.S From Aristotelian to Reaganomics : A Dictionary of Eponyms With Biographies in the Social Sciences . Santa Barbara , Calif. : Greenwood Publishing Group , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 27961 - 6 Jump up ^ Smith , Ronald D. and Richter , William Lee . Fascinating People and Astounding Events From American History . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 87436 - 693 - 3 Jump up ^ Lull , James and Hinerman , Stephen . Media Scandals : Morality and Desire in the Popular Culture Marketplace . New York : Columbia University Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 11165 - 7 Jump up ^ Hamilton , Dagmar S . `` The Nixon Impeachment and the Abuse of Presidential Power , '' In Watergate and Afterward : The Legacy of Richard M. Nixon . Leon Friedman and William F. Levantrosser , eds . Santa Barbara , Calif. : Greenwood Publishing Group , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 27781 - 8 Jump up ^ `` El ' valijagate ' sigue dando disgustos a Cristina Fernández Internacional '' . EL PAÍS . November 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dean , John W. ( 2014 ) . The Nixon Defense : What He Knew and When He Knew It . Viking . p. xvii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02536 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Watergate Retrospective : The Decline and Fall '' , Time , August 19 , 1974 ^ Jump up to : Meyer , Lawrence ( November 10 , 1988 ) . `` John N. Mitchell , Principal in Watergate , Dies at 75 '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Rugaber , Walter ( January 18 , 1973 ) . `` Watergate Trial in Closed Session '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ G Gordon Liddy , Will , p. 195 , St. Martin 's Press ( January 1 , 1980 ) ISBN 978 - 0312880149 Jump up ^ G Gordon Liddy , Will , p. 226 , St. Martin 's Press ( January 1 , 1980 ) ISBN 978 - 0312880149 Jump up ^ G Gordon Liddy , Will , p. 232 , St. Martin 's Press ( January 1 , 1980 ) ISBN 978 - 0312880149 ^ Jump up to : Pear , Robert ( June 14 , 1992 ) . `` Watergate , Then and Now -- 2 Decades After a Political Burglary , the Questions Still Linger '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Alfred E. ( June 18 , 1972 ) . `` 5 Held in Plot to Bug Democrats ' Office Here '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , William B. ; Mercer Cross ; Barry Polsky ( 1973 ) . `` Watergate : Chronology of a Crisis '' . 1 . Washington D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Inc. : 4 . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 059 - 2 . OCLC 20974031 . Retrieved 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Sirica , John J. ( 1979 ) . To Set the Record Straight : The Break - in , the Tapes , the Conspirators , the Pardon . New York : Norton . p. 44 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01234 - 4 . Jump up ^ Genovese , Michael A. ( 1999 ) . The Watergate Crisis . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . ISBN 9780313298783 . Jump up ^ `` Brief Timeline of Events '' . Malcolm Farnsworth . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Times , Special To The New York ( 1988 - 11 - 10 ) . `` John N. Mitchell Dies at 75 ; Major Figure in Watergate '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Lawrence ( November 10 , 1988 ) . `` John N. Mitchell , Principal in Watergate , Dies at 75 '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Quote : `` There were still simply too many unanswered questions in the case . By that time , thinking about the break - in and reading about it , I 'd have had to be some kind of moron to believe that no other people were involved . No political campaign committee would turn over so much money to a man like Gordon Liddy without someone higher up in the organization approving the transaction . How could I not see that ? These questions about the case were on my mind during a pretrial session in my courtroom December 4 . '' Sirica , John J. ( 1979 ) . To Set the Record Straight : The Break - in , the Tapes , the Conspirators , the Pardon . New York : Norton . p. 56 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01234 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Woodward Downplays Deep Throat '' , Politico.com blog , June 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` The profound lies of Deep Throat '' , The Miami Herald , republished in Portland Press Herald , February 14 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Covering Watergate : Success and Backlash '' . Time . July 8 , 1974 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Crouse , Timothy , The Boys on the Bus , Random House , 1973 , pg. 298 Jump up ^ `` The Nation : More Evidence : Huge Case for Judgment '' . Time . July 29 , 1974 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Nixon Years : Down from the Mountaintop '' . Time . August 19 , 1974 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dean , John W . The Nixon Defense , p. 344 , Penguin Group , 2014 ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02536 - 7 Jump up ^ Dean , John W . The Nixon Defense : What He Knew and When He Knew It , pp. 415 -- 416 , Penguin Group , 2014 ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02536 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Watergate Scandal , 1973 In Review '' . United Press International . September 8 , 1973 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` When Judge Sirica finished reading the letter , the courtroom exploded with excitement and reporters ran to the rear entrance to phone their newspapers . The bailiff kept banging for silence . It was a stunning development , exactly what I had been waiting for . Perjury at the trial . The involvement of others . It looked as if Watergate was about to break wide open . '' Dash , Samuel ( 1976 ) . Chief Counsel : Inside the Ervin Committee -- The Untold Story of Watergate . New York : Random House . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 40853 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dean , John W . The Nixon Defense : What He Knew and When He Knew It , pp. 610 -- 620 , Penguin Group , 2014 ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02536 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Sequels : Nixon : Once More , with Feeling '' , Time , May 16 , 1977 Jump up ^ `` Watergate Scandal , 1973 in Review '' . United Press International . September 8 , 1973 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Garay , Ronald . `` Watergate '' . The Museum of Broadcast Communication . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kranish , Michael ( July 4 , 2007 ) . `` Select Chronology for Donald G. Sanders '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Watergate Scandal , 1973 In Review '' . United Press International . September 8 , 1973 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Noble , Kenneth ( July 2 , 1987 ) . `` Bork Irked by Emphasis on His Role in Watergate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pope , Rich . `` Nixon , Watergate and Walt Disney World ? There is a connection '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Jump up ^ Apple , Jr. , R.W. `` Nixon Declares He Did n't Profit From Public Life '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Richard Nixon : Question - and - Answer Session at the Annual Convention of the Associated Press Managing Editors Association , Orlando , Florida , The American Presidency Project . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , Carroll ( November 18 , 1973 ) . `` Nixon Tells Editors , ' I 'm Not a Crook '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` The Legal Aftermath Citizen Nixon and the Law '' . Time . August 19 , 1974 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Theodore White . Breach of Faith : The Fall of Richard Nixon . Readers Digest Press , Athineum Publishers , 1975 , pp. 296 -- 298 ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , C. and Woodward , B : The Final Days , p. 252 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1976 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Hugh Scott , A Dedicated Public Servant '' . The Morning Call . July 26 , 1994 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GOP Leaders Favour Stepdown '' . The Stanford Daily . Associated Press . May 10 , 1974 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patricia Sullivan ( June 24 , 2004 ) . `` Obituary : Clayton Kirkpatrick , 89 ; Chicago Tribune Editor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Time Magazine -- U.S. Edition -- May 20 , 1974 Vol. 103 No. 20 '' . Time . May 20 , 1974 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Time Magazine -- U.S. Edition -- May 13 , 1974 Vol. 103 No. 19 '' . Time . May 13 , 1974 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kutler , S : Abuse of Power , page 247 . Simon & Schuster , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript Prepared by the Impeachment Inquiry Staff for the House Judiciary Committee of a Recording of a Meeting Among the President , John Dean and H.R. Haldeman on March 21 , 1973 from 10 : 12 to 11 : 55 am '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kutler , S : Abuse of Power , page 111 . Simon & Schuster , 1997 . Transcribed conversation between President Nixon and Haldeman . Jump up ^ Clymer , Adam ( May 9 , 2003 ) . `` National Archives Has Given Up on Filling the Nixon Tape Gap '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2010 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 1974 Congressional Record , Vol. 120 , Page H2349 - 50 Jump up ^ 1974 Congressional Record , Vol. 120 , Page H2362 - 63 Jump up ^ 1974 Congressional Record , Vol. 120 , Page H29219 Jump up ^ Bazan , Elizabeth B ( December 9 , 2010 ) , `` Impeachment : An Overview of Constitutional Provisions , Procedure , and Practice '' , Congressional Research Service reports ^ Jump up to : `` '' Transcript of a Recording of a Meeting Between the President and H.R. Haldeman in the Oval Office on June 23 , 1972 from 10 : 04 to 11 : 39 am '' Watergate Special Prosecution Force '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Audio : Recording of a Meeting Between the President and H.R. Haldeman in the Oval Office on June 23 , 1972 from 10 : 04 to 11 : 39 am '' Watergate Special Prosecution Force `` . Jump up ^ Statement Announcing Availability of Additional Transcripts of Presidential Tape Recordings August 5 , 1974 Jump up ^ Bernstein and Woodward ( 1976 ) : The Final Days , p. 309 Jump up ^ `` The Administration : The Fallout from Ford 's Rush to Pardon '' . Time . September 23 , 1974 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Dean . `` Famous Pictures Magazine -- Nixon 's V sign '' . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved June 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Katharine Graham , Personal History ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1997 ) , p. 495 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Steffen W. ( 2013 ) , American Government and Politics Today , 2013 -- 2014 Edition , Wadsworth Publishing , p. 181 , ISBN 978 - 1133602132 , In 1974 , President Richard Nixon resigned in the wake of a scandal when it was obvious that public opinion no longer supported him . Jump up ^ `` President Nixon 's Resignation Speech '' . PBS . Retrieved August 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brokaw , Tom ( August 6 , 2004 ) . `` Politicians come and go , but rule of law endures '' . MSNBC . Retrieved August 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald Ford 's Proclamation Granting a Pardon to Richard Nixon '' . Ford.utexas.edu . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ford , Gerald ( September 8 , 1974 ) . `` Gerald R. Ford Pardoning Richard Nixon '' . Great Speeches Collection . The History Place . Retrieved December 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Fulton , Mary Lou ( July 17 , 1990 ) . `` Nixon Library : Nixon Timeline -- Page 2 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Shane , Scott . `` For Ford , Pardon Decision Was Always Clear - Cut '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gettlin , Robert ; Colodny , Len ( 1991 ) . Silent Coup : The Removal of a President . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 420 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 05156 - 5 . OCLC 22493143 . Jump up ^ Ford , Gerald R. ( 1979 ) . A Time to Heal : The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford . San Francisco : Harper & Row . pp. 196 -- 199 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 011297 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ford ( 1979 ) , 4 . Jump up ^ Anita L. Allen , The New Ethics : A Tour of the 21st Century Landscape ( New York : Miramax Books , 2004 ) , 101 . Jump up ^ Thomas L. Shaffer & Mary M. Shaffer , American Lawyers and Their Communities : Ethics in the Legal Profession ( Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press , 1991 ) , 1 . Jump up ^ Jerold Auerbach , Unequal Justice : Lawyers and Social Change in Modern America ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1976 ) , 301 . ^ Jump up to : Time , June 24 , 1977 , `` The Law : Watergate Bargains : Were They Necessary ? '' ^ Jump up to : Time , March 11 , 1974 , `` The Nation : The Other Nixon Men '' Jump up ^ `` Washington Post profile of Haldeman '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stout , David ( February 16 , 1999 ) . `` John D. Ehrlichman , Nixon Aide Jailed for Watergate , Dies at 73 '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ David Rohde ( 1998 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Maurice Stans Dies at 90 ; Led Nixon Commerce Dept '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` March 23 , 1973 : Watergate Burglars Sentenced ; McCord Letter Revealed '' . History Commons . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jennie Cohen ( June 15 , 2012 ) . `` Watergate : Where Are They Now ? '' . History . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` E. Howard Hunt Biography Writer , Spy ( 1918 -- 2007 ) '' . Bio . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Albin Krebs & Robert McG . Thomas Jr . ( January 28 , 1982 ) . `` Notes on People -- Bernard Barker to Retire From Miami Job Early '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jilian Fama & Meghan Kiesel ( June 17 , 2012 ) . `` Watergate Burglars : Where Are They Now ? '' . ABC . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Theodore Schneyer , `` Professionalism as Politics : The Making of a Modern Legal Ethics Code '' , in Lawyers ' Ideals / Lawyers ' Practices : Transformations in the American Legal Profession , eds . Robert L. Nelson , David M. Trubek , & Rayman L. Solomon , 95 -- 143 ( Ithaca : Cornell University Press , 1992 ) , 104 . Jump up ^ American Bar Association ( 2015 ) . `` Standard 303 , Curriculum '' . ABA Standards and Rules of Procedure for Approval of Law Schools 2015 -- 2016 ( PDF ) . Chicago : American Bar Association . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 63425 - 352 - 9 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Historian 's work gives a glimpse of Nixon `` unplugged '' `` . University of Wisconsin - Madison . November 8 , 2011 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nixon 's secret Watergate testimony ordered released '' , Reuters , July 29 , 2011 Jump up ^ Kim Geiger ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Nixon 's long - secret grand jury testimony released '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Long - sealed Watergate documents may be released Associated Press reprinted by Fox News June 2 , 2012 '' . Fox News Channel . June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fed'l Judge Unseals Watergate Trial Records for G. Gordon Liddy and James McCord ABA Journal November 2 , 2012 '' . Abajournal.com . November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas J. Johnson , Watergate and the Resignation of Richard Nixon : Impact of a Constitutional Crisis , `` The Rehabilitation of Richard Nixon '' , eds . P. Jeffrey and Thomas Maxwell - Long : Washington , D.C. , CO . Press , 2004 , pp. 148 -- 149 . Jump up ^ `` The Nation : David Can Be a Goliath '' . Time . May 9 , 1977 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( September 1 , 2013 ) . `` David Frost , Interviewer Who Got Nixon to Apologize for Watergate , Dies at 74 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Follow The Money : On The Trail Of Watergate Lore , '' NPR , June 16 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Historical Marker Installed Outside ' Deep Throat ' Garage '' . 17 August 2011 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watergate Investigation Historical Marker '' . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Danny . `` The Parking Garage Where Deep Throat Spilled the Beans on Watergate Is Being Torn Down '' . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Maher , Kris ( 20 June 2014 ) . `` Watergate Parking Garage to Be Torn Down '' . Retrieved 23 January 2018 -- via www.wsj.com . ^ Jump up to : Jessica Gresko , Associated Press ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Watergate Records Released 40 Years After Being Filed Under Seal '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , David ( June 5 , 2005 ) . `` The Unsolved Mysteries of Watergate '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Senior Judge Royce Lamberth ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` In Re : Petition of Luke Nitcher '' ( PDF ) . United States District Court for the District of Columbia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Donald L. Bartlett , Howard Hughes , p. 410 , W.W. Norton & Co. , 2004 ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32602 - 4 Jump up ^ Charles Higham Howard Hughes , p. 244 , Macmillan , 2004 ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 32997 - 6 Jump up ^ DuBois , Larry , and Laurence Gonzales ( September 1976 ) . `` Hughes , Nixon and the C.I.A. : The Watergate Conspiracy Woodward and Bernstein Missed , '' Playboy Jump up ^ Fred Emery Watergate , p. 30 , Simon & Schuster , 1995 ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 81323 - 3 Jump up ^ `` The Nation : It Goes Back to the Big Man Time Magazine January 13 , 1975 issue '' . Time . January 13 , 1975 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unholy Fury review '' . Sydney Morning Herald . May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sulzberger , C.L. ( October 30 , 1973 ) . `` The Thoughts of Premier Chou '' . St. Petersburg Times . The New York Times Service . p. 4 - A. Retrieved November 21 , 2016 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` Mao Tse - tung Said to Hold Former Opinion of Nixon '' . Nashua Telegraph . Associated Press . July 10 , 1975 . p. 25 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain , John ( November 9 , 1976 ) . `` Another Look at Mao Tse - tung '' . Ludington Daily News . p. 4 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 -- via Google News Archive . ^ Jump up to : Freed , Kenneth J. ( August 15 , 1973 ) . `` Watergate and Its Effects on Foreign Affairs Discussed '' . Nashua Telegraph . Associated Press . p. 21 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Halloran , Richard ( March 20 , 1975 ) . `` Watergate Effects Abroad Are Slight '' . The New York Times . p. 13 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 -- via Google News Archive . Jump up ^ `` Watergate Comes Out into Open at Foreign Parley '' . Spartanburg Herald - Journal . Associated Press . August 5 , 1973 . p . A8 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Watergate may sap U.S. power '' . The Gazette . Montreal . August 8 , 1973 . p. 2 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 -- via Google News Archive . Jump up ^ Moseley , Ray ( June 16 , 1973 ) . `` Brezhnev to ignore Watergate in talks '' . Daily Record . 72 ( 142 ) . Ellensburg , Washington . United Press International . p. 1 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brezhnev to Shun Talk of Watergate '' . The Milwaukee Journal . June 15 , 1973 . Part 1 , page 3 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 -- via Google News Archive . Jump up ^ Gavshon , Arthur L. ( July 18 , 1973 ) . `` Britain 's Leader Shows Restraint Over Bugging '' . The Lewiston Daily Sun . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 -- via Google News Archive . Jump up ^ `` Fidel says Watergate least of exiles ' crimes '' . The Miami News . Reuters . December 2 , 1974 . p. 2A . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 -- via Google News Archive . Jump up ^ `` The name - calling in the wake of defeat '' . New Straits Times . Malaysia . May 6 , 1975 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 -- via Google News Archive . Jump up ^ `` Scandal Hurt Policy -- Kissinger '' . The Pittsburgh Press . United Press International . January 11 , 1977 . p . A-4 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` Publisher criticizes the media '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . United Press International . January 30 , 1975 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 -- via Google News Archive . Further reading Hersh , S , 1983 , The Price of Power : Kissinger in the Nixon White House , Faber & Faber , London `` FBI Records : Watergate '' . The Vault . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . `` Working Draft : A CIA Watergate History '' . CIA 's Office of the Inspector General . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . `` Nixon Grand Jury Records '' . United States National Archives . 1972 -- 1979 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . `` Records of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force '' . United States National Archives . 1971 -- 1977 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Campbell , W. Joseph ( June 16 , 2012 ) . `` Five media myths of Watergate '' . BBC . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Doyle , James ( 1977 ) . Not Above the Law : the battles of Watergate prosecutors Cox and Jaworski . New York : William Morrow and Company . ISBN 0 - 688 - 03192 - 7 . Hougan , Jim ( 1984 ) . Watergate , Deep Throat and the CIA . New York : Random House , Inc . ISBN 0 - 394 - 51428 - 9 . This was the first book to question the orthodox narrative of The Washington Post . Schudson , Michael ( 1992 ) . Watergate in American memory : how we remember , forget , and reconstruct the past . New York : BasicBooks . ISBN 0 - 465 - 09084 - 2 . Holland , Max ( 2012 ) . Leak : Why Mark Felt Became Deep Throat . Lawrence , KN : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1829 - 3 . White , Theodore Harold ( 1975 ) . Breach of faith : the fall of Richard Nixon . New York : Atheneum Publishers . ISBN 0 - 689 - 10658 - 0 . A comprehensive history of the Watergate Scandal by Teddy White , a respected journalist and author of The Making of the President series . Woodward , Bob and Bernstein , Carl wrote a best - selling book based on their experiences covering the Watergate Scandal for The Washington Post titled All the President 's Men , published in 1974 . A film adaptation , starring Robert Redford and Dustin Hoffman as Woodward and Bernstein respectively , was released in 1976 . Woodward , Bob ; Bernstein , Carl ( 2005 ) . The Final Days . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 7406 - 7 . -- contains further details from March 1973 through September 1974 . U.S. News Staff ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Watergate and the White House : The ' Third - Rate Burglary ' That Toppled a President . Summarized key Watergate dates and details and its impact on President Richard Nixon by U.S. News . '' U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 -- via The Internet Archive , but originally published in U.S. News & World Report on Aug. 19 , 1974 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Rawson , Hugh ( 2013 - 01 - 13 ) . `` Words of Watergate : A work about political vocabulary which offers lessons about the dangers of using deceptive language that remain relevant today by Hugh Rawson , director of Penguin USA 's reference books operation '' . dictionaryblog.cambridge.org -- A blog from Cambridge Dictionary . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 -- via The Internet Archive . Rawson , Hugh ( 2013 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Words of Watergate : Part 2 ; A work about political vocabulary which offers lessons about the dangers of using deceptive language that remain relevant today by Hugh Rawson , director of Penguin USA 's reference books operation '' . dictionaryblog.cambridge.org -- A blog from Cambridge Dictionary . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 -- via The Internet Archive . Waldron , Lamar ( 2012 ) . The Hidden History . Berkeley , California : Counterpoint publishers . ISBN 1 - 582 - 43813 - 7 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Watergate scandal . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Watergate scandal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Richard Nixon Watergate.info Washington Post Watergate Archive Washington Post Watergate Tapes Online -- The Washington Post Watergate Trial Conversations -- Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum FBI Records : The Vault -- Watergate at vault.fbi.gov Richard Nixon 37th President of the United States ( 1969 -- 1974 ) 36th Vice President of the United States ( 1953 -- 1961 ) U.S. Senator from California ( 1950 -- 1953 ) U.S. Representative for CA - 12 ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Nixon Doctrine `` Bring Us Together '' Economic policies Nixon shock Tar Baby Option Environmental Protection Agency creation National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Space exploration 1971 National Cancer Act Vietnam War Cambodian bombing Paris Peace Accords `` Peace with Honor '' Silent majority Cold War period Linkage policy 1972 Visit to China Shanghai Communiqué Détente 1972 Moscow Summit Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty SALT I Treaty Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement Threshold Test Ban Treaty Endangered Species Act Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse War on Drugs Drug Enforcement Administration Enemies List list of opponents Operation CHAOS Watergate timeline White House tapes United States v. 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General Services Administration Death and state funeral Books Six Crises ( 1962 ) Bibliography Elections United States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 U.S. Senate election , 1950 California gubernatorial election , 1962 Republican Party presidential primaries , 1960 1964 1968 1972 Republican National Conventions , 1952 1956 1960 1968 1972 Nixon Presidential campaign , 1968 United States presidential elections , 1952 1956 1960 debates 1968 1972 Popular culture Nixon goes to China ( phrase ) Millhouse ( 1971 film ) Four More Years ( 1972 film ) All the President 's Men ( 1976 film ) White House Madness ( 1975 film ) Nixon in China ( 1987 opera ) Nixon ( 1995 film ) Elvis Meets Nixon ( 1997 film ) Dick ( 1999 film ) The Frost - Nixon Interviews ( 2006 play , 2008 film ) Our Nixon ( 2013 film ) U.S. Postage stamp Related Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act Presidential Townhouse Staff Colonel Jack Brennan ( aide de camp ) Manolo Sanchez ( valet ) Rose Mary Woods ( secretary ) Family Thelma `` Pat '' Ryan Nixon ( wife ) Tricia Nixon Cox ( daughter ) Julie Nixon Eisenhower ( daughter ) Frank Nixon ( father ) Hannah Nixon ( mother ) Donald Nixon ( brother ) Edward Nixon ( brother ) Donald A. Nixon ( nephew ) Christopher Nixon Cox ( grandson ) Jennie Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) ← Lyndon B. Johnson Gerald Ford → Category History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal BNE : XX530780 BNF : cb11948745h ( data ) GND : 4189311 - 6 LCCN : sh85145735 NARA : 10642088 NDL : 00574170 SUDOC : 027448428 Jump up ^ `` A New Explanation of Watergate , '' by J. Anthony Lukas , The New York Times , January 11 , 1984 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watergate_scandal&oldid=854091762 '' Categories : Watergate scandal 20th - century scandals Nixon administration controversies Political scandals in the United States Political terminology of the United States News leaks 1970s in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from January 2018 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 22 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who was the head of the senate committee that began hearings to investigate the watergate break-in
[ "On February 7, 1973, the United States Senate voted 77-to-0 to approve Senate Resolution S.Res. 60 and establish a select committee to investigate Watergate, with Sam Ervin named chairman the next day.[19] The hearings held by the Senate committee, in which Dean and other former administration officials testified, were broadcast from May 17 to August 7, 1973. The three major networks of the time agreed to take turns covering the hearings live, each network thus maintaining coverage of the hearings every third day, starting with ABC on May 17 and ending with NBC on August 7. An estimated 85% of Americans with television sets tuned into at least one portion of the hearings.[47]\n" ]
[ "Sam Ervin" ]
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Minister for Defence (Ireland)
Minister for Defence ( Ireland ) - Wikipedia Minister for Defence ( Ireland ) Jump to : navigation , search Minister for Defence Incumbent Leo Varadkar since 14 June 2017 Appointer President of Ireland on the nomination of the Taoiseach Inaugural holder General Richard Mulcahy Formation 22 January 1919 Website defence.ie The Minister for Defence ( Irish : An tAire Cosanta ) is the senior minister at the Department of Defence in the Government of Ireland . The current Minister for Defence is Leo Varadkar , TD . The Department of Defence headquarters are in Newbridge , County Kildare The Department is responsible for the Irish Defence Forces . The Ministers and Secretaries Act 1924 assigned the minister the additional title of Commander - in - Chief as the Chairman of the Council of Defence . The Defence Act 1954 removed this title , as a result of the reconstitution of the Council of Defence . The President of Ireland , a largely ceremonial role , is considered the Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces . In practice , the Minister acts on the President 's behalf and reports to the Irish Government . The Minister for Defence is advised by the Council of Defence on the business of the Department of Defence . Since 1978 , the Minister for Defence has been assisted by the junior ministerial role of Minister of State at the Department of Defence ; a post currently filled by Paul Kehoe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ministers for Defence since 1919 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Ministers for Defence since 1919 ( edit ) Denotes Acting Minister No . Name Term of office Party 1 . General Richard Mulcahy ( 1st term ) 22 January 1919 1 April 1919 Sinn Féin 2 . Cathal Brugha 1 April 1919 9 January 1922 Sinn Féin General Richard Mulcahy ( 2nd term ) 10 January 1922 19 March 1924 Pro-Treaty Sinn Féin 3 . W.T. Cosgrave ( Acting ) 20 March 1924 21 November 1924 Pro-Treaty Sinn Féin 4 . Peter Hughes 21 November 1924 23 June 1927 Cumann na nGaedheal 5 . Desmond FitzGerald 23 June 1927 9 March 1932 Cumann na nGaedheal 6 . Frank Aiken 9 March 1932 8 September 1939 Fianna Fáil 7 . Oscar Traynor ( 1st term ) 8 September 1939 18 February 1948 Fianna Fáil 8 . Thomas F. O'Higgins 18 February 1948 7 March 1951 Fine Gael 9 . General Seán Mac Eoin ( 1st term ) 7 March 1951 13 June 1951 Fine Gael Oscar Traynor ( 2nd term ) 13 June 1951 2 June 1954 Fianna Fáil General Seán Mac Eoin ( 2nd term ) 2 June 1954 20 March 1957 Fine Gael 10 . Kevin Boland 20 March 1957 11 October 1961 Fianna Fáil 11 . Gerald Bartley 11 October 1961 21 April 1965 Fianna Fáil 12 . Michael Hilliard 21 April 1965 2 July 1969 Fianna Fáil 13 . Jim Gibbons 2 July 1969 9 May 1970 Fianna Fáil 14 . Jerry Cronin 9 May 1970 14 March 1973 Fianna Fáil 15 . Paddy Donegan 14 March 1973 2 December 1976 Fine Gael 16 . Liam Cosgrave ( Acting ) 2 December 1976 16 December 1976 Fine Gael 17 . Oliver J. Flanagan 16 December 1976 5 July 1977 Fine Gael 18 . Bobby Molloy 5 July 1977 11 December 1979 Fianna Fáil 19 . Pádraig Faulkner 12 December 1979 15 October 1980 Fianna Fáil 20 . Sylvester Barrett 15 October 1980 30 June 1981 Fianna Fáil 21 . James Tully 30 June 1981 9 March 1982 Labour Party 22 . Paddy Power 9 March 1982 14 December 1982 Fianna Fáil 23 . Patrick Cooney 14 December 1982 14 February 1986 Fine Gael 24 . Paddy O'Toole 14 February 1986 10 March 1987 Fine Gael 25 . Michael J. Noonan 10 March 1987 12 July 1989 Fianna Fáil 26 . Brian Lenihan 12 July 1989 31 October 1990 Fianna Fáil 27 . Charles Haughey ( Acting ) 1 November 1990 5 February 1991 Fianna Fáil 28 . Brendan Daly 5 February 1991 14 November 1991 Fianna Fáil 29 . Vincent Brady 14 November 1991 11 February 1992 Fianna Fáil 30 . John Wilson 11 February 1992 12 January 1993 Fianna Fáil 31 . David Andrews ( 1st term ) 12 January 1993 15 December 1994 Fianna Fáil 32 . Hugh Coveney 15 December 1994 23 May 1995 Fine Gael 33 . Seán Barrett 23 May 1995 26 June 1997 Fine Gael David Andrews ( 2nd term ) 26 June 1997 8 October 1997 Fianna Fáil 34 . Michael Smith 8 October 1997 29 September 2004 Fianna Fáil 35 . Willie O'Dea 29 September 2004 18 February 2010 Fianna Fáil 36 . Brian Cowen ( Acting ) 18 February 2010 23 March 2010 Fianna Fáil 37 . Tony Killeen 23 March 2010 19 January 2011 Fianna Fáil 38 . Éamon Ó Cuív 20 January 2011 9 March 2011 Fianna Fáil 39 . Alan Shatter 9 March 2011 7 May 2014 Fine Gael 40 . Enda Kenny ( Acting ) 7 May 2014 11 July 2014 Fine Gael 41 . Simon Coveney 11 July 2014 6 May 2016 Fine Gael Enda Kenny 6 May 2016 14 June 2017 Fine Gael 42 . Leo Varadkar 14 June 2017 Incumbent Fine Gael See also ( edit ) Irish cabinets since 1919 Chief of Staff of the Defence Forces ( Ireland ) Minister of State at the Department of Defence Director of Military Intelligence ( Ireland ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` List of Ministers and Ministers of State '' . Department of the Taoiseach . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Defence Act , 1954 Jump up ^ `` Statute Book - Ministers And Secretaries Act , 1924 '' . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . the Minister for Defence ( ... ) shall be assisted by a Council of Defence Jump up ^ On the first occasion he served as minister Mulcahy bore the title Minister for National Defence . Jump up ^ Brugha bore the title Secretary of State for Defence . ^ Jump up to : Also Taoiseach ^ Jump up to : Also Minister for the Marine Jump up ^ Also Minister for Social Protection and ( from 23 January ) Minister for the Environment , Heritage and Local Government Jump up ^ Also Minister for Justice and Equality Jump up ^ Also Minister for Agriculture , Food and the Marine External links ( edit ) Department of Defence ( hide ) Government of Ireland Political posts Taoiseach ( prime minister ) Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister ) Ministries Agriculture , Food and the Marine Business , Enterprise and Innovation Children and Youth Affairs Communications , Climate Action and Environment Culture , Heritage and the Gaeltacht Defence Education and Skills Employment Affairs and Social Protection Finance Foreign Affairs and Trade Health Housing , Planning and Local Government Justice and Equality Public Expenditure and Reform Rural and Community Development Transport , Tourism and Sport Former ministries Communications Co-ordination of Defensive Measures Economic Affairs Fine Arts Industries Irish Labour Posts and Telegraphs Public Service Publicity Supplies Women Cabinet ministers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_for_Defence_(Ireland)&oldid=822638725 '' Categories : Ministers for Defence ( Ireland ) Department of Defence ( Ireland ) Government ministers of the Republic of Ireland Lists of government ministers of Ireland Ministries established in 1919 Defence ministers Hidden categories : Use Irish English from October 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Irish English Use dmy dates from October 2014 Articles containing Irish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Edit links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 16 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is the minister for defence in ireland
[ "The Minister for Defence (Irish: An tAire Cosanta) is the senior minister at the Department of Defence in the Government of Ireland. The current Minister for Defence is Leo Varadkar, TD.[1]" ]
[ "Leo Varadkar, TD" ]
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King Arthur
King Arthur - wikipedia King Arthur Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see King Arthur ( disambiguation ) . `` Arthur Pendragon '' redirects here . For other uses , see Arthur Pendragon ( disambiguation ) . Tapestry showing Arthur as one of the Nine Worthies , wearing a coat of arms often attributed to him ( c. 1385 ) King Arthur is a legendary British leader who , according to medieval histories and romances , led the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders in the late 5th and early 6th centuries AD . The details of Arthur 's story are mainly composed of folklore and literary invention , and his historical existence is debated and disputed by modern historians . The sparse historical background of Arthur is gleaned from various sources , including the Annales Cambriae , the Historia Brittonum , and the writings of Gildas . Arthur 's name also occurs in early poetic sources such as Y Gododdin . Arthur is a central figure in the legends making up the Matter of Britain . The legendary Arthur developed as a figure of international interest largely through the popularity of Geoffrey of Monmouth 's fanciful and imaginative 12th - century Historia Regum Britanniae ( History of the Kings of Britain ) . In some Welsh and Breton tales and poems that date from before this work , Arthur appears either as a great warrior defending Britain from human and supernatural enemies or as a magical figure of folklore , sometimes associated with the Welsh Otherworld , Annwn . How much of Geoffrey 's Historia ( completed in 1138 ) was adapted from such earlier sources , rather than invented by Geoffrey himself , is unknown . Although the themes , events and characters of the Arthurian legend varied widely from text to text , and there is no one canonical version ; Geoffrey 's version of events often served as the starting point for later stories . Geoffrey depicted Arthur as a king of Britain who defeated the Saxons and established an empire over Britain , Ireland , Iceland , Norway and Gaul . Many elements and incidents that are now an integral part of the Arthurian story appear in Geoffrey 's Historia , including Arthur 's father Uther Pendragon , the wizard Merlin , Arthur 's wife Guinevere , the sword Excalibur , Arthur 's conception at Tintagel , his final battle against Mordred at Camlann , and final rest in Avalon . The 12th - century French writer Chrétien de Troyes , who added Lancelot and the Holy Grail to the story , began the genre of Arthurian romance that became a significant strand of medieval literature . In these French stories , the narrative focus often shifts from King Arthur himself to other characters , such as various Knights of the Round Table . Arthurian literature thrived during the Middle Ages but waned in the centuries that followed until it experienced a major resurgence in the 19th century . In the 21st century , the legend lives on , not only in literature but also in adaptations for theatre , film , television , comics and other media . Contents ( hide ) 1 Debated historicity 2 Name 3 Medieval literary traditions 3.1 Pre-Galfridian traditions 3.2 Geoffrey of Monmouth 3.3 Romance traditions 4 Decline , revival , and the modern legend 4.1 Post-medieval literature 4.2 Tennyson and the revival 4.3 Modern legend 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Sources 8 Further reading 9 External links Debated Historicity Main article : Historicity of King Arthur Statue of King Arthur at the Hofkirche in Innsbruck , designed by Albrecht Dürer and cast by Peter Vischer the Elder ( 1520s ) The historical basis for the King Arthur legend has long been debated by scholars . One school of thought , citing entries in the Historia Brittonum ( History of the Britons ) and Annales Cambriae ( Welsh Annals ) , sees Arthur as a genuine historical figure , a Romano - British leader who fought against the invading Anglo - Saxons some time in the late 5th to early 6th century . The Historia Brittonum , a 9th - century Latin historical compilation attributed in some late manuscripts to a Welsh cleric called Nennius , contains the first datable mention of King Arthur , listing twelve battles that Arthur fought . These culminate in the Battle of Badon , where he is said to have single - handedly killed 960 men . Recent studies , however , question the reliability of the Historia Brittonum . The other text that seems to support the case for Arthur 's historical existence is the 10th - century Annales Cambriae , which also link Arthur with the Battle of Badon . The Annales date this battle to 516 -- 518 , and also mention the Battle of Camlann , in which Arthur and Medraut ( Mordred ) were both killed , dated to 537 -- 539 . These details have often been used to bolster confidence in the Historia 's account and to confirm that Arthur really did fight at Badon . Problems have been identified , however , with using this source to support the Historia Brittonum 's account . The latest research shows that the Annales Cambriae was based on a chronicle begun in the late 8th century in Wales . Additionally , the complex textual history of the Annales Cambriae precludes any certainty that the Arthurian annals were added to it even that early . They were more likely added at some point in the 10th century and may never have existed in any earlier set of annals . The Badon entry probably derived from the Historia Brittonum . This lack of convincing early evidence is the reason many recent historians exclude Arthur from their accounts of sub-Roman Britain . In the view of historian Thomas Charles - Edwards , `` at this stage of the enquiry , one can only say that there may well have been an historical Arthur ( but ... ) the historian can as yet say nothing of value about him '' . These modern admissions of ignorance are a relatively recent trend ; earlier generations of historians were less sceptical . The historian John Morris made the putative reign of Arthur the organising principle of his history of sub-Roman Britain and Ireland , The Age of Arthur ( 1973 ) . Even so , he found little to say about a historical Arthur . The 10th - century Annales Cambriae ( from a copy c. 1100 ) Partly in reaction to such theories , another school of thought emerged which argued that Arthur had no historical existence at all . Morris 's Age of Arthur prompted the archaeologist Nowell Myres to observe that `` no figure on the borderline of history and mythology has wasted more of the historian 's time '' . Gildas ' 6th - century polemic De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae ( On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain ) , written within living memory of Badon , mentions the battle but does not mention Arthur . Arthur is not mentioned in the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle or named in any surviving manuscript written between 400 and 820 . He is absent from Bede 's early - 8th - century Ecclesiastical History of the English People , another major early source for post-Roman history that mentions Badon . The historian David Dumville has written : `` I think we can dispose of him ( Arthur ) quite briefly . He owes his place in our history books to a ' no smoke without fire ' school of thought ... The fact of the matter is that there is no historical evidence about Arthur ; we must reject him from our histories and , above all , from the titles of our books . '' Some scholars argue that Arthur was originally a fictional hero of folklore -- or even a half - forgotten Celtic deity -- who became credited with real deeds in the distant past . They cite parallels with figures such as the Kentish Hengist and Horsa , who may be totemic horse - gods that later became historicised . Bede ascribed to these legendary figures a historical role in the 5th - century Anglo - Saxon conquest of eastern Britain . It is not even certain that Arthur was considered a king in the early texts . Neither the Historia nor the Annales calls him `` rex '' : the former calls him instead `` dux bellorum '' ( leader of battles ) and `` miles '' ( soldier ) . Historical documents for the post-Roman period are scarce , so a definitive answer to the question of Arthur 's historical existence is unlikely . Sites and places have been identified as `` Arthurian '' since the 12th century , but archaeology can confidently reveal names only through inscriptions found in secure contexts . The so - called `` Arthur stone '' , discovered in 1998 among the ruins at Tintagel Castle in Cornwall in securely dated 6th - century contexts , created a brief stir but proved irrelevant . Other inscriptional evidence for Arthur , including the Glastonbury cross , is tainted with the suggestion of forgery . Although several historical figures have been proposed as the basis for Arthur , no convincing evidence for these identifications has emerged . Name Main article : Arthur The origin of the Welsh name `` Arthur '' remains a matter of debate . Some suggest it is derived from the Roman nomen gentile ( family name ) Artorius , of obscure and contested etymology ( but possibly of Messapian or Etruscan origin ) . Some scholars have suggested it is relevant to this debate that the legendary King Arthur 's name only appears as Arthur , or Arturus , in early Latin Arthurian texts , never as Artōrius ( though it should be noted that Classical Latin Artōrius became Arturius in some Vulgar Latin dialects ) . However , this may not say anything about the origin of the name Arthur , as Artōrius would regularly become Art ( h ) ur when borrowed into Welsh . Another possibility is that it is derived from a Brittonic patronym * Arto - rīg - ios ( the root of which , * arto - rīg - `` bear - king '' is to be found in the Old Irish personal name Art - ri ) via a Latinized form Artōrius . Less likely is the commonly proposed derivation from Welsh arth `` bear '' + ( g ) wr `` man '' ( earlier * Arto - uiros in Brittonic ) ; there are phonological difficulties with this theory -- notably that a Brittonic compound name * Arto - uiros should produce Old Welsh * Artgur and Middle / Modern Welsh * Arthwr and not Arthur ( in Welsh poetry the name is always spelled Arthur and is exclusively rhymed with words ending in - ur -- never words ending in - wr -- which confirms that the second element can not be ( g ) wr `` man '' ) . An alternative theory , which has gained only limited acceptance among professional scholars , derives the name Arthur from Arcturus , the brightest star in the constellation Boötes , near Ursa Major or the Great Bear . Classical Latin Arcturus would also have become Art ( h ) ur when borrowed into Welsh , and its brightness and position in the sky led people to regard it as the `` guardian of the bear '' ( which is the meaning of the name in Ancient Greek ) and the `` leader '' of the other stars in Boötes . A similar first name is Old Irish Artúr , which is believed to be derived directly from an early Old Welsh or Cumbric Artur . The earliest historically attested bearer of the name is a son or grandson of Áedán mac Gabráin ( d . AD 609 ) . Medieval literary traditions The creator of the familiar literary persona of Arthur was Geoffrey of Monmouth , with his pseudo-historical Historia Regum Britanniae ( History of the Kings of Britain ) , written in the 1130s . The textual sources for Arthur are usually divided into those written before Geoffrey 's Historia ( known as pre-Galfridian texts , from the Latin form of Geoffrey , Galfridus ) and those written afterwards , which could not avoid his influence ( Galfridian , or post-Galfridian , texts ) . Pre-Galfridian traditions A facsimile page of Y Gododdin , one of the most famous early Welsh texts featuring Arthur ( c. 1275 ) The earliest literary references to Arthur come from Welsh and Breton sources . There have been few attempts to define the nature and character of Arthur in the pre-Galfridian tradition as a whole , rather than in a single text or text / story - type . A 2007 academic survey that does attempt this by Thomas Green identifies three key strands to the portrayal of Arthur in this earliest material . The first is that he was a peerless warrior who functioned as the monster - hunting protector of Britain from all internal and external threats . Some of these are human threats , such as the Saxons he fights in the Historia Brittonum , but the majority are supernatural , including giant cat - monsters , destructive divine boars , dragons , dogheads , giants , and witches . The second is that the pre-Galfridian Arthur was a figure of folklore ( particularly topographic or onomastic folklore ) and localised magical wonder - tales , the leader of a band of superhuman heroes who live in the wilds of the landscape . The third and final strand is that the early Welsh Arthur had a close connection with the Welsh Otherworld Annwn . On the one hand , he launches assaults on Otherworldly fortresses in search of treasure and frees their prisoners . On the other , his warband in the earliest sources includes former pagan gods , and his wife and his possessions are clearly Otherworldly in origin . One of the most famous Welsh poetic references to Arthur comes in the collection of heroic death - songs known as Y Gododdin ( The Gododdin ) , attributed to 6th - century poet Aneirin . One stanza praises the bravery of a warrior who slew 300 enemies , but says that despite this , `` he was no Arthur '' -- that is , his feats can not compare to the valour of Arthur . Y Gododdin is known only from a 13th - century manuscript , so it is impossible to determine whether this passage is original or a later interpolation , but John Koch 's view that the passage dates from a 7th - century or earlier version is regarded as unproven ; 9th - or 10th - century dates are often proposed for it . Several poems attributed to Taliesin , a poet said to have lived in the 6th century , also refer to Arthur , although these all probably date from between the 8th and 12th centuries . They include `` Kadeir Teyrnon '' ( `` The Chair of the Prince '' ) , which refers to `` Arthur the Blessed '' ; `` Preiddeu Annwn '' ( `` The Spoils of Annwn '' ) , which recounts an expedition of Arthur to the Otherworld ; and `` Marwnat vthyr pen ( dragon ) '' ( `` The Elegy of Uther Pen ( dragon ) '' ) , which refers to Arthur 's valour and is suggestive of a father - son relationship for Arthur and Uther that pre-dates Geoffrey of Monmouth . Culhwch entering Arthur 's court in the Welsh tale `` Culhwch and Olwen '' ( 1881 ) Other early Welsh Arthurian texts include a poem found in the Black Book of Carmarthen , `` Pa gur yv y porthaur ? '' ( `` What man is the gatekeeper ? '' ) . This takes the form of a dialogue between Arthur and the gatekeeper of a fortress he wishes to enter , in which Arthur recounts the names and deeds of himself and his men , notably Cei ( Kay ) and Bedwyr ( Bedivere ) . The Welsh prose tale Culhwch and Olwen ( c. 1100 ) , included in the modern Mabinogion collection , has a much longer list of more than 200 of Arthur 's men , though Cei and Bedwyr again take a central place . The story as a whole tells of Arthur helping his kinsman Culhwch win the hand of Olwen , daughter of Ysbaddaden Chief - Giant , by completing a series of apparently impossible tasks , including the hunt for the great semi-divine boar Twrch Trwyth . The 9th - century Historia Brittonum also refers to this tale , with the boar there named Troy ( n ) t . Finally , Arthur is mentioned numerous times in the Welsh Triads , a collection of short summaries of Welsh tradition and legend which are classified into groups of three linked characters or episodes to assist recall . The later manuscripts of the Triads are partly derivative from Geoffrey of Monmouth and later continental traditions , but the earliest ones show no such influence and are usually agreed to refer to pre-existing Welsh traditions . Even in these , however , Arthur 's court has started to embody legendary Britain as a whole , with `` Arthur 's Court '' sometimes substituted for `` The Island of Britain '' in the formula `` Three XXX of the Island of Britain '' . While it is not clear from the Historia Brittonum and the Annales Cambriae that Arthur was even considered a king , by the time Culhwch and Olwen and the Triads were written he had become Penteyrnedd yr Ynys hon , `` Chief of the Lords of this Island '' , the overlord of Wales , Cornwall and the North . In addition to these pre-Galfridian Welsh poems and tales , Arthur appears in some other early Latin texts besides the Historia Brittonum and the Annales Cambriae . In particular , Arthur features in a number of well - known vitae ( `` Lives '' ) of post-Roman saints , none of which are now generally considered to be reliable historical sources ( the earliest probably dates from the 11th century ) . According to the Life of Saint Gildas , written in the early 12th century by Caradoc of Llancarfan , Arthur is said to have killed Gildas ' brother Hueil and to have rescued his wife Gwenhwyfar from Glastonbury . In the Life of Saint Cadoc , written around 1100 or a little before by Lifris of Llancarfan , the saint gives protection to a man who killed three of Arthur 's soldiers , and Arthur demands a herd of cattle as wergeld for his men . Cadoc delivers them as demanded , but when Arthur takes possession of the animals , they turn into bundles of ferns . Similar incidents are described in the medieval biographies of Carannog , Padarn , and Eufflam , probably written around the 12th century . A less obviously legendary account of Arthur appears in the Legenda Sancti Goeznovii , which is often claimed to date from the early 11th century ( although the earliest manuscript of this text dates from the 15th century ) . Also important are the references to Arthur in William of Malmesbury 's De Gestis Regum Anglorum and Herman 's De Miraculis Sanctae Mariae Laudensis , which together provide the first certain evidence for a belief that Arthur was not actually dead and would at some point return , a theme that is often revisited in post-Galfridian folklore . Geoffrey of Monmouth Mordred , Arthur 's final foe according to Geoffrey of Monmouth , illustrated by H.J. Ford ( 1902 ) King Arthur . A crude illustration from a 15th - century Welsh language version of Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia Regum Britanniae The first narrative account of Arthur 's life is found in Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Latin work Historia Regum Britanniae ( History of the Kings of Britain ) , completed c. 1138 . This work is an imaginative and fanciful account of British kings from the legendary Trojan exile Brutus to the 7th - century Welsh king Cadwallader . Geoffrey places Arthur in the same post-Roman period as do Historia Brittonum and Annales Cambriae . He incorporates Arthur 's father , Uther Pendragon , his magician advisor Merlin , and the story of Arthur 's conception , in which Uther , disguised as his enemy Gorlois by Merlin 's magic , sleeps with Gorlois 's wife Igerna at Tintagel , and she conceives Arthur . On Uther 's death , the fifteen - year - old Arthur succeeds him as King of Britain and fights a series of battles , similar to those in the Historia Brittonum , culminating in the Battle of Bath . He then defeats the Picts and Scots before creating an Arthurian empire through his conquests of Ireland , Iceland and the Orkney Islands . After twelve years of peace , Arthur sets out to expand his empire once more , taking control of Norway , Denmark and Gaul . Gaul is still held by the Roman Empire when it is conquered , and Arthur 's victory naturally leads to a further confrontation between his empire and Rome 's . Arthur and his warriors , including Kaius ( Kay ) , Beduerus ( Bedivere ) and Gualguanus ( Gawain ) , defeat the Roman emperor Lucius Tiberius in Gaul but , as he prepares to march on Rome , Arthur hears that his nephew Modredus ( Mordred ) -- whom he had left in charge of Britain -- has married his wife Guenhuuara ( Guinevere ) and seized the throne . Arthur returns to Britain and defeats and kills Modredus on the river Camblam in Cornwall , but he is mortally wounded . He hands the crown to his kinsman Constantine and is taken to the isle of Avalon to be healed of his wounds , never to be seen again . Merlin , Arthur 's advisor ( c. 1300 ) How much of this narrative was Geoffrey 's own invention is open to debate . Certainly , Geoffrey seems to have made use of the list of Arthur 's twelve battles against the Saxons found in the 9th - century Historia Brittonum , along with the battle of Camlann from the Annales Cambriae and the idea that Arthur was still alive . Arthur 's personal status as the king of all Britain would also seem to be borrowed from pre-Galfridian tradition , being found in Culhwch and Olwen , the Triads , and the saints ' lives . Finally , Geoffrey borrowed many of the names for Arthur 's possessions , close family , and companions from the pre-Galfridian Welsh tradition , including Kaius ( Cei ) , Beduerus ( Bedwyr ) , Guenhuuara ( Gwenhwyfar ) , Uther ( Uthyr ) and perhaps also Caliburnus ( Caledfwlch ) , the latter becoming Excalibur in subsequent Arthurian tales . However , while names , key events , and titles may have been borrowed , Brynley Roberts has argued that `` the Arthurian section is Geoffrey 's literary creation and it owes nothing to prior narrative . '' So , for instance , the Welsh Medraut is made the villainous Modredus by Geoffrey , but there is no trace of such a negative character for this figure in Welsh sources until the 16th century . There have been relatively few modern attempts to challenge this notion that the Historia Regum Britanniae is primarily Geoffrey 's own work , with scholarly opinion often echoing William of Newburgh 's late - 12th - century comment that Geoffrey `` made up '' his narrative , perhaps through an `` inordinate love of lying '' . Geoffrey Ashe is one dissenter from this view , believing that Geoffrey 's narrative is partially derived from a lost source telling of the deeds of a 5th - century British king named Riotamus , this figure being the original Arthur , although historians and Celticists have been reluctant to follow Ashe in his conclusions . Whatever his sources may have been , the immense popularity of Geoffrey 's Historia Regum Britanniae can not be denied . Well over 200 manuscript copies of Geoffrey 's Latin work are known to have survived , and this does not include translations into other languages . Thus , for example , around 60 manuscripts are extant containing Welsh - language versions of the Historia , the earliest of which were created in the 13th century ; the old notion that some of these Welsh versions actually underlie Geoffrey 's Historia , advanced by antiquarians such as the 18th - century Lewis Morris , has long since been discounted in academic circles . As a result of this popularity , Geoffrey 's Historia Regum Britanniae was enormously influential on the later medieval development of the Arthurian legend . While it was by no means the only creative force behind Arthurian romance , many of its elements were borrowed and developed ( e.g. , Merlin and the final fate of Arthur ) , and it provided the historical framework into which the romancers ' tales of magical and wonderful adventures were inserted . Romance traditions During the 12th century , Arthur 's character began to be marginalised by the accretion of `` Arthurian '' side - stories such as that of Tristan and Iseult . By John William Waterhouse ( 1916 ) The popularity of Geoffrey 's Historia and its other derivative works ( such as Wace 's Roman de Brut ) is generally agreed to be an important factor in explaining the appearance of significant numbers of new Arthurian works in continental Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries , particularly in France . It was not , however , the only Arthurian influence on the developing `` Matter of Britain '' . There is clear evidence that Arthur and Arthurian tales were familiar on the Continent before Geoffrey 's work became widely known ( see for example , the Modena Archivolt ) , and `` Celtic '' names and stories not found in Geoffrey 's Historia appear in the Arthurian romances . From the perspective of Arthur , perhaps the most significant effect of this great outpouring of new Arthurian story was on the role of the king himself : much of this 12th - century and later Arthurian literature centres less on Arthur himself than on characters such as Lancelot and Guinevere , Percival , Galahad , Gawain , Ywain , and Tristan and Iseult . Whereas Arthur is very much at the centre of the pre-Galfridian material and Geoffrey 's Historia itself , in the romances he is rapidly sidelined . His character also alters significantly . In both the earliest materials and Geoffrey he is a great and ferocious warrior , who laughs as he personally slaughters witches and giants and takes a leading role in all military campaigns , whereas in the continental romances he becomes the roi fainéant , the `` do - nothing king '' , whose `` inactivity and acquiescence constituted a central flaw in his otherwise ideal society '' . Arthur 's role in these works is frequently that of a wise , dignified , even - tempered , somewhat bland , and occasionally feeble monarch . So , he simply turns pale and silent when he learns of Lancelot 's affair with Guinevere in the Mort Artu , whilst in Chrétien de Troyes 's Yvain , the Knight of the Lion , he is unable to stay awake after a feast and has to retire for a nap . Nonetheless , as Norris J. Lacy has observed , whatever his faults and frailties may be in these Arthurian romances , `` his prestige is never -- or almost never -- compromised by his personal weaknesses ... his authority and glory remain intact . '' The story of Arthur drawing the sword from a stone appeared in Robert de Boron 's 13th - century Merlin . By Howard Pyle ( 1903 ) Arthur and his retinue appear in some of the Lais of Marie de France , but it was the work of another French poet , Chrétien de Troyes , that had the greatest influence with regard to the development of Arthur 's character and legend . Chrétien wrote five Arthurian romances between c. 1170 and 1190 . Erec and Enide and Cligès are tales of courtly love with Arthur 's court as their backdrop , demonstrating the shift away from the heroic world of the Welsh and Galfridian Arthur , while Yvain , the Knight of the Lion , features Yvain and Gawain in a supernatural adventure , with Arthur very much on the sidelines and weakened . However , the most significant for the development of the Arthurian legend are Lancelot , the Knight of the Cart , which introduces Lancelot and his adulterous relationship with Arthur 's queen ( Guinevere ) , extending and popularising the recurring theme of Arthur as a cuckold , and Perceval , the Story of the Grail , which introduces the Holy Grail and the Fisher King and which again sees Arthur having a much reduced role . Chrétien was thus `` instrumental both in the elaboration of the Arthurian legend and in the establishment of the ideal form for the diffusion of that legend '' , and much of what came after him in terms of the portrayal of Arthur and his world built upon the foundations he had laid . Perceval , although unfinished , was particularly popular : four separate continuations of the poem appeared over the next half century , with the notion of the Grail and its quest being developed by other writers such as Robert de Boron , a fact that helped accelerate the decline of Arthur in continental romance . Similarly , Lancelot and his cuckolding of Arthur with Guinevere became one of the classic motifs of the Arthurian legend , although the Lancelot of the prose Lancelot ( c. 1225 ) and later texts was a combination of Chrétien 's character and that of Ulrich von Zatzikhoven 's Lanzelet . Chrétien 's work even appears to feed back into Welsh Arthurian literature , with the result that the romance Arthur began to replace the heroic , active Arthur in Welsh literary tradition . Particularly significant in this development were the three Welsh Arthurian romances , which are closely similar to those of Chrétien , albeit with some significant differences : Owain , or the Lady of the Fountain is related to Chrétien 's Yvain ; Geraint and Enid , to Erec and Enide ; and Peredur son of Efrawg , to Perceval . The Round Table experiences a vision of the Holy Grail . By Évrard d'Espinques ( c. 1475 ) Up to c. 1210 , continental Arthurian romance was expressed primarily through poetry ; after this date the tales began to be told in prose . The most significant of these 13th - century prose romances was the Vulgate Cycle ( also known as the Lancelot - Grail Cycle ) , a series of five Middle French prose works written in the first half of that century . These works were the Estoire del Saint Grail , the Estoire de Merlin , the Lancelot propre ( or Prose Lancelot , which made up half the entire Vulgate Cycle on its own ) , the Queste del Saint Graal and the Mort Artu , which combine to form the first coherent version of the entire Arthurian legend . The cycle continued the trend towards reducing the role played by Arthur in his own legend , partly through the introduction of the character of Galahad and an expansion of the role of Merlin . It also made Mordred the result of an incestuous relationship between Arthur and his sister and established the role of Camelot , first mentioned in passing in Chrétien 's Lancelot , as Arthur 's primary court . This series of texts was quickly followed by the Post-Vulgate Cycle ( c. 1230 -- 40 ) , of which the Suite du Merlin is a part , which greatly reduced the importance of Lancelot 's affair with Guinevere but continued to sideline Arthur , and to focus more on the Grail quest . As such , Arthur became even more of a relatively minor character in these French prose romances ; in the Vulgate itself he only figures significantly in the Estoire de Merlin and the Mort Artu . During this period , Arthur was made one of the Nine Worthies , a group of three pagan , three Jewish and three Christian exemplars of chivalry . The Worthies were first listed in Jacques de Longuyon 's Voeux du Paon in 1312 , and subsequently became a common subject in literature and art . Arthur ( top centre ) in an illustration to `` Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' ( late 14th century ) The development of the medieval Arthurian cycle and the character of the `` Arthur of romance '' culminated in Le Morte d'Arthur , Thomas Malory 's retelling of the entire legend in a single work in English in the late 15th century . Malory based his book -- originally titled The Whole Book of King Arthur and of His Noble Knights of the Round Table -- on the various previous romance versions , in particular the Vulgate Cycle , and appears to have aimed at creating a comprehensive and authoritative collection of Arthurian stories . Perhaps as a result of this , and the fact that Le Morte D'Arthur was one of the earliest printed books in England , published by William Caxton in 1485 , most later Arthurian works are derivative of Malory 's . Decline , Revival , and the modern legend Post-medieval literature The end of the Middle Ages brought with it a waning of interest in King Arthur . Although Malory 's English version of the great French romances was popular , there were increasing attacks upon the truthfulness of the historical framework of the Arthurian romances -- established since Geoffrey of Monmouth 's time -- and thus the legitimacy of the whole Matter of Britain . So , for example , the 16th - century humanist scholar Polydore Vergil famously rejected the claim that Arthur was the ruler of a post-Roman empire , found throughout the post-Galfridian medieval `` chronicle tradition '' , to the horror of Welsh and English antiquarians . Social changes associated with the end of the medieval period and the Renaissance also conspired to rob the character of Arthur and his associated legend of some of their power to enthrall audiences , with the result that 1634 saw the last printing of Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur for nearly 200 years . King Arthur and the Arthurian legend were not entirely abandoned , but until the early 19th century the material was taken less seriously and was often used simply as a vehicle for allegories of 17th - and 18th - century politics . Thus Richard Blackmore 's epics Prince Arthur ( 1695 ) and King Arthur ( 1697 ) feature Arthur as an allegory for the struggles of William III against James II . Similarly , the most popular Arthurian tale throughout this period seems to have been that of Tom Thumb , which was told first through chapbooks and later through the political plays of Henry Fielding ; although the action is clearly set in Arthurian Britain , the treatment is humorous and Arthur appears as a primarily comedic version of his romance character . John Dryden 's masque King Arthur is still performed , largely thanks to Henry Purcell 's music , though seldom unabridged . Tennyson and the Revival Gustave Doré 's illustration of Camelot for Alfred Tennyson 's Idylls of the King ( 1868 ) In the early 19th century , medievalism , Romanticism , and the Gothic Revival reawakened interest in Arthur and the medieval romances . A new code of ethics for 19th - century gentlemen was shaped around the chivalric ideals embodied in the `` Arthur of romance '' . This renewed interest first made itself felt in 1816 , when Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur was reprinted for the first time since 1634 . Initially , the medieval Arthurian legends were of particular interest to poets , inspiring , for example , William Wordsworth to write `` The Egyptian Maid '' ( 1835 ) , an allegory of the Holy Grail . Pre-eminent among these was Alfred Tennyson , whose first Arthurian poem `` The Lady of Shalott '' was published in 1832 . Arthur himself played a minor role in some of these works , following in the medieval romance tradition . Tennyson 's Arthurian work reached its peak of popularity with Idylls of the King , however , which reworked the entire narrative of Arthur 's life for the Victorian era . It was first published in 1859 and sold 10,000 copies within the first week . In the Idylls , Arthur became a symbol of ideal manhood who ultimately failed , through human weakness , to establish a perfect kingdom on earth . Tennyson 's works prompted a large number of imitators , generated considerable public interest in the legends of Arthur and the character himself , and brought Malory 's tales to a wider audience . Indeed , the first modernisation of Malory 's great compilation of Arthur 's tales was published in 1862 , shortly after Idylls appeared , and there were six further editions and five competitors before the century ended . This interest in the ' Arthur of romance ' and his associated stories continued through the 19th century and into the 20th , and influenced poets such as William Morris and Pre-Raphaelite artists including Edward Burne - Jones . Even the humorous tale of Tom Thumb , which had been the primary manifestation of Arthur 's legend in the 18th century , was rewritten after the publication of Idylls . While Tom maintained his small stature and remained a figure of comic relief , his story now included more elements from the medieval Arthurian romances and Arthur is treated more seriously and historically in these new versions . The revived Arthurian romance also proved influential in the United States , with such books as Sidney Lanier 's The Boy 's King Arthur ( 1880 ) reaching wide audiences and providing inspiration for Mark Twain 's satiric A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court ( 1889 ) . Although the ' Arthur of romance ' was sometimes central to these new Arthurian works ( as he was in Burne - Jones 's `` The Sleep of Arthur in Avalon '' , 1881 - 1898 ) , on other occasions he reverted to his medieval status and is either marginalized or even missing entirely , with Wagner 's Arthurian operas providing a notable instance of the latter . Furthermore , the revival of interest in Arthur and the Arthurian tales did not continue unabated . By the end of the 19th century , it was confined mainly to Pre-Raphaelite imitators , and it could not avoid being affected by World War I , which damaged the reputation of chivalry and thus interest in its medieval manifestations and Arthur as chivalric role model . The romance tradition did , however , remain sufficiently powerful to persuade Thomas Hardy , Laurence Binyon and John Masefield to compose Arthurian plays , and T.S. Eliot alludes to the Arthur myth ( but not Arthur ) in his poem The Waste Land , which mentions the Fisher King . Modern legend The combat of Arthur and Mordred , illustrated by N.C. Wyeth for Sidney Lanier 's The Boy 's King Arthur ( 1922 ) See also : List of works based on Arthurian legends In the latter half of the 20th century , the influence of the romance tradition of Arthur continued , through novels such as T.H. White 's The Once and Future King ( 1958 ) and Marion Zimmer Bradley 's The Mists of Avalon ( 1982 ) in addition to comic strips such as Prince Valiant ( from 1937 onward ) . Tennyson had reworked the romance tales of Arthur to suit and comment upon the issues of his day , and the same is often the case with modern treatments too . Bradley 's tale , for example , takes a feminist approach to Arthur and his legend , in contrast to the narratives of Arthur found in medieval materials , and American authors often rework the story of Arthur to be more consistent with values such as equality and democracy . The romance Arthur has become popular in film and theatre as well . T.H. White 's novel was adapted into the Lerner and Loewe stage musical Camelot ( 1960 ) and the Disney animated film The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) ; Camelot , with its focus on the love of Lancelot and Guinevere and the cuckolding of Arthur , was itself made into a film of the same name in 1967 . The romance tradition of Arthur is particularly evident and , according to critics , successfully handled in Robert Bresson 's Lancelot du Lac ( 1974 ) , Eric Rohmer 's Perceval le Gallois ( 1978 ) and perhaps John Boorman 's fantasy film Excalibur ( 1981 ) ; it is also the main source of the material used in the Arthurian spoof Monty Python and the Holy Grail ( 1975 ) . The Death of Arthur , by John Garrick ( 1862 ) Re-tellings and re-imaginings of the romance tradition are not the only important aspect of the modern legend of King Arthur . Attempts to portray Arthur as a genuine historical figure of c. 500 , stripping away the `` romance '' , have also emerged . As Taylor and Brewer have noted , this return to the medieval `` chronicle tradition '' ' of Geoffrey of Monmouth and the Historia Brittonum is a recent trend which became dominant in Arthurian literature in the years following the outbreak of the Second World War , when Arthur 's legendary resistance to Germanic invaders struck a chord in Britain . Clemence Dane 's series of radio plays , The Saviours ( 1942 ) , used a historical Arthur to embody the spirit of heroic resistance against desperate odds , and Robert Sherriff 's play The Long Sunset ( 1955 ) saw Arthur rallying Romano - British resistance against the Germanic invaders . This trend towards placing Arthur in a historical setting is also apparent in historical and fantasy novels published during this period . In recent years the portrayal of Arthur as a real hero of the 5th century has also made its way into film versions of the Arthurian legend , most notably the TV series ' Arthur of the Britons ( 1972 -- 73 ) , Merlin ( 2008 - 12 ) , The Legend of King Arthur ( 1979 ) , and Camelot ( 2011 ) and the feature films King Arthur ( 2004 ) , The Last Legion ( 2007 ) and King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) . Arthur has also been used as a model for modern - day behaviour . In the 1930s , the Order of the Fellowship of the Knights of the Round Table was formed in Britain to promote Christian ideals and Arthurian notions of medieval chivalry . In the United States , hundreds of thousands of boys and girls joined Arthurian youth groups , such as the Knights of King Arthur , in which Arthur and his legends were promoted as wholesome exemplars . However , Arthur 's diffusion within contemporary culture goes beyond such obviously Arthurian endeavours , with Arthurian names being regularly attached to objects , buildings , and places . As Norris J. Lacy has observed , `` The popular notion of Arthur appears to be limited , not surprisingly , to a few motifs and names , but there can be no doubt of the extent to which a legend born many centuries ago is profoundly embedded in modern culture at every level . '' See also King Arthur portal Historical basis for King Arthur King Arthur 's family King Arthur 's messianic return List of Arthurian characters List of books about King Arthur List of films based on Arthurian legend Nine Worthies , of which Arthur was one List of legendary kings of Britain Arthur Charles Lewis Brown Notes Jump up ^ Neubecker 1998 -- 2002 Jump up ^ Higham 2002 , pp. 11 -- 37 , has a summary of the debate on this point . Jump up ^ Charles - Edwards 1991 , p. 15 ; Sims - Williams 1991 . Y Gododdin can not be dated precisely : it describes 6th - century events and contains 9th - or 10th - century spelling , but the surviving copy is 13th - century . Jump up ^ Thorpe 1966 , but see also Loomis 1956 Jump up ^ See Padel 1994 ; Sims - Williams 1991 ; Green 2007b ; and Roberts 1991a Jump up ^ Barber 1986 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Dumville 1986 ; Higham 2002 , pp. 116 -- 69 ; Green 2007b , pp. 15 -- 26 , 30 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Green 2007b , pp. 26 -- 30 ; Koch 1996 , pp. 251 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Charles - Edwards 1991 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Morris 1973 Jump up ^ Myres 1986 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Gildas , De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae , chapter 26 . Jump up ^ Pryor 2004 , pp. 22 -- 27 Jump up ^ Bede , Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum , Book 1.16 . Jump up ^ Dumville 1977 , pp. 187 -- 88 Jump up ^ Green 1998 ; Padel 1994 ; Green 2007b , chapters five and seven . Jump up ^ Historia Brittonum 56 , 73 ; Annales Cambriae 516 , 537 . Jump up ^ For example , Ashley 2005 . Jump up ^ Heroic Age 1999 Jump up ^ Modern scholarship views the Glastonbury cross as the result of a probably late - 12th - century fraud . See Rahtz 1993 and Carey 1999 . Jump up ^ These range from Lucius Artorius Castus , a Roman officer who served in Britain in the 2nd or 3rd century ( Littleton & Malcor 1994 ) , to Roman usurper emperors such as Magnus Maximus or sub-Roman British rulers such as Riotamus ( Ashe 1985 ) , Ambrosius Aurelianus ( Reno 1996 ) , Owain Ddantgwyn ( Phillips & Keatman 1992 ) , and Athrwys ap Meurig ( Gilbert , Wilson & Blackett 1998 ) Jump up ^ Malone 1925 Jump up ^ Marcella Chelotti , Vincenza Morizio , Marina Silvestrini , Le epigrafi romane di Canosa , Volume 1 , Edipuglia srl , 1990 , pp. 261 , 264 . Jump up ^ Ciro Santoro , `` Per la nuova iscrizione messapica di Oria '' , La Zagaglia , A. VII , n . 27 , 1965 , pp. 271 -- 293 . Jump up ^ Ciro Santoro , `` La Nuova Epigrafe Messapica `` IM 4 . 16 , I - III '' di Ostuni ed nomi '' in Art - , Ricerche e Studi , Volume 12 , 1979 , pp. 45 -- 60 Jump up ^ Wilhelm Schulze , `` Zur Geschichte lateinischer Eigennamen '' ( Volume 5 , Issue 2 of Abhandlungen der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen , Philologisch - Historische Klasse , Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften Göttingen Philologisch - Historische Klasse ) , 2nd edition , Weidmann , 1966 , p. 72 , pp. 333 -- 338 Jump up ^ Olli Salomies : Die römischen Vornamen . Studien zur römischen Namengebung . Helsinki 1987 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Herbig , Gust. , `` Falisca '' , Glotta , Band II , Göttingen , 1910 , p. 98 Jump up ^ Koch 1996 , p. 253 Jump up ^ Zimmer 2009 Jump up ^ See Higham 2002 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ See Higham 2002 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Chambers 1964 , p. 170 ; Bromwich 1978 , p. 544 ; Johnson 2002 , pp. 38 -- 39 ; Walter 2005 , p. 74 ; Zimmer 2006 , p. 37 ; Zimmer 2009 Jump up ^ Anderson 2004 , pp. 28 -- 29 ; Green 2007b , pp. 191 -- 4 . Jump up ^ * Jaski , Bart , `` Early Irish examples of the name Arthur '' , in : Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie ; Bd. 56 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Adomnán , I , 8 -- 9 and translator 's note 81 ; Bannerman , pp. 82 -- 83 . Bannerman , pp. 90 -- 91 , notes that Artúr is the son of Conaing , son of Áedán in the Senchus fer n - Alban . Jump up ^ Green 2007b , pp. 45 -- 176 Jump up ^ Green 2007b , pp. 93 -- 130 Jump up ^ Padel 1994 has a thorough discussion of this aspect of Arthur 's character . Jump up ^ Green 2007b , pp. 135 -- 76 . On his possessions and wife , see also Ford 1983 . Jump up ^ Williams 1937 , p. 64 , line 1242 Jump up ^ Charles - Edwards 1991 , p. 15 ; Koch 1996 , pp. 242 -- 45 ; Green 2007b , pp. 13 -- 15 , 50 -- 52 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Haycock & 1983 -- 84 and Koch 1996 , pp. 264 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Online translations of this poem are out - dated and inaccurate . See Haycock 2007 , pp. 293 -- 311 for a full translation , and Green 2007b , p. 197 for a discussion of its Arthurian aspects . Jump up ^ See , for example , Green 2007b , pp. 54 -- 67 and Budgey 1992 , who includes a translation . Jump up ^ Koch & Carey 1994 , pp. 314 -- 15 Jump up ^ Lanier 1881 Jump up ^ Sims - Williams 1991 , pp. 38 -- 46 has a full translation and analysis of this poem . Jump up ^ For a discussion of the tale , see Bromwich & Evans 1992 ; see also Padel 1994 , pp. 2 -- 4 ; Roberts 1991a ; and Green 2007b , pp. 67 -- 72 and chapter three . Jump up ^ Barber 1986 , pp. 17 -- 18 , 49 ; Bromwich 1978 Jump up ^ Roberts 1991a , pp. 78 , 81 Jump up ^ Roberts 1991a Jump up ^ Translated in Coe & Young 1995 , pp. 22 -- 27 . On the Glastonbury tale and its Otherworldly antecedents , see Sims - Williams 1991 , pp. 58 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Coe & Young 1995 , pp. 26 -- 37 Jump up ^ See Ashe 1985 for an attempt to use this vita as a historical source . Jump up ^ Padel 1994 , pp. 8 -- 12 ; Green 2007b , pp. 72 -- 5 , 259 , 261 -- 2 ; Bullock - Davies 1982 Jump up ^ Wright 1985 ; Thorpe 1966 Jump up ^ Geoffrey of Monmouth , Historia Regum Britanniae Book 8.19 -- 24 , Book 9 , Book 10 , Book 11.1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Thorpe 1966 Jump up ^ Roberts 1991b , p. 106 ; Padel 1994 , pp. 11 -- 12 Jump up ^ Green 2007b , pp. 217 -- 19 Jump up ^ Roberts 1991b , pp. 109 -- 10 , 112 ; Bromwich & Evans 1992 , pp. 64 -- 5 Jump up ^ Roberts 1991b , p. 108 Jump up ^ Bromwich 1978 , pp. 454 -- 55 Jump up ^ See , for example , Brooke 1986 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Ashe 1985 , p. 6 ; Padel 1995 , p. 110 ; Higham 2002 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Crick 1989 Jump up ^ Sweet 2004 , p. 140 . See further , Roberts 1991b and Roberts 1980 . Jump up ^ As noted by , for example , Ashe 1996 . Jump up ^ For example , Thorpe 1966 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Stokstad 1996 Jump up ^ Loomis 1956 ; Bromwich 1983 ; Bromwich 1991 . Jump up ^ Lacy 1996a , p. 16 ; Morris 1982 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ For example , Geoffrey of Monmouth , Historia Regum Britanniae Book 10.3 . Jump up ^ Padel 2000 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Morris 1982 , pp. 99 -- 102 ; Lacy 1996a , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Lacy 1996a , p. 17 Jump up ^ Pyle 1903 Jump up ^ Burgess & Busby 1999 Jump up ^ Lacy 1996b Jump up ^ Kibler & Carroll 1991 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Lacy 1996b , p. 88 Jump up ^ Roach & 1949 -- 83 Jump up ^ Ulrich von Zatzikhoven 2005 Jump up ^ Padel 2000 , pp. 77 -- 82 Jump up ^ See Jones & Jones 1949 for accurate translations of all three texts . It is not entirely certain what , exactly , the relationship is between these Welsh romances and Chrétien 's works , however : see Koch 1996 , pp. 280 -- 88 for a survey of opinions Jump up ^ BNF c. 1475 , fol . 610v ^ Jump up to : Lacy & 1992 -- 96 Jump up ^ For a study of this cycle , see Burns 1985 . Jump up ^ Lacy 1996c , p. 344 Jump up ^ On Malory and his work , see Field 1993 and Field 1998 . Jump up ^ Vinaver 1990 Jump up ^ Carley 1984 Jump up ^ Parins 1995 , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Ashe 1968 , pp. 20 -- 21 ; Merriman 1973 Jump up ^ Green 2007a Jump up ^ Tennyson 1868 , p . Plate III Jump up ^ Parins 1995 , pp. 8 -- 10 Jump up ^ Wordsworth 1835 Jump up ^ See Potwin 1902 for the sources that Tennyson used when writing this poem Jump up ^ Taylor & Brewer 1983 , p. 127 Jump up ^ See Rosenberg 1973 and Taylor & Brewer 1983 , pp. 89 -- 128 for analyses of The Idylls of the King . Jump up ^ See , for example , Simpson 1990 . Jump up ^ Staines 1996 , p. 449 Jump up ^ Taylor & Brewer 1983 , pp. 127 -- 161 ; Mancoff 1990 . Jump up ^ Green 2007a , p. 127 ; Gamerschlag 1983 Jump up ^ Twain 1889 ; Smith & Thompson 1996 . Jump up ^ Watson 2002 Jump up ^ Mancoff 1990 Jump up ^ Workman 1994 Jump up ^ Hardy 1923 ; Binyon 1923 ; and Masefield 1927 Jump up ^ Eliot 1949 ; Barber 2004 , pp. 327 -- 28 Jump up ^ Lanier 1922 Jump up ^ White 1958 ; Bradley 1982 ; Tondro 2002 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Lagorio 1996 Jump up ^ Lupack & Lupack 1991 Jump up ^ Harty 1996 ; Harty 1997 Jump up ^ Taylor & Brewer 1983 , chapter nine ; see also Higham 2002 , pp. 21 -- 22 , 30 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1996 , p. 141 Jump up ^ For example : Rosemary Sutcliff 's The Lantern Bearers ( 1959 ) and Sword at Sunset ( 1963 ) ; Mary Stewart 's The Crystal Cave ( 1970 ) and its sequels ; Parke Godwin 's Firelord ( 1980 ) and its sequels ; Stephen Lawhead 's The Pendragon Cycle ( 1987 -- 99 ) ; Nikolai Tolstoy 's The Coming of the King ( 1988 ) ; Jack Whyte 's The Camulod Chronicles ( 1992 -- 97 ) ; and Bernard Cornwell 's The Warlord Chronicles ( 1995 -- 97 ) . See List of books about King Arthur . Jump up ^ Arthur of the Britons ( TV Series 1972 -- 1973 ) -- IMDb ; Camelot on IMDb Jump up ^ King Arthur on IMDb ; The Last Legion on IMDb Jump up ^ Thomas 1993 , pp. 128 -- 31 Jump up ^ Lupack 2002 , p. 2 ; Forbush & Forbush 1915 Jump up ^ Lacy 1996d , p. 364 Sources Anderson , Graham ( 2004 ) , King Arthur in Antiquity , London : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 31714 - 6 . Ashe , Geoffrey ( 1985 ) , The Discovery of King Arthur , Garden City , NY : Anchor Press / Doubleday , ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19032 - 9 . Ashe , Geoffrey ( 1996 ) , `` Geoffrey of Monmouth '' , in Lacy , Norris , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , pp. 179 -- 82 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Ashe , Geoffrey ( 1968 ) , `` The Visionary Kingdom '' , in Ashe , Geoffrey , The Quest for Arthur 's Britain , London : Granada , ISBN 0 - 586 - 08044 - 9 . Ashley , Michael ( 2005 ) , The Mammoth Book of King Arthur , London : Robinson , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84119 - 249 - 9 . Barber , Richard ( 1986 ) , King Arthur : Hero and Legend , Woodbridge , UK : Boydell Press , ISBN 0 - 85115 - 254 - 6 . Barber , Richard ( 2004 ) , The Holy Grail : Imagination and Belief , London : Allen Lane , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9206 - 9 . Bibliothèque nationale de France ( French National Library ) ( c. 1475 ) , Français 116 : Lancelot en prose ( French MS 116 : The Prose Lancelot ) ( in French ) , Illuminated by Évrard d'Espinques . Originally commissioned for Jacques d'Armagnac , now held by the BNF Department of Manuscripts ( Paris ) Binyon , Laurence ( 1923 ) , Arthur : A Tragedy , London : Heinemann , OCLC 17768778 . Bradley , Marion Zimmer ( 1982 ) , The Mists of Avalon , New York : Knopf , ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 52406 - 1 . Bromwich , Rachel ( 1978 ) , Trioedd Ynys Prydein : The Welsh Triads , Cardiff : University of Wales Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7083 - 0690 - 1 . 2nd ed . Bromwich , Rachel ( 1983 ) , `` Celtic Elements in Arthurian Romance : A General Survey '' , in Grout , P.B. ; Diverres , Armel Hugh , The Legend of Arthur in the Middle Ages , Woodbridge : Boydell and Brewer , pp. 41 -- 55 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85991 - 132 - 0 . Bromwich , Rachel ( 1991 ) , `` First Transmission to England and France '' , in Bromwich , Rachel ; Jarman , A.O.H. ; Roberts , Brynley F. , The Arthur of the Welsh , Cardiff : University of Wales Press , pp. 273 -- 98 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7083 - 1107 - 3 . Bromwich , Rachel ; Evans , D. Simon ( 1992 ) , Culhwch and Olwen . An Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale , Cardiff : University of Wales Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7083 - 1127 - 1 . Brooke , Christopher N.L. ( 1986 ) , The Church and the Welsh Border in the Central Middle Ages , Woodbridge : Boydell , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85115 - 175 - 5 . Budgey , A. ( 1992 ) , `` ' Preiddeu Annwn ' and the Welsh Tradition of Arthur '' , in Byrne , Cyril J. ; Harry , Margaret Rose ; Ó Siadhail , Padraig , Celtic Languages and Celtic People : Proceedings of the Second North American Congress of Celtic Studies , held in Halifax , August 16 -- 19 , 1989 , Halifax , Nova Scotia : D'Arcy McGee Chair of Irish Studies , Saint Mary 's University , pp. 391 -- 404 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9696252 - 0 - 9 . Bullock - Davies , C. ( 1982 ) , `` Exspectare Arthurum , Arthur and the Messianic Hope '' , Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies ( 29 ) : 432 -- 40 . Burgess , Glyn S. ; Busby , Keith , eds. ( 1999 ) , The Lais of Marie de France , London : Penguin , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 044759 - 0 . 2nd . ed . Burns , E. Jane ( 1985 ) , Arthurian Fictions : Re-reading the Vulgate Cycle , Columbus : Ohio State University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8142 - 0387 - 3 . Carey , John ( 1999 ) , `` The Finding of Arthur 's Grave : A Story from Clonmacnoise ? '' , in Carey , John ; Koch , John T. ; Lambert , Pierre - Yves , Ildánach Ildírech . A Festschrift for Proinsias Mac Cana , Andover : Celtic Studies Publications , pp. 1 -- 14 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 891271 - 01 - 4 . Carley , J.P. ( 1984 ) , `` Polydore Vergil and John Leland on King Arthur : The Battle of the Books '' , Arthurian Interpretations ( 15 ) : 86 -- 100 . Chambers , Edmund Kerchever ( 1964 ) , Arthur of Britain , Speculum Historiale . Charles - Edwards , Thomas M. ( 1991 ) , `` The Arthur of History '' , in Bromwich , Rachel ; Jarman , A.O.H. ; Roberts , Brynley F. , The Arthur of the Welsh , Cardiff : University of Wales Press , pp. 15 -- 32 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7083 - 1107 - 3 . Coe , John B. ; Young , Simon ( 1995 ) , The Celtic Sources for the Arthurian Legend , Felinfach , Lampeter : Llanerch , ISBN 978 - 1 - 897853 - 83 - 2 . Crick , Julia C. ( 1989 ) , The `` Historia regum Britanniae '' of Geoffrey of Monmouth . 3 : A Summary Catalogue of the Manuscripts , Cambridge : Brewer , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85991 - 213 - 6 . Dumville , D.N. ( 1977 ) , `` Sub-Roman Britain : History and Legend '' , History , 62 ( 62 ) : 173 -- 92 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 229X. 1977. tb02335. x . Dumville , D.N. ( 1986 ) , `` The Historical Value of the Historia Brittonum '' , Arthurian Literature ( 6 ) : 1 -- 26 . Eliot , Thomas Stearns ( 1949 ) , The Waste Land and Other Poems , London : Faber and Faber , OCLC 56866661 . Field , P.J.C. ( 1993 ) , The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Malory , Cambridge : Brewer , ISBN 978 - 0 - 585 - 16570 - 7 . Field , P.J.C. ( 1998 ) , Malory : Texts and Sources , Cambridge : Brewer , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85991 - 536 - 6 . Ford , P.K. ( 1983 ) , `` On the Significance of some Arthurian Names in Welsh '' , Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies ( 30 ) : 268 -- 73 . Forbush , William Byron ; Forbush , Dascomb ( 1915 ) , The Knights of King Arthur : How To Begin and What To Do , The Camelot Project at the University of Rochester , retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Gamerschlag , K. ( 1983 ) , `` Tom Thumb und König Arthur ; oder : Der Däumling als Maßstab der Welt . Beobachtungen zu dreihundertfünfzig Jahren gemeinsamer Geschichte '' , Anglia ( in German ) ( 101 ) : 361 -- 91 . Gilbert , Adrian ; Wilson , Alan ; Blackett , Baram ( 1998 ) , The Holy Kingdom , London : Corgi , ISBN 978 - 0 - 552 - 14489 - 6 . Green , Thomas ( 1998 ) , `` The Historicity and Historicisation of Arthur '' , Thomas Green 's Arthurian Resources , retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Green , Thomas ( August 2007a ) , `` Tom Thumb and Jack the Giant Killer : Two Arthurian Fairytales ? '' , Folklore , 118 ( 2 ) : 123 -- 40 , doi : 10.1080 / 00155870701337296 . ( EBSCO subscription required . ) Green , Thomas ( 2007b ) , Concepts of Arthur , Stroud : Tempus , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4461 - 1 . Haycock , M. ( 1983 -- 84 ) , `` Preiddeu Annwn and the Figure of Taliesin '' , Studia Celtica ' ( 18 / 19 ) : 52 -- 78 . Haycock , M. ( 2007 ) , Legendary Poems from the Book of Taliesin , Aberystwyth : CMCS , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9527478 - 9 - 5 . Hardy , Thomas ( 1923 ) , The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse : A New Version of an Old Story Arranged as a Play for Mummers , in One Act , Requiring No Theatre or Scenery , London : Macmillan , OCLC 1124753 . Harty , Kevin J. ( 1996 ) , `` Films '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , pp. 152 -- 155 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Harty , Kevin J. ( 1997 ) , `` Arthurian Film '' , Arthuriana / Camelot Project Bibliography , retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Heroic Age ( Spring -- Summer 1999 ) , `` Early Medieval Tintagel : An Interview with Archaeologists Rachel Harry and Kevin Brady '' , The Heroic Age ( 1 ) , archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 21 . Higham , N.J. ( 2002 ) , King Arthur , Myth - Making and History , London : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 21305 - 9 . Jones , Gwyn ; Jones , Thomas , eds. ( 1949 ) , The Mabinogion , London : Dent , OCLC 17884380 . Johnson , Flint ( 2002 ) , The British Sources of the Abduction and Grail Romances , University Press of America . Kibler , William ; Carroll , Carleton W. , eds. ( 1991 ) , Chrétien de Troyes : Arthurian Romances , London : Penguin , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 044521 - 3 . Koch , John T. ( 1996 ) , `` The Celtic Lands '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , Medieval Arthurian Literature : A Guide to Recent Research , New York : Garland , pp. 239 -- 322 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 2160 - 6 . Koch , John T. ; Carey , John ( 1994 ) , The Celtic Heroic Age : Literary Sources for Ancient Celtic Europe and Early Ireland and Wales , Malden , MA : Celtic Studies Publications , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9642446 - 2 - 7 . Lacy , Norris J. ( 1992 -- 96 ) , Lancelot - Grail : The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation , New York : Garland , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 0757 - 0 . 5 vols . Lacy , Norris J. ( 1996a ) , `` Character of Arthur '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , pp. 16 -- 17 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Lacy , Norris J. ( 1996b ) , `` Chrétien de Troyes '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , pp. 88 -- 91 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Lacy , Norris J. ( 1996c ) , `` Nine Worthies '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , p. 344 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Lacy , Norris J. ( 1996d ) , `` Popular Culture '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , pp. 363 -- 64 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Lagorio , V.M. ( 1996 ) , `` Bradley , Marion Zimmer '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , p. 57 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Lanier , Sidney , ed. ( 1881 ) , The Boy 's Mabinogion : being the earliest Welsh tales of King Arthur in the famous Red Book of Hergest , Illustrated by Alfred Fredericks , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . Lanier , Sidney , ed. ( 1922 ) , The Boy 's King Arthur : Sir Thomas Malory 's History of King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table , Illustrated by N.C. Wyeth , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . Littleton , C. Scott ; Malcor , Linda A. ( 1994 ) , From Scythia to Camelot : A Radical Reassessment of the Legends of King Arthur , the Knights of the Round Table and the Holy Grail , New York : Garland , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 1496 - 7 . Loomis , Roger Sherman ( 1956 ) , `` The Arthurian Legend before 1139 '' , in Loomis , Roger Sherman , Wales and the Arthurian Legend , Cardiff : University of Wales Press , pp. 179 -- 220 , OCLC 2792376 . Lupack , Alan ; Lupack , Barbara ( 1991 ) , King Arthur in America , Cambridge : D.S. Brewer , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85991 - 543 - 4 . Lupack , Alan ( 2002 ) , `` Preface '' , in Sklar , Elizabeth Sherr ; Hoffman , Donald L. , King Arthur in Popular Culture , Jefferson , NC : McFarland , pp. 1 -- 3 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1257 - 0 . Malone , Kemp ( May 1925 ) , `` Artorius '' , Modern Philology , 22 ( 4 ) : 367 -- 74 , doi : 10.1086 / 387553 , JSTOR 433555 . ( JSTOR subscription required . ) Mancoff , Debra N. ( 1990 ) , The Arthurian Revival in Victorian Art , New York : Garland , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 7040 - 3 . Masefield , John ( 1927 ) , Tristan and Isolt : A Play in Verse , London : Heinemann , OCLC 4787138 . Merriman , James Douglas ( 1973 ) , The Flower of Kings : A Study of the Arthurian Legend in England Between 1485 and 1835 , Lawrence : University of Kansas Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0102 - 8 . Morris , John ( 1973 ) , The Age of Arthur : A History of the British Isles from 350 to 650 , New York : Scribner , ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 13313 - 3 . Morris , Rosemary ( 1982 ) , The Character of King Arthur in Medieval Literature , Cambridge : Brewer , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 7118 - 2 . Myres , J.N.L. ( 1986 ) , The English Settlements , Oxford : Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 282235 - 2 . Neubecker , Ottfried ( 1998 -- 2002 ) , Wappenkunde ( in German ) , Munich : Orbis Verlag , p. 170 , ISBN 3 - 572 - 01336 - 4 . Padel , O.J. ( 1994 ) , `` The Nature of Arthur '' , Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies ( 27 ) : 1 -- 31 . Padel , O.J. ( Fall 1995 ) , `` Recent Work on the Origins of the Arthurian Legend : A Comment '' , Arthuriana , 5 ( 3 ) : 103 -- 14 . Padel , O.J. ( 2000 ) , Arthur in Medieval Welsh Literature , Cardiff : University of Wales Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7083 - 1682 - 5 . Parins , Marylyn Jackson ( 1995 ) , Sir Thomas Malory : The Critical Heritage , London : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 13400 - 2 . Phillips , Graham ; Keatman , Martin ( 1992 ) , King Arthur : The True Story , London : Century , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 5580 - 4 . Potwin , L.S. ( 1902 ) , `` The Source of Tennyson 's ' The Lady of Shalott ' '' , Modern Language Notes , Modern Language Notes , Vol. 17 , No. 8 , 17 ( 8 ) : 237 -- 239 , doi : 10.2307 / 2917812 , JSTOR 2917812 . Pryor , Francis ( 2004 ) , Britain AD : A Quest for England , Arthur , and the Anglo - Saxons , London : HarperCollins , ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 718186 - 5 . Pyle , Howard ( 1903 ) , The Story of King Arthur and His Knights , Illustrated by Howard Pyle , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons Rahtz , Philip ( 1993 ) , English Heritage Book of Glastonbury , London : Batsford , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 6865 - 6 . Reno , Frank D. ( 1996 ) , The Historic King Arthur : Authenticating the Celtic Hero of Post-Roman Britain , Jefferson , NC : McFarland , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0266 - 3 . Roach , William , ed. ( 1949 -- 83 ) , The Continuations of the Old French ' Perceval ' of Chrétien de Troyes , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , OCLC 67476613 . 5 vols . Roberts , Brynley F. ( 1980 ) , Brut Tysilio : darlith agoriadol gan Athro y Gymraeg a'i Llenyddiaeth ( in Welsh ) , Abertawe : Coleg Prifysgol Abertawe , ISBN 978 - 0 - 86076 - 020 - 7 . Roberts , Brynley F. ( 1991a ) , `` Culhwch ac Olwen , The Triads , Saints ' Lives '' , in Bromwich , Rachel ; Jarman , A.O.H. ; Roberts , Brynley F. , The Arthur of the Welsh , Cardiff : University of Wales Press , pp. 73 -- 95 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7083 - 1107 - 3 . Roberts , Brynley F. ( 1991b ) , `` Geoffrey of Monmouth , Historia Regum Britanniae and Brut Y Brenhinedd '' , in Bromwich , Rachel ; Jarman , A.O.H. ; Roberts , Brynley F. , The Arthur of the Welsh , Cardiff : University of Wales Press , pp. 98 -- 116 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7083 - 1107 - 3 . Rosenberg , John D. ( 1973 ) , The Fall of Camelot : A Study of Tennyson 's ' Idylls of the King ' , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 29175 - 1 . Simpson , Roger ( 1990 ) , Camelot Regained : The Arthurian Revival and Tennyson , 1800 -- 1849 , Cambridge : Brewer , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85991 - 300 - 3 . Sims - Williams , Patrick ( 1991 ) , `` The Early Welsh Arthurian Poems '' , in Bromwich , Rachel ; Jarman , A.O.H. ; Roberts , Brynley F. , The Arthur of the Welsh , Cardiff : University of Wales Press , pp. 33 -- 71 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7083 - 1107 - 3 . Smith , C. ; Thompson , R.H. ( 1996 ) , `` Twain , Mark '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , p. 478 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Staines , D. ( 1996 ) , `` Tennyson , Alfred Lord '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , pp. 446 -- 449 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Stokstad , M. ( 1996 ) , `` Modena Archivolt '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , pp. 324 -- 326 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Sweet , Rosemary ( 2004 ) , Antiquaries : The Discovery of the Past in Eighteenth - century Britain , London : Continuum , ISBN 1 - 85285 - 309 - 3 . Taylor , Beverly ; Brewer , Elisabeth ( 1983 ) , The Return of King Arthur : British and American Arthurian Literature Since 1800 , Cambridge : Brewer , ISBN 978 - 0 - 389 - 20278 - 3 . Tennyson , Alfred ( 1868 ) , Enid , Illustrated by Gustave Doré , London : Edward Moxon & Co ... Thomas , Charles ( 1993 ) , Book of Tintagel : Arthur and Archaeology , London : Batsford , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 6689 - 8 . Thompson , R.H. ( 1996 ) , `` English , Arthurian Literature in ( Modern ) '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , pp. 136 -- 144 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Thorpe , Lewis , ed. ( 1966 ) , Geoffrey of Monmouth , The History of the Kings of Britain , Harmondsworth : Penguin , OCLC 3370598 . Tondro , Jason ( 2002 ) , `` Camelot in Comics '' , in Sklar , Elizabeth Sherr ; Hoffman , Donald L. , King Arthur in Popular Culture , Jefferson , NC : McFarland , pp. 169 -- 181 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1257 - 0 . Twain , Mark ( 1889 ) , A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court , New York : Webster , OCLC 11267671 . Ulrich von Zatzikhoven ( 2005 ) ( c. 1194 ) , Lanzelet , Translated by Thomas Kerth , New York : Columbia University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12869 - 8 . Vinaver , Sir Eugène , ed. ( 1990 ) , The Works of Sir Thomas Malory , Oxford : Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 812346 - 0 . 3rd ed. , revised . Watson , Derek ( 2002 ) , `` Wagner : Tristan und Isolde and Parsifal '' , in Barber , Richard , King Arthur in Music , Cambridge : D.S. Brewer , pp. 23 -- 34 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85991 - 767 - 4 . Walter , Philippe ( 2005 ) ( 2002 ) , Artù . L'orso e il re ( Original French title : Arthur : l'ours et le roi ; English : Arthur : The Bear and the King ) ( in Italian ) , Translated by M. Faccia , Edizioni Arkeios ( Original French publisher : Imago ) . White , Terence Hanbury ( 1958 ) , The Once and Future King , London : Collins , OCLC 547840 . Williams , Sir Ifor , ed. ( 1937 ) , Canu Aneirin ( in Welsh ) , Caerdydd ( Cardiff ) : Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru ( University of Wales Press ) , OCLC 13163081 . Wordsworth , William ( 1835 ) , `` The Egyptian Maid , or , The Romance of the Water - Lily '' , The Camelot Project , The University of Rochester , retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Workman , L.J. ( 1994 ) , `` Medievalism and Romanticism '' , Poetica ( 39 -- 40 ) : 1 -- 44 . Wright , Neil , ed. ( 1985 ) , The Historia Regum Britanniae of Geoffrey of Monmouth , 1 : Bern , Burgerbibliothek , MS . 568 , Cambridge : Brewer , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85991 - 211 - 2 . Zimmer , Stefan ( 2006 ) , Die keltischen Wurzeln der Artussage : mit einer vollständigen Übersetzung der ältesten Artuserzählung Culhwch und Olwen . Zimmer , Stefan ( 2009 ) , `` The Name of Arthur -- A New Etymology '' , Journal of Celtic Linguistics , University of Wales Press , 13 ( 1 ) : 131 -- 136 . Further reading Halsall , Guy ( 2013 ) . Worlds of Arthur : Facts & Fictions of the Dark Ages . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 870084 - 5 . Breeze , Andrew ( September 2015 ) . `` The Historical Arthur and Sixth - Century Scotland '' . Northern History . LII ( 2 ) : 158 -- 81 . Breeze , Andrew ( September 2016 ) . `` Arthur 's Battles and the Volcanic Winter of 536 - 7 '' . Northern History . LIII ( 2 ) : 161 -- 72 . External links Find more aboutKing Arthurat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata International Arthurian Society `` Arthurian Gwent '' . Blaenau Gwent Borough County Council . Archived from the original on 12 May 2008 . Retrieved 22 May 2008 ... An excellent site detailing Welsh Arthurian folklore . Green , Caitlin . `` Arthuriana : Studies in Early Medieval History and Legend '' ... A detailed and comprehensive academic site , which includes numerous scholarly articles . Arthuriana : The Journal of Arthurian Studies , published by Scriptorium Press for Purdue University , US . The only academic journal solely concerned with the Arthurian Legend ; a good selection of resources and links . `` Celtic Literature Collective '' ... Provides texts and translations ( of varying quality ) of Welsh medieval sources , many of which mention Arthur . Green , Thomas ( October 2012 ) . `` John Dee , King Arthur , and the Conquest of the Arctic '' . The Heroic Age ( 15 ) ... The Camelot Project , The University of Rochester . Provides valuable bibliographies and freely downloadable versions of Arthurian texts . The Heroic Age : A Journal of Early Medieval Northwestern Europe . An online peer - reviewed journal that includes regular Arthurian articles ; see especially the first issue . Legendary titles Preceded by Uther Pendragon King of Britain Succeeded by Constantine III ( hide ) King Arthur and the Matter of Britain Key people King Arthur Constantine Galahad Gawain Queen Guinevere Igraine Lady of the Lake Lancelot Merlin Mordred Morgan le Fay Morgause Percival Tristan Uther Pendragon Knights of the Round Table Aglovale Agravain Bagdemagus Bedivere Bors Breunor Calogrenant Caradoc Dagonet Dinadan Elyan the White Erec Gaheris Gareth Geraint Griflet Hector de Maris Hoel Kay Lamorak Leodegrance Lionel Lucan Morholt Palamedes Pelleas Pellinore Safir Sagramore Segwarides Tor Urien Ywain Ywain the Bastard Other characters Balin Balan King Ban Claudas Culhwch Dindrane Ector Elaine of Astolat Elaine of Corbenic Fisher King Galehaut Gorlois Gwenhwyfach Hellawes Iseult Black Knight Green Knight Red Knight Lohengrin King Lot Maleagant King Mark Emperor Lucius Olwen Questing Beast Rience Tom Thumb Objects Excalibur Holy Grail Round Table Siege Perilous Places Astolat Avalon Brocéliande ( Paimpont ) Caerleon Camelot Celliwig Corbenic Glastonbury Logres Lyonesse Sarras Tintagel In media Books Films Various media Topics Battle of Badon Battle of Camlann Dolorous Stroke King Arthur 's family Historicity of King Arthur King Arthur 's messianic return Celtic mythology series Welsh mythology Texts and tales Four Branches of the Mabinogi Pwyll Pendefig Dyfed Branwen ferch Llŷr Manawydan fab Llŷr Math fab Mathonwy Arthurian Culhwch and Olwen Preiddeu Annwfn Owain , or the Lady of the Fountain Geraint and Enid Peredur son of Efrawg The Dream of Rhonabwy Geraint son of Erbin Other Taliesin Cad Goddeu Welsh Triads The Dream of Macsen Wledig Englynion y Beddau Giant tales Lludd and Llefelys Characters Afaon fab Taliesin Amaethon Arawn Arianrhod Arthur Afallach Beli Mawr Bleiddwn Blodeuwedd Bedwyr Bendigeidfran Branwen Cai Caradog ap Bran Caswallawn Ceridwen Cigfa Creiddylad Culhwch Cyhyraeth Cyledr Wyllt Cymidei Cymeinfoll Cynon Dôn Drudwas Dylan ail Don Dywel fab Erbin Edern ap Nudd Efnysien Elen Elffin ap Gwyddno Eliwlod Eufydd Euroswydd Geraint Gilfaethwy Glewlwyd Gafaelfawr Goewin Gofannon Goreu fab Custennin Gronw Pebr Gwawl Gwern Gwrhyr Gwyddno Garanhir Gwydion Gwyn ap Nudd Gwythyr Gwalchmei Hafgan Hefeydd Hueil mab Caw Hychddwn Hyddwn Iddog ap Mynio Idris Llefelys Lleu Llŷr Lludd Llwyd Mabon Madoc ap Uthyr Macsen Wledig Mallt - y - Nos Manawydan Math Matholwch Menw Modron Morfydd Morfran Nisien Olwen Penarddun Penpingion Peredur Pryderi Pwyll Rhiannon Saint Cyllin Saint Eigen Sanddef Seithenyn Taliesin Tegid Foel Teyrnon Ysbaddaden Animals and creatures Adar Llwch Gwin Adar Rhiannon Afanc Cavall ( Cafall , Cabal ) Ceffyl Dŵr Cewri Coblynau Coraniaid Cŵn Annwn Cyhyraeth Dreigiau Gwyllgi Gwyllion Llamhigyn y Dŵr Morgens Plentyn Newid Pwca Twrch Trwyth Tylwyth Teg Locations Annwn Cornwall ( Celliwig ) Caer Sidi Cantre'r Gwaelod Dyfed ( Arberth , Gwales ) Gwynedd ( Aberffraw , Arfon , Ardudwy , Caer Dathyl ) Ireland London ( Ludgate ) Miscellaneous Excalibur ( Caledfwlch ) Cauldron of rebirth Llech Ronw Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain Culture of Cornwall Cornish : Gonisogeth Kernow Symbols Celtic cross Cornish chough Cornish heath Cornish kilts and tartans Jonathan Trelawny Michael An Gof Saint Piran Saint Piran 's Flag Festivals AberFest Allantide Chewidden Thursday Furry Dance Golowan Guldize Kernewek Lowender Montol Festival Mummer 's Day Nickanan Night Noze looan ' Obby ' Oss Picrous Day St Piran 's Day Tom Bawcock 's Eve Sports Cornish hurling Cornish pilot - gig racing Cornish wrestling Rugby union in Cornwall Cuisine Cornish Cider Cloam oven Clotted cream Cornish cheeses Cornish cream tea Cornish fairings Cornish Gilliflower Hevva cake Hog 's pudding Pasty Saffron bun Stargazy pie Cornish Yarg Arts List of Cornish writers Tristan and Iseult Cornwall Film Festival Tate St Ives St Ives School W.J. Burley Charles Causley Newlyn School Barbara Hepworth Daphne du Maurier William Golding Alan Kent H.C. McNeile Rosamunde Pilcher Derek Tangye D.M. Thomas Minack Theatre The Pirates of Penzance Music Cornish bagpipes Brenda Wootton Fisherman 's Friends Crowns Folk songs `` Bro Goth agan Tasow '' `` Camborne Hill '' `` Come , all ye jolly tinner boys '' `` Delkiow Sivy '' `` Hail to the Homeland '' `` The Song of the Western Men '' Language Anglo - Cornish Cornish literature Ordinalia Beunans Meriasek Bewnans Ke Prayer Book Rebellion Radyo an Gernewegva Mythology Beast of Bodmin Blunderbore Bucca Cruel Coppinger Knocker King Arthur Lyonesse Mermaid of Zennor Owlman Piskie Organisations Federation of Old Cornwall Societies Gorsedh Kernow Institute of Cornish Studies Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society Royal Institution of Cornwall Movyans Skolyow Meythrin Akademi Kernewek Cornwall portal Geoffrey of Monmouth Works Prophetiae Merlini ( c. 1135 ) Historia Regum Britanniae ( c. 1136 ) Vita Merlini ( c. 1150 ) Translations Roman de Brut Layamon 's Brut Brut y Brenhinedd Characters Aeneas Saint Alban Albanactus Alhfrith of Deira Allectus Ambrosius Aurelianus Amphibalus Andragius Archgallo Archmail King Arthur Arvirargus Ascanius Augustine of Canterbury Aurelius Conanus Bedivere Beldgabred Beli Mawr Belinus Bladud Bledric ap Custennin Bledudo Brennius Brutus Greenshield Brutus of Troy Budic II of Brittany Cadfan ap Iago Cadoc Cador Cadwaladr Cadwallon ap Cadfan Camber ( legendary king ) Cap of Britain Capetus Silvius Capoir Caracalla Caradocus Carausius Cassivellaunus Catellus Catigern Cherin Claudius Cledaucus Clotenus Coel Hen Coilus Conan Meriadoc Constans II ( usurper ) Constantine the Great Constantine III ( Western Roman Emperor ) Constantine ( Briton ) Constantius Chlorus Cordelia of Britain Corineus Cunedagius Cunobeline Danius Saint David Digueillus Diocletian Dionotus Dunvallo Molmutius Ebraucus Edadus Edern ap Nudd Edwin of Northumbria Eldol Eldol , Consul of Gloucester Elidurus Eliud Enniaunus Estrildis Eudaf Hen Ferrex Fulgenius Gawain Gerennus Goffar the Pict Gogmagog ( folklore ) Goneril Gorboduc Gorbonianus Gorlois Gracianus Municeps Guiderius Guinevere Guithelin Gurgintius Gurguit Barbtruc Gurgustius Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio Queen Gwendolen Helena ( empress ) Helenus Hengist and Horsa Hoel Humber the Hun Iago ap Beli Idvallo Igraine Ingenius of Britain Jago of Britain Julius and Aaron Julius Asclepiodotus Julius Caesar Sir Kay Keredic Kimarcus Kinarius Latinus Lavinia Leil Leir of Britain Locrinus King Lot Lucius of Britain Lucius Tiberius Lud son of Heli Maddan Maelgwn Gwynedd Magnus Maximus Mandubracius Queen Marcia Marganus Marganus II Marius of Britain Mempricius Merianus Merlin Millus Mordred Morgause Morvidus Myrddin Wyllt Nennius of Britain Octa of Kent Oenus Oswald of Northumbria Oswiu of Northumbria Owain mab Urien Penda of Mercia Peredur Peredurus Pir of the Britons Porrex I Porrex II Publius Septimius Geta Quintus Laberius Durus Redechius Redon of Britain Regan ( King Lear ) Rhydderch Hael Rience Rivallo Rud Hud Hudibras Runo Sawyl Penuchel Septimius Severus Silvius ( mythology ) Sisillius I Sisillius II Sisillius III Son of Gorbonianus Taliesin Tasciovanus Trahern Turnus Urianus Uther Pendragon Venissa Vespasian Vortigern Vortimer Vortiporius Wulfhere of Mercia Ywain Æthelberht of Kent Æthelfrith of Northumbria Œthelwald of Deira Topics Avalon Battle of Arfderydd Battle of Badon Battle of Camlann Battle of Guoloph Brut y Tywysogion Crocea Mors Excalibur Lailoken List of legendary kings of Britain List of legendary rulers of Cornwall Logres Matter of Britain Molmutine Laws Nennius Riothamus River Malvam Siege of Exeter ( c. 630 ) Locations associated with Arthurian legend Treachery of the Long Knives Trinovantum Trojan genealogy of Nennius Walter of Oxford Wikiquote Wikisource texts VIAF : 142149444 LCCN : n79055479 GND : 118504517 NLA : 49784115 BNE : XX1154992 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_Arthur&oldid=808702582 '' Categories : Arthurian characters Legendary British kings Burials at Glastonbury Abbey Characters in works by Geoffrey of Monmouth Cornish people Holy Grail Knights of the Round Table Medieval legends Monarchs of Cornwall Mythological kings Mythological swordsmen People whose existence is disputed Sub-Roman Britons Sub-Roman monarchs Welsh mythology Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from June 2014 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Welsh - language sources ( cy ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kernowek Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Nouormand Occitan Patois Picard Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 15 : 59 . 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who wrote the first book about king arthur
[ "The first narrative account of Arthur's life is found in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Latin work Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain), completed c. 1138.[57] This work is an imaginative and fanciful account of British kings from the legendary Trojan exile Brutus to the 7th-century Welsh king Cadwallader. Geoffrey places Arthur in the same post-Roman period as do Historia Brittonum and Annales Cambriae. He incorporates Arthur's father, Uther Pendragon, his magician advisor Merlin, and the story of Arthur's conception, in which Uther, disguised as his enemy Gorlois by Merlin's magic, sleeps with Gorlois's wife Igerna at Tintagel, and she conceives Arthur. On Uther's death, the fifteen-year-old Arthur succeeds him as King of Britain and fights a series of battles, similar to those in the Historia Brittonum, culminating in the Battle of Bath. He then defeats the Picts and Scots before creating an Arthurian empire through his conquests of Ireland, Iceland and the Orkney Islands. After twelve years of peace, Arthur sets out to expand his empire once more, taking control of Norway, Denmark and Gaul. Gaul is still held by the Roman Empire when it is conquered, and Arthur's victory naturally leads to a further confrontation between his empire and Rome's. Arthur and his warriors, including Kaius (Kay), Beduerus (Bedivere) and Gualguanus (Gawain), defeat the Roman emperor Lucius Tiberius in Gaul but, as he prepares to march on Rome, Arthur hears that his nephew Modredus (Mordred)—whom he had left in charge of Britain—has married his wife Guenhuuara (Guinevere) and seized the throne. Arthur returns to Britain and defeats and kills Modredus on the river Camblam in Cornwall, but he is mortally wounded. He hands the crown to his kinsman Constantine and is taken to the isle of Avalon to be healed of his wounds, never to be seen again.[58]" ]
[ "Historia Regum Britanniae" ]
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Arlington National Cemetery
Arlington National Cemetery - wikipedia Arlington National Cemetery Jump to : navigation , search For Arlington Cemetery in Pennsylvania , see Arlington Cemetery ( Pennsylvania ) . Arlington National Cemetery Arlington National Cemetery Seal Details Established May 13 , 1864 Location Arlington County , Virginia Country United States of America Coordinates 38 ° 52 ′ 48 '' N 77 ° 04 ′ 12 '' W  /  38.880 ° N 77.070 ° W  / 38.880 ; - 77.070 Coordinates : 38 ° 52 ′ 48 '' N 77 ° 04 ′ 12 '' W  /  38.880 ° N 77.070 ° W  / 38.880 ; - 77.070 Type National Owned by U.S. Department of the Army Size 624 acres ( 253 ha ) No. of graves ~ 400,000 Website www.ArlingtonCemetery.mil Arlington National Cemetery and the Netherlands Carillon in December 2012 Arlington National Cemetery is a United States military cemetery in Arlington County , Virginia , across the Potomac River from Washington , D.C. , in whose 624 acres ( 253 ha ) the dead of the nation 's conflicts have been buried , beginning with the Civil War , as well as reinterred dead from earlier wars . The United States Department of the Army , a component of the United States Department of Defense ( DOD ) , controls the cemetery . The national cemetery was established during the Civil War on the grounds of Arlington House , which had been the estate of the family of Confederate general Robert E. Lee 's wife Mary Anna ( Custis ) Lee ( a great - granddaughter of Martha Washington ) . The Cemetery , along with Arlington House , Memorial Drive , the Hemicycle , and the Arlington Memorial Bridge , form the Arlington National Cemetery Historic District , listed on the National Register of Historic Places in April 2014 . Like nearly all federal installations in Arlington County , it has a Washington , D.C. mailing address . In recent years , the Department of the Army has made plans and taken actions to expand the cemetery onto public lands that the National Park Service ( NPS ) controlled or that Arlington County or the Commonwealth of Virginia owned , as well as to restrict bicycle use within the cemetery . These plans and actions have become controversial . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Freedmen 's Village 1.2 Recent expansion 1.2. 1 Navy Annex property expansion controversy 1.2. 2 Arlington Woods expansion controversy 1.3 2010 mismanagement controversy 1.4 Management turnover 1.5 Wreaths Across America 1.6 150th anniversary 2 Sections 3 Grave markers , niches , and headstones 4 Arlington Memorial Amphitheater 5 Memorials 5.1 Tomb of the Unknowns 5.2 Other memorials 6 Burial procedures 6.1 Burial criteria 6.2 Inurnment criteria for columbarium 6.3 Prohibitions against interment or memorialization 7 Notable burials 8 Visitor requirements 8.1 Bicycle use policy 8.2 Security procedures 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Further reading 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Custis Lee Mansion with Union soldiers on lawn George Washington Parke Custis , grandson of Martha Washington , acquired the land that now is Arlington National Cemetery in 1802 , and began construction of Arlington House ( the name is ultimately derived from the village of Arlington , Gloucestershire , England , where Custis ' family was originally from ) . The estate passed to Custis ' daughter , Mary Anna , who had married United States Army officer Robert E. Lee . Custis ' will gave a `` life inheritance '' to Mary Lee , allowing her to live at and run Arlington Estate for the rest of her life but not enabling her to sell any portion of it . Upon her death , the Arlington estate passed to her eldest son , George Washington Custis Lee . When Virginia seceded from the Union at the start of the American Civil War , Robert E. Lee resigned his commission on April 20 , 1861 , and took command of the armed forces of the Commonwealth of Virginia , later becoming commander of the Army of Northern Virginia . On May 7 , troops of the Virginia militia occupied Arlington and Arlington House . With Confederate forces occupying Arlington 's high ground , the capital of the Union was left in an untenable military position . Although unwilling to leave Arlington House , Mary Lee believed her estate would soon be recaptured by federal soldiers . So she buried many of her family treasures on the grounds and left for her sister 's estate at Ravensworth in Fairfax County , Virginia , on May 14 . On May 3 , General Winfield Scott ordered Brigadier General Irvin McDowell to clear Arlington and the city of Alexandria , Virginia , of all troops not loyal to the United States . McDowell occupied Arlington without opposition on May 24 . Arlington House At the outbreak of the Civil War , most military personnel who died in battle near Washington , D.C. , were buried at the United States Soldiers ' Cemetery in Washington , D.C. , or Alexandria Cemetery in Alexandria , Virginia , but by late 1863 both were nearly full . On July 16 , 1862 , Congress passed legislation authorizing the U.S. federal government to purchase land for national cemeteries for military dead , and put the U.S. Army Quartermaster General in charge of this program . In May 1864 , Union forces suffered large numbers of dead in the Battle of the Wilderness . Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs ordered that an examination of eligible sites be made for the establishment for a large new national military cemetery . Within weeks , his staff reported that Arlington Estate was the most suitable property in the area . The property was high and free from floods ( which might unearth graves ) , it had a view of the District of Columbia , and it was aesthetically pleasing . It was also the home of the leader of the armed forces of the Confederate States of America , and denying Robert E. Lee use of his home after the war was a valuable political consideration . The first military burial at Arlington , for William Henry Christman , was made on May 13 , 1864 , close to what is now the northeast gate in Section 27 . However , Meigs did not formally authorize establishment of burials until June 15 , 1864 . Arlington did not desegregate its burial practices until President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981 on July 26 , 1948 . The Old Guard transports the flag - draped casket of the second Sergeant Major of the Army George W. Dunaway who was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery . The government acquired Arlington at a tax sale in 1864 for $26,800 , equal to $410,000 today . Mrs. Lee had not appeared in person but rather had sent an agent , attempting to pay the $92.07 in property taxes ( equal to $1,400 today ) assessed on the estate in a timely manner . The government turned away her agent , refusing to accept the tendered payment . In 1874 , Custis Lee , heir under his grandfather 's will passing the estate in trust to his mother , sued the United States claiming ownership of Arlington . On December 9 , 1882 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5 -- 4 in Lee 's favor in United States v. Lee , deciding that Arlington had been confiscated without due process . After that decision , Congress returned the estate to him , and on March 3 , 1883 , Custis Lee sold it back to the government for $150,000 ( equal to $3,271,364 in 2017 ) at a signing ceremony with Secretary of War Robert Todd Lincoln . The land then became a military reservation . President Herbert Hoover conducted the first national Memorial Day ceremony in Arlington National Cemetery , on May 30 , 1929 . Freedmen 's Village ( edit ) Beginning in 1863 , the federal government used the southern portion of the land now occupied by the cemetery as a settlement for freed slaves , giving the name of `` Freedmen 's Village '' to the land . The government constructed rental houses that 1,100 to 3,000 freed slaves eventually occupied while farming 1,100 acres ( 450 ha ) of the estate and receiving schooling and occupational training during the Civil War and after War ended . However , after the land became part of a military reservation , the government asked the Villagers to leave . When some remained , John A. Commerford , the Superintendent of Arlington National Cemetery , asked the Army 's Quartermaster General in 1887 to close the Village on the grounds that people living in the Village had been taking trees at night from the cemetery for use as firewood . The Quartermaster General and the Secretary of War then approved Commerford 's request . The last of the Village 's residents departed after the 56th United States Congress appropriated $75,000 in 1900 to settle the government 's debts to them . Recent expansion ( edit ) With limited space but large numbers of World War II , Korean War , Vietnam War , and other veterans dying and wanting to be buried at Arlington , the need for additional burial space at the cemetery became a pressing issue . In 1991 , Cemetery superintendent John C. Metzler , Jr. , implemented a $1.4 million plan to clear a former 13 acres ( 5.3 ha ) parking lot to create space for about 9,000 new grave sites . The Cemetery received the authority to transfer 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) of woodland from the NPS - controlled Arlington House in 1996 and 2001 , 37 acres ( 15 ha ) of land in 1999 from the DOD that was the site of the Navy Annex building , 8 acres ( 3.2 ha ) of land in 1999 from the Department of the Army that was part of Fort Myer , 4 acres ( 1.6 ha ) of land from Arlington County 's Southgate Road right - of - way in 2004 , and just under 10 acres ( 4.0 ha ) of land from Fort Myer in 2005 . Gravestones at Arlington National Cemetery are marked by U.S. flags each Memorial Day . In 2007 , Metzler implemented the Millennium Project , a $35 million expansion plan to begin utilizing the Arlington woodland , Fort Myer , and Navy Annex land . The project also included converting 40 acres ( 16 ha ) of unused space and 4 acres ( 16,000 m ) of maintenance property on the cemetery grounds into burial space in 2006 and 2007 to allow an additional 26,000 graves and 5,000 inurnments . The Millennium Project expanded the cemetery 's physical boundaries for the first time since the 1960s , and was the largest expansion of burial space at the site since the American Civil War . Several environmental and historical preservation groups criticized Metzler 's plans , as did the NPS and the manager of Arlington House . On March 26 , 2013 , the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act , 2013 ( Public Law 113 - 6 ) appropriated to the DOD $84 million to plan , design and construct the Millennium Project . The legislation additionally appropriated to the DOD $19 million to study , plan and design a future expansion of the cemetery 's burial space . Navy Annex property expansion controversy ( edit ) In 1998 , a Congressional proposal to expand the cemetery onto land that the Navy Annex and Fort Myer then occupied led to concerns that Arlington County officials had not been properly consulted , leading to the withdrawal of the proposal . However , the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 ( Public Law 106 - 65 ) , which was enacted into law during October 1999 , subsequently required the Secretary of Defense to transfer to the Secretary of the Army administrative jurisdiction of the 36 acres ( 15 ha ) Navy Annex property . The Act required the Secretary of Defense to demolish the Annex 's buildings and prepare the property for use as part of the cemetery , while requiring the Secretary of the Army to incorporate the Annex property into the cemetery . In January 2013 , the County Manager of Arlington County , Virginia , and the Executive Director of the Army National Military Cemeteries ( consisting of Arlington National Cemetery and the United States Soldiers ' and Airmen 's Home National Cemetery ) signed a Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU ) between the Arlington County Board and the Department of the Army to expand the cemetery even further . Under the tentative plan , Arlington County would give up the easement for Southgate Road ( which lies between the Navy Annex property and the cemetery 's 2012 boundary ) , and obtain a narrow easement along the southwest border of the Navy Annex site for a new Southgate Road . In exchange , the Department of Defense would give the Navy Annex parking lot to the county . The Army would also transfer land west of South Joyce Street to Columbia Pike to Arlington County . Additionally , the Commonwealth of Virginia would convey to the cemetery roughly the northern half of the Virginia Department of Transportation land bounded by South Joyce Street , Columbia Pike , and South Washington Boulevard . The cloverleaf interchange between Columbia Pike and S. Washington Blvd . would be eliminated , and the hairpin turn in Columbia Pike straightened , to provide a safer , more natural exit from S. Washington Blvd . onto Columbia Pike . Although exact acreages were not specified and the plan depended upon the Commonwealth of Virginia 's cooperation , the MOU if implemented would have created a more contiguous plot of land for the cemetery . However , in December 2016 , the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 ( Public Law 114 - 328 ) authorized the Secretary of the Army to expand the cemetery by acquiring from Arlington County and the Commonwealth of Virginia by condemnation and other means properties near the cemetery that contain the Southgate Road , South Joyce Street and Washington Boulevard right - of - ways , including the Washington Boulvard - Columbia Pike interchange . The Army then informed the Arlington County government in June 2017 that the Army would no longer pursue a land exchange with the County . The Army told the County that the Army would use the entire Navy Annex site to expand the cemetery and would acquire for the cemetery about 5 acres ( 2.0 ha ) of public land that Arlington County then owned . The Army would also acquire for the cemetery expansion about 7 acres ( 2.8 ha ) of land located between Columbia Pike and Interstate 395 that the Commonwealth of Virginia then owned . Arlington Woods expansion controversy ( edit ) A portion of Arlington Woods on Humphreys Drive ( 2013 ) On February 22 , 1995 , officials of the United States Department of the Interior and the United States Department of the Army signed an agreement to transfer from Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial , to the Army a part of Arlington Woods , which was located in Section 29 of the NPS at Arlington National Cemetery between Arlington House and Fort Myer . The property transfer , which involved 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) of NPS land , was intended to permit Metzler to start expanding the cemetery beyond its existing boundaries . Environmentalists expressed concerns that the agreement would result in the partial destruction of the 24 acres ( 9.7 ha ) remnant of an historically important stand of native trees . A historical marker near the woodland notes that , while visiting Arlington House in 1825 , Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette had warned Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis , the wife of George Washington Parke Custis : `` Cherish these forest trees around your mansion . Recollect how much easier it is to cut a tree than to make one grow . '' The marker further notes that the Virginia Native Plant Society had recognized the woodland as being one of the best examples of old growth terraced gravel forest remaining in Virginia . On September 23 , 1996 , the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 ( Public Law 104 - 201 ) authorized the Secretary of the Interior to transfer to the Secretary of the Army all of the land in Section 29 that was within an `` Arlington National Cemetery Interment Zone '' and some of the land in the Section that was within a `` Robert E. Lee Memorial Preservation Zone '' . On March 5 , 1998 , the NPS , which is a component of the Department of the Interior , informed the National Capital Planning Commission that it wanted to transfer only 4 acres ( 1.6 ha ) to the cemetery , rather than the 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) that the 1995 agreement had described . In response , Metzler stated : `` I was surprised . But we will continue to work with the Department of Interior and see what happens . '' On July 12 , 1999 , the NPS issued a Federal Register notice that announced the availability of an environmental assessment ( EA ) for the transfer . The EA stated that the Interment Zone contained the oldest and largest tract of climax eastern hardwood forest in Arlington County . This forest was the same type that once covered the Arlington estate , and had regenerated from trees that were present historically . A forestry study determined that a representative tree was 258 years old . The Interment Zone was also determined to contain significant archeological and cultural landscape resources , in addition to those in the Preservation Zone . The EA described four alternative courses of action . In contrast to the NPS 's March 1998 statement to the National Capital Planning Commission , the 1999 EA stated that the preferred alternative ( Alternative 1 ) would transfer to the cemetery approximately 9.6 acres ( 3.9 ha ) , comprising most of the Interment Zone and the northern tip of the Preservation Zone . Another alternative ( Alternative 3 ) would transfer to the cemetery the 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) Interment Zone , while keeping the 12.5 acres ( 5.1 ha ) Preservation Zone under NPS jurisdiction . The EA concluded : `` Public Law 104 - 201 directed the Secretary of the Interior to transfer to the Secretary of the Army jurisdiction over the Interment Zone , which is the plan in Alternative 3 . Adoption of any of the other alternatives would require legislative action to amend the existing law . '' Map showing the Millennium Project 's expansion of Arlington National Cemetery into Arlington Woods and Fort Myer . On December 28 , 2001 , the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002 ( Public Law 107 - 107 ) repealed the `` obsolete '' part of Public Law 104 - 201 that had authorized the transfer of portions of Section 29 to the Secretary of the Army . The new legislation required the Secretary of the Interior to transfer to the Secretary of the Army within 30 days the approximately 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) Interment Zone . The transfer therefore involved the entire 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) of NPS land that the 1995 agreement and Alternative 3 in the 1999 EA had described . The 2001 legislation required the Secretary of the Army to use the Interment Zone for in - ground burial sites and columbarium . In addition , the legislation required the Secretary of the Interior to manage the remainder of Section 29 `` in perpetuity to provide a natural setting and visual buffer for Arlington House , the Robert E. Lee Memorial . '' On December 12 , 2012 , the United States Army Corps of Engineers asked for comments on a draft EA that described a further expansion of Arlington National Cemetery as part of the Millennium Project . The 2012 draft EA was intended to implement conversion into burial space of the 17 acres ( 6.9 ha ) of Ft . Myer grounds as well as 10 acres ( 4.0 ha ) of Section 29 woodland . The draft EA described seven alternatives . The preferred alternative ( Alternative E ) called for the removal of about one - half of the 1,700 trees with a diameter of 6 inches ( 15 cm ) or greater on the site . About 640 of the trees were within a 135 - year - old portion of Arlington Woods . The draft EA concluded : `` Based on the evaluation of environmental impacts ... , no significant impacts would be expected from the Proposed Action ; therefore , an Environmental Impact Statement will not be prepared and a Finding of No Significant Impact will be prepared and signed . '' On March 12 , 2013 , the Corps of Engineers released a revised EA for the Millennium Project . The revised EA contained copies of a number of public comments on the draft EA that had criticized the project and parts of the EA while proposing alternative locations for new military burials near the cemetery and elsewhere . However , the Department of Forestry of the Commonwealth of Virginia found that , based on information in the draft EA , the project would not have a significant adverse impact on the Commonwealth 's forest resources . The revised EA did not change the preferred alternative ( Alternative E ) or the Army 's plans to prepare and sign the Finding of No Significant Impact ( FONSI ) that the draft EA had described . On June 5 , 2013 , after reviewing 100 public comments that it had received on the revised EA , the Corps of Engineers released a final EA and a signed FONSI for the Millennium Project . The Final EA and the FONSI retained Alternative E as the preferred alternative . The final EA stated that , of the 905 trees to be removed , 771 trees were healthy native trees that had diameters between 6 and 41 inches . The project would remove approximately 211 trees from a less than 2.63 acres ( 1.06 ha ) area containing a portion of a 145 - year - old forest that stood within the property boundaries of a historic district that a National Register of Historic Places nomination form for Arlington House had described in 1966 . About 491 trees would be removed from an area of trees that was approximately 105 years old . Approximately 203 trees with ages of 50 to 145 years would be removed from a former picnic area . At a public hearing on July 11 , 2013 , the National Capital Planning Commission approved the site and building plans for the Millennium Project . 2010 mismanagement controversy ( edit ) Main article : Arlington National Cemetery mismanagement controversy On June 9 , 2010 , United States Secretary of the Army John M. McHugh reprimanded the cemetery 's superintendent , John C. Metzler , Jr. , and his deputy , Thurman Higgenbotham , after a DOD inspector general 's report revealed that cemetery officials had placed the wrong headstones on tombs , buried coffins in shallow graves , and buried bodies on top of one another . Metzler , who had already announced his intention to retire on July 2 , 2010 , admitted some mistakes had been made but denied allegations of widespread or serious mismanagement . The investigation also found that cemetery employees were burdened in their day - to - day work by `` dysfunctional management , lack of established policy and procedures , and an overall unhealthy organizational climate . '' Both Metzler and Higgenbotham retired soon after the investigation commenced . In March 2011 , as a result of the problems discovered , Kathryn Condon , the recently appointed Executive Director of the Army National Military Cemeteries , announced that the cemetery 's staff had been increased from 102 to 159 . She added that the cemetery was also acquiring additional equipment because , `` They did n't have the proper equipment to do the job really to the standard they needed to do . '' The mismanagement controversy included a limitation on mass media access to funerals , which also proved controversial . Until 2005 , the cemetery 's administration gave free access , with the family 's permission , to the press to cover funerals at the cemetery . According to the Washington Post in 2008 , the cemetery gradually imposed increasing restrictions on media coverage of funerals beginning about 2005 . Management turnover ( edit ) After the cemetery 's management controversy began to end , the Army appointed Patrick K. Hallinan the acting superintendent of the cemetery in June 2010 . He was promoted permanently to the position in October 2010 . Hallinan had previously worked for the Office of Field Programs in the National Cemetery Administration , an agency of the United States Department of Veterans ' Affairs . In that capacity , Hallinan had oversight of 131 national cemeteries , national cemetery policy , procedures , and operations . Hallinan was promoted to Executive Director of the Army National Military Cemeteries upon the retirement of Kathryn Condon in spring 2014 . In May 2014 , Hallinan stepped down and was replaced by Jack E. Lechner , Jr. as superintendent of the cemetery . Lechner had been a funeral director for 10 years in the private sector before joining the U.S. Army . He rose to the rank of colonel ( retiring in November 2011 ) , having spent 2008 to 2010 as chief of the Supply Division of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , overseeing the equipping of Iraqi and Afghanistan national security forces . Since June 2010 , he had served as executive officer and deputy superintendent of the cemetery under Hallinan . The Army removed Lechner as superintendent of the cemetery in early August 2015 after a performance review `` called into question his ability to serve successfully as a senior leader '' . The Army declined to elaborate further and appointed Hallinan to be the temporary Cemetery superintendent until the Army could find a successor . Wreaths Across America ( edit ) Wreaths laid at Arlington National Cemetery , December 2013 Beginning in 1992 , the Morrill Worcester wreath company in Harrington , Maine , had a surplus at the end of the holiday season . Recalling a boyhood trip to the cemetery , Worcester donated to the cemetery 5,000 wreaths to honor the cemetery 's dead , with the help of volunteers and a local trucking company . After thirteen years of similar donations , in 2005 a photo of snowy gravestones covered with wreaths at the cemetery received widespread circulation on the Internet . Thousands of people called Worcester , wanting to replicate the wreath - laying service at their own veteran cemeteries . In 2006 , over 150 different locations simultaneously held ceremonies with Arlington 's . Additionally , the project had its first `` Veterans Honor Parade '' with `` Patriot Guard Riders '' who escorted the wreaths from Maine to the cemetery . The parade , which is held each year , now visits schools , monuments , veterans ' homes and communities along its route . At the end of 2006 , Worcester 's company supplied wreaths to over 230 state and national cemeteries and veterans monuments across the country . Assisted by veterans and truckers , Worcester established in 2007 a nonprofit organization named `` Wreaths Across America '' . In December 2008 , the United States Senate agreed to a resolution that designated December 13 , 2008 , as `` Wreaths Across America Day '' . In 2014 , volunteers placed over 700,000 memorial wreaths at 1,000 locations in the United States and overseas , including the USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor , Bunker Hill , Valley Forge , and the National September 11 Memorial at the World Trade Center site in New York City . During that year , volunteers were able to place wreaths in all sections of the cemetery for the first time . In 2016 , this number increased to 1.2 million wreaths being placed at more than 1,230 cemeteries across the nation . Conflict of interest charges have been made against Wreaths Across America because this charity has an exclusive for - profit supplier , Worcestor Wreath Company , also run by the Morrill family in the same town . The charity 's purchases of wreaths from this company account for most of the company 's revenue and profits . In late 2015 , the Wall Street Journal reported serious conflicts of interest with potential malfeasance in governance and contracting . In 2015 alone the WSJ reported profits of over $1 million on sales of over 850,000 wreaths to the charity raising concerns about competitive bidding , reporting that several competitors had asked to bid significantly below the price offered by Worcestor Wreath Company but were denied access . 150th anniversary ( edit ) During May and June 2014 , the cemetery celebrated the 150th anniversary of its founding with a month - long series of events , tours , and lectures . During these celebrations , cemetery officials formally re-designated the Old Amphitheater as the James Tanner Amphitheater . James R. Tanner was a Union Army officer who lost both legs during the war . He later became a War Department stenographer , and recorded much of the early evidence in the investigation into the assassination of Abraham Lincoln . He later was active in the Grand Army of the Republic , a Union Army veterans group . Tanner is buried a few yards from the amphitheater . Sections ( edit ) Arlington National Cemetery The Cemetery is divided into 70 sections , with some sections in the southeast and western part of the cemetery reserved for future expansion . Section 60 , in the southeast part of the cemetery , is the burial ground for military personnel killed in the Global War on Terror since 2001 . Section 21 , also known as the Nurses Section , is the area of Arlington National Cemetery where many nurses are buried and is the site of the Spanish - American War Nurses Memorial and the Nurses Memorial . Another section -- Chaplains Hill -- includes monuments to Jewish , Protestant , and Roman Catholic military chaplains . In 1901 , Confederate soldiers buried at the Soldiers ' Home and various locations within Arlington were reinterred in a Confederate section that was authorized by Congress in 1900 . On June 4 , 1914 , the United Daughters of the Confederacy dedicated the Confederate Memorial designed by Moses Ezekiel . Upon his death in 1917 , Ezekiel was buried at the base of the monument as he was a veteran of the Confederate army . All Confederate headstones in this section are peaked rather than rounded . More than 3,800 former slaves , called `` Contrabands '' during the Civil War , are buried in Section 27 . Their headstones are designated with the word `` Civilian '' or `` Citizen '' . Grave markers , niches , and headstones ( edit ) The United States Department of Veterans Affairs oversees the National Cemetery Administration 's orders for placement of inscriptions and faith emblems at no charge to the estate of the deceased , submitted with information provided by the next of kin that is placed on upright marble headstones or columbarium niche covers . The Department of Veterans Affairs currently offers 63 authorized faith emblems for placement on markers to represent the deceased 's faith . This number has grown in recent years due to legal challenges to policy . Prior to 2007 , the United States Department of Veterans Affairs ( VA ) did not allow the use of the pentacle as an `` emblem of belief '' on tombstones in military cemeteries . This policy was changed following an out - of - court settlement on April 23 following a series of lawsuits by the family of Patrick Stewart against the VA . Between 1947 and 2001 , privately purchased markers were permitted in the cemetery . The sections in which the cemetery permitted such markers are nearly filled and the cemetery generally does not allow new burials in these sections . Nevertheless , the older sections of the cemetery have a wide variety of private markers placed prior to 2001 , including an artillery piece . There are 32 Commonwealth war dead burials and some headstones are Commonwealth War Graves Commission style . Arlington Memorial Amphitheater ( edit ) Main article : Arlington Memorial Amphitheater The interior of Memorial Amphitheater The Tomb of the Unknowns is part of the Arlington Memorial Amphitheater . The Memorial Amphitheater has hosted state funerals and Memorial Day and Veterans Day ceremonies . Ceremonies are also held for Easter . About 5,000 people attend these holiday ceremonies each year . The structure is mostly built of Imperial Danby marble from Vermont . The Memorial Display room , between the amphitheater and the Tomb of the Unknowns , uses Botticino stone , imported from Italy . The amphitheater was the result of a campaign by Ivory Kimball to construct a place to honor America 's servicemen / women . Congress authorized the structure on March 4 , 1913 . Woodrow Wilson laid the cornerstone for the building on October 15 , 1915 . The cornerstone contained 15 items including a Bible and a copy of the Constitution . Before the Arlington Memorial Amphitheater was completed in 1921 , important ceremonies were held at what is now known as the `` Old Amphitheater . '' This structure sits where Robert E. Lee once had his gardens . The amphitheater was built in 1868 under the direction of Civil War General John A. Logan . Gen. James A. Garfield was the featured speaker at the Decoration Day dedication ceremony , May 30 , 1868 , later being elected as President of the United States 1881 . The amphitheater has an encircling colonnade with a latticed roof that once supported a web of vines . The amphitheater has a marble dais , known as `` the rostrum '' , which is inscribed with the U.S. national motto found on the Great Seal of the United States , E pluribus unum ( `` Out of many , one '' ) . The rostrum was designed by General Montgomery C. Meigs , then Quartermaster General of the U.S. Army . The amphitheater seats 1,500 people and has hosted speakers such as William Jennings Bryan . Memorials ( edit ) Main article : List of memorials and monuments at Arlington National Cemetery Tomb of the Unknowns ( edit ) Main article : Tomb of the Unknowns The Tomb of the Unknowns with guards The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier stands on top of a hill overlooking Washington , D.C. One of the more well - attended sites at the cemetery , the tomb is made from Yule marble quarried in Colorado . It consists of seven pieces , with a total weight of 79 short tons ( 72 metric tons ) . The tomb was completed and opened to the public April 9 , 1932 , at a cost of $48,000 . It was initially named the `` Tomb of the Unknown Soldier . '' Other unknown servicemen were later entombed there , and it became known as the `` Tomb of the Unknowns '' , though it has never been officially named . The soldiers entombed there are : Unknown Soldier of World War I , interred November 11 , 1921 . President Warren G. Harding presided . Unknown Soldier of World War II , interred May 30 , 1958 . President Dwight D. Eisenhower presided . Unknown Soldier of the Korean War , also interred May 30 , 1958 . President Dwight Eisenhower presided again , Vice President Richard Nixon acted as next of kin . Unknown Soldier of the Vietnam War , interred May 28 , 1984 . President Ronald Reagan presided . The remains of the Vietnam Unknown were disinterred , under the authority of President Bill Clinton , on May 14 , 1998 , and were identified as those of Air Force 1st Lt. Michael J. Blassie , whose family had them reinterred near their home in St. Louis , Missouri . It has been determined that the crypt at the Tomb of the Unknowns that contained the remains of the Vietnam Unknown will remain empty . The Tomb of the Unknowns has been perpetually guarded since July 2 , 1937 , by the U.S. Army . The 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment ( `` The Old Guard '' ) began guarding the Tomb on April 6 , 1948 . There is a meticulous routine which the guard follows when watching over the graves . The Tomb Guard : Marches 21 steps down the black mat behind the Tomb . Turns , faces east for 21 seconds . Turns and faces north for 21 seconds . Takes 21 steps down the mat . Repeats the routine until the soldier is relieved of duty at the Changing of the Guard . After each turn , the Guard executes a sharp `` shoulder - arms '' movement to place the weapon on the shoulder closest to the visitors to signify that the Guard stands between the Tomb and any possible threat . Twenty - one was chosen because it symbolizes the highest military honor that can be bestowed -- the 21 - gun salute . Each turn the guard makes precise movements and followed by a loud click of the heels as he snaps them together . The guard is changed every half - hour during daylight in the summer , and every hour during daylight in the winter and every two hours at night ( when the cemetery is closed to the public ) , regardless of weather conditions . Arlington Amphitheater 1922 issue A commemorative stamp was issued on November 11 , 1922 , the first anniversary of the first entombment picturing the Amphitheater . It encompasses the original Tomb of the Unknown Soldier . The remains of an unidentified WW I American soldier was entombed on Armistice Day , November 11 , 1921 , later covered in 1931 by a more elaborate marble sarcophagus . Other memorials ( edit ) The Maine Mast Memorial There are several memorials on the grounds of the cemetery . However , due to the lack of space for burials and the large amount of space that memorials take up , the U.S. Army now requires a joint or concurrent resolution from Congress before it will place new memorials at Arlington . Near the Tomb of the Unknowns stands the USS Maine Mast Memorial , which commemorates the 266 men who lost their lives aboard the USS Maine . The memorial is built around a mast salvaged from the Maine 's wreckage . The USS Maine Memorial served as the temporary resting place for foreign heads of state or government , Manuel L. Quezon of the Philippines and Ignacy Jan Paderewski of Poland , who died in exile in the United States during World War II . The Space Shuttle Challenger Memorial was dedicated on May 20 , 1986 , in memory of the crew of flight STS - 51 - L , who died during launch on January 28 , 1986 . Transcribed on the back of the stone is the text of the John Gillespie Magee , Jr. poem High Flight , which was quoted by then President Ronald Reagan when he addressed the disaster . Although many remains were identified and returned to the families for private burial , some were not , and were laid to rest under the marker . Two crew members , Scobee and Smith , are buried in Arlington . On February 1 , 2004 , NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe dedicated a similar memorial to those who died when the Shuttle Columbia broke apart during reentry on February 1 , 2003 . Astronauts Laurel Clark , David Brown and Michael Anderson , who were killed in the Columbia disaster , are also buried in Arlington . The Lockerbie Cairn is a memorial to the 270 killed in the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie , Scotland . The memorial is constructed of 270 stones , one for each person killed in the disaster . In section 64 , a memorial to the 184 victims of the September 11 attacks on the Pentagon was dedicated September 11 , 2002 . The memorial takes the shape of a pentagon , and lists the names of all the victims that were killed . Unidentified remains from the victims are buried beneath it . On June 25 , 1925 , President Calvin Coolidge approved a request to erect a Commonwealth Cross of Sacrifice with the names of all the citizens of the USA who lost their lives fighting in the Canadian forces during World War I . The monument was dedicated November 11 , 1927 and after the Korean War and World War II the names of US citizens who died in those conflicts were added . The Women in Military Service for America Memorial is adjacent to the Ceremonial Entrance to the cemetery . The Laos Memorial , or Lao Veterans of America memorial , dedicated to Lao and Hmong veterans who served with US Special Forces and CIA advisors during the Vietnam War , to defend the Royal Kingdom of Laos from the North Vietnamese invasion of Laos by selling opium to the CIA in exchange for weapons and promises for their own country , is located on Grant Avenue near the eternal flame memorial to U.S. President John F. Kennedy . In 2012 , legislation began moving through Congress to approve a `` Place of Remembrance '' at the cemetery . The memorial will be an ossuary designed to contain fragments of remains which are unidentifiable through DNA analysis . The remains will be cremated before placement in the memorial . Burial procedures ( edit ) Arlington House flag flying at half - staff . The flag is lowered during interments . The flags in the cemetery are flown at half - staff from a half - hour before the first funeral until a half hour after the last funeral each day . Funerals are normally conducted five days a week , excluding weekends . Funerals , including interments and inurnments , average between 27 -- 30 per day . The Cemetery conducts approximately 6,900 burials each year . With more than 400,000 interments , the cemetery has the second - largest number of burials of any national cemetery in the United States . The largest of the 130 national cemeteries is the Calverton National Cemetery , on Long Island , near Riverhead , New York , which conducts more than 7,000 burials each year . Military funeral procession in Arlington National Cemetery , July 1967 In addition to in - ground burial , the cemetery also has one of the larger columbaria for cremated remains in the country . Four courts are currently in use , each with 5,000 niches . When construction is complete , there will be nine courts with a total of 50,000 niches ; capacity for 100,000 remains . Any honorably discharged veteran is eligible for inurnment in the columbarium , if s / he served on active duty at some point in her / his career ( other than for training ) . Burial criteria ( edit ) Part 553 ( Army National Military Cemeteries ) of Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR ) establishes regulations for the cemetery , including eligibility for interment ( ground burial ) and inurnment . Due to limited space , the criteria for ground burial eligibility are more restrictive than at other national cemeteries , as well as more restrictive than for inurnment in the columbarium . The persons specified below are eligible for ground burial in the cemetery , unless otherwise prohibited . The last period of active duty of former members of the armed forces must have ended honorably . Interment may be of casketed or cremated remains . Any active - duty member of the armed forces ( except those members serving on active duty for training only ) . Any veteran who is retired and eligible for retirement pay from service in the armed forces ( including service members retired from a reserve component who served a period of active duty ( other than for training ) ) . Any former member of the armed forces separated honorably prior to October 1 , 1949 , for medical reasons and who was rated at 30 % or greater disabled effective on the day of discharge . Any former member of the armed forces who has been awarded one of the following decorations : Medal of Honor Distinguished Service Cross , Navy Cross , or Air Force Cross Silver Star Purple Heart Any former member of the armed forces who served on active duty ( other than for training ) and who held any of the following positions : An elective office of the U.S. Government ( such as a term in Congress ) . Office of the Chief Justice of the United States or of an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . An office listed , at the time the person held the position , in 5 USC 5312 or 5313 ( Levels I and II of the Executive Schedule ) . The chief of a mission who was at any time during his / her tenure classified in Class I under the provisions of Section 411 , Act of August 13 , 1946 , 60 Stat. 1002 , as amended ( 22 USC 866 ) or as listed in State Department memorandum dated March 21 , 1988 . Any former prisoner of war who , while a prisoner of war , served honorably in the active military , naval , or air service , whose last period of military , naval or air service terminated honorably and who died on or after November 30 , 1993 . The spouse , widow or widower , minor child , or permanently dependent child , and certain unmarried adult children of any of the above eligible veterans . Respectful silence is requested at the Arlington National Cemetery . The widow or widower of : a member of the armed forces who was lost or buried at sea or fell out of a plane or officially determined to be permanently absent with a status of either missing or missing in action . a member of the armed forces who is interred in a US military cemetery overseas that is maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission . The spouse , minor child , or permanently dependent child of any person already buried in Arlington National Cemetery . The parents of a minor child , or permanently dependent child whose remains , based on the eligibility of a parent , are already buried at Arlington . A spouse divorced from the primary eligible , or widowed and remarried , is not eligible for interment . Provided certain conditions are met , a former member of the armed forces may be buried in the same grave with a close relative who is already buried and is the primary eligible . Inurnment criteria for columbarium ( edit ) Due at least partly to the lack of space at the cemetery for ground burial , standards for inurnment ( burial of cremated remains ) in the columbarium are currently much less restrictive than for ground burial at the cemetery . In general , any former member of the armed forces who served on active duty ( other than for training ) and whose last service terminated honorably is eligible for inurnment . Eligibility for inurnment is described fully in 32 C.F.R. § 553.15 a . Prohibitions against Interment or memorialization ( edit ) Congress has from time to time created prohibited categories of persons that , even if otherwise eligible for burial , lose that eligibility . One such prohibition is against certain persons who are convicted of committing certain state or federal capital crimes , as defined in 38 U.S. Code § 2411 . Capital crime is a specifically defined term in the statute , and for state offenses can include offenses that are eligible for a life sentence ( with or without parole ) . The reasoning for this provision originally was to prevent Timothy McVeigh from being eligible at Arlington National Cemetery , but it has since been amended to prevent others . Also prohibited under the same statute are those determined , with clear and convincing evidence , to have avoided such conviction by death or flight . Notable burials ( edit ) Main article : List of people buried at Arlington National Cemetery The grave marker of former US President John F. Kennedy The first soldier to be buried in Arlington was Private William Henry Christman of Pennsylvania on May 13 , 1864 . There are 396 Medal of Honor recipients buried in Arlington National Cemetery , nine of whom are Canadian . Five state funerals have been held at Arlington : those of Presidents William Howard Taft and John F. Kennedy , his two brothers , Senator Robert F. Kennedy and Senator Edward `` Ted '' Kennedy , and General of the Armies John J. Pershing . Whether or not they were wartime service members , U.S. presidents are eligible to be buried at Arlington , since they oversaw the armed forces as commanders - in - chief . Among the most frequently visited sites in the cemetery is the grave of President John F. Kennedy , Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis who is buried nearby along with their son Patrick and their stillborn daughter Arabella . His remains were interred there on March 14 , 1967 , a reinterment from his original Arlington burial site , some 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) away , where he was buried in November 1963 . The grave is marked with an `` eternal flame '' . The remains of his brothers , Senator Robert F. Kennedy and Senator Edward M. `` Ted '' Kennedy , are buried nearby . The latter two graves are marked with simple crosses and footstones . On December 1 , 1971 , Robert Kennedy 's body was re-interred 100 feet ( 30 m ) from its original June 1968 burial site . Two of the astronauts who were killed in January 27 , 1967 flash fire inside the Apollo 1 Command Module , Gus Grissom and Roger Chaffee , are buried at the cemetery . John Glenn , the first American to orbit Earth and a longtime U.S. Senator from Ohio , was buried at the cemetery in April 2017 . British Diplomat and Field Marshal Sir John Dill was buried at the cemetery when he died in Washington D.C. during World War II . The equestrian statue on Dill 's grave is one of only two such statues at the cemetery ; the other is Major General Philip Kearny 's . Visitor requirements ( edit ) The cemetery has within recent years announced policies and procedures that limit visitor access to the cemetery 's grounds . The Cemetery 's executive director has stated that some of these may create delays for visitors . Some have become controversial . Bicycle use policy ( edit ) On August 6 , 2013 , Patrick Hallinan , Executive Director , Army National Military Cemeteries , issued an official memorandum that contained the cemetery 's then - current bicycle use policy . The memorandum permitted cyclists to travel in only one direction on only one route unless otherwise authorized by the executive director . This `` White Line '' route traveled from the Old Post Chapel gate at Joint Base Myer - Henderson Hall towards the main entrance of the cemetery at Memorial Avenue , using Meigs Drive , Sherman Drive and Schley Drive . The memorandum stated without explanation : '' Bicycle traffic will not be permitted to travel in the reverse direction , ... '' . Cyclists could only use this route between 8 : 00 a.m. and 6 : 45 p.m. from April 1 to September 30 and between 8 : 00 a.m. and 4 : 45 p.m. from October 1 to March 31 . Cyclists had to wear bicycle helmets that certain designated organizations had approved . Bicycles had to be equipped with headlights , tail lights or red reflectors in lieu of tail lights , regardless of the time of travel . On May 11 , 2016 , the Department of the Army published in the Federal Register a proposed rule that would , among other things , prohibit a visitor to an Army National Military Cemetery ( Arlington National Cemetery and the United States Soldiers ' and Airmen 's Home National Cemetery ) from riding a bicycle without first acquiring a pass to visit a relative 's gravesite or columbarium niche . After receiving 13 comments from 13 individuals concerning the use of bicycles in the cemetery ( including comments from representatives of the Arlington County Board and local bicycle advocacy groups that opposed the new restrictions ) , the Department of the Army published a final rule in the Federal Register on September 26 , 2016 , that implemented the proposed rule , effective October 26 , 2016 . In accordance with the final rule , the cemetery issued a new bicycle use policy , effective October 26 , 2016 . The policy stated that bicycling would no longer be allowed on Cemetery grounds without a family pass . The policy further stated that `` bicyclists traversing the cemetery grounds do impact funeral services and the experience that families expect and deserve as they visit their loved one 's grave ... As there are no bike paths on the cemetery grounds , mixing cyclists with pedestrians and vehicles creates a safety hazard . '' Security procedures ( edit ) In September 2016 , Hallinan announced that the cemetery was increasing security measures for its visitors . In addition to random identification checks and other security measures already in place , the cemetery will require pedestrians to enter at set access points : the main entrance on Memorial Avenue , the Ord and Weitzel gate , and the Old Post Chapel gate at Joint Base Myer - Henderson Hall . Before entering the cemetery through its main entrance , all pedestrians will be screened through the cemetery 's Welcome Center . All vehicle access will require presenting valid , government - issued photo identification , such as a driver 's license or passport , when entering the cemetery . Vehicles will also be subject to random inspections . Hallinan stated that these processes may result in delays when entering the cemetery . In popular culture ( edit ) In Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the cemetery appeared as the backdrop for a state funeral held for Superman by the United States Army . However , the physical filming took place in Michigan , using green screen . See also ( edit ) Terrorism portal United States Army portal List of national cemeteries McKee Grave Theodore Wint Grave United States Department of Veterans Affairs emblems for headstones and markers Further reading ( edit ) The Politics of Mourning : Death and Honor at Arlington National Cemetery by Micki McElya , 2016 , Harvard University Press Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Davenport , Christian . `` Arlington Cemetery Trying to Account for Missing $12 Million . '' Washington Post . January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly list of actions take : 04 / / 07 / 14 to 04 / 11 / 14 '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Adam ; Tooker , Megan ; Enscore , Susan , US Army Corps of Engineers , ERDC - CERL , Champaign , Illinois ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form : Arlington National Cemetery Historic District '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hanna , Jennifer ( 2001 ) . Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial ( PDF ) . Washington DC : U.S. Department of the Interior . p. 62 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ezra J. Warner ( 1959 ) . Generals in Gray . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 0823 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hansen , 2001 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Chase , 1930 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ McCaslin , 2004 , p. 79 - 80 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , 2007 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Chase , 1930 , p. 175 - 176 . Jump up ^ Chase , 1930 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Hanna , Jennifer ( 2001 ) . Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial ( PDF ) . Washington DC : U.S. Department of the Interior . p. 84 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Jennifer ( 2001 ) . Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial ( PDF ) . Washington DC : U.S. Department of the Interior . p. 88 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Jennifer ( 2001 ) . Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial ( PDF ) . Washington DC : U.S. Department of the Interior . p. 86 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dennee , p. 4 . Archived September 28 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Accessed July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Jennifer ( 2001 ) . Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial ( PDF ) . Washington DC : U.S. Department of the Interior . p. 85 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Poole , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Mark ( 1995 ) . Bivouac of the Dead . Heritage Books . p. 265 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7884 - 0260 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Information '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States v. Lee Kaufman . Wikisource . ^ Jump up to : `` Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Arlington , Virginia : United States Army . October 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schildt , Roberta ( 1984 ) . `` Freedmen 's Village : Arlington , Virginia , 1863 -- 1900 '' ( PDF ) . Arlington Historical Magazine . Arlington County , Virginia : Arlington Historical Society , Inc. 7 ( 4 ) : 18 -- 19 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 15 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . At arlcivilwar.net : Arlington 's Civil War Memorial Website . Jump up ^ John T. Wolley and Gerhard Peters . `` Herbert Hoover : Memorial Day Address at Arlington National Cemetery '' . The American Presidency Project ( online ) . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2008 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Schildt , Roberta ( 1984 ) . `` Freedmen 's Village : Arlington , Virginia , 1863 -- 1900 '' ( PDF ) . Arlington Historical Magazine . Arlington County , Virginia : Arlington Historical Society , Inc. 7 ( 4 ) : 11 -- 21 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 15 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . At arlcivilwar.net : Arlington 's Civil War Memorial Website Archived May 20 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( 2 ) `` Freedman 's Village '' . Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial . National Park Service : United States Department of the Interior . 2016 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . ( 3 ) `` Black History at Arlington National Cemetery '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Arlington , Virginia : United States Army . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Letter from J.A. Commerford to G.B. Dandy , November 12 , 1887 , Consolidated Quartermaster General File . R.G. 105 , cited as Footnote 66 in Schildt , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Kaplow , Bobby ( October 24 , 1991 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery Being Expanded '' . The Washington Post . p . VA2C . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Arlington National Cemetery is undergoing its first expansion since 1976 , as work began in mid-August to clear a 13 - acre tract to make space for about 9,000 new grave sites . ^ Jump up to : `` Division B : Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 : Title XXVIII -- General Provisions : Subtitle C -- Land Conveyances : Section 2821 ( a ) . Transfer of lands , Arlington National Cemetery , Arlington , Virginia ( 110 Stat. 2791 -- 2792 ) '' ( pdf ) . Public Law 104 - 201 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 . United States Government Printing Office . September 23 , 1996 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . ( a ) REQUIREMENT FOR SECRETARY OF INTERIOR TO TRANSFER CERTAIN SECTION 29 LANDS. -- ( 1 ) Subject to paragraph ( 2 ) , the Secretary of the Interior shall transfer to the Secretary of the Army administrative jurisdiction over the following lands located in section 29 of the National Park System at Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia : ( A ) The lands known as the Arlington National Cemetery Interment Zone . ( B ) All lands in the Robert E. Lee Memorial Preservation Zone , other than those lands in the Preservation Zone that the Secretary of the Interior determines must be retained because of the historical significance of such lands or for the maintenance of nearby lands or facilities . ^ Jump up to : Wee , Eric L. ( March 6 , 1998 ) . `` Good News for Tree Lovers , Not for Arlington Cemetery ; Park Service Wants to Give 4 Acres , Not 12 '' . Metro Section . The Washington Post . p . B7 . arlingtoncemetery.net . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2005 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . In 1995 , the Park Service agreed to move forward with plans to give the cemetery the 12 acres of woodlands near the Arlington House mansion , where Robert E. Lee lived before the Civil War . Congress approved the transfer on the condition that an archaeological and cultural study be done on the land . Another 12 - acre parcel near the house already had been largely ruled out for graves because of its historic value . Article preview in website of The Washington Post Archived September 17 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Rudi , American Forces Press Service ( May 27 , 2005 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery Gains 70 Acres of Land '' . United States Department of Defense . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Division B : Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002 : Title XXVIII -- General Provisions : Subtitle E -- Other Matters : Section 2863 ( h ) : Alternate Site for United States Air Force Memorial , Preservation of Open Space on Arlington Ridge Tract , and Related Land Transfer At Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia : Land Transfer , Section 29 ( 115 Stat. 1332 -- 1333 ) '' ( pdf ) . Public Law 107 - 107 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002 . United States Government Printing Office . December 28 , 2001 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . SEC . 2863 . ALTERNATE SITE FOR UNITED STATES AIR FORCE MEMORIAL , PRESERVATION OF OPEN SPACE ON ARLINGTON RIDGE TRACT , AND RELATED LAND TRANSFER AT ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY , VIRGINIA ... ( h ) Land Transfer , Section 29. -- ( 1 ) Transfer required. -- Not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act , the Secretary of the Interior shall transfer , without reimbursement , to the Secretary of the Army administrative jurisdiction over that portion of Section 29 designated as the interment zone and consisting of approximately 12 acres . The Secretary of the Interior shall modify the boundaries of the George Washington Memorial Parkway as may be necessary to reflect the land transfer required by this subsection. ( 2 ) Use of transferred land. -- The Secretary of the Army shall use the transferred property for the development of in - ground burial sites and columbarium that are designed to meet the contours of Section 29 . ( 3 ) Management of remainder. -- The Secretary of the Interior shall manage that portion of Section 29 not transferred under this subsection in perpetuity to provide a natural setting and visual buffer for Arlington House , the Robert E. Lee Memorial . ( 4 ) Repeal of obsolete law. -- Section 2821 ( a ) of the Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 ( division B of Public Law 104 - 201 ; 110 Stat. 2791 ) is repealed . ^ Jump up to : Vogel , Steve ( October 8 , 1999 ) . `` Arlington Cemetery Gains Land to Expand '' . Metro . The Washington Post . p . B1 . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Division B : Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 : Title XXVIII -- General Provisions : Subtitle F -- Expansion of Arlington National Cemetery : Sec. 2881 . Transfer from Navy Annex , Arlington , Virginia '' ( PDF ) . Public Law 106 - 65 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . pp. 113 STAT. 879 -- 113 STAT. 880 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . SEC . 2881 . TRANSFER FROM NAVY ANNEX , ARLINGTON , VIRGINIA ( a ) Land Transfer Required. -- The Secretary of Defense shall provide for the transfer to the Secretary of the Army of administrative jurisdiction over three parcels of real property consisting of approximately 36 acres and known as the Navy Annex ( in this section referred to as the `` Navy Annex property '' ) . ( b ) Use of Land. -- Subject to paragraph ( 2 ) , the Secretary of the Army shall incorporate the Navy Annex property transferred under subsection ( a ) into Arlington National Cemetery . ( 2 ) ... ( c ) Remediation of Land for Cemetery Use. -- Immediately after the transfer of administrative jurisdiction over the Navy Annex property , the Secretary of Defense shall provide for the removal of any improvements on that property and shall prepare the property for use as part of Arlington National Cemetery ... Jump up ^ `` Division B : Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 : Title XVIII -- General Provisions : Subtitle F -- Expansion of Arlington National Cemetery : Section 2882 . Transfer from Fort Myer , Arlington , Virginia ( 113 Stat. 880 ) '' ( pdf ) . Public Law 106 - 65 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 . United States Government Printing Office . October 5 , 1999 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . SEC . 2882 . TRANSFER FROM FORT MYER , ARLINGTON , VIRGINIA. ( a ) Land Transfer Required. -- The Secretary of the Army shall modify the boundaries of Arlington National Cemetery and of Fort Myer to include in Arlington National Cemetery the following parcels of real property situated in Fort Myer , Arlington , Virginia : ( 1 ) A parcel comprising approximately five acres bounded by the Fort Myer Post Traditional Chapel to the southwest , McNair Road to the northwest , the Vehicle Maintenance Complex to the northeast , and the masonry wall of Arlington National Cemetery to the southeast . ( 2 ) A parcel comprising approximately three acres bounded by the Vehicle Maintenance Complex to the southwest , Jackson Avenue to the northwest , the water pumping station to the northeast , and the masonry wall of Arlington National Cemetery to the southeast . Jump up ^ `` Division B : Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005 : Title XXVIII -- General Provisions : Subtitle D -- Land Conveyances : Part IV -- Other Conveyances : Section 2881 . Land Exchange , Arlington County , Virginia ( 118 Stat. 2153 -- 2154 ) '' ( pdf ) . Public Law 108 - 375 : Ronald W. Reagan National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005 . United States Government Printing Office . October 28 , 2004 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . SEC . 2881 . LAND EXCHANGE , ARLINGTON COUNTY , VIRGINIA . ( a ) Exchange Authorized. -- The Secretary of Defense may convey to Arlington County , Virginia ( in this section referred to as the `` County '' ) , all right , title , and interest of the United States in and to a parcel of real property , together with any improvements thereon , that consists of not more than 4.5 acres and is located north of Columbia Pike on the Navy Annex property in Arlington County , Virginia , for the purpose of the construction of a freedmen heritage museum and an Arlington history museum . ( b ) Consideration. -- As consideration for the conveyance of the real property under subsection ( a ) , the County shall convey to the United States all right , title , and interest of the County in and to a parcel of real property , together with any improvements thereon , that is of a size equivalent to the total acreage of the real property conveyed by the Secretary under subsection ( a ) and is located in the area known as the Southgate Road right - of - way between Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia , and the Navy Annex property ... ( g ) Inclusion of Southgate Road Right - of - Way Property in Transfer of Navy Annex Property for Arlington National Cemetery. -- Subsection ( a ) of section 2881 of the Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 ( division B of Public Law 106 - 65 ; 113 Stat. 879 ) is amended by striking `` three parcels of real property consisting of approximately 36 acres '' and inserting `` four parcels of real property consisting of approximately 40 acres '' . ^ Jump up to : Ruane , Michael E. ( October 7 , 2007 ) . `` For Warriors Past and Future '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . The Millennium expansion has involved , among other things , the sensitive transfer of 12 acres within the cemetery from the National Park Service 's historic Arlington House , the onetime home of Robert E. Lee . The Park Service has lamented the likely loss of woodland and the cemetery 's encroachment on the majestic hilltop home , which dates to 1802 . The project , which focuses on the northwest edge of the cemetery , includes expansion into about 10 acres taken from the Army 's adjacent Fort Myer and four acres of cemetery maintenance property inside the boundaries , officials said . The extra space would provide room for 14,000 ground burials and 22,000 inurnments in a large columbarium complex , officials said . The project comes on the heels of extensive work underway to utilize 40 acres of unused space in the cemetery , creating room for 26,000 more graves and 5,000 inurnments . And there are plans for further outside expansion in the years ahead . ^ Jump up to : Sherman , Jerome L. ( November 4 , 2007 ) . `` More space for fallen heroes at Arlington '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Gearan , Anne ( July 3 , 1995 ) . `` Admirers of Lee Upset by Cemetery Expansion Plan '' . News Archive . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . ( 2 ) Nakashima , Ellen ( July 6 , 1995 ) . `` Environmentalists Fear Effects of Expanded Arlington Cemetery '' . Metro . The Washington Post . p . B3 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Division E -- Military Construction and Veterans Affairs , and Related Agencies Appropriations Act , 2013 : Title III : Related Agencies : Department of Defense -- Civil : Cemeterial Expenses , Army : Construction '' ( PDF ) . Public Law 113 - 6 : Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act , 2013 ( 127 STAT. 198 ) . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . March 26 , 2013 . p. 127 STAT. 409 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . For necessary expenses for planning and design and construction at Arlington National Cemetery and Soldiers ' and Airmen 's Home National Cemetery , $103,000,000 , to remain available until September 30 , 2017 , of which , $84,000,000 shall be for planning and design and construction associated with the Millennium Project at Arlington National Cemetery ; and $19,000,000 shall be for study , planning , design , and architect and engineer services for future expansion of burial space at Arlington National Cemetery . Jump up ^ Vogel , Steve ( August 11 , 1998 ) . `` Arlington Cemetery Proposal Put on Hold ; Officials Say Plan to Transfer Land From Navy Annex , Fort Myer Needs Review '' . The Washington Post . p . B3 . Archived from the original on 30 July 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . A congressional proposal to expand Arlington National Cemetery onto land now occupied by the Navy Annex and Fort Myer has been at least temporarily put on hold , but officials predicted that in the long term , at least some of the property may be turned into grave sites . Members of a House - Senate conference committee said yesterday they have agreed to remove language from a Defense Department appropriations bill that would have transferred the land to the cemetery , which is approaching full capacity . ( Bob ) Stump 's proposal , attached to a bill that cleared the House earlier this summer , would have transferred 36.5 acres from the Navy Annex and eight acres from Fort Myer to Arlington Cemetery . The move would create sufficient burial sites to last until 2040 , officials said . The proposal has sparked anxiety in Arlington County , where community leaders complained that they had not been consulted about such a major decision . Jump up ^ `` Title 10 : Subtitle B : Part IV : Chapter 446 -- Army National Military Cemeteries '' ( PDF ) . United States Code ( 2012 ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Publishing Office : 2011 -- 2012 . January 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Donnellen , Barbara M. , County Manager , Arlington County , Virginia ; Condon , Kathryn A. , Executive Director , Army National Military Cemeteries ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Memorandum of Understanding Between Department of the Army and County Board of Arlington County , Virginia '' ( PDF ) . Arlington County government . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . ( 2 ) `` County Reaches Agreement With Army Over Arlington Nat'l Cemetery Expansion '' . ARLnow.com . January 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Division B : Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 : Title XXVIII -- Military Construction General Provisions : Subtitle C -- Land Conveyances : Sec . 2829A . Land Acquisitions , Arlington County , Virginia '' ( PDF ) . Public Law 114 - 328 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Publishing Office . pp. 130 STAT. 2728 -- 130 STAT. 2730 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . SEC . 2829A . LAND ACQUISITIONS , ARLINGTON COUNTY , VIRGINIA. ( a ) ACQUISITION AUTHORIZED. -- ( 1 ) IN GENERAL. -- The Secretary of the Army may acquire by purchase , exchange , donation , or by other means , including condemnation , which the Secretary determines is sufficient for the expansion of Arlington National Cemetery for purposes of ensuring maximization of interment sites and compatible use of adjacent properties , including any appropriate cemetery or memorial parking , all right , title , and interest in and to land -- ( A ) from Arlington County ( in this section referred to as the ' ' County ' ' ) , one or more parcels of real property in the area known as the Southgate Road right - of - way , Columbia Pike right - of - way , and South Joyce Street right - of - way located in Arlington County , Virginia ; and ( B ) from the Commonwealth of Virginia ( in this section referred to as the ' ' Commonwealth ' ' ) , one or more parcels of property in the area known as the Columbia Pike right - of - way , including the Washington Boulevard - Columbia Pike interchange , but excluding the Virginia Department of Transportation Maintenance and Operations Facility ... Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Army Opts Out of Land Exchange with Arlington County '' . News Release . Arlington County , Virginia , government . June 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ( 2 ) `` Arlington Cemetery Southern Expansion and Roadway Realignment Project '' . Projects & Planning . Arlington County government . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ( 3 ) Sullivan , Patricia ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Army , county break off land swap talks over Arlington Cemetery expansion '' . Virginia . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Interactive map of Arlington National Cemetery showing Section 29 and Future Expansion Site '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . ( 2 ) Coordinates of Section 29 : 38 ° 52 ′ 55 '' N 77 ° 04 ′ 37 '' W  /  38.8820646 ° N 77.0770195 ° W  / 38.8820646 ; - 77.0770195  ( Section 29 ) ^ Jump up to : Hanna , Jennifer ( October 2001 ) . `` Arlington House : The Robert E. Lee Memorial : Cultural Landscape Report : History '' ( PDF ) . Cultural History Program . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of the Interior : National Park Service : National Capital Region. 1 : 169 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on December 24 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nakashima , Ellen ( July 6 , 1995 ) . `` Environmentalists Fear Effects of Expanded Arlington Cemetery '' . The Washington Post . p . B3 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Arlington Woodlands : Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial '' marker `` . The Historical Marker Database . September 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Calhoun , Audrey F. , Superintendent , National Capital Region , National Park Service , United States Department of the Interior ( July 12 , 1999 ) . `` Notice : Environmental Assessment of Proposed Land Transfer , Arlington House -- The Robert E. Lee Memorial , George Washington Memorial Parkway to Department of the Army , Arlington National Cemetery '' ( pdf ) . Federal Register . United States Government Printing Office . 64 ( 132 ) : 37564 -- 37565 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 24 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Public Notice : NAO - 121207 - Millennium : Environmental assessment for expansion of Arlington National Cemetery , known as the Millennium Project ) '' . Norfolk District Media & Public Affairs . United States Army Corps of Engineers . December 7 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Standifer , Cid ( December 20 , 2012 ) . `` Cemetery Plan Would Remove Old Growth Trees '' . Arlington Mercury . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holland , Taylor ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Arlington cemetery expansion threatens 890 trees '' . The Washington Examiner . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : United States Army Corps of Engineers ( December 2012 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Environmental Assessment '' ( pdf ) . United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District : 12 , 35 , 40 , 53 -- 59 , 78 , 97 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 25 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Millennium Project Revised Environmental Assessment '' . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . March 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Holland , Taylor ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Arlington Cemetery would spare just 8 of nearly 900 trees in expansion '' . Washington , D.C. : The Washington Examiner . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ( 2 ) Svrluga , Susan ( May 4 , 2013 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery plans expansion to take it into 2050s '' . Post Local . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix F : Comments to Draft Millennium EA : Public Comment Period : 6 December 2012 to 21 January 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . in Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Environmental Assessment , March 2013 , pp. 222 -- 328 . Jump up ^ Irons , Elie L. , Program Manager , Environmental Impact Review ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Forest Resources '' ( PDF ) . Letter to Ms. Susan L. Conner , U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , Norfolk District re . Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project : Federal Consistency Determination ( DEQ - 12 - 203F ) and Environmental Assessment ( DEQ - 12 - 225F ) . Richmond , Virginia : Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Environmental Quality . p. 15 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . in Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Environmental Assessment , March 2013 , ( Appendix F : Comments to Draft Millennium EA : Public Comment Period : December 6 , 2012 to January 21 , 2013 ) , p. 259 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Impacts to Trees '' . Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Environmental Assessment ( PDF ) . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . March 2013 . pp. 43 -- 45 , 147 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . ( 2 ) `` Draft Finding of No Significant Impact Millennium Project , Arlington National Cemetery , Arlington , Virginia '' ( PDF ) . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . March 8 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 10 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Final Environmental Assessment ( PDF ) . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . June 2013 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ( 2 ) Federoff , David ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Finding of No Significant Impact Millennium Project , Arlington National Cemetery , Arlington , Virginia '' ( pdf ) . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Appendix J : Comments on Revised Millennium EA : Public Comment Period 12 March 2013 to 12 April 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Final Environmental Assessment , June 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ( 2 ) Sullivan , Patricia ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` Army Corps says go ahead with Arlington cemetery expansion '' . Post Local . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Impacts to Trees '' . Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Final Environmental Assessment ( PDF ) . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . June 2013 . pp. 114 -- 115 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tree Tag # 1026 ( Black Cherry , Prunus serotina ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 17 , 2013 . in Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Final Environmental Assessment , June 2013 , Appendix I ( Tree Inventory and Analysis ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Figure A : Millennium Project with Tree Ages and NPS Property ( PDF ) . Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Final Environmental Assessment . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . June 2013 . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ( 2 ) Figure 38 : Existing conditions , impacts , and contributing areas of Arlington House : Historic Landscape Effects : ANC Boundary Wall and Arlington House Forest ( PDF ) . Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Final Environmental Assessment . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . June 2013 . p. 133 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ( 3 ) Seagraves , Anna ; Fuqua , Ann ; Veloz , Nicholas , George Washington Memorial Parkway , National Capital Region , National Park Service ( January 15 , 1980 ) . `` Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of the Interior : National Park Service : National Register of Historic Places -- Nomination Form for Federal Properties . Richmond , Virginia : Virginia Department of Historic Resources . p. 8 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Young , Deborah B. ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Commission Action : Millennium Project , Arlington National Cemetery , Arlington , VA ( NCPC File Number 7457 ) '' ( pdf ) . Washington , D.C. : National Capital Planning Commission . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . ( 2 ) `` Executive Director 's Recommendation : Commission Meeting : July 11 , 2013 : Millennium Project , Arlington National Cemetery , Arlington , VA ( NCPC File Number 7457 ) '' ( pdf ) . Washington , D.C. : National Capital Planning Commission . July 11 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Julian E. Barnes ( June 11 , 2010 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery 's top supervisors ousted in mismanagement case '' . Los Angeles Times . LATimes.com . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ William H. McMichael ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` Errors at Arlington affected 211 graves '' . Military Times . armytimes.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Arlington Cemetery superintendent retiring '' . Army Times . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Aaron C. Davis ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Arlington Cemetery 's Deputy Chief Retires Amid Investigation '' . Washington Post . WashingtonPost.com . p . B1 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christian Davenport ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` For first time in decades , Arlington National Cemetery must bury multiple ' unknowns ' '' . Washington Post . Washingtonpost.com . p. 1 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dana Milbank ( July 10 , 2008 ) . `` Putting Her Foot Down And Getting The Boot '' . Washington Post . WashingtonPost.com . p. 3 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Army names new superintendent for Arlington National Cemetery '' . Army News Service . October 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lechner Named Superintendent of Arlington National Cemetery '' . Memorial Business Journal . May 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davenport , Christian ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery superintendent removed '' . Local . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Our Story '' . Columbia Falls , Maine : Wreaths Across America . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leipold , J.D. ( December 15 , 2006 ) . `` Veterans ' Cemeteries Across America Receive Wreaths '' . United States Army . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 110th Congress , 2nd Session : S. Res. 726 : Designating December 13 , 2008 , as '' Wreaths Across America Day '' '' ( PDF ) . United States Government Printing Office . December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ writer , LINDA CARMICHAEL Contributing . `` Wreaths Across America in planning stages '' . Tehachapi News . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wreaths Across America Has Family - Ties To Its Supplier '' . Wall Street Journal . December 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arlington National Cemetery 150th Anniversary Commemoration , May 13 , 2014 to June 16 , 2014 '' . Arlington , Virginia : Arlington National Cemetery : United States Army . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruane , Michael E. ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Arlington Cemetery to Rename Old Ampitheater for Civil War Double Amputee James Tanner '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive map of Arlington National Cemetery '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mementos adorn ' saddest acre ' '' . CNN . May 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2009 . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nurses Memorial '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Confederate Memorial '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2009 . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of Government Furnished Headstones and Markers '' . Department of Veterans Affairs . February 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arlington National Cemetery Facts '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ordering a Headstone or Marker '' . Department of Veterans Affairs . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Application for Standard Government Headstone or Marker for Installation Cemetery or State Veterans ' Cemetery '' ( PDF ) . Department of Veterans Affairs . August 2009 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Available Emblems of Belief for Placement on Government Headstones and Markers '' . Department of Veterans Affairs . May 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Veterans Denied Right to Post Religious Symbol on Headstones , ACLU Charges '' ( Press release ) . American Civil Liberties Union . September 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( April 23 , 2007 ) . `` Wiccans symbols allowed on grave markers in government cemeteries '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Veterans Affairs Department Must Accommodate Wiccan Symbol On Memorial Markers At Government Cemeteries , Says Americans United '' ( Press release ) . Americans United ( AU.org ) . June 8 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Available Emblems of Belief for Placement on Government Headstones and Markers '' . VA.gov . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Private Headstone Markers '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poole , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ `` The Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery '' . Arlingtoncemetery.org . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Poole , Robert M. ( 2010 ) . On hallowed ground : the story of Arlington National Cemetery . New York : Bloomsbury Publishing USA . ISBN 9780802715494 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Old Amphitheatre '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Changing of the Guard '' . Arlington , Virginia : Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Juell , Rod . `` 50 - cent Arlington Amphitheater '' , Arago : people , postage & the post , National Postal Museum online , viewed March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Memorial Dedicated at Arlington '' . NASA . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jim Garamone ( September 12 , 2002 ) . `` Remains of Pentagon Attack Victims Buried at Arlington '' . American Forces Press Service . Department of Defense . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Philip , Lao Veterans of America , Inc . Washington , D.C. ( May 15 , 1997 ) , http://www.laoveteransofamerica.org Archived December 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Fast Track : ' Place of Remembrance ' Planned for Arlington . '' Navy Times . June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Location of Arlington House flagpole : 38 ° 52 ′ 52 '' N 77 ° 04 ′ 20 '' W  /  38.881187 ° N 77.072128 ° W  / 38.881187 ; - 77.072128  ( Arlington House flagpole ) Jump up ^ `` Wikimapia - Let 's describe the whole world ! '' . wikimapia.org . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 32 CFR 553.15 a -- Persons eligible for inurnment of cremated remains in Columbarium in Arlington National Cemetery '' . National Archives and Records Administration . July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 -- National Defense ) : Subtitle A -- Department of Defense : Chapter V -- Department of the Army : Subchapter D: Military Reservations and National Cemeteries : Part 553 -- Army National Military Cemeteries '' . United States Government Publishing Office . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Archived June 13 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Establishing Eligibility -- Eligibility for Interment ( Ground Burial ) '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( August 10 , 2005 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery Burial Law Eyed '' . Fox News . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arlington National Cemetery Section 27 facts '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor Walking Tour '' ( PDF ) . arlingtoncemetery.mil . U.S. Army . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruane , Michael E. ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Astronaut , senator , Marine : John Glenn is buried in Arlington Cemetery '' . Local . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CWGC : John Dill '' . Jump up ^ McLeroy , Carrie ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` There 's a lot you do n't know about Arlington National Cemetery '' . United States Army . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . There are only two equestrian monuments at Arlington National Cemetery . The first is for Maj. Gen. Philip Kearney , located in Section 2 . The second is Field Marshall Sir John Dill in Section 32 . Jump up ^ `` Bicycle Use Policy '' . Arlington , Virginia : Arlington National Cemetery , United States Army . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hallinan , Patrick , Executive Director , Army National Military Cemeteries ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Memorandum For All Visitors to Arlington National Cemetery : Subject : Bicycle Use on Arlington National Cemetery '' ( PDF ) . Arlington , Virginia : Arlington National Cemetery : Army National Military Cemeteries : Department of the Army . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Department of Defense ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` 81 FR 29230 : Proposed rule : Amendments to 32 CFR 553.33 ( Visitors rules for Army National Military Cemeteries ) '' . Federal Register . 81 : 29230 -- 29243 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . ( c ) ... Specifically , no person shall : ... ( 8 ) Ride a bicycle or similar conveyance in an Army National Military Cemetery , except with a proper pass issued by the Executive Director to visit a gravesite or niche . An individual visiting a relative 's gravesite or niche may be issued a temporary pass by the Executive Director to proceed directly to and from the gravesite or niche on a bicycle or similar vehicle or conveyance . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Department of the Army , Department of Defense ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` 81 FR 65875 : Final rule : Amendments to 32 CFR 553.33 ( Visitors rules for Army National Military Cemeteries ) '' . Federal Register . 81 : 65875 -- 65888 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . ( c ) ... Specifically , no person shall : ... ( 8 ) Ride a bicycle or similar conveyance in an Army National Military Cemetery , except with a proper pass issued by the Executive Director to visit a gravesite or niche . An individual visiting a relative 's gravesite or niche may be issued a temporary pass by the Executive Director to proceed directly to and from the gravesite or niche on a bicycle or similar vehicle or conveyance . ( 2 ) Wentling , Nikki ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery to impose bicycle ban '' . Stars and Stripes . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Bicyclists will no longer be allowed to ride through the grounds of Arlington National Cemetery under a new policy that 's set to start next week despite protest from local officials and bicycle groups . Bicyclists disrupt funeral services , affect other visitors ' experiences and pose safety concerns , the Army said in an announcement of the new rule , which goes into effect Oct. 26 . But the Arlington County Board and bicycle advocacy organizations in Arlington and nearby Fairfax County argued cyclists using the cemetery do so respectfully . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Bicycle Use Policy '' . Arlington , Virginia : Arlington National Cemetery , United States Army . October 26 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . ( 2 ) Kelleher , Colleen ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Bikes , pets banned from Arlington National Cemetery '' . Arlington , VA News . WTOP . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Arlington National Cemetery Announces Enhanced Visitor Security Measures '' . United States Department of Defense . September 12 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ( 2 ) St. Martin , Victoria ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery increases security measures '' . Metro . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kendrick , Ben . `` Batman V Superman Ending Explained '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent . `` BATMAN V SUPERMAN -- DAWN OF JUSTICE : BRYAN HIROTA -- VFX SUPERVISOR -- SCANLINE VFX '' . Art of VFX . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . References ( edit ) Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Environmental Assessment ( PDF ) . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . March 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Atkinson , Rick . Where Valor Rests : Arlington National Cemetery . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society , 2007 . ISBN 1426200897 Chase , Enoch Aquila . `` The Arlington Case : George Washington Custis Lee against the United States of America . '' Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 31 / 32 : 1930 . Hanna , Jennifer ( 2001 ) . Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial ( PDF ) . Washington DC : National Capital Region , National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . p. 62 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Dennee , Tim . `` African - American Civilians Interred in Section 27 of Arlington National Cemetery , 1864 -- 1867 . '' Friends of Freedmen 's Cemetery . FreedmensCemetery.org. 2012 . Accessed 2012 - 07 - 09 . Hansen , Harry . The Civil War : A History . New York : Signet , 2001 . McCaslin , Richard B. Lee in the Shadow of Washington . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0807126969 Poole , Robert M. On Hallowed Ground : The Story of Arlington National Cemetery . New York , N.Y. : Bloomsbury Publishing USA , 2010 . ISBN 9780802715494 Webcast Author Interview at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on May 27 , 2010 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arlington National Cemetery . ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF `` Arlington National Cemetery home page '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Arlington National Cemetery at Find a Grave `` National Park Service site '' . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . `` Arlington Cemetery : Hallowed Ground '' . Life magazine . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Old Potting House , Arlington National Cemetery , Arlington , Arlington County , VA at the Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) Arlington National Cemetery , Old Amphitheater , Arlington , Arlington County , VA at HABS Arlington National Cemetery , Sheridan Gate ( Center Gateway ) ( HABS ) at arlingtoncemetery.net Arlington National Cemetery , Ord - Weitzel Gate , Arlington , Arlington County , VA at HABS Arlington National Cemetery at OoO Arlington National Cemetery , USS Maine Memorial , Arlington , Arlington County , VA at HABS Arlington National Cemetery , Columns & Gates , Arlington , Arlington County , VA at HABS Arlington National Cemetery Documentary produced by WETA - TV CWGC : Arlington National Cemetery Protected areas of Virginia Federal National Parks Shenandoah National Historical Parks , Historic Sites & Monuments Appomattox Court House NHP Arlington House Booker T. 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Walker NHS National Military Parks , Battlefields & Battlefield Parks Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania NMP Manassas NBP Petersburg NB Richmond NBP National Cemeteries Alexandria Arlington Balls Bluff City Point Cold Harbor Culpeper Danville Fort Harrison Fredericksburg Glendale Hampton Hampton VA Poplar Grove Quantico Richmond Seven Pines Staunton Winchester Yorktown National Parkways Blue Ridge Parkway George Washington Memorial Parkway National Trails Appalachian Trail Captain John Smith Chesapeake NHT Overmountain Victory NHT Potomac Heritage Trail Star - Spangled Banner NHT National Wildlife Refuges Back Bay Chincoteague Eastern Shore of Virginia Mason Neck Featherstone Fisherman Island Glenn Martin Great Dismal Swamp James River Nansemond Occoquan Bay Plum Tree Island Presquile Rappahannock River Valley Wallops Island National Forests George Washington and Jefferson USFS National Recreation Areas Mount Rogers National Recreation Area Other NPS Areas Assateague Island National Seashore Chesapeake Bay Gateways Network Prince William Forest Park Wolf Trap NP for the Performing Arts Wilderness Areas Barbours Creek James River Face Mountain Lake Priest Ramsey 's Draft Rich Hole Rough Mountain Saint Mary 's Three Ridges National Estuarine Research Reserves Chesapeake Bay State State parks Bear Creek Lake Belle Isle Biscuit Run Breaks Interstate Caledon Chippokes Plantation Claytor Lake Douthat Fairy Stone False Cape First Landing Grayson Highlands High Bridge Trail Holliday Lake Hungry Mother James River Kiptopeke Lake Anna Leesylvania Mason Neck Natural Bridge Natural Tunnel New River Trail Occoneechee Pocahontas Powhatan Sailor 's Creek Battlefield Shot Tower Shenandoah River Sky Meadows Smith Mountain Lake Southwest Virginia Museum Staunton River Staunton River Battlefield Tabb Monument Twin Lakes Westmoreland Wilderness Road York River State forests Appomattox - Buckingham Big Woods Bourassa Browne Channels Chilton Woods Conway - Robinson Crawfords Cumberland Devil 's Backbone Dragon Run Hawks Lesesne Matthews Moore 's Creek Niday Place Paul Prince Edward - Gallion Sandy Point Whitney Zoar Natural Area Preserves Antioch Pines Bethel Beach Big Spring Bog Blackwater Buffalo Mountain Bull Run Mountains Bush Mill Stream Camp Branch Wetlands Cape Charles Coastal Habitat The Cedars The Channels Cherry Orchard Bog Chestnut Creek Wetlands Chestnut Ridge Chotank Creek Chub Sandhill Cleveland Barrens Clover Hollow Cowbane Prairie Crow 's Nest Cumberland Marsh Dameron Marsh Deep Run Ponds Dendron Swamp Difficult Creek Elklick Woodlands False Cape Folly Mills Creek Fen Goshen Pass Grafton Ponds Grassy Hill Grayson Glades Hickory Hollow Hughlett Point Johnsons Creek Magothy Bay Mark 's and Jack 's Island Mount Joy Pond Mutton Hunk Fen Naked Mountain New Point Comfort North Landing River Northwest River Ogdens Cave Parkers Marsh Parramore Island Pedlar Hills Glades Pinnacle Poor Mountain Redrock Mountain Savage Neck Dunes Unthanks Cave William B. Trower Bayshore Wreck Island Wildlife Management Areas Amelia Big Survey Big Woods Briery Creek Chester F. Phelps Cavalier Chickahominy Clinch Mountain Crooked Creek Dick Cross Fairystone Farms Featherfin G. Richard Thompson Game Farm Marsh Goshen and Little North Mountain Hardware River Havens Hidden Valley Highland Hog Island Horsepen Lake James River Land 's End Mattaponi Mockhorn Island Pettigrew Powhatan Princess Anne Ragged Island Rapidan Saxis Short Hills Smith Mountain Cooperative Stewarts Creek T.M. Gathright Turkeycock Weston White Oak Mountain Other Registered Historic Places in Virginia Virginia Landmarks Register National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia Bridges National Historic Landmarks Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation Virginia Department of Forestry Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries Virginia Department of Historic Resources Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arlington_National_Cemetery&oldid=799475748 '' Categories : Protected areas of Arlington County , Virginia Arlington National Cemetery National cemeteries United States national cemeteries Tourist attractions in Arlington County , Virginia Monuments and memorials in Virginia 1864 establishments in Virginia Historic American Buildings Survey in Virginia National Register of Historic Places in Arlington County , Virginia Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia Robert E. Lee Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Use mdy dates from May 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 23 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who was the first person buried in arlington cemetery
[ "At the outbreak of the Civil War, most military personnel who died in battle near Washington, D.C., were buried at the United States Soldiers' Cemetery in Washington, D.C., or Alexandria Cemetery in Alexandria, Virginia, but by late 1863 both were nearly full.[12] On July 16, 1862, Congress passed legislation authorizing the U.S. federal government to purchase land for national cemeteries for military dead, and put the U.S. Army Quartermaster General in charge of this program.[12] In May 1864, Union forces suffered large numbers of dead in the Battle of the Wilderness. Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs ordered that an examination of eligible sites be made for the establishment for a large new national military cemetery. Within weeks, his staff reported that Arlington Estate was the most suitable property in the area.[12] The property was high and free from floods (which might unearth graves), it had a view of the District of Columbia, and it was aesthetically pleasing. It was also the home of the leader of the armed forces of the Confederate States of America, and denying Robert E. Lee use of his home after the war was a valuable political consideration.[13] The first military burial at Arlington, for William Henry Christman, was made on May 13, 1864,[14] close to what is now the northeast gate in Section 27.[15] However, Meigs did not formally authorize establishment of burials until June 15, 1864.[16] Arlington did not desegregate its burial practices until President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981 on July 26, 1948.[17]" ]
[ "William Henry Christman" ]
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Henry Cavill
Henry Cavill - wikipedia Henry Cavill Jump to : navigation , search Henry Cavill Cavill at the 2015 San Diego Comic Con International promoting Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Henry William Dalgliesh Cavill ( 1983 - 05 - 05 ) 5 May 1983 ( age 34 ) St. Helier , Jersey , Channel Islands Residence Kensington , London , England Nationality British Education St Michael 's Preparatory School Stowe School Occupation Actor Years active 2001 -- present Height 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) Henry William Dalgliesh Cavill ( / ˈkævɪl / ; born 5 May 1983 ) is a British actor . Cavill began his career starring in the film adaptations of The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) and I Capture the Castle ( 2003 ) . He later appeared in minor and supporting roles in television shows such as BBC 's The Inspector Lynley Mysteries , ITV 's Midsomer Murders and Showtime 's The Tudors , then crossed to mainstream Hollywood films such as Tristan & Isolde ( 2006 ) , Stardust ( 2007 ) , Blood Creek ( 2009 ) and Immortals ( 2011 ) . Cavill starred as Charles Brandon , 1st Duke of Suffolk in the Showtime television series The Tudors ; and in 2008 became the official spokesman for the Dunhill fragrance collection for men . Cavill gained further prominence and international fame playing the titular superhero Superman in the DC Extended Universe starting with the 2013 reboot film Man of Steel , originally the highest - grossing Superman film of all time until it was surpassed by 2016 's Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , where he reprised his role as Superman ; making it his highest - grossing film to date . In 2015 , he co-starred with Armie Hammer in the spy film The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 In the media 4 Charity work 5 Personal life 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Cavill was born the fourth of five boys on Jersey in the Channel Islands , a self - governing possession of the Crown ( Crown dependency ) . His mother , Marianne ( Dalgliesh ) , was a secretary in a bank , and his father , Colin Cavill , was a stockbroker . He was educated at St Michael 's Preparatory School in Saint Saviour , Jersey , before attending Stowe School in Stowe , Buckinghamshire , England . Career ( edit ) Cavill at the Whatever Works premiere in 2009 Cavill began his film career with a role in Laguna ( 2001 ) and the following year in Kevin Reynolds ' 2002 adaptation of The Count of Monte Cristo . He continued with appearances in BBC 's The Inspector Lynley Mysteries ( 2002 ) , the television film Goodbye , Mr. Chips ( 2002 ) , and the television series Midsomer Murders ( 2003 ) . In 2003 , he had a supporting role in I Capture the Castle , followed by Hellraiser : Hellworld ( 2005 ) , Red Riding Hood ( 2006 ) and Tristan & Isolde ( 2006 ) . He had a minor role in Matthew Vaughn 's adaptation of Stardust ( 2007 ) . From 2007 to 2010 , Cavill had a leading role in Showtime 's television series , The Tudors , as Charles Brandon , 1st Duke of Suffolk . The series was well - received : it was nominated for a Golden Globe in 2007 and won an Emmy in 2008 . Cavill gave the show credit for bolstering his career : `` It 's done the most for me to date . ( ... ) Now that there 's an audience somewhere in America that 's aware of who I am , I have more sell - ability , because of The Tudors . '' Entertainment Weekly named him the `` Most Dashing Duke '' and praised his work on The Tudors for displaying `` charm , depth and a killer bod '' . Cavill had been set to play Superman in McG 's 2004 film , Superman : Flyby . However , McG pulled out of the project and direction was taken over by director Bryan Singer , who recast Brandon Routh as the lead in Superman Returns . Cavill was also the cause of a write - in effort from fans to see him cast as Cedric Diggory in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) . The role eventually went to Robert Pattinson . Stephenie Meyer , the author of the Twilight series , was outspokenly in favour of Cavill playing the character of Edward Cullen in the Twilight film , calling him her `` perfect Edward '' . However , by the time production of the film began , Cavill was too old to play the character , and again the role went to Pattinson . Cavill in 2011 In 2005 , Cavill was a final choice for the role of James Bond in Casino Royale . The producers and director Martin Campbell were torn between him and Daniel Craig ; reportedly Campbell supported Cavill but the producers preferred an older Bond . Craig ultimately landed the role . Despite reports that he was a contender for Batman in Batman Begins , Cavill confirmed that he never auditioned for , nor was offered , the role . He starred in director Joel Schumacher 's horror film , Blood Creek ( 2008 ) , and in 2009 , he had a supporting role in Woody Allen 's comedy film , Whatever Works . Cavill played the lead role of Theseus in Tarsem Singh 's mythological film , Immortals , released 11 November 2011 . In 2012 , Cavill starred , alongside Bruce Willis , in The Cold Light of Day . Cavill at the 2013 San Diego Comic Con , promoting Man of Steel On 30 January 2011 , it was announced that Cavill had been cast in the role of Clark Kent / Superman in director Zack Snyder 's Man of Steel . Snyder called Cavill `` the perfect choice to don the cape and S shield . '' Entertainment media applauded Henry Cavill on his road to success . On being chosen for the role , Cavill commented , `` In the pantheon of superheroes , Superman is the most recognized and revered character of all time , and I am honoured to be a part of his return to the big screen . '' Cavill reprised the role of Superman in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , a 2016 sequel which featured a crossover with Batman and Wonder Woman . Cavill will reprise the role of Superman for the upcoming Justice League film . According to his new manager Dany Garcia , Cavill is working on a new standalone Superman movie . Cavill is signed onto a psychological thriller Nomis alongside Alexandra Daddario and Sir Ben Kingsley , which began filming on February 25th 2017 in Winnipeg , Canada . Cavill has also signed onto Mission : Impossible 6 . Cavill has expressed interest in taking over the role of James Bond when Daniel Craig gives it up . He co-starred with Armie Hammer in the film version of spy series The Man from U.N.C.L.E. , after Tom Cruise had to drop out to work on Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation . He appeared at the San Diego Comic - Con in disguise to surprise the cast of Suicide Squad . In the media ( edit ) Cavill was named one of GQ 's 50 best dressed British men in 2012 . In December 2013 , Cavill was named `` World 's Sexiest Man '' by British Glamour magazine . The same year , Empire magazine placed him third on their list of `` The 100 Sexiest Movie Stars 2013 '' . In early 2008 , Cavill became the face of the British fragrance Dunhill . A television commercial for the brand featured a suited - up Cavill walking through the Union Jack , before mounting a helicopter . A second television commercial featured Cavill driving a car through a deserted London at night , and meeting with a young woman . In August 2014 , Cavill took part in an Ice Bucket Challenge in support of the ALS Association , where he was soaked with six large buckets of water ( doing the challenge in his full Superman costume ) . Charity work ( edit ) Cavill is a spokesman for the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust , and an ambassador for The Royal Marines Charity . He launched the running phase of the Royal Marines 1664 Challenge and took part in The Gibraltar Rock Run 2014 . Personal life ( edit ) Cavill was engaged to English showjumper Ellen Whitaker , however they split in 2012 . Cavill lives in South Kensington , London . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Laguna Thomas Aprea 2002 The Count of Monte Cristo Albert Mondego 2003 I Capture the Castle Stephen Colley 2005 Hellraiser : Hellworld Mike 2006 Tristan & Isolde Melot 2006 Red Riding Hood The Hunter 2007 Stardust Humphrey 2009 Whatever Works Randy Lee James 2009 Blood Creek Evan Marshall 2011 Immortals Theseus 2012 The Cold Light of Day Will Shaw 2013 Man of Steel Kal - El / Clark Kent / Superman 2015 The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Napoleon Solo 2016 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Clark Kent / Superman 2017 Sand Castle Captain Syverson 2017 Justice League Clark Kent / Superman Post-production 2018 Nomis Marshall Post-production 2018 Mission : Impossible 6 Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2002 Inspector Lynley Mysteries , The The Inspector Lynley Mysteries Chas Quilter Episode : `` Well - Schooled in Murder '' 2002 Goodbye , Mr. Chips Soldier Colley Television film 2003 Midsomer Murders Simon Mayfield Episode : `` The Green Man '' 2007 -- 2010 Tudors , The The Tudors Charles Brandon 38 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Organization Award Work Result 2012 NewNowNext Award Cause You 're Hot The Tudors Nominated 2013 Cause You 're Hot Man of Steel Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice Summer Movie Star : Male Nominated Choice Liplock ( shared with Amy Adams ) Nominated 2014 Critics ' Choice Movie Award Best Actor in an Action Movie Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Hero Won 2016 Teen Choice Award Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Nominated Choice Liplock ( shared with Amy Adams ) Nominated 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Nominated Favorite Butt - Kicker Nominated Favorite Frenemies ( shared with Ben Affleck ) Nominated Razzie Awards Worst Actor Nominated Worst Screen Combo ( shared with Ben Affleck ) Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill Gets Real About the Financial Perks of Being an Actor : ' I 'm Not Just Doing This for the Art ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill & Ben Affleck visit EJ , Charles , Kenny & Shaq on TNT NBA Tip - Off '' . Jump up ^ `` Why Superman Can Be Played By A British Actor , According To Henry Cavill '' . Jump up ^ `` Another British superhero : Henry Cavill to play Superman '' . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill '' . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill , Part 1 - The Tonight Show with Jay Leno '' . 7 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill - Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Things About ... Henry Cavill '' . Digital Spy. 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill Biography '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Tudors Interview . '' Filmed interview . Retrieved 18 February 2011 Jump up ^ Svetkey , Benjamin , `` Must List 2009 : TV . '' Entertainment Weekly 26 June 2009 . Print . Retrieved 18 February 2011 from Entertainment Weekly online , ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Jeff `` Doc '' . `` Superman Soars Again . '' Entertainment Weekly 25 February 2011 : 54 -- 57 . Print . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh . `` ' Tudors ' Star Henry Cavill Was So Close To Playing Superman , He Even Wore The Cape ! '' . MTV , 6 May 2009 . Web . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill for Cedric Diggory . '' Henry Cavill at IntenseVibe.org . IntenseVibe , 22 February 2008 . Web . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ Morris , W.M. `` Interview : Twilight author Stephenie Meyer . '' A Motley Vision ... A Motley Vision , 26 Oct. 2005 . Web . Retrieved 19 February 2011 ^ Jump up to : Meyer , Stephenie . `` Twilight the Movie ( archives ) . '' . stepheniemeyer.com . The Official Website of Stephenie Meyer , 7 July 2007 . Web . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill Talks Twilight '' . By Josh Horowitz . MTV Movies . Filmed interview . Retrieved 19 February 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Henry Cavill Interview . '' Filmed interview . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` David Arnold discusses screentesting the new James Bond , and Daniel Craig 's competition . '' MI6 . MI6 , 22 March 2007 . Web . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` ' Whatever ' makes Henry Cavill tick '' . USA Today . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( 17 May 2010 ) . `` First Look : Tarsem Singh 's ' Immortals ' Epic with Henry Cavill '' . firstshowing.net First Showing . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill to Play Superman '' . superherohype.com . SuperHeroHype. 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Venutolo , Anthony ( 30 January 2011 ) . `` Henry Cavill cast as Superman in Zack Snyder 's reboot '' . NJ . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( 1 February 2011 ) . `` ' Superman ' Star Henry Cavill Will Be ' Amazing ' , Christopher Nolan Says '' . MTV . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( 31 January 2011 ) . `` ' Superman ' Star Henry Cavill Had Long Road To Landing The Role '' . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill : The Next Superman '' . CBSNews.com / CelebrityCircuit . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Bettinger , Brendan . `` Henry Cavill is SUPERMAN ! '' . Collider . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Batman vs Superman : first pictures from the film '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot to Play Wonder Woman in ' Batman vs. Superman ' '' . Variety . 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Pictures Pushes Batman vs. Superman Back to 2016 '' . ComingSoon.net. 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` DWAYNE JOHNSON 'S ROCK : MEET DANY GARCIA , THE WOMAN BEHIND HOLLYWOOD 'S HIGHEST EARNER '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ http://www.chrisd.ca/2017/02/10/sir-ben-kingsley-henry-cavill-nomis-winnipeg/ Jump up ^ Wilding , Josh . `` JUSTICE LEAGUE Star Henry Cavill Joins Tom Cruise In MISSION : IMPOSSIBLE 6 '' . ComicBookMovie . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Superman star keen to try Bond '' . 3 News NZ. 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Man of Steel ' star Henry Cavill needs nerves of steel '' . Jump up ^ Patricia Didelot ( 5 June 2013 ) . `` Henry Cavill Confirms His Role In ' The Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' And Shares More About ' Man Of Steel ' '' . Inquisitr.com . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` From ' Man of Steel ' to ' Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' Inquirer Entertainment '' . Entertainment.inquirer.net. 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Henry Cavill makes surprising visit to San Diego Comic - on '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tinie Tempah and Mario Balotelli GQ 's best dressed men '' . BBC . 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill voted world 's sexiest man in Glamour poll '' . BBC . 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 3 . Henry Cavill - The 100 Sexiest Movie Stars 2013 '' . Empire . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dunhill London . ' . Dunhill . Web . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Dunhill London Fragrance with Henry Cavill . '' . Television ad . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill -- Dunhill Black . '' . Television ad . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ Olivia B. Waxman ( 26 August 2015 ) . `` Superman Proves He 's Superman By Hardly Wincing During The Ice Bucket Challenge '' . Time . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirsty McCormack ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` He really is Superman ! Henry Cavill gets drenched several times in Ice Bucket Challenge '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ David Crow ( 26 August 2015 ) . `` Henry Cavill And Amy Adams Take The ALS Ice Bucket Challenge As Superman and Lois Lane '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Superman actor Cavill joins wildlife trust '' . 8 August 2014 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Man of Steel ' Henry Cavill launches the Royal Marines 1664 Challenge '' . YouTube . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Man of Steel ' Henry Cavill joins fundraisers and Gibraltarians to celebrate a very important birthday '' . rmctf.org.uk . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Showjumper Ellen Whitaker splits from Superman Henry Cavill as he heads to Hollywood '' . Jump up ^ `` Why Henry Cavill is more Clark Kent than Superman '' . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill Gets Real About the Financial Perks of Being an Actor : ' I 'm Not Just Doing This for the Art ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill on Batman v Superman , Dunhill suits and stockbroking '' . Jump up ^ `` 2012 NewNowNext Awards Nominees -- Cause You 're Hot '' . NewNowNext Awards . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Nominees -- Cause You 're Hot '' . NewNowNext Awards . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 : Full Nominees and Winners List '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry Cavill . Henry Cavill on IMDb Preceded by Brandon Routh Actor to portray Clark Kent / Superman 2013 - present Succeeded by Tyler Hoechlin VIAF : 163733385 LCCN : no2008178715 ISNI : 0000 0001 1483 2439 GND : 141252286 SUDOC : 134013603 BNF : cb16587284m ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Cavill&oldid=800989357 '' Categories : 1983 births 21st - century British male actors British expatriate male actors in the United States British male film actors British male television actors British people of English descent British people of Irish descent British people of Scottish descent Jersey male actors Living people People educated at Stowe School People from Saint Saviour , Jersey Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use British English from July 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar मैथिली მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 00 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays clark kent in man of steel
[ "Cavill gained further prominence and international fame playing the titular superhero Superman in the DC Extended Universe starting with the 2013 reboot film Man of Steel, originally the highest-grossing Superman film of all time until it was surpassed by 2016's Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, where he reprised his role as Superman; making it his highest-grossing film to date. In 2015, he co-starred with Armie Hammer in the spy film The Man from U.N.C.L.E." ]
[ "Cavill" ]
8971436329125000851
Berets of the United States Army
Berets of the United States Army - wikipedia Berets of the United States Army Jump to : navigation , search Since June 14 , 2001 , the black beret is worn by all United States Army troops unless the soldier is approved to wear a different distinctive beret . In the U.S. Army there are four approved distinctive berets : Maroon , tan , brown , and green . In 2011 , the Army replaced the black wool beret with the patrol cap as the default headgear for the Army Combat Uniform . The maroon beret has been adopted as official headdress by the Airborne forces as a symbol of their unique capabilities , the tan beret by the 75th Ranger Regiment , the brown beret by the Security Force Assistance Brigades , and the green beret by the Special Forces . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Black 3 Brown 4 Maroon 5 Tan 6 Green 7 See also 8 References History ( edit ) In the United States military , the beret was unofficially worn by a variety of special operations units during and following World War II . In the spring of 1951 , the 10th and 11th Ranger Companies wore black berets during their training at Camp Carson , Colorado , before their deployment to Japan . In the post-Vietnam era , morale in the U.S. Army waned . In response , from 1973 through 1979 Headquarters , Department of the Army ( HQDA ) , permitted local commanders to encourage morale - enhancing uniform distinctions . Consequently , many units embraced various color berets , for example armor and armored cavalry units often adopted the black beret . Similarly , many other units embraced various colored berets in an attempt to improve dwindling morale . In particular , the First Cavalry Division assigned various colored berets to its three - pronged TRICAP approach . In this implementation , armored cavalry , airmobile infantry units , air cavalry units , division artillery units , and division support units all wore different colored berets , including black , light blue , kelly green , and red . Black ( edit ) A 23rd Infantry Regiment soldier wearing his black beret , circa 2000 Main article : Black beret A black beret was authorized for wear by female soldiers in 1975 , and is used also for mechanized units , troops , and guards . The black beret is worn by soldiers in the United Army . On January 30 , 1975 , it was officially allowed to be worn by the newly created battalions of United States Army Rangers who had worn it unofficially during the Vietnam War . In 1978 , Army Chief of Staff Bernard Rogers required all units to adhere to the uniform regulation AR 670 - 1 , which had not been updated to authorize the black beret for Rangers . In 1979 the new Army chief of staff , GEN Edward C. Meyers , directed that the black beret be authorized wear by Ranger units only . AR 670 - 1 was updated in 1980 to include this provision . In 2001 , the black beret became the primary headgear for both the service uniform ( in garrison setting ) and dress uniform for all United States Army troops unless the soldier is approved to wear a different distinctive beret . In 2011 , the Army changed back to the patrol cap for wear with the utility uniform , with the beret remaining the headgear for the dress uniform . Brown ( edit ) A soldier from the 1st SFAB wearing her brown beret , circa February 2018 Soldiers of the U.S. Army 's new Security Force Assistance Brigades ( SFAB ) are authorized to wear the brown beret -- with a brigade specific beret flash and distinctive unit insignia ( DUI ) -- to recognize these new specialized units whose core mission is to conduct training , advising , assisting , enabling and accompanying operations with allied and partner nations . According to an official U.S. Army article , `` SFAB soldiers will be on the ground with their partners - fighting side - by - side with them in all conditions , so the brown beret symbolizes dirt or mud akin to the ' muddy boots ' moniker given to leaders who are always out with the troops . '' Maroon ( edit ) A former ACG of the 82nd Airborne Division wearing his maroon beret Main article : Maroon beret In 1943 General Frederick Browning , commander of the British First Airborne Corps , granted a battalion of the U.S. Army 's 509th Parachute Infantry Regiment honorary membership in the British Parachute Regiment and authorized them to wear British - style maroon berets . During the Vietnam War , U.S. military advisers to Vietnamese airborne units often wore the Vietnamese French - style red beret . HQDA policy from 1973 through 1979 permitted local commanders to encourage morale - enhancing distinctions . Airborne forces chose to wear the maroon beret as a mark of distinction . This permission was rescinded in 1979 when the army Chief of Staff , GEN Bernard Rogers , required all units to adhere to the uniform regulation ( AR 670 - 1 ) . On 28 November 1980 , the updated regulation authorized airborne ( parachute ) organizations to resume wearing the maroon beret . In the interim , airborne units wore baseball caps with silver wings and the oval flash above the rank badge with the fatigue uniform , and the overseas cap with glider and parachute patch with the dress green uniform . Tan ( edit ) A former commander of the 75th Ranger Regiment wearing his tan beret Main article : Tan beret On 14 June 2001 , U.S. Army Rangers assigned to the 75th Ranger Regiment were authorized to wear a distinctive tan beret to replace the black berets that had recently become the army - wide standard . The color was chosen by the members of the 75th Ranger Regiment as being similar to other elite units with similar missions worldwide , notably the British , Australian and New Zealand Special Air Service regiments . The change in color also required modification of the associated flashes worn by the Ranger units , changing the borders from white to black in order to provide better contrast to the lighter beret . Green ( edit ) A Special Forces detachment receive instruction aboard a U.S. Naval ship -- off the coast of White Beach , Okinawa , Japan -- prior to conducting water insertion and demolition training in 1956 , wearing their green berets prior to their approved wear in 1961 . The current JFK Special Warfare Center and School Command Chief Warrant Officer wearing his green beret Main article : Green beret In the U.S. armed forces , the green beret may be worn only by soldiers awarded the Special Forces Tab , signifying they have qualified as Special Forces soldiers . U.S. Army Special Forces wear the green beret because of their link to the British Commandos of World War II . The first Ranger unit , commonly known as Darby 's Rangers , was formed in Northern Ireland during the summer of 1942 . On completion of training at the Commando Training Depot at Achnacarry Castle in Scotland , those Rangers had the right to wear the British Commando green beret , but it was not part of the regulation uniform at the time and was disallowed by the U.S. Army . The 10th Special Forces Group ( Airborne ) had many veterans of World War II and Korea in its ranks when it was formed in 1952 . Members of the 10th SFG began to unofficially wear a variety of berets while training , some favoring the red or maroon airborne beret , the black beret , or the green commando beret . In 1953 , a beret whose design was based on that of the Canadian Army pattern , and which was rifle - green in color , was chosen for wear by Special Forces units . Their new headgear was first worn at a retirement parade at Fort Bragg on 12 June 1955 for Lt. Gen. Joseph P. Cleland , the now - former commander of the XVIII Airborne Corps . Onlookers thought that the commandos were a foreign delegation from NATO . In 1956 Gen. Paul D. Adams , the post commander at Fort Bragg , North Carolina , banned its wear , even though it was worn on the sly when units were in the field or deployed overseas . This was reversed on 25 September 1961 by Department of the Army Message 578636 , which designated the green beret as the exclusive headgear of the Army Special Forces . When visiting the Special Forces at Fort Bragg on 12 October 1961 , President John F. Kennedy asked Brig. Gen. William P. Yarborough to make sure that the men under his command wore green berets for the visit . Later that day , Kennedy sent a memorandum that included the line : ' `` I am sure that the green beret will be a mark of distinction in the trying times ahead '' . By America 's entry into the Vietnam War , the green beret had become a symbol of excellence throughout the U.S. Army . On 11 April 1962 in a White House memorandum to the United States Army , President Kennedy reiterated his view : `` The green beret is a symbol of excellence , a badge of courage , a mark of distinction in the fight for freedom '' . Previously , both Yarborough and Edson Raff had petitioned the Pentagon to allow wearing of the green beret , to no avail . See also ( edit ) United States military beret flash Military beret References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lopez , C. Todd ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` ACU Changes Make Velcro Optional , Patrol Cap Default headgear '' . U.S. Army . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pierce - Lunderman , Cursha ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Bye - Bye , Beret : Switch to Patrol Cap Brings Mixed Feelings '' . U.S. Army . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Larry ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Army Backtracks on Black Berets After More than a Decade of Debate '' . CNN . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ p. 223 Stanton , Shelby U.S. Army Uniforms of the Cold War 1948 - 1973 1994 Stackpole Books Jump up ^ `` Army dumps beret as official ACU headgear '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ 1st SFAB hosts activation ceremony ; Heraldry announced , Army.mil , dated 8 February 2018 , last accessed 2 March 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` A Short History of the Use of Berets in the U.S. Army '' . Archived from the original on 24 June 2001 . Jump up ^ P. 32 , `` Inside the Green Berets '' by Charles Simpson III ^ Jump up to : LeFavor , Paul ( 2013 ) . US Army Special Forces Small Unit Tactics Handbook . Blacksmith Publishing . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9895513 - 0 - 4 . Uniforms of the United States Army Uniforms of the United States Armed Forces Army Marines Navy Air Force Coast Guard Uniforms Combat Army Combat Uniform ( ACU ) ( 2005 -- present ) Garrison Army Service Uniform ( ASU ) ( 2008 -- present ) Formal Army Mess Uniform Exercise Army Improved Physical Fitness Uniform ( IPFU ) ( 2000 -- 2017 ) Army Physical Fitness Uniform ( APFU ) ( 2014 -- present ) Special Flight MultiCam Band Cadet Insignia Branch insignia I.D. Tag Medals and ribbons Tabs Badges Coat of Arms insignia Shoulder patch ( Left ; Headquarters insignia ) ( Right ; Former wartime headquarters insignia ) Overseas Service Bar Service stripe Beret flash Rank ( Officer ) ( Warrant Officer ) ( Non-Commissioned Officer ) ( Enlisted ) Headgear Berets Boonie hat Patrol cap Cavalry Stetson Garrison cap Campaign hat Peaked cap Footwear Army Combat Boot Mountain Combat Boot Modular Boot System Jungle boot Desert Combat Boot Jump boot Tanker boot Armor Interceptor Body Armor ( OTV IOTV ) MICH Helmet Modular Body Armor Vest ( MBAV ) Enhanced Combat Helmet ( ECH ) ( 2011 - present ) Retired : PASGT Vest ( 1983 - 2003 ) PASGT Helmet ( 1983 - 2004 ) Advanced Combat Helmet ( 2004 - present ) M1 helmet ( 1942 - 1983 ) M1C helmet ( WWII Era ) M1917 Helmet ( 1917 - 1942 ) ( WWI Era ) M - 69 Fragmentation Protective Body Armor ( Vietnam War Era ) M - 1952A Fragmentation Protective Body Armor ( Korean War Era ) Equipment carrier Load - Bearing Vest ( LBV ) Modular Lightweight Load - carrying Equipment ( MOLLE ) Retired : Load - Bearing Equipment ( LBE ) Load - Carrying Equipment ( LCE ) Modern Load - Carrying Equipment ( MLCE ) Retired uniforms Combat OG - 107 ( 1952 -- 1989 ) Battle Dress Uniform ( BDU ) ( 1981 -- 2008 ) Desert Battle Dress Uniform ( DBDU ) ( 1981 -- 1992 ) Desert Camouflage Uniform ( DCU ) ( 1993 -- 2008 ) Garrison Tan Service Uniform ( 1942 -- 1956 ) Green Service Uniform ( 1954 -- 2015 ) Formal White Service Uniform ( 1902 -- 2014 ) Exercise Physical Fitness Uniform ( PFU ) ( -- 2003 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berets_of_the_United_States_Army&oldid=837134976 '' Categories : United States Army uniforms Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 23 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
which u.s. president authorized the wearing of green berets by u.s. army special forces soldiers
[ "When visiting the Special Forces at Fort Bragg on 12 October 1961, President John F. Kennedy asked Brig. Gen. William P. Yarborough to make sure that the men under his command wore green berets for the visit. Later that day, Kennedy sent a memorandum that included the line: '\"I am sure that the green beret will be a mark of distinction in the trying times ahead\".[9] By America's entry into the Vietnam War, the green beret had become a symbol of excellence throughout the U.S. Army. On 11 April 1962 in a White House memorandum to the United States Army, President Kennedy reiterated his view: \"The green beret is a symbol of excellence, a badge of courage, a mark of distinction in the fight for freedom\".[9] Previously, both Yarborough and Edson Raff had petitioned the Pentagon to allow wearing of the green beret, to no avail.[9]" ]
[ "President John F. Kennedy" ]
-1454226461997097014
List of Governors of California
List of Governors of California - wikipedia List of Governors of California Jerry Brown , 34th and the current 39th Governor of California The Governor of California is the chief executive of the California state government , whose responsibilities include making annual State of the State addresses to the California State Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that state laws are enforced . The governor is also the commander - in - chief of the state 's military forces . There have been 38 governors ; many have been influential nationwide in areas far - flung from politics . Leland Stanford founded Stanford University in 1891 . Earl Warren , later Chief Justice of the United States , won an election with the nominations of the three major parties -- the only person ever to run essentially unopposed for governor of California . Ronald Reagan , who was president of the Screen Actors Guild and later President of the United States , and Arnold Schwarzenegger both came to prominence through acting . Gray Davis , the 37th governor of California , was the second governor in American history to be recalled by voters . The shortest tenure was that of Milton Latham , who served only five days before being elected by the legislature to fill a vacant United States Senate seat . The longest tenure is that of the current governor , Edmund Gerald `` Jerry '' Brown , Jr. , who previously served as governor from 1975 to 1983 and has been serving again since 2011 . He is the son of former governor Edmund Gerald `` Pat '' Brown , Sr. who served from 1959 to 1967 . Contents 1 Governors 2 Living former governors of California 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Governors ( edit ) For the governors prior to statehood , see the List of Governors of California before admission . California was obtained by the United States in the Mexican Cession following the Mexican -- American War . Unlike most other states , it was never organized as a territory , and was admitted as the 31st state on September 9 , 1850 . The original California Constitution of 1849 called for elections every two years , with no set start date for the term . An amendment ratified in 1862 increased the term to four years , and the 1879 constitution set the term to begin on the first Monday in January following an election . In 1990 , Proposition 140 led to a constitutional amendment implementing a term limit of two terms ; prior to this limit , only one governor , Earl Warren , served more than two terms . Jerry Brown was able to be elected to a third term in 2010 because his previous terms were before the term limit was enacted . The 1849 constitution also created the office of lieutenant governor , who , in cases of vacancy in the office of governor , becomes governor . The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket . Governors of the State of California No . Portrait Governor Term in office Party Election Previous office Lt. Governor Peter Hardeman Burnett ( 1807 - 11 - 15 ) November 15 , 1807 -- ( 1895 - 05 - 17 ) May 17 , 1895 ( Aged 87 ) December 20 , 1849 -- January 9 , 1851 Democratic 1849 5th Supreme Judge of the Provisional Oregon Supreme Court ( 1845 -- 1846 ) John McDougal John McDougal ca . 1818 -- March 30 , 1866 ( Aged 48 ) January 9 , 1851 -- January 8 , 1852 Democratic 1st Lieutenant Governor of California ( 1849 -- 1851 ) David C. Broderick ( acting ) John Bigler January 8 , 1805 -- November 29 , 1871 ( Aged 66 ) January 8 , 1852 -- January 9 , 1856 Democratic 1851 2nd Speaker of the California Assembly ( 1850 -- 1851 ) Samuel Purdy 1853 J. Neely Johnson August 2 , 1825 -- August 31 , 1872 ( Aged 47 ) January 9 , 1856 -- January 8 , 1858 American 1855 California State Assemblyman ( 1852 -- 1856 ) Robert M. Anderson 5 John B. Weller February 22 , 1812 -- August 17 , 1875 ( Aged 63 ) January 8 , 1858 -- January 9 , 1860 Democratic 1857 U.S. Senator from California ( 1852 -- 1857 ) Joseph Walkup 6 Milton Latham May 23 , 1827 -- March 4 , 1882 ( Aged 54 ) January 9 , 1860 -- January 14 , 1860 Democratic 1859 U.S. Representative for California 's At - large ( 1853 -- 1855 ) John G. Downey 7 John G. Downey June 24 , 1827 -- March 1 , 1894 ( Aged 66 ) January 14 , 1860 -- January 10 , 1862 Democratic 6th Lieutenant Governor of California ( 1860 ) Isaac N. Quinn ( acting ) ( resigned January 7 , 1861 ) Pablo de la Guerra ( acting ) 8 Leland Stanford March 9 , 1824 -- June 21 , 1893 ( Aged 69 ) January 10 , 1862 -- December 10 , 1863 Republican 1861 1st President of Central Pacific Railroad ( 1861 -- 1893 ) John F. Chellis 9 Frederick Low June 30 , 1828 -- July 21 , 1894 ( Aged 66 ) December 10 , 1863 -- December 5 , 1867 Republican 1863 U.S. Representative for California 's At - large ( 1862 -- 1863 ) Tim N. Machin 10 Henry Huntly Haight May 20 , 1825 -- September 2 , 1878 ( Aged 53 ) December 5 , 1867 -- December 8 , 1871 Democratic 1867 None William Holden 11 Newton Booth December 30 , 1825 -- July 14 , 1892 ( Aged 66 ) December 8 , 1871 -- February 27 , 1875 Republican 1871 California State Senator ( 1863 ) Romualdo Pacheco 12 Romualdo Pacheco October 31 , 1831 -- January 23 , 1899 ( Aged 67 ) February 27 , 1875 -- December 9 , 1875 Republican 9th Lieutenant Governor of California ( 1871 -- 1875 ) William Irwin ( acting ) 13 William Irwin ca . 1827 -- March 15 , 1886 ( Aged 58 -- 59 ) December 9 , 1875 -- January 8 , 1880 Democratic 1875 Acting Lieutenant Governor of California ( 1875 ) James A. Johnson 14 George Clement Perkins August 23 , 1839 -- February 26 , 1923 ( Aged 83 ) January 8 , 1880 -- January 10 , 1883 Republican 1879 California State Senator ( 1869 -- 1876 ) John Mansfield 15 George Stoneman August 8 , 1822 -- September 5 , 1894 ( Aged 72 ) January 10 , 1883 -- January 8 , 1887 Democratic 1882 Major General of the Union Army ( since 1861 ) John Daggett 16 Washington Bartlett February 29 , 1824 -- September 12 , 1887 ( Aged 63 ) January 8 , 1887 -- September 12 , 1887 Democratic 1886 20th Mayor of San Francisco ( 1883 -- 1887 ) Robert Waterman 17 Robert Waterman December 15 , 1826 -- April 12 , 1891 ( Aged 64 ) September 12 , 1887 -- January 8 , 1891 Republican 17th Lieutenant Governor of California ( 1887 ) Stephen M. White ( acting ) 18 Henry Markham November 16 , 1840 -- October 9 , 1923 ( Aged 82 ) January 8 , 1891 -- January 11 , 1895 Republican 1890 U.S. Representative for California 's 1st ( 1885 -- 1887 ) John B. Reddick 19 James Budd May 18 , 1851 -- July 30 , 1908 ( Aged 57 ) January 11 , 1895 -- January 4 , 1899 Democratic 1894 U.S. Representative for California 's 2nd ( 1883 -- 1885 ) Spencer G. Millard ( died October 24 , 1895 ) William T. Jeter 20 Henry Gage December 25 , 1852 -- August 28 , 1924 ( Aged 71 ) January 4 , 1899 -- January 7 , 1903 Republican 1898 Federal prosecutor ( since 1891 ) Jacob H. Neff 21 George Pardee July 25 , 1857 -- September 1 , 1941 ( Aged 84 ) January 7 , 1903 -- January 9 , 1907 Republican 1902 29th Mayor of Oakland ( 1893 -- 1895 ) Alden Anderson 22 James Gillett September 20 , 1860 -- April 20 , 1937 ( Aged 76 ) January 9 , 1907 -- January 3 , 1911 Republican 1906 U.S. Representative for California 's 1st ( 1903 -- 1906 ) Warren R. Porter 23 Hiram Johnson September 2 , 1866 -- August 6 , 1945 ( Aged 78 ) January 3 , 1911 -- March 15 , 1917 Republican 1910 Assistant District attorney of California ( 1902 -- 1910 ) Albert Joseph Wallace Progressive 1914 John M. Eshleman ( died February 28 , 1916 ) Vacant William Stephens ( took office July 22 , 1916 ) 24 William Stephens December 26 , 1859 -- April 25 , 1944 ( Aged 84 ) March 15 , 1917 -- January 8 , 1923 Republican 27th Lieutenant Governor of California ( 1916 -- 1917 ) Vacant 1918 C.C. Young 25 Friend Richardson December 1 , 1865 -- September 6 , 1943 ( Aged 77 ) January 9 , 1923 -- January 4 , 1927 Republican 1922 21st California State Treasurer ( 1915 -- 1923 ) 26 C.C. Young April 28 , 1869 -- December 24 , 1947 ( Aged 78 ) January 4 , 1927 -- January 6 , 1931 Republican 1926 29th Lieutenant Governor of California ( 1919 -- 1927 ) Buron Fitts ( resigned November 30 , 1928 ) Vacant H.L. Carnahan ( appointed December 4 , 1928 ) 27 James Rolph August 23 , 1869 -- June 2 , 1934 ( Aged 64 ) January 6 , 1931 -- June 2 , 1934 Republican 1930 30th Mayor of San Francisco ( 1912 -- 1931 ) Frank Merriam 28 Frank Merriam December 22 , 1865 -- April 25 , 1955 ( Aged 89 ) June 2 , 1934 -- January 2 , 1939 Republican 31st Lieutenant Governor of California ( 1931 -- 1934 ) Vacant 1934 George J. Hatfield 29 Culbert Olson November 7 , 1876 -- April 13 , 1962 ( Aged 85 ) January 2 , 1939 -- January 4 , 1943 Democratic 1938 California State Senator ( 1934 -- 1938 ) Ellis E. Patterson 30 Earl Warren March 19 , 1891 -- July 9 , 1974 ( Aged 83 ) January 4 , 1943 -- October 5 , 1953 Republican 1942 20th Attorney General of California ( 1939 -- 1943 ) Frederick F. Houser 1946 Goodwin Knight 1950 31 Goodwin Knight December 9 , 1896 -- May 22 , 1970 ( Aged 73 ) October 5 , 1953 -- January 5 , 1959 Republican 35th Lieutenant Governor of California ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Harold J. Powers 1954 32 Pat Brown April 21 , 1905 -- February 16 , 1996 ( Aged 90 ) January 5 , 1959 -- January 2 , 1967 Democratic 1958 23rd Attorney General of California ( 1951 -- 1959 ) Glenn M. Anderson 1962 33 Ronald Reagan February 6 , 1911 -- June 5 , 2004 ( Aged 93 ) January 2 , 1967 -- January 6 , 1975 Republican 1966 9th and 13th President of the Screen Actors Guild ( 1947 -- 1952 ; 1959 -- 1960 ) Robert Finch ( resigned January 8 , 1969 ) Edwin Reinecke ( resigned October 2 , 1974 ) 1970 John L. Harmer 34 Jerry Brown born ( 1938 - 04 - 07 ) April 7 , 1938 ( age 80 ) January 6 , 1975 -- January 3 , 1983 Democratic 24th Secretary of State of California ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Mervyn M. Dymally 1978 Michael Curb 35 George Deukmejian June 6 , 1928 -- May 8 , 2018 ( Aged 89 ) January 3 , 1983 -- January 7 , 1991 Republican 1982 27th Attorney General of California ( 1979 -- 1983 ) Leo T. McCarthy 1986 36 Pete Wilson born ( 1933 - 08 - 23 ) August 23 , 1933 ( age 85 ) January 7 , 1991 -- January 4 , 1999 Republican U.S. Senator from California ( 1983 -- 1991 ) Gray Davis 37 Gray Davis born ( 1942 - 12 - 26 ) December 26 , 1942 ( age 75 ) January 4 , 1999 -- November 17 , 2003 Democratic 1998 44th Lieutenant Governor of California ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Cruz Bustamante 2002 38 Arnold Schwarzenegger born ( 1947 - 07 - 30 ) July 30 , 1947 ( age 71 ) November 17 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2011 Republican Chair of the President 's Council on Fitness and Sports ( 1990 -- 1993 ) 2006 John Garamendi ( resigned November 3 , 2009 ) Mona Pasquil ( Acting ) Abel Maldonado ( appointed April 27 , 2010 ) 39 Jerry Brown born ( 1938 - 04 - 07 ) April 7 , 1938 ( age 80 ) January 3 , 2011 -- Present Democratic 31st Attorney General of California ( 2007 -- 2011 ) 34th Governor of California ( 1975 -- 1983 ) Gavin Newsom ( took office January 10 , 2011 ) 2014 Living former Governors of California ( edit ) There are three living former governors , the oldest being Pete Wilson , born 1933 . The most recent death of a former governor was that of George Deukmejian ( served 1983 -- 1991 , born June 6 , 1928 ) on May 8 , 2018 . Jerry Brown , who served as governor from 1975 to 1983 , is currently serving and thus is not included on this list . Governor Years in office Date of birth ( and age ) Pete Wilson 1991 -- 1999 ( 1933 - 08 - 23 ) August 23 , 1933 ( age 85 ) Gray Davis 1999 -- 2003 ( 1942 - 12 - 26 ) December 26 , 1942 ( age 75 ) Arnold Schwarzenegger 2003 -- 2011 ( 1947 - 07 - 30 ) July 30 , 1947 ( age 71 ) See also ( edit ) California portal List of Governors of California before admission List of Governors of California by age Spouses of the Governor of California Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted . Jump up ^ A civilian government was formed in late 1849 prior to official statehood , and operated as the state government for ten months before official statehood was granted . Jump up ^ Burnett resigned , citing personal reasons ; he was reportedly unhappy with the legislature , and wanted more time to manage his business . As lieutenant governor , McDougall succeeded him . Jump up ^ Latham resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate ; as lieutenant governor , Downey succeeded him . Jump up ^ Terms were lengthened from two to four years beginning with this term . Jump up ^ Booth resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate ; as lieutenant governor , Pacheco succeeded him . Jump up ^ Bartlett died in office ; as lieutenant governor , Waterman succeeded him . ^ Jump up to : Represented the Democratic Party ( United States ) . ^ Jump up to : Represented the Republican Party ( United States ) . Jump up ^ Johnson resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate ; as lieutenant governor , Stephens succeeded him . Jump up ^ Rolph died in office ; as lieutenant governor , Merriam succeeded him . Jump up ^ Warren ran as a Republican for his first and third terms . For his second term , he won the nomination of the Republican , Democratic , and Progressive parties . Jump up ^ Warren resigned to become Chief Justice of the United States ; as lieutenant governor , Knight succeeded him . Jump up ^ Davis was recalled and Schwarzenegger chosen to replace him in a special recall election . ^ Jump up to : Newsom delayed his swearing in as lieutenant governor until January 10 , 2011 , to remain mayor of San Francisco ; Maldonado stayed on as lieutenant governor until then . Jump up ^ Governor Brown 's fourth term expires on January 7 , 2019 ; he will be term limited . References ( edit ) General `` Governors of California '' . California State Library . Official Site of the State of California . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2008 . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . `` California : Past Governors Bios '' . National Governors Association . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . `` Chronology of California 's Lieutenant Governors '' . Office of the Lieutenant Governor . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . JoinCalifornia.com - Dates of birth and death for Governors Constitutions `` Constitution of the State of California '' . Legislative Counsel of California . 1879 . Retrieved July 20 , 2008 . `` Constitution of the State of California '' . California Secretary of State . 1849 . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Specific Jump up ^ Henning , W.F. ( 1899 ) . Constitution of the State of California . C.W. Palm Company . Retrieved January 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` California Ballot Propositions 1990 - 1999 '' . Los Angeles County Law Library . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ CA Const . art . V , § 2 Jump up ^ CA Const . art . V , § 10 Jump up ^ `` Peter Hardeman Burnett '' . National Governors Association . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Durham , Walter T. ( 1997 ) . Volunteer Forty - niners : Tennesseans and the California Gold Rush . Vanderbilt University Press . p. 193 . ISBN 0 - 8265 - 1298 - 4 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Statewide Special Election '' . California Secretary of State . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2008 . Retrieved October 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Upton Oot , John ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Newsom 's Dual Role Raises Legal Quandary '' . The Bay Citizen . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors of California . Office of the Governor of California Governors of California Under Spain ( 1769 -- 1822 ) Capt . Portolà Col. Fages Capt . Rivera Capt - Gen. de Neve Col. Fages Capt . Roméu Capt . Arrillaga Col. Bórica Lt. Col. Alberní Capt . Arrillaga Capt. J. Argüello Don Solá Under Mexico ( 1822 -- 1846 ) Capt . L. Argüello Lt. Col. Echeandía Gen. Victoria Don P. Pico Lt. Col. Echeandía Brig. Gen. Figueroa Lt. Col. Castro Lt. Col. Gutiérrez Col. Chico Lt. Col. Gutiérrez Pres . Alvarado Uncle Carrillo ( rival ) Brig. Gen. Micheltorena Don P. Pico Under U.S. military ( 1846 -- 1850 ) Cdre . Sloat Cdre . Stockton Gen. Flores ( rival ) Gen. Kearny Maj . Frémont ( mutineer ) Gen. Mason Gen. Smith Gen. Riley Pre-statehood ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Burnett U.S. state ( since 1850 ) Burnett McDougal Bigler J. Johnson Weller Latham Downey Stanford Low Haight Booth Pacheco Irwin Perkins Stoneman Bartlett Waterman Markham Budd Gage Pardee Gillett H. Johnson Stephens Richardson Young Rolph Merriam Olson Warren Knight P. Brown Reagan J. Brown Deukmejian Wilson Davis Schwarzenegger J. Brown Before 1850 Since 1850 By age By education Spouses Chief executives of the United States Federal President of the United States State governors ( current list ) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California list Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii list Idaho Illinois list Indiana list Iowa list Kansas Kentucky list Louisiana Maine list Maryland list Massachusetts Michigan list Minnesota list Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska list Nevada New Hampshire list New Jersey list New Mexico list New York list North Carolina list North Dakota list Ohio Oklahoma list Oregon list Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina list South Dakota list Tennessee list Texas list Utah Vermont list Virginia list Washington West Virginia Wisconsin list Wyoming Territorial ( current list ) American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico list United States Virgin Islands Defunct Pre-state territories Panama Canal Zone Cuba Philippine Islands ( until 1935 ) Philippine Commonwealth ( until 1946 ) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Governors_of_California&oldid=864250867 '' Categories : Governors of California Lists of state governors of the United States Lists of California politicians Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 02 : 07 ( UTC ) . 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is the governor of california democrat or republican
[ "\nGovernors of the State of California\n\n\nNo.\n\nPortrait\n\nGovernor\n\nTerm in office\n\nParty\n\nElection\n\nPrevious office\n\nLt. Governor[a]\n\n\n1\n\n\n\n \n\nPeter Hardeman Burnett(1807-11-15)November 15, 1807 – (1895-05-17)May 17, 1895(Aged 87)\n\nDecember 20, 1849–January 9, 1851\n\nDemocratic\n\n1849[b][c]\n\n5thSupreme Judge of the Provisional Oregon Supreme Court(1845–1846)\n\n \n\nJohn McDougal\n\n\n2\n\n\n\nJohn McDougalca. 1818 – March 30, 1866(Aged 48)\n\nJanuary 9, 1851–January 8, 1852\n\nDemocratic\n\n1stLieutenant Governor of California(1849–1851)\n\nDavid C. Broderick(acting)\n\n\n3\n\n\n\nJohn BiglerJanuary 8, 1805 – November 29, 1871(Aged 66)\n\nJanuary 8, 1852–January 9, 1856\n\nDemocratic\n\n1851\n\n2ndSpeaker of the California Assembly(1850–1851)\n\nSamuel Purdy\n\n\n1853\n\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\nJ. Neely JohnsonAugust 2, 1825 – August 31, 1872(Aged 47)\n\nJanuary 9, 1856–January 8, 1858\n\nAmerican\n\n1855\n\nCalifornia State Assemblyman(1852–1856)\n\n\n\nRobert M. Anderson\n\n\n5\n\n\n\n\n\nJohn B. WellerFebruary 22, 1812 – August 17, 1875(Aged 63)\n\nJanuary 8, 1858–January 9, 1860\n\nDemocratic\n\n1857\n\nU.S. Senator from California(1852–1857)\n\n\n\nJoseph Walkup\n\n\n6\n\n\n\nMilton LathamMay 23, 1827 – March 4, 1882(Aged 54)\n\nJanuary 9, 1860–January 14, 1860\n\nDemocratic\n\n1859[d]\n\nU.S. Representative for California's At-large(1853–1855)\n\nJohn G. Downey\n\n\n7\n\n\n\nJohn G. DowneyJune 24, 1827 – March 1, 1894(Aged 66)\n\nJanuary 14, 1860–January 10, 1862\n\nDemocratic\n\n6thLieutenant Governor of California(1860)\n\nIsaac N. Quinn (acting)(resigned January 7, 1861)\n\n\nPablo de la Guerra (acting)\n\n\n8\n\n\n\n\n\nLeland StanfordMarch 9, 1824 – June 21, 1893(Aged 69)\n\nJanuary 10, 1862– December 10, 1863\n\nRepublican\n\n1861\n\n1stPresident of Central Pacific Railroad(1861–1893)\n\n\n\nJohn F. Chellis\n\n\n9\n\n\n\nFrederick LowJune 30, 1828 – July 21, 1894(Aged 66)\n\nDecember 10, 1863–December 5, 1867\n\nRepublican\n\n1863[e]\n\nU.S. Representative for California's At-large(1862–1863)\n\nTim N. Machin\n\n\n10\n\n\n\n\n\nHenry Huntly HaightMay 20, 1825 – September 2, 1878(Aged 53)\n\nDecember 5, 1867–December 8, 1871\n\nDemocratic\n\n1867\n\nNone\n\n\n\nWilliam Holden\n\n\n11\n\n\n\n\n\nNewton BoothDecember 30, 1825 – July 14, 1892(Aged 66)\n\nDecember 8, 1871–February 27, 1875\n\nRepublican\n\n1871[f]\n\nCalifornia State Senator(1863)\n\n\n\nRomualdo Pacheco\n\n\n12\n\n\n\nRomualdo PachecoOctober 31, 1831 – January 23, 1899(Aged 67)\n\nFebruary 27, 1875–December 9, 1875\n\nRepublican\n\n9thLieutenant Governor of California(1871–1875)\n\n\n\nWilliam Irwin(acting)\n\n\n13\n\n\n\n\n\nWilliam Irwinca. 1827 – March 15, 1886(Aged 58–59)\n\nDecember 9, 1875–January 8, 1880\n\nDemocratic\n\n1875\n\nActingLieutenant Governor of California(1875)\n\nJames A. Johnson\n\n\n14\n\n\n\n\n\nGeorge Clement PerkinsAugust 23, 1839 – February 26, 1923(Aged 83)\n\nJanuary 8, 1880–January 10, 1883\n\nRepublican\n\n1879\n\nCalifornia State Senator(1869–1876)\n\n\n\nJohn Mansfield\n\n\n15\n\n\n\n\n\nGeorge StonemanAugust 8, 1822 – September 5, 1894(Aged 72)\n\nJanuary 10, 1883–January 8, 1887\n\nDemocratic\n\n1882\n\nMajor General of the Union Army(since 1861)\n\n\n\nJohn Daggett\n\n\n16\n\n\n\nWashington BartlettFebruary 29, 1824 – September 12, 1887(Aged 63)\n\nJanuary 8, 1887–September 12, 1887\n\nDemocratic\n\n1886[g]\n\n20thMayor of San Francisco(1883–1887)\n\nRobert Waterman\n\n\n17\n\n\n\n\n\nRobert WatermanDecember 15, 1826 – April 12, 1891(Aged 64)\n\nSeptember 12, 1887–January 8, 1891\n\nRepublican\n\n17thLieutenant Governor of California(1887)\n\nStephen M. White[h](acting)\n\n\n18\n\n\n\nHenry MarkhamNovember 16, 1840 – October 9, 1923(Aged 82)\n\nJanuary 8, 1891–January 11, 1895\n\nRepublican\n\n1890\n\nU.S. Representative for California's 1st(1885–1887)\n\n\n\nJohn B. Reddick\n\n\n19\n\n\n\n\n\nJames BuddMay 18, 1851 – July 30, 1908(Aged 57)\n\nJanuary 11, 1895–January 4, 1899\n\nDemocratic\n\n1894\n\nU.S. Representative for California's 2nd(1883–1885)\n\nSpencer G. Millard[i](died October 24, 1895)\n\n\n\n\nWilliam T. Jeter\n\n\n20\n\n\n\n\n\nHenry GageDecember 25, 1852 – August 28, 1924(Aged 71)\n\nJanuary 4, 1899–January 7, 1903\n\nRepublican\n\n1898\n\nFederal prosecutor(since 1891)\n\n\n\nJacob H. Neff\n\n\n21\n\n\n\nGeorge PardeeJuly 25, 1857 – September 1, 1941(Aged 84)\n\nJanuary 7, 1903–January 9, 1907\n\nRepublican\n\n1902\n\n29thMayor of Oakland(1893–1895)\n\nAlden Anderson\n\n\n22\n\n\n\nJames GillettSeptember 20, 1860 – April 20, 1937(Aged 76)\n\nJanuary 9, 1907–January 3, 1911\n\nRepublican\n\n1906\n\nU.S. Representative for California's 1st(1903–1906)\n\nWarren R. Porter\n\n\n23\n\n\n\nHiram JohnsonSeptember 2, 1866 – August 6, 1945(Aged 78)\n\nJanuary 3, 1911–March 15, 1917\n\nRepublican\n\n1910\n\nAssistant District attorney of California(1902–1910)\n\nAlbert Joseph Wallace\n\n\n\n\nProgressive\n\n1914[j]\n\n\n\nJohn M. Eshleman(died February 28, 1916)\n\n\nVacant\n\n\n\n\nWilliam Stephens[i](took office July 22, 1916)\n\n\n24\n\n\n\n\n\nWilliam StephensDecember 26, 1859 – April 25, 1944(Aged 84)\n\nMarch 15, 1917–January 8, 1923\n\nRepublican\n\n27thLieutenant Governor of California(1916–1917)\n\nVacant\n\n\n1918\n\n\n\nC. C. Young\n\n\n25\n\n\n\nFriend RichardsonDecember 1, 1865 – September 6, 1943(Aged 77)\n\nJanuary 9, 1923–January 4, 1927\n\nRepublican\n\n1922\n\n21stCalifornia State Treasurer(1915–1923)\n\n\n26\n\n\n\nC. C. YoungApril 28, 1869 – December 24, 1947(Aged 78)\n\nJanuary 4, 1927–January 6, 1931\n\nRepublican\n\n1926\n\n29thLieutenant Governor of California(1919–1927)\n\nBuron Fitts(resigned November 30, 1928)\n\n\nVacant\n\n\n\n\nH. L. Carnahan(appointed December 4, 1928)\n\n\n27\n\n\n\nJames RolphAugust 23, 1869 – June 2, 1934(Aged 64)\n\nJanuary 6, 1931–June 2, 1934\n\nRepublican\n\n1930[k]\n\n30thMayor of San Francisco(1912–1931)\n\nFrank Merriam\n\n\n28\n\n\n\nFrank MerriamDecember 22, 1865 – April 25, 1955(Aged 89)\n\nJune 2, 1934–January 2, 1939\n\nRepublican\n\n31stLieutenant Governor of California(1931–1934)\n\nVacant\n\n\n1934\n\n\n\nGeorge J. Hatfield\n\n\n29\n\n\n\n\n\nCulbert OlsonNovember 7, 1876 – April 13, 1962(Aged 85)\n\nJanuary 2, 1939–January 4, 1943\n\nDemocratic\n\n1938\n\nCalifornia State Senator(1934–1938)\n\n\n\nEllis E. Patterson\n\n\n30\n\n\n\n\n\nEarl WarrenMarch 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974(Aged 83)\n\nJanuary 4, 1943–October 5, 1953\n\nRepublican[l]\n\n1942\n\n20thAttorney General of California(1939–1943)\n\n\n\nFrederick F. Houser\n\n\n1946\n\nGoodwin Knight\n\n\n1950[m]\n\n\n31\n\n\n\nGoodwin KnightDecember 9, 1896 – May 22, 1970(Aged 73)\n\nOctober 5, 1953–January 5, 1959\n\nRepublican\n\n35thLieutenant Governor of California(1947–1953)\n\nHarold J. Powers\n\n\n1954\n\n\n32\n\n\n\n\n\nPat BrownApril 21, 1905 – February 16, 1996(Aged 90)\n\nJanuary 5, 1959–January 2, 1967\n\nDemocratic\n\n1958\n\n23rdAttorney General of California(1951–1959)\n\n\n\nGlenn M. Anderson\n\n\n1962\n\n\n33\n\n\n\n\n\nRonald ReaganFebruary 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004(Aged 93)\n\nJanuary 2, 1967–January 6, 1975\n\nRepublican\n\n1966\n\n9th and 13thPresident of the Screen Actors Guild(1947–1952; 1959–1960)\n\n\n\nRobert Finch(resigned January 8, 1969)\n\n\nEdwin Reinecke(resigned October 2, 1974)\n\n\n1970\n\n\nJohn L. Harmer\n\n\n34\n\n\n\n\n\nJerry Brownborn (1938-04-07) April 7, 1938 (age 80)\n\nJanuary 6, 1975–January 3, 1983\n\nDemocratic\n\n1974\n\n24thSecretary of State of California(1971–1975)\n\n\n\nMervyn M. Dymally\n\n\n1978\n\n\n\nMichael Curb[i]\n\n\n35\n\n\n\n\n\nGeorge DeukmejianJune 6, 1928 – May 8, 2018(Aged 89)\n\nJanuary 3, 1983–January 7, 1991\n\nRepublican\n\n1982\n\n27thAttorney General of California(1979–1983)\n\n\n\nLeo T. McCarthy[h]\n\n\n1986\n\n\n36\n\n\n\nPete Wilsonborn (1933-08-23) August 23, 1933 (age 85)\n\nJanuary 7, 1991–January 4, 1999\n\nRepublican\n\n1990\n\nU.S. Senator from California(1983–1991)\n\n\n1994\n\nGray Davis[h]\n\n\n37\n\n\n\n\n\nGray Davisborn (1942-12-26) December 26, 1942 (age 75)\n\nJanuary 4, 1999–November 17, 2003\n\nDemocratic\n\n1998\n\n44thLieutenant Governor of California(1995–1999)\n\nCruz Bustamante[h]\n\n\n2002[n]\n\n\n38\n\n\n\n\n\nArnold Schwarzeneggerborn (1947-07-30) July 30, 1947 (age 71)\n\nNovember 17, 2003–January 3, 2011\n\nRepublican\n\nChair of the President's Council on Fitness and Sports(1990–1993)\n\n\n2006\n\nJohn Garamendi[h](resigned November 3, 2009)\n\n\nMona Pasquil[h](Acting)\n\n\n\n\nAbel Maldonado[i][o](appointed April 27, 2010)\n\n\n39\n\n\n\n\n\nJerry Brownborn (1938-04-07) April 7, 1938 (age 80)\n\nJanuary 3, 2011–Present\n\nDemocratic\n\n2010\n\n31stAttorney General of California(2007–2011)34th Governor of California(1975–1983)\n\n\n\n\nGavin Newsom[o](took office January 10, 2011)\n\n\n2014[p]\n" ]
[ "Democratic" ]
-184281834654939435
Thylakoid
Thylakoid - wikipedia Thylakoid Jump to : navigation , search `` Granum '' redirects here . For the town in Canada , see Granum , Alberta . Cell biology The chloroplast Components of a typical chloroplast 1 Granum 2 Chloroplast envelope 2.1 Outer membrane 2.2 Intermembrane space 2.3 Inner membrane 3 Thylakoid ◄ You are here 3.1 Thylakoid space ( lumen ) 3.2 Thylakoid membrane 4 Stromal thylakoid 5 Stroma 6 Nucleoid ( DNA ring ) 7 Ribosome 8 Plastoglobulus 9 Starch granule Thylakoids ( dark green ) inside a chloroplast A thylakoid is a membrane - bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria . They are the site of the light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis . Thylakoids consist of a thylakoid membrane surrounding a thylakoid lumen . Chloroplast thylakoids frequently form stacks of disks referred to as grana ( singular : granum ) . Grana are connected by intergranal or stroma thylakoids , which join granum stacks together as a single functional compartment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Structure 2.1 Membrane 2.2 Lumen 2.3 Granum and stroma lamellae 3 Formation 4 Isolation and fractionation 5 Proteins 5.1 Integral membrane proteins 5.1. 1 Photosystems 5.1. 2 Cytochrome b6f complex 5.1. 3 ATP synthase 5.2 Lumen proteins 5.3 Protein expression 5.4 Protein targeting to the thylakoids 6 Function 6.1 Water photolysis 6.2 Electron transport chains 6.3 Chemiosmosis 6.3. 1 Source of proton gradient 6.3. 2 ATP generation 7 Thylakoid membranes in cyanobacteria 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Textbook sources Etymology ( edit ) The word thylakoid comes from the Greek word thylakos meaning `` sac '' or `` pouch '' . Thus , thylakoid means `` sac - like '' or `` pouch - like '' . Structure ( edit ) Thylakoid structures TEM image of grana Thylakoids are membrane - bound structures embedded in the chloroplast stroma . A stack of thylakoids is called a granum and resembles a stack of coins . Membrane ( edit ) The thylakoid membrane is the site of the light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis with the photosynthetic pigments embedded directly in the membrane . It is an alternating pattern of dark and light bands measuring each 1 nanometre . The thylakoid lipid bilayer shares characteristic features with prokaryotic membranes and the inner chloroplast membrane . For example , acidic lipids can be found in thylakoid membranes , cyanobacteria and other photosynthetic bacteria and are involved in the functional integrity of the photosystems . The thylakoid membranes of higher plants are composed primarily of phospholipids and galactolipids that are asymmetrically arranged along and across the membranes . Thylakoid membranes are richer in galactolipids rather than phospholipids ; also they predominantly consist of hexagonal phase II forming monogalacotosyl diglyceride lipid . Despite this unique composition , plant thylakoid membranes have been shown to assume largely lipid - bilayer dynamic organization . Lipids forming the thylakoid membranes , richest in high - fluidity linolenic acid are synthesized in a complex pathway involving exchange of lipid precursors between the endoplasmic reticulum and inner membrane of the plastid envelope and transported from the inner membrane to the thylakoids via vesicles . Lumen ( edit ) The thylakoid lumen is a continuous aqueous phase enclosed by the thylakoid membrane . It plays an important role for photophosphorylation during photosynthesis . During the light - dependent reaction , protons are pumped across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen making it acidic down to pH 4 . Granum and stroma lamellae ( edit ) In higher plants thylakoids are organized into a granum - stroma membrane assembly . A granum ( plural grana ) is a stack of thylakoid discs . Chloroplasts can have from 10 to 100 grana . Grana are connected by stroma thylakoids , also called intergranal thylakoids or lamellae . Grana thylakoids and stroma thylakoids can be distinguished by their different protein composition . Grana contribute to chloroplasts ' large surface area to volume ratio . Different interpretations of electron tomography imaging of thylakoid membranes has resulted in two models for grana structure . Both posit that lamellae intersect grana stacks in parallel sheets , though whether these sheets intersect in planes perpendicular to the grana stack axis , or are arranged in a right - handed helix is debated . Formation ( edit ) Chloroplasts develop from proplastids when seedlings emerge from the ground . Thylakoid formation requires light . In the plant embryo and in the absence of light , proplastids develop into etioplasts that contain semicrystalline membrane structures called prolamellar bodies . When exposed to light , these prolamellar bodies develop into thylakoids . This does not happen in seedlings grown in the dark , which undergo etiolation . An underexposure to light can cause the thylakoids to fail . This causes the chloroplasts to fail resulting in the death of the plant . Thylakoid formation requires the action of vesicle - inducing protein in plastids 1 ( VIPP1 ) . Plants can not survive without this protein , and reduced VIPP1 levels lead to slower growth and paler plants with reduced ability to photosynthesize . VIPP1 appears to be required for basic thylakoid membrane formation , but not for the assembly of protein complexes of the thylakoid membrane . It is conserved in all organisms containing thylakoids , including cyanobacteria , green algae , such as Chlamydomonas , and higher plants , such as Arabidopsis thaliana . Isolation and fractionation ( edit ) Thylakoids can be purified from plant cells using a combination of differential and gradient centrifugation . Disruption of isolated thylakoids , for example by mechanical shearing , releases the lumenal fraction . Peripheral and integral membrane fractions can be extracted from the remaining membrane fraction . Treatment with sodium carbonate ( Na CO ) detaches peripheral membrane proteins , whereas treatment with detergents and organic solvents solubilizes integral membrane proteins . Proteins ( edit ) Thylakoid disc with embedded and associated proteins Thylakoids contain many integral and peripheral membrane proteins , as well as lumenal proteins . Recent proteomics studies of thylakoid fractions have provided further details on the protein composition of the thylakoids . These data have been summarized in several plastid protein databases that are available online . According to these studies , the thylakoid proteome consists of at least 335 different proteins . Out of these , 89 are in the lumen , 116 are integral membrane proteins , 62 are peripheral proteins on the stroma side , and 68 peripheral proteins on the lumenal side . Additional low - abundance lumenal proteins can be predicted through computational methods . Of the thylakoid proteins with known functions , 42 % are involved in photosynthesis . The next largest functional groups include proteins involved in protein targeting , processing and folding with 11 % , oxidative stress response ( 9 % ) and translation ( 8 % ) . Integral membrane proteins ( edit ) Thylakoid membranes contain integral membrane proteins which play an important role in light harvesting and the light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis . There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane : Photosystems I and II Cytochrome b6f complex ATP synthase Photosystem II is located mostly in the grana thylakoids , whereas photosystem I and ATP synthase are mostly located in the stroma thylakoids and the outer layers of grana . The cytochrome b6f complex is distributed evenly throughout thylakoid membranes . Due to the separate location of the two photosystems in the thylakoid membrane system , mobile electron carriers are required to shuttle electrons between them . These carriers are plastoquinone and plastocyanin . Plastoquinone shuttles electrons from photosystem II to the cytochrome b6f complex , whereas plastocyanin carries electrons from the cytochrome b6f complex to photosystem I . Together , these proteins make use of light energy to drive electron transport chains that generate a chemiosmotic potential across the thylakoid membrane and NADPH , a product of the terminal redox reaction . The ATP synthase uses the chemiosmotic potential to make ATP during photophosphorylation . Photosystems ( edit ) Main article : Photosystem These photosystems are light - driven redox centers , each consisting of an antenna complex that uses chlorophylls and accessory photosynthetic pigments such as carotenoids and phycobiliproteins to harvest light at a variety of wavelengths . Each antenna complex has between 250 and 400 pigment molecules and the energy they absorb is shuttled by resonance energy transfer to a specialized chlorophyll a at the reaction center of each photosystem . When either of the two chlorophyll a molecules at the reaction center absorbs energy , an electron is excited and transferred to an electron - acceptor molecule . Photosystem I contains a pair of chlorophyll a molecules , designated P700 , at its reaction center that maximally absorbs 700 nm light . Photosystem II contains P680 chlorophyll that absorbs 680 nm light best ( note that these wavelengths correspond to deep red -- see the visible spectrum ) . The P is short for pigment and the number is the specific absorption peak in nanometers for the chlorophyll molecules in each reaction center . Cytochrome b6f complex ( edit ) Main article : Cytochrome b6f complex The cytochrome b6f complex is part of the thylakoid electron transport chain and couples electron transfer to the pumping of protons into the thylakoid lumen . Energetically , it is situated between the two photosystems and transfers electrons from photosystem II - plastoquinone to plastocyanin - photosystem I . ATP synthase ( edit ) Main article : ATP synthase The thylakoid ATP synthase is a CF1FO - ATP synthase similar to the mitochondrial ATPase . It is integrated into the thylakoid membrane with the CF1 - part sticking into stroma . Thus , ATP synthesis occurs on the stromal side of the thylakoids where the ATP is needed for the light - independent reactions of photosynthesis . Lumen proteins ( edit ) The electron transport protein plastocyanin is present in the lumen and shuttles electrons from the cytochrome b6f protein complex to photosystem I. While plastoquinones are lipid - soluble and therefore move within the thylakoid membrane , plastocyanin moves through the thylakoid lumen . The lumen of the thylakoids is also the site of water oxidation by the oxygen evolving complex associated with the lumenal side of photosystem II . Lumenal proteins can be predicted computationally based on their targeting signals . In Arabidopsis , out of the predicted lumenal proteins possessing the Tat signal , the largest groups with known functions are 19 % involved in protein processing ( proteolysis and folding ) , 18 % in photosynthesis , 11 % in metabolism , and 7 % redox carriers and defense . Protein expression ( edit ) Chloroplasts have their own genome , which encodes a number of thylakoid proteins . However , during the course of plastid evolution from their cyanobacterial endosymbiotic ancestors , extensive gene transfer from the chloroplast genome to the cell nucleus took place . This results in the four major thylakoid protein complexes being encoded in part by the chloroplast genome and in part by the nuclear genome . Plants have developed several mechanisms to co-regulate the expression of the different subunits encoded in the two different organelles to assure the proper stoichiometry and assembly of these protein complexes . For example , transcription of nuclear genes encoding parts of the photosynthetic apparatus is regulated by light . Biogenesis , stability and turnover of thylakoid protein complexes are regulated by phosphorylation via redox - sensitive kinases in the thylakoid membranes . The translation rate of chloroplast - encoded proteins is controlled by the presence or absence of assembly partners ( control by epistasy of synthesis ) . This mechanism involves negative feedback through binding of excess protein to the 5 ' untranslated region of the chloroplast mRNA . Chloroplasts also need to balance the ratios of photosystem I and II for the electron transfer chain . The redox state of the electron carrier plastoquinone in the thylakoid membrane directly affects the transcription of chloroplast genes encoding proteins of the reaction centers of the photosystems , thus counteracting imbalances in the electron transfer chain . Protein targeting to the thylakoids ( edit ) Schematic representation of thylakoid protein targeting pathways . Thylakoid proteins are targeted to their destination via signal peptides and prokaryotic - type secretory pathways inside the chloroplast . Most thylakoid proteins encoded by a plant 's nuclear genome need two targeting signals for proper localization : An N - terminal chloroplast targeting peptide ( shown in yellow in the figure ) , followed by a thylakoid targeting peptide ( shown in blue ) . Proteins are imported through the translocon of outer and inner membrane ( Toc and Tic ) complexes . After entering the chloroplast , the first targeting peptide is cleaved off by a protease processing imported proteins . This unmasks the second targeting signal and the protein is exported from the stroma into the thylakoid in a second targeting step . This second step requires the action of protein translocation components of the thylakoids and is energy - dependent . Proteins are inserted into the membrane via the SRP - dependent pathway ( 1 ) , the Tat - dependent pathway ( 2 ) , or spontaneously via their transmembrane domains ( not shown in figure ) . Lumenal proteins are exported across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen by either the Tat - dependent pathway ( 2 ) or the Sec - dependent pathway ( 3 ) and released by cleavage from the thylakoid targeting signal . The different pathways utilize different signals and energy sources . The Sec ( secretory ) pathway requires ATP as energy source and consists of SecA , which binds to the imported protein and a Sec membrane complex to shuttle the protein across . Proteins with a twin arginine motif in their thylakoid signal peptide are shuttled through the Tat ( twin arginine translocation ) pathway , which requires a membrane - bound Tat complex and the pH gradient as an energy source . Some other proteins are inserted into the membrane via the SRP ( signal recognition particle ) pathway . The chloroplast SRP can interact with its target proteins either post-translationally or co-translationally , thus transporting imported proteins as well as those that are translated inside the chloroplast . The SRP pathway requires GTP and the pH gradient as energy sources . Some transmembrane proteins may also spontaneously insert into the membrane from the stromal side without energy requirement . Function ( edit ) Light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis at the thylakoid membrane The thylakoids are the site of the light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis . These include light - driven water oxidation and oxygen evolution , the pumping of protons across the thylakoid membranes coupled with the electron transport chain of the photosystems and cytochrome complex , and ATP synthesis by the ATP synthase utilizing the generated proton gradient . Water photolysis ( edit ) Main article : photolysis The first step in photosynthesis is the light - driven reduction ( splitting ) of water to provide the electrons for the photosynthetic electron transport chains as well as protons for the establishment of a proton gradient . The water - splitting reaction occurs on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membrane and is driven by the light energy captured by the photosystems . It is interesting to note that this oxidation of water conveniently produces the waste product O that is vital for cellular respiration . The molecular oxygen formed by the reaction is released into the atmosphere . Electron transport chains ( edit ) Main article : electron transport chain Two different variations of electron transport are used during photosynthesis : Noncyclic electron transport or Non-cyclic photophosphorylation produces NADPH + H and ATP . Cyclic electron transport or Cyclic photophosphorylation produces only ATP . The noncyclic variety involves the participation of both photosystems , while the cyclic electron flow is dependent on only photosystem I . Photosystem I uses light energy to reduce NADP to NADPH + H , and is active in both noncyclic and cyclic electron transport . In cyclic mode , the energized electron is passed down a chain that ultimately returns it ( in its base state ) to the chlorophyll that energized it . Photosystem II uses light energy to oxidize water molecules , producing electrons ( e ) , protons ( H ) , and molecular oxygen ( O ) , and is only active in noncyclic transport . Electrons in this system are not conserved , but are rather continually entering from oxidized 2H O ( O + 4 H + 4 e ) and exiting with NADP when it is finally reduced to NADPH . Chemiosmosis ( edit ) Main article : chemiosmosis A major function of the thylakoid membrane and its integral photosystems is the establishment of chemiosmotic potential . The carriers in the electron transport chain use some of the electron 's energy to actively transport protons from the stroma to the lumen . During photosynthesis , the lumen becomes acidic , as low as pH 4 , compared to pH 8 in the stroma . This represents a 10,000 fold concentration gradient for protons across the thylakoid membrane . Source of proton gradient ( edit ) The protons in the lumen come from three primary sources . Photolysis by photosystem II oxidises water to oxygen , protons and electrons in the lumen . The transfer of electrons from photosystem II to plastoquinone during non-cyclic electron transport consumes two protons from the stroma . These are released in the lumen when the reduced plastoquinol is oxidized by the cytochrome b6f protein complex on the lumen side of the thylakoid membrane . From the plastoquinone pool , electrons pass through the cytochrome b6f complex . This integral membrane assembly resembles cytochrome bc1 . The reduction of plastoquinone by ferredoxin during cyclic electron transport also transfers two protons from the stroma to the lumen . The proton gradient is also caused by the consumptions of protons in the stroma to make NADPH from NADP+ at the NADP reductase . ATP generation ( edit ) The molecular mechanism of ATP ( Adenosine triphosphate ) generation in chloroplasts is similar to that in mitochondria and takes the required energy from the proton motive force ( PMF ) . However , chloroplasts rely more on the chemical potential of the PMF to generate the potential energy required for ATP synthesis . The PMF is the sum of a proton chemical potential ( given by the proton concentration gradient ) and a transmembrane electrical potential ( given by charge separation across the membrane ) . Compared to the inner membranes of mitochondria , which have a significantly higher membrane potential due to charge separation , thylakoid membranes lack a charge gradient . To compensate for this , the 10,000 fold proton concentration gradient across the thylakoid membrane is much higher compared to a 10 fold gradient across the inner membrane of mitochondria . The resulting chemiosmotic potential between the lumen and stroma is high enough to drive ATP synthesis using the ATP synthase . As the protons travel back down the gradient through channels in ATP synthase , ADP + P are combined into ATP . In this manner , the light - dependent reactions are coupled to the synthesis of ATP via the proton gradient . Thylakoid membranes in cyanobacteria ( edit ) Thylakoids ( green ) inside a cyanobacterium ( Synechocystis ) Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes with highly differentiated membrane systems . Cyanobacteria have an internal system of thylakoid membranes where the fully functional electron transfer chains of photosynthesis and respiration reside . The presence of different membrane systems lends these cells a unique complexity among bacteria . Cyanobacteria must be able to reorganize the membranes , synthesize new membrane lipids , and properly target proteins to the correct membrane system . The outer membrane , plasma membrane , and thylakoid membranes each have specialized roles in the cyanobacterial cell . Understanding the organization , functionality , protein composition and dynamics of the membrane systems remains a great challenge in cyanobacterial cell biology . The thylakoid membranes of the cyanobacteria are not differentiated into granum and stroma regions as observed in plants . They form stacks of parallel sheets close to the cytoplasmic membrane with a low packing density . The relatively large distance between the thylakoids provides space for the external light harvesting antennae , the phycobilisomes . This macrostructure , as in the case of higher plants , shows some flexibility during changes in the physicochemical environment . See also ( edit ) Arthur Meyer ( botanist ) André Jagendorf Chemiosmosis Electrochemical gradient Endosymbiosis Oxygen evolution Photosynthesis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ θύλακος . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ `` Photosynthesis '' McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology , 10th ed. 2007 . Vol. 13 p. 469 Jump up ^ Sato N ( 2004 ) . `` Roles of the acidic lipids sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol in photosynthesis : their specificity and evolution '' . J Plant Res. 117 ( 6 ) : 495 -- 505 . doi : 10.1007 / s10265 - 004 - 0183 - 1 . PMID 15538651 . Jump up ^ `` photosynthesis . '' Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008 . Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 9 Apr. 2008 Jump up ^ Spraque SG ( 1987 ) . `` Structural and functional organization of galactolipids on thylakoid membrane organization '' . J Bioenerg Biomembr. 19 ( 6 ) : 691 -- 703 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00762303 . PMID 3320041 . Jump up ^ YashRoy , R.C. ( 1990 ) . `` Magnetic resonance studies of dynamic organization of lipids in chloroplast membranes '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Biosciences. 15 ( 4 ) : 281 -- 288 . doi : 10.1007 / bf02702669 . Jump up ^ YashRoy , R.C. ( 1987 ) . `` 13C NMR studies of lipid fatty - acyl chains of chloroplast membranes '' . Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 24 : 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Benning C , Xu C , Awai K ( 2006 ) . `` Non-vesicular and vesicular lipid trafficking involving plastids '' . Curr Opin Plant Biol. 9 ( 3 ) : 241 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pbi. 2006.03. 012 . PMID 16603410 . Jump up ^ Mustárdy , L. ; Buttle , K. ; Steinbach , G. ; Garab , G. ( 2008 ) . `` The Three - Dimensional Network of the Thylakoid Membranes in Plants : Quasihelical Model of the Granum - Stroma Assembly '' . Plant Cell. 20 ( 10 ) : 2552 -- 2557 . doi : 10.1105 / tpc. 108.059147 . PMC 2590735 . PMID 18952780 . Jump up ^ Elena Aseeva ; Friederich Ossenbühl ; Claudia Sippel ; Won K. Cho ; Bernhard Stein ; Lutz A. Eichacker ; Jörg Meurer ; Gerhard Wanner ; Peter Westhoff ; Jürgen Soll ; Ute C. Vothknecht ( 2007 ) . `` Vipp1 is required for basic thylakoid membrane formation but not for the assembly of thylakoid protein complexes '' . Plant Physiol Biochem. 45 ( 2 ) : 119 -- 28 . doi : 10.1016 / j. plaphy. 2007.01. 005 . PMID 17346982 . Jump up ^ Westphal S , Heins L , Soll J , Vothknecht U ( 2001 ) . `` Vipp1 deletion mutant of Synechocystis : A connection between bacterial phage shock and thylakoid biogenesis ? '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 98 ( 7 ) : 4243 -- 8 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 061501198 . PMC 31210 . PMID 11274448 . Jump up ^ Liu C , Willmund F , Golecki J , Cacace S , Markert C , Heß B , Schroda M , Schroda M ( 2007 ) . `` The chloroplast HSP70B - CDJ2 - CGE1 chaperones catalyse assembly and disassembly of VIPP1 oligomers in Chlamydomonas '' . Plant J. 50 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 77 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 313X. 2007.03047. x . PMID 17355436 . Jump up ^ Kroll D , Meierhoff K , Bechtold N , Kinoshita M , Westphal S , Vothknecht U , Soll J , Westhoff P ( 2001 ) . `` VIPP1 , a nuclear gene of Arabidopsis thaliana essential for thylakoid membrane formation '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 98 ( 7 ) : 4238 -- 42 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 061500998 . PMC 31209 . PMID 11274447 . ^ Jump up to : Peltier J , Emanuelsson O , Kalume D , Ytterberg J , Friso G , Rudella A , Liberles D , Söderberg L , Roepstorff P , von Heijne G , van Wijk KJ ( 2002 ) . `` Central Functions of the Lumenal and Peripheral Thylakoid Proteome of Arabidopsis Determined by Experimentation and Genome - Wide Prediction '' . Plant Cell. 14 ( 1 ) : 211 -- 36 . doi : 10.1105 / tpc. 010304 . PMC 150561 . PMID 11826309 . Jump up ^ van Wijk K ( 2004 ) . `` Plastid proteomics '' . Plant Physiol Biochem. 42 ( 12 ) : 963 -- 77 . doi : 10.1016 / j. plaphy. 2004.10. 015 . PMID 15707834 . ^ Jump up to : Friso G , Giacomelli L , Ytterberg A , Peltier J , Rudella A , Sun Q , Wijk K ( 2004 ) . `` In - Depth Analysis of the Thylakoid Membrane Proteome of Arabidopsis thaliana Chloroplasts : New Proteins , New Functions , and a Plastid Proteome Database '' . Plant Cell. 16 ( 2 ) : 478 -- 99 . doi : 10.1105 / tpc. 017814 . PMC 341918 . PMID 14729914 . - The Plastid Proteome Database Jump up ^ Kleffmann T , Hirsch - Hoffmann M , Gruissem W , Baginsky S ( 2006 ) . `` plprot : a comprehensive proteome database for different plastid types '' . Plant Cell Physiol. 47 ( 3 ) : 432 -- 6 . doi : 10.1093 / pcp / pcj005 . PMID 16418230 . -- Plastid Protein Database Jump up ^ Peltier J , Friso G , Kalume D , Roepstorff P , Nilsson F , Adamska I , van Wijk K ( 2000 ) . `` Proteomics of the Chloroplast : Systematic Identification and Targeting Analysis of Lumenal and Peripheral Thylakoid Proteins '' . Plant Cell. 12 ( 3 ) : 319 -- 41 . doi : 10.1105 / tpc. 12.3. 319 . PMC 139834 . PMID 10715320 . Jump up ^ Vener AV , Ohad I , Andersson B ( 1998 ) . `` Protein phosphorylation and redox sensing in chloroplast thylakoids '' . Curr Opin Plant Biol. 1 ( 3 ) : 217 -- 23 . doi : 10.1016 / S1369 - 5266 ( 98 ) 80107 - 6 . PMID 10066592 . Jump up ^ Choquet Y , Wostrikoff K , Rimbault B , Zito F , Girard - Bascou J , Drapier D , Wollman F ( 2001 ) . `` Assembly - controlled regulation of chloroplast gene translation '' . Biochem Soc Trans . 29 ( Pt 4 ) : 421 -- 6 . doi : 10.1042 / BST0290421 . PMID 11498001 . Jump up ^ Minai L , Wostrikoff K , Wollman F , Choquet Y ( 2006 ) . `` Chloroplast Biogenesis of Photosystem II Cores Involves a Series of Assembly - Controlled Steps That Regulate Translation '' . Plant Cell. 18 ( 1 ) : 159 -- 75 . doi : 10.1105 / tpc. 105.037705 . PMC 1323491 . PMID 16339851 . Jump up ^ Allen J , Pfannschmidt T ( 2000 ) . `` Balancing the two photosystems : photosynthetic electron transfer governs transcription of reaction centre genes in chloroplasts '' . Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 355 ( 1402 ) : 1351 -- 9 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2000.0697 . PMC 1692884 . PMID 11127990 . Jump up ^ Gutensohn M , Fan E , Frielingsdorf S , Hanner P , Hou B , Hust B , Klösgen R ( 2006 ) . `` Toc , Tic , Tat et al. : structure and function of protein transport machineries in chloroplasts '' . J. Plant Physiol. 163 ( 3 ) : 333 -- 47 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jplph. 2005.11. 009 . PMID 16386331 . Jump up ^ Jagendorf A.T. and E. Uribe ( 1966 ) . `` ATP formation caused by acid - base transition of spinach chloroplasts '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA . 55 : 170 -- 177 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 55.1. 170 . Jump up ^ Herrero A and Flores E ( editor ) . ( 2008 ) . The Cyanobacteria : Molecular Biology , Genomics and Evolution ( 1st ed . ) . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 1 - 904455 - 15 - 8 . ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ van de Meene , AM ; Hohmann - Marriott , MF ; Vermaas , WF ; Roberson , RW ( January 2006 ) . `` The three - dimensional structure of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp . PCC 6803 '' . Archives of Microbiology. 184 ( 5 ) : 259 -- 70 . doi : 10.1007 / s00203 - 005 - 0027 - y . PMID 16320037 . Jump up ^ Olive , J ; Ajlani , G ; Astier , C ; Recouvreur , M ; Vernotte , C. `` Ultrastructure and light adaptation of phycobilisome mutants of Synechocystis PCC 6803 '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta ( BBA ) - Bioenergetics. 1319 ( 2 - 3 ) : 275 -- 282 . doi : 10.1016 / S0005 - 2728 ( 96 ) 00168 - 5 . Jump up ^ Nagy , G ; Posselt , D ; Kovács , L ; Holm , JK ; Szabó , M ; Ughy , B ; Rosta , L ; Peters , J ; Timmins , P ; Garab , G ( Jun 1 , 2011 ) . `` Reversible membrane reorganizations during photosynthesis in vivo : revealed by small - angle neutron scattering '' . The Biochemical Journal . 436 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 30 . doi : 10.1042 / BJ20110180 . PMID 21473741 . Textbook sources ( edit ) Heller , H. Craig ; Orians , Gordan H. ; Purves , William K. & Sadava , David ( 2004 ) . LIFE : The Science of Biology ( 7th ed . ) . Sinauer Associates , Inc . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 9856 - 5 . Raven , Peter H. ; Ray F. Evert ; Susan E. Eichhorn ( 2005 ) . Biology of Plants ( 7th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers . pp. 115 -- 127 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1007 - 2 . Herrero A and Flores E ( editors ) . ( 2008 ) . The Cyanobacteria : Molecular Biology , Genomics and Evolution ( 1st ed . ) . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 15 - 8 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thylakoid&oldid=813938697 '' Categories : Membrane biology Organelles Photosynthesis Plant anatomy Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 01 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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what are the proteins called that transport electrons in the thylakoid membrane
[ "Photosystem II is located mostly in the grana thylakoids, whereas photosystem I and ATP synthase are mostly located in the stroma thylakoids and the outer layers of grana. The cytochrome b6f complex is distributed evenly throughout thylakoid membranes. Due to the separate location of the two photosystems in the thylakoid membrane system, mobile electron carriers are required to shuttle electrons between them. These carriers are plastoquinone and plastocyanin. Plastoquinone shuttles electrons from photosystem II to the cytochrome b6f complex, whereas plastocyanin carries electrons from the cytochrome b6f complex to photosystem I.", "Photosystem II is located mostly in the grana thylakoids, whereas photosystem I and ATP synthase are mostly located in the stroma thylakoids and the outer layers of grana. The cytochrome b6f complex is distributed evenly throughout thylakoid membranes. Due to the separate location of the two photosystems in the thylakoid membrane system, mobile electron carriers are required to shuttle electrons between them. These carriers are plastoquinone and plastocyanin. Plastoquinone shuttles electrons from photosystem II to the cytochrome b6f complex, whereas plastocyanin carries electrons from the cytochrome b6f complex to photosystem I." ]
[ "plastoquinone", "plastocyanin" ]
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The Ranch (TV series)
The ranch ( TV series ) - wikipedia The ranch ( TV series ) The Ranch Genre Sitcom Created by Don Reo Jim Patterson Starring Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Debra Winger Sam Elliott Elisha Cuthbert Opening theme `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' by Lukas Nelson and Shooter Jennings Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 3 ( 5 parts ) No. of episodes 50 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Don Reo Jim Patterson Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Jane Wiseman Blair Fetter Andy Weil Jerry Anglin Producer ( s ) Jamie Rhonheimer Steve Tompkins Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 28 -- 34 minutes Production company ( s ) Ranch Hand Productions Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) The Ranch is an American comedy web television series starring Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson , Debra Winger , Elisha Cuthbert , and Sam Elliott that debuted in 2016 on Netflix . The show takes place on the fictional Iron River Ranch in the fictitious small town of Garrison , Colorado ; detailing the life of the Bennetts , a dysfunctional family consisting of two brothers , their rancher father , and his divorced wife and local bar owner . While the opening sequence shows scenes from Norwood and Ouray , Colorado and surrounding Ouray and San Miguel Counties , The Ranch is filmed on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank , California . Each season consists of 20 episodes broken up into two parts , each containing 10 episodes . All episodes are named after American country music songs , predominantly Kenny Chesney in part one , George Strait in part two , Tim McGraw in part three , Garth Brooks in part four , and Dolly Parton in part five . The first ten episodes premiered on April 1 , 2016 , the second batch of ten episodes premiered on October 7 , 2016 . In April 2016 , Netflix renewed The Ranch for a second season of 20 episodes , the first half of which premiered on June 16 , 2017 , and the second half was released on December 15 , 2017 . On July 4 , 2017 , Netflix announced through its official The Ranch Twitter account that the show had been renewed for a third season of 20 episodes , the first ten of which aired on June 15 , 2018 . In December 2017 , a week before the release of the second - half of the second season , it was announced Masterson had been written out of the show following multiple sexual assault allegations made against him , and will appear in only the first 10 episodes of the third season . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special Guests 1.4 Cameos 2 Episodes 2.1 Series overview 2.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Ashton Kutcher as Colt Reagan Bennett , a former high school and college football star who pursued a professional career with mixed success , and returns to his hometown after a fifteen - year absence so that he can take part in a tryout with a semi-pro team . He ultimately stays to help his father and older brother on their family ranch . Colt is frequently the butt of their jokes , particularly when it comes to his ranching skills ( or lack thereof ) and his disappointing pro football career . He is a heavy drinker and has a penchant for not using common sense , but he seems to have a heart of gold and tries to do right by others . Based on his various T - shirts and dialogue throughout the first season , it 's implied that Colt has played for the Barcelona Dragons , San Jose SaberCats , Spokane Shock , Orlando Predators , Nebraska Danger , Iowa Barnstormers , Green Bay Blizzard , Minnesota Axemen , Portland Forest Dragons and Philadelphia Soul . Dialogue also states that he was a member of teams in Canada , notably the fictional Saskatoon Cold ( `` Like the Miami Heat ... only cold '' ) and Alaska , as well as that he was in the practice squad of the Buffalo Bills . He also states in the first episode he was the back up of the back up of the back up for Florida State and won the championship in 1999 . He is currently married to Abby and is expecting a baby girl with her . Danny Masterson as Jameson `` Rooster '' Ford Bennett , Colt 's older brother . He has lived and worked on the ranch since Colt left to follow his football career , at times showing a bitter attitude for the burden of responsibility this caused him . Despite living in Colt 's shadow he is far more competent on the ranch as well as a more level headed thinker . He has , however , been just as irresponsible as Colt , drinking too much and sleeping around . ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Debra Winger as Margaret `` Maggie '' Bennett , owner of Maggie 's , and Colt and Rooster 's mother . Maggie is divorced from Beau and lives in a trailer behind the bar she owns . Much more lighthearted and caring than Beau , her company and advice is often sought out by the boys on how to deal with problems , especially those concerning their father . Maggie is something of a hippie and is an avid marijuana smoker . Elisha Cuthbert as Abigail `` Abby '' Phillips - Bennett , a Garrison High School history teacher and Colt 's high school sweetheart and current wife . Abby was in a five - year relationship with Kenny and was briefly engaged to him , but ultimately she broke it off and hooked back up with Colt . She and Colt are now married and are expecting a baby girl . ( recurring , season 1 ; main cast , season 2 -- present ) Sam Elliott as Beau Roosevelt Bennett , Maggie 's ex-husband , and Colt and Rooster 's father . A Vietnam War veteran , he has worked the ranch since returning from the war and taking it over after his father died . He is difficult to get along with , perpetually annoyed with everyone and everything . He has an estranged relationship with Rooster and Colt . He detests many modern amenities and is easily angered by his sons ' antics . Beau appears to be a Republican with a special affinity for Ronald Reagan but at times seems to despise all politicians regardless of affiliation . Recurring ( edit ) Barry Corbin as Dale Rivers , a hearing - impaired veterinarian and close friend of Beau 's Grady Lee Richmond as Hank , a regular Maggie 's patron Bret Harrison as Kenneth `` Kenny '' Ballard , a Courtyard by Marriott manager and Abby 's ex-fiancé Megyn Price as Mary Roth , a Cracker Barrel waitress and Rooster 's older girlfriend Kelli Goss as Heather Roth , Mary 's younger daughter and Colt 's ex-girlfriend , was pregnant with their child . Molly McCook as Darlene Roth , Mary 's older daughter Kathy Baker as Joanne , a Cracker Barrel waitress , Mary 's friend , and potential new love interest for Beau Ethan Suplee as `` Beer Pong Billy '' Tompkins , a police officer and high school friend of Colt and Rooster 's Aimee Teegarden as Nikki , Heather 's friend and Billy 's fiancée Chasty Ballesteros as Tanya Showers , a sexy weather reporter and Kenny 's current girlfriend Laura Vallejo as Maria , a Maggie 's waitress Sharon Lawrence as Brenda Sanders , a widowed hairdresser who befriended Beau when he and Maggie separated Maggie Lawson as Jen the engineer , who wants to build a pipeline underneath the Bennett Ranch and Rooster love interest . Wendie Malick as Lisa Neumann , owner of Neumann 's Hill Special Guests ( edit ) Jon Cryer as Bill Jensen , a loan officer and former high school football referee ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Wilmer Valderrama as Umberto , a former Iron River ranch hand , former employee of Neumann 's Hill at the My Little Pony Ranch . He is Rooster and Colt 's friend . Currently deported . ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Martin Mull as Jerry , Maggie 's sometimes acid - tripping attorney John Amos as Ed Bishop , a longtime family friend of the Bennetts and a Neumann 's Hill employee ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Thomas F. Wilson as Coach Fitzgerald , the Garrison High School head football coach ( Season 1 ) Debra Jo Rupp as Janice Phillips , Abby 's mother ( Seasons 2 - 3 ) Jim Beaver as Chuck Phillips , Abby 's father , who like Janice is disdainful of Abby 's relationship with Colt ( Seasons 2 - 3 ) Conchata Ferrell as Shirley ( Season 2 ) Lou Diamond Phillips as Clint , a traveling musician attracted to Maggie ( Season 2 ) Kurtwood Smith as Sam Peterson , neighbor of the Iron River Ranch ( Seasons 2 - 3 ) Nancy Travis as Karen , Maggie 's estranged sister ( Season 3 ) Cameos ( edit ) Joe Firstman Pearl Charles Kurt Neumann Bukka Allen Sam Hawksley Thomas Rhett Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 20 10 April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 10 October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 20 10 June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 10 December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 20 10 June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 10 TBA Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Part 1 `` Back Where I Come From '' David Trainer Don Reo & Jim Patterson April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Beau comes home to a surprise visit from Colt , who is in transit for a tryout with a semi-pro team in Denver after being sacked by the Saskatoon Colds . Beau scolds Colt for not helping out on the ranch , a promise he made six years ago . Beau , Colt and Rooster meet Maggie at her bar , but Colt invites Heather , one of the patrons , to have sex . Beau asks Colt to help with giving birth to a stillborn calf , which is eventually saved when Colt gives it CPR . Colt learns that Beau is having a hard time managing the ranch , because of an extensive drought and having only Rooster to help with the work . Colt makes the team , but tells his father he did n't , and offers to stay and help with the ranch . The drought breaks , and the Bennetts reunite at home . `` Some People Change '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt gets into a heated argument with Beau and Rooster as they make him do the dirty work on the barn and for not sparing him dinner . Colt seeks consolation with his mom at Maggie 's and bumps into Abby , his high school sweetheart , and her boyfriend , Kenny , who used to play band in the same school . Abby comes into the Bennetts ' house that night to meet Colt and confesses her love for Kenny . Feeling depressed , Colt comes up late to the barn the next day and seeks refuge in his mother 's trailer after he refuses to make Beau coffee . Beau tries to reason for being pushy to him as `` to prepare him for the rest of his life '' while Maggie is upset with him for being stubborn and running away from problems - a personality trait shared with her then - husband . Colt comes back home the next morning and makes breakfast for Rooster and Beau . `` The Boys of Fall '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jamie Rhonheimer April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Beau breaks his back while attempting to play football with Colt and Rooster . At Maggie 's , the family plays a prank at Beau for refusing to go to the doctor and sees Kenny as he offers Colt to give a speech at the Garrison high school football team spaghetti dinner . Colt meets Garrison 's quarterback and coach , but his egoistical storytelling of how he led the school to win the state championship earns himself disrespect . Abby refuses to come back after Colt questions her coming to his house despite dating Kenny . Devastated , he humiliates himself at the speech , to the disgust of the audience . Driving a tractor while drunk , he is driven home by a police who is his high school friend , Billy . At breakfast , Beau diagnoses Colt of not yet finding out who he wants to be . Meanwhile after having a hard day at work , Beau eventually sees a doctor . A medical check - up shows him that he has high blood pressure and is advised to give up red meat and alcohol which are his stress relieves . `` Got a Little Crazy '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Nikki Schiefelbein April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt reluctantly follows Rooster to Maggie 's due to his fear of bumping into Abby . Colt apologizes to Abby and agrees to respect her relationship with Kenny . Heather walks in with Nikki and plans a party with them , Kenny , Billy , and Rooster . Colt vents his fury at Rooster for hearing Abby scorning Heather for being much younger than her . While being drunk , Abby admits that she thinks Colt deserves a better girlfriend and tries to make an advance on him . Rooster 's advance on Nikki fails as she falls for Billy . Meanwhile , Maggie invites Beau to spend the night at the Telluride Marriott as the winner of a raffle price at the spaghetti dinner . Maggie creates a rift between her and Beau , blaming him for not understanding her . Beau apologizes for being too busy with the ranch and leaving the kids to Maggie . 5 5 `` American Kids '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Beau picks Colt as his hunting partner in opening day , to the disappointment of Rooster who has always been picked . To cheer him up , Maggie decides to accompany him hunting on the same day . That morning , Colt admits to losing Rooster 's hunting hat while being drunk , as a revenge for using up all the hot water for his shower yesterday morning . Colt 's perpetual complaint about Rooster causes Beau and Rooster to switch huts . Rooster complains to Colt for abandoning the family , leaving him no choice but to stay at the ranch ; Colt tells Rooster that he actually chose to stay instead of doing anything else . Beau and Maggie decides to get home together , leaving Rooster and Colt to walk home in the rain at night . The next day , Colt returns Rooster 's hat but is told he is actually stealing someone else 's . 6 6 `` Better as a Memory '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) At Maggie 's , Abby apologizes to Colt for being drunk while at his house party as Colt continues teasing her for trying to kiss him . Heather drops by and Colt agrees to have sex with her at Maggie 's trailer , causing a fire at one of the drapes . Colt invites Maggie to stay at the family ranch , but Beau distances himself from her . The following night , Maggie successfully makes Beau warm up to her by dancing and taking a shower together . The next day , Abby delivers a replacement drape for the trailer when she meets Colt who is looking for gift ideas for Heather 's birthday . Beau invites Maggie to stay but she declines . Colt surprises Heather and she thinks their relationship is more than just sex partners . 7 7 `` I Ca n't Go There '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Beau is still deeply upset after Maggie declines his invitation to stay at the ranch . Abby drops by at Maggie 's and gives relationship advice to Colt because of his immaturity while summoning Heather to meet him with his phone . Colt asks to break up but continues having sex with her . One of the calves is ill and Beau does n't listen to Rooster 's advice to give it antibiotics , though he ultimately relents . Maggie visits Beau but his full attention to the sick calf instead of her causes Maggie to storm out in anger . Heather and Colt drive to his home to have sex , but first she meets Beau at the barn where they both share their same background of being a 4 - H and raising calves . Maggie eventually returns to reconcile with Beau , only to be asked for a divorce . The calf unfortunately did n't survive , so Colt asks Rooster and Beau to bury it that night . 8 8 `` Til It 's Gone '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Matt Ross April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt 's stray bullet while shooting a bottle causes a window and TV to break . Beau decides to apply for a loan due to dwindling finances on the ranch , which was turned down for being risky . Hearing the news , Beau cuts off the electricity . After talking to Colt , Maggie offers to be the collateral but Beau declines . Beau accuses Colt for telling Maggie about the difficult situation , for being a spendthrift and for not helping the ranch ; he fires back at him for being stubborn while asking for his kids to change . Beau meets Maggie again and ultimately lets her help the family . Meanwhile , Colt accuses the banker of making a false call during one of the games that cost him his championship . But on separate occasions , his parents agree with the banker that he fell short of a touchdown . 9 9 `` There Goes My Life '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Max Searle & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Heather offers Rooster to go for a blind date with her sister , Darlene , whose boyfriend left after she gives birth . The date goes unsuccessfully as Darlene storms out after seeing her ex 's photos . After taking Darlene home , Rooster has sex with their mom , Mary , much to the astonishment of Colt . Colt storms out to Mary the next day and Heather asks him to respect their relationship . Maggie comes home and asks Beau to go to counseling together , which also went awry as Beau storms out . Beau consults with Dale the next day and tells him to put up things that annoy him for something he loves . That night , he apologizes to Maggie . Meanwhile , Kenny proposes to Abby at Cracker Barrel as Colt witnesses . 10 10 `` Down the Road '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Beau continues holding out on selling the cattle out of fear of making a loss , while the ranch remains without electricity . Maggie tells Beau during his visit that she would like to come back to the ranch . Colt admits his astonishment , but not his heartbroken feelings , of Abby 's proposal while she visits . As he tells all his concerns to Heather , she leaves him in anger . Rooster goes overboard over dating with Mary and asks him to date her more maturely . A nearby river spilled poisonous sewage affecting the local ranches ; to the Bennetts ' luck , their ranch is spared and eventually they can sell their cattle at a profit . At the ranch party , Heather successfully reconciles with Colt and promises to be honest with each other . Beau admits his love for the boys and gives Colt his championship ring . He then visits Maggie 's to help her moving but sees her trailer is gone . Abby has doubts about marrying Kenny and tells Colt . Part 2 11 `` Gone as a Girl Can Get '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Abby implicitly tells Colt she wants to get back with him . Beau is deeply hurt because Maggie leaves , burns Maggie 's stuff and is hostile with Colt and Rooster . Heather visits Colt but breaks up after he inadvertently says that he favors Abby over her . Colt visits Abby , only to be told she is staying with Kenny , yet ends up with them kissing each other . Beau admits he still loves Maggie as he attempts to blanket her plants from frost . 12 `` Living and Living Well '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Abby confesses her rekindled feelings with Colt and asks him not to tell anyone . He ends up telling Rooster . Beau gives them allowance . Ed , a longtime friend , visits Beau and convinces him to sell the ranch to Neumann 's Hill , a corporation which buys cattle from ranchers for a fixed price and had acquired one of the ranches in the state . Rooster and Colt convinces Beau to sell the ranch , much to his fury who fears of losing his family 's legacy . Billy sells his rudimentary truck to Colt and Rooster in order to buy a ring for Nikki ; he accidentally says about proposing her while showing the truck to them , in which she says yes . 13 `` Sittin ' on the Fence '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Steve Tompkins October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Mary invites Beau and Rooster to have dinner at Cracker Barrel where she works . She intends to set Beau up with Joanne , one of the waitresses . Colt dropped bags of flour , instead of flowers , at Abby 's home and she laughs about it at Maggie 's . At her date with Kenny , Colt tries to flirt with her . Frightened , she leaves with Kenny . Mary invites Joanne to dinner at the ranch but Beau scorns the latter for their stark differences . The next evening however , they see each other again to chat over dessert . Maggie comes back and sees the two . 14 `` Let 's Fall to Pieces Together '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Steve Leff October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Beau still holds a grudge for Maggie leaving him ; the boys beg him to see her . At the bar , Heather walks by and reconciles with Colt , while Beau meets Maggie . Maggie says that she ran away because she is afraid of reconciling with him by staying in and asks him to live nomadic with her . Joanne comes back and helps Beau decide between Maggie and the ranch . Beau decides to stay and with a heavy heart calls for a divorce . Rooster sets up Abby to talk with Colt at the ranch . Abby ultimately breaks off with Kenny . Heather sees the two and the girls , heartbroken , leave Colt . Colt unsuccessfully reconciles with Abby . 15 5 `` I Know She Still Loves Me '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Jeff Lowell & Max Searle October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) The next morning , Colt tries again to reconcile with Abby and successfully asks her for a date . At the bar , Kenny sits with Colt and Rooster when the latter plans a guys ' night party at the bar with themselves to erase Kenny 's heartbroken feelings . After that , they break into Abby 's classroom . A bride and groom figurine Kenny gave to Abby entices him to get back to her . Colt admits his hookup with her , making Kenny furious . Abby has doubts about her relationship but Colt convinces her . Jerry , the family 's lawyer , attempts to settle in the divorce of Beau and Maggie but her terms on giving her share of the ranch to the boys turns him off . Despite the divorce eventually going on , she comes back to the ranch to justify this as a way for them to bear more responsibility . That night , Beau delegates the upcoming herd insemination to them . 16 6 `` Easy Come , Easy Go '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Colt and Rooster tries to satisfy Beau by doing the insemination themselves ; he tells them they are doing it wrong while still letting them off . From Dale 's inspection , they only successfully made one cow pregnant , much to Beau 's dissatisfaction . Maggie tells Beau to give them a chance . The next day however , Beau takes the duty back from them . Abby 's mom has an accident and Colt visits her . At the hospital , Colt sees Kenny hugging Abby ; Colt fights with her over this at her home . Colt demands her to depend on him only as she says Kenny was coming as a friend , but not before lying about him not being there . Kenny , still mad at Colt , still considers Abby as her fiance . 17 7 `` I 've Come to Expect It from You '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Jamie Rhonheimer Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Colt invites Abby into their first date since getting back together at a laundromat where stood Rick 's Arcade , where they went on their first date . They have sex later and read together at her house . Colt tries to read a book to satisfy Abby but the next night buys her a TV . Colt is concerned about his differences with Abby but she tells him they complete each other . Rooster , still upset , vents to Maggie ; she tells him to just let it go . Maggie storms back to the ranch to hand him the divorce papers and scold Beau for agreeing with her about teaching the boys yet does n't adopt it . Upon Dale 's inspection that Beau does the insemination job well , the boys leave him . Joanne stops by and illustrates her distant relationship with her daughter to tell him that maintaining a relationship is more important than just being right . Ed invites Rooster to work for him at another ranch . 18 8 `` The Cowboy Rides Away '' David Trainer Story by : Nikki Schiefelbein & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Steve Leff October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Beau apologizes to the boys for not trusting them enough . Rooster dismisses Ed 's offer as Maggie suggests otherwise . He visits Ed 's farm and meets Umberto , his farm 's former caretaker . The two reunite with Colt and Abby at the bar . Rooster tells about the offer to the disbelief of Colt and then gets passive - aggressive with Beau . When Colt storms into Maggie , she defends her decision in order to make Rooster happy and that he paid for Colt 's plane ticket for a Barcelona Dragons tryout as a way of supporting him . Colt eventually lets Rooster take the job . He tells this to Beau as he thanked him for his help so far . Beau leaves out of his sight in disbelief . 19 9 `` Leavin 's Been Comin ' ( For a Long , Long Time ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Steve Tompkins Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Despite Rooster 's new job starting in two weeks , Beau kicks him out and he moves to Mary 's . Maggie reveals to him that she set up Rooster 's job offer with Ed as a way to make him more mature and earn more money . After hearing Umberto 's revelation about giving money to his family while staying poor , Colt requests Beau to communicate with Rooster . At another date , Abby allows Colt to come to her house at anytime . Beau tries to settle in the paper with Maggie but their lawyer gives up due to the disagreement with Maggie 's call of selling her share of the ranch to her kids , in which Beau demands Rooster be left out . Rooster offers Colt to work on the new ranch but he declines . 20 10 `` Merry Christmas ( Wherever You Are ) '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Colt and Abby think ahead of their future as a soon - to - be family . Colt tells to Beau he is staying but Beau wants to sell the ranch due to his disagreement with the divorce terms . Mary asks Rooster not to invite Umberto anymore as he fails to babysit her daughters ' babies . Maggie agrees that Rooster 's name be left out after he agrees . Beau and Maggie finally sign the newly drafted divorce paper containing the terms . At a Christmas party in the bar , Colt gives Abby 's family the Broncos ' playoff tickets as they witness Kenny date local weather presenter Tanya Showers . Mary catch Umberto and Darlene having sex at the bar and gives them her blessing . Joanne visits Beau and give each other hats of each other 's car brand that they hate . Joanne is finally granted to see her daughter and granddaughter . Beau finally comes to the bar as the party is over . The kids give Maggie animal tap handlers symbolizing their nicknames and an old family picture . Colt gives Beau Ugg boots and he gives back a hug . Beau gives Rooster Grandpa 's knife but he still can not warm up to Beau , telling him he does not appreciate him enough . When Colt is about to head out to propose to Abby , Heather is waiting outside to announce her pregnancy with his child . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Part 3 21 `` My Next Thirty Years '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Colt reacts to Heather 's pregnancy with disbelief . As Beau is drunk and goes home with Maggie , Colt tells nothing about the pregnancy . Beau invites Maggie to stay in for the night but she declines as she tells them they are already divorced . She wants Beau to remain hopeful that Rooster will come back . At Mary 's , Darlene is upset because her ex-boyfriend Luke gives nothing for their son for Christmas . Rooster steals a bike for him . Colt is summoned to Abby 's to meet her parents and go to church together . Colt interacts awkwardly with them . On Christmas Day , Beau gives Colt a book of newspaper articles about his football career . Colt breaks Heather 's pregnancy to Beau and Beau asks him to do whatever it takes for his future child regardless of his readiness . Beau breaks the news to Maggie with a bottle of wine they promised to open when they have their first grandchild . Colt wishes to propose Heather as she says she wants to abort the baby . 22 `` Things Change '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Heather confesses she does n't love Colt . He then gets blame by his parents for having sex with her in the first place and is told that Abby will find out about Heather 's pregnancy in one way or another . Mary shoots the family truck as a revenge . Rooster is kicked out from Mary 's house for not telling her about the pregnancy . He is offered by Maggie to sleep in the hunting cabin which is left in disarray , and reluctantly accepts . Abby drops by the ranch and wishes to have sex with Colt , which he declines . Colt finally tells Heather 's pregnancy to her , as she storms out in disbelief . Beau gets a haircut at a local hair salon and befriends Brenda . 23 `` Take Me Away from Here '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Max Searle & Steve Leff June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 24 `` She 'll Have You Back '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Nikki Schiefelbein June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 25 5 `` My Best Friend '' David Trainer Story by : Ashton Kutcher & Carla Filisha Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jamie Rhonheimer June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 26 6 `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Max Williger June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 27 7 `` One of Those Nights '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jason Zumwalt June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 28 8 `` I Did n't Ask and She Did n't Say '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 29 9 `` Last Dollar ( Fly Away ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 30 10 `` Ca n't Really Be Gone '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Part 4 31 `` Learning to Live Again '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 32 `` Wrapped Up in You '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 33 `` Rodeo and Juliet '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Max Searle Teleplay by : Carla Filisha & Steve Leff December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 34 `` Much Too Young ( To Feel this Old ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Matt Ross Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 35 5 `` More Than a Memory '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jeff Lowell December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 36 6 `` When You Come Back to Me Again '' David Trainer Story by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 37 7 `` Do What You Gotta Do '' David Trainer Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 38 8 `` Big Money '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jeff Lowell & Nikki Schiefelbein December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 39 9 `` Ai n't Goin ' Down ( ' Til the Sun Comes Up ) '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 40 10 `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Part 5 41 `` Starting Over Again '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 42 `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' David Trainer Story by : Jeff Lowell & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Brian Keith Etheridge & Carla Filisha June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 43 `` A Gamble Either Way '' David Trainer Story by : Jeff Lowell & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Brian Keith Etheridge & Carla Filisha June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 44 `` Baby I 'm Burning '' David Trainer Story by : Jeff Lowell & Jamie Rhonheimer Teleplay by : Steve Leff & Jessica Kravitz June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 45 5 `` Travelin ' Prayer '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Nathan Chetty June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 46 6 `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' David Trainer Story by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Lisa K. Nelson June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 47 7 `` Telling Me Lies '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Leff & Brian Keith Etheridge Teleplay by : Nikki Schiefelbein & Carla Filisha June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 48 8 `` Fresh Out of Forgiveness '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Nathan Chetty June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 49 9 `` It Ai n't Fair that It Ai n't Right '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Matt Ross Teleplay by : Nathan Chetty & Jessica Kravitz June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 50 10 `` Change '' David Trainer Story by : Jeff Lowell & Jamie Rhonheimer Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) Reception ( edit ) The Ranch has earned positive reviews from critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the series an average approval rating of 70 % ( 60 % for season 1 , 80 % for season 2 ) based on 92 reviews , with an average rating of 4.5 / 5 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A formulaic set - up and predictable plotting are elevated by The Ranch 's surprising sensitivity and strong performances . '' Metacritic gave the series a score of 56 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Writing for Slate in a positive review , television critic Willa Paskin wrote of the show , `` The Ranch is a red - state sitcom , though it takes place in the swing state of Colorado , and is good enough to be watched by people of any political affiliation '' and `` The goodness sneaks up on you . '' Los Angeles Times wrote : `` ( Elliott and Winger 's ) scenes together , as restrained as they are , are the show 's most emotionally resonant . You will want to check them out . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's ' The Ranch ' offers up a country - heavy soundtrack '' . The Rowdy. April 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson Team For Netflix Comedy ' The Ranch ' '' . Variety . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ashton Kutcher & Danny Masterson To Star In Netflix Series From ' 2.5 Men ' Duo '' . Deadline Hollywood . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Villareal , Yvonne ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` Ashton Kutcher bucks conventions on his Netflix sitcom ' The Ranch ' and ponders reviving ' That ' 70s Show ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ASHTON KUTCHER AND DANNY MASTERSON STARRING IN NEW NETFLIX SITCOM , THE RANCH '' . IGN . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - ranch , the on netflix '' . The Futon Critic. April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Ashton Kutcher Sitcom ' The Ranch ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' The Ranch ' for Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Patrick . `` The Ranch season 2 release date announcement '' . netflixlife.com . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Ranch ' Part 4 Release Date Revealed '' . Streaming . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Olin , Bryce ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' The Ranch ' for Season 3 '' . Netflix Life . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Danny Masterson Fired From Netflix 's ' The Ranch ' Amid Sexual Assault Claims , Vows To Clear His Name `` Once And For All '' `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Ranch ' Season 3 Gets Premiere Date ; Includes Danny Masterson 's Final Episodes '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Ranch : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Ranch - Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's new multicamera sitcom is engineered to compete with network TV . And it 's good '' . Slate ( magazine ) . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Ranch ' is an old - fashioned sitcom , but Sam Elliott and Debra Winger make it worth watching '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 15 . 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who plays joanne on the ranch season 2
[ "Barry Corbin as Dale Rivers, a hearing-impaired veterinarian and close friend of Beau's\nGrady Lee Richmond as Hank, a regular Maggie's patron\nBret Harrison as Kenneth \"Kenny\" Ballard, a Courtyard by Marriott manager and Abby's ex-fiancé\nMegyn Price as Mary Roth, a Cracker Barrel waitress and Rooster's older girlfriend\nKelli Goss as Heather Roth, Mary's younger daughter and Colt's ex-girlfriend, was pregnant with their child.\nMolly McCook as Darlene Roth, Mary's older daughter\nKathy Baker as Joanne, a Cracker Barrel waitress, Mary's friend, and potential new love interest for Beau\nEthan Suplee as \"Beer Pong Billy\" Tompkins, a police officer and high school friend of Colt and Rooster's\nAimee Teegarden as Nikki, Heather's friend and Billy's fiancée\nChasty Ballesteros as Tanya Showers, a sexy weather reporter and Kenny's current girlfriend\nLaura Vallejo as Maria, a Maggie's waitress\nSharon Lawrence as Brenda Sanders, a widowed hairdresser who befriended Beau when he and Maggie separated\nMaggie Lawson as Jen the engineer, who wants to build a pipeline underneath the Bennett Ranch and Rooster love interest.\nWendie Malick as Lisa Neumann, owner of Neumann's Hill" ]
[ "Kathy Baker" ]
-4510034552037440678
Monday Night Football
Monday Night Football - Wikipedia Monday Night Football Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Monday Night Football ( disambiguation ) . `` NFL on ESPN '' redirects here . For the program aired between 1987 and 2005 , see ESPN Sunday Night Football . ESPN Monday Night Football Genre NFL game telecasts Created by Roone Arledge Directed by Chet Forte ( 1970 -- 1986 ) Larry Kamm ( 1987 ) Craig Janoff ( 1988 -- 1999 ) Drew Esocoff ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Chip Dean ( 2006 -- present ) Presented by Commentators : Sean McDonough Jon Gruden Lisa Salters Studio hosts : Suzy Kolber Steve Young Randy Moss Matt Hasselbeck Charles Woodson Opening theme `` Score '' by Bob 's Band ( 1970 -- 1975 ) `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' by Hank Williams , Jr. ( 1989 -- 2011 ; 2017 -- present ) `` Heavy Action '' by Johnny Pearson ( 1976 -- 1989 ; 2011 -- 2016 ) ( used as secondary theme from 1989 to 2011 and again from 2017 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 47 ( NFL seasons ) No. of episodes 718 ( games ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Norby Williamson ( 2006 -- present ) Producer ( s ) Roger Lewin Jay Rothman Suzy Kolber ( uncredited ; 2006 -- present ) Location ( s ) Various NFL stadiums ( game telecasts ) ESPN Center , Bristol , Connecticut ( studio segments ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 3 - 4 hours Production company ( s ) National Football League ABC Sports ( 1970 -- 2005 ) ESPN ( 2006 -- present ) Release Original network ABC ( 1970 -- 2005 ) ESPN ( 2006 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1970 -- 2010 ) , 480i ( 16 : 9 SDTV ) ( 2011 -- present ) , 720p ( HDTV ) ( 2011 -- present ) Original release September 21 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 21 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Monday Night Countdown External links Website espn.go.com/nfl/mnf ESPN Monday Night Football ( also known as ESPN Monday Night Football on ABC for rare live special broadcast ) is a live television broadcast of weekly National Football League ( NFL ) games on ESPN in the United States . From 1970 to 2005 , it aired on sister broadcast network ABC . Monday Night Football was , along with Hallmark Hall of Fame and the Walt Disney anthology television series , one of the longest - running prime time programs ever on commercial network television , and one of the highest - rated , particularly among male viewers . MNF is preceded on air by Monday Night Countdown served by Applebees . Monday Night Football is also broadcast in Canada on TSN and RDS , and in most of Europe . On September 7 , 2013 , the NFL announced that British Eurosport would show Monday Night Football games live in the United Kingdom for the 2013 and 2014 seasons . The telecasts are also seen in most of Australia on ESPN Australia , in Portugal on SportTV 3 and SportTV HD and on TV 2 Sport in Denmark , and in some other regions of the world outside the U.S. on ESPN International . A Spanish - language version airs on ESPN Deportes in the U.S. and on ESPN International in Latin America , while a Portuguese version airs on ESPN Brasil . Per an NFL broadcasting policy intended to allow those who do not subscribe to cable or satellite television to see games televised by a pay television network , the games are also made available on over-the - air television stations in each participating team 's local market . On September 8 , 2011 , the first day of the 2011 regular season , ESPN extended its contract for Monday Night Football for eight additional seasons , giving it rights to the broadcasts until 2021 . The new deal , valued between $14.2 billion and $15.2 billion , also gives ESPN rights to expanded highlights , international and streaming rights , and possibly a wild - card playoff game . Cable television providers condemned the new contract , noting that ESPN has the highest retransmission consent fees of any national cable television channel , nearly seven times higher than the nearest competitor ( TNT ) , and raises fees on an annual basis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Scheduling problems 1.2 Franchises with the most appearances 2 As entertainment 2.1 2000s 2.1. 1 2006 summary 2.1. 2 2007 summary 2.1. 3 2008 summary 2.1. 4 2009 summary 2.2 2010s 2.2. 1 2010 summary 2.2. 2 2011 summary 2.2. 3 2012 summary 2.2. 4 2013 -- 14 summary 2.2. 5 2015 summary 2.2. 6 2016 summary 2.2. 7 2017 summary 3 Theme music 4 Digital on - screen graphics 4.1 1997 -- 2005 4.2 2006 -- present 5 Scoring records 6 Scheduling on local stations 7 Commentators 8 Foreign - language versions 8.1 Spanish version 8.2 Portuguese version 9 Radio broadcasts 10 Nielsen ratings 11 Additional NFL game rights 11.1 Playoff games 11.2 Pro Bowl 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Overview ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2010 ) See also : History of Monday Night Football After 45 seasons , there now have been a total of 730 games televised by the Monday Night Football franchise . Scheduling problems ( edit ) To avoid any scheduling unfairness where , just before the first playoff game , a team may have five days off and others six , there is no Monday night game during the final week of the regular season . From 2003 to 2005 , one game was played on Thursday and another Monday under the Monday Night Football banner . Starting in 2006 , when the series moved to cable , two games are played on the opening Monday night to capitalize on fan interest during `` NFL Kickoff Weekend '' . Monday night games early in the season are often highly anticipated since records are new , teams usually are showcasing fresh talent and potential , and storylines coming into the season are often played out as fans try to see if these hyped teams are up to form . Since no one knows during the first month of the season if a team is indeed good , or will rebound from a difficult start , interest is usually high for the first few weeks of the MNF season . Since the MNF schedule is set in April and can not be changed , the league and network can not guarantee a late season matchup will have any significance or be highly anticipated . Teams thought to be good during the off - season could be out of playoff contention by the middle of the season ; a prime example occurred in 1999 , when the San Francisco 49ers and Atlanta Falcons both entered the season 's final MNF game with 4 -- 11 records . It had seemed like a good pre-season matchup since the Falcons had played in the previous season 's Super Bowl and the 49ers coming into the 1999 season had posted 16 consecutive 10 - win seasons . It is also possible for a team like the 1999 St. Louis Rams not to be scheduled for a Monday night game because of its dismal record the year before , and many other NFL teams ( such as the 2004 San Diego Chargers , with zero primetime games ) have had huge unforeseen turnarounds that result in lack of MNF attention ( these teams generally receive multiple MNF spots the year after their breakout success , which is great for viewers if those teams continue to play well , and not so great if they return to mediocrity or worse ) . However , the forecasting abilities of the NFL 's scheduling officials have exhibited uncanny proficiency . Many MNF games occurring later in the season feature at least one team that is either headed to the playoffs or must win the MNF game to clinch a playoff spot . The problem of having a national spotlight game which during the season 's most critical weeks late in the year probably would not show the most important game of the week was long known by the league and network . As a result of this , the NFL wished to move the `` Game of the Week '' idea to Sunday nights as to make flex scheduling possible . This was a move which would ultimately mean the end of Monday Night Football on ABC ( cable games are protected from the NFL 's flexible scheduling rule adopted for the 2006 -- 07 season ; the new rule applies only to CBS , Fox , and NBC 's Sunday night games ) . The league currently has no interest in expanding flexible scheduling to include Monday Night Football , citing the logistical issues of moving games back and forth between Sundays and Mondays . Franchises with the most appearances ( edit ) See also : Monday Night Football all - time team standings The franchise with the most Monday night appearances is the Miami Dolphins . The San Francisco 49ers won their record 48th Monday Night game with a 28 -- 0 win over the Los Angeles Rams on September 12 , 2016 . The most common Monday Night Football pairings are Broncos vs. Raiders ( 17 match - ups as of 2013 ) and Cowboys vs. Redskins ( met for a 17th time in 2015 ) . The defunct Candlestick Park in San Francisco currently holds the record for hosting the most Monday Night Football games , including its 36th and final Monday night game on December 23 , 2013 . Among the active stadiums following the conclusion of the 2013 season , Miami Gardens , Florida 's Hard Rock Stadium has hosted the most games with 32 . As entertainment ( edit ) Monday Night Football has continued to provide as much entertainment as sports throughout its run . In addition to the extra cameras , the program has also pioneered technological broadcast innovations , such as the use of enhanced slow motion replays and computerized graphics . Celebrity guests -- such as former Vice President Spiro Agnew , singers Plácido Domingo and former Beatle John Lennon , President Bill Clinton , and even Kermit the Frog -- were often featured during the game to `` liven up '' the broadcast . The December 9 , 1974 contest featured a rare instance of two celebrities entering the booth , with Lennon being interviewed by Howard Cosell and California governor Ronald Reagan speaking with Frank Gifford , with Reagan explaining the rules of American football ( off - camera ) to Lennon as the game went along . However , the late 1990s and early 2000s saw an even more increased reliance on the entertainment factor . Some halftime shows , featuring popular music stars , were broadcast in their entirety rather than being ignored in favor of analysis of the game by the commentators , as in previous seasons . In December 1980 , one of the most memorable moments of MNF occurred when Cosell announced in a news flash that Lennon had been shot and killed in New York City . Monday Night Football was the first national broadcast to announce his death . An advertisement during halftime on the October 19 , 2015 game featured the world premiere of the third trailer of Star Wars : The Force Awakens . 2000s ( edit ) 2006 summary ( edit ) For its 2006 debut on ESPN , Williams , Jr. re-recorded the MNF opening theme with an all - star jam band that included among others Brian Setzer , Little Richard , Questlove , Joe Perry , Clarence Clemons , Rick Nielsen , Bootsy Collins , Charlie Daniels and Steven Van Zandt . The 2006 telecast generally began with a cinematic tease produced by Rico Labbe , Michael Sciallis and Jason Jobes . It was during one of these teases that Barack Obama spoofed his announcement for the 2008 Presidential candidacy in favor of his hometown Chicago Bears in their game against the St. Louis Rams . That year , the tease was followed by the show open produced by Los Angeles - based The Syndicate called `` Transformation '' . It features computer - generated imagery showing a city being transformed into a football stadium and passers - by on the street turning into players , coaches , fans and officials set to an updated orchestral treatment of the `` Heavy Action '' theme song . The sequence began every week with a different celebrity walking down the street , picking up a glowing football helmet with the ESPN logo on the side and saying , `` I 'm ready for some football ! Are you ? '' , thus beginning the transformation process . Celebrities for 2006 included Arnold Schwarzenegger , Matthew Fox , Hugh Hefner , Paris Hilton , Spike Lee , Ashton Kutcher , Samuel L. Jackson , Ludacris , Jack Black , Kiefer Sutherland , James Belushi , Ben Stiller , Tyra Banks , Carmen Electra and Eva Longoria . In addition , celebrities returned in full force to the booth , though this proved to be the major criticism of ESPN 's first MNF season . On the opening weekend , Arnold Schwarzenegger , another celebrity - turned - California governor , was in the booth at McAfee Coliseum in Oakland , California ; before that , Jamie Foxx appeared at FedExField in suburban Washington , D.C. Following them , celebrity appearances included NBA basketball superstar Dwyane Wade , Basketball Hall of Fame player Charles Barkley , NASCAR Cup Series driver Jeff Gordon , comedian Jimmy Kimmel ( whose opening words to Joe Theismann were `` how 's the leg ? '' ) , actor Sylvester Stallone , film director Spike Lee , hip hop artist Jay - Z , and MNF theme singer Hank Williams Jr . 2007 summary ( edit ) ESPN scaled back to only one opening tease for the 2007 season . Williams Jr. and the all - star band returned , only this time they played in a `` juke joint '' set on a country road . The lead singer arrives in a GMC Yukon truck ( GMC paid for product placement ) with the license plate `` BOCEPHUS '' , which is Williams ' nickname . The Syndicate 's computer - generated tease was dropped and replaced by short pre-taped films focusing on a team or player in the game . Some of them have featured actor Jamie Foxx . The guest visits continued : Barkley returned to the booth on September 17 in Philadelphia . Other guests throughout the season included Kimmel ( another returnee ) , Drew Carey , Miley Cyrus , Russell Crowe and Terry Bradshaw . In addition , Gordon was a halftime guest on the game just before the season - ending Ford 400 and was joined by teammate Jimmie Johnson . At the end of each game , Williams returned to say , `` See you in ( city that is the site of the next week 's game ) . '' Both the open and close contain helmets of the participating teams , organized in the style of a concert poster . 2008 summary ( edit ) Despite the de-emphasis on entertainment on the overall telecast , ESPN did bring back Hank Williams , Jr. for his 20th season as part of the opening . This time , the opening sequence was set in a private residence . At the end of the song , Williams Jr. touched a foot pump , which supposedly contained the helmets of that night 's participating teams . The helmets were launched from the home toward the stadium at which the game was held . Through computer - generated imagery , the helmets `` land '' at midfield during a live shot , and then explode . The `` exploding helmets '' gimmick was also used at various times in the 1980s and 1990s during the pre-game tease . Williams Jr. then appeared again at the end of the game to promote the next week 's matchup . ESPN also continued to promote upcoming albums through its use in bumper music . On September 29 ( Baltimore Ravens at Pittsburgh Steelers ) , ESPN used `` Another Way to Die '' , a duet between Alicia Keys and Jack White of the White Stripes -- the song was part of the soundtrack for the 2008 film Quantum of Solace , then the latest in the James Bond series . Monday Night Football celebrated its 600th game broadcast on October 20 , 2008 in a game which the New England Patriots defeated the Denver Broncos , 41 -- 7 . The 39th season of MNF ended on December 22 , 2008 , when the Bears beat the Green Bay Packers , 20 -- 17 , in overtime at home at Soldier Field in Chicago . 2009 summary ( edit ) The title sequence for the 40th season of Monday Night Football featured Hank Williams , Jr. seen on the steps of a building ( presumably a museum ) , surrounded by dancers , football fans , and statues / busts -- which , along with everyone else in the scene , begin to move and dance -- patterned after those at the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The transition to Williams Jr. is a book , with the chapter number ( in Roman numerals , sequentially with each week ) and a tag line about the game to be played that night . At the end of the song , Williams Jr. plugged in the cords , thereby launching animated `` helmets '' into space , from the building toward the stadium at which the game was held ( with the exception of October 5 , 2009 , when the helmets zoomed towards Brett Favre instead ) , passing the International Space Station . As with the previous season ( as mentioned above ) , the helmets `` land '' at midfield during a live shot and then crashed into each other . Williams Jr. appeared again at the end of the telecast to promote the following week 's matchup . After that , the picture was freezeframed and the shot zoomed out to the book , which showed the freezeframed picture as part of a page . As this happened , the NFL end - of - game bumper music was played and the book closed , revealing a golden NFL logo on the back cover and signifying the end of the `` chapter '' , or game . The scene was filmed in the summer of 2009 at The Parthenon in Nashville , Tennessee . Before Williams Jr. appears , Frank Gifford gave a short vignette about a memorable moment in the history of Monday Night Football featuring one or both of the teams playing that night 's game . The 40th season of Monday Night Football ended on December 28 , 2009 with the Minnesota Vikings -- Chicago Bears game in Chicago , in which the Bears won in overtime , 36 -- 30 . The telecast ended with a vignette that featured Gifford taking a look back at highlights from the previous four decades -- and the 40th season -- of MNF , after which the book closed , signifying the end of the season . The 40th season had the highest season viewership for MNF since ESPN acquired the rights to the broadcast . 2010s ( edit ) 2010 summary ( edit ) The opening for the 2010 season was identical to that used in 2009 , except for the final scenes . This time , Williams Jr. turns a wheel filled with paint , with CGI colors blasting into the air , revealing the helmets containing logos of the participating teams -- which stay on top of the building . In one other minor difference , the chapter numbers in the `` book '' were changed from Roman to Arabic numerals . Gifford provided new vignettes and the Parthenon scenes were repeated from the year before . The 2010 season marked Williams ' 22nd as part of the telecast 's open . In an unusual coincidence , both games which had the New York Jets as a home team at New Meadowlands Stadium ( now MetLife Stadium ) were delayed because of heavy rain and lightning in the area . In the first instance , the September 13 game against the Baltimore Ravens , it was delayed 25 minutes ; the second delay , prior to the October 11 contest against the Minnesota Vikings , lasted for 40 minutes . Prior to the September 13 game , the last ESPN telecast to encounter weather problems was on October 4 , 1998 ( a Sunday night ) when lightning halted a game between the Seattle Seahawks and Kansas City Chiefs during the second quarter . The first delay forced ESPN to use ESPN2 for a game telecast , this time for the Chiefs ' home opener against the San Diego Chargers . As in 2007 , the broadcast was shifted to ESPN once the first game was over . The game between the Jets and the Vikings was both Brett Favre 's first game in East Rutherford since his only season there in 2008 and marked Randy Moss 's return to the Vikings . Moss played only four games for Minnesota until he was waived on November 2 . 2011 summary ( edit ) The opening sequence for the 2011 season was set in a closed - studio setting , with Hank Williams Jr. ( in his 23rd year ) performing with a band in front of a live audience with large video screens in the background . The end of the opening sequence featured the team logos of that night 's participants transitioning into the new ESPN Monday Night Football logo before going to a live shot . On October 3 , 2011 , ESPN pulled the theme song after Williams appeared on the Fox News Channel program , Fox & Friends , where he compared a golf outing involving Barack Obama , John Boehner , Joe Biden and John Kasich to `` Hitler playing golf with Netanyahu . '' On October 6 , 2011 , it was announced that Williams would no longer be singing the theme song , and that `` All My Rowdy Friends '' would no longer be used as its theme , as Williams still owns the song . A statement from ESPN said that the network has `` decided to part ways with Hank Williams Jr . We appreciate his contributions over the past years . The success of Monday Night Football has always been about the games and that will continue . '' Williams commented on the matter : `` After reading hundreds of e-mails , I have made my decision ... By pulling my opening October 3 , ( ESPN ) stepped on the toes of the First Amendment Freedom of Speech , so therefore me , my song , and All My Rowdy Friends are out of here . It 's been a great run . '' MNF did not have an opening sequence at all from Week 4 through the end of that season . With Suzy Kolber reassigned to the new studio show NFL32 , and Michele Tafoya having left ESPN for NBC Sunday Night Football , the sideline reporter position rotated between various reporters for the season . For the second year in a row , and the third time overall , the beginning of the 10 : 15 p.m. Eastern Time game ( Oakland Raiders at Denver Broncos ) was shown on ESPN2 as the game that began at 7 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time ( New England Patriots at Miami Dolphins ) ran past the scheduled time period . 2012 summary ( edit ) Lisa Salters was named the permanent solo sideline reporter for the 2012 season . In addition , color commentator Ron Jaworski did not return to the program . As a result , Jon Gruden became the solo color commentator , with MNF going back to a two - man booth for the first time since its final season on ABC ( 2005 ) . MNF 's opening graphic sequence , which showed the helmet logos of the game 's two participating NFL teams and then the program 's logo , was seen before the Monday Night Football Launch segment . 2013 -- 14 summary ( edit ) The opening animation sequence begins with an image of a 2014 GMC Sierra ( GMC paid for product placement ) and then goes into a timeline of historical events that occurred during the Monday Night Football era , including some highlights of MNF games from the previous 43 seasons up to 2012 . At the end of the sequence , helmets featuring logos of that night 's two participating teams are shown , followed by the various Monday Night Football logos used since the program 's debut in 1970 . The 80 - second opening animation sequence , which also featured Pac - Man , Darth Vader and President Ronald Reagan , was created by actor / filmmaker Peter Berg . A revision of the opening sequence was used for the 2014 season . Among the few changes , GMC 's product placement promoted the automaker 's line of Denali vehicles , while the sequence itself included some additional highlights of MNF games from the previous 44 seasons up to 2013 . 2015 summary ( edit ) A 3D opening animation sequence is used for the 2015 season ( 46th season overall and tenth on ESPN ) . GMC 's product placement once again promoted the automaker 's line of Denali vehicles , including the Yukon Denali that is seen at the beginning . Also among the many changes is the highlights of MNF games -- this time , they are set inside a computer - generated stadium using 3D imagery -- from the previous 45 seasons up to 2014 . 2016 summary ( edit ) After three years of using the timeline - themed open , MNF debuted a new 75 - second , Hollywood - themed open on September 12 , 2016 and it features ESPN 's new MNF broadcast team -- Sean McDonough ( play - by - play ) , Jon Gruden ( color ) and Lisa Salters ( sideline reporter ) -- and more than 20 current NFL stars and Pro Football Hall of Famers walking along a red carpet entrance lined by cheering fans and photographers taking pictures . It begins with a shot of a downtown stadium surrounded by skyscrapers , with a 2017 GMC Acadia ( product placement again provided by GMC ) displaying the location for that week 's MNF game on its navigation system . The Acadia then heads to a glitzy red carpet at the stadium 's entrance , where McDonough , Gruden and Salters exit the car , followed on the carpet by a flood of NFL players representing the past and present of MNF . Players then pose for pictures and wave to the crowd as they reach the stadium entrance . Josh Norman ( Redskins ) , Larry Fitzgerald ( Cardinals ) and Rob Gronkowski ( Patriots ) are among the current players being represented in the open , with Franco Harris ( Steelers ) , Jerry Rice ( 49ers ) , Barry Sanders ( Lions ) and Bruce Smith ( Bills ) among the past players being represented . For the Spanish - language version of the Hollywood - themed open , it features ESPN 's Spanish - language MNF broadcast team -- Álvaro Martín ( play - by - play ) , Raúl Allegre ( color ) and John Sutcliffe ( sideline reporter ) as well as the current Hispanic NFL players and the team of the Latin American version of NFL Live led by Ciro Procuna . 2017 summary ( edit ) MNF returned to two teases for the first time since its first season on ESPN ( 2006 ) . The Hollywood - themed open was repeated from the previous season , this time with the 2018 GMC Terrain being used as the automaker 's product placement . Also , Hank Williams , Jr. returned to MNF on September 11 , 2017 with an all - new version of the iconic opening theme song , `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' ( used from 1989 to Week 3 of the 2011 season ) and it appeared just before that night 's New Orleans Saints - Minnesota Vikings game . The new version , which is seen just before the kickoff of each game , is a collaboration of Williams , Jr , country duo Florida Georgia Line , and R&B singer Jason Derulo . Theme music ( edit ) Hank Williams Jr. reworked his country music hit `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight '' to be included in the telecast 's introduction as `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' ( the original introduction music was an organ - based piece called `` Score '' , written by Charles Fox and recorded by Bob 's Band ) . In addition , Edd Kalehoff modernized the classic `` Heavy Action '' theme in 1989 . For ABC 's last MNF game in 2005 , Williams Jr. 's rendition of `` Turn Out the Lights , The Party 's Over '' , closed the broadcast . Digital on - screen graphics ( edit ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Prior to 1997 , Monday Night Football had a limited graphics package . A CGI - based intro began being used in 1984 , with on - screen graphics still limited to basic text . In 1988 , the entire graphics package was updated significantly to be more in line with the rest of ABC Sports ' presentations . That year , it introduced the `` clashing helmets '' intro , with on - screen graphics consisting of italicized text underlined in red . It was updated in 1994 , the year the network hosted Super Bowl XXIX , with a more box - like design . A permanent score bug would not be introduced until 1997 . 1997 -- 2005 ( edit ) Monday Night Football began using a score bug in 1997 , the second network to do so after Fox introduced the first regular on - screen scoring bug when it began airing NFL games in 1994 . Prior to this , the graphics package was limited , but followed a basic `` ketchup and mustard '' color scheme of red and yellow . The first scorebug included team names , scores , time remaining , and displayed which quarter the game was in . This design was used through the 1998 season . ABC hosted Super Bowl XXXIV for 1999 , and updated its graphics package to more closely resemble those of sister cable network ESPN . ABC began using extended abbreviations for team names ( for example , `` TENN '' , `` VIKES '' , `` PACK '' , and `` FINS '' instead of `` TEN '' , `` MIN '' , `` GB '' , and `` MIA '' ) , as four - letter and five - letter abbreviations were used on ESPN coverage . The result was a larger scorebug with a more conventional font . It was slightly modified in 2000 to have a border that was more in line with the red and yellow color scheme . The graphics for Monday Night Football were changed in the 2002 season , the year the network hosted Super Bowl XXXVII . The scorebug was a solid color , with a more rounded shape , and a horizontally compressed font . ESPN 's graphics were no longer similar to those of ABC 's ( with ESPN instead using a gray and black design with rounded corners ) . In 2005 , the broadcast 's final year on ABC , Monday Night Football began using a horizontal bar on the bottom of the screen rather than a scorebug , with all information being contained on a single line . 2006 -- present ( edit ) After Monday Night Football moved to ESPN in 2006 ( around the same time that ABC Sports rebranded as ESPN on ABC ) , ESPN changed its entire graphics package to a red and black design , while NFL coverage used a separate design . For NFL telecasts in 2006 and 2007 , a dark gray , metallic scorebug was used , located in an unorthodox placement at the center of the bottom of the screen . For the 2008 season , a new graphics scheme was introduced that was built around a new display known as the `` dashboard '' ; the scoreboard , which now took the form of a horizontal bar , was mounted in a dedicated area spanning across the bottom the screen . All lower - third graphics were also displayed within the dashboard , replacing the scorebar when in use . For the 2009 and 2010 seasons , a revamped version of the 2008 design was used , incorporating a new , metallic silver design . Timeout indicators were added to the score bar in Week 4 of the 2009 season . For the 2009 season only , a `` 40th anniversary '' logo was incorporated into the bar in celebration of Monday Night Football 's 40th season . The `` silver '' graphics scheme would later be adopted by other ESPN properties , such as its college football games in December 2009 . In the 2011 season , the banner was restructured as a black , metallic design , which was considerably larger than most scorebars -- including the previous one ( although its sizes has varied , becoming significantly wider , though thinner in 2012 ) . For ESPN 's first pre-season game of 2012 , the timeout indicators were also accompanied by two smaller red lamps to the right , indicating the number of play challenges remaining , but these were unexpectedly removed the following game . On September 10 , 2012 , Monday Night Countdown began using MNF 's graphics scheme . For the 2015 season , the graphics were completely overhauled to match the motif that has been used for ESPN 's NFL studio programming since the year prior . However , the studio programming uses the new motif only for introductions and transitions , while the actual insert graphics use the standard ESPN package used for SportsCenter and all other sports . Meanwhile , MNF uses the NFL motif for all insert graphics , not just introductions and transitions . Most notably , the NFL motif uses a horizontal score bar across the bottom of the screen , whereas the standard graphics package uses a score box . The layout is standard , with teams on the background of their color , with timeout indicators also displaying in team colors . Experimentally , the score bar `` auto - hides '' itself during plays , though it is shown permanently during the final two minutes of each half and , if necessary , overtime . This is also the first time that ESPN has used the full 16 : 9 frame for its NFL graphics . Scoring records ( edit ) See also : Monday Night Football all - time team standings , List of Monday Night Football results ( 1970 -- 89 ) , List of Monday Night Football results ( 1990 -- 2009 ) , and List of Monday Night Football results ( 2010 -- present ) Most points 59 -- Philadelphia Eagles , November 15 , 2010 vs. Washington Redskins 55 -- Indianapolis Colts , October 31 , 1988 vs. Denver Broncos 52 -- San Francisco 49ers , December 23 , 1991 vs. Chicago Bears 52 -- San Diego Chargers , December 20 , 1982 vs. Cincinnati Bengals 51 -- New Orleans Saints , November 24 , 2008 vs. Green Bay Packers 49 -- Philadelphia Eagles , November 15 , 2004 vs. Dallas Cowboys 49 -- Kansas City Chiefs , December 13 , 2004 vs. Tennessee Titans 48 -- Detroit Lions , October 19 , 1981 vs. Chicago Bears 48 -- Green Bay Packers , October 17 , 1983 vs. Washington Redskins 48 -- Baltimore Ravens , December 19 , 2005 vs. Green Bay Packers 48 -- Tennessee Titans , October 11 , 2004 vs. Green Bay Packers Most one - sided games 45 points -- Baltimore 48 , Green Bay 3 -- December 19 , 2005 42 points -- New England 45 , N.Y. Jets 3 -- December 6 , 2010 42 points -- Miami 45 , N.Y. Jets 3 -- November 24 , 1986 42 points -- Seattle 42 , Philadelphia 0 -- December 5 , 2005 ( largest margin of victory by an MNF road team ) 41 points -- San Francisco 41 , Chicago 0 -- December 14 , 1987 39 points -- Los Angeles 42 , Philadelphia 3 -- November 3 , 1975 38 points -- Green Bay 45 , Minnesota 7 -- November 14 , 2011 38 points -- San Francisco 52 , Chicago 14 -- December 23 , 1991 38 points -- San Francisco 41 , Atlanta 3 -- November 9 , 1992 38 points -- St. Louis Cardinals 38 , Dallas 0 -- November 16 , 1970 Highest scoring games 95 points -- Green Bay 48 , Washington 47 -- October 17 , 1983 87 points -- Kansas City 49 , Tennessee 38 -- December 13 , 2004 87 points -- Philadelphia 59 , Washington 28 -- November 15 , 2010 86 points -- San Diego 52 , Cincinnati 34 -- December 20 , 1982 82 points -- Dallas 43 , Seattle 39 -- December 6 , 2004 80 points -- New Orleans 51 , Green Bay 29 -- November 24 , 2008 80 points -- Green Bay 43 , Atlanta 37 -- December 8 , 2014 79 points -- Oakland 45 , Pittsburgh 34 -- October 20 , 1980 78 points -- Indianapolis Colts 55 , Denver Broncos 23 -- October 31 , 1988 78 points -- Dallas 41 , Philadelphia 37 -- September 15 , 2008 78 points -- Oakland 40 , Dallas 38 -- October 23 , 1983 Lowest scoring games 3 points -- Pittsburgh 3 , Miami 0 -- November 26 , 2007 9 points -- Jacksonville 9 , Pittsburgh 0 -- September 18 , 2006 10 points -- San Francisco 7 , N.Y. Giants 3 -- December 3 , 1990 12 points -- Oakland 9 , Denver 3 -- December 1 , 1980 13 points -- Baltimore 10 , Washington 3 -- November 7 , 1977 13 points -- Los Angeles 10 , Pittsburgh 3 -- December 20 , 1975 14 points -- Washington 9 , Dallas 5 -- October 2 , 1978 15 points -- Buffalo 9 , Indianapolis 6 -- October 20 , 1997 15 points -- Detroit 13 , Minnesota 2 -- December 5 , 1983 15 points -- Houston 9 , Miami 6 -- November 5 , 1979 Ties Detroit 14 , Green Bay 14 -- November 1 , 1971 Oakland 23 , Denver 23 -- October 22 , 1973 N.Y. Giants 20 , St. Louis 20 ( OT ) -- October 24 , 1983 Scheduling on local stations ( edit ) From 1970 to 1997 , ABC 's Monday Night Football coverage began at 9 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time , with game kickoff typically occurring at seven minutes past the hour . Coverage was moved one hour earlier to 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time in 1998 , with a pre-game show titled Monday Night Blast , hosted by Chris Berman from the ESPN Zone restaurant in Baltimore preceding the start of the game at 8 : 20 p.m. This was done mainly to address ABC 's inability to find a suitable 8 : 00 p.m. lead - in program for MNF since MacGyver ended its run in 1992 ( not even two other series from MacGyver 's production company Paramount Television -- The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles and The Marshal -- saw success , despite the former 's ties to Paramount 's Indiana Jones film series ) , and to allow stations to start their late local newscasts nearer to their regular times . Poor ratings caused this experiment to be dropped after one season , with MNF once again moving to 9 : 00 p.m. in 1999 , though in many NFL markets , the 8 : 00 p.m. ( Eastern Time ) hour from 1999 to 2006 was replaced by affiliates with locally produced and programmed sports discussion and coaches shows , with ABC programming in that hour moved to late night or weekend slots ; by the end of the ABC run , the 8 : 00 p.m. timeslot was filled with either newsmagazines and short - lived reality television programs which failed to make any ratings headways due to affiliate pre-emptions . From 1970 to 1995 , Fisher Broadcasting 's ABC affiliates in Seattle ( KOMO - TV ) and Portland ( KATU ) aired MNF games on a one - hour tape delay starting at 7 : 00 p.m. Pacific Time ( games normally started in the Pacific Time Zone at 6 : 00 p.m. , corresponding to 9 : 00 Eastern ) in order to accommodate local newscasts ( unless the Seattle Seahawks were playing , in which case the game would be shown live ) . The practice , long opposed by viewers and ABC , ended in 1996 . KOMO then tried to accommodate having to air its local newscasts earlier than its local station competitors by marketing it as KOMO 4 News Primetime , touting it as a way to watch the news at a more convenient time than during evening rush hour . Additionally , this practice was done in Hawaii , where Honolulu ABC affiliate KITV delayed the game until 6 : 00 p.m. Hawaii - Aleutian Time , corresponding to 11 : 00 p.m. or midnight Eastern during daylight saving time on the mainland . Thus , the game , which was broadcast live on local radio starting at 3 : 00 or 4 : 00 p.m. , was almost over before it aired on television . In the case of Guam , KTGM , the ABC affiliate in that U.S. territory , aired MNF live on Tuesdays at 11 : 00 a.m. , as Guam is a day ahead of the United States due to being located on the other side of International Date Line . The demand to broadcast Monday Night Football games live across the United States over ABC was difficult to reconcile with other prime time programming , which is usually set to begin at a certain local time regardless of time zone . On the East Coast , with MNF beginning at 9 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time , there was an hour of primetime in which to schedule regular programming . However , on the West Coast , the games lasted from 6 : 00 to 9 : 30 p.m. Pacific Time ( or in the case of Seattle and Portland from 1970 to 1995 , 7 : 00 to 10 : 30 p.m. ) , leaving little or no time for additional network programming on Monday . As a result , network programs scheduled for prime time on the East Coast were broadcast at various hours on the West Coast . Most affiliates pushed the network shows to immediately after the game ; however , Los Angeles owned - and - operated station KABC - TV postponed them until 10 : 00 p.m. from at least the mid-1990s until 2005 to show trivia contests and other sports shows produced locally ( the longest - tenured such show was Monday Night Live , hosted by sports anchor Todd Donoho ) . Meanwhile , KOMO , one of the stations that tape - delayed MNF in most cases , broadcast new episodes of the sitcom Coach on Saturday afternoons ( usually reserved , coincidentally enough , for college football telecasts ; much of the series took place on a fictional college campus ) . Except for Seattle and Portland from 1970 to 1995 , ABC World News Tonight was routinely preempted on most West Coast affiliates , though the ABC network - owned stations ( e.g. Los Angeles ) aired the program earlier in the afternoon . Since ESPN took over the coverage in 2006 , games normally have a kickoff time of 8 : 30 p.m. Eastern . However , when ESPN airs a doubleheader during the first week of the season , the games respectively start at 7 : 00 and 10 : 15 p.m. Eastern . There have been issues with local stations in the ESPN era , where stations in each team 's home market that air the ESPN simulcast are in most cases ABC affiliates , which must pre-empt Dancing with the Stars to air NFL . This both forces the affiliate to air that program immediately after late - evening local newscasts , and has resulted in the program 's telephone and Internet voting coordinators keeping a late - night voting window open for the market or markets where Dancing with the Stars was pre-empted . In some cases , the program is moved to a sister station of the ABC affiliate to air live instead ( for example , until 2011 in the Minneapolis -- St. Paul market , when NBC affiliate KARE took over as the local broadcaster of MNF games , if the Minnesota Vikings were playing a game being simulcast on local ABC affiliate KSTP - TV , sister independent station KSTC - TV aired DWTS live ) . In 2016 , for the opening week Monday night game ( the second in a doubleheader ) between the Los Angeles Rams and San Francisco 49ers , the ABC - owned stations in both markets ( KABC - TV and KGO - TV ) would broadcast World News Tonight and DWTS in their live Eastern Time Zone slots , thus airing at 3 : 30 and 5pm PT respectively . Commentators ( edit ) Main article : List of Monday Night Football commentators Foreign - language versions ( edit ) Spanish version ( edit ) Since 2006 , a Spanish - language telecast is also broadcast on ESPN Deportes , the Spanish version of ESPN and on ESPN Latin América featuring NBA and NFL play - by - play announcer Álvaro Martín , Super Bowl winner Raul Allegre as color commentator and John Sutcliffe as the field reporter . This is the same crew of La NFL Dominical , the Spanish version of ESPN Sunday Night Football , until 2005 . The announcers of the second game of the 2006 doubleheader were Eduardo Varela ( play - by - play ) , Robert Abramowitz ( color ) and Georgina Ruiz Sandoval ( field reporter ) . Preceding the game NFL Esta Noche ( NFL Tonight ) , the 30 - minute pre-game show , can be seen on both networks . The four booth announcers called the 2007 season opening games from ESPN 's Bristol , Connecticut headquarters while watching games on monitors . None of them traveled to the game sites and there were no sideline reporters in the early weeks . Sutcliffe would later report from the game sites . Allegre did not work the season finale between the Broncos and Chargers ; he was replaced by Abramovitz . In 2008 , Martin and Allegre only travelled to the Cowboys - Eagles game , during the NFL 's celebrations of the Hispanic Heritage Month . As part of ESPN 's agreement to simulcast their Wild Card game on ABC , Martin and Allegre 's Spanish - language commentary is carried over the SAP channel on ABC , equivalent to the rest of the NFL 's over-the - air broadcast partners . In 2016 , ESPN Deportes served as the official Spanish - language broadcaster of Super Bowl 50 in parallel with CBS 's English - language broadcast , with Martin and Allegre commentating . During the first 9 weeks of the 2017 NFL season , ESPN2 will simulcast ESPN Deportes ' broadcast , NFL Esta Noche , and the Spanish version of SportsCenter . Portuguese version ( edit ) Since the 1990s , ESPN Latin America has a feed in Portuguese language targeted to their viewers in Brazil . Ivan Zimmermann ( play - by - play ) , André José Adler ( play - by - play ) , Roberto Figueroa ( color ) , Marco Alfaro ( color ) among others , were the announcers broadcasting from ESPN 's headquarters . Since 2006 , the structure of the Brazilian feed was merged with ESPN Brasil and the broadcasting is made from São Paulo . The current announcers are Everaldo Marques ( play - by - play ) and Paulo Antunes ( color ) . Ari Aguiar ( play - by - play ) , Rômulo Mendonça ( play - by - play ) , Paulo Mancha ( color ) and Antony Curti ( color ) occasionally fill - in . Radio broadcasts ( edit ) Main articles : NFL on Westwood One Sports and NFL on NBC Radio Monday Night Football has also been carried on national radio networks over the years . The Mutual Broadcasting System aired the games initially , with Van Patrick ( 1972 -- 1973 ) , Lindsey Nelson ( 1974 -- 1977 ) and Al Wester announcing . CBS Radio took over the rights in 1978 with Jack Buck and Hank Stram commentating . After a two - year stint ( 1985 -- 1986 ) with Don Criqui and Bob Trumpy calling the games on NBC Radio , Buck and Stram resumed with CBS Radio in 1987 . In 1996 , Howard David and Matt Millen replaced Buck and Stram . Marv Albert and Boomer Esiason were the MNF radio voices from 2002 to 2009 , with Kevin Harlan replacing Albert in 2010 . Kurt Warner joined the crew in 2014 for games when Esiason is unavailable . In the 1990s , CBS Radio purchased a controlling stake in Westwood One , which in turn had bought out both the NBC and Mutual networks . As of 2008 , Westwood One was no longer controlled by CBS , but the network retained its NFL broadcast rights . In 2011 , Westwood One was purchased by Dial Global . Then in 2014 , Dial Global , including Westwood One , was acquired by Cumulus Media . The Spanish - language broadcast is carried on ESPN Deportes Radio . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2016 ) The highest - rated Monday Night Football telecast on ABC was the Miami Dolphins ' victory over the previously undefeated Chicago Bears on December 2 , 1985 , which drew a national Nielsen rating of 29.6 and a share of 46 . ABC 's lowest - rated MNF game was the St. Louis Rams ' defeat of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on October 18 , 2004 , which drew a 7.7 rating . During the 1995 -- 1996 television season , Monday Night Football averaged a 17.1 household rating . Its main competitor , Murphy Brown on CBS , averaged a 12.3 rating . The highest - rated Monday Night Football game on ESPN , and the highest - rated program in U.S. cable television history at that time , was the Minnesota Vikings ' defeat of the Green Bay Packers 30 -- 23 on October 5 , 2009 , with a rating of 15.3 . The game featured the much - hyped matchup of Vikings quarterback Brett Favre facing his longtime former Green Bay team . In a press release , ESPN noted that the telecast `` was watched by more than 16.8 million people . The previous record was more than 13.6 million viewers for 2008 's Monday night game between the Philadelphia Eagles and Dallas Cowboys . This was subsequently beaten by ESPN 's coverage of the 2011 BCS National Championship Game . ESPN also stated that the game drew the highest rating in the network 's 30 - year history . The 15.3 rating beat the 14.4 for a Bears - Vikings game on Dec. 6 , 1987 , during ESPN 's first season of televising NFL games '' . ESPN 's lowest - rated MNF game to date was the New York Giants ' defeat of the Atlanta Falcons on October 15 , 2007 , which drew a 5.7 rating . ESPN 's third season of Monday Night Football was the most - watched program on cable television in 2008 , setting an all - time cable viewership record for the third straight year and drawing that year 's three largest cable household audiences and 13 of the top 15 . In three seasons on ESPN , Monday Night Football has registered seven of the top 10 all - time largest household audiences in cable history , led by the Eagles - Cowboys telecast on September 15 , 2008 , which attracted cable 's largest household audience ever ( an average of 12,953,000 homes ) . ESPN 's 17 MNF telecasts in 2008 averaged an 8.9 rating , representing an average of 8,679,000 households ( 11,962,000 viewers ) , increases of 3 % , 5 % and 7 % , respectively , vs. 2007 ( 8.6 ; 8,277,000 and 11,230,000 ) . Additional NFL game rights ( edit ) Playoff games ( edit ) When ABC first acquired the rights to air MNF in 1970 , it did not include any playoff games . The network was eventually allowed into the rotation of airing the Super Bowl , starting with Super Bowl XIX in January 1985 . When the league expanded the playoffs from a 10 - team to a 12 - team tournament in 1990 , ABC was then given the rights to air the first two Wild Card Playoff games . After MNF was awarded to ESPN and Sunday Night Football was acquired by NBC in 2006 , the Wild Card doubleheader that had aired on ABC , as well as a share of the rotating rights to the Super Bowl , was also given to NBC . On April 22 , 2014 , the NFL announced that it had exercised an option in ESPN 's recent contract extension for Monday Night Football rights to air a first - round Wild Card playoff game on the channel after the conclusion of the 2014 season . This was the first time that an NFL playoff game was ever broadcast exclusively on cable television in the United States , in lieu of any of the league 's broadcast network partners . The MNF broadcast team of Mike Tirico , Jon Gruden and sideline reporter Lisa Salters called the game , the first of the 2014 -- 15 NFL playoffs . The Carolina Panthers defeated the Arizona Cardinals 27 -- 16 . As with all MNF games , the matchup was simulcast on WJZY in Charlotte and KASW in the Phoenix market to allow local viewers over-the - air access to the game . However , the cable - only playoff game experiment would only last one season . On May 11 , 2015 , it was announced that ABC would simulcast a Wild Card playoff game with ESPN for the 2015 season . This was the first NFL game broadcast nationally on ABC since MNF left the network at the end of the 2005 season . The game , announced by the broadcast team of Tirico , Gruden and Salters , was the first of the 2015 -- 16 NFL playoffs . The Kansas City Chiefs defeated the Houston Texans 30 -- 0 . The ESPN / ABC simulcast continued for the 2016 season as well . Pro Bowl ( edit ) ABC televised the Pro Bowl from 1975 to 1987 , and again from 1995 to 2003 . As part of their 2011 rights agreement , ESPN was given the exclusive rights to the Pro Bowl from 2015 through 2022 . Starting in 2018 , it will be simulcast on ABC . See also ( edit ) NFL on CBS Fox NFL NBC Sunday Night Football Monday night games before 1970 Monday Night Mayhem , a 2002 television film about the origin of Monday Night Football Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Does not include the game on December 3 , 1978 , which occurred on a Sunday , but was televised by ABC 's Monday Night Football television crew . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` British Eurosport to air NFL 's Monday Night Football in UK '' . NFL UK . September 7 , 2013 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leonard Shapiro ; Mark Maske ( April 19 , 2005 ) . `` ' Monday Night Football ' Changes the Channel '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ESPN Kicks Off New Eight - Year , $14 Billion NFL Deal '' . Multichannel News . September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Claire Atkinson ( September 10 , 2011 ) . `` Cable operators rip ESPN 's $15 B rights deal with NFL '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What to Look For -- A Look Back ( Week 5 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . December 23 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zachary A. Goldfarb ( December 17 , 2006 ) . `` On ' Monday Night Football , ' An Announcement From Obama '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN 's Highest - Rated and Most - Viewed Season of Monday Night Football '' . The Futon Critic . December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Martinez ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Hank Williams Jr. apologizes for Hitler - Obama comparison '' . CNN.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN pulls Williams from MNF opening '' . ESPN.com . October 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hank Williams Jr . out on Monday Night Football '' . Yahoo ! News . Associated Press . October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NBC Sports https://web.archive.org/web/20121012025010/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/10612536/ns/sports-nfl/ . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ 1983 Monday Night Football intro on YouTube Jump up ^ 1984 Monday Night Football intro on YouTube Jump up ^ 1988 Monday Night Football intro on YouTube Jump up ^ Monday Night Football , 1994 on YouTube Jump up ^ Monday Night Football , 1997 on YouTube Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXXIV on YouTube Jump up ^ Monday Night Football , 2000 on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . Jump up ^ Super Bowl XL on YouTube Jump up ^ `` ESPN Rethinks Lower - Third Graphics for ' Monday Night Football ' '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Deportes to carry Spanish - language telecast of Super Bowl 50 '' . Los Angeles Times . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Goes Out of House , Taps ESPN Deportes to Simulcast Super Bowl 50 '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Deportes To Air Spanish - Language Broadcast Of Super Bowl 50 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 50 : CBS , NFL Set Spanish Simulcast with ESPN Deportes '' . Variety . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish - language ' MNF ' coming to ESPN2 '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Complete TV Ratings 1995 -- 1996 '' . Jump up ^ `` Favre 's matchup with Packers draws record television audience '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- Monday Night Football : Most - Watched Series on Cable '' . The Futon Critic . December 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` ESPN to air 1st NFL playoff game in 2015 '' . ESPN.com. April 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Chase ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` ESPN to broadcast first ever NFL playoff game in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pro Bowl # Television Jump up ^ Coelho , Ana Livia ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` NFL Wild Card Playoff Game Will Return to ESPN -- and Be Simulcast for the First Time on ABC '' ( Press release ) . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stoneberg , Allie ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` NFL Wild Card Playoff Game Will Return to ESPN and ABC '' . ESPN Media Zone . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fang , Ken ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ESPN TO AGAIN SIMULCAST ITS NFL WILD CARD PLAYOFF GAME ON ABC '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Gunther , Marc , and Bill Carter . ( 1988 ) . Monday Night Mayhem : The Inside Story of ABC 's Monday Night Football . New York : Beech Tree Books . ISBN 0 - 688 - 07553 - 3 Hyatt , Wesley. ( 2007 ) . Kicking Off the Week : A History of Monday Night Football on ABC Television , 1970 -- 2005 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Co . ISBN 0 - 786 - 42969 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Official website Monday Night Football at TV.com Monday Night Football on IMDb Sports properties of ESPN on ABC ( formerly ABC Sports ) Current programs College Football / Saturday Night Football NBA on ABC Indianapolis 500 / IndyCar Series Little League World Series X Games Former programs American Football League ESPN College Basketball on ABC Monday Night Football USFL World League of American Football Major League Baseball / Monday Night Baseball / Baseball Night in America NASCAR on ESPN NBA Inside Stuff NBA Access with Ahmad Rashad NHL on ABC Olympics PGA Tour on ABC Monday Night Golf Kentucky Derby Preakness Stakes Belmont Stakes Breeders Cup ABC 's Wide World of Sports FIFA World Cup NASL The American Sportsman Scripps National Spelling Bee Superstars Battle of the Network Stars ESPN Sports Saturday See also United States sports broadcasting lists ESPN Inc . 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Songs `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' `` Heavy Action '' `` The Party 's Over '' NFL Championship 1948 1950 Super Bowl XIX ( 1984 ) XXII ( 1987 ) XXV ( 1990 ) XXIX ( 1994 ) XXXIV ( 1999 ) XXXVII ( 2002 ) XL ( 2005 ) Pro Bowl 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1995 1997 1998 2018 AFL Championship 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 Results and standings Yearly results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 1970 -- 1989 1990 -- 2009 2010 -- present ESPN Monday Night Football Related programs ESPN Sunday Night Football ( Results , 1987 -- 2005 ) NFL Draft NFL on ABC Sports Football Sunday on ESPN Radio Studio programs The Blitz Monday Night Countdown NFL Matchup NFL Primetime Sunday NFL Countdown NFL Live NFL Insiders Other football programs Arena Football League on ESPN CFL on TSN ESPN College Football USFL on ESPN Related articles History of Monday Night Football NFL on television ( history ) Commentators Sean McDonough Play - by - play Jon Gruden Color commentary Lisa Salters Sideline reporter Former commentators Bonnie Bernstein Mike Ditka Ron Jaworski Suzy Kolber Tony Kornheiser Michele Tafoya Joe Theismann Mike Tirico Dick Vermeil Steve Young Lore televised by ESPN ESPN takes over MNF 2005 Saints -- Giants / Cowboys -- Redskins Doubleheader 2006 Bears -- Cardinals Comeback Fail Mary Sunday Night Football era American Bowl ( 1990 - 2005 ) Fútbol Americano Pro Bowls broadcast on ESPN 1988 1990 1991 1992 1994 2005 2006 2015 2016 2017 2018 Music Edd Kalehoff Johnny Pearson Hank Williams , Jr . Songs `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' `` Heavy Action '' `` Start Me Up '' `` The Party 's Over '' Yearly results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 1970 -- 1989 1990 -- 2009 2010 -- present National Football League on television and radio Broadcast partners ABC ( AFL ) CBS Fox NBC Defunct networks DuMont Sports Network Monday Night Football History Monday Night Countdown Results Games prior to 1970 1970 -- 1989 1990 -- 2009 2010 -- present Sunday Night Football ESPN NBC TNT Results ESPN NBC TNT Pregame TV programs The NFL Today CBS Fox NFL Sunday ESPN Sunday NFL Countdown Monday Night Countdown NBC The NFL on NBC pregame show Football Night in America NFL Network List of programs NFL AM NFL Classics NFL GameDay NFL Replay NFL Total Access The Timeline Thursday Night Football Results ( 2006 -- present ) 2007 New England Patriots -- New York Giants game Miracle in Motown NFL Films TV programs Football Follies A Football Life Full Color Football Hard Knocks Inside the NFL NFL Dream Season NFL Films Game of the Week NFL 's Greatest Games NFL Matchup NFL Top 10 NFL Top 100 Other TV programs Finding Giants Football Sidelines Football This Week NFL Live NFL Primetime Pro Football Highlights Radio broadcast partners Compass Media ESPN Sports USA Westwood One Defunct networks Mutual NBC Secondary partners Absolute Radio 90s ( UK ) NFL Game Pass Sirius XM TSN Radio ( Canada ) Local broadcasters Buffalo Bills Radio Network Cincinnati Bengals Radio Network Cleveland Browns Radio Network Dallas Cowboys Radio Network Denver Broncos broadcasters Detroit Lions Radio Network Packers Radio Network Jaguars Radio Network New England Patriots Radio Network New York Giants Radio Network New York Jets broadcasters Oakland Raiders broadcasters Pittsburgh Steelers Radio Network Titans Radio Network Broadcasters by event NFL Draft Pro Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger AFL All - 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when did espn take over monday night football
[ "To avoid any scheduling unfairness where, just before the first playoff game, a team may have five days off and others six, there is no Monday night game during the final week of the regular season. From 2003 to 2005, one game was played on Thursday and another Monday under the Monday Night Football banner. Starting in 2006, when the series moved to cable, two games are played on the opening Monday night to capitalize on fan interest during \"NFL Kickoff Weekend\"." ]
[ "2006," ]
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With a Little Help from My Friends
With a Little Help from My Friends - wikipedia With a Little Help from My Friends Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the albums , see With a Little Help from My Friends ( Joe Cocker album ) and With a Little Help from My Friends ( Neal Morse album ) . For the album by The Flaming Lips , see With a Little Help from My Fwends . `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' Song by the Beatles from the album Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Released 26 May 1967 Recorded EMI Studios 29 -- 30 March 1967 Genre Pop rock , psychedelic pop Length 2 : 44 Label Parlophone PMC 7027 ( mono ) , PCS 7027 ( stereo ) Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' / `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' Single by the Beatles B - side `` A Day in the Life '' Released 14 August 1978 ( US ) 30 September 1978 ( UK ) Format 7 '' Recorded February -- March 1967 Length 4 : 46 Label Capitol 4612 ( US ) Parlophone R6022 ( UK ) Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney The Beatles UK singles chronology `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' ( 1976 ) `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' / `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' ( 1978 ) `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' ( 1982 ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' ( 1976 ) `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' / `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' ( 1978 ) `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' ( 1982 ) The Beatles US singles chronology `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' ( 1976 ) Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da 1976 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' / `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' ( 1978 ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band With a Little Help from My Friends1978 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' ( 1982 ) The Beatles Movie Medley 1982 `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1967 album Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . It was written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney , and intended as the album 's featured vocal for drummer Ringo Starr . The group recorded the song towards the end of the sessions for Sgt . Pepper , with Starr singing as the character `` Billy Shears '' . A subsequent recording of the track by Joe Cocker became a hit single in 1968 and an anthem for the Woodstock era . In 1978 , the Beatles ' recording , paired with `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' , was reissued as a single , and peaked at number 63 in Britain and number 71 in the United States . Starr has regularly performed the song in concert as a solo artist . `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' was ranked number 311 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Recording 3 Personnel 4 Live performances 5 Cover versions 6 Joe Cocker version 7 In popular culture 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Origins Lennon and McCartney finished writing this song in mid-March 1967 , written specifically as Starr 's track for the album . McCartney said : `` It was pretty much co-written , John and I doing a work song for Ringo , a little craft job . '' In 1970 Lennon stated : `` Paul had the line about ' a little help from my friends . ' He had some kind of structure for it , and we wrote it pretty well fifty - fifty from his original idea . '' , but in 1980 Lennon said : `` This is Paul , with a little help from me . ' What do you see when you turn out the light / I ca n't tell you , but I know it 's mine ... ' is mine . '' It was briefly called `` Bad Finger Boogie '' ( later the inspiration for the band name Badfinger ) , supposedly because Lennon composed the melody on a piano using his middle finger after having hurt his forefinger . The song begins with the applause from the end of Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . Lennon and McCartney deliberately wrote a tune with a limited range -- except for the last note , which McCartney worked closely with Starr to achieve . Speaking in the Anthology , Starr explained that he insisted on changing the first line -- which originally was `` What would you think if I sang out of tune ? Would you throw ripe tomatoes at me ? '' -- so that fans would not throw tomatoes at him should he perform it live . ( In the early days , after George Harrison made a passing comment that he liked jelly babies , the group was showered with them at all of their live performances . ) The song 's composition is unusually well documented , as Hunter Davies was present and described the writing process in the Beatles ' official biography . The song is partly in the form of a conversation in which the other three Beatles sing a question -- e.g. `` Would you believe in a love at first sight ? '' where Starr answers , `` Yes , I 'm certain that it happens all the time . '' Recording The Beatles began recording the song on 29 March 1967 , the day before they posed for the Sgt . Pepper album cover . They recorded 10 takes of the song , wrapping up sessions at 5 : 45 in the morning . The backing track consisted of Starr on drums , McCartney playing piano , Harrison playing lead guitar and Lennon beating a cowbell . At dawn , Starr trudged up the stairs to head home -- but the other Beatles cajoled him into doing his lead vocal then and there , standing around the microphone for moral support . The following day they added tambourine , backing vocals , bass and more electric guitar . Personnel According to Ian MacDonald , except where noted : Ringo Starr -- lead vocal , drums John Lennon -- backing vocal , cowbell Paul McCartney -- backing vocal , piano , bass guitar George Harrison -- backing vocal , rhythm and lead guitars George Martin -- Hammond organ Live performances To date , Starr has closed every concert performed by each version of his All - Starr Band with this song . After he is done singing , Starr tells the audience `` Peace and love ... peace and love is the only way ... and good night '' , then walks off the stage . Since 2008 , the band segued right into `` Give Peace a Chance '' , during which Starr comes back onstage , then walks off again . Starr performed the song with George Harrison , Eric Clapton , Bruce Springsteen , George Michael , Phil Collins , Elton John , and many others at the 1987 Prince 's Trust Concert at Wembley Arena , London . McCartney and Starr performed this song for the first time together at the David Lynch Foundation Benefit Concert in the Radio City Music Hall , New York on 4 April 2009 . McCartney and Starr also performed the song together on `` The Night That Changed America : A Grammy Salute to The Beatles '' , a commemorative show on 27 January 2014 , that marked 50 years since the band 's first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show. , then again in 2015 at Ringo Starr 's induction in the Rock'n Roll Hall of Fame . Cover versions There have been at least 50 cover versions of the song and it has achieved the number one position on the British singles charts three times : by Joe Cocker in 1968 , Wet Wet Wet in 1988 , and by Sam & Mark in 2004 . Chris Clark , the first white female recording artist to have an album released on Motown , recorded the song for her second album , 1969 's CC Rides Again . The song was also covered by Mumford & Sons and Dawes on the Tour of Two Halves in 2012 . Mumford & Sons also covered the song to close out their headline set at the 2013 Glastonbury Festival with Vampire Weekend , The Vaccines , First Aid Kit , and The Staves on 30 June 2013 . For the 1981 compilation Rarities , the Beach Boys released their version recorded in 1967 , while in 2015 , Brian Wilson named it one of his favorite songs , and in that year German rock band Bonfire , with new frontman David Reece , recorded their version for the album Glörious . Widespread Panic has performed the song twice , both times during their special 3 - Set New Year 's Eve shows . In March 2017 , Broadway and Hollywood artists including Liz Callaway , FORTE , Annie Golden , Telly Leung and Chris Mann performed a gospel - flavored version of the song for a single and video to benefit Americans for the Arts . `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' Single by Joe Cocker from the album With a Little Help from My Friends B - side `` Something 's Coming On '' Released October 1968 ( UK ) Format 7 '' Recorded 1968 Genre Blues rock , hard rock , soul Length 5 : 11 Label Regal Zonophone Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Joe Cocker singles chronology `` Marjorine '' ( 1968 ) Marjorine1968 `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' ( 1968 ) With a Little Help from My Friends1968 `` Delta Lady '' ( 1969 ) Delta Lady1969 Audio sample file help Joe Cocker version English singer Joe Cocker 's version of `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' was a radical re-arrangement of the original , in a slower , meter , using different chords in the middle eight , and a lengthy instrumental introduction ( featuring drums by Procol Harum 's B.J. Wilson , guitar lines from Jimmy Page , and organ by Tommy Eyre ) . Cocker performed the song at Woodstock in 1969 and that performance was included in the documentary film , Woodstock . This version gained even more fame when it was used as the opening theme song for the television series The Wonder Years . Cocker 's cover was ranked number two in UpVenue 's top 10 best music covers of all time in 2009 . In 2014 , a BBC poll saw it voted the seventh best cover version ever . The version heard in the film Across the Universe segues from the original to Cocker 's arrangement at the end of the song . In 2001 , Cocker 's version of the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . Personnel Joe Cocker -- lead vocals Jimmy Page -- guitar Chris Stainton -- bass Tommy Eyre -- organ B.J. Wilson -- drums Madeline Bell -- backing vocals Rosetta Hightower -- backing vocals Patrice Holloway -- backing vocals Sunny Wheetman -- backing vocals `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' Single by Wet Wet Wet from the album Sgt . Pepper Knew My Father A-side `` She 's Leaving Home '' ( performed by Billy Bragg ) Released 9 May 1988 ( UK ) Format 7 '' Recorded Genre Pop Label PolyGram Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Wet Wet Wet singles chronology `` Temptation '' ( 1988 ) `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` String Module Error : Match not found '' ( 1988 ) `` Sweet Surrender '' ( 1989 ) `` Temptation '' ( 1988 ) `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` She 's Leaving Home '' ( Billy Bragg and Cara Tivey ) ( 1988 ) `` Sweet Surrender '' ( 1989 ) In popular culture Janice sang this song as an opening number to an episode of The Muppet Show where other members of Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem were pretending to rescue her from a Hindu human sacrifice . Sesame Street spoofed this song as `` With a Little Yelp from My Friends '' , sung by a dog named Moe Cocker , who spoofs Joe Cocker , and the arrangement is clearly based on Cocker 's version . The Animaniacs sketch Woodstock Slappy features Joe Cocker singing the song . The song was featured in the EastEnders 2007 Children in Need sketch where the cast sang to famous Beatles songs , the song was the last to be sung by the cast with the characters of Ronnie Mitchell , Roxy Mitchell , Chelsea Fox , Carly Wicks , Jane Beale , Lucy Beale , Peter Beale , Ben Mitchell , Zainab Masood , Masood Ahmed , Honey Mitchell , Dawn Swann and Mickey Miller singing the majority of the song . The Joe Cocker version was used as the title music for the 1988 -- 1993 television series The Wonder Years . The Cocker version appears in a 2017 TV commercial for Volkswagen . `` Lend me your ears '' is a Shakespearean reference , taken from the `` Friends , Romans , countrymen '' speech in Julius Caesar and used at the time as a popular way of asking people to listen . `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' was played as wake - up music on Space Shuttle Mission STS - 61 . On Saturday Night Live , Season - 1 Ep. 3 : John Belushi performed a full - length impression of Cocker singing this song . The cult PBS film The Lathe of Heaven ( from 1980 ) uses the original recording of the song . The main character ( George Orr ) , who can manipulate reality with his dreams , comes upon a 45 of the song at a novelty shop run by an alien . The alien hands George the 45 saying `` Help is available . '' The song plays in the soundtrack and morphs into a synthesizer version . The film was out of circulation for over 20 years . When it was finally re-aired on PBS and released on DVD in 2001 , many fans were upset that the original Beatles recording was replaced by a singer with an acoustic guitar . This was due to changes in publishing rights that have occurred since 1980 involving the dissolution of The Beatles ' original Northern Songs and the acquisition by Sony / ATV ( partly owned by the Jackson family ) . Notes Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 123 . `` In the United Kingdom Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ... was rush - released six days ahead of its official date , June 1 . '' Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Dowlding 1989 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : `` 100 Greatest Beatles Songs . No. 61 -- ' With a Little Help From My Friends ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Matovina 2000 . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ `` With a Little Help From My Friends '' . Retrieved 11 November 2017 Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney and Friends : Change Begins Within '' . Radio City Music Hall . New York , NY : Madison Square Garden . Archived from the original on 21 January 2010 . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEGwjAKK5z4 Jump up ^ `` Song : With a Little Help From My Friends -- John Lennon , Paul McCartney '' . Second Hand Songs . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Number 1 Singles of the 1960s '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Number 1 Singles of the 1980s '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Number 1 Singles of the 2000s '' . everyHit.com. 16 March 2000 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons Get a Little Help From Their Friends for Glastonbury Finale '' . 30 June 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ bradelliott.com 1983 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Brian ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Brian Wilson : The Music That Made Me '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Everyday Companion '' . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Broadway Stars Come Together For All - Star Single ' With a Little Help from My Friends ' to Support the Arts '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parrott , Billy ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` The Wonder Years : Music and References from Season One '' . The New York Public Library . Archived from the original on 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ UpVenue.com 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pet Shop Boys ' Always On My Mind tops cover version vote '' . BBC News . 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Hall of Fame Award . Grammy.org Retrieved 21 December 2012 Jump up ^ Sesame Street -- With a Little YELP from my Friends on YouTube Jump up ^ Fries 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Season 01 Episode 03 - Rob Reiner , John Belushi as Joe Cocker - NBC.com '' . NBC . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . References The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Chianello , Joanne ( 2 October 2009 ) . `` Harper gets on stage with a little help from his wife '' . Ottawa Citizen . Archived from the original on 6 October 2009 . Retrieved 2 October 2009 . Dowlding , William J. ( 1989 ) . Beatlesongs . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 68229 - 6 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 . Fries , Colin , ed. ( 30 November 2009 ) . `` Chronology of Wakeup Calls '' ( PDF ) . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Matovina , Dan ( 2000 ) . Without You : The Tragic Story of Badfinger . Frances Glover Books . ISBN 0 - 9657122 - 2 - 2 . Apple 's Neil Aspinall remembers , `` ( ... ) Badfinger just popped in my head . It was from an old Lennon thing . He was playing the piano and he had a bad finger so he called the piece he was playing ' Bad Finger Boogie ' ( which evolved into ' With A Little Help From My Friends ' ) `` Original liner notes for Capitol 's Beach Boys Rarities album '' . bradelliott.com. 1983 . `` Ringo Starr -- With a Little Help from My Friends '' . The Daily Show with Jon Stewart . 13 January 2010 . Kilpatrick , Sean ( 4 October 2009 ) . `` Stephen Harper rocks out '' . thestar.com . Toronto . Retrieved 22 October 2009 . `` UpVenue Top 10 Best Music Covers '' . UpVenue.com. 2010 . External links Quotations related to Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band at Wikiquote How B.J. Wilson Rescued a Classic Joe Cocker Track ( page about B.J. Wilson and Joe Cocker 's recording of the song ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Songs Side one `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' `` Getting Better '' `` Fixing a Hole '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! '' Side two `` Within You Without You '' `` When I 'm Sixty - Four '' `` Lovely Rita '' `` Good Morning Good Morning '' `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( Reprise ) '' `` A Day in the Life '' Non-album single `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` Penny Lane '' Outtakes `` Only a Northern Song '' `` Carnival of Light '' Tribute albums Easy Star 's Lonely Hearts Dub Band Sgt . Pepper Knew My Father Sgt . Pepper Live Sgt . Petsound 's Lonely Hearts Club Band With a Little Help from My Fwends Related articles The Beatles discography Sgt . Pepper 's cover Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( film ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( soundtrack ) It Was Twenty Years Ago Today Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band on the Road Yellow Submarine ( film ) `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Wet Wet Wet Graeme Clark Tommy Cunningham Neil Mitchell Marti Pellow Studio albums Popped In Souled Out The Memphis Sessions Holding Back the River High on the Happy Side Cloak & Dagger Picture This 10 Timeless Singles `` Wishing I Was Lucky '' `` Sweet Little Mystery '' `` Angel Eyes ( Home and Away ) '' `` Temptation '' `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' `` Sweet Surrender '' `` Broke Away '' `` Hold Back the River '' `` Goodnight Girl '' `` More than Love '' `` Lip Service '' `` Shed a Tear '' `` Cold Cold Heart '' `` Love Is All Around '' `` Julia Says '' `` Do n't Want to Forgive Me Now '' `` Somewhere Somehow '' `` If I Never See You Again '' `` Strange '' `` Yesterday / Maybe I 'm in Love '' `` Weightless '' Live albums Wet Wet Wet : Live Live at the Royal Albert Hall Compilations End of Part One : Their Greatest Hits The Greatest Hits Step by Step : The Greatest Hits Videos Live Glasgow Green Free Concert Wets at the Castle End of Part One Picture This - All Around and in the Crowd Playing Away at Home The Greatest Hits and More Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=With_a_Little_Help_from_My_Friends&oldid=843653697 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1968 singles 1988 singles The Beatles songs Songs about friendship Barbra Streisand songs Joe Cocker songs The Beach Boys songs The Muppets songs Number - one singles in Switzerland Sham 69 songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney UK Singles Chart number - one singles Wet Wet Wet songs Song recordings produced by Jeff Lynne Capitol Records singles Parlophone singles PolyGram singles Regal Zonophone Records singles Songs published by Northern Songs Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from September 2014 EngvarB from September 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Music infoboxes with Module : String errors All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Talk View source Contents Help About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 15 : 20 . 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who originally sang i get by with a little help from my friends
[ "\"With a Little Help from My Friends\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. It was written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, and intended as the album's featured vocal for drummer Ringo Starr. The group recorded the song towards the end of the sessions for Sgt. Pepper, with Starr singing as the character \"Billy Shears\"." ]
[ "the English rock band the Beatles" ]
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Superman logo
Superman logo - wikipedia Superman logo Jump to : navigation , search Superman Shield The Superman `` S '' shield . Publication information Publisher DC Comics First appearance Action Comics # 1 ( June 1938 ) In story information Type Emblem Element of stories featuring Superman The Superman shield , also known as the Superman logo , is the iconic emblem for the fictional DC Comics superhero Superman . As a representation of one of the first superheroes , it served as a template for character design decades after Superman 's first appearance . The tradition of wearing a representative symbol on the chest was mimicked by many subsequent superheroes , including Batman , Spider - Man , the Fantastic Four , Green Lantern , the Flash , Wonder Woman , Hawkman , and many others . In modern - day Superman stories published by DC , the symbol is typically explained as being Superman 's family crest from his home planet Krypton , known as the insignia of the House of El , with its resemblance to a letter S being merely a coincidence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Evolution of the symbol 2 Representations 2.1 House of El 2.2 Cape 2.3 Variants 2.4 Wearers of the Shield 3 Diamond and eight shield 4 References 5 External links Evolution of the symbol ( edit ) In its original inception in Action Comics # 1 , Superman 's symbol was a letter S with red and blue on a yellow police badge symbol that resembled a shield . The symbol was first changed a few issues later in Action Comics # 7 . The shield varied over the first few years of the comics , and many times was nothing more than an inverted triangle with an S inside of it . The shield first became a diamond in the Fleischer cartoon serial Superman . It was black with a red S outlined with white ( or occasionally with yellow ) . The S has varied in size and shape and the diamond shape containing it has also changed size and shape . Extreme examples of this would be the very large logo on the Dean Cain costume from the television series Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman and the comparatively small version of the shield as depicted in the 2006 film Superman Returns . It has , in most incarnations , retained its original color , while changing shape here and there . The classic logo is the basis for virtually all other interpretations of the logo . In the mid-1990s , when Superman 's costume and powers changed briefly , during the `` Superman Red / Superman Blue '' comic book storylines , the shield changed colors and slightly changed shape , in accordance with the changes in the costume . In 1997 's Superman Vol 2 # 123 Superman 's new powers forced him to find a suit that was capable of containing his new abilities . The effective material found to create Superman 's suit , along with being blue and silver , was also courtesy of Lex Luthor . Not only did the colors and powers change , the logo also evolved into a re-imagined `` electric '' emblem . In the miniseries Kingdom Come , an aged Superman sported an S - like symbol against a black background in a red pentagon . In the 2000s TV series Smallville , the S symbol originally appeared as a diamond with a vertical infinity symbol ( to be similar to the S ) , in an attempt to make it seem more alien . However , beginning with the Season Six opening episode `` Zod , '' Clark is given a crystal bearing the S logo in the style of the Superman Returns logo and is seen several times throughout the series and specifically in the season finale when a beam shaped like the logo hits a Phantom Zone escapee . The logo also appeared in the first episode of the series , when the students captured Clark by giving him a kryptonite necklace ( which they did n't know was a weakness ) and tied him to a cross-like beam in a cornfield and painted a red ' S ' on Clark 's chest ( standing for Scarecrow , which was what he was meant to be as part of a high school hazing tradition ) as a reference . Representations ( edit ) Initially , the S - shield had one meaning : S for Superman . One of the first alternative meanings was presented in Superman : The Movie , in which it was not an S , but rather the S - shaped Coat of arms of the House of El as it was Brando 's idea to have Jor - El wear the `` S '' as a family crest , folklore spun off from there . After the Superman reboot story The Man of Steel , the symbol 's story was that it was designed by Jonathan Kent and was derived from an ancient Native American symbol . The symbol was featured on a medicine blanket given to an ancestor of the Kent family by a Native American tribe after he helped to cure them of a plague and was supposed to represent a snake , an animal held to possess healing powers by the tribe ( implying that , by wearing this symbol , Superman was a metaphorical healer ) . This was also included in the 1997 Superman encyclopedia . In 2004 , Mark Waid 's Superman : Birthright series says the S - Shield is the Kryptonian symbol for `` hope '' and Superman believes it may have begun as a coat of arms for the House of El . Later , writer Geoff Johns confirmed it was indeed a coat of arms , as well as a symbol for hope . In the 2013 film Man of Steel , when asked by Lois Lane what the `` S '' stands for , Superman states that it is not an `` S '' , but rather the Kryptonian symbol for `` hope '' . In Supergirl ( TV series , 2015 ) Season 1 , episode 2 Kara states that the Kryptonian symbol stands for her family 's motto , `` Stronger together . '' House of El ( edit ) Marv Wolfman 's novelization of the film Superman Returns depicts the symbol as belonging to one of the three primary houses of Krypton that brought peace to the planet after a civil uprising , a serpent coiled inside a shield , a warning not to return to the ways of violence and deception . The shield has since been taken as a coat of arms , resulting in Jor - El 's continued presence in the council despite his `` mad '' findings . The other two are merely described , including Pol - Us ' eye of vigilance and Kol - Ar 's open hand of truth and justice . Cape ( edit ) In almost all versions , Superman 's red cape has an all - yellow version of the logo , with a thin black ( in the comics ) or red ( in movies , matching the red color of the cape ) line separating the areas . A notable exception is in Superman : The Animated Series , where the logo was absent from Superman 's cape . This was due to the difficulty in animating the S on the flowing cape . In the 2006 film Superman Returns , the logo appeared on the belt buckle in reverse colors ( yellow diamond and S with red background pieces ) instead of on Superman 's cape . The logo is also absent from Superman 's cape in the 2013 film Man of Steel . In the 2011 reboot of the comic book series , on his cape is a black pentagon and S with red background pieces . Variants ( edit ) In the 1960s the tiny bottle city of Kandor , the miniaturized capital city of the planet Krypton , resided in Superman 's Fortress of Solitude . Originally , certain inhabitants resembling Kal - El formed the Superman Emergency Squad and would , on occasion , leave the bottle , enter the Earth 's atmosphere and gain super powers in order to aid Superman . As designed by artist Curt Swan , their uniforms were similar to that of Superman save for the ' S ' on their chests which resembled the early version , the ' S ' and border in red on a yellow field , but in an elongated triangle . During the Reign of the Supermen story arc , Each of the four different Supermen was represented by a variant of the symbol , which each wore on their person . The Last Son of Krypton ( The Eradicator ) wore a normal shield when he attempted to continue Superman 's career . Later on , he wore a slightly altered , more curved version with an opening in the border and which was red and black instead of yellow and red . The Man of Tomorrow ( The Cyborg ) 's shield was half - normal on the left side , but the red darkened to an almost black color on the right half . Superboy wore an all - yellow symbol stitched into the back of his leather jacket , in addition to a normal one on his chest . The Man of Steel wore an all - metallic symbol . Black and red The modern Superboy wears a black and red variant of the symbol on his third costume . Lex Luthor hypothesized it is because that version of the symbol was everywhere following the death of Superman and his consequent first appearance . In Kingdom Come , Superman wears a black and red , simplified version following his return . After the Imperiex War , Superman wore the black and red variant to signify his mourning of the losses during the war . The Eradicator , for a time , wore a red and blacked , curvier version of the S - Shield . Bizarro 's symbol is a reversed purple and yellow version . The inverted symbol , first seen in 52 , means `` resurrection '' in Kryptonian . Jor - El sports a white symbol on his black clothing , as well as a black symbol on his white clothing in the 1978 Superman movie . In his modern appearances , Superman of Earth - 2 wears a slightly different version of the symbol . Its most notable difference is an exaggerated serif on the ' S ' . A variation of the symbol , designed as a stubbed red lightning bolt against a black shield has been used in several media , including an Elseworlds where Darkseid raised Kal - El , and was the basis of one of the final season of Superman : The Animated Series , and an episode named Brave New Metropolis from an alternate reality where Superman and Luthor took over Metropolis . A further variation , this time a white symbol against a red background , was used in episodes of Justice League and Justice League Unlimited , including an over the shoulder style cape and black costume . This version was a fascistic Superman and his Justice Lords who assassinated President Lex Luthor and then ruled the world with an iron fist after Luthor arranged the murder of The Flash . The symbol has been adapted to various flags in alternate realities , including the Nazi swastika ( in JL - Axis ) and Soviet Union hammer and sickle ( Superman : Red Son ) . In the movie Justice League : The New Frontier the symbol on his chest has black background pieces , resembling the Golden Age version . Wearers of the shield ( edit ) Kryptonian family members of Superman wear the symbol , but sometimes it is worn to honor Superman . After the death of Superman , many DC Comics superheroes wore a black armband with the Superman logo . Superman Kal - El Kal - L ( variant ) Kal Kent ( variant ) Supergirl Kara Zor - El Linda Danvers Matrix Superboy Kal - El ( Superman as a teenager ; pre-1986 ) Conner Kent ( red and black variant ) Superboy - Prime ( carves an S - symbol in blood on his chest ) . Krypto ( shown as tag on his collar ) Bizarro ( reversed ' S ' , sometimes purple and yellow ) The Superman Emergency Squad from Kandor , a red ' S ' in an elongated triangle Hank Henshaw ( red and black variant , like Kon - El . It is sometimes shown as a white and black variant ) Steel ( John Henry Irons ) Natasha Irons Eradicator ( variant ) Jor - El ( Superman : Birthright , Superman , Action Comics # 850 ) Strange Visitor ( variant ) Preus Zor - El Alura ( red and white variant ) Mon - El Superwoman Lucy Lane ( white and red variant ) Diamond and eight shield ( edit ) In the television series Smallville , an octagonal silver metallic key is used in the Kawatche caves , as well as in a transport device used to travel to the Fortress of Solitude . Along the edges are imprinted Kryptonian characters , one of which is the diamond border of the Superman shield with a figure 8 inside of the diamond instead of the S . The 8 - shield is later described as being from an ancient form of the Kryptonian language , while the modern symbol is the familiar S - shield . The familiar S - shield is seen in season 9 . It is used as Clark Kent 's calling card in his vigilante actions in Metropolis . Clark , known as the Blur , burns the sign using his heat vision in various places throughout the city . In the season 9 episode `` Rabid '' , Clark mentions while talking to Oliver Queen that the mark `` gives people hope . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Emblem History '' . Supermans-shop.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` S Photo History '' . Supermanhomepage.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Teen Titans Annual ( vol. 3 ) # 1 Jump up ^ Loeb , Jeph ( w ) . Superman v2 , 174 ( August 2001 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Memorable quotes for `` Smallville '' Rabid ( 2009 ) . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Superman homepage Superman 's Logo , Shield , Symbol and its History ! Superman Shield Evolution with picture Superman costume for black and white film ( brown , white , light blue ) ( hide ) Superman Jerry Siegel Joe Shuster Other writers and artists Superman family Superman Clark Kent Superboy Kal - El Kon - El Jonathan Samuel Kent Krypto Supergirl Kara Zor - El Matrix Linda Danvers Power Girl Superwoman Mon - El Nightwing Chris Kent / Lor - Zod Flamebird Thara Ak - Var The Eradicator Steel ( John Henry Irons ) Natasha Irons Supporting characters Bibbo Bibbowski Cat Grant David Corporon Emil Hamilton Inspector Henderson Jimmy Olsen Jor - El Jonathan and Martha Kent Lois Lane Lucy Lane Sam Lane Lana Lang Lara Lori Lemaris Steve Lombard Lena Luthor Maxima Chief Parker Professor Potter Pete Ross Maggie Sawyer George Taylor Ron Troupe Dan Turpin Perry White Zor - El Antagonists Atomic Skull Bizarro Brainiac Codename : Assassin Conduit Cyborg Superman Hank Henshaw Darkseid Doomsday Faora General Zod Mercy Graves Hector Hammond Imperiex Intergang Morgan Edge Bruno Mannheim Jax - Ur Kryptonite Man Lex Luthor Livewire Metallo Mister Mxyzptlk Mongul Neutron Non Parasite Prankster Silver Banshee Titano Toyman Ultra-Humanite Ursa Locations Metropolis Ace o ' Clubs Daily Planet Daily Star Galaxy Communications LexCorp Project Cadmus Suicide Slum List of areas , landmarks , institutions and businesses Krypton Argo City Kandor Kryptonopolis Vathlo Island Apokolips Bizarro World Colu Daxam Fortress of Solitude Phantom Zone S.T.A.R. Labs Smallville Stryker 's Island Warworld Objects and material Kryptonite Superman robots Supermobile History and themes Character and cast Dynasty Kryptonian Origin Powers and abilities Publication history Action Comics # 1 Superman and Lois Lane Symbol Ongoing publications Action Comics Batman / Superman Superboy Supergirl Superman Superman / Wonder Woman Alternative versions Superman Earth - One version Earth - Two version Earth - Three version ( Ultraman ) Earth Prime version ( Superboy - Prime ) Kingdom Come version Superman Red / Superman Blue Clark Kent ( Smallville ) Alternative versions of Lex Luthor Alternative versions of Supergirl In other media In film Miscellanea Superwoman Beppo Streaky Comet Superman ( gene ) Joanne Siegel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superman_logo&oldid=802801174 '' Categories : DC Comics objects Superman Logos Hidden categories : Comics infobox image less alt text Prop pop Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 15 : 33 . 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what does the s on supermans suit mean
[ "In modern-day Superman stories published by DC, the symbol is typically explained as being Superman's family crest from his home planet Krypton, known as the insignia of the House of El, with its resemblance to a letter S being merely a coincidence." ]
[ "Superman's family crest from his home planet Krypton" ]
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Joe Gibbs Racing
Joe Gibbs Racing - wikipedia Joe Gibbs Racing Joe Gibbs Racing Owner ( s ) Joe Gibbs J.D. Gibbs Coy Gibbs Base Huntersville , North Carolina Series Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Xfinity Series ARCA Racing Series Car numbers 02 , 2 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 25 , 42 , 44 , 48 , 54 , 75 , 80 , 81 Race drivers Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series : 11 . Denny Hamlin 18 . Kyle Busch 19 . Daniel Suárez 20 . Erik Jones Xfinity Series : 18 . Daniel Suárez , Kyle Benjamin , Kyle Busch , Ryan Preece , Denny Hamlin , Erik Jones , Riley Herbst 19 . Brandon Jones 20 . Christopher Bell ( R ) ARCA Racing Series : 18 . Riley Herbst Developmental : Riley Herbst Sponsors Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series : 11 . FedEx ( Express , Ground , Freight , Office ) , Sport Clips 18 . M&M 's , Snickers Almond , Skittles , Pedigree , Interstate Batteries 19 . Arris , Stanley , Comcast Business , Peak 20 . DeWalt , Sport Clips , Reser 's Fine Foods , Circle K , XYO Networks Xfinity Series : 18 . NOS Energy Drink , Hisense , Arris , Sport Clips , Peak , Juniper Networks , Sirius XM , Reser 's Fine Foods , Rheem , Comcast Business , Switch , Advance Auto Parts 19 . Menards , XYO Networks , Mobil 1 , Toyota Service Centers 20 . Rheem , JBL , GameStop , ToyotaCare ARCA Racing Series : 18 . NOS Energy Drink Manufacturer Toyota Opened Career Debut Monster Energy Cup Series : 1992 Daytona 500 ( Daytona ) Xfinity Series : 1997 All Pro Bumper To Bumper 300 ( Charlotte ) Camping World Truck Series : 2000 NAPA 250 ( Martinsville ) ARCA Racing Series : 1999 Georgia Boot 400 ( Atlanta ) Latest race Monster Energy Cup Series : 2018 Consumers Energy 400 ( Michigan ) Xfinity Series : 2018 Rock N Roll Tequila 170 ( Mid-Ohio ) Camping World Truck Series : 2002 Ford 200 ( Homestead ) ARCA Re / Max Series : 2018 PapaNicholas Coffee 150 ( Gateway ) Races competed Total : 3,532 Monster Energy Cup Series : 2,076 Xfinity Series : 1,379 Camping World Truck Series : 65 ARCA Racing Series : 12 Drivers ' Championships Total : 6 Monster Energy Cup Series : 4 2000 , 2002 , 2005 , 2015 Xfinity Series : 2 2009 , 2016 Camping World Truck Series : 0 ARCA Racing Series : 0 Race victories Total : 298 Monster Energy Cup Series : 152 Xfinity Series : 145 Camping World Truck Series : 0 ARCA Racing Series : 1 Pole positions Total : 270 Monster Energy Cup Series : 115 Xfinity Series : 154 Camping World Truck Series : 0 ARCA Racing Series : 1 Joe Gibbs Racing ( JGR ) is an American professional stock car racing team owned and operated by former Washington Redskins coach Joe Gibbs , which first started racing on the NASCAR circuit in 1991 , and J.D. Gibbs , his son . Headquartered in Huntersville , North Carolina , roughly 10 miles ( 16 km ) northwest of Charlotte Motor Speedway , the team has amassed four Cup Series championships since the year 2000 . For the team 's first sixteen seasons , JGR ran cars from General Motors . During that period , the team won their first three championships , two in Pontiac Grand Prixs and one in a Chevrolet Monte Carlo . Despite this , Joe Gibbs Racing announced during the 2007 season that they would be ending their arrangement with GM at the end of the year and begin running Toyotas the following season . This partnership would eventually bring Toyota their first Sprint Cup when Kyle Busch won the championship in 2015 . In the Monster Energy Cup Series , the team currently fields four full - time entries : the No. 11 Toyota Camry for Denny Hamlin , the No. 18 Camry for Kyle Busch , the No. 19 Camry for Daniel Suárez , and the No. 20 Camry for Erik Jones . In the Xfinity Series , the team currently fields three full - time entries : the No. 18 Camry for part - time drivers Daniel Suárez , Kyle Benjamin , Kyle Busch , Denny Hamlin , Erik Jones , and Ryan Preece ; the No. 19 Camry for Brandon Jones , and the No. 20 Camry for Christopher Bell . The team also has a strong development program for up and coming drivers , grooming future Sprint Cup Winners Joey Logano and Aric Almirola and winning one championship in the East Division of the NASCAR Camping World Series ( now K&N Pro Series ) with Logano . The organization teamed up with former NFL player Reggie White in 2004 to create a diversity program , fielding drivers such as Almirola , Marc Davis , and Darrell Wallace Jr. , and forming the basis for NASCAR 's own Drive for Diversity program . Currently Cody Coughlin and Riley Herbst are under development contracts , driving in the Truck Series for Thorsport Racing and the ARCA racing series for JGR . The team further has a technical alliance with Furniture Row Racing , the Denver - based team whose sole driver , Martin Truex Jr. won the 2017 Monster Energy Cup . Contents 1 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series 1.1 Overview 1.2 Car No. 11 history 1.3 Car No. 18 history 1.4 Car No. 19 history 1.5 Car No. 20 history 2 Xfinity Series 2.1 Car No. 11 history 2.2 Car No. 18 history 2.3 Car No. 19 history 2.4 Car No. 20 history 3 Camping World Truck Series 4 ARCA Racing Series 4.1 Car No. 18 history 4.2 Car No. 81 history 5 Controversy 6 Motocross team 7 References 8 External links Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : 2015 - 2017 . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2017 ) Overview ( edit ) The team 's headquarters . The team was founded by Gibbs in 1991 after exploring opportunities with Don Meredith , who currently serves as the team 's Executive Vice President . In 1997 , Gibbs ' son J.D. Gibbs was named team president . In 1998 , the team began construction on its current facility in Huntersville , North Carolina . The team expanded to a two - car operation in 1999 with Tony Stewart 's No. 20 Home Depot car , then a three - car operation in 2005 with the No. 11 FedEx car currently driven by Denny Hamlin and owned by J.D. Gibbs . The team expanded to four cars for the 2015 season with Carl Edwards driving the No. 19 car , following former Roush Racing teammate Matt Kenseth to JGR . After winning three Cup championships and over 70 NASCAR races in Chevrolet and Pontiac equipment , it was announced in September 2007 that the team would be switching to Toyota ( who had just entered the Cup series that year ) following the end of their commitment with General Motors at the end of the season . It was believed that the executives at JGR felt as if they were n't as important as some of the other GM teams such as Hendrick Motorsports and Richard Childress Racing , leading to the decision to swap manufacturers . According to Joe Gibbs , Toyota offered the team resources and options they `` were not going to be able to afford to do '' if they remained at GM . In 2012 , JGR shuttered its in - house Sprint Cup Series engine program , merging with California - based Toyota Racing Development which currently provides engines to JGR as well as Furniture Row Racing . The team continues to build engines for its own Xfinity Series operations and those of RAB Racing and JGL Racing , the Camping World Truck Series operations of Kyle Busch Motorsports , and the Truck Series and ARCA Racing Series operations of Venturini Motorsports . The team further has a technical alliance with Furniture Row Racing , a single car team based in Denver , Colorado . Car No. 11 history ( edit ) The original No. 11 car driven by Jason Leffler in 2005 . Denny Hamlin at Homestead in 2007 . The No. 11 car ( the number J.D. Gibbs wore playing football at College of William & Mary ) began in 2004 . Ricky Craven , recently released from PPI Motorsports finished 30th at Talladega with sponsorship from Old Spice , and Busch Series driver J.J. Yeley ran two races in the car with Vigoro / The Home Depot sponsorship . The No. 11 car went full - time in 2005 , with new sponsor FedEx coming on to fund the full season in a multi-year deal . Jason Leffler , who had driven for JGR in the Busch series , was signed to drive the No. 11 for the full season , while Dave Rogers was named the crew chief . The new team struggled early on in the season . Leffler missed the Coca - Cola 600 at Charlotte , with FedEx Freight moving over to the 18 car that Bobby Labonte would drive to a second - place finish . Rogers was reassigned and replaced with veteran crew chief Mike Ford in June , then former Cup champion Terry Labonte was hired to run the road course at Sonoma , qualifying 8th and finishing a solid 12th . After 19 starts with a best finish of 12th and sitting 36th in points , Leffler was released from the ride . Terry Labonte ran the next three races , then ran the Fall Richmond race finishing 9th . J.J. Yeley ran 4 races with a best finish of 25th . In November , it was announced that Denny Hamlin would drive the car for the remainder of the season , then run for Rookie of the Year in 2006 . Hamlin ran seven races , finished in the top 10 three times , and earned a pole at Phoenix International Raceway . Hamlin was awarded the No. 11 FedEx Express full - time ride in 2006 in addition to his full - time Busch schedule in the No. 20 Rockwell Automation Chevrolet . Hamlin was part of a large and strong rookie class , including teammate J.J. Yeley , Clint Bowyer , Martin Truex , Jr. , David Stremme , Brent Sherman , and Reed Sorenson . Hamlin opened the season by winning the Budweiser Shootout non-points race , holding off Dale Earnhardt , Jr. on a green - white - checker restart . In June , Hamlin scored his first Cup Series victory at the difficult Pocono Raceway . Hamlin started on the pole , then battled back from a cut tire to take the victory . In his return to the track in July , Hamlin again won the pole , then proceeded to lead 151 of 200 laps en route to a second victory , the first rookie to sweep both Pocono races . Hamlin credited his prowess on the track to practicing on the racing simulator NASCAR Racing 2003 Season . Hamlin 's strong performance earned the rookie a berth in the Chase for the NEXTEL Cup , where he would finish 3rd in points . Until 2016 , Hamlin was the only rookie to make the Chase . Joey Logano ( No. 20 ) and Denny Hamlin ( No. 11 ) on pit road during the 2009 Coca - Cola 600 . In 2007 , Hamlin won the first of two races at New Hampshire International Speedway in 2007 , and finished 12th in points . In 2008 , Hamlin won the Gatorade Duel and the first race at Martinsville Speedway , and improved to eighth in points . He qualified for the Chase again in 2009 after winning the second race at Pocono Raceway and Richmond International Raceway . He ended the season with four victories after winning Martinsville and Homestead - Miami Speedway in the chase . 2010 was Hamlin and the 11 team 's breakout year . They won at Martinsville and Denny followed the win by having knee surgery . After the surgery , the team won 4 of the next 10 races at Texas , Darlington , Pocono , and Michigan . The team made the chase after another win at Richmond . The team won races during the chase at Martinsville and Texas and held the points lead going into the season finale . However , an early wreck would put them behind the competition , and Hamlin wound up finishing second to Jimmie Johnson during the 2010 chase . Hamlin later admitted to putting too much pressure on himself during the Chase , which mentally impacted him . As a result , Mike Ford took a `` no compromise '' attitude for 2011 , hoping to right the ship . However , the team struggled throughout 2011 , with multiple blown engines and a single win at Michigan to push the No. 11 into the Chase . Hamlin would finish 9th in the final standings . At season 's end , Mike Ford was released as crew chief and was replaced by Tony Stewart 's crew chief Darian Grubb . Hamlin at Las Vegas in 2012 . Under Darian Grubb the team started 2012 off in the best way possible by winning the second race of the season at Phoenix . That win was followed with another victory at Kansas six weeks later . The 11 team once again proved dominant on the short tracks pulling off a convincing win in the Bristol Night Race in August . The week after Bristol , the No. 11 FedEx team brought home another victory at Atlanta Motor Speedway , making the No. 11 the car number with the most wins in NASCAR with 200 wins . Hamlin then won the Sylvania 300 , giving Joe Gibbs Racing its 100th win . Hamlin 's 2013 season began with an on - and - off track feud with former teammate Joey Logano . Initially started on Twitter , the on track incidents began at Bristol in March , where Hamlin spun Logano in turns 1 and 2 , leading Logano to confront Hamlin after the race . The rivalry continued into the next race at Auto Club Speedway , where the two fought for the lead in the closing laps . In the final corner , the two collided , allowing JGR teammate Kyle Busch to win the race , and sending Hamlin 's 11 car into a non-SAFER barrier wall near pit road . This wreck would mark the beginning of a difficult season for Hamlin , as he suffered a lower back fracture and was forced to sit out several races . Veteran Mark Martin replaced Hamlin at one of Denny 's better tracks , Martinsville Speedway , where he scored a top 10 . Brian Vickers then drove the car for the next three races , scoring an 8th - place finish at Texas . Though Hamlin returned to the car at Talladega Superspeedway , he never returned to form during the year , with only 8 top 10s on the year . He did score a win at the season finale at Homestead . After Jason Leffler 's death in 2013 , the 11 team paid tribute to their former driver by running a white FedEx scheme at Michigan similar to the one Leffler ran in 2005 . Erik Jones replacing Hamlin at Bristol in 2015 . In the 2014 Auto Club 400 , Sam Hornish , Jr. replaced Hamlin due to Hamlin having what was thought to be sinus infection , but later revealed to be a piece of metal in his eye that impaired his vision . Hornish , who was actually on standby for teammate Matt Kenseth , finished a solid 17th in his return to Cup . At the 2015 Food City 500 , Erik Jones replaced Hamlin after the latter suffered neck spasms . Jones took the car to a 26th - place finish , but Hamlin started the race and was credited with the finish . In 2016 , Hamlin started his season out well , winning the 2016 Daytona 500 by beating out Martin Truex Jr. by 0.010 seconds , the closest finish in Daytona 500 history . The win was also the first for his rookie crew chief , Mike Wheeler . In 2017 , Hamlin won at the first New Hampshire race and at Darlington and finished 6th in points . Car No. 18 history ( edit ) Bobby Labonte 's former Interstate Batteries Chevrolet Monte Carlo on display at JGR headquarters . J.J. Yeley at Homestead Miami Speedway in 2007 Joe Gibbs Racing debuted at the 1992 Daytona 500 with second - generation driver Dale Jarrett driving the No. 18 Interstate Batteries - sponsored Chevrolet Lumina to a 36th - place finish after a crash . The team improved dramatically the next year , when Jarrett won the Daytona 500 , and finished a then career - high 4th in points . Jarrett won a race at Charlotte but he slipped to 16th in points in 1994 , and moved to Robert Yates Racing 's famed 28 car for 1995 . The team replaced Jarrett with Bobby Labonte , younger brother of Terry Labonte and 1993 Rookie of the Year runner - up . In 1995 , Labonte won 3 races , sweeping both Michigan events and winning at Charlotte , finishing 10th in points . This would mark the beginning of a decade of success between Labonte , Joe Gibbs Racing , and Interstate Batteries . In 1996 the team struggled to win until the season finale at Atlanta and finished 11th in points . In 1997 the team had a similar year to the previous but managed to improve to 7th in points . Their lone win came at the season finale . The team improved in 1998 by winning races at Atlanta and Talladega en route to 6th place in points . 1999 was a breakout year for the No. 18 team . They scored 5 wins which came at Dover , Michigan , Atlanta and both races at Pocono . The team came just short of the championship and finished 2nd in points to Jarrett , once again at Atlanta . The team continued their success in the next season , winning the second race of the season at Rockingham . Labonte 's next win was the Brickyard 400 at the famed Indianapolis Motor Speedway . His third win came at the Southern 500 at Darlington recovering from a hard practice crash and taking the lead on a late race pit stop to win the rain and darkness shortened event . His fourth and final win of the year came at Charlotte a month later . Labonte would hold the points lead for 25 consecutive races to win the 2000 NASCAR Winston Cup Series Championship . The team faced disappointment in 2001 after high expectations following the championship season , winning only 2 races at Pocono and Atlanta and finishing 6th in points . 2002 was the team 's worst year since Labonte joined the team , scoring only one win at Martinsville and finished a disappointing 16th in points . The team rebounded in 2003 scoring 2 wins at Atlanta and Homestead to finish 8th in points . Even though the team made some progression in 2004 , the team fired crew chief Michael `` Fatback '' McSwain midseason , with Brandon Thomas taking over for the rest of the year . The team went winless to finish 12th in points . Steve Addington , a Gibbs Busch Series crew chief , was named new crew chief for the 2005 season , but a rash of troubles , some caused by mechanical problems , continued to daunt the team . The high point of the year was the Coca - Cola 600 , when he finished second to Jimmie Johnson by half a car - length . Labonte finished 24th in the championship standings , and the team 's regression led to his departure following the end of 2005 . Bobby Labonte earned all 21 of his career Cup Series wins in the car , as well as the Winston Cup championship in 2000 . He would depart for the 43 car of Petty Enterprises . After Labonte 's departure , Gibbs announced that JGR Busch Series driver and former USAC standout J.J. Yeley would replace him in the No. 18 for 2006 , joining fellow rookie teammate Denny Hamlin . Yeley had a dismal rookie season with only three top tens while failing to finish seven races , leading to a 29th - place points finish . Yeley 's sophomore campaign was only slightly better , earning a pole at Michigan and scoring three more top tens to finish 21st in points . Yeley moved to JGR - affiliated Hall of Fame Racing for 2008 . Kyle Busch at Michigan International Speedway in 2008 On August 14 , 2007 , it was announced that 22 - year - old Kyle Busch had signed a contract to drive the number 18 with Joe Gibbs Racing through 2010 , leaving Hendrick Motorsports ' number 5 car after a successful but controversial tenure with the organization . Mars , Inc. 's M&M 's brand was signed as the team 's primary sponsor , leaving Robert Yates Racing , while longtime partner Interstate Batteries scaled down to be a secondary sponsor and six race primary sponsor . Joe Gibbs racing also left General Motors in favor of becoming Toyota 's highest - profile team . Busch gave Toyota its first Cup win on March 9 , 2008 , leading a race - high 173 laps to win the Kobalt Tools 500 at Atlanta Motor Speedway . In his first year in the 18 , Busch had brought the car back to its former glory , winning 7 additional races ( Talladega , Darlington , Dover , Infineon , Daytona , Chicagoland , and Watkins Glen ) and would finish tenth in points . In 2009 , Busch opened the season by winning his Gatorade Duel qualifying race , but finished 41st in the race after a crash . He won the third race of the season from the pole at Las Vegas , and scored additional wins at Richmond and both Bristol races , but failed to qualify for the Chase by only 8 points . As a result , longtime JGR crew chief Steve Addington was fired near the end of the season , and coincidentally went to crew chief for Kyle 's brother Kurt Busch at Penske Racing . Dave Rogers , Busch 's Nationwide Series crew chief , took over the pit box in 2010 . The year produced 3 victories at Richmond , Dover and Bristol , but more struggles in the final 10 races led to a 7th - place finish in the standings. 2011 was an up and down year for the 18 team . The team won at Bristol and Richmond early in the season , as well as the inaugural Cup race at Kentucky and the August race at Michigan . At Texas Motor Speedway in November , Busch was parked by NASCAR for the remainder of the race weekend after intentionally spinning out Ron Hornaday in the Truck Series race . Michael McDowell would replace Busch that weekend , finishing a dismal 33rd . Mars , Inc proceeded to pull its sponsorship for the final two races , with Interstate Batteries covering those races . Busch was relegated to tenth in the final standings . Kyle Busch driving the No. 18 M&Ms car in the 2013 STP Gas Booster 500 at Martinsville In 2012 , Busch won the Budweiser Shootout to open the season , and scored a single points - paying victory , the spring race at Richmond . He would miss making the Chase for the Sprint Cup by 3 points , but scored 7 top 5 and 8 top 10 finishes during the final ten races , finishing the year in 13th place and nearly 100 points ahead of 14th place Ryan Newman . In 2013 , Busch won the second Budweiser Duel qualifying race , and won the pole at the spring Bristol race , finishing second . He also swept the spring Fontana and Texas race weekends , winning the Nationwide and Cup races , giving Joe Gibbs his first win at Fontana in Sprint Cup competition and first win for himself at Texas . He would win at Watkins Glen and Atlanta . Busch 's four wins and career - high 22 top ten finishes would lead to a fourth - place finish in the championship , the highest of his career . In 2014 , Busch earned a spot in the new Chase for the Sprint Cup with his early season win at Fontana . Busch would be eliminated in the second round , after being swept up in a wreck at Talladega , and would finish tenth in points . Kyle Busch 's race - winning car at Sonoma in 2015 . For 2015 , sponsor Mars , Inc. introduced a new green paint scheme to promote Crispy M&M 's on the 18 car . After an injury to Kyle Busch in the season - opening Xfinity Series race , the No. 18 started the 2015 season with two - time Truck Series champion Matt Crafton making his Sprint Cup debut at the 2015 Daytona 500 , finishing 18th . The next week , David Ragan was announced as interim driver , moving from his full - time ride at Front Row Motorsports . Ragan drove the car for nine races through Talladega and scored a single top - five finish at Martinsville , before moving to Michael Waltrip Racing . Development driver Erik Jones , who drove for Busch in the Camping World Truck Series , made his first series start at Kansas . Jones ran in the top ten for much of the race , before crashing on the front stretch and finishing 40th . After missing a total of 11 races , Busch returned to the car for the Sprint All - Star Race at Charlotte , receiving a waiver from NASCAR to be eligible for the Chase for the Sprint Cup provided he win a race and gain a top 30 position in the championship standings . At Sonoma in June , his fifth start of the year , Busch scored his first victory of the season . It was also the first time he and his brother Kurt Busch had finished first and second in any Cup Series event . Busch would then win three consecutive races -- Kentucky , New Hampshire , and Indianapolis -- with four total wins across a five race span . The latter victory was also Busch 's first Brickyard 400 victory , the first for manufacturer Toyota , and marked the first time a driver swept both the Cup and Xfinity races at Indianapolis . Busch would go on to make the 2015 Chase for the Sprint Cup . At the second Phoenix race , Busch would be one of the four drivers going to Homestead - Miami Speedway with an opportunity to win the Sprint Cup championship after the race was stopped by NASCAR due to rain . The following weekend at Homestead - Miami Speedway , Busch would go on to win the race as well as his first Sprint Cup title . He and brother Kurt join Bobby and Terry Labonte as the only brothers in NASCAR 's top series to win championships . This was the 2nd championship for the No. 18 car . Busch ended the season with 5 wins , 12 top fives , and 16 top tens in only 25 starts . It was the first championship for manufacturer Toyota and fourth for team owner Joe Gibbs . On May 13 , 2016 , JGR announce that Kyle Busch will drive the number 75 car at the All - Star race only , to celebrate M&Ms 75th anniversary . Busch ended 2016 with 4 wins , made the championship 4 and finished 3rd in the final standings . In 2017 Busch was hampered by bad luck , especially in the beginning of the season as JGR was also having trouble finding speed . However he picked up steam late in the season and won 5 races starting at the second Pocono race , a week after being wrecked while leading at Indianapolis . Busch made the championship 4 again by winning at Martinsville and finished 2nd to Martin Truex Jr in both the Homestead race and the final standings . Car No. 19 history ( edit ) Joey Logano 's No. 02 cars in 2008 Prior to expanding to four full - time cars , JGR had occasionally fielded a fourth car for R&D or driver development purposes . Mike Bliss drove several races for JGR in 2004 in a No. 80 car . In 2007 , development driver Aric Almirola made his NEXTEL Cup debut in the No. 80 at Las Vegas with Joe Gibbs Driven sponsoring . Almirola started 31st and finished 40th after a crash . He was scheduled to drive at the All - Star Race and Coca - Cola 600 , but he suffered a practice crash and the car was withdrawn from both races . He would leave the team later in the season for Ginn Racing and Dale Earnhardt , Inc . In 2008 , 18 - year - old Joey Logano was scheduled to run several late - season races in preparation for running the full 2009 season . Logano drove the No. 02 ( reverse of the 20 ) , with an inverted Home Depot scheme of teammate Tony Stewart 's . He was scheduled to make his Sprint Cup debut at Richmond International Raceway , but qualifying was rained out by Hurricane Hanna . The 02 attempted again at Loudon and at Atlanta , but qualifying was rained out in both races as well , leading Logano to make his debut in JGR - affiliated Hall of Fame Racing 's No. 96 at Loudon and miss the Atlanta race . Logano made the race in his fourth attempt with Gibbs at Texas , starting last and finishing 40th , several laps down . In 2009 Farm Bureau Insurance , who had been banned from the Nationwide Series due to the Viceroy Rule , moved up to sponsor 6 Sprint Cup Series races for JGR , including 3 for the 02 car at Charlotte , Texas , and Homestead . David Gilliland was tabbed to drive the car in the three events , with a best finish of 25th at Charlotte . After the 2009 season , Farm Bureau Insurance announced they would not return for the 2010 season . The No. 19 car of Daniel Suárez during practice for the 2017 Ford EcoBoost 400 In 2013 , Elliott Sadler was signed to drive the renumbered No. 81 ( reverse of 18 ) for three races , with his former sponsor at Robert Yates Racing , Mars , Inc. , promoting their new Alert Energy Caffeine Gum on the car . Sadler was scheduled to run at Kansas Speedway , Talladega Superspeedway and a third unannounced race . The deal was made in part to avoid conflict on the 18 car with Kyle Busch 's sponsor Monster Energy . For Sadler , it was his first start in the Sprint Cup Series since the 2012 Daytona 500 , and his first opportunity since he was forced to turn down a part - time deal at Michael Waltrip Racing that same year ( ultimately taken by 2013 teammate Brian Vickers ) by then - owner Richard Childress . At Kansas , he got out of the racing groove and wrecked in turn 3 on lap 85 , relegating him to a 40th - place finish . He failed to qualify at Talladega after rain washed out qualifying and was set by owner points as the No. 81 was too low in points . After Alert Energy was pulled from the market , Doublemint sponsored the car at Talladega . After not running in 2014 , the fourth car returned full - time in 2015 as the No. 19 with Carl Edwards driving . New partner Arris signed on to sponsor 17 races , while Stanley Black & Decker moved from Richard Petty Motorsports to sponsor 12 races . Comcast / Xfinity , Sport Clips , and Edwards ' longtime sponsor Subway Restaurants also sponsored the car . Darian Grubb made his return to JGR as Edwards ' crew chief . Before the Cup series season , Edwards and JGR were informed that because the No. 19 team was not formed until 2015 , they were not eligible for one of the 36 charters NASCAR granted to teams who participated full - time in Cup . Joe Gibbs Racing , managed to secure Edwards a spot in every race of the 2016 NASCAR Sprint Cup season , by purchasing a charter from the defunct team Michael Waltrip Racing . Edwards won his first race with JGR at Charlotte in May . Starting third , he led a total of 25 laps , using fuel mileage strategy to take the victory . He also went on to win at Darlington Raceway and finished the season 5th in points . On January 11 , 2017 , Edwards announced that he was stepping away from NASCAR effective immediately , and it was announced that 2016 Xfinity Series champion Daniel Suárez would replace Edwards in the No. 19 car starting at the Daytona 500 in 2017 . Suarez finished 20th in points in his rookie season but lost rookie of the year to teammate Erik Jones . Car No. 20 history ( edit ) Tony Stewart in his 2005 championship car at Sonoma Raceway Tony Stewart debuted the No. 20 The Home Depot - sponsored car at the 1999 Daytona 500 , qualifying on the outside pole . He won three races at Richmond , Phoenix and Homestead as well as the Winston Open and the NASCAR Rookie of the Year honors and finished 4th in points . 2000 was an up and down year for Stewart as he won six races , including both Dover races , Martinsville , New Hampshire , Michigan and Homestead but only finished 6th in points . 2001 was another good year for Stewart , as he won the Budweiser Shootout , Richmond , Infineon , and Bristol and finished 2nd in the overall standings . 2002 was a break - out year for Stewart with wins at Atlanta , Richmond , and Watkins Glen along with the Budweiser Shootout and the team won the 2002 points championship . In 2003 , Stewart won twice at Pocono and Charlotte and finished 7th in the points standings . The next year , the team had a similar year to later year , with 2 wins and finished 6th in points in the first ever chase . Stewart won his second championship in 2005 . After winning the Gatorade Duel , the team did n't win again until Infineon and then they went on to win the Pepsi 400 at Daytona , followed by New Hampshire , Indianapolis , and Watkins Glen and held the championship through the Chase . 2006 statistically was Stewart 's worst season . After winning early at Martinsville , Stewart suffered an injury at Charlotte and was replaced during Dover . He won the Pepsi 400 again at Daytona but missed the Chase . During the Chase , Stewart won 3 races at Kansas , Atlanta , and Texas and finished 11th in points . 2007 was another good year for him and the team . Though Stewart won both the Budweiser Shootout and Gatorade Duel , an early wreck smashed his Daytona 500 hopes . He and the team won 3 races though at Chicagoland , Indianapolis , and Watkins Glen and finished 6th in points . Tony Stewart 's final season with Gibbs and The Home Depot . And his only season with Toyota , at Daytona International Speedway in 2008 Joey Logano ( right ) and Denny Hamlin ( left ) on pit road during the 2009 Coca - Cola 600 . Following the team 's switch from Chevrolet to Toyota , Stewart 's performance dwindled , earning ten Top 5s and sixteen Top 10s . Stewart 's only win for this season was the 2008 AMP Energy 500 at Talladega . On June 9 , 2008 , Stewart was granted a release from his final year of his contract with Joe Gibbs Racing , ending a twelve - year relationship with the organization that included over 30 wins and two Cup Series Championships . Stewart moved to Haas CNC Racing , renamed Stewart - Haas Racing after Stewart purchased a 50 % ownership stake from founder Gene Haas , in part to return to longtime manufacturer Chevrolet . On August 25 , 2008 , Joe Gibbs Racing announced that 18 - year - old Joey Logano would replace Stewart as the driver of the No. 20 car for the 2009 season , after only making his NASCAR debut in May 2008 and running abbreviated Nationwide and Cup schedules . Longtime crew chief Greg Zipadelli remained with JGR for Logano 's rookie season . Logano 's first win came in the rain - shortened Lenox Industrial Tools 301 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway after a fuel mileage gamble , becoming the youngest winner in Sprint Cup Series history . Logano beat former open - wheel drivers Max Papis and Scott Speed for the Rookie of the Year Award , with seven top - tens and a 20th - place points finish . Logano failed to win in 2010 and finished 16th in points . In 2011 , Logano again was winless and finished 24th in points . On October 13 , 2011 , Joe Gibbs Racing announced The Home Depot will become co-primary sponsor for Logano 's car with Dollar General . Dollar General is set to sponsor 12 races while the other 22 will continue to be sponsored by The Home Depot . The Home Depot had served as the sole primary sponsor of the No. 20 car since its debut with Tony Stewart in 1999 . Logano won his second career race at Pocono from the pole in the 2012 Pocono 400 after passing Mark Martin with 3 laps to go . Matt Kenseth at Martinsville in 2013 Kenseth 's pole and race winning car at Bristol in 2015 Beginning in 2013 , the No. 20 car was taken over by Matt Kenseth , who left Roush Fenway Racing , as Joey Logano moved to the No. 22 at Penske Racing . The team had a resurgence , with Kenseth winning five races in the regular season ( Las Vegas , Kansas , Darlington , Kentucky , and Bristol ) , and led the most laps at several other races ( Daytona 500 , Kansas , Richmond and Talladega ) . Kenseth also won the first two races of the Chase at Chicagoland and New Hampshire Motor Speedway , bringing the team up to 7 wins -- which was more wins in a single season than the car had ever achieved with Stewart or Logano . It was announced in September 2014 that Stanley Black & Decker would leave Richard Petty Motorsports to sponsor JGR in the Cup Series for 2015 . This move reunited Kenseth with longtime sponsor DeWalt for six races as a primary , and the entire season as an associate . Kenseth won the Food City 500 in Support of Steve Byrnes And Stand Up To Cancer at Bristol in April , his first victory since 2013 . On November 3rd , Kenseth was suspended 2 races for intentionally wrecking Joey Logano at Martinsville . Erik Jones was named the replacement driver for Kenseth in both of those races , with Jones finishing 12th and 19th in those races . In 2016 Kenseth won twice at Dover and New Hampshire and finished 5th in points after he was wrecked while leading at Phoenix by Alex Bowman . Dollar General would leave the team at the end of the season . On July 11 , 2017 JGR announced that Erik Jones would replace Kenseth in the No. 20 car in 2018 . Like his JGR teammates , Kenseth was hampered by bad luck and lack of speed in the beginning of the year . He scored his final win with Joe Gibbs Racing at Phoenix in November after passing Chase Elliott late in the race . Xfinity Series ( edit ) Car No. 11 history ( edit ) Brian Scott at Road America in 2012 . Elliott Sadler at Road America in 2014 . The No. 11 team began racing in 2011 . JGR signed 22 - year - old Brian Scott ( former driver of the No. 11 with Braun Racing ) to a two - year contract , with Kevin Kidd announced as the crew chief , and Scott bringing sponsorship from his family - owned Shore Lodge . The new team was constantly hampered by bad luck during races , with 5 DNF 's on the season . Scott earned a pole , two top 5s and seven top 10s , finishing 8th in points . For 2012 , Dollar General expanded its sponsorship deal with JGR , sponsoring the No. 11 car for the full season . Despite showing speed , the team continued to struggle finishing races ( 7 DNF 's ) , and had a best finish of 3rd at Dover , with Scott finishing 9th in points . In 2013 , Scott was replaced by veteran Elliott Sadler , who finished second in the championship standings in the two prior seasons . Sadler brought sponsorship from OneMain Financial with him from Richard Childress Racing . After winning four races in 2012 , Sadler went winless in 2013 , though he did score 20 top 10s en route to a fourth - place points finish . Sadler scored his first win for JGR at Talladega in 2014 , leading a race high 40 laps . On October 31 , 2014 , it was announced that Sadler would depart for Roush Fenway Racing 's Nationwide program , taking the OneMain sponsorship with him . The team 's points and crew were moved to the No. 18 for the 2015 season , and the number was reassigned in 2016 to Kaulig Racing for Blake Koch . Car No. 18 history ( edit ) Brad Coleman at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve in 2010 . The current 18 car came under JGR control when owner Joe Gibbs purchased the No. 44 Shell Oil - sponsored Pontiac from his Cup Series driver Bobby Labonte , who had been operating the team under his control . The team made its debut under the Gibbs banner at the 1998 NAPA Auto Parts 300 with then - IndyCar driver Tony Stewart driving . Stewart he qualified 9th but finished 31st after a crash . At the next week at Rockingham Speedway , Stewart qualified on the pole , led 60 laps and finished 2nd . Stewart ran a total of 22 races that year , with five top - five finishes and winning two pole positions . Labonte ran five races that year in that car in 1998 , winning the Diamond Hill Plywood 200 . The team switched to No. 18 with sponsorship from MBNA for 1999 . Labonte ran only one race before he suffered shoulder injuries in a qualifying crash at Darlington . Late in the year , Jason Leffler , like Stewart an accomplished open wheel racer , ran four races in the car that year , his best finish being a 20th at Memphis Motorsports Park . Leffler ran the car full - time in 2000 , winning a pole at Texas Motor Speedway , and posting three top - ten finishes . After that season , he left for the Cup Series with Chip Ganassi Racing , and Jeff Purvis took his place . Purvis started off strong and was seventh in points but was released after the GNC Live Well 250 because of sponsorship issues . Mike McLaughlin replaced him , finishing seventh in points that season . Despite going winless in 2002 , he moved up to fourth place in points . However , owner Joe Gibbs wanted his son Coy in a full - time ride , leaving McLaughlin without a ride . In his rookie season , Gibbs had two Top 10 finishes and finished runner - up to David Stremme for Rookie of the Year . Kyle Busch in 2008 . The team scaled back to a part - time schedule for 2004 . In November 2003 , JGR signed highly touted USAC Champion J.J. Yeley to a multi-year contract , beginning his stock car career with eight ARCA Racing Series events and 10 - 12 Busch Series races in the 2004 season . The Home Depot 's Vigoro Lawn and Garden Products would sponsor Yeley 's efforts , making their BGN debut at Las Vegas in March . In his first race , Yeley qualified a strong seventh , but finished 23rd and two laps down . Yeley would end up running 17 races , garnering four Top 10 finishes and finishing fourth in Rookie of the Year standings behind future Cup drivers Kyle Busch , Clint Bowyer , and Paul Menard . Bobby Labonte ran two races with a best finish of 7th , while Denny Hamlin finished a strong sixth at the fall race at Darlington . Yeley ran the car full - time in 2005 , finishing in the top - ten twelve times and finishing 11th in points . Yeley continued to run full - time in 2006 , finishing 5th in the points standings with three poles , nine Top 5s , 22 Top 10s , and 27 Top 15s . Yeley announced in Daytona that he would be driving in the No. 1 Miccosukee Gaming and Resorts - sponsored Chevrolet for Phoenix Racing in the 2007 NASCAR Busch Series . In January 2007 , former Brewco Motorsports development driver and ARCA standout Brad Coleman signed to drive the No. 18 car for 17 of the 35 races , with Carino 's Italian Grill sponsoring his efforts . Kevin Conway was signed for eight races beginning at Bristol in March with Z - Line Designs sponsoring , while Tony Stewart and development driver Aric Almirola filled out the schedule with Goody 's Headache Powder and ConAgra Foods sponsorships . Almirola put the car on the pole at the season opener at Daytona , and had a best finish of 4th at Charlotte . Coleman earned his first career Busch Series pole at Talladega , and had three Top 5s and five Top 10s . Without sponsorship for a full - time ride with JGR , Coleman returned to the renamed Baker Curb Racing following the season and signed a development contract with Hall of Fame Racing . For 2008 , the No. 18 was piloted by the team of Denny Hamlin and Kyle Busch with a sponsorship coming from Southern Farm Bureau , Interstate Batteries , and Z - Line Designs . Despite running a partial schedule , Busch won ten races in 2008 , including eight in the No. 18 , and would finish seventh in points while Hamlin scored a single victory in the No. 18 at Dover . 18 - year - old JGR development driver Marc Davis made his one and only national series start for the team in October at Memphis Motorsports Park with DLP HDTV sponsoring . In 2009 , Kyle Busch won the Nationwide Series Championship driving the No. 18 Z - Line Designs / NOS Toyota . Michael McDowell at Road America in 2012 . In 2010 , Kyle Busch ran most of the races that were paired with Sprint Cup Series races , while Brad Coleman returned to run the stand - alone races . For 2011 , Busch drove the No. 18 for a majority of the season , splitting the ride with Michael McDowell , who ran both Iowa races , Lucas Oil Raceway , and the road courses Road America and Circuit Gilles Villeneuve with a sponsorship from Pizza Ranch . McDowell won the pole at Road America and dominated until late race contact with another car . Drivers Kelly Bires , Drew Herring , and Joey Logano also took turns in the 18 . Bires ran at Richmond and Chicago with International Comfort Products Corporation , Herring drove at the second Nashville race with Sport Clips , and Logano drove the 18 at Chicago , Dover , Kansas , and Phoenix . For 2012 the 18 would have a similar lineup , featuring Hamlin , Logano , Herring , McDowell , and Ryan Truex . Logano would take a whooping seven victories with the 18 team , handing the team the Nationwide Owners ' Championship . For 2013 , the 18 and 20 teams swapped . Matt Kenseth drove the 18 for 16 races with sponsorship from Reser 's Fine Foods and GameStop . He won the July race at Daytona and the October race at Kansas . The 18 car did not run in 2014 . On August 19 , 2014 , JGR announced that Toyota Series and K&N Pro Series East driver Daniel Suárez would drive the No. 18 full - time in 2015 with a sponsorship from Arris , running for Rookie of the Year . Suárez had a strong rookie season , earning eight top fives , 18 top tens , and three poles to finish fifth in points and beat out Darrell Wallace , Jr. for Rookie of the Year . The team inherited the No. 54 's points and equipment in 2016 , fielding multiple drivers , starting with former JGR driver Bobby Labonte at Daytona . Kyle Busch drove a limited schedule , with former sponsor NOS Energy Drink ( owned by Monster Beverage ) funding both Busch and Labonte 's efforts . Matt Tifft was scheduled to drive 13 races for the team , but was replaced for several races as he recovered from a removal of a tumor in his brain . Sam Hornish Jr. replaced Tifft for the June Xfinity race at Iowa , and won the race . David Ragan ran the July Xfinity race at Daytona , and won the pole , and was in contention for the win , but crashed on the final lap of the race . Road course specialist Owen Kelly ran the road course races at Mid-Ohio and Road America , and Dakoda Armstrong ran the July Xfinity race at Iowa . The 18 car won 12 races in 2016 , 10 with Busch , 1 at Charlotte with Hamlin , and 1 with Hornish at Iowa . For 2017 , multiple drivers again raced in the 18 . Daniel Suarez drove 12 races beginning at Daytona in February with sponsorship from Juniper . Kyle Busch drove 10 races with sponsor NOS Energy Drink beginning at Atlanta in March , winning 5 races at Atlanta , Kentucky , Loudon , Watkins Glen , and Bristol . Kyle Busch Motorsports driver Christopher Bell made his xfinity series debut with the 18 team at Charlotte , finishing 4th . Bell would also drive the car at Road America , Kansas , Texas and Phoenix . Bell won the race at Kansas after catching and passing teammate Erik Jones for his first career xfinity series win in his 5th start . Bell had sponsorship from SiriusXM at Charlotte , Toyotacare at Road America , JBL at Kansas , and Safelite Auto Glass at Texas and Phoenix . ARCA Racing Series driver Kyle Benjamin drove the 18 with sponsorship from Reser 's Fine Foods and Sport Clips at both Iowa races and Kentucky in September with a best finish of 2nd at the July Iowa race to teammate Ryan Preece . Regan Smith returned to the xfinity series in a one - race deal in the 18 at Mid-Ohio with sponsorship from Interstate Batteries . Denny Hamlin also drove one race in the 18 , running a throwback scheme at Darlington with Sport Clips sponsoring , Hamlin won the race . Ryan Preece drove the 18 car at Homestead with Safelite Autoglass as the sponsor and finished 5th in preparation for an expanded 10 race schedule with the team in 2018 . In 2018 Preece will run 10 races , sharing the car with JGR 's cup series drivers Busch , Suarez , Hamlin and Jones . Car No. 19 history ( edit ) See also : Kyle Busch Motorsports Sam Hornish , Jr. at Road America in 2014 . Daniel Suárez won the 2016 Xfinity Series championship . The No. 19 team made its debut at the 2005 CarQuest Auto Parts 300 . It was driven by Bobby Labonte and sponsored by Banquet Foods . Labonte ran seven races that year , with three top - tens . With Labonte moving to Petty Enterprises , JGR development driver Aric Almirola ran the car in seven races in 2006 . Tony Stewart also drove the car at select races in 2006 , using his NEXTEL Cup crew when he raced . The No. 19 team was disbanded after the 2006 season . In 2012 The Car returned as the No. 54 & After running the 54 for his own team in 2012 with only one win ( by his brother Kurt ) , Kyle Busch returned to JGR 's strong Nationwide program with the No. 54 as a fourth JGR car , running 26 races and bringing sponsor Monster Energy with him . Parker Kligerman would take over the newly renumbered 77 for KBM . Busch did n't take long to get to victory lane . He won the pole , lead the most laps , and won the race in only the second race of the 2013 season at Phoenix International Raceway . He then scored victories at Bristol ( 4th race ) and at Fontana ( 5th race ) . During the 2013 season , he won a total of 12 races . Joey Coulter , Owen Kelly , and Drew Herring also ran in the 54 , which finished 2nd in the owner 's championship to the Team Penske No. 22 by one point . For the 2014 season , Kyle Busch ran part - time the No. 54 car , running all Sprint Cup Series companion races except Talladega and Daytona in July . Former IRL champion Sam Hornish , Jr. , who was not re-signed by Team Penske after scoring a win and finishing 2nd in Nationwide points in 2013 , ran 7 races to help compete for the owner 's championship . At Iowa in May , Hornish won the Get To Know Newton 250 , beating Ryan Blaney 's 22 for his third career win . The 54 once again finished 2nd in owners points to the Penske 22 . In 2015 , Kyle Busch suffered injuries during the season - opening race at Daytona . He broke his leg after hitting the inside wall that had no SAFER barrier installed . His replacements were announced to be Erik Jones ( at least 3 races ) , Cup series teammate Denny Hamlin ( 5 races ) , and road course veteran Boris Said ( 7 races ) . Busch returned to the Xfinity Series at Michigan in June and scored his first win of the season . Jones scored a win the following race at Chicagoland , his second of the season . The team was renumbered back to No. 19 for 2016 with Daniel Suárez and sponsor Arris moving from the 18 team , maintaining the same sponsor - number combination used by Carl Edwards in the Cup Series . Suárez got his first win at Michigan after a last lap pass to Kyle Busch . Suárez scored three victories and won the 2016 championship , becoming the first foreign - born driver to win a NASCAR National championship . It was announced that in 2017 , Matt Tifft would drive full - time in the 19 , with rookie crew chief Matt Beckham on the box . On November 15th , JGR announced that Brandon Jones would replace Tifft in the 19 in 2018 . Tifft would move to RCR in a driver swap . Chris Gabehart was announced as his crew chief , moving from the No. 20 xfinity team and replacing Matt Beckham . Car No. 20 history ( edit ) Main article : Diamond Ridge Motorsports Denny Hamlin 's No. 20 Busch car ( right ) battling Matt Kenseth ( left ) for position . After JGR purchased the team from Gary Bechtel in 2000 , the team received sponsorship from Porter - Cable . Despite missing three races , driver Jeff Purvis had eleven Top 10s and one pole , finishing 11th in points . The team switched to No. 20 for 2001 , and Mike McLaughlin was named the driver . Without a major sponsor , McLaughlin was able to win the Subway 300 and was sixth in points when Gibbs decided to shut down his team due to sponsorship problems . He moved to the No. 18 and finished seventh in points that year . Coy Gibbs ran five races in the No. 20 in 2002 , with a sponsorship from ConAgra Foods . His best finish was a 14th at Kentucky Speedway . After he moved to the 18 , Gibbs was replaced by Mike Bliss and Rockwell Automation came aboard as a sponsor . Bliss had fourteen Top 10s and finished 10th in points . In 2004 , he pulled off a win at Lowe 's Motor Speedway and had three poles . In 2005 , Denny Hamlin came aboard and posted eleven Top 10s and finished fifth points , the third - place finisher in rookie points . He ran the full schedule in the No. 20 in 2006 , winning two races and finishing fourth in points . Hamlin and developmental driver Aric Almirola split duties in the 20 in 2007 with sponsorship from Rockwell Automation , with Tony Stewart also piloting the No. 20 at Atlanta . With Hamlin running several non-companion races , Almirola would occasionally qualify the car that Hamlin would later drive . Hamlin took the car to victory lane in four races , including Darlington , Milwaukee , Michigan , and Dover . The win at Milwaukee was controversial , with Almirola putting the car on the pole and starting the race because of the fact that Hamlin was delayed flying from Sonoma Raceway . Almirola started the car and led the first 43 laps but was still relieved by Hamlin during a caution due to obligations to his sponsorship from Rockwell . Almirola was credited as the winner for starting the race , but did not participate in the victory celebration . He would leave JGR after the season . The No. 20 finished 2nd in the owners points behind RCR 's No. 29 . Joey Logano at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve in 2010 . In 2008 , the No. 20 was shared by Hamlin , Kyle Busch , and Stewart for nine races before defending NASCAR Camping World East Series champion Joey Logano was named the driver of the 20 for the rest of the season 's races except for Loudon ( which Stewart won in the No. 20 ) , Daytona ( which Hamlin won in the No. 20 ) , and Chicago ( which Busch won in the No. 18 ) . All four drivers of the No. 20 won races driving it in 2008 . For 2009 , 20 - year - old Brad Coleman returned to JGR for a part - time schedule , sharing the ride with Logano and Hamlin . In 2010 , Joey Logano , Denny Hamlin and Matt DiBenedetto shared the No. 20 car , with Hamlin winning at Darlington and Logano winning at Kentucky and Kansas . For 2011 , Logano returned to the No. 20 with sponsorships from GameStop and Sport Clips . Logano ran the first 10 races but picked up last minute sponsorship from Harvest Investments to run Nashville . Due to a lack of sponsorship , the 20 was unable to run a full schedule for the owners championship . In the 20 , Logano grabbed his first superspeedway win at the July Daytona race with help from Kyle Busch . The 20 was also driven by Denny Hamlin at Las Vegas , Richmond , and Darlington , with Hamlin winning at Richmond . Drew Herring drove the 20 with Sport Clips at both Iowa races , where Herring won the pole for the May race , and Lucas Oil Raceway . Ryan Truex stepped into the 20 late in the season for six races , finishing second to Logano at Dover after dominating the race . The 20 team returned in 2012 to run most of the season . Its primary driver lineup consisted of Logano , Hamlin , Truex , and JGR development driver Darrell Wallace , Jr . Michael Waltrip Racing driver Clint Bowyer also drove the No. 20 at Daytona when Hamlin was sidelined from the race by back problems . Brian Vickers in 2013 . Starting in the 2013 season , 2003 Busch Series Champion Brian Vickers joined the team driving the 20 for the full season with sponsorship from Dollar General , in addition to a partial Sprint Cup Series schedule in Michael Waltrip Racing 's 55 car . Dollar General had sponsored Vickers in the past with Braun Racing , and like teammate Elliott Sadler , Vickers was attempting to reclaim his career in the second - tier series . After 30 starts , Vickers was sidelined with a second incidence of blood clots , replaced by Denny Hamlin and Drew Herring in the final three races of the season . Though he went winless , Vickers scored 13 top 5s and 18 top 10s to finish 10th in points . He would leave for a full - time ride at MWR at the end of the year . Kenny Habul at Road America in 2014 The 20 team continued to run full - time in 2014 . Matt Kenseth drove the No. 20 in a total of 18 races , with GameStop sponsoring 10 races and Reser 's Fine Foods sponsoring 7 races . Sam Hornish , Jr. and Kenseth each ran 1 race and Kenny Habul 2 races with Habul 's Sun Energy 1 sponsoring . Darrell Wallace , Jr. ran at Talladega in the spring with Toyota Care and Daytona in July with Coca - Cola `` Share a Coke '' . Daniel Suárez made his debut at RIR , finishing 19th . Michael McDowell ran at both Iowa races with Pizza Ranch . Denny Hamlin returned to the 20 at Chicagoland in September with Sport Clips , finishing 32nd after a blown engine . Development driver Justin Boston , running the full ARCA schedule , made his debut in the 20 at Kentucky later in the month , with sponsor Zloop E-Recycling . Kenseth scored a win in the final race of the season at Homestead Miami Speedway , and the 20 would finish 9th in owners points . show 2014 driver rotation No. 20 Driver Races Sponsor Matt Kenseth 18 Reser 's Fine Foods , GameStop , Sun Energy 1 Erik Jones NarcolepsyLink.com , Reser 's Fine Foods , GameStop Michael McDowell Pizza Ranch Kenny Habul Sun Energy 1 Darrell Wallace , Jr . Toyota Care , Share a Coke Justin Boston Zloop Sam Hornish , Jr . Sun Energy 1 Daniel Suárez Silent Circle / Telcel Denny Hamlin Sport Clips Erik Jones was scheduled to run a limited schedule in the No. 20 car in 2015 , with Kenny Habul and SunEnergy1 also returning for the three road courses . Jones , whose schedule was expanded due to Kyle Busch 's injury , scored his first Xfinity win in his 9th career start at Texas in April , leading a race - high 79 laps . Ross Kenseth , son of Sprint Cup Series champion Matt Kenseth , made his Xfinity Series debut at Chicagoland Speedway on June 20 . David Ragan made a single start at Daytona in July with Interstate Batteries sponsorship . Kenny Wallace made his final career start in the 20 car at Iowa Speedway in August , with longtime sponsor U.S. Cellular . Wallace started seventh and finished 15th . Matt Tifft made his Xfinity Series debut at Kentucky in September , finishing 10th . Denny Hamlin drove a total of six races in the 20 ; two with SunEnergy 1 sponsorship , three with Hisense , and running a throwback scheme at Darlington in September with Sport Clips sponsoring . Hamlin scored three wins , all of which were from the pole starting position . Matt Kenseth ran five races with Reser 's Fine Foods , scoring four - second - place finishes . Erik Jones at Road America . Erik Jones drove the car full - time in 2016 , with Gamestop , Reser 's , Hisense , Interstate Batteries and Dewalt as the sponsors . Jones won 4 times but finished 4th in points after getting trapped behind the slow car of Cole Whitt on the last restart of the final race at Homestead . In 2017 , the 20 is being driven part - time by a variety of different drivers . Denny Hamlin , Erik Jones , Kyle Benjamin , Christopher Bell , and Ryan Preece are among them . Jones drove the car for 18 races starting at Daytona , sweeping the Texas races as well as winning the Bristol spring race . Hamlin drove the car for 3 races and won at Michigan . Suarez drove the 20 for 2 races at Las Vegas and the Bristol fall race , finishing 3rd and 2nd respectively . Benjamin drove the car for 2 races at the spring Richmond race and the first Pocono race , winning the pole in the latter . Bell drove the 20 for 3 races starting at the June Iowa race , where Bell won stage one , led the most laps , but finished 16th after being collected in a crash between the lapped cars of Brennan Poole and Ryan Reed while leading . Ryan Preece drove the car at Loudon , the July Iowa race , and the September Kentucky race . Preece finished 2nd to his teammate Kyle Busch at Loudon . In his next race at Iowa , Preece led the most laps and won the race , then finished 4th at Kentucky . James Davison drove the 20 at Mid Ohio and Road America , leading the most laps at Road America before getting collected in a wreck . For 2018 , Christopher Bell will drive the 20 full - time , competing for Rookie of the Year honors . Jason Ratcliff will be his crew chief , moving from the No. 20 cup series team . Camping World Truck Series ( edit ) See also : Kyle Busch Motorsports Erik Jones in 2013 . From 2000 to 2002 , Joe Gibbs fielded trucks numbered 20 and 48 in the then Craftsman Truck Series for his sons Coy and J.D. Gibbs , neither of whom are currently competitors in NASCAR . Coy ran 12 races in 2000 , then the full 2001 and 2002 seasons , with 21 top 10s and 10th - place points finishes in the latter two seasons . J.D. only ran a total of 8 races over the three seasons , with no top 10 finishes . From 2004 to 2006 , JGR drivers drove in the Truck Series for Chevrolet - affiliated Morgan - Dollar Motorsports , fielding Bobby Labonte , Tony Stewart , Denny Hamlin , J.J. Yeley , Jason Leffler , and Aric Almirola in select races . In 2006 , JGR contracted Spears Motorsports to field Almirola in their 75 truck for his rookie Truck season . Almirola had three top 10s ( compared to two top 10s in four starts the previous year ) , finishing 18th in points . Gibbs after Kyle Busch won the 2015 Toyota / Save Mart 350 JGR drivers currently compete in the Camping World Truck Series through Kyle Busch Motorsports , owned by Cup Series driver Kyle Busch . KBM uses JGR - built engines in competition . Busch himself , along with Todd Gilliland , Harrison Burton , Noah Gragson , David Gilliland , Riley Herbst , Brandon Jones , and Spencer Davis currently drive for KBM . ARCA Racing Series ( edit ) Riley Herbst in 2017 In 1999 , Joe Gibbs Racing field No. 18 car for Jason Leffler for one race . Leffler finish 5th at Atlanta . In 2000 , Leffler returned at Charlotte , he started 2nd and led one lap , however he crashed with 55 of 67 laps completed . From 2004 to 2005 , Joe Gibbs Racing partnered with Shaver Motorsports to field development drivers in the ARCA Racing Series . Denny Hamlin finished third in the 2004 season finale at Talladega . J.J. Yeley ran the 2005 season opener at Daytona , as part of his development deal with JGR . Aric Almirola ran the 2005 finale at Talladega . Car No. 18 history ( edit ) Leffler raced one race in 1999 and one race in 2000 with No. 18 . On December 15 , 2016 , it was announced that JGR would field a car for Riley Herbst full - time in the 2017 season . Matt Tifft ran the season opener at Daytona due to Herbst not being eligible to compete in the race . Car No. 81 history ( edit ) In 2017 , Riley Herbst was entered at the season opener in Daytona in the team 's second car ( No. 81 ) , but he was ineligible to race . Herbst and Zane Smith were both were ineligible to run the season opener at Daytona , though ARCA allowed both to participate in practice . Controversy ( edit ) Following the 2008 Chicagoland race , NASCAR made a regulation change specifically to Toyota , which mandated them to run a smaller restrictor plate to cut horsepower by estimated 15 to 20 horsepower ( 15 kW ) from their engines . After the August 16 , 2008 NASCAR Nationwide Series race at Michigan International Speedway , NASCAR used a dynometer to test the horsepower of several cars from all competing manufacturers . While testing the Joe Gibbs Racing cars , officials found that the throttle pedal on the two Joe Gibbs Racing cars had been manipulated using magnets a quarter - inch thick to prevent the accelerator from going 100 percent wide open . Joe Gibbs issued a statement saying `` we will take full responsibility and accept any penalties NASCAR levies against us '' and `` we will also investigate internally how this incident took place and who was involved and make whatever decisions are necessary to ensure that this kind of situation never happens again . '' Seven crew members were suspended indefinitely and two drivers and the team were penalized 150 points apiece . Motocross team ( edit ) In 2008 , Gibbs branched out into motorcycle racing , forming the JGRMX team competing in the AMA motocross and supercross championships . The team is based in Huntersville , North Carolina and is managed by Gibbs ' son , Coy Gibbs . On January 5 , 2008 the Muscle Milk / Toyota / JGRMX Team made its racing debut in the first round of the 2008 Supercross Series in Anaheim , CA with riders Josh Hansen and Josh Summey . Josh Grant and Cody Cooper rode for the team in 2009 , with Grant winning the opening round of Supercross at Anaheim . Grant and Justin Brayton rode for the team in 2010 , and Davi Millsaps replaced Grant in 2011 . James Stewart replaced Brayton in 2012 , and won the Oakland and Daytona Supercrosses , while Millsaps finished second in points . On May 6 , 2012 , Stewart and the team officially parted ways . Grant and Brayton returned as the team 's two riders in 2013 and were joined by Phil Nicoletti in 2014 . Justin Barcia and Weston Peick replaced Grant and Brayton on the team in 2015 , with Barcia winning two nationals ( Budds Creek and RedBud ) . In 2017 , the team switched from Yamaha to Suzuki and added a 250cc effort , with Nicoletti and Matt Bisceglia . For 2018 , JGRMX / Autotrader / Yoshimura Suzuki became the official factory Suzuki program , with riders Weston Peick and Justin Bogle ( 450 ) and 2017 250 Supercross West Champion Justin Hill , Phil Nicoletti , Jimmy Decotis , and Kyle Peters ( 250 ) . Hill scored a win at San Diego while Bogle missed most of the season with a broken back and Malcolm Stewart filled in for him . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` KYLE BUSCH WINS FIRST SPRINT CUP SERIES CHAMPIONSHIP '' . nascar.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( January 1 , 2004 ) . `` Joe Gibbs Racing 2004 preview '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( April 2 , 2005 ) . `` Joe Gibbs Racing Diversity Program , 2nd season '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Gibbs '' . joegibbsracing.com . Joe Gibbs Racing . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Gibbs family tradition '' . The Washington Times . July 28 , 2006 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Glick , Shav ( February 10 , 2004 ) . `` Race Team Still Run by a Gibbs : J.D. will replace father Joe , who will again coach the Washington Redskins . '' Los Angeles Times . Daytona Beach , Florida . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` It 's official -- Carl Edwards and Daniel Suarez join JGR '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Newton , David ( September 5 , 2007 ) . `` Gibbs makes formal announcement on Toyota move '' . ESPN Sprint Cup . Huntersville , North Carolina : ESPN . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Nate ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` Toyota , Joe Gibbs Racing to merge engine - building shops '' . USA Today . USA Today . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sporting News Wire Service ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` JOE GIBBS RACING , TRD FORGE ENGINE PARTNERSHIP '' . NASCAR . NASCAR , Sporting News . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NSSN Staff ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Lucas Joins RAB Racing '' . National Speed Sport News . Concord , North Carolina : National Speed Sport News . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knight , Chris ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Dakoda Armstrong Opens Up About Move To JGL Racing in 2016 '' . Catchfence.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Newton , David ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` Kyle Busch signs deal with JGR '' . ESPN.go.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : ESPN . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Albert , Zach ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` KBM LOGS 51ST CAMPING WORLD TRUCKS SERIES WIN , MOST IN SERIES '' . nascar.com . Sparta , Kentucky . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Pokrefky ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Matt Tifft Racing Truck Opener for Venturini Motorsports '' . The Fourth Turn . Mooresville , North Carolina . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Zyla , Greg ( July 2013 ) . `` Industry Insights : Bill Venturini Sr. , Venturini Motorsports '' . PRI Magazine . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Cain , Holly ( September 27 , 2015 ) . `` FURNITURE ROW WILL FIELD TOYOTA CAMRYS IN 2016 '' . NASCAR . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cain , Holly ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` FURNITURE ROW ADDS ERIK JONES TO GROWING TEAM '' . NASCAR . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Joe Gibbs Racing ( October 14 , 2004 ) . `` JGR announces third car in 2005 : FedEx To Sponsor Third Gibbs Car , Leffler Named as Driver '' . motorsport.com . Charlotte , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Talladega II : News of note '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . October 10 , 2004 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : GM Racing ( July 28 , 2004 ) . `` JJ Yeley to make debut at Michigan '' . motorsport.com . Statesville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : DeGroot , Nick ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` The 2005 Coke 600 - A race we will never forget '' . Motorsport.com . Motorsport.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( June 7 , 2005 ) . `` JGR hires Ford for Leffler 's car '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( June 15 , 2005 ) . `` Terry Labonte to drive JGR No. 11 in Sonoma '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( August 9 , 2005 ) . `` Joe Gibbs Racing releases Leffler from ride '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ GM Racing ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` Joe Gibbs Racing , Hamlin interview '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Homestead Miami Speedway ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Final chance at Homestead for 2006 Shootout spot '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Atlanta Motor Speedway ( February 9 , 2006 ) . `` Atlanta Motor Speedway welcomes 2006 rookie class '' . motorsport.com . Hampton , Georgia : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dale Earnhardt , Inc. , Budweiser ( February 13 , 2006 ) . `` Daytona Shootout : Dale Earnhardt Jr race report '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Graves , Gary ( June 11 , 2006 ) . `` Rookie Hamlin charges to first win at Pocono '' . USA Today Motor Sports . Long Pond , Pennsylvania : USA Today . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( July 24 , 2006 ) . `` Hamlin sweeps Pocono , races into Chase contention '' . USA Today Motor Sports . Long Pond , Pennsylvania : USA Today . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Nate ( March 17 , 2013 ) . `` Joey Logano , Denny Hamlin continue feud at Bristol '' . USA Today . Bristol , Tennessee : USA Today . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` Denny Hamlin injured after last - lap crash with Joey Logano at California '' . Sporting News . Fontana , California : Sporting News . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Denny Hamlin still upset with Joey Logano , says rival wrecked him intentionally '' . Sporting News . Huntersville , North Carolina : Sporting News . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( March 15 , 2014 ) . `` Denny Hamlin : Joey Logano still getting silent treatment '' . Sporting News . Bristol , Tennessee : Sporting News . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bruce , Kenny ( June 16 , 2013 ) . `` HAMLIN HONORS LEFFLER WITH 2005 PAINT SCHEME '' . NASCAR.com . Brooklyn , Michigan : NASCAR.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PAINT SCHEME PREVIEW : MICHIGAN '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR . June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Denny Hamlin will drive the No. 11 FedEx Express Toyota . Jump up ^ Bromberg , Nick ( March 23 , 2014 ) . `` Denny Hamlin to miss race at Auto Club , Sam Hornish Jr. to fill in '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( February 27 , 2000 ) . `` Labonte , GM Win Dura - Lube '' . CBS News . CBS News . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Estrada , Chris ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` NASCAR : Rudd , Jarrett , Bobby Labonte look back on Brickyard 400 triumphs '' . NBC Sports . NBC Sports . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( September 4 , 2000 ) . `` Labonte leaves pits first , wins Southern 500 '' . ESPN.go.com/auto . Darlington , South Carolina : ESPN . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wine , Steven ( November 13 , 2000 ) . `` Labonte Wins Winston Cup '' . ABC News . Homestead , Florida : ABC News . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newton , David ( August 17 , 2007 ) . `` Kyle Busch says Gibbs gives him shot to contend now '' . ESPN.go.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : ESPN . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( October 3 , 2007 ) . `` M&M 's Will Sponsor Kyle Busch on Gibbs ' No. 18 Toyota '' . The Salem News . Hackettstown , New Jersey : The Salem News . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Nate ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` Kyle Busch apologizes after being parked for Texas weekend '' . USA Today . Fort Worth , Texas : USA Today . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peltz , Jim ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` NASCAR 's Kyle Busch apologetic after sponsor exits for two races '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff Report ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` JGR REVEALS KYLE BUSCH 'S NEW 2015 PAINT SCHEME '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drivers Confirmed to Pilot No. 54 Monster Energy Toyota in Upcoming NASCAR XFINITY Series Events '' . Joe Gibbs Racing . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Crafton to sub for injured Kyle Busch '' . Racer . Haymarket Publications . February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Ragan to sub for Kyle Busch in No. 18 Toyota '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR Media Group , LLC . February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer , Lee ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` What 's next for Erik Jones ? '' . motorsport.com . Fort Worth , Texas : motorsport.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Ragan To Drive No. 55 '' . Michael Waltrip Racing. April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Erik Jones to Pilot the No. 18 M&M 'S ® Toyota Camry Starting at Kansas Speedway '' . Joe Gibbs Racing. April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( May 10 , 2015 ) . `` Erik Jones ' Sprint Cup debut comes to premature end after strong run '' . motorsport.com . Kansas City , Kansas : motorsport.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` NASCAR waives Chase eligibility for Kyle Busch '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Rowdy rocks Sonoma '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( July 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kyle Busch sweeps the weekend , wins Brickyard 400 '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` M&M 's reveals Kyle Busch 's new All - Star Race number '' . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( March 1 , 2007 ) . `` Almirola to debut at Las Vegas '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ginn Racing ( July 18 , 2007 ) . `` Ginn Racing outlines future plans '' . motorsport.com . Mooresville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mejia , Diego ( August 25 , 2008 ) . `` Logano to race Cup for Gibbs in 2009 '' . Autosport.com . Autosport . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( October 27 , 2008 ) . `` Too late , but Kyle Busch has another promising run '' . Sporting News . Sporting News . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pace , David ( January 20 , 2009 ) . `` Farm Bureau Insurance To Sponsor JGR Sprint Cups in 2009 '' . Bleacher Report . Bleacher Report . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( October 14 , 2009 ) . `` Charlotte II : David Gilliland preview '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Elliott Sadler will drive three races for JGR 's fourth team '' . Sporting News . Sporting News . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sadler 's day ends early at Kansas : Alert Energy driver finishes disappointing 40th '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ James , Brant ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Carl Edwards to join JGR in 2015 '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JGR ANNOUNCES NEW SPONSORS FOR KENSETH , EDWARDS '' . NASCAR.com . September 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Gibbs Racing Announces 2015 Crew Chief Lineup '' . Joe Gibbs Racing . December 4 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carl Edwards steps away from racing ; Daniel Suarez to wheel No. 19 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Worrall , Catherine ( June 23 , 2008 ) . `` Is Toyota A Curse For Tony Stewart ? '' . Bleacher Report . Bleacher Report . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Marty ; McGee , Ryan ( July 9 , 2008 ) . `` Stewart granted release from Gibbs , will move to Haas '' . ESPN.go.com . Charlotte , North Carolina : ESPN . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Newton , Dave ( November 21 , 2008 ) . `` Stewart parting with JGR after Sunday the end of something special '' . ESPN.go.com . Homestead , Florida : ESPN . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Merritt ( April 25 , 2008 ) . `` Tony Stewart looking at making a return to Chevrolet '' . Autoblog.com . Autoblog.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` Logano wins for 1st time in 20 starts '' . ESPN . Loudon , New Hampshire : ESPN . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Busbee , Jay ( November 23 , 2009 ) . `` Joey Logano claws his way to Rookie of the Year '' . Yahoo !. Yahoo !. Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Carl Edwards , Matt Kenseth get new sponsors with Gibbs '' . Sporting News NASCAR . Huntersville , North Carolina : Sporting News . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR suspends Matt Kenseth for two Sprint Cup races '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Erik Jones to drive No. 20 Cup car at Texas '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Brian Scott to drive No. 11 JGR Toyota with crew chief Kevin Kidd in Nationwide '' . SkirtsAndSkuffs.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : Skirts and Skuffs . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Notebook : Brian Scott signs to drive for Joe Gibbs Racing in NASCAR Nationwide Series '' . MassLive.com . Fort Worth , Texas : MassLive.com . November 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : James , Brant ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Brian Scott has shown he belongs '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dollar General Announces Racing Plans for 2012 '' . newscenter.dollargeneral.com . Goodlettsville , Tennessee : Dollar General . October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Elliott Sadler lands full time Nationwide Series ride with Joe Gibbs Racing '' . Sporting News . Homestead , Florida : Sporting News . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vinvent , Amanda ( May 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sadler survives late - race carnage to win at Talladega '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ELLIOTT SADLER TO JOIN ROUSH FENWAY IN 2015 '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BUSCH : USAC star Yeley gets the call to NASCAR '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . November 23 , 2003 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( February 16 , 2004 ) . `` BUSCH : JGR announces sponsor for Yeley '' . motorsport.com . Daytona Beach , Florida : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chemris , Thomas ( March 9 , 2004 ) . `` BUSCH : Beating Around the Busch , chapter 6 '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BUSCH : 2004 Rookie standings '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . December 2 , 2004 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BUSCH : JGR sign Coleman and sponsor '' . motorsport.com . Concord , North Carolina : motorsport.com . January 25 , 2007 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( March 20 , 2007 ) . `` BUSCH : Conway debuts for JGR at Bristol '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Joe Gibbs Racing ( December 19 , 2008 ) . `` Brad Coleman returns to Joe Gibbs Racing '' . motorsport.com . Charlotte , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing ( October 21 , 2008 ) . `` Memphis : Marc Davis debut preview '' . motorsport.com . Huntersville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Estrada , Chris ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` NASCAR : Mexican rising star Daniel Suarez moving up to Nationwide '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DeGroot , Nick ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Five most impressive drivers from 2015 NASCAR Xfinity season '' . motorsport.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer , Lee ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Joe Gibbs Racing reveals 2016 Xfinity crew chief lineup '' . motorsport.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bromberg , Nick ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Bobby Labonte back with Joe Gibbs Racing for Daytona Xfinity race '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Team release ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` MATT TIFFT TO MAKE 13 STARTS IN XFINITY SERIES FOR JGR '' . NASCAR.com . Huntersville , North Carolina . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tifft undergoes surgery to remove brain tumor '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` JGR announces driver change for XFINITY Iowa race '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` What rust ? Hornish stomps field en route to Iowa win '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer , Lee ( January 5 , 2014 ) . `` Sources : Hornish to share car with Kyle Busch in Nationwide Series '' . FOX Sports . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR Nationwide Series 2013 : Final owner point standings '' . motorsportsone.com . Motorsports One . 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( May 18 , 2014 ) . `` Opportunity seized : Hornish Jr. wins Newton 250 NNS race at Iowa '' . foxsports.com . Newton , Iowa ( Iowa Speedway ) : Fox Sports . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Team release ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` ERIK JONES ' XFINITY SERIES SPONSOR LINEUP FOR 2016 '' . NASCAR.com . Huntersville , North Carolina . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` Daniel Suarez becomes first Mexican driver to win NASCAR national series race '' . espn.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pistone , Pete ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Suarez Winner and Champion '' . MRN.com . Motor Racing Network . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Tifft lands full - time XFINITY ride with JGR '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ConAgra Foods and Coy Gibbs Combine Forces for Five Races on the NASCAR Busch Series '' . PR Newswire . Omaha , Nebraska . August 19 , 2002 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hamlin takes checkered flag at Milwaukee , but Almirola wins '' . USA Today . June 23 , 2007 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Pockrass , Bob ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` Brian Vickers driving full 2013 Nationwide schedule for Joe Gibbs Racing '' . Sporting News NASCAR . Sporting News . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Nate ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Brian Vickers has blood clot , will miss rest of season '' . USA Today . Concord , North Carolina : USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reser 's Fine Foods and GameStop Return to Sponsor Matt Kenseth in 2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series '' . Business Wire . January 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SunEnergy1 Sponsors Four NASCAR Nationwide Races : Matt Kenseth , Sam Hornish Jr. and Kenny Habul to Pilot No. 20 SunEnergy1 Toyota '' . joegibbsracing.com . Joe Gibbs Racing , Toyota . 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Reid ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin Harvick wins Chicagoland Nationwide race '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Joliet , Illinois : Yahoo !. Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Boston 's Nationwide Series coming out party is scheduled for Saturday at Kentucky Speedway '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff Report ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` NASCAR NATIONWIDE SERIES OWNER STANDINGS '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jones to Run Full - Time NASCAR Camping World Truck Series and Part - Time NASCAR XFINITY Series Schedule in 2015 '' . Joe Gibbs Racing / Kyle Busch Motorsports . November 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Staff Report ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` IOWA TO MARK KENNY WALLACE 'S LAST START : Veteran driver will pilot No. 20 Toyota before calling it a career '' . NASCAR.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Amanda ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` Erik Jones holds off Keselowski and Earnhardt to win first XFINITY race '' . motorsport.com . motorsport.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Ross Kenseth is ready for his NASCAR debut '' . motorsport.com . Bristol , Tennessee : motorsport.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Tifft Joins Joe Gibbs Racing Lineup For Kentucky Speedway '' . Chris Knight via Catchfence . September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sport Clips Haircuts Expands Partnership with Joe Gibbs Racing for 2015 Season '' . Joe Gibbs Racing . January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Lee ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` J.D. Gibbs treated for complications due to head injuries '' . Motorsport.com . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hewitt New Chief For Coy Gibbs '' . Motor Racing Network . November 8 , 2001 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brother on brother : Gibbs boys continue rivalry '' . Crash.net . May 2001 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JD Gibbs Rides Again '' . Motor Racing Network . September 5 , 2001 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ General Motors Racing ( January 13 , 2006 ) . `` Almirola to drive for Spears Motorsports '' . motorsport.com . Mooresville , North Carolina : motorsport.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aric Almirola '' . racing-reference.info. 2014 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hixson Motorsports Beckons for Buice at Palm Beach Int'l Raceway Roadcourse ... '' Automobile Racing Club of America . Soddy - Daisy , Tennessee . February 13 , 2010 . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Gibbs Racing Taps Shaver Motorsports To Field Car For Yeley at Daytona '' . Automobile Racing Club of America . Huntersville , North Carolina . May 6 , 2005 . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie Riley Herbst joins Joe Gibbs Racing for ARCA ride in 2017 '' . Automobile Racing Club of America . Las Vegas . December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Long , Mark ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` After brain tumor , Tifft welcomes ' different chapter ' '' . Associated Press , MSN Sports . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Mejia , Diego ( August 18 , 2008 ) . `` Gibbs facing penalties for dyno ' cheat ' '' . Autosport . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Long , Dustin ( August 20 , 2008 ) . `` NASCAR heavily penalizes Joe Gibbs Racing '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASCAR drivers , Joe Gibbs get behind Supercross '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JGRMX Team '' . jgrmx.com . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joe Gibbs Racing . Team Website Motocross Team Website Joe Gibbs owner statistics at Racing - Reference Coy Gibbs owner statistics at Racing - Reference Links to related articles Joe Gibbs Racing Management Joe Gibbs J.D. Gibbs Curtis Markham Jimmy Makar Drivers Monster Energy Cup Series ( 11 ) Denny Hamlin ( 18 ) Kyle Busch ( 19 ) Daniel Suárez ( 20 ) Erik Jones Xfinity Series ( 18 ) Daniel Suárez / Kyle Benjamin / Kyle Busch / Denny Hamlin / Ryan Preece / Noah Gragson / Riley Herbst ( 19 ) Brandon Jones ( 20 ) Christopher Bell ARCA Racing Series ( 18 ) Riley Herbst JGRMX Justin Brayton Crew chiefs Cup Series ( 11 ) Mike Wheeler ( 18 ) Adam Stevens ( 19 ) Scott Graves ( 20 ) Chris Gayle Xfinity Series ( 18 ) Chris Gayle ( 19 ) Scott Graves ( 20 ) Chris Gabehart Past drivers Aric Almirola Dakoda Armstrong Mike Bliss Justin Boston Brad Coleman Matt Crafton Matt DiBenedetto Carl Edwards Coy Gibbs J.D. Gibbs Kenny Habul Drew Herring Sam Hornish Jr . Dale Jarrett Owen Kelly Matt Kenseth Ross Kenseth Bobby Labonte Jason Leffler Joey Logano Michael McDowell Mike McLaughlin Jeff Purvis David Ragan Elliott Sadler Brian Scott Regan Smith Tony Stewart Ryan Truex Brian Vickers Darrell Wallace Jr . J.J. Yeley NASCAR Cup Championships 2000 ( B. Labonte ) 2002 ( Stewart ) 2005 ( Stewart ) 2015 ( Ky . Busch ) NASCAR Xfinity Series Championships 2009 ( Ky . Busch ) 2016 ( Suárez ) Daytona 500 wins 1993 ( Jarrett ) 2016 ( Hamlin ) Brickyard 400 wins 2000 ( B. Labonte ) 2005 ( Stewart ) 2007 ( Stewart ) 2015 ( Ky . Busch ) 2016 ( Ky . Busch ) Coca - Cola 600 wins 1995 ( B. Labonte ) 2015 ( Edwards ) 2018 ( Ky . Busch ) Southern 500 wins 2000 ( B. Labonte ) 2008 ( Ky . Busch ) 2010 ( Hamlin ) 2013 ( Kenseth ) 2015 ( Edwards ) 2017 ( Hamlin ) All - Star Race wins 2015 ( Hamlin ) 2013 ( Ky . 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Smith Subsidiaries Express Ground Freight Custom Critical Office Trade Networks Supply Chain Corporate Services TechConnect SmartPost Air hubs Memphis Indianapolis Anchorage Oakland Newark Fort Worth Miami Paris Kansai Guangzhou Cologne Toronto Flight accidents Flight 14 Flight 80 Flight 630 Flight 647 Flight 705 Flight 910 Related Flying Tiger Line American Freightways Asia Airfreight FedEx Institute of Technology KIAC FedEx Field FedEx Forum FedEx Racing Zapmail Cast Away Annual Revenue $50.3 billion USD ( 2016 ) Employees 400,000 ( 2016 ) Stock Symbol FDX Website fedex.com Products Freight Forwarding Services , Logistics Services Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Gibbs_Racing&oldid=853898768 '' Categories : American auto racing teams Companies based in Charlotte , North Carolina NASCAR teams Sports clubs established in 1992 American racecar constructors Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from March 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles to be expanded from May 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本 語 Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 17 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who drove the 20 car in nascar last year
[ "In the Monster Energy Cup Series, the team currently fields four full-time entries: the No. 11 Toyota Camry for Denny Hamlin, the No. 18 Camry for Kyle Busch, the No. 19 Camry for Daniel Suárez, and the No. 20 Camry for Erik Jones. In the Xfinity Series, the team currently fields three full-time entries: the No. 18 Camry for part-time drivers Daniel Suárez, Kyle Benjamin, Kyle Busch, Denny Hamlin, Erik Jones, and Ryan Preece; the No. 19 Camry for Brandon Jones, and the No. 20 Camry for Christopher Bell.\n" ]
[ "Erik Jones" ]
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In the Garden (1912 song)
In the Garden ( 1912 song ) - wikipedia In the Garden ( 1912 song ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Van Morrison song , see In the Garden ( Van Morrison song ) . `` In the Garden '' ( sometimes rendered by its first line `` I Come to the Garden Alone '' ) is a gospel song written by American songwriter C. Austin Miles ( 1868 -- 1946 ) , a former pharmacist who served as editor and manager at Hall - Mack publishers for 37 years . According to Miles ' great - granddaughter , the song was written `` in a cold , dreary and leaky basement in Pitman , New Jersey that did n't even have a window in it let alone a view of a garden . '' The song was first published in 1912 and popularized during the Billy Sunday evangelistic campaigns of the early twentieth century by two members of his staff , Homer Rodeheaver and Virginia Asher . Roy Rogers and Dale Evans recorded the song with vocal quartet and orchestra on March 3 , 1950 . Tennessee Ernie Ford performed the song on his 1956 platinum album Hymns . A June 18 , 1958 recording by Perry Como was part of his album When You Come to the End of the Day . Rosemary Clooney included it on her 1959 MGM Records album Hymns from the Heart . It is also used in juxtaposition to `` Blue Tail Fly '' near the beginning of the Merchant Ivory film The Ballad of the Sad Cafe . The book of poetry Tea by D.A. Powell also refers to the song . Doris Day recorded the song on her 1962 album You 'll Never Walk Alone . Elvis Presley recorded the song on his gospel album How Great Thou Art ( 1967 ) . Willie Nelson recorded the song on his 1976 gospel album The Troublemaker . Glen Campbell recorded the song on his 1989 gospel album Favorite Hymns . The gospel song is sung in the closing scene of the film Places in the Heart ( 1984 ) and by Ronee Blakley in the Robert Altman film Nashville ( 1975 ) . The song is included on Johnny Cash 's 5 - CD box set Cash Unearthed , released posthumously in November , 2003 , and featured on disc 4 , My Mother 's Hymn Book . This collection of gospel songs was released as a stand - alone disc six months later . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Note about Miles Jump up ^ It was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 21 - 0344 ( in USA ) and by EMI on the His Master 's Voice label as catalog numbers IP 875 and JDF 393 . Jump up ^ RCA Victor Records catalog number LSP - 1885 . Jump up ^ Columbia Records catalog number KC 34112 . Jump up ^ American Recordings catalog number B0001679 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Song lyric In the Garden from HymnTime.com Sheet music and MIDI Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Garden_(1912_song)&oldid=772497236 '' Categories : American Christian hymns 1912 songs Glen Campbell songs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Talk About Wikipedia Norsk Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2017 , at 17 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who wrote i come to the garden alone hymn
[ "\"In the Garden\" (sometimes rendered by its first line \"I Come to the Garden Alone\"[citation needed]) is a gospel song written by American songwriter C. Austin Miles (1868–1946), a former pharmacist who served as editor and manager at Hall-Mack publishers for 37 years. According to Miles' great-granddaughter, the song was written \"in a cold, dreary and leaky basement in Pitman, New Jersey that didn't even have a window in it let alone a view of a garden.\"[1] The song was first published in 1912 and popularized during the Billy Sunday evangelistic campaigns of the early twentieth century by two members of his staff, Homer Rodeheaver and Virginia Asher." ]
[ "American songwriter C. Austin Miles" ]
1914914989606948955
Color blindness
Color blindness - wikipedia Color blindness `` Colorblind '' redirects here . For color blindness in other species , see Color vision . For other uses , see Colour blind ( disambiguation ) . Color blindness Synonyms Colour blindness , color deficiency , impaired color vision Example of an Ishihara color test plate . With properly configured computer displays , people with normal vision should see the number `` 74 '' . Many people who are color blind see it as `` 21 '' , and those with total color blindness may not see any numbers . Specialty Ophthalmology Symptoms Decreased ability to see colors Duration Long term Causes Genetic ( inherited usually X-linked ) Diagnostic method Ishihara color test Treatment Adjustments to teaching methods , mobile apps Frequency Red - green : 8 % males , 0.5 % females ( Northern European descent ) Color blindness , also known as color vision deficiency , is the decreased ability to see color or differences in color . Simple tasks such as selecting ripe fruit , choosing clothing , and reading traffic lights can be more challenging . Color blindness may also make some educational activities more difficult . However , problems are generally minor , and most people find that they can adapt . People with total color blindness ( achromatopsia ) may also have decreased visual acuity and be uncomfortable in bright environments . The most common cause of color blindness is an inherited problem in the development of one or more of the three sets of color sensing cones in the eye . Males are more likely to be color blind than females , as the genes responsible for the most common forms of color blindness are on the X chromosome . As females have two X chromosomes , a defect in one is typically compensated for by the other , while males only have one X chromosome . Color blindness can also result from physical or chemical damage to the eye , optic nerve or parts of the brain . Diagnosis is typically with the Ishihara color test ; however , a number of other testing methods also exist . There is no cure for color blindness . Diagnosis may allow a person 's teacher to change their method of teaching to accommodate the decreased ability to recognize colors . Special lenses may help people with red - green color blindness when under bright conditions . There are also mobile apps that can help people identify colors . Red - green color blindness is the most common form , followed by blue - yellow color blindness and total color blindness . Red - green color blindness affects up to 8 % of males and 0.5 % of females of Northern European descent . The ability to see color also decreases in old age . Being color blind may make people ineligible for certain jobs in certain countries . This may include being a pilot , train driver and working in the armed forces . The effect of color blindness on artistic ability , however , is controversial . The ability to draw appears to be unchanged , and a number of famous artists are believed to have been color blind . Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Types 2.1 Red - green color blindness 2.2 Blue - yellow color blindness 2.3 Total color blindness 3 Causes 3.1 Genetics 3.2 Other causes 4 Mechanism 5 Diagnosis 6 Management 6.1 Lenses 6.2 Apps 7 Epidemiology 8 History 9 Society and culture 9.1 Design implications 9.2 Occupations 9.3 Driving 9.4 Piloting aircraft 9.5 Art 9.6 Rights of the color blind 9.6. 1 Brazil 9.6. 2 United States 10 Research 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Simulation of the normal ( above ) and dichromatic ( below ) perception of red and green apples Horizontal traffic light in Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada In almost all cases , color blind people retain blue - yellow discrimination , and most color - blind individuals are anomalous trichromats rather than complete dichromats . In practice , this means that they often retain a limited discrimination along the red - green axis of color space , although their ability to separate colors in this dimension is reduced . Color blindness very rarely refers to complete monochromatism . Dichromats often confuse red and green items . For example , they may find it difficult to distinguish a Braeburn apple from a Granny Smith or red from green of traffic lights without other clues -- for example , shape or position . Dichromats tend to learn to use texture and shape clues and so may be able to penetrate camouflage that has been designed to deceive individuals with normal color vision . Colors of traffic lights are confusing to some dichromats as there is insufficient apparent difference between the red / amber traffic lights and sodium street lamps ; also , the green can be confused with a grubby white lamp . This is a risk on high - speed undulating roads where angular cues can not be used . British Rail color lamp signals use more easily identifiable colors : The red is blood red , the amber is yellow and the green is a bluish color . Most British road traffic lights are mounted vertically on a black rectangle with a white border ( forming a `` sighting board '' ) and so dichromats can more easily look for the position of the light within the rectangle -- top , middle or bottom . In the eastern provinces of Canada horizontally mounted traffic lights are generally differentiated by shape to facilitate identification for those with color blindness . In the United States , this is not done by shape but by position , as the red light is always on the left if the light is horizontal , or on top if the light is vertical . However , a lone flashing light ( e.g. red for stop , yellow for caution ) is still problematic . Normal sight Deuteranopia sight Tritanopia sight Monochromacy sight Types ( edit ) These color charts show how different colorblind people see compared to a person with normal color vision . Types of color blindness and the terms used Cone system Red Green Blue N = normal A = anomalous Normal vision . . . . . . Trichromat Normal Protanomaly . . . . . . Anomalous Trichromat Partially color blind Red - green Protanopia . . . . . . Dichromat Partially color blind Red - green Deuteranomaly . . . . . . Anomalous Trichromat Partially color blind Red - green 5 Deuteranopia . . . . . . Dichromat Partially color blind Red - green 6 Tritanomaly . . . . . . Anomalous Trichromat Partially color blind Blue - yellow 7 Tritanopia . . . . . . Dichromat Partially color blind Blue - yellow 8 Achromatopsia . . . . . . Monochromat Totally color blind 9 Tetrachromat . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . Based on clinical appearance , color blindness may be described as total or partial . Total color blindness is much less common than partial color blindness . There are two major types of color blindness : difficulty distinguishing between red and green , and difficulty distinguishing between blue and yellow . Immunofluorescent imaging is a way to determine red - green color coding . Conventional color coding is difficult for individuals with red -- green color blindness ( protanopia or deuteranopia ) to discriminate . Replacing red with magenta or green with turquoise improves visibility for such individuals . The different kinds of inherited color blindness result from partial or complete loss of function of one or more of the three different cone systems . When one cone system is compromised , dichromacy results . The most frequent forms of human color blindness result from problems with either the middle ( green ) or long ( red ) wavelength sensitive cone systems , and make it hard to discriminate reds , yellows , and greens from one another . They are collectively referred to as `` red - green color blindness '' , though the term is an over-simplification and is somewhat misleading . Other forms of color blindness are much more rare . They include problems in discriminating blues from greens and yellows from reds / pinks , and the rarest form of all , complete color blindness or monochromacy , where one can not distinguish any color from grey , as in a black - and - white movie or photograph . Protanopes , deuteranopes , and tritanopes are dichromats ; that is , they can match any color they see with some mixture of just two primary colors ( in contrast to those with normal sight ( trichromats ) who can distinguish three primary colors ) . Dichromats usually know they have a color vision problem , and it can affect their daily lives . Out of the male population , 2 % have severe difficulties distinguishing between red , orange , yellow , and green . ( Orange and yellow are different combinations of red and green light . ) Colors in this range , which appear very different to a normal viewer , appear to a dichromat to be the same or a similar color . The terms protanopia , deuteranopia , and tritanopia come from Greek , and respectively mean `` inability to see ( anopia ) with the first ( prot - ) , second ( deuter - ) , or third ( trit - ) ( cone ) '' . Anomalous trichromacy is the least serious type of color deficiency . People with protanomaly , deuteranomaly , or tritanomaly are trichromats , but the color matches they make differ from the normal . They are called anomalous trichromats . In order to match a given spectral yellow light , protanomalous observers need more red light in a red / green mixture than a normal observer , and deuteranomalous observers need more green . From a practical standpoint though , many protanomalous and deuteranomalous people have very little difficulty carrying out tasks that require normal color vision . Some may not even be aware that their color perception is in any way different from normal . Protanomaly and deuteranomaly can be diagnosed using an instrument called an anomaloscope , which mixes spectral red and green lights in variable proportions , for comparison with a fixed spectral yellow . If this is done in front of a large audience of males , as the proportion of red is increased from a low value , first a small proportion of the audience will declare a match , while most will see the mixed light as greenish ; these are the deuteranomalous observers . Next , as more red is added the majority will say that a match has been achieved . Finally , as yet more red is added , the remaining , protanomalous , observers will declare a match at a point where normal observers will see the mixed light as definitely reddish . Red - green color blindness ( edit ) Protanopia , deuteranopia , protanomaly , and deuteranomaly are commonly inherited forms of red - green color blindness which affect a substantial portion of the human population . Those affected have difficulty with discriminating red and green hues due to the absence or mutation of the red or green retinal photoreceptors . It is sex - linked : genetic red - green color blindness affects males much more often than females , because the genes for the red and green color receptors are located on the X chromosome , of which males have only one and females have two . Females ( XX ) are red - green color blind only if both their X chromosomes are defective with a similar deficiency , whereas males ( XY ) are color blind if their single X chromosome is defective . The gene for red - green color blindness is transmitted from a color blind male to all his daughters , who are usually heterozygote carriers and are thus unaffected . In turn , a carrier woman has a 50 % chance of passing on a mutated X chromosome region to each of her male offspring . The sons of an affected male will not inherit the trait from him , since they receive his Y chromosome and not his ( defective ) X chromosome . Should an affected male have children with a carrier or colorblind woman , their daughters may be colorblind by inheriting an affected X chromosome from each parent . Because one X chromosome is inactivated at random in each cell during a woman 's development , deuteranomalous heterozygotes ( i.e. female carriers of deuteranomaly ) may be tetrachromats , because they will have the normal long wave ( red ) receptors , the normal medium wave ( green ) receptors , the abnormal medium wave ( deuteranomalous ) receptors and the normal autosomal short wave ( blue ) receptors in their retinas . The same applies to the carriers of protanomaly ( who have two types of long wave receptors , normal medium wave receptors , and normal autosomal short wave receptors in their retinas ) . If , by rare chance , a woman is heterozygous for both protanomaly and deuteranomaly , she could be pentachromatic . This situation could arise if , for instance , she inherited the X chromosome with the abnormal long wave gene ( but normal medium wave gene ) from her mother who is a carrier of protanomaly , and her other X chromosome from a deuteranomalous father . Such a woman would have a normal and an abnormal long wave receptor , a normal and abnormal medium wave receptor , and a normal autosomal short wave receptor -- 5 different types of color receptors in all . The degree to which women who are carriers of either protanomaly or deuteranomaly are demonstrably tetrachromatic and require a mixture of four spectral lights to match an arbitrary light is very variable . In many cases it is almost unnoticeable , but in a minority the tetrachromacy is very pronounced . However , Jameson et al. have shown that with appropriate and sufficiently sensitive equipment it can be demonstrated that any female carrier of red - green color blindness ( i.e. heterozygous protanomaly , or heterozygous deuteranomaly ) is a tetrachromat to a greater or lesser extent . Since deuteranomaly is by far the most common form of red - green blindness among men of northwestern European descent ( with an incidence of 8 % ) it follows that the proportion of carriers ( and of potential deuteranomalous tetrachromats ) among the females of that genetic stock is 14.7 % ( i.e. 92 % × 8 % × 2 ) , based on the Hardy -- Weinberg principle . Illustration of the distribution of cone cells in the fovea of an individual with normal color vision ( left ) , and a color blind ( protanopic ) retina . The center of the fovea holds very few blue - sensitive cones . Protanopia ( 1 % of males ) : Lacking the red cones for long - wavelength sensitive retinal cones , those with this condition are unable to distinguish between colors in the green - yellow - red section of the spectrum . They have a neutral point at a cyan - like wavelength around 492 nm ( see spectral color for comparison ) -- that is , they can not discriminate light of this wavelength from white . For a protanope , the brightness of red , orange , and yellow are much reduced compared to normal . This dimming can be so pronounced that reds may be confused with black or dark gray , and red traffic lights may appear to be extinguished . They may learn to distinguish reds from yellows primarily on the basis of their apparent brightness or lightness , not on any perceptible hue difference . Violet , lavender , and purple are indistinguishable from various shades of blue because their reddish components are so dimmed as to be invisible . For example , pink flowers , reflecting both red light and blue light , may appear just blue to the protanope . A very few people have been found who have one normal eye and one protanopic eye . These unilateral dichromats report that with only their protanopic eye open , they see wavelengths shorter than neutral point as blue and those longer than it as yellow . This is a rare form of color blindness . Deuteranopia ( 1 % of males ) : Lacking the green cones for medium - wavelength cones , those affected are again unable to distinguish between colors in the green - yellow - red section of the spectrum . Their neutral point is at a slightly longer wavelength , 498 nm , a more greenish hue of cyan . A deuteranope suffers the same hue discrimination problems as protanopes , but without the abnormal dimming . Purple colors are not perceived as something opposite to spectral colors ; all these appear similarly . This form of colorblindness is also known as Daltonism after John Dalton ( his diagnosis was confirmed as deuteranopia in 1995 , some 150 years after his death , by DNA analysis of his preserved eyeball ) . Equivalent terms for Daltonism in Romanic languages such as daltonismo ( Spanish , Portuguese and Italian ) , daltonisme ( French ) , daltonism ( Romanian ) and in Slavic languages such as daltonizam ( Croatian ) , daltonizam / далтонизам ( Serbian ) , далтонизам ( Macedonian ) , дальтонизм ( Russian ) , дальтонізм ( Ukrainian ) and дальтанізм ( Belarusian ) are still used to describe color blindess in a broad sense or deuteranopia in a more restricted sense . Deuteranopic unilateral dichromats report that with only their deuteranopic eye open , they see wavelengths shorter than neutral point as blue and longer than it as yellow . Protanomaly ( 1 % of males , 0.01 % of females ) : Having a mutated form of the long - wavelength ( red ) pigment , whose peak sensitivity is at a shorter wavelength than in the normal retina , protanomalous individuals are less sensitive to red light than normal . This means that they are less able to discriminate colors , and they do not see mixed lights as having the same colors as normal observers . They also suffer from a darkening of the red end of the spectrum . This causes reds to reduce in intensity to the point where they can be mistaken for black . Protanomaly is a fairly rare form of color blindness , making up about 1 % of the male population . Both protanomaly and deuteranomaly are carried on the X chromosome . Deuteranomaly ( most common -- 6 % of males , 0.4 % of females ) : These individuals have a mutated form of the medium - wavelength ( green ) pigment . The medium - wavelength pigment is shifted towards the red end of the spectrum resulting in a reduction in sensitivity to the green area of the spectrum . Unlike in protanomaly , the intensity of colors is unchanged . The deuteranomalous person is considered `` green weak '' . For example , in the evening , dark green cars appear to be black to deuteranomalous people . As with protanomates , deuteranomates are poor at discriminating small differences in hues in the red , orange , yellow , green region of the spectrum . They make errors in the naming of hues in this region because the hues appear somewhat shifted towards green . However , unlike protanomates , deuteranomalous people do not have the loss of `` brightness '' problem . Blue - yellow color blindness ( edit ) Those with tritanopia and tritanomaly have difficulty discriminating between bluish and greenish hues , as well as yellowish and reddish hues . Color blindness involving the inactivation of the short - wavelength sensitive cone system ( whose absorption spectrum peaks in the bluish - violet ) is called tritanopia or , loosely , blue - yellow color blindness . The tritanope 's neutral point occurs near a yellowish 570 nm ; green is perceived at shorter wavelengths and red at longer wavelengths . Mutation of the short - wavelength sensitive cones is called tritanomaly . Tritanopia is equally distributed among males and females . Jeremy H. Nathans ( with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute ) demonstrated that the gene coding for the blue receptor lies on chromosome 7 , which is shared equally by males and females . Therefore , it is not sex - linked . This gene does not have any neighbor whose DNA sequence is similar . Blue color blindness is caused by a simple mutation in this gene . Tritanopia ( less than 1 % of males and females ) : Lacking the short - wavelength cones , those affected see short - wavelength colors ( blue , indigo and a spectral violet ) greenish and drastically dimmed , some of these colors even as black . Yellow is indistinguishable from pink , and purple colors are perceived as various shades of red . This form of color blindness is not sex - linked . Tritanomaly ( equally rare for males and females ( 0.01 % for both ) ) : Having a mutated form of the short - wavelength ( blue ) pigment . The short - wavelength pigment is shifted towards the green area of the spectrum . This is the rarest form of anomalous trichromacy color blindness . Unlike the other anomalous trichromacy color deficiencies , the mutation for this color blindness is carried on chromosome 7 . Therefore , it is equally prevalent in both male and female populations . The OMIM gene code for this mutation is 304000 `` Colorblindness , Partial Tritanomaly '' . Total color blindness ( edit ) Total color blindness is defined as the inability to see color . Although the term may refer to acquired disorders such as cerebral achromatopsia also known as color agnosia , it typically refers to congenital color vision disorders ( i.e. more frequently rod monochromacy and less frequently cone monochromacy ) . In cerebral achromatopsia , a person can not perceive colors even though the eyes are capable of distinguishing them . Some sources do not consider these to be true color blindness , because the failure is of perception , not of vision . They are forms of visual agnosia . Monochromacy is the condition of possessing only a single channel for conveying information about color . Monochromats possess a complete inability to distinguish any colors and perceive only variations in brightness . It occurs in two primary forms : Rod monochromacy , frequently called achromatopsia , where the retina contains no cone cells , so that in addition to the absence of color discrimination , vision in lights of normal intensity is difficult . While normally rare , achromatopsia is very common on the island of Pingelap , a part of the Pohnpei state , Federated States of Micronesia , where it is called maskun : about 10 % of the population there has it , and 30 % are unaffected carriers . The island was devastated by a storm in the 18th century ( an example of a genetic bottleneck ) and one of the few male survivors carried a gene for achromatopsia . The population grew to several thousand before foreign troops introduced diseases to the island in the 1940s . Cone monochromacy is the condition of having both rods and cones , but only a single kind of cone . A cone monochromat can have good pattern vision at normal daylight levels , but will not be able to distinguish hues . Blue cone monochromacy ( X chromosome ) is caused by lack of functionality of L and M cones ( red and green ) . It is encoded at the same place as red - green color blindness on the X chromosome . Peak spectral sensitivities are in the blue region of the visible spectrum ( near 440 nm ) . People with this condition generally show nystagmus ( `` jiggling eyes '' ) , photophobia ( light sensitivity ) , reduced visual acuity , and myopia ( nearsightedness ) . Visual acuity usually falls to the 20 / 50 to 20 / 400 range . Causes ( edit ) Color vision deficiencies can be classified as acquired or inherited . Acquired : Diseases , drugs ( e.g. , Plaquenil ) , and chemicals may cause color blindness . Inherited : There are three types of inherited or congenital color vision deficiencies : monochromacy , dichromacy , and anomalous trichromacy . This article needs attention from an expert in Ophthalmology . The specific problem is : Unclear distinction between different types of achromatopsia . WikiProject Ophthalmology may be able to help recruit an expert . Monochromacy , also known as `` total color blindness '' , is the lack of ability to distinguish colors ( and thus the person views everything as if it were on a black and white television ) ; caused by cone defect or absence . Monochromacy occurs when two or all three of the cone pigments are missing and color and lightness vision is reduced to one dimension . Rod monochromacy ( achromatopsia ) is an exceedingly rare , nonprogressive inability to distinguish any colors as a result of absent or nonfunctioning retinal cones . It is associated with light sensitivity ( photophobia ) , involuntary eye oscillations ( nystagmus ) , and poor vision . Cone monochromacy is a rare total color blindness that is accompanied by relatively normal vision , electroretinogram , and electrooculogram . Cone monochromacy can also be a result of having more than one type of dichromatic color blindness . People who have , for instance , both protanopia and tritanopia are considered to have cone monochromacy . Since cone monochromacy is the lack of / damage of more than one cone in retinal environment , having two types of dichromacy would be an equivalent . Dichromacy is hereditary . Protanopia and deuteranopia are hereditary and sex - linked , affecting predominantly males . Protanopia is caused by the complete absence of red retinal photoreceptors . Protans have difficulties distinguishing between blue and green colors and also between red and green colors . It is a form of dichromatism in which the subject can only perceive light wavelengths from 400 nm to 650 nm , instead of the usual 700 nm . Pure reds can not be seen , instead appearing black ; purple colors can not be distinguished from blues ; more orange - tinted reds may appear as dim yellows , and all orange - yellow - green shades of too long a wavelength to stimulate the blue receptors appear as a similar yellow hue . It is present in 1 % of males . Deuteranopia affects hue discrimination in a similar way to protanopia , but without the dimming effect . Again , it is found in about 1 % of the male population . Tritanopia is a very rare color vision disturbance in which only the red and the green cone pigments are present , with a total absence of blue retinal receptors . Blues appear greenish , yellows and oranges appear pinkish , and purple colors appear deep red . It is related to chromosome 7 ; thus unlike protanopia and deuteranopia , tritanopia and tritanomaly are not sex - linked traits and can be acquired rather than inherited and can be reversed in some cases . Anomalous trichromacy is a common type of inherited color vision deficiency , occurring when one of the three cone pigments is altered in its spectral sensitivity . Protanomaly is a mild color vision defect in which an altered spectral sensitivity of red retinal receptors ( closer to green receptor response ) results in poor red - green hue discrimination . It is hereditary , sex - linked , and present in 1 % of males . In contrast to other defects , in this case the L - cone is present but malfunctioning , whereas in protanopia the L - cone is completely missing . Deuteranomaly , caused by a similar shift in the green retinal receptors , is by far the most common type of color vision deficiency , mildly affecting red - green hue discrimination in 5 % of European males . It is hereditary and sex - linked . In contrast to deuteranopia , the green - sensitive cones are not missing but malfunctioning . Tritanomaly is a rare , hereditary color vision deficiency affecting blue - green and yellow - red / pink hue discrimination . It is related to chromosome 7 . In contrast to tritanopia , the S - cone is malfunctioning but not missing . Genetics ( edit ) X-linked recessive inheritance Color blindness is typically an inherited genetic disorder . It is most commonly inherited from mutations on the X chromosome , but the mapping of the human genome has shown there are many causative mutations -- mutations capable of causing color blindness originate from at least 19 different chromosomes and 56 different genes ( as shown online at the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ( OMIM ) ) . Two of the most common inherited forms of color blindness are protanomaly ( and , more rarely , protanopia -- the two together often known as `` protans '' ) and deuteranomaly ( or , more rarely , deuteranopia -- the two together often referred to as `` deutans '' ) . Both `` protans '' and `` deutans '' ( of which the deutans are by far the most common ) are known as `` red - green color - blind '' . They comprise about 8 % of human males and 0.6 % of females of Northern European ancestry . Some of the inherited diseases known to cause color blindness are : cone dystrophy cone - rod dystrophy achromatopsia ( also called rod monochromatism , stationary cone dystrophy or cone dysfunction syndrome ) blue cone monochromatism ( also called blue cone monochromacy or X-linked achromatopsia ) Leber 's congenital amaurosis retinitis pigmentosa ( initially affects rods but can later progress to cones and therefore color blindness ) . Inherited color blindness can be congenital ( from birth ) , or it can commence in childhood or adulthood . Depending on the mutation , it can be stationary , that is , remain the same throughout a person 's lifetime , or progressive . As progressive phenotypes involve deterioration of the retina and other parts of the eye , certain forms of color blindness can progress to legal blindness , i.e. an acuity of 6 / 60 ( 20 / 200 ) or worse , and often leave a person with complete blindness . Color blindness always pertains to the cone photoreceptors in retinas , as it is the cones that detect the color frequencies of light . About 8 % of males , and 0.6 % of females , are red - green color blind in some way or another , whether it is one color , a color combination , or another mutation . Males are at a greater risk of inheriting an X-linked mutation because males only have one X chromosome ( XY , with the Y chromosome carrying altogether different genes from the X chromosome ) , and females have two ( XX ) ; if a woman inherits a normal X chromosome in addition to the one that carries the mutation , she will not display the mutation . Men do not have a second X chromosome to override the chromosome that carries the mutation . If 8 % of variants of a given gene are defective , the probability of a single copy being defective is 8 % , but the probability that two copies are both defective is 0.08 , i.e. 0.64 % . Other causes ( edit ) Other causes of color blindness include brain or retinal damage caused by shaken baby syndrome , accidents and other traumas which produce swelling of the brain in the occipital lobe , and damage to the retina caused by exposure to ultraviolet light ( wavelengths 10 to 300 nm ) . Damage often presents itself later in life . Color blindness may also present itself in the range of degenerative diseases of the eye , such as age - related macular degeneration , and as part of the retinal damage caused by diabetes . Vitamin A deficiency may also cause color blindness . Some subtle forms of color blindness may be associated with chronic solvent - induced encephalopathy ( CSE ) , caused by long - time exposure to solvent vapors . Red -- green color blindness can be caused by ethambutol , a drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis . Mechanism ( edit ) See also : Trichromatic color vision The typical human retina contains two kinds of light cells : the rod cells ( active in low light ) and the cone cells ( active in normal daylight ) . Normally , there are three kinds of cone cells , each containing a different pigment , which are activated when the pigments absorb light . The spectral sensitivities of the cones differ ; one is most sensitive to short wavelengths , one to medium wavelengths , and the third to medium - to - long wavelengths within the visible spectrum , with their peak sensitivities in the blue , green , and yellow - green regions of the spectrum , respectively . The absorption spectra of the three systems overlap , and combine to cover the visible spectrum . These receptors are known as short ( S ) , medium ( M ) , and long ( L ) wavelength cones , but are also often referred to as blue , green , and red cones , although this terminology is inaccurate . The receptors are each responsive to a wide range of wavelengths . For example , the long wavelength `` red '' receptor has its peak sensitivity in the yellow - green , some way from the red end ( longest wavelength ) of the visible spectrum . The sensitivity of normal color vision actually depends on the overlap between the absorption ranges of the three systems : different colors are recognized when the different types of cone are stimulated to different degrees . Red light , for example , stimulates the long wavelength cones much more than either of the others , and reducing the wavelength causes the other two cone systems to be increasingly stimulated , causing a gradual change in hue . Many of the genes involved in color vision are on the X chromosome , making color blindness much more common in males than in females because males only have one X chromosome , while females have two . Because this is an X-linked trait , an estimated 2 -- 3 % of women have a 4th color cone and can be considered tetrachromats . One such woman has been reported to be a true or functional tetrachromat , as she can discriminate colors most other people ca n't . Diagnosis ( edit ) An Ishihara test image as seen by subjects with normal color vision and by those with a variety of color deficiencies The Ishihara color test , which consists of a series of pictures of colored spots , is the test most often used to diagnose red - green color deficiencies . A figure ( usually one or more Arabic digits ) is embedded in the picture as a number of spots in a slightly different color , and can be seen with normal color vision , but not with a particular color defect . The full set of tests has a variety of figure / background color combinations , and enable diagnosis of which particular visual defect is present . The anomaloscope , described above , is also used in diagnosing anomalous trichromacy . Position yourself about 75cm from your monitor so that the colour test image you are looking at is at eye level , read the description of the image and see what you can see ! ! It is not necessary in all cases to use the entire set of images . In a large scale examination the test can be simplified to six tests ; test , one of tests 2 or 3 , one of tests 4 , 5 , 6 , or 7 , one of tests 8 or 9 , one of tests 10 , 11 , 12 , or 13 and one of tests 14 or 15 . Because the Ishihara color test contains only numerals , it may not be useful in diagnosing young children , who have not yet learned to use numbers . In the interest of identifying these problems early on in life , alternative color vision tests were developed using only symbols ( square , circle , car ) . Besides the Ishihara color test , the US Navy and US Army also allow testing with the Farnsworth Lantern Test . This test allows 30 % of color deficient individuals , whose deficiency is not too severe , to pass . Another test used by clinicians to measure chromatic discrimination is the Farnsworth - Munsell 100 hue test . The patient is asked to arrange a set of colored caps or chips to form a gradual transition of color between two anchor caps . The HRR color test ( developed by Hardy , Rand , and Rittler ) is a red - green color test that , unlike the Ishihara , also has plates for the detection of the tritan defects . Most clinical tests are designed to be fast , simple , and effective at identifying broad categories of color blindness . In academic studies of color blindness , on the other hand , there is more interest in developing flexible tests to collect thorough datasets , identify copunctal points , and measure just noticeable differences . Management ( edit ) There is generally no treatment to cure color deficiencies . '' The American Optometric Association reports a contact lens on one eye can increase the ability to differentiate between colors , though nothing can make you truly see the deficient color . '' Lenses ( edit ) Optometrists can supply colored spectacle lenses or a single red - tint contact lens to wear on the non-dominant eye , but although this may improve discrimination of some colors , it can make other colors more difficult to distinguish . A 1981 review of various studies to evaluate the effect of the X-chrom contact lens concluded that , while the lens may allow the wearer to achieve a better score on certain color vision tests , it did not correct color vision in the natural environment . A case history using the X-Chrom lens for a rod monochromat is reported and an X-Chrom manual is online . Lenses that filter certain wavelengths of light can allow people with a cone anomaly , but not dichromacy , to see better separation of colors , especially those with classic `` red / green '' color blindness . They work by notching out wavelengths that strongly stimulate both red and green cones in a deuter - or protanomalous person , improving the distinction between the two cones ' signals . As of 2013 , sunglasses that notch out color wavelengths are available commercially . Apps ( edit ) Many mobile applications have been developed to help colorblind people to view colors in a better way . Many applications launch a simulation of colorblindness to allow people with normal vision to understand how people with color blindness see the world . The GNOME desktop environment provides colorblind accessibility using the gnome - mag and the libcolorblind software . Using a gnome applet , the user may switch a color filter on and off , choosing from a set of possible color transformations that will displace the colors in order to disambiguate them . The software enables , for instance , a colorblind person to see the numbers in the Ishihara test . Epidemiology ( edit ) Rates of color blindness Males Females Dichromacy 2.4 % 0.03 % Protanopia ( red deficient : L cone absent ) 1.3 % 0.02 % Deuteranopia ( green deficient : M cone absent ) 1.2 % 0.01 % Tritanopia ( blue deficient : S cone absent ) 0.001 % 0.03 % Anomalous trichromacy 6.3 % 0.37 % Protanomaly ( red deficient : L cone defect ) 1.3 % 0.02 % Deuteranomaly ( green deficient : M cone defect ) 5.0 % 0.35 % Tritanomaly ( blue deficient : S cone defect ) 0.0001 % 0.0001 % Color blindness affects a large number of individuals , with protanopia and deuteranopia being the most common types . In individuals with Northern European ancestry , as many as 8 percent of men and 0.4 percent of women experience congenital color deficiency . The number affected varies among groups . Isolated communities with a restricted gene pool sometimes produce high proportions of color blindness , including the less usual types . Examples include rural Finland , Hungary , and some of the Scottish islands . In the United States , about 7 percent of the male population -- or about 10.5 million men -- and 0.4 percent of the female population either can not distinguish red from green , or see red and green differently from how others do ( Howard Hughes Medical Institute , 2006 ) . More than 95 percent of all variations in human color vision involve the red and green receptors in male eyes . It is very rare for males or females to be `` blind '' to the blue end of the spectrum . Prevalence of red -- green color blindness among males Population Number studied % Arabs ( Druzes ) 337 10.0 Aboriginal Australians 4,455 1.9 Belgians 9,540 7.4 Bosnians 4,836 6.2 Britons 16,180 6.6 Chinese 1,164 6.9 DR Congolese 929 1.7 Dutch 3,168 8.0 Eskimo 297 2.5 Fijians 608 0.8 French 1,243 8.6 Germans 7,861 7.7 Hutu 1,000 2.9 Indians ( Andhra Pradesh ) 292 7.5 Iranians 16,180 6.6 Japanese 259,000 4.0 Mexicans 571 2.3 Navajo 571 2.3 Norwegians 9,047 9.0 Russians 1,343 9.2 Scots 463 7.8 Swiss 2,000 8.0 Tibetans 241 5.0 Tswana 407 2.0 Tutsi 1,000 2.5 Serbs 4,750 7.4 History ( edit ) An 1895 illustration of normal vision and various kinds of color blindness The first scientific paper on the subject of color blindness , Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours , was published by the English chemist John Dalton in 1798 after the realization of his own color blindness . Because of Dalton 's work , the general condition has been called daltonism , although in English this term is now used only for deuteranopia . Society and culture ( edit ) Design implications ( edit ) Testing the colors of a web chart , ( center ) , to ensure that no information is lost to the various forms of color blindness . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Color codes present particular problems for those with color deficiencies as they are often difficult or impossible for them to perceive . Good graphic design avoids using color coding or using color contrasts alone to express information ; this not only helps color blind people , but also aids understanding by normally sighted people by providing them with multiple reinforcing cues . Designers need to take into account that color - blindness is highly sensitive to differences in material . For example , a red - green colorblind person who is incapable of distinguishing colors on a map printed on paper may have no such difficulty when viewing the map on a computer screen or television . In addition , some color blind people find it easier to distinguish problem colors on artificial materials , such as plastic or in acrylic paints , than on natural materials , such as paper or wood . Third , for some color blind people , color can only be distinguished if there is a sufficient `` mass '' of color : thin lines might appear black , while a thicker line of the same color can be perceived as having color . Designers should also note that red - blue and yellow - blue color combinations are generally safe . So instead of the ever - popular `` red means bad and green means good '' system , using these combinations can lead to a much higher ability to use color coding effectively . This will still cause problems for those with monochromatic color blindness , but it is still something worth considering . When the need to process visual information as rapidly as possible arises , for example in an emergency situation , the visual system may operate only in shades of gray , with the extra information load in adding color being dropped . This is an important possibility to consider when designing , for example , emergency brake handles or emergency phones . Occupations ( edit ) Color blindness may make it difficult or impossible for a person to engage in certain occupations . Persons with color blindness may be legally or practically barred from occupations in which color perception is an essential part of the job ( e.g. , mixing paint colors ) , or in which color perception is important for safety ( e.g. , operating vehicles in response to color - coded signals ) . This occupational safety principle originates from the Lagerlunda train crash of 1875 in Sweden . Following the crash , Professor Alarik Frithiof Holmgren , a physiologist , investigated and concluded that the color blindness of the engineer ( who had died ) had caused the crash . Professor Holmgren then created the first test using different - colored skeins to exclude people from jobs in the transportation industry on the basis of color blindness . However , there is a claim that there is no firm evidence that color deficiency did cause the collision , or that it might have not been the sole cause . Color vision is important for occupations using telephone or computer networking cabling , as the individual wires inside the cables are color - coded using green , orange , brown , blue and white colors . Electronic wiring , transformers , resistors , and capacitors are color - coded as well , using black , brown , red , orange , yellow , green , blue , violet , gray , white , silver , gold . Driving ( edit ) Some countries have refused to grant driving licenses to individuals with color blindness . In Romania , there is an ongoing campaign to remove the legal restrictions that prohibit colorblind citizens from getting drivers ' licenses . The usual justification for such restrictions is that drivers of motor vehicles must be able to recognize color - coded signals , such as traffic lights or warning lights . Piloting aircraft ( edit ) While many aspects of aviation depend on color coding , only a few of them are critical enough to be interfered with by some milder types of color blindness . Some examples include color - gun signaling of aircraft that have lost radio communication , color - coded glide - path indications on runways , and the like . Some jurisdictions restrict the issuance of pilot credentials to persons who suffer from color blindness for this reason . Restrictions may be partial , allowing color - blind persons to obtain certification but with restrictions , or total , in which case color - blind persons are not permitted to obtain piloting credentials at all . In the United States , the Federal Aviation Administration requires that pilots be tested for normal color vision as part of their medical clearance in order to obtain the required medical certificate , a prerequisite to obtaining a pilot 's certification . If testing reveals color blindness , the applicant may be issued a license with restrictions , such as no night flying and no flying by color signals -- such a restriction effectively prevents a pilot from holding certain flying occupations , such as that of an airline pilot , although commercial pilot certification is still possible , and there are a few flying occupations that do not require night flight and thus are still available to those with restrictions due to color blindness ( e.g. , agricultural aviation ) . The government allows several types of tests , including medical standard tests ( e.g. , the Ishihara , Dvorine , and others ) and specialized tests oriented specifically to the needs of aviation . If an applicant fails the standard tests , they will receive a restriction on their medical certificate that states : `` Not valid for night flying or by color signal control '' . They may apply to the FAA to take a specialized test , administered by the FAA . Typically , this test is the `` color vision light gun test '' . For this test an FAA inspector will meet the pilot at an airport with an operating control tower . The color signal light gun will be shone at the pilot from the tower , and they must identify the color . If they pass they may be issued a waiver , which states that the color vision test is no longer required during medical examinations . They will then receive a new medical certificate with the restriction removed . This was once a Statement of Demonstrated Ability ( SODA ) , but the SODA was dropped , and converted to a simple waiver ( letter ) early in the 2000s . Research published in 2009 carried out by the City University of London 's Applied Vision Research Centre , sponsored by the UK 's Civil Aviation Authority and the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration , has established a more accurate assessment of color deficiencies in pilot applicants ' red / green and yellow - blue color range which could lead to a 35 % reduction in the number of prospective pilots who fail to meet the minimum medical threshold . Art ( edit ) Inability to distinguish color does not necessarily preclude the ability to become a celebrated artist . The 20th century expressionist painter Clifton Pugh , three - time winner of Australia 's Archibald Prize , on biographical , gene inheritance and other grounds has been identified as a protanope . 19th century French artist Charles Méryon became successful by concentrating on etching rather than painting after he was diagnosed as having a red - green deficiency . Rights of the color blind ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) A Brazilian court ruled that people with color blindness are protected by the Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Person with Disabilities . At trial , it was decided that the carriers of color blindness have a right of access to wider knowledge , or the full enjoyment of their human condition . United States ( edit ) In the United States , under federal anti-discrimination laws such as the Americans with Disabilities Act , color vision deficiencies have not been found to constitute a disability that triggers protection from workplace discrimination . A famous traffic light on Tipperary Hill in Syracuse , New York , is upside - down due to the sentiments of its Irish American community , but has been criticized due to the potential hazard it poses for color - blind persons . Research ( edit ) Some tentative evidence finds that color blind people are better at penetrating certain color camouflages . Such findings may give an evolutionary reason for the high rate of red -- green color blindness . There is also a study suggesting that people with some types of color blindness can distinguish colors that people with normal color vision are not able to distinguish . In World War II , color blind observers were used to penetrate camouflage . In September 2009 , the journal Nature reported that researchers at the University of Washington and University of Florida were able to give trichromatic vision to squirrel monkeys , which normally have only dichromatic vision , using gene therapy . In 2003 , a cybernetic device called eyeborg was developed to allow the wearer to hear sounds representing different colors . Achromatopsic artist Neil Harbisson was the first to use such a device in early 2004 ; the eyeborg allowed him to start painting in color by memorizing the sound corresponding to each color . In 2012 , at a TED Conference , Harbisson explained how he could now perceive colors outside the ability of human vision . See also ( edit ) List of people with color blindness Motion blindness Red - green color space Tetrachromacy References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gordon , N ( March 1998 ) . `` Colour blindness '' . Public health . 112 ( 2 ) : 81 -- 4 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ph. 1900446 . PMID 9581449 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts About Color Blindness '' . NEI . February 2015 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Sembulingam , K. ; Sembulingam , Prema ( 2012 ) . Essentials of Medical Physiology . JP Medical Ltd. p. 1002 . ISBN 9789350259368 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan , M.J. ; Adam , A. ; Mollon , J.D. 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Jump up ^ Dalton , J ( 1798 ) . `` Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours : with observations '' . Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester . 5 : 28 -- 45 . OCLC 9879327 . Jump up ^ Crow , Kevin L. ( 2008 ) . `` Four Types of Disabilities : Their Impact on Online Learning '' . TechTrends. 52 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 5 . doi : 10.1007 / s11528 - 008 - 0112 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Habibzadeh , Parham ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Our red -- green world '' . Australian Health Review . 40 ( 4 ) : 474 . doi : 10.1071 / ah15161 . Jump up ^ Algis , J. ; Vingrys , J. ; Cole , Barry L. ( 1986 ) . `` Origins of colour vision standards within the transport industry '' . Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics. 6 ( 4 ) : 369 -- 75 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 1313.1986. tb01155. x . PMID 3306566 . Jump up ^ Mollon , JD ; Cavonius , LR ( 2012 ) . `` The Lagerlunda Collision and the Introduction of Color Vision Testing '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Person with Disabilities '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Larson , Aaron ( 22 May 2016 ) . `` Is Color - Blindness a Disability for Employment Under the ADA '' . ExpertLaw . ExpertLaw.com . Archived from the original on 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New documentary uncovers the Irish links to America 's Tipperary Hill '' . TheJournal.ie. 6 November 2016 . Archived from the original on 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Sarah . `` The Story Behind Syracuse 's Upside - Down Traffic Light '' . Gizmodo . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bosten , J.M. ; Robinson , J.D. ; Jordan , G. ; Mollon , J.D. ( 2005 ) . `` Multidimensional scaling reveals a color dimension unique to ' color - deficient ' observers '' . Current Biology . 15 ( 23 ) : R950 -- 2 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2005.11. 031 . PMID 16332521 . Jump up ^ `` Colour blindness not all it seems '' . BBC News . 6 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Dolgin , Elie ( 2009 ) . `` Colour blindness corrected by gene therapy '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / news. 2009.921 . Jump up ^ Alfredo M. Ronchi : Eculture : Cultural Content in the Digital Age . Springer ( New York , 2009 ) . p. 319 ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 75273 - 8 Jump up ^ `` I listen to color '' Archived 2012 - 08 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , Neil Harbisson at TED Global , 27 June 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Kaiser , Peter K. ; Boynton , Robert M. ( 1996 ) . Human color vision . Washington , DC : Optical Society of America . ISBN 1 - 55752 - 461 - 0 . OCLC 472932250 . McIntyre , Donald ( 2002 ) . Colour blindness : causes and effects . Chester : Dalton Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9541886 - 0 - 8 . OCLC 49204679 . Rubin , Melvin L. ; Cassin , Barbara ; Solomon , Sheila ( 1984 ) . Dictionary of eye terminology . Gainesville , Fla : Triad Pub. Co . ISBN 0 - 937404 - 07 - 1 . OCLC 10375427 . Shevell , Steven K. ( 2003 ) . The science of color . Amsterdam : Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 444 - 51251 - 9 . OCLC 52271315 . Hilbert , David ; Byrne , Alexander ( 1997 ) . Readings on color . Cambridge , Mass : MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 52231 - 4 . OCLC 35762680 . Stiles , W.S. ; Wyszecki , Günter ( 2000 ) . Color science : concepts and methods , quantitative data and formulae . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 39918 - 3 . OCLC 799532137 . Kuchenbecker , J. ; Broschmann , D. ( 2014 ) . Plates for color vision testing . New York : Thieme . ISBN 978 - 3 - 13 - 175481 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Color blindness . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Color blindness Color blindness at Curlie `` A Glossary of Color Science . '' Classification ICD - 10 : H53. 5 ICD - 9 - CM : 368.5 MeSH : D003117 DiseasesDB : 2999 External resources MedlinePlus : 001002 Physiology of the visual system Vision Accommodation Gaze Intraocular pressure Visual field Color vision Color blindness Achromatopsia Opponent process Dichromacy Monochromacy Pentachromacy Tetrachromacy Trichromacy Diseases of the human eye ( H00 -- H59 360 -- 379 ) Adnexa Eyelid Inflammation Stye Chalazion Blepharitis Entropion Ectropion Lagophthalmos Blepharochalasis Ptosis Blepharophimosis Xanthelasma Eyelash Trichiasis Madarosis Lacrimal apparatus Dacryoadenitis Epiphora Dacryocystitis Xerophthalmia Orbit Exophthalmos Enophthalmos Orbital cellulitis Orbital lymphoma Periorbital cellulitis Conjunctiva Conjunctivitis allergic Pterygium Pinguecula Subconjunctival hemorrhage Globe Fibrous tunic Sclera Scleritis Episcleritis Cornea Keratitis herpetic acanthamoebic fungal Corneal ulcer Photokeratitis Thygeson 's superficial punctate keratopathy Corneal dystrophy Fuchs ' Meesmann Corneal ectasia Keratoconus Pellucid marginal degeneration Keratoglobus Terrien 's marginal degeneration Post-LASIK ectasia Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Corneal neovascularization Kayser -- Fleischer ring Haab 's striae Arcus senilis Band keratopathy Vascular tunic Iris Ciliary body Uveitis Intermediate uveitis Hyphema Rubeosis iridis Persistent pupillary membrane Iridodialysis Synechia Choroid Choroideremia Choroiditis Chorioretinitis Lens Cataract Congenital cataract Childhood cataract Aphakia Ectopia lentis Retina Retinitis Chorioretinitis Cytomegalovirus retinitis Retinal detachment Retinoschisis Ocular ischemic syndrome / Central retinal vein occlusion Central retinal artery occlusion Branch retinal artery occlusion Retinopathy diabetic hypertensive Purtscher 's of prematurity Bietti 's crystalline dystrophy Coats ' disease Macular degeneration Retinitis pigmentosa Retinal haemorrhage Central serous retinopathy Macular edema Epiretinal membrane ( Macular pucker ) Vitelliform macular dystrophy Leber 's congenital amaurosis Birdshot chorioretinopathy Other Glaucoma / Ocular hypertension / Primary juvenile glaucoma Floater Leber 's hereditary optic neuropathy Red eye Globe rupture Keratomycosis Phthisis bulbi Persistent fetal vasculature / Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy Pathways Optic nerve Optic disc Optic neuritis optic papillitis Papilledema Foster Kennedy syndrome Optic atrophy Optic disc drusen Optic neuropathy Ischemic anterior ( AION ) posterior ( PION ) Kjer 's Leber 's hereditary Toxic and nutritional Strabismus Extraocular muscles Binocular vision Accommodation Paralytic strabismus Ophthalmoparesis Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia Kearns -- Sayre syndrome palsies Oculomotor ( III ) Fourth - nerve ( IV ) Sixth - nerve ( VI ) Other strabismus Esotropia / Exotropia Hypertropia Heterophoria Esophoria Exophoria Cyclotropia Brown 's syndrome Duane syndrome Other binocular Conjugate gaze palsy Convergence insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia Vision disorders Blindness Amblyopia Leber 's congenital amaurosis Diplopia Scotoma Color blindness Achromatopsia Dichromacy Monochromacy Nyctalopia Oguchi disease Blindness / Vision loss / Visual impairment Anopsia Hemianopsia binasal bitemporal homonymous Quadrantanopia subjective Asthenopia Hemeralopia Photophobia Scintillating scotoma Pupil Anisocoria Argyll Robertson pupil Marcus Gunn pupil Adie syndrome Miosis Mydriasis Cycloplegia Parinaud 's syndrome Other Nystagmus Childhood blindness Infections Trachoma Onchocerciasis Color topics Red Orange Yellow Green Cyan Blue Indigo Violet Purple Magenta Pink Brown White Gray Black Color science Color physics Electromagnetic spectrum Light Rainbow Visible Spectral colors Chromophore Structural coloration Animal coloration On Vision and Colors Metamerism Spectral power distribution Color perception Color vision Color blindness Achromatopsia test Tetrachromacy Color constancy Color term Color depth Color photography Spot color Color printing Web colors Color mapping Color code Color management Chrominance False color Chroma key Color balance Color cast Color temperature Eigengrau Color psychology Color symbolism Color preferences Lüscher color test Kruithof curve Political color National colors Chromophobia Chromotherapy Color philosophy Color space Color model additive subtractive Color mixing Primary color Secondary color Tertiary color ( intermediate ) Quaternary color Quinary color Aggressive color ( warm ) Receding color ( cool ) Pastel colors Color gradient Color scheme Color tool Monochromatic colors Complementary colors Analogous colors Achromatic colors ( Neutral ) Polychromatic colors Impossible colors Light - on - dark Tinctures in heraldry Color theory Chromaticity diagram Color solid Color wheel Color triangle Color analysis ( art ) Color realism ( art style ) Color terms Basic terms Blue Green Red Yellow Pink Purple Orange Black Gray White Brown Cultural differences Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate Blue -- green distinction in language Color history Color in Chinese culture Traditional colors of Japan Human skin color Color dimensions Hue Dichromatism Colorfulness ( chroma and saturation ) Tints and shades Lightness ( tone and value ) Grayscale Color organizations Pantone Color Marketing Group The Color Association of the United States International Colour Authority International Commission on Illumination ( CIE ) International Color Consortium International Colour Association Lists List of colors : A -- F List of colors : G -- M List of colors : N -- Z List of colors ( compact ) List of colors by shade List of color palettes List of color spaces List of Crayola crayon colors history Color chart List of fictional colors List of RAL colors List of web colors Related Vision Image processing Multi-primary color display Quattron Qualia Lighting Local color ( visual art ) Portal Index of color - related articles NDL : 00570954 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_blindness&oldid=864148362 '' Categories : Color vision Genetic disorders by system Visual disturbances and blindness X-linked recessive disorders Agnosia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2014 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2015 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from August 2015 Infobox medical condition ( new ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018 Articles needing expert attention All articles needing expert attention Ophthalmology articles needing expert attention Articles with unsourced quotes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers RTT RTTNEURO Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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where does the color blind gene come from
[ "The most common cause of color blindness is an inherited problem in the development of one or more of the three sets of color sensing cones in the eye.[2] Males are more likely to be color blind than females, as the genes responsible for the most common forms of color blindness are on the X chromosome.[2] As females have two X chromosomes, a defect in one is typically compensated for by the other, while males only have one X chromosome.[2] Color blindness can also result from physical or chemical damage to the eye, optic nerve or parts of the brain.[2] Diagnosis is typically with the Ishihara color test; however, a number of other testing methods also exist.[2]\n" ]
[ "on the X chromosome" ]
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Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest
Nathan 's hot dog Eating contest - wikipedia Nathan 's hot dog Eating contest Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest Nathan 's Wall of Fame of contest winners , 2006 . Status Active Genre Hot dog competitive eating competition Date ( s ) July 4 Frequency Annually Venue Nathan 's Famous Corporation Location ( s ) Brooklyn , New York City Country United States Inaugurated July 4 , 1916 ( 1916 - 07 - 04 ) The Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest is an annual American hot dog competitive eating competition . It is held each year on Independence Day at Nathan 's Famous Corporation 's original , and best - known restaurant at the corner of Surf and Stillwell Avenues in Coney Island , a neighborhood of Brooklyn , New York City . The contest has gained public attention in recent years due to the stardom of Takeru Kobayashi and Joey Chestnut . The defending men 's champion is Joey Chestnut , who ate 74 hot dogs in the 2018 contest . The defending women 's champion is Miki Sudo , who ate 37 hot dogs in the 2018 contest . Contents 1 Rules 2 Awards 3 History 3.1 Controversies 4 Results 4.1 By year 4.2 Multiple - Time Winners 5 Media coverage 5.1 Live TV 5.2 Film and TV programs 5.3 Newspapers 6 Tactics and training 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Rules ( edit ) Nathan 's original Coney Island location Major League Eating ( MLE ) , formerly known as the International Federation of Competitive Eating ( IFOCE ) , has sanctioned the event since 1997 . Today , only entrants currently under contract by MLE can compete in the contest . The field of about 20 contestants typically includes the following : the defending champion ; winners of a regional qualifying contest for that season ; individuals qualifying as one of two wildcards ( highest two average qualifier scores without winning a single qualifier ) ; and those invited by special invitation of the MLE . ( See `` Controversies '' section below . ) The competitors stand on a raised platform behind a long table with drinks and Nathan 's Famous hot dogs in buns . Most contestants have water on hand , but other kinds of drinks can and have been used . Condiments are allowed , but usually are not used . The hot dogs are allowed to cool slightly after grilling to prevent possible mouth burns . The contestant that consumes ( and keeps down ) the most hot dogs and buns ( HDB ) in ten minutes is declared the winner . The length of the contest has changed over the years , previously 12 minutes , and in some years , only three and a half minutes ; since 2008 , 10 minutes . Spectators watch and cheer the eaters on from close proximity . A designated scorekeeper is paired with each contestant , flipping a number board counting each hot dog consumed . Partially eaten hot dogs count and the granularity of measurement is eighths of a length . Hot dogs still in the mouth at the end of regulation count if they are subsequently swallowed . Yellow penalty cards can be issued for `` messy eating , '' and red penalty cards can be issued for `` reversal of fortune '' , which results in disqualification . If there is a tie , the contestants go to a 5 - hot - dog eat - off to see who can eat that many more quickly . Further ties will result in a sudden - death eat - off of eating one more hot dog in the fastest time . After the winner is declared , a plate showing the number of hot dogs eaten by the winner is brought out for photo opportunities . Awards ( edit ) The winner of the men 's competition is given possession of the coveted international `` bejeweled '' mustard - yellow belt . The belt is of `` unknown age and value '' according to IFOCE co-founder George Shea and rests in the country of its owner . In 2011 , Sonya Thomas won the inaugural women 's competition and its `` bejeweled '' pink belt . Various other prizes have been awarded over the years . For example , in 2004 Orbitz donated a travel package to the winner . Starting in 2007 , cash prizes have been awarded to the top finishers . History ( edit ) The Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest has been held at the original location on Coney Island most years since about 1972 , usually in conjunction with Independence Day . Nathan 's promoter Mortimer Matz claimed that on July 4 , 1916 , four immigrants held a hot dog eating contest at Nathan 's Famous stand on Coney Island to settle an argument about who was the most patriotic . He also made the spurious claim that the contest has been held each year since then except 1941 ( `` as a protest to the war in Europe '' ) and 1971 ( as a protest to political unrest in the U.S. ) . A man by the name of Jim Mullen is said to have won the first contest , although accounts vary . One account describes Jimmy Durante ( who was not an immigrant ) as competing in that all - immigrant inaugural contest , which was judged by Eddie Cantor and Sophie Tucker . Another describes the event as beginning `` in 1917 , and pitted Mae West 's father , Jack , against entertainer Eddie Cantor . '' In 2010 , however , promoter Mortimer `` Morty '' Matz admitted to having fabricated the legend of the 1916 start date with a man named Max Rosey in the early 1970s as part of a publicity stunt . The legend grew over the years , to the point where The New York Times and other publications were known to have repeatedly listed 1916 as the inaugural year , although no evidence of the contest exists . As Coney Island is often linked with recreational activities of the summer season , several early contests were held on other holidays associated with summer besides Independence Day ; Memorial Day contests were scheduled for 1972 , 1975 , and 1978 , and a second 1972 event was held on Labor Day . In the late 1990s and early 2000s , the competition was dominated by Japanese contestants , particularly Takeru Kobayashi , who won six consecutive contests from 2001 - 2006 . In 2001 , Kobayashi transformed the competition and the world of competitive eating by downing 50 hot dogs -- smashing the previous record of 25.5 . The Japanese eater introduced advanced eating and training techniques that shattered previous competitive eating world records . The rise in popularity of the event coincided with the surge in popularity of the worldwide competitive eating circuit . On July 4 , 2011 , Sonya Thomas became the champion of the first Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest for Women . Previously , women and men had competed against each other , except for one all - female Memorial Day competition held in 1975 . Eating 40 hot dogs in 10 minutes , Thomas earned the inaugural Pepto - Bismol - sponsored pink belt and won $10,000 . In recent years , a considerable amount of pomp and circumstance have surrounded the days leading up to the event , which has become an annual spectacle of competitive entertainment . The event is presented on an extravagant stage complete with colorful live announcers and an overall party atmosphere . The day before the contest is a public weigh - in with the mayor of New York City . Some competitors don flamboyant costumes and / or makeup , while others may promote themselves with eating - related nicknames . On the morning of the event , they have a heralded arrival to Coney Island on the `` bus of champions '' and are called to the stage individually during introductions . In 2013 , six - time defending champion Joey Chestnut was escorted to the stage in a sedan chair . The competition draws many spectators and worldwide press coverage . In 2007 , an estimated 50,000 came out to witness the event . In 2004 a three - story - high `` Hot Dog Eating Wall of Fame '' was erected at the site of the annual contest . The wall lists past winners , and has a digital clock which counts down the minutes until the next contest . Despite substantial damage suffered at Nathan 's due to Hurricane Sandy in October 2012 , the location was repaired , reopened , and the 2013 event was held as scheduled . ESPN has long enjoyed solid ratings from its broadcast of the Hot Dog Eating Contest on Independence Day , and on July 1 , 2014 , the network announced it had extended its agreement with Major League Eating and will broadcast the contest through 2024 . The event continues to be recognized for its power as a marketing tool . Controversies ( edit ) Controversies usually revolve around supposed breaches of rules that are missed by the judges . For example , NY1 television news editor Phil Ellison reviewed taped footage of the 1999 contest and thought that Steve Keiner started eating at the count of one , but the judge , Mike DeVito -- himself the champion of the 1990 , 1993 , and 1994 contests -- was stationed directly in front of Keiner and disputed it , saying it was incorrect . Keiner ate 21 1 / 2 dogs , as shown on the Wall of Fame located at Nathan 's flagship store at the corner of Surf and Stillwell avenues in Coney Island . This controversy was created by George Shea , the chief publicist for Nathan 's , because it created much more publicity for the contest . Shea assured Keiner at the end of the contest that he would clear the confusion up but never did . Keiner never participated in any advertising or contests set up by Shea because of this . Another controversy occurred in 2003 when former NFL player William `` The Refrigerator '' Perry competed as a celebrity contestant . Though he had won a qualifier by eating twelve hot dogs , he ate only four at the contest , stopping after just five minutes . Shea stated that the celebrity contestant experiment will likely not be repeated . At the 2007 contest , the results were delayed to review whether defending champion Takeru Kobayashi had vomited ( also known as a `` Roman method incident '' or `` reversal of fortune '' ) in the final seconds of regulation . Such an incident results in the disqualification of the competitor under the rules of the IFOCE . The judges ruled in Kobayashi 's favor . A similar incident occurred involving Kobayashi in 2002 in a victory over Eric `` Badlands '' Booker . Takeru Kobayashi has not competed in the contest since 2009 due to his refusal to sign an exclusive contract with Major League Eating , which is the current sanctioning body of the contest . In 2010 , he was arrested by police after attempting to jump on the stage after the contest was over and disrupt the proceedings . On August 5 , 2010 , all charges against Kobayashi were dismissed by a judge in Brooklyn . Despite his six consecutive victories in their annual event , Nathan 's removed Kobayashi 's image from their `` Wall of Fame '' in 2011 . Kobayashi again refused to compete in 2011 , but instead conducted his own hot dog eating exhibition , claiming to have consumed 69 HDB , seven more than Joey Chestnut accomplished in the Nathan 's contest . The sports website Deadspin deemed Kobayashi 's solo appearance `` an improbably perfect ' up yours ' to the Nathan 's hot dog eating contest . '' Results ( edit ) By year ( edit ) Year Winner Hot dogs incl . buns ( HDB ) Contest duration Notes 2018 MEN 'S Joey Chestnut 74 10 min . Joey Chestnut breaks the world record with 74 HDB . WOMEN 'S Miki Sudo 37 2017 MEN 'S Joey Chestnut 72 10 min . Joey Chestnut breaks the world record with 72 HDB . WOMEN 'S Miki Sudo 41 2016 MEN 'S Joey Chestnut 70 10 min . Joey Chestnut won the mustard - colored belt for the ninth time , eating 70 hot dogs and buns . Defending champion Matt Stonie consumed 53 HDB . Sudo won her third consecutive women 's title . At the Giant National Capital BBQ Battle in Washington , D.C. on June 25 , Chestnut set the record of 73 in an official qualifier . WOMEN 'S Miki Sudo 381⁄2 2015 MEN 'S Matt Stonie 62 10 min . Matt Stonie ended the 8 year winning streak of Joey Chestnut , eating 62 HDB to Joey 's 60 . WOMEN 'S Miki Sudo 38 2014 MEN 'S Joey Chestnut 61 10 min . Joey Chestnut faced fierce competition from Matt Stonie , who finished second with 56 HDB . Tim Janus ( 44 HDB ) finished in 3rd . This became Joey 's 8th consecutive win . Sudo dethroned Thomas , the first time in the history of the competition that Thomas had been defeated since the inception of the women 's division . Sudo also ended a long tradition by becoming the first champion in a quarter - century to decline to use a nickname during Nathan 's competitions . WOMEN 'S Miki Sudo 34 2013 MEN 'S Joey Chestnut 69 10 min . Joey Chestnut beat his own record with 69 HDB . Matt Stonie ( 51HDB ) finished second . Tim Janus ( 50 HDB ) finished in 3rd . WOMEN 'S Sonya Thomas 363⁄4 2012 MEN 'S Joey Chestnut 68 10 min . Chestnut tied his previous record , previously set in 2009 . He also became the second person to win six consecutive titles . Thomas set a new women 's record . Tim Janus ( 52.25 ) and Patrick Bertoletti ( 51 ) finish second and third once again , this time with Janus edging out for second place . Matt Stonie , who would go on to claim victory in 2015 finished fourth with 46 HDB . WOMEN 'S Sonya Thomas 45 2011 MEN 'S Joey Chestnut 62 10 min . Separate competitions are held for women and men for the first time . Chestnut dominates on his way to his fifth straight title . Sonya Thomas ( 40 HDB ) won the inaugural women 's event . Patrick Bertoletti ( 53 ) and Tim `` Eater X '' Janus ( 45 ) finish 2nd and 3rd for the second year in a row . WOMEN 'S Sonya Thomas 40 Joey Chestnut 54 10 min . Chestnut ( 54 ) , Tim `` Eater X '' Janus ( 45 ) , and Patrick Bertoletti ( 37 ) round out the top three . 2009 Joey Chestnut 68 10 min . Chestnut ( 68 HDB ) beat his previous record in ten minutes , setting new event , U.S. , and world records . Kobayashi ( 641⁄2 HDB ) set a Japanese record . Patrick Bertoletti ( 55 HDB ) finished third . Sonya Thomas ( 41 HDB ) broke the female record . 2008 Joey Chestnut 59 ( Eat - off : 5 ) 10 min . ( Eat - off : untimed ; completed in 50 sec . ) Event , Japanese , U.S. , and world records set ( 59 HDB ) . First event using new ten - minute time limit and first tie and eat - off since 1980 . Chestnut & Kobayashi tied for first with 59 in regulation . In overtime Chestnut is the first to finish a plate of five HDB in 50 seconds . Kobayashi , losing by seven seconds , finishes second . Tim Janus finished third with 42 . 2007 Joey Chestnut 66 12 min . Having broken the world and U.S. records with 591⁄2 HDB at a qualifier contest on June 2 , 2007 , Chestnut ( 66 HDB ) finishes first , setting new event , U.S. and world records . Defeating Kobayashi ( 63 HDB ) for the first time . Fifth place Sonya Thomas ( 39 HDB ) sets female record . 2006 Takeru Kobayashi 533⁄4 12 min . Winner Kobayashi sets event , Japanese and world records . Second place Joey Chestnut ( 52 HDB ) , sets U.S. record . Sonya Thomas ( 37 ) finishes third . 2005 Takeru Kobayashi 49 12 min . 2nd : Sonya Thomas ( 37 ) sets U.S. record , Women 's record . Future winner Joey Chestnut finishes third with 32 . Takeru Kobayashi 531⁄2 12 min . Event , Japanese and world records set . 2nd : Nobuyuki Shirota ( 38 ) , Sonya Thomas ( 32 HDB ) sets the female and U.S. records . 2003 Takeru Kobayashi 441⁄2 12 min . Sonya Thomas ( 25 HDB ) sets the female record . 2nd : Ed Jarvis ( 301⁄2 , American record ) , 3rd : Eric Booker ( 29 ) . Twenty competitors and 3,000 spectators in attendance . William `` The Refrigerator '' Perry competes , but eats only four HDB and drops out after five minutes . 2002 Takeru Kobayashi 501⁄2 12 min . Event , Japanese and world records set . Takeru Kobayashi 50 12 min . 20 competitors total . All - time world records set . 2nd : Eric `` Badlands '' Booker ( 26 ) , 3rd : Oleg Zhornitskiy ( 25 ) . 2000 Kazutoyo Arai 25 + 12 min . The contest was won by a 100 - pound 32 year old mattress salesman from Saitama , Japan . The prizes were `` the coveted mustard - yellow International Belt , a huge red trophy , and 20 pounds of Nathan 's hot dogs . '' Misao Fujita ( also known as `` Wild Beast '' ) of Japan was the runner - up and consumed 24 hot dogs . A woman , Takako Akasaka of Japan , was the third - place finisher and consumed 22 hot dogs . 41 year old locomotive machinist Steve Addicks of Finksburg , Maryland was the fourth - place finisher and consumed 21 hot dogs . 391 - pound , 35 year old reigning champion Steve Keiner of Atlantic City , New Jersey `` finished in the middle of the pack '' and consumed 15 hot dogs . `` Dozens '' of contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916 . Another describes this as the 85th annual contest . 1999 Steve Keiner 211⁄2 12 min . The contest was won by a 317 - pound , 50 - year - old man from Egg Harbor Township , New Jersey . The prize was the bejeweled mustard - colored belt . Footage recorded by NY1 appeared to show that he actually consumed half of a hot dog before the starting gun was fired and should have been disqualified by the judges . Charles Hardy and Bartoszek Tadeusz , both of Brooklyn , were the runners - up and consumed 20 hot dogs each . Hardy charged that he could have consumed more had he been given another plate of hot dogs before time expired . 134 - pound , reigning champion Hirofumi Nakajima of Japan consumed 19 hot dogs . Former champion Mike DeVito also participated . 1998 Hirofumi / `` The Tokyo Terror '' Nakajima 19 12 min . The contest was won by the reigning champion , a 135 - pound , 23 year old furniture delivery worker from Kōfu , Japan . The prizes were `` the coveted mustard - yellow International Belt , a huge red trophy , and 20 pounds of Nathan 's hot dogs . '' 16 contestants participated . Second place : Dominic Vaccaro ( 17 ) . Hirofumi Nakajima 241⁄2 12 min . Although Nathan 's attempted to expand its pool of American contestants by sponsoring `` a circuit of qualifying contests leading up to the grand finale on the Fourth , '' Japanese contestants continued to increase their influence . The contest was won by the reigning champion , a 135 - pound , 22 year old furniture delivery worker from Kōfu , Japan . The prizes were `` a large emerald and brass trophy , a Mustard - Yellow International Belt , and a 20 - pack take - out order for Nathan 's hot dogs . '' 100 - pound , 30 year old future champion Kazutoyo Arai of Saitama , Japan was the runner - up and consumed 24 hot dogs . 330 - pound , 34 year old former champion Ed Krachie was the third - place finisher and consumed 20 hot dogs . 23 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916 . ONE - ON - ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN Hirofumi Nakajima December 4 231⁄4 12 min . The contest was won by the reigning champion , a 300 - pound man from Queens . The prizes apparently included the bejeweled mustard - yellow belt and a trophy , if not more . Former champion Mike DeVito was the runner - up and consumed 20 hot dogs . 200 - pound , 42 year old Guardian Angels founder Curtis Sliwa was also a contestant. 20 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1916 , except for 1939 , 1940 , and 1941 -- this time held under the moniker `` Battle of the Burroughs . '' A later 1996 contest was also sponsored by Nathan 's ( and TV Tokyo ) , but was held at Central Park instead of at its traditional location . It was won by a 144 - pound , 22 - year - old man from Japan ; he had never eaten a hot dog until the day before the competition . The prizes were the bejeweled mustard - yellow belt and $2,000 . 320 - pound , 33 year old mechanical engineer Ed Krachie of New York was the runner - up . Only those 2 contestants participated . Ed / `` The Maspeth Monster '' Krachie Independence Day 22 12 min . 1995 Ed Krachie Independence Day 191⁄2 12 min . The contest was won by a 350 - pound NYNEX engineer from Queens. 205 - pound , 33 year old Salomon Brothers vice president and reigning champion Mike DeVito of Manalapan Township , New Jersey was the runner - up and consumed 19 hot dogs . Michael DeVito Independence Day 20 Unknown The contest was won by the reigning champion , a 32 year old accountant . Future champion Ed Krachie was the runner - up . 40 year old Guardian Angels founder Curtis Sliwa was the third - place finisher and consumed 13 hot dogs . ONE - ON - ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN Mike DeVito Unknown date 18 30 min . The contest was won by a former champion , a Wall Street brokerage firm worker from Manalapan Township , New Jersey . The prize was 365 hot dogs . Joe Gotay of Brooklyn was the runner - up and consumed 141⁄2 hot dogs . Willie Dykstra of Brooklyn was the top female contestant and consumed 71⁄2 hot dogs . 18 men and 2 women participated . The reigning champion , 290 - pound Frankie Dellarosa of Brooklyn , `` canceled out at the last minute due to a family emergency '' and was unable to defend his title . Instead , he declared that he was now retired from competitions and planned to pursue an acting career , something that he would later have a modest success in . A press account from the time describes this as the 77th annual contest , held regularly since 1916 . A later 1993 contest was also sponsored by Nathan 's ( and recorded by TV Tokyo ) , but was held under the Brooklyn Bridge instead of at its traditional location . It was won by reigning champion DeVito . Years later it was stated that the prize was the bejeweled mustard - colored belt `` created by the descendants of Fabergé '' that remains in use today but had supposedly been held in Japan for some years after having been won by a Japanese contestant at Nathan 's ( presumably at the February 11 , 1986 competition ) ; however , the earliest that the belt 's existence is known to be documented in a press account from the time is 1996 . A woman , Orio Ito of Japan , was the runner - up and consumed 16 hot dogs . Only those 2 contestants participated . Mike DeVito Independence Day 17 12 min . Frankie / `` Large '' Dellarosa Independence Day 19 Unknown The contest was won by the reigning champion . Former and future champion Mike DeVito was the runner - up and consumed 17 hot dogs . 1991 Frankie Dellarosa Independence Day 21 12 min . The contest was won by a 270 - pound , 23 year old engineer and part - time Hofstra University football coach from Queens . The prize was `` a 3 - foot trophy , topped with an athlete , plate , and hot dog . He also received hats , cups , and a year 's supply of hot dogs . '' 20 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 75th annual contest , this time held under the motto `` No Guts , No Glory . '' 1990 Mike DeVito Jay Green Independence Day 15 12 min . The contest was tied by the reigning champion , from Brooklyn , ( Green ) who was allowed to compete again despite previous contest rules , and a 28 year old from Staten Island ( DeVito ) . There was apparently no tie - breaking eat - off . A press account from the time describes this as the 7th annual contest . Jay Green Independence Day 151⁄2 12 min . The contest was won by the reigning champion , a 215 - pound , 31 year old dry wall contractor , who , as per contest rules , was declared `` retired '' after the competition for being a two - time winner . 24 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 73rd annual contest . Jay Green Independence Day 10 12 min . The contest was won by a 30 year old limousine service manager from Sheepshead Bay , Brooklyn . 13 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 72nd annual contest . Don Wolfman Independence Day 131⁄2 10 min . 29 year old future champion Jay Green was the runner - up and consumed 131⁄4 hot dogs . A press account from the time describes this as the 71st annual contest . 1986 Mark Heller Independence Day 151⁄2 10 min . The contest was won by a 245 - pound man . Robert Gerber was the runner - up and consumed 13 hot dogs . 24 men participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 70th annual contest , held regularly since 1916 . An earlier 1986 contest was also sponsored by Nathan 's . It was won by a 264 - pound , 21 - year - old student from Tokyo , Japan . Reigning champion Oscar Rodriguez was the runner - up and consumed 91⁄2 hot dogs . Only those 2 contestants participated . ONE - ON - ONE CHALLENGE WITH JAPAN Hiroaki Tominaga February 11 101⁄2 10 min . 1985 Oscar Rodriguez Independence Day 113⁄4 12 min . The contest was won by a 21 - year - old man . More than 40 contestants participated . 1984 Birgit Felden Independence Day 91⁄2 10 min . The contest was won by a 130 - pound , 17 year old West German women 's judo team member from Cologne ; she had never eaten a hot dog before the competition . Publicist Morty Matz described her as being only the second female to have ever won the contest . 17 year old U.S. women 's judo team member Jean Kanokogi ( and daughter of Ryohei and Rusty Kanokogi ) of Sheepshead Bay , Brooklyn was the runner - up and consumed 8 hot dogs . 20 men and 4 women participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 68th annual contest . Emil Gomez Independence Day 101⁄2 10 min . The contest was won by a 210 - pound , 25 year old accountant from the Bronx . His brother , Andre , was the runner - up and consumed 10 hot dogs . 11 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 17th annual contest . 1982 Steven Abrams July 5 11 + Unknown The contest was held on July 5 since Independence Day fell on a Sunday and was won by a 26 year old from Queens . He ate one bite of a twelfth hot dog . 1981 Thomas DeBerry Independence Day 11 Unknown The contest was won by a 35 year old Housing Authority gardener from Coney Island , Brooklyn . He `` downed 11 hot dogs in five minutes and then rushed off with his family to attend a barbecue . '' It is not immediately clear if the contest 's duration was five minutes long or if he simply ceased eating on his own after five minutes , because he was in a hurry to attend the barbecue . 1980 Joe Baldini Paul Siederman Independence Day 93⁄4 + ( Eat - off : 31⁄2 ) 10 min . ( Eat - off : 3 min . ) The contest was tied by a 190 - pound , 25 year old ( Baldini ) and a 260 - pound , 21 year old ( Siederman ) , both unemployed men from Brooklyn . Each then tied again after a tie - breaking eat - off . The prizes were `` two trophies and a pair of yellow plastic bags . '' Reigning champion Jim Mattner was the third - place finisher and consumed approximately 9 hot dogs . 28 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 64th annual contest . 1979 Jim Mattner Independence Day 14 Unknown The contest was won by a stockbroker from Queens . He consumed a `` record '' 14 hot dogs . 1978 Manel Hollenback Kevin Sinclair Independence Day 10 61⁄2 min . The contest was held on Memorial Day and was tied by a 180 - pound , 18 year old basketball player from Newark , New Jersey ( Hollenback ) and a 75 - pound , 10 - year - old student ( Sinclair ) . There was apparently no tie - breaking eat - off . 28 contestants participated . A press account from the time describes this as an annual contest held regularly since 1917 , except for 1942 and 1944 . WOMEN 'S Martha Rosenbloom Memorial Day Unknown Unknown An all - female contest was scheduled to be held on Memorial Day with the winner to be declared `` Miss Coney Island ; '' the contest was won by a 19 year old Brooklyn College student . Roberto Muriel Independence Day 10 31⁄2 min . The first 1974 contest was held on April 7 ( opening day for Coney Island 's summer season activities ) and was won by a 22 year old Manhattan Community College student from Astoria , Queens ; the prize was a trophy . Six contestants participated . The second 1974 contest was held on Independence Day and was won by a 185 - pound , 24 year old from Brooklyn ; the prize was `` a trophy with an emblazoned hot dog on it . '' A third 1974 contest was also sponsored by Nathan 's but was held in Atlantic City , New Jersey on July 31 . It was won by an 18 year old Nathan 's employee from Philadelphia , Pennsylvania named Jay Tierney . He consumed a `` world 's hot dog eating record '' 19 hot dogs in 5 minutes ; the prize was `` a raise -- all the hot dogs he could eat throughout the summer . '' 30 year old Carmen Cordero of Atlantic City was the runner - up . John Connolly April 7 9 21⁄2 min . 1973 Unknown Independence Day Unknown Unknown A contest was scheduled to be held on Independence Day ( designated as the 106th anniversary of the invention of the hot dog ) and refereed by the `` 1973 Hot Dog Queen , '' but no results are known to have been compiled and released to the public . 1972 Melody Andorfer Labor Day 12 5 min . The first 1972 contest was held on Memorial Day and was won by a Brooklyn College student ; the prize `` was a book of certificates for forty more hot dogs . '' The second 1972 contest was held on Labor Day and was won by a 105 - pound , 18 - year - old female community activist from Astoria , Queens ; 260 - pound , 19 year old Gary Silverman of Brooklyn was the runner - up and consumed 10 hot dogs . Eight men and 8 women participated . A press account from the time describes this as the 23rd annual contest . Jason Schechter Memorial Day 14 31⁄2 min . 1967 Walter Paul June 30 127 * Unknown The contest was held on June 30 ( designated as the 100th anniversary of the invention of the hot dog ) and was won by a 400 - pound , 32 year old truck driver . The prize was `` a trophy proclaiming him the world 's champion hot dog eater . '' He consumed the hot dogs over the period of `` one hour flat . '' It is not immediately clear if the contest 's duration was one hour long or if he simply ceased eating on his own after one hour , and it is also not immediately clear if he ate buns with the hot dogs . * -- Note : though Walter Paul 's 1967 feat is documented in at least two UPI press accounts from the time , he has also been mentioned in passing in more recent press accounts for supposedly establishing the contest 's then - record 17 hot dogs consumed ; several other people have similarly been credited for records of 131⁄2 , 171⁄2 , or 181⁄2 hot dogs consumed . The following feats are not known to be documented more fully in press accounts from the time of their occurrence and , as such , may not be credible and are not included in the Results table above : `` Several years '' before 1986 : unspecified contestant , 131⁄2 1979 : unspecified contestant , 171⁄2 1978 : Walter Paul ( described as being from Coney Island , Brooklyn ) , 17 1968 : Walter Paul ( described as `` a rotund Coney Island carnival caretaker '' ) , 17 1959 : Peter Washburn ( described as `` a one - armed Brooklyn Carnival worker '' ) , 181⁄2 or 17 1959 : Paul Washburn ( described as a carnival worker from Brooklyn ) , 171⁄2 1959 : Walter Paul ( described as a 260 - pound man from Brooklyn ) , 17 1957 : Paul Washburn , 171⁄2 Multiple - time winners ( edit ) Men 's * Belts Name Year ( s ) 11 Joey Chesnut 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 6 Takeru Kobayashi 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 Jay Green 1988 , 1989 , 1990 Mike DeVito 1990 , 1993 , 1994 Hirofumi Nakajima 1997 , 1998 Ed Krachie 1995 , 1996 Frankie Dellarosa 1991 , 1992 * Does not include non-Independence Day wins ^ a The 1990 competition ended in a tie . Women 's Belts Name Year ( s ) 5 Miki Sudo 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Sonya Thomas 2011 , 2012 , 2013 Media coverage ( edit ) Live TV ( edit ) In 2003 , ESPN aired the contest for the first time on a tape - delayed basis . Starting in 2004 , ESPN began airing the contest live . Since 2005 , Paul Page has been ESPN 's play - by - play announcer for the event , accompanied by color commentator Richard Shea . In 2011 , the women 's competition was carried live on ESPN3 , followed by the men 's competition on ESPN . In 2012 , ESPN signed an extension to carry the event through 2017 . In 2014 , ESPN signed an agreement to carry the competition on its networks for 10 years until 2024 . Television history Year Network Announcers Viewers 2003 ESPN ESPN Gary Miller , Richard Shea 926,000 viewers 2005 ESPN Paul Page , Richard Shea 860,000 viewers 2006 ESPN Paul Page , Richard Shea 1.46 million viewers 2007 ESPN2 Paul Page , Richard Shea 1.632 million viewers 2008 ESPN Paul Page , Richard Shea 2009 ESPN Paul Page , Richard Shea , Dominic `` Hot Dog '' Vaccaro 1.340 million viewers ESPN Paul Page , Richard Shea , Todd Harris 1.677 million viewers 2011 ESPN Paul Page , Richard Shea , Rene Herlocker 1.949 million viewers 2012 ESPN Paul Page , Richard Shea , Rene Herlocker 1.299 million viewers 2013 ESPN2 Paul Page , Richard Shea , Rene Herlocker 1.14 million viewers 2014 ESPNEWS Paul Page , Richard Shea , Cari Champion 402,000 viewers 2015 ESPN2 Paul Page , Richard Shea , Melanie Collins 1.129 million viewers 2016 ESPN.com Paul Page , Richard Shea , Melanie Collins 1.3 million ( tape delay on ESPN ) 2017 ESPN2 Paul Page , Richard Shea , Melanie Collins 1.11 million 2018 ESPN2 Adam Amin , Richard Shea , Melanie Collins 1.141 million Film and TV programs ( edit ) The Nathan 's contest has been featured in these documentaries and TV programs : `` A Different Story '' ( July 4 , 1996 ) - Jeannie Moos covers the contest on CNN `` Red , White , and Yellow '' ( 1998 ) `` A Hot Dog Program : An All - American , Culinary Cruise Through Hot Dog History '' ( 1999 ) `` Gut Busters '' ( 2002 ) Made for TV - Discovery Channel `` Footlong '' ( 2002 ) - not the 2003 short film of the same name `` The Tsunami - Takeru Kobayashi '' ( 2003 ) Japanese `` Crazy Legs Conti : Zen and the Art of Competitive Eating '' ( 2004 ) `` The Most Extreme '' , `` Big Mouths '' episode ( 2004 ) ( Animal Planet ) Cheap Seats , ( 2004 ) `` True Life '' ( 2006 ) MTV documentary series Hungry ( 2013 ) documentary film ; contract dispute between Nathan 's Famous and Kobayashi Newspapers ( edit ) News sources typically use puns in head - lines and copy referring to the contest , such as `` ' Tsunami ' is eating contest 's top dog again , '' `` could n't cut the mustard '' ( A.P. ) , `` Nathan 's King ready , with relish '' ( Daily News ) and `` To be frank , Fridge faces a real hot - dog consumer '' ( ESPN ) . Reporter Gersh Kuntzman of the New York Post has been covering the event since the early 1990s and has been a judge at the competition since 2000 . Darren Rovell , of ESPN , has competed in a qualifier . Tactics and training ( edit ) Each contestant has his or her own eating method . Takeru Kobayashi pioneered the `` Solomon Method '' at his first competition in 2001 . The Solomon method consists of breaking each hot dog in half , eating the two halves at once , and then eating the bun . `` Dunking '' is the most prominent method used today . Because buns absorb water , many contestants dunk the buns in water and squeeze them to make them easier to swallow , and slide down the throat more efficiently . Other methods used include the `` Carlene Pop , '' where the competitor jumps up and down while eating , to force the food down to the stomach . `` Buns & Roses '' is a similar trick , but the eater sways from side to side instead . `` Juliet - ing '' is a cheating method in which players simply throw the hot dog buns over their shoulders . Contestants train and prepare for the event in different ways . Some fast , others prefer liquid - only diets before the event . Takeru Kobayashi meditates , drinks water and eats cabbage , then fasts before the event . Several contestants , such as Ed `` Cookie '' Jarvis , aim to be `` hungry , but not too hungry '' and have a light breakfast the morning of the event . See also ( edit ) Food portal New York City portal Sports portal Glutton Bowl Krystal Square Off Horsemen of the Esophagus Man v. Food Wing Bowl References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Hot Dog Eating Contest ( Live Television Broadcast ) '' . Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest. 2011 - 07 - 04 . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Famous Facts '' . Nathan 's Famous Hot Dogs . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2008 . Retrieved December 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Jason Fagone ( 2007 ) . `` Horsemen of the Esophagus : Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream '' . Crown / Archetype ( p. 215 ) . Jump up ^ `` America is 204 years old '' . Boca Raton ( Fla . ) News ( sec . A , p. 2 ) . July 4 , 1980 . ^ Jump up to : Jason Fagone ( 2007 ) . `` Horsemen of the Esophagus : Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream '' . Crown / Archetype ( p. 222 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` No , He Did Not Invent the Publicity Stunt '' by Sam Roberts , New York Times , August 18 , 2010 `` . The New York Times . August 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Robert D. McFadden ( May 28 , 1972 ) . `` Yesterday Was for Traveling , Strolling , Eating and Relaxing '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Howard Thompson ( May 26 , 1975 ) . `` Going Out Guide '' . New York Times ( p. 6 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Two share prize '' . Ellensburg ( Wash . ) Daily Record ( p. 11 ) . May 31 , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : `` 105 - Pound Girl Eats 12 Hot Dogs to Win Contest '' . St. Joseph ( Mo . ) News - Press ( sec . A , p. 2 ) . September 3 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Whitney Holtzman ( 2 July 2011 ) . `` Nathan 's evens playing field '' . ESPN . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Jen Chung . `` Sonya Thomas , The First Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest Women 's Champion ! '' . Gothamist . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Locks In Hot Dog Eating Contest through 2024 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan 's Famous Contest is Fourth of July Marketing Magic '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com - Page2 - Accusations hurled at hot dog contest '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest 2010 : Joey Chestnut Wins for Fourth Year '' . Bleacher Report . 4 July 2010 . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Joey ' Jaws ' Chestnut Wins Nathan 's July Fourth Hot Dog Eating Contest '' . Daily News . July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobayashi Arrested After Chestnut 's Hot Dog Win '' . NBC Sports . July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Takeru Kobayashi Sets World Record With 69 Hot Dogs , Joey Chestnut Wins 2011 Nathan 's Famous International Hot Dog Eating Contest '' . Weirdnews.aol.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Luke ( 2011 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Kobayashi Somehow Sets A New , Totally Unofficial Hot Dog Eating Record '' . Deadspin.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Balsamo , Michael ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` Joey Chestnut eats 70 hot dogs , 17 more than Matt Stonie , to win Nathan 's title '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Jump up ^ 2003 ESPN.com report Jump up ^ `` Horsemen of the Esophagus '' . Theatlantic.com. 2006 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jason Fagone ( 2006 ) . `` Horsemen of the Esophagus : Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream '' . Crown / Archetype ( p. 31 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Early eating world 's best deciding match ! '' . tv-tokyo.co.jp. 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Man Wins Hot Dog Contest '' . abcnews.go.com . July 4 , 2000 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Robert D. McFadden ( July 5 , 1999 ) . `` Holiday Parades March By , But the Heat Is Just Settling In '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Michael Finnegan ( July 6 , 1999 ) . `` Nathan 's Champ Called Cheat Eating Contest Rematch Sought '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Michael R. Blood ( July 3 , 1999 ) . `` Hot Dog Champ Relishes Title Defense '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Dogging It -- Our columnist bites into a big problem : Why can the Japanese down more dogs than any American ? '' . gershkuntzman.homestead.com . July 9 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Jeanne King ( July 5 , 1998 ) . `` Japanese retains hot dog competition title '' . Reuters . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Nerz ( April 2006 ) . `` Eat This Book : A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit '' . St. Martin 's Press ( p. 15 ) . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Goes Faster , ' Furter in Hot Dog Contest '' . Los Angeles Times . July 5 , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : `` Man downs 22 hot dogs to win contest '' . cnn.com . July 4 , 1996 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan 's 4th July Hot Dog Contest ( caption ) '' . gettyimages.com . July 4 , 1996 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tracy Connor ( July 1 , 1996 ) . `` Sliwa makes bid for frank - eating title '' . United Press International . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan Nerz ( April 2006 ) . `` Eat This Book : A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit '' . Macmillan ( p. 63 ) . Jump up ^ Scott Neuman ( December 4 , 1996 ) . `` Japan snatches top dog title from U.S. '' United Press International . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence Goodman ( July 5 , 1997 ) . `` Ex-Hot Dog Eating Chomp Ca n't Cut Coney Mustard '' . New York Daily News . ^ Jump up to : David Stout ( July 5 , 1995 ) . `` New Jersey Daily Briefing : A Coup in Hot Dog Land '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Chronicle '' . New York Times . July 5 , 1994 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jersey hotdog gobbler wins back title '' . United Press International . July 4 , 1993 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Nerz ( April 2006 ) . `` Eat This Book : A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit '' . St. Martin 's Press ( p. 62 ) . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Dellarosa '' . imdb.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Nerz ( April 2006 ) . `` Eat This Book : A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit '' . St. Martin 's Press ( p. 17 ) . Jump up ^ `` Man downs 22 hot dogs to win contest '' . cnn.com . July 4 , 1996 . ^ Jump up to : `` Engineer wolfs way to dog title '' . Reading ( Pa . ) Eagle ( p. 1 ) . July 5 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` On the Fourth , Feeling Cooked On a 93 degrees Grill '' . New York Times . July 5 , 1990 . ^ Jump up to : `` A day to relish ( caption ) '' . Norwalk ( Conn . ) Hour ( p. 3 ) . July 5 , 1990 . ^ Jump up to : `` Green Claims 2nd Victory in Hot Dog Contest '' . Schenectady ( N.Y. ) Gazette ( p. 12 ) . July 5 , 1989 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1987 runner - up is hot dog king '' . Reading ( Pa . ) Eagle ( p. 14 ) . July 5 , 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Americans mark July 4 with parades , fireworks '' . Eugene ( Ore . ) Register - Guard ( sec. C , p. 10 ) . July 4 , 1987 . Jump up ^ `` Winner a hot dog '' . Eugene ( Ore . ) Register - Guard ( sec . A , p. 2 ) . July 7 , 1986 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hot dog champion relishes his victory but craves sushi '' . Salt Lake City Deseret News ( sec . A , p. 3 ) . February 13 -- 14 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Jilian Mincer ( July 5 , 1985 ) . `` Miss Liberty Offstage , Buy City Has A Popping 4th '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` German Scores in Frankfurter Contest '' . Daytona Beach ( Fla . ) Morning Journal ( sec . D , p. 3 ) . July 5 , 1984 . Jump up ^ `` America waves flag to celebrate Fourth '' . Bangor ( Maine ) Daily News ( p. 1 ) . July 5 , 1983 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's hot in the Big Apple '' . Poughkeepsie ( N.Y. ) Journal ( p. 8 ) . July 5 , 1983 . ^ Jump up to : Robert D. McFadden ( July 6 , 1982 ) . `` Holiday Crowds Sample Pristine Day 's Pleasures '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Paul L. Montgomery ( July 5 , 1981 ) . `` Rain Curtails Fourth of July Crowds '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Coney kings crowned after hotdog contest '' . Bend ( Ore . ) Bulletin ( p. 25 ) . July 5 , 1980 . ^ Jump up to : Jason Fagone ( 2007 ) . `` Horsemen of the Esophagus : Competitive Eating and the Big Fat American Dream '' . Crown / Archetype ( p. 221 ) . Jump up ^ `` Nine hot dogs get him a trophy '' . Wilmington ( Del . ) Morning News ( p. 22 ) . April 12 , 1974 . Jump up ^ `` Still Hungry '' . St. Joseph ( Mo . ) Gazette ( sec . B , p. 2 ) . July 5 , 1974 . Jump up ^ `` Hot dog eating record set '' . Wilmington ( N.C. ) Morning Star ( p. 26 ) . August 2 , 1974 . Jump up ^ Linda Greenhouse ( July 4 , 1973 ) . `` Old - Time One - Day Fourth To Get New Angles Here '' . New York Times ( p. 38 ) . Jump up ^ `` Frankfurter Fan Downs 127 for Centennial Title '' . Milwaukee Journal ( p. 2 ) . July 1 , 1967 . Jump up ^ `` Man Gobbles 127 Hot Dogs '' . Reading ( Pa . ) Eagle ( p. 14 ) . July 2 , 1967 . Jump up ^ `` Extra ! Man bites dog -- 15 of ' em '' . Tyrone ( Pa . ) Daily Herald ( p. 6 ) . July 7 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Ryan Nerz ( April 2006 ) . `` Eat This Book : A Year of Gorging and Glory on the Competitive Eating Circuit '' . St. Martin 's Griffin ( p. 61 ) . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dog Contest sticks with ESPN to 2017 '' . ESPN.com. 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Nina . `` Nathan 's Hot Dog Contest ensures its future as Fourth of July tradition with new ESPN deal '' USA Today July 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` The Hideous Masters of Gluttony : July 6 , 2007 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Everything But the Game : 2007 - 07 - 08 '' . Retrieved June 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Potpourri Friday , July 9 , 2010 '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` More Ratings : Hot Dog Contest , Formula 1 , Track & Field '' . Sportsmediawatch.com. 2011 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Dallas ' + ' Futurama ' , ' Storage Wars ' , ' House Hunters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Paulsen ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Ratings Roundup : Hot Dog Contest , NASCAR Xfinity , Tour de France '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Saturday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 7.4. 2015 '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Paulsen . Ratings Roundup : Wimbledon , Hot Dog Contest , Senior Golf . Sportsmediawatch . July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` Wednesday cable ratings : Hot dog eating constest leads a light 4th of July '' . TVbythenumbers . July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` Athletes with appetite '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest . Official website Two Dozen Hot Dogs Please , and No , They 're Not to Go by Anthony Ramirez Sports Illustrated feature on the 2006 contest Competitive eating Notable eaters Patrick Bertoletti Eric Booker Dale Boone Joey Chestnut Crazy Legs Conti Erik Denmark Michael DeVito Jed Donahue Charles Hardy Tim Janus Steve Keiner Joe LaRue Carlene LeFevre Rich LeFevre Don Lerman Kevin Lipsitz Rick The Manager Bozo Miller David O'Karma Molly Schuyler Bob Shoudt Matt Stonie L.A. Beast Brian Subich Miki Sudo Sonya Thomas Furious Pete Peter Dowdeswell Theetta Rappai Takako Akasaka Takeru Kobayashi Gal Sone Competitions and organizations Association of Independent Competitive Eaters Hurl ! International Federation of Competitive Eating Major League Eating Nathan 's Famous Hot Dog Eating Contest National Buffalo Wing Festival Wing Bowl World Pie Eating Championship Defunct competitions The Glutton Bowl Krystal Square Off Yankee Doodle Coffee Shop Doodle Challenge Media Crazy Legs Conti : Zen and the Art of Competitive Eating Eat This Book Horsemen of the Esophagus Major League Eating : The Game Man v. Food Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nathan%27s_Hot_Dog_Eating_Contest&oldid=850414387 '' Categories : Competitions in the United States Competitive eating Coney Island Culture of Brooklyn Independence Day ( United States ) Hot dogs Recurring events established in 1916 Sports entertainment Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Galego 한국어 עברית 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 18 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when is nathan's hot dog eating contest
[ "The Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest is an annual American hot dog competitive eating competition. It is held each year on Independence Day at Nathan's Famous Corporation's original, and best-known restaurant at the corner of Surf and Stillwell Avenues in Coney Island, a neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City.\n" ]
[ "Independence Day" ]
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Man in the Mirror
Man in the Mirror - wikipedia Man in the Mirror Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Man in the Mirror ( disambiguation ) . `` Man in the Mirror '' Single by Michael Jackson from the album Bad Released January 16 , 1988 Format CD single 7 '' single 12 '' single cassette Recorded May 1987 Genre R&B gospel Length 5 : 19 ( album and 12 '' versions ) 5 : 00 ( single and video versions ) Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Siedah Garrett Glen Ballard Producer ( s ) Quincy Jones Michael Jackson ( co-producer ) Michael Jackson singles chronology `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' ( 1987 ) `` Man in the Mirror '' ( 1988 ) `` Dirty Diana '' ( 1988 ) `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' ( 1987 ) `` Man in the Mirror '' ( 1988 ) `` Dirty Diana '' ( 1988 ) Music video `` Man In The Mirror '' on YouTube Audio sample file help `` Man in the Mirror '' is a song recorded by Michael Jackson , written by Glen Ballard and Siedah Garrett and produced by Jackson and Quincy Jones . It peaked at number 1 in the United States when released in January 1988 as the fourth single from his seventh solo album , Bad ( 1987 ) . It was nominated for Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards . The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 for 2 weeks . The song peaked at number 21 in the UK Singles Charts in 1988 , but in 2009 , following the news of Jackson 's death , the song peaked at number 2 , having re-entered the chart at 11 the previous week as his top song on the singles chart . It also became the number 1 single in iTunes downloads in the US and the UK , having sold over 1.3 million digital copies in the former alone . The song was remixed for the soundtrack of Jackson 's tribute tour Immortal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Critical response 3 Music video 4 Chart performance 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 Live performances 7 Track listing 8 Sampling / remixes 9 Personnel 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Man in the Mirror '' was composed by Glen Ballard and Siedah Garrett . Jackson added background vocals from Garrett , The Winans and the Andraé Crouch Choir , which gave the song its distinctive sound . The song is said to have been one of Jackson 's favorite songs . Arranged with a gospel choir , Jackson would use a gospel choir again several years later on his hit `` Will You Be There '' . Siedah Garrett also sang Jackson 's duet `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' in summer 1987 . The song is played in the keys of G and G# Major at a tempo of 100bpm . The vocal range is Ab3 - C6 . The single sleeve for `` Man in the Mirror '' contained a dedication to Yoshiaki Ogiwara , a five - year - old boy from Takasaki , Gunma , Japan who was kidnapped for ransom and subsequently murdered in September 1987 . The killing was highly traumatic to the Japanese public and to Jackson himself , who was touring Japan at the time and subsequently dedicated concerts in Osaka and Yokohama to the boy 's memory . Critical response ( edit ) When Ed Hogan reviewed the song , he called it `` gentle . '' Jon Pareles of The New York Times noted that this song has `` gospelly lift . '' Rolling Stone 's Davitt Sigerson thought that `` Man in the Mirror '' stands among the half dozen best things Jackson has done , and he continued : `` On `` Man in the Mirror , '' a song he did not write , Jackson goes a step further and offers a straightforward homily of personal commitment : `` I 'm starting with the man in the mirror / I 'm asking him to change his ways / And no message could have been any clearer / If you wan na make the world a better place / Take a look at yourself and then make a change . '' '' Music video ( edit ) One of the videos is a notable departure from Jackson 's other videos mainly because Jackson himself does not appear in the video ( aside from a brief clip toward the end of the video in which he can be seen donning a red jacket and standing in a large crowd ) . Instead , it featured a montage of footage of various major news events and famous people . The Man in the Mirror music video was directed , produced and edited by Don Wilson . Don and Michael Jackson developed the idea for the video . Larry Stessel who was Video Commissioner at Epic Records at the time was the Executive Producer . PCM Stereo music video version of this song was included on Number Ones , Michael Jackson 's Vision , the Target version DVD of Bad 25 , and the song 's video that released on VHS in 1989 . An alternate live video was used as the opening song in Jackson 's film Moonwalker with live audio and footage from several live performances of the song during the Bad World Tour . The first segment of Moonwalker is a live performance of `` Man in the Mirror '' during his Bad Tour in Europe . Clips from Wembley Stadium among others can be seen . It also features a montage of clips of children in Africa , Martin Luther King Jr. , Mother Teresa , Mahatma Gandhi , Nelson Mandela , Jesus Christ , kids in Graduation , and other historical figures . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Man In The Mirror '' was the 4th consecutive number - one single for Jackson 's Bad in the United States . The single debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 48 on February 6 , 1988 , and reached number 1 by its 8th week on the chart , on March 26 , 1988 , where it remained for 2 weeks . The song originally peaked at number 21 in the United Kingdom in 1988 . However , following Jackson 's death on June 25 , 2009 , `` Man in the Mirror '' re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 11 , and the following week the song peaked at number 2 , held off by Cascada 's `` Evacuate the Dancefloor '' . The chart had also contained over 12 Michael Jackson songs in the Top 40 . This song had been at top 100 for 15 consecutive weeks in this chart . In Australia the song originally charted at number 39 . After the singer 's death , the song re-entered the chart and peaked at number 8 , much higher than its original release . It was also the top single in iTunes downloads in the US and the UK . It has sold 567,280 copies in the UK as of January 2016 . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 - 2010 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 39 Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) 11 Canada ( RPM Adult Contemporary ) Canada ( RPM 100 Singles ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 23 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 13 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 55 Chart ( 2009 -- 10 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 17 Belgium ( Back Catalogue Singles Flanders ) 6 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 12 Eurochart Hot 100 7 Hot Canadian Digital Singles 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) Japan Hot 100 65 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 22 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 9 Norway ( VG - lista ) 15 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 50 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 19 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 22 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B Chart US Billboard Hot Digital Songs Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 21 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 0 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Live performances ( edit ) Jackson performed a live , extended version of the song at the 1988 Grammy Awards . He also performed the song as the ending of the concert during the Bad World Tour 's second leg , and regularly during the Dangerous World Tour . Live versions of the song are available on the DVDs Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 and Live in Bucharest : The Dangerous Tour . On July 16 , 1996 , Jackson also performed `` Man in the Mirror '' at the Royal Concert Brunei for the last time prior to the United We Stand benefit concert . The instrumental introduction to the song was played at the end of Jackson 's memorial service , while his casket was being carried out ; followed by the appearance of a spotlight shining on a microphone on an empty stage . After a closing prayer that incorporated themes from the song , the spotlight remained shining on the lone microphone . The song is also featured as the final number in Michael Jackson 's This Is It . Track listing ( edit ) 12 '' and CD `` Man in the Mirror '' ( single version ) -- 5 : 00 `` Man in the Mirror '' ( album version ) -- 5 : 19 `` Man In The Mirror '' ( instrumental ) -- 5 : 00 7 '' Man in the Mirror ( single version ) - 5 : 00 Man in the Mirror ( instrumental ) - 5 : 00 Video single Man in the Mirror ( music video ) - 5 : 00 Running time : 5 minutes 30 seconds Sampling / remixes ( edit ) 2006 : The song is sampled by Brooklyn hip hop artist Papoose during the summer of that year on his song `` Gonna Make a Change '' from mixtape The Boyz in the Hood . The song describes his rough upbringing and his struggles . 2008 : Chicago - based rapper Rhymefest freestyles over the instrumental version of `` Man in the Mirror '' with Michael Jackson singing the chorus and a part of the second verse . It released on his tribute mixtape Mark Ronson Presents : Man in the Mirror . Personnel ( edit ) Written and composed by Siedah Garrett and Glen Ballard Produced by Quincy Jones Co-Produced by Michael Jackson Michael Jackson : Solo & background vocals Featuring Siedah Garrett , The Winans and The Andraé Crouch Choir Ollie E. Brown : Clap Dann Huff : Guitar Greg Phillinganes : Keyboards Glen Ballard , Randy Kerber : Synthesizers Siedah Garrett : Background vocals The Winans : Carvin , Marvin , Michael and Ronald Winans Andrae Crouch and his Choir : Sandra Crouch , Maxi Anderson , Rose Banks , Geary Faggett , Vonciele Faggett , Andrew Gouche , Linda Green , Pattie Howard , Jean Johnson , Perry Morgan , Alfie Silas , Roberto Noriega Rhythm arrangement by Glen Ballard and Quincy Jones Synthesizer arrangement by Glen Ballard , Quincy Jones and Jerry Hey Vocal arrangement by Andrae Crouch See also ( edit ) Man in the Mirror : The Michael Jackson Story , a 2004 TV film about Jackson 's life . Starring Flex Alexander . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Goldberg ; David Handelman ( September 24 , 1987 ) . `` Is Michael Jackson For Real ? '' . RollingStone . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson tops album chart '' . BBC News . BBC News . June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson 's music tops charts '' . CNN . Edition.cnn.com . July 1 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Songs From The Last Century '' . Chart Watch . Nielsen Business Media . Yahoo ! Music . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Siedah Garrett on writing a song for Michael Jackson . YouTube . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson : Man In The Mirror Sheet Music '' . Sheetmusicdirect.com . Aerostation Corporation . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Related by Casey Kasem on `` American Top 40 '' , week of February 27 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Ed Hogan . `` Man in the Mirror review at Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jon Pareles ( August 31 , 1987 ) . `` POP : MICHAEL JACKSON 'S ' BAD , ' FOLLOW - UP TO A BLOCKBUSTER '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davitt Sigerson ( October 22 , 1987 ) . `` Michael Jackson -- Bad '' . Rolling Stone . Jann S. Wenner . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Man In The Mirror '' short film ( with photos and video ) `` . Leaf & Letters ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 15 January 2016 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Bieber continues to dominate Top 5 singles '' . Music Week . Intent Media . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ bulion . `` Forum - ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts - CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 , part 2 '' . ARIA . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Man In The Mirror - MICHAEL JACKSON '' . VRT ( in Dutch ) . Top30-2.radio2.be . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2012 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary - Volume 48 , No. 1 , April 23 , 1988 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 47 , No. 25 , April 09 1988 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Only results when searching `` Man in the mirror '' Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : J '' . HitParadeItalia ( in Italian ) . Creative Commons . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Michael Jackson - Man In The Mirror search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MAN IN THE MIRROR - Michael Jackson '' . Nowe Media , Polskie Radio S.A . LP3.polskieradio.pl . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bad awards at Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Back Catalogue Singles -- 20 February 2010 '' . Ultratop 50 . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson - Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Singles Chart '' . Achart.us . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Songs of 1988 - Billboard Year End Charts '' . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Michael Jackson -- Man in the Mirror '' . IFPI Denmark . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Michael Jackson -- Man in the Mirror '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Man in the Mirror in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Michael Jackson Memorial Final Closing Prayer by Pastor Lucious Smith `` Man in the Mirror '' ( Youtube video ) . CNN . YouTube . July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Note : The poster of the video added the segment of the song at the end of the video after the prayer . Jump up ^ `` Papoose 's Gonne Make That Change sample of Michael Jackson 's Man in the Mirror '' . WhoSampled.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Man In The Mirror REMIX - MICHAEL JACKSON Ft RHYMEFEST '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DJ Pizzo ( February 14 , 2008 ) . `` Mark Ronson Presents Rhymefest -- `` Man In The Mirror '' -- @ @ @ @ Hiphopsite.com `` . Hiphopsite.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . `` Ronson teamed up with Chicago super-emcee Rhymefest for Man In The Mirror , a tribute album built upon samples from the King Of Pop himself , Michael Jackson . '' External links ( edit ) Official Music Video on YouTube Glen Ballard biography Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' by Rick Astley Billboard Hot 100 number - one single March 26 , 1988 -- April 2 , 1988 Succeeded by `` Get Outta My Dreams , Get Into My Car '' by Billy Ocean Preceded by `` Fishnet '' by Morris Day Billboard Hot Black Singles number - one single March 26 , 1988 Succeeded by `` Wishing Well '' by Terence Trent D'Arby Preceded by `` Boom Boom Pow '' by The Black Eyed Peas UK R&B Chart number - one single July 5 , 2009 -- July 19 , 2009 Succeeded by `` Beat Again '' by JLS Michael Jackson : Bad Side one `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' Side two `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' CD and Digital Download bonus track ( s ) `` Leave Me Alone '' Related articles Quincy Jones Bad ( tour ) Moonwalker Michael Jackson 's Moonwalker One Night in Japan Bad 25 ( film ) Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 Michael Jackson songs Discography Got to Be There `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Got to Be There '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' Ben `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' Music & Me `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music & Me '' Forever , Michael `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' Off the Wall `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Workin ' Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' Thriller `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' Bad `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' Dangerous `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Black or White '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' HIStory `` Scream '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` Come Together '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Childhood '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` HIStory '' `` Smile '' Blood on the Dance Floor `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' Invincible `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Butterflies '' `` Speechless '' `` Cry '' Michael `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` ( I Like ) The Way You Love Me '' `` Monster '' `` Breaking News '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' Xscape `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Blue Gangsta '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' `` On the Line '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` Fall Again '' `` This Is It '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` Price of Fame '' Featured `` Night Time Lover '' `` Say Say Say '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` We Be Ballin ' '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' Book Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_in_the_Mirror&oldid=803840421 '' Categories : 1980s ballads 1988 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Michael Jackson songs Pop ballads Protest songs Rhythm and blues ballads Song recordings produced by Quincy Jones Song recordings produced by Michael Jackson Songs about poverty Songs written by Glen Ballard Songs written by Siedah Garrett UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles 1987 songs Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Kiswahili Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 23 : 55 . 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who wrote michael jackson's man in the mirror
[ "\"Man in the Mirror\" is a song recorded by Michael Jackson, written by Glen Ballard and Siedah Garrett and produced by Jackson and Quincy Jones. It peaked at number 1 in the United States when released in January 1988 as the fourth single from his seventh solo album, Bad (1987). It was nominated for Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards.", "\"Man in the Mirror\" is a song recorded by Michael Jackson, written by Glen Ballard and Siedah Garrett and produced by Jackson and Quincy Jones. It peaked at number 1 in the United States when released in January 1988 as the fourth single from his seventh solo album, Bad (1987). It was nominated for Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards." ]
[ "Glen Ballard", "Siedah Garrett" ]
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2018 Winter Olympics
2018 Winter Olympics - wikipedia 2018 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search `` PyeongChang 2018 '' redirects here . For the Winter Paralympics , see 2018 Winter Paralympics . XXIII Olympic Winter Games Host city Pyeongchang County , South Korea Motto Passion . Connected . Korean : 하나 된 열정 . ( Hanadoen Yeoljeong ) Nations participating 92 Athletes participating 2,922 ( 1,680 men and 1,242 women ) Events 102 in 15 sports Opening ceremony 9 February Closing ceremony 25 February Officially opened by President Moon Jae - in Athlete 's Oath Mo Tae - bum Olympic Torch Kim Yu - na Stadium Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Winter < Sochi 2014 Beijing 2022 > Summer < Rio 2016 Tokyo 2020 > Pyeongchang Winter Olympics Hangul 평창 동계 올림픽 대회 Hanja 平 昌 冬季 올림픽 大會 Revised Romanization Pyeongchang Donggye Ollimpik Daehoe McCune -- Reischauer P'yŏngch'ang Tonggye Ollimp'ik Taehoe XXIII Olympic Winter Games Hangul 제 23 회 동계 올림픽 대회 Hanja 第 二 十 三 回 冬季 올림픽 大會 Revised Romanization Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik Daehoe McCune -- Reischauer Cheisipsamhoe Tonggye Ollimp'ik Taehoe Part of a series on the 2018 Winter Olympics Bid process ( bid details ) Venues Torch relay Mascots Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medalists ) World and Olympic records Controversies ( ban on Russian athletes ) Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC KOC POCOG The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( Korean : 제 23 회 동계 올림픽 , translit . Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , was a major multi-sport event held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , Gangwon Province , South Korea , with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018 , the eve of the opening ceremony . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011 , during the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . This marks the first time South Korea has hosted the Winter Olympics , and the second time the Olympic games have been held in the country , after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . It also marks the third time East Asia has hosted the Winter Games , after Sapporo , Japan ( 1972 ) , and Nagano , Japan ( 1998 ) , and the sixth overall Olympic Games held in East Asia . It was the first of three consecutive Olympic Games to be held in East Asia , preceding Tokyo 2020 ( Summer ) and Beijing 2022 ( Winter ) . The games featured 102 events in fifteen sports , with the addition of `` big air '' snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing to the Winter Olympic programme . 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed , including the debuts of Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . The lead - up to these Games was affected by the ongoing tensions between South Korea and North Korea , and the 2017 -- 18 missile crisis , which led to security concerns , with some countries threatening to skip the games unless their safety was assured . In January 2018 , after their first high - level talks in over two years , North Korea agreed to participate in the Games along with South Korea . The countries also agreed to march together , as a united `` Korea '' , during the opening ceremony , and to field a unified women 's ice hockey team . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding and election 2 Development and preparation 2.1 Medals 2.2 Torch relay 2.3 Venues 2.3. 1 Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) 2.3. 1.1 Alpensia Sports Park 2.3. 2 Stand - alone venues 2.3. 3 Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) 2.4 Ticketing 3 The Games 3.1 Opening ceremony 3.2 Sports 3.3 Participating National Olympic Committees 3.3. 1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee 3.4 Event scheduling 3.5 Calendar 3.6 Medal table 3.7 Podium sweeps 3.8 Records 3.9 Closing ceremony 4 Broadcasting 5 Marketing 5.1 Branding 5.2 Mascots 5.3 Video games 6 Concerns and controversies 6.1 North Korean relations 6.2 Russian doping 6.2. 1 Participation 6.2. 2 Official sanctions 6.2. 3 Reaction in Russia 6.2. 4 Reactions in Western media 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Bidding and election ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang bid to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics , but lost in the final rounds of voting to Vancouver and Sochi respectively . Munich also launched a bid to host these Games . Prior to Beijing 's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid , Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games , having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics , but received only 25 votes . Annecy ( in southeastern France ) launched their own bid , which failed to secure public support from the local citizens . Their bid ended up receiving seven votes . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban in 2011 , earning the necessary majority of at least 48 votes in just one round of voting , more votes than its competitors combined . With this , Pyeongchang became the third Asian city to host the Winter Games ; the first two were in Japan , at Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) . 2018 Winter Olympics bidding results City Nation Votes Pyeongchang South Korea 63 Munich Germany 25 Annecy France 7 Development and preparation ( edit ) Pyeongchang Location in South Korea On 5 August 2011 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission . On 4 October 2011 , it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics would be headed by Kim Jin - sun . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games ( POCOG ) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011 . The first tasks of the organizing committee were putting together a master plan for the games as well as forming a design for the venues . The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012 . By then , construction was already underway on the Olympic Village . In June 2012 , construction began on a high - speed rail line that is to connect Pyeongchang to Seoul . The International Paralympic Committee met for an orientation with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee in July 2012 . Then - IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013 . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games created Pyeongchang WINNERS in 2014 by recruiting university students living in South Korea to spread awareness of the Olympic Games through social networking services and news articles . Medals ( edit ) The Games ' medal designs were unveiled on 21 September 2017 . Designed by Lee Suk - woo , they feature a pattern of diagonal ridges on both sides , with the front including the Olympic rings , and the obverse featuring the Games ' emblem , the event name and the discipline . The edge of the medals features extrusions of hangul alphabets , while the ribbons are made from a traditional South Korean textile . Torch relay ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay 2018 Winter Olympics torch The torch relay started on 24 October 2017 in Greece and ended at the start of the Olympics on 9 February 2018 . On 1 November 2017 the relay entered Korea . The relay lasted 101 days . There were 7,500 torch bearers to represent the Korean population of 75 million people . There were also 2,018 support runners to guard the torch and act as messengers . The torch and its bearers traveled by a diverse means of transportation , including by turtle ship in Hansando Island , sailboat on the Baengmagang River in Buyeo , marine cable car in Yeosu , zip - wire over Bamseom Island , steam train in the Gokseong Train Village , marine rail bike along the east coast in Samcheok , and by yacht in Busan Metropolitan City . There were also robot torch relays in Jeju and Daejeon . Venues ( edit ) Olympic venues 2018 Main article : Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics Dragon Valley Ski Resort The Olympic events were held in the county of Pyeongchang , except for the ice events , which take place in the neighboring city of Gangneung , and downhill , super-G and combined , which take place in the neighboring county of Jeongseon . Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) ( edit ) Alpensia sports park ( edit ) The Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang , was the focus of the 2018 Winter Olympics . Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium -- opening and closing ceremonies Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre -- ski jumping , Nordic combined , snowboarding ( big air ) Alpensia Biathlon Centre -- biathlon Alpensia Cross-Country Centre -- cross-country skiing , Nordic combined Alpensia Sliding Centre -- luge , bobsleigh , and skeleton Olympic Village Yongpyong Alpine Centre -- alpine skiing ( slalom , giant slalom ) Stand - alone venues ( edit ) Bogwang Phoenix Park in Bongpyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang -- freestyle skiing and snowboard Jeongseon Alpine Centre in Pyeongchang 's neighboring county of Jeongseon -- alpine skiing ( downhill , super-G and combined ) Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) ( edit ) The coastal cluster is located in Pyeongchang 's neighboring city of Gangneung . The Gangneung Olympic Park includes the following four venues : Gangneung Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( men 's competition ) Gangneung Curling Centre -- curling Gangneung Oval -- speed skating Gangneung Ice Arena -- short track speed skating and figure skating In addition , a stand - alone venue is located on the grounds of Catholic Kwandong University : Kwandong Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( women 's competition ) Ticketing ( edit ) Ticket prices for the 2018 Winter Olympics were announced in April 2016 and tickets went on sale in October 2016 . Event tickets ranged in price from ₩ 20,000 ( approx . US $ 17 ) to ₩ 900,000 ( ~ US $776 ) while tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies ranged from ₩ 220,000 ( ~ US $190 ) to ₩ 1.5 million ( ~ US $1293 ) . The exact prices were determined through market research ; around 50 % of the tickets were expected to cost about ₩ 80,000 ( ~ US $69 ) or less , and tickets in sports that are relatively unknown in the region , such as biathlon and luge , were made cheaper in order to encourage attendance . By contrast , figure skating and the men 's ice hockey gold - medal game carried the most expensive tickets of the Games . As of 11 October 2017 , domestic ticket sales for the Games were reported to be slow . Of the 750,000 seats allocated to South Koreans , only 20.7 % had been sold . International sales were more favorable , with 59.7 % of the 320,000 allocated tickets sold . However , as of 31 January 2018 , 77 % of all tickets had been sold . The Games ( edit ) Opening ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 9 February 2018 ; the US $100 million facility was only intended to be used for the opening and closing ceremonies of these Olympics and the subsequent Paralympics , and is scheduled to be demolished following their conclusion . Sports ( edit ) The 2018 Winter Olympics featured 102 events in 15 sports , making it the first Winter Olympics to surpass 100 medal events . Six new events in existing sports were introduced to the Winter Olympic program in Pyeongchang , including men 's and ladies ' big air snowboarding , mixed doubles curling , men 's and ladies ' mass start speed skating , and mixed team alpine skiing . Alpine skiing ( 11 ) ( details ) Biathlon ( 11 ) ( details ) Bobsleigh ( 3 ) ( details ) Cross-country skiing ( 12 ) ( details ) Curling ( 3 ) ( details ) Figure skating ( 5 ) ( details ) Freestyle skiing ( 10 ) ( details ) Ice hockey ( 2 ) ( details ) Luge ( 4 ) ( details ) Nordic combined ( 3 ) ( details ) Short track speed skating ( 8 ) ( details ) Skeleton ( 2 ) ( details ) Ski jumping ( 4 ) ( details ) Snowboarding ( 10 ) ( details ) Speed skating ( 14 ) ( details ) Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sport . For the first time since 1998 , the National Hockey League did not provide accommodations ( including a break in the season for all teams during the Olympics ) to allow its players to participate in the men 's ice hockey tournament . The NHL 's decision stemmed from their demands that the IOC cover the cost of insuring the NHL players who participated in the Games . Although the IOC did pay to insure NHL players in Sochi , the commission was unwilling to do so for Pyeongchang , and was concerned that the NHL 's demand could set a precedent for other professional sports bodies to follow . NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman added that a factor in the decision was that the IOC did not allow the NHL to promote the involvement of its players in the Olympics . The NHL secured the cooperation of the International Ice Hockey Federation and the IOC , who agreed to establish a blacklist forbidding national teams from nominating or accepting players under NHL contract to their Olympic rosters . Participating national Olympic Committees ( edit ) A total of 92 teams qualified at least one athlete to compete in the Games . Six nations made their Winter Olympics debut : Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . Athletes from three further countries -- the Cayman Islands , Dominica and Peru -- qualified to compete , but all three National Olympic Committees returned the quota spots back to the International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . Under an historic agreement facilitated by the IOC , qualified athletes from North Korea were allowed to cross the Korean Demilitarized Zone into South Korea to compete in the Games . The two nations marched together under the Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony . A unified Korean team , consisting of 12 players from North Korea and 23 from South Korea , competed in the women 's ice hockey tournament under a special IOC country code designation ( COR ) following talks in Panmunjom on 17 January 2018 . The two nations also participated separately : the South Korea team competed in every sport and the North Korea team competed in alpine skiing , cross-country skiing , figure skating and short track speed skating . See North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics for further details . On 5 December 2017 , the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee had been suspended due to the Russian doping controversy and the investigation into the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi . Individual Russian athletes , who qualified and could demonstrate they had complied with the IOC 's doping regulations , were given the option to compete at the 2018 games as `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' ( OAR ) under the Olympic flag and with the Olympic anthem played at any ceremony . The participating countries at the Winter Olympics 2018 Debuting countries at the Winter Olympics ( hide ) Participating National Olympic Committees Albania ( 2 ) Andorra ( 5 ) Argentina ( 7 ) Armenia ( 3 ) Australia ( 50 ) Austria ( 105 ) Azerbaijan ( 1 ) Belarus ( 33 ) Belgium ( 22 ) Bermuda ( 1 ) Bolivia ( 2 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 4 ) Brazil ( 9 ) Bulgaria ( 21 ) Canada ( 226 ) Chile ( 7 ) China ( 80 ) Chinese Taipei ( 4 ) Colombia ( 4 ) Croatia ( 19 ) Cyprus ( 1 ) Czech Republic ( 95 ) Denmark ( 17 ) East Timor ( 1 ) Ecuador ( 1 ) Eritrea ( 1 ) Estonia ( 22 ) Finland ( 106 ) France ( 108 ) Georgia ( 4 ) Germany ( 156 ) Ghana ( 1 ) Great Britain ( 58 ) Greece ( 4 ) Hong Kong ( 1 ) Hungary ( 19 ) Iceland ( 5 ) India ( 2 ) Iran ( 4 ) Ireland ( 5 ) Israel ( 10 ) Italy ( 122 ) Jamaica ( 3 ) Japan ( 124 ) Kazakhstan ( 46 ) Kenya ( 1 ) Korea ( 35 ) Kosovo ( 1 ) Kyrgyzstan ( 2 ) Latvia ( 34 ) Lebanon ( 3 ) Liechtenstein ( 3 ) Lithuania ( 9 ) Luxembourg ( 1 ) Macedonia ( 3 ) Madagascar ( 1 ) Malaysia ( 2 ) Malta ( 1 ) Mexico ( 4 ) Moldova ( 2 ) Monaco ( 4 ) Mongolia ( 2 ) Montenegro ( 3 ) Morocco ( 2 ) Netherlands ( 33 ) New Zealand ( 20 ) Nigeria ( 3 ) North Korea ( 10 ) Norway ( 109 ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( 168 ) Pakistan ( 2 ) Philippines ( 2 ) Poland ( 62 ) Portugal ( 2 ) Puerto Rico ( 1 ) Romania ( 27 ) San Marino ( 1 ) Serbia ( 4 ) Singapore ( 1 ) Slovakia ( 56 ) Slovenia ( 71 ) South Africa ( 1 ) South Korea ( 123 ) ( host nation ) Spain ( 13 ) Sweden ( 116 ) Switzerland ( 169 ) Thailand ( 4 ) Togo ( 1 ) Tonga ( 1 ) Turkey ( 8 ) Ukraine ( 33 ) United States ( 242 ) Uzbekistan ( 2 ) NOCs that participated in 2014 , but not in 2018 . NOCs that participated in 2018 , but not in 2014 . British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Dominica Nepal Paraguay Peru Russia Tajikistan Venezuela Virgin Islands Zimbabwe Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Eritrea Ghana Kenya Korea Kosovo Madagascar Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Puerto Rico Singapore South Africa Number of athletes by national Olympic Committee ( edit ) ( show ) IOC Code Country Athletes USA United States 242 CAN Canada 225 SUI Switzerland 169 OAR Olympic Athletes from Russia 168 GER Germany 156 JPN Japan 124 KOR South Korea 123 ITA Italy 122 SWE Sweden 116 NOR Norway 109 FRA France 107 FIN Finland 106 AUT Austria 105 CZE Czech Republic 95 CHN China 80 SLO Slovenia 71 POL Poland 62 GBR Great Britain 58 SVK Slovakia 56 AUS Australia 50 KAZ Kazakhstan 46 COR Korea 35 LAT Latvia 34 NED Netherlands 33 BLR Belarus 33 UKR Ukraine 33 ROU Romania 27 EST Estonia 22 BEL Belgium 22 BUL Bulgaria 21 NZL New Zealand 20 CRO Croatia 19 HUN Hungary 19 DEN Denmark 17 ESP Spain 13 ISR Israel 10 PRK North Korea 10 BRA Brazil 9 LTU Lithuania 9 TUR Turkey 8 CHI Chile 7 ARG Argentina 7 AND Andorra 5 ISL Iceland 5 IRL Ireland 5 BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina COL Colombia GEO Georgia GRE Greece IRI Iran MEX Mexico MON Monaco SRB Serbia TPE Chinese Taipei THA Thailand ARM Armenia JAM Jamaica LBN Lebanon LIE Liechtenstein MKD Macedonia MNE Montenegro NGR Nigeria ALB Albania BOL Bolivia IND India KGZ Kyrgyzstan MAS Malaysia MDA Moldova MGL Mongolia MAR Morocco PAK Pakistan PHI Philippines POR Portugal UZB Uzbekistan AZE Azerbaijan BER Bermuda CYP Cyprus ECU Ecuador ERI Eritrea GHA Ghana HKG Hong Kong KEN Kenya KOS Kosovo LUX Luxembourg MAD Madagascar MLT Malta PUR Puerto Rico SMR San Marino SGP Singapore RSA South Africa TLS East Timor TGA Tonga TOG Togo Apart from the respective delegations , North Korea and South Korea formed a unified Korean women 's ice hockey team . Russian athletes participated as Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) if individually cleared by the IOC . Event scheduling ( edit ) To accommodate primetime broadcasts in the Americas , figure skating events were scheduled with morning start times ; figure skating in particular has typically been one of the most popular Winter Olympic events among American / Latin American viewers . This scheduling practice has had an impact on the events themselves , including skaters having to adjust to the modified schedule , as well as the attendance levels of the sessions themselves . Controversially , eight of the eleven biathlon events were scheduled at night , making it necessary for biathletes to compete under difficult conditions for those events , such as skiing and shooting under floodlights , colder temperatures , and blustery winds . Calendar ( edit ) See also : Chronological summary of the 2018 Winter Olympics All dates are KST ( UTC + 9 ) OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Event finals EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony February 8th Thu 9th Fri 10th Sat 11th Sun 12th Mon 13th Tue 14th Wed 15th Thu 16th Fri 17th Sat 18th Sun 19th Mon 20th Tue 21st Wed 22nd Thu 23rd Fri 24th Sat 25th Sun Events Ceremonies OC CC N / A Alpine skiing 11 Biathlon 11 Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing 12 Curling Figure skating EG 5 Freestyle skiing 10 Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating 8 Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding 10 Speed skating 14 Daily medal events 0 0 5 6 7 8 9 7 9 6 5 7 10 8 102 Cumulative total 0 0 5 11 18 26 30 39 46 55 61 64 69 76 86 90 98 102 February 8th Thu 9th Fri 10th Sat 11th Sun 12th Mon 13th Tue 14th Wed 15th Thu 16th Fri 17th Sat 18th Sun 19th Mon 20th Tue 21st Wed 22nd Thu 23rd Fri 24th Sat 25th Sun Total events Medal table ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics medal table Host nation ( South Korea ) Rank NOC Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 14 14 11 39 Germany ( GER ) 14 10 7 31 Canada ( CAN ) 11 8 10 29 United States ( USA ) 9 8 6 23 5 Netherlands ( NED ) 8 6 6 20 6 Sweden ( SWE ) 7 6 14 7 South Korea ( KOR ) 5 8 17 8 Switzerland ( SUI ) 5 6 15 9 France ( FRA ) 5 6 15 10 Austria ( AUT ) 5 6 14 11 Japan ( JPN ) 5 13 12 Italy ( ITA ) 5 10 13 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 6 9 17 14 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 7 15 Belarus ( BLR ) 0 16 China ( CHN ) 6 9 17 Slovakia ( SVK ) 0 18 Finland ( FIN ) 6 19 Great Britain ( GBR ) 0 5 20 Poland ( POL ) 0 21 Hungary ( HUN ) 0 0 Ukraine ( UKR ) 0 0 23 Australia ( AUS ) 0 24 Slovenia ( SLO ) 0 25 Belgium ( BEL ) 0 0 26 Spain ( ESP ) 0 0 New Zealand ( NZL ) 0 0 28 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 0 0 Latvia ( LAT ) 0 0 Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 0 0 Total ( 30 NOCs ) 103 102 102 307 Podium sweeps ( edit ) Three podium sweeps were recorded during the Games . Date Sport Event NOC Gold Silver Bronze Ref 10 February Speed skating Women 's 3000 metres Netherlands Carlijn Achtereekte Ireen Wüst Antoinette de Jong 11 February Cross-country skiing Men 's 30 km skiathlon Norway Simen Hegstad Krüger Martin Johnsrud Sundby Hans Christer Holund 20 February Nordic combined Individual large hill / 10 km Germany Johannes Rydzek Fabian Rießle Eric Frenzel Records ( edit ) Main article : World and Olympic records set at the 2018 Winter Olympics On 8 February , the day before the opening of the Games , Noriaki Kasai of Japan took part in the ski jumping qualification . In doing so he became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics . The record was previously held by the Russian luger Albert Demchenko , who had participated seven times . On 11 February , Dutch speed skater Sven Kramer won a gold medal in the men 's 5000m event , making him the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times . He also became the first man to win a total of eight Olympic medals in speed skating . On 12 February , Ireen Wüst of the Netherlands became the first speed skater , male or female , to win ten Winter Olympic medals and the first female Winter Olympian to win nine individual medals . She also won an individual gold medal for the fourth Olympics in a row , the first time this was achieved by a Winter Olympian . On 14 February , Dutch athlete Jorien ter Mors won a speed skating gold medal in the 1000 meters ; on 20 February , she was part of the Dutch short track team that won the bronze in the 3000 metre relay . In doing so , she became the first female athlete to win Olympic medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games . On 15 February , German figure skaters Aliona Savchenko and Bruno Massot set a new ISU best free skating score of 159.31 in pair skating . On 16 February , American Nathan Chen became the first figure skater to land five quadruple jumps in one program . On 19 February , Germany and Canada tied for gold in the two - man bobsleigh event . This was only the second time in history that two countries had tied for a gold medal in this particular event , the first time being in the 1998 Winter Olympics twenty years earlier . On 19 February , Canadian figure skaters Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir set a new ISU best short dance score of 83.67 in ice dance and they set a new ISU best combined total score of 206.07 on 20 February . That same day , Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron set a new ISU best free dance score of 123.35 in ice dance . On 21 February , Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen won a bronze medal in the women 's team sprint ; this was her fourth medal at the 2018 Games and a record fourteenth Olympic medal , surpassing the previous record of fellow Norwegian athlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen who holds a total of thirteen Olympic medals . Then on 25 February Bjørgen won a gold medal in the 30 kilometre classical event , bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen , the most won by any athlete ( male or female ) in Winter Olympics history . On 22 February , Chinese short track speed skater Wu Dajing beat the world record twice en route to winning a gold medal in the men 's 500 metres and became only the second person in history to have skated the discipline in less than 40 seconds ( after American J.R. Celski ) , and the first person to achieve this at `` sea level '' . On 23 February , Russian figure skater Alina Zagitova set a new ISU best short program score of 82.92 in Ladies ' single skating . On 24 February , Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic became the first athlete ever to compete at the Winter Olympics in both alpine skiing and snowboarding . On 17 February , she won a gold medal in the skiing super-G event and one week later , on 24 February , she won a second gold medal in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom . In so doing , she became the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games . On 24 February , Norway won a bronze medal in the alpine skiing mixed team event , their 38th medal at the 2018 Winter Olympics . In doing so , they set a new record for the highest number of medals won at a single Olympics . The USA team held the previous record , winning 37 medals in Vancouver in 2010 . By the end of the Games the Norwegian team had won one further medal , the gold won by Marit Bjørgen on 25 February , setting a new record of 39 Winter Olympic medals in a single Games . Closing ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony The closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 25 February 2018 , as Thomas Bach , the IOC president , declared the Games closed , and the cauldron extinguished . Broadcasting ( edit ) Main article : List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters Broadcast rights to the 2018 Winter Olympics in some countries were already sold as part of long - term broadcast rights deals , including the Games ' local rightsholder SBS , which in July 2011 had extended its rights to the Olympics through to 2024 . SBS sub-licensed its rights to MBC and KBS . On 29 June 2015 , the IOC announced that Discovery Communications had acquired exclusive rights to the Olympics across all of Europe outside of Russia , from 2018 through to 2024 . Discovery 's pan-European Eurosport networks were promoted as the main rightsholder of the Games , but Discovery free - to - air channels such as DMAX in Spain , Kanal 5 in Sweden and TVNorge in Norway , were also involved . Discovery was required to sub-licence at least 100 hours of coverage to free - to - air broadcasters in each market ; some of these agreements required certain sports to be exclusive to Eurosport and its affiliated networks . The deal did not initially cover France due to France Télévisions ' rights , which run through to the 2020 Games . In the United Kingdom , Discovery held exclusive pay television rights under license from the BBC , in return for BBC sub-licencing the free - to - air rights to the 2022 and 2024 Olympics from Discovery . Despite the Russian team being formally banned from competing under its flag in Pyeongchang , Russian state broadcaster Channel One , and sports channel Match TV , still committed to covering the Games with a focus on Russian athletes . Russia was not affected by the Eurosport deal , due to a pre-existing contract held by a marketing agency which runs through to 2024 . In the United States , the Games once again were broadcast by NBCUniversal properties under a long - term contract ; it was NBC 's first Olympics without long - time primary host Bob Costas , who announced on 7 February 2017 his retirement from the role in favour of Mike Tirico . On 28 March 2017 , NBC also said that it would air most primetime coverage simultaneously in all time zones in the United States , and not broadcast on a tape delay as they had in past Olympics ( although as per prior practice , the ceremonies were still delayed to primetime for the U.S. audience , but the network did reverse its previous practice of not streaming the opening ceremony live online ) . U.S. Eastern Time is 14 hours behind Pyeongchang , which allows certain events to be broadcast live in the U.S. primetime hours . NHK and Olympic Broadcasting Services once again filmed portions of the Games , including 90 hours of footage of selected events and the opening ceremonies , in high - dynamic - range 8K resolution video . In South Korea , ATSC 3.0 terrestrial broadcasts at 4K resolution were introduced in 2017 in time for the Olympics . In the U.S. , this footage is being delivered in 4K by NBCUniversal parent Comcast to participating television providers , including its own Xfinity and some over-the - air test coverage in the format on Raleigh , North Carolina NBC affiliate WRAL - EX ( an experimental station using the future ATSC 3.0 standard ) , as well as DirecTV and Dish Network . Also , the Games showcased a 5G mobile communications proof - of - concept using technology from Intel and Nokia and a national telecommunications firm , SK Telecom . Marketing ( edit ) Branding ( edit ) Gold medal of the 2018 Olympics The emblem for the Games was unveiled on 3 May 2013 . It is a stylized representation of the hangul letters ᄑ p and ᄎ ch , being the initial sounds of 평창 Pyeongchang . The left symbol is said to represent the Korean philosophical triad of heaven , earth and humanity ( Korean : 천지인 cheon - ji - in ) , and the right symbol a crystal of ice . In the emblem and all official materials , Pyeongchang was stylized in CamelCase as `` PyeongChang '' , in order to alleviate potential confusion with Pyongyang -- the similarly - named capital of neighbouring North Korea . Mascots ( edit ) Main article : Soohorang and Bandabi The official mascots for the Games , Soohorang ( 수 호랑 ) , a white tiger , and Bandabi ( 반 다비 ) , an Asiatic black bear , were unveiled on 2 June 2016 . Video Games ( edit ) In June 2017 , Ubisoft announced that it would release an expansion pack for its winter sports video game Steep entitled Road to the Olympics , which features new game modes and content inspired by the 2018 Winter Olympics . In November 2017 , the IOC announced it would support and sponsor an Intel Extreme Masters StarCraft II tournament in Pyeongchang preceding the Games . Its support of the tournament as a de facto demonstration event came on the heels of a report by the IOC which recognized that eSports `` could be considered as a sporting activity '' . The tournament was won by Sasha `` Scarlett '' Hostyn of Canada ; she became the second North American pro to place first at a major StarCraft II tournament in South Korea , and the first woman to win a major tournament . Concerns and controversies ( edit ) Main article : Concerns and controversies at the 2018 Winter Olympics North Korean relations ( edit ) See also : North Korea -- South Korea relations and North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics Protesters at Gwanghwamun Plaza criticizing the game 's pro-North Korean measures , calling it the `` Pyongyang Olympics '' Due to the state of relations between North and South Korea , concerns were raised over the security of the 2018 Winter Olympics , especially in the wake of tensions over North Korean missile and nuclear tests . On 20 September 2017 , South Korean president Moon Jae - in stated that the country would ensure the security of the Games . The next day , Laura Flessel - Colovic , the French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports , stated that France would pull out of the Games if the safety of its delegation could not be guaranteed . The next day , Austria and Germany raised similar concerns and also threatened to skip the Games . France later reaffirmed its participation . In early December 2017 , the United States Ambassador to the United Nations , Nikki Haley , told Fox News that it was an `` open question '' whether the United States was going to participate in the games , citing security concerns in the region . However , days later the White House Press Secretary , Sarah Huckabee Sanders , stated that the United States would participate . In his New Year 's address on 1 January 2018 , North Korean leader Kim Jong - un proposed talks in Seoul over the country 's participation in the Games , which would be the first high - level talks between the North and South in over two years . Because of the talks , held on 9 January , North Korea agreed to field athletes in Pyeongchang . On 17 January 2018 , it was announced that North and South Korea had agreed to field a unified Korean women 's ice hockey team at the Games , and to enter together under a Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony . These moves were met with opposition in South Korea , including protests and online petitions ; critics argued that the government was attempting to use the Olympics to spread pro-North Korean sentiment , and that the unified hockey team would fail . A rap video entitled `` The Regret for Pyeongchang '' ( 평창 유감 ) , which echoed this criticism and called the event the `` Pyongyang Olympics '' , went viral in the country . Japan 's foreign affairs minister Tarō Kōno warned South Korea to be wary of North Korea 's `` charm offensive '' , and not to ease its pressure on the country . The South Korean President , Moon Jae - in , at the start of the Olympics shook hands with the sister of North Korean leader Kim Jong - un and a prominent figure of the regime , Kim Yo - jong . This marked the first time since the Korean War that a member of the ruling Kim dynasty had visited South Korea . In contrast , US Vice President Mike Pence met North Korean defectors in PyeongChang joined by Fred Warmbier , whose son Otto died the year before after being released from North Korean captivity . American officials said that North Korea cancelled a meeting with Pence at the last minute . The apparent softening of relations between the two countries was marred by North Korea dispatching general Kim Yong - chol to head the North Korean delegation present at the closing ceremony . The arrival of Kim , held responsible by South Korea for the deaths of dozens of South Korean navy personnel , was met with ' hostility ' but the government did not oppose his presence at the Olympics . The general ended up being seated in the same stand as the daughter of the president of the USA , Ivanka Trump . Russian doping ( edit ) Main articles : Doping in Russia , McLaren Report , Oswald Commission , Russia at the 2014 Winter Olympics § Doping scandal after Olympics , Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics , and Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics Participation ( edit ) Russia 's participation in the Winter Olympics was affected by the aftermath of its state - sponsored doping program . As a result the International Olympic Committee suspended the Russian Olympic Committee . Russian athletes whitelisted by the IOC were allowed to compete neutrally in Pyeongchang , but they were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag . Official sanctions ( edit ) Approved OAR logo On 5 December 2017 , the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee had been suspended from the 2018 Winter Olympics with immediate effect . Athletes who had no previous drug violations and a consistent history of drug testing were to be allowed to compete under the Olympic Flag as an Olympic Athlete from Russia ( OAR ) . Under the terms of the decree , Russian government officials were barred from the Games , and neither the country 's flag nor anthem would be present . The Olympic Flag and Olympic Anthem were scheduled to be used instead , and on 20 December 2017 the IOC proposed an alternative logo for the uniforms ( shown on right ) . IOC President Thomas Bach said that `` after following due process ( the IOC ) has issued proportional sanctions for this systematic manipulation while protecting the clean athletes '' . By early January 2018 , the IOC had sanctioned 43 Russian athletes from the 2014 Winter Olympics and banned them from competing in the 2018 edition and all other future Olympic Games as part of the Oswald Commission . All but one of these athletes appealed against their bans to the Court of Arbitration for Sport . The court overturned the sanctions on 28 athletes meaning that their Sochi medals and results were reinstated but decided that there was sufficient evidence against 11 athletes to uphold their Sochi sanctions . The IOC said in a statement that `` the result of the CAS decision does not mean that athletes from the group of 28 will be invited to the Games . Not being sanctioned does not automatically confer the privilege of an invitation '' and that `` this ( case ) may have a serious impact on the future fight against doping '' . The IOC said `` that the CAS decision does not mean that these 28 athletes are innocent '' and that they would consider an appeal against the court 's decision . The court also decided that none of the 39 athletes should be banned from all future Olympic Games , but only the 2018 Games . Three Russian athletes are still waiting for their hearing which is scheduled to be conducted after the 2018 Games . After the partially successful appeal , 47 Russian athletes and coaches again appealed to the CAS trying to secure an invitation to the Games . The appeal was dismissed on 9 February 2018 , the day of the opening ceremony , which was a welcome decision for the IOC . An original pool of 500 Russian athletes were put forward for consideration for the Games and 111 were immediately removed from consideration . The remaining athletes were required to meet pre-games conditions such as further pre-games tests and reanalysis from stored samples . The athletes would be considered for invitation to the Games only if these requirements were met . None of the athletes who had been sanctioned by the Oswald Commission were still in the pool . The final number of neutral Russian athletes invited to compete was 169 . However , speed skater Olga Graf chose not to compete stating that `` the sport has become a bargaining chip in dirty political games '' . This meant that the final number of neutral Russians competing at the Games was reduced to 168 . During the games , two Russian athletes out of the 168 who competed failed doping tests and were disqualified : curler Aleksandr Krushelnitckii who won a bronze medal in the mixed doubles event ; and bob - sledder Nadezhda Sergeeva who finished 12th in the two - woman event . The IOC expressed their disappointment at the positive doping tests and stated that the Olympic Athletes from Russia team would consequently not be allowed to parade under the Russian flag at the closing ceremony . On 28 February 2018 the IOC announced that it had chosen to reinstate Russia 's Olympic membership , just days after the end of the Winter Games . The surprise decision provoked anger among the international sporting community . The IOC had planned to reinstate Russia after the Games provided there were no more failed tests . Their statement read `` The suspension of the Russian Olympic Committee is automatically lifted with immediate effect . '' Reaction in Russia ( edit ) In the past , Vladimir Putin , the President of Russia , and other officials had said that it would be a humiliation for Russia if its athletes were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag . However , his spokesman later said that no boycott had been discussed . After the IOC decision was announced , Ramzan Kadyrov , the Head of Chechnya , announced that no Chechen athletes would participate under a neutral flag . On 6 December , Putin stated that the Russian government would not prevent any athletes from participating at the Games as individuals , but there were calls from other politicians for a boycott . Gennady Zyuganov , a leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation , proposed to send fans with a Soviet Victory Banner . Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov has said that the United States `` fears honest competition '' , affirming Vladimir Putin 's position who had said that the United States used its influence within the International Olympic Committee to `` orchestrate the doping scandal '' . According to Komsomolskaya Pravda , a popular Russian newspaper , 86 % of the Russian population oppose participating in the Olympics under a neutral flag . Despite the OAR designation , many Russian fans still attended the Games , wearing the Russian colours and chanting `` Russia ! '' in unison , in an act of defiance against the ban . Reactions in western Media ( edit ) The IOC 's decision was criticized by Jack Robertson , primary investigator of the Russian doping program on behalf of the World Anti-Doping Agency , who said that the IOC has issued `` a non-punitive punishment meant to save face while protecting the ( IOC 's ) and Russia 's commercial and political interests '' . He also emphasized that Russian whistleblowers provided empirical evidence that `` 99 percent of ( their ) national - level teammates were doping '' . According to Robertson , `` ( WADA ) has discovered that when a Russian athlete ( reaches ) the national level , he or she ( has ) no choice in the matter : ( it is ) either dope , or you 're done '' . `` There is currently no intelligence I have seen or heard about that indicates the state - sponsored doping program has ceased '' , he added . It was also reported that Russian officials intensively lobbied US politicians in an apparent attempt to achieve Grigory Rodchenkov 's ( main whistleblower ) extradition to Russia . Justin Peters of Slate magazine wrote that the IOC `` ended up with a situation that seemed to negate the entire point of the sanctions against Russia . The IOC did not want there to be a Russian Olympic team at the Pyeongchang Games . And yet the hockey , curling , and figure - skating arenas are full of teams of Russian Olympians ... ( this is ) a half - hearted wrist slap issued by an entity that appears more interested in saving face than in protecting athletes '' . CAS decision to overturn life bans of 28 Russian athletes and restore their medals met fierce criticism among Olympic officials , including IOC president Thomas Bach who had said this decision is `` extremely disappointing and surprising '' . Grigory Rodchenkov 's lawyer has said that `` the CAS decision would allow doped athletes to escape without punishment '' . `` ( CAS decision ) provides yet another ill - gotten gain for the corrupt Russian doping system generally , and Putin specifically '' , he added . See also ( edit ) Olympics portal 2018 Summer Youth Olympics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boram , Kim ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` ( Olympics ) S. Korean speed skater Mo Tae - bum takes Olympic Oath '' . Yonhap News Agency . english.yonhapnews.co.kr . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Korean figure skater Kim Yuna lights Olympic cauldron '' . Reuters . uk.reuters.com. 9 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang picked to host 2018 Winter Games '' . ESPN.com. 6 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . 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Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Eirk ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` Russian fans spurn ' stupid ' ban on athletes at Olympic Games '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2018 Winter Olympics Are Already Tainted '' . The New York Times . 27 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC accused of cowardice for failing to address Russian retaliation against Rodchenkov '' . Inside the Games . 26 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters , Justin ( 12 February 2018 ) . `` '' Olympic Athletes From Russia '' Is a Craven Euphemism for a Craven Olympic Games `` . Slate.com . Archived from the original on 16 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IOC Chief Disappointed By Court Lifting Doping Ban On Russians '' . rferl.org. 4 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 28 Russians have Olympic doping bans lifted '' . nbcsports.com. 1 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) Find more about2018 Winter Olympicsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Pyeongchang 2018 Pyeongchang 2018 ( IOC ) Preceded by Sochi Winter Olympics Pyeongchang XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( 2018 ) Succeeded by Beijing Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Events at the 2018 Winter Olympics ( Pyeongchang ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women mixed doubles Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea Africa Eritrea Ghana Kenya Madagascar Morocco Nigeria South Africa Togo Americas Argentina Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Ecuador Jamaica Mexico Puerto Rico United States Asia China East Timor Hong Kong India Iran Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia North Korea Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Chinese Taipei Thailand Uzbekistan Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Tonga Other Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang mountain cluster Alpensia Resort Alpensia Biathlon Centre Cross-Country Centre Ski Jumping Centre Sliding Centre Convention Centre International Broadcast Centre Yongpyong Alpine Centre Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Pyeongchang Olympic Village Stand - alone venues Bogwang Snow Park Jeongseon Alpine Centre Gangneung coastal cluster Gangneung Olympic Park Gangneung Curling Centre Gangneung Hockey Centre Gangneung Ice Arena Gangneung Oval Kwandong Hockey Centre Gangneung Olympic Village Italics indicate non-competition venues . 2010s portal Olympics portal South Korea portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=828326427 '' Categories : 2018 Winter Olympics 2018 in multi-sport events 2018 in South Korean sport 2018 in winter sports February 2018 sports events in Asia Olympic Games in South Korea Sport in Gangneung Sport in Pyeongchang County Winter Olympics by year Winter sports competitions in South Korea Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use dmy dates from February 2018 Articles containing Korean - language text Pages using div col with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans Аҧсшәа Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Коми Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 73 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 22 : 22 . 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where is the 2018 winter olympics taking place
[ "The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games (Korean: 제23회 동계 올림픽, translit. Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018, was a major multi-sport event held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County, Gangwon Province, South Korea, with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018, the eve of the opening ceremony. Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011, during the 123rd IOC Session in Durban, South Africa. This marks the first time South Korea has hosted the Winter Olympics, and the second time the Olympic games have been held in the country, after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. It also marks the third time East Asia has hosted the Winter Games, after Sapporo, Japan (1972), and Nagano, Japan (1998), and the sixth overall Olympic Games held in East Asia. It was the first of three consecutive Olympic Games to be held in East Asia, preceding Tokyo 2020 (Summer) and Beijing 2022 (Winter)." ]
[ "PyeongChang" ]
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Christopher Daniel Barnes
Christopher Daniel Barnes - wikipedia Christopher Daniel Barnes This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Christopher Daniel Barnes ( 1972 - 11 - 07 ) November 7 , 1972 ( age 45 ) Portland , Maine , U.S. Occupation Actor , voice actor Years active 1984 -- present Spouse ( s ) Rebecca Guyadeen Christopher Daniel Barnes ( born November 7 , 1972 ) , also known professionally as C.D. Barnes and C.B. Barnes , is an American actor and voice actor . He is best known for his voice role as the title superhero of the 1994 animated television series Spider - Man , Prince Eric from The Little Mermaid , as well as his on - screen portrayal of Greg Brady in the films The Brady Bunch Movie and A Very Brady Sequel . He starred in 22 episodes of the science fiction series Starman ( 1986 -- 1987 ) as the 14 - year - old son of the title character played by Robert Hays . Barnes earned his BA in 2004 and his MA in 2009 and enjoys reading , writing short stories , playing the guitar , and practicing yoga . Contents 1 Career 1.1 Spider - Man 1.2 Other voice over work 1.3 Live - action roles 1.4 Disney work 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) Spider - Man ( edit ) Vocally , Barnes is best known for his lead role in the 1994 - 1998 Spider - Man cartoon series . He later provided the voice of Spider - Man Noir in the 2010 video game Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions , Spider - Man 2099 in the 2011 video game Spider - Man : Edge of Time , Electro in the 2012 cartoon series Ultimate Spider - Man and also has voiced two special costumes ; Symbiote Spider - Man and Superior Spider - Man 2.0 in the 2013 video game Marvel Heroes . Other voice over work ( edit ) He has done voices for other animated series including several characters in Captain Planet and the Planeteers , Tagert McStone in Jackie Chan Adventures and Stripes the Tiger in Sonic Underground . He has done voice acting in video games including Return to Krondor , as Scott Donovan in the Law & Order titles Law and Order : Dead on the Money and Law and Order : Double or Nothing . In Super Hero Squad Online , he does the voice of Daredevil 's nemesis Bullseye . Live - action roles ( edit ) In the 1986 -- 87 TV series Starman , he played the teenage boy Scott , the son of the Starman . He starred in the short - lived NBC sitcom Day by Day . In one episode 's dream sequence which included many guest stars from The Brady Bunch , he played a fourth Brady son , `` Chuck Brady '' . He later played Greg Brady in the Brady Bunch parody movies . He starred as Leonard Rickets in the sitcom Malcolm & Eddie . He appeared in Beverly Hills , 90210 , Clueless , Wings , Blossom , JAG , American Dreamer , The Golden Girls , Touched by an Angel , Herman 's Head , Time Trax , 7th Heaven , Empty Nest , Girlfriends , CBS Schoolbreak Special and ABC Weekend Specials . He had an uncredited cameo as one of John Jameson 's groomsmen in Spider - Man 2 . Disney work ( edit ) At age 16 in 1989 , Barnes voiced Prince Eric in The Little Mermaid and he reprised the role of Eric in 2006 for Kingdom Hearts II . He was unable to reprise the role of Eric in The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea in 2000 and was replaced by Rob Paulsen . He voiced Prince Charming in the Cinderella sequels Cinderella II : Dreams Come True and Cinderella III : A Twist in Time . Filmography ( edit ) Movie Episode Character Date American Dreamer Kevin Palmer , Jr . 1984 Picking up the Pieces Tom Harding 1985 ABC Weekend Specials Columbus Circle Gardner Waterford 1985 As the World Turns Paul Ryan # 2 1985 -- 1986 Starman full 22 episodes , series star credited as `` C.B. Barnes '' Scott Hayden 1986 -- 1987 Day by Day Ross Harper 1988 -- 1989 The Little Mermaid Eric Exile Dave 1990 Just Perfect 1990 Captain Planet and the Planeteers Additional voices 1990 ABC Afterschool Special Private Affairs Boyd 1990 ABC Afterschool Special Testing Dirty Will 1990 The Golden Girls Feelings Kevin Kelly 1990 Frankenstein : The College Years Jay Butterman 1991 Murder Without Motive : The Edmund Perry Story Sean 1992 Blossom Ruby Farnsworth 1992 Blossom The Frat Party Terry 1992 Herman 's Head Guns ' n ' Neurosis ( 1992 ) Crawford 's Son 1992 Time Trax Darien Comes Home ( 1993 ) Josh Elliott Empty Nest A Chip Off the Old Charley ( 1994 ) Raymond 1994 Daredevil vs. Spider - Man Spider - Man 1994 Real Ghosts Fraternity Brother 1995 Blossom A Kiss Is Just a Kiss Steve 1995 The Brady Bunch Movie Greg Brady 1995 CBS Schoolbreak Special Between Mother and Daughter Scott Leone 1995 Spring Fling ! TV movie Michael 1995 Wings A House to Die For Greg Brady 1995 Spider - Man Peter Parker / Spider - Man / Additional Voices / ... 1994 -- 1998 A Pig 's Tale Video Barry Spider - Man : The Sins of the Fathers Spider - Man ( voice ) / Peter Parker ( voice ) A Very Brady Sequel Greg Brady Clueless To Party or Not to Party Donal Miller Spider - Man : The Secret Wars Spider - Man ( Peter Parker ) ( voice ) Beverly Hills , 90210 Confession ( 1998 ) ; Brandon Leaves ( 1998 ) ; Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ( 1998 ) : The Elephant 's Father ( 1998 ) Lenny 1998 Return to Krondor Video Game voice 1998 Sonic Underground The Last Resort ( 1999 ) Stripes ( voice ) 1999 Malcolm & Eddie Three of Club ( 2000 ) ; Mid-Wife Crisis ( 2000 ) ; Double Play ( 2000 ) ; Moving Violations ( 2000 ) ; Buddy 's Ashes ( 2000 ) Leonard Rickets 2000 JAG JAG TV ( 2000 ) Lt. Andy Kingsley 2000 7th Heaven Broke ( 2000 ) ; Losers ( 2000 ) Police Officer 2000 Girlfriends Friends , Colleagues , Brothers ( 2001 ) 2001 Touched by an Angel Most Likely to Succeed ( 2001 ) Dennis Loggins 2001 Jackie Chan Adventures Agent Tag ( 2001 ) Tagert McStone ( voice ) 2001 Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Direct - to - video Prince Charming ( voice ) 2002 Law & Order : Dead on the Money Video game Scott Donovan ( voice ) 2002 Law & Order : Double or Nothing Video game Scott Donovan ( voice ) 2003 Shut Up and Kiss Me Ryan Ballister Kingdom Hearts II Video game Prince Eric ( voice : English version ) 2005 Kingdom Hearts II : Final Mix+ Video game Prince Eric ( voice : English version ) 2007 Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Direct - to - video Prince Charming ( as C.D. Barnes ) ( voice ) 2007 Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions Video game Spider - Man Noir ( voice ) Spider - Man : Edge of Time Video game Miguel O'Hara ( voice ) / Spider - Man 2099 ( voice ) 2011 Ultimate Spider - Man Animated series Max Dillon ( voice ) / Electro ( voice ) Spyder - Knight ( voice ) Wolf - Spider ( voice ) 2012 The Dino King CGI / Live action animated film Speckles ( adult , English dub ) 2012 Marvel Heroes Video game Symbiote Spider - Man Superior Spider - Man ( Spider - Ock ) 2013 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dan . `` Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions at WonderCon -- One Of Swords '' . Oneofswords.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Christopher Daniel Barnes on IMDb Christopher Daniel Barnes at AllMovie Preceded by Dan Gilvezan Voice or portrayal of Spider - Man 1994 - 1998 Succeeded by Rino Romano ISNI : 0000 0003 7330 055X LCCN : no2006128466 VIAF : 46528803 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Daniel_Barnes&oldid=856316071 '' Categories : 1972 births Living people American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors American male child actors American male video game actors Male actors from Portland , Maine 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from August 2012 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Български Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Suomi 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 10 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who voiced prince eric in the little mermaid
[ "Christopher Daniel Barnes (born November 7, 1972), also known professionally as C. D. Barnes and C. B. Barnes, is an American actor and voice actor. He is best known for his voice role as the title superhero of the 1994 animated television series Spider-Man, Prince Eric from The Little Mermaid, as well as his on-screen portrayal of Greg Brady in the films The Brady Bunch Movie and A Very Brady Sequel. \n" ]
[ "Christopher Daniel Barnes (born November 7, 1972), also known professionally as C. D. Barnes and C. B. Barnes" ]
2017804156888180783
Glycoprotein
Glycoprotein - wikipedia Glycoprotein Not to be confused with peptidoglycan , proteoglycan , or glycopeptide . N - linked protein glycosylation ( N - glycosylation of N - glycans ) at Asn residues ( Asn - x-Ser / Thr motifs ) in glycoproteins . Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligosaccharide chains ( glycans ) covalently attached to amino acid side - chains . The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational modification . This process is known as glycosylation . Secreted extracellular proteins are often glycosylated . In proteins that have segments extending extracellularly , the extracellular segments are also often glycosylated . Glycoproteins are also often important integral membrane proteins , where they play a role in cell -- cell interactions . It is important to distinguish endoplasmic reticulum - based glycosylation of the secretory system from reversible cytosolic - nuclear glycosylation . Glycoproteins of the cytosol and nucleus can be modified through the reversible addition of a single GlcNAc residue that is considered reciprocal to phosphorylation and the functions of these are likely to be additional regulatory mechanism that controls phosphorylation - based signalling . In contrast , classical secretory glycosylation can be structurally essential . For example , inhibition of asparagine - linked , i.e. N - linked , glycosylation can prevent proper glycoprotein folding and full inhibition can be toxic to an individual cell . In contrast , perturbation of glycan processing ( enzymatic removal / addition of carbohydrate residues to the glycan ) , which occurs in both the endoplastic reticulum and Golgi apparatus , is dispensable for isolated cells ( as evidence by survival with glycosides inhibitors ) but can lead to human disease ( congenital disorders of glycosylation ) and can be lethal in animal models . It is therefore likely that the fine processing of glycans is important for endogenous functionality , such as cell trafficking , but that this is likely to have been secondary to its role in host - pathogen interactions . A famous example of this latter effect is the ABO blood group system . Contents 1 Types of glycosylation 2 Monosaccharides 3 Examples 4 Hormones 5 Functions 6 Analysis 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 External links Types of glycosylation ( edit ) There are several types of glycosylation , although the first two are the most common . In N - glycosylation , sugars are attached to nitrogen , typically on the amide side - chain of asparagine . In O - glycosylation , sugars are attached to oxygen , typically on serine or threonine , but also on tyrosine or non-canonical amino acids such as hydroxylysine & hydroxyproline . In P - glycosylation , sugars are attached to phosphorus on a phosphoserine . In C - glycosylation , sugars are attached directly to carbon , such as in the addition of mannose to tryptophan . In S - glycosylation , a beta - GlcNAc is attached to the sulfur atom of a cysteine residue . In glypiation , a GPI glycolipid is attached to the C - terminus of a polypeptide , serving as a membrane anchor . In glycation , also known as non-enzymatic glycosylation , sugars are covalently bonded to a protein or lipid molecule , without the controlling action of an enzyme , but through a Maillard reaction . Monosaccharides ( edit ) Eight sugars commonly found in glycoproteins . Monosaccharides commonly found in eukaryotic glycoproteins include : The principal sugars found in human glycoproteins Sugar Type Abbreviation β - D - Glucose Hexose Glc β - D - Galactose Hexose Gal β - D - Mannose Hexose Man α - L - Fucose Deoxyhexose Fuc N - Acetylgalactosamine Aminohexose GalNAc N - Acetylglucosamine Aminohexose GlcNAc N - Acetylneuraminic acid Aminononulosonic acid ( Sialic acid ) NeuNAc Xylose Pentose Xyl The sugar group ( s ) can assist in protein folding , improve proteins ' stability and are involved in cell signalling . Examples ( edit ) One example of glycoproteins found in the body is mucins , which are secreted in the mucus of the respiratory and digestive tracts . The sugars when attached to mucins give them considerable water - holding capacity and also make them resistant to proteolysis by digestive enzymes . Glycoproteins are important for white blood cell recognition . Examples of glycoproteins in the immune system are : molecules such as antibodies ( immunoglobulins ) , which interact directly with antigens . molecules of the major histocompatibility complex ( or MHC ) , which are expressed on the surface of cells and interact with T cells as part of the adaptive immune response . sialyl Lewis X antigen on the surface of leukocytes . H antigen of the ABO blood compatibility antigens . Other examples of glycoproteins include : gonadotropins ( luteinizing hormone a follicle - stimulating hormone ) glycoprotein IIb / IIIa , an integrin found on platelets that is required for normal platelet aggregation and adherence to the endothelium . components of the zona pellucida , which surrounds the oocyte , and is important for sperm - egg interaction . structural glycoproteins , which occur in connective tissue . These help bind together the fibers , cells , and ground substance of connective tissue . They may also help components of the tissue bind to inorganic substances , such as calcium in bone . Glycoprotein - 41 ( gp41 ) and glycoprotein - 120 ( gp120 ) are HIV viral coat proteins . Soluble glycoproteins often show a high viscosity , for example , in egg white and blood plasma . Miraculin , is a glycoprotein extracted from Synsepalum dulcificum a berry which alters human tongue receptors to recognize sour foods as sweet . Variable surface glycoproteins allow the sleeping sickness Trypanosoma parasite to escape the immune response of the host . The viral spike of the human immunodeficiency virus is heavily glycosylated . Approximately half the mass of the spike is glycosylation and the glycans act to limit antibody recognition as the glycans are assembled by the host cell and so are largely ' self ' . Over time , some patients can evolve antibodies to recognise the HIV glycans and almost all so - called ' broadly neutralising antibodies ( bnAbs ) recognise some glycans . This is possible mainly because the unusually high density of glycans hinders normal glycan maturation and they are therefore trapped in the premature , high - mannose , state . This provides a window for immune recognition . In addition , as these glycans are much less variable than the underlying protein , they have emerged as promising targets for vaccine design . Hormones ( edit ) Hormones that are glycoproteins include : Follicle - stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Thyroid - stimulating hormone Human chorionic gonadotropin Alpha - fetoprotein Erythropoietin ( EPO ) Functions ( edit ) Some functions served by glycoproteins Function Glycoproteins Structural molecule Collagens Lubricant and protective agent Mucins Transport molecule Transferrin , ceruloplasmin Immunologic molecule Immunoglobulins , histocompatibility antigens Hormone Human chorionic gonadotropin ( HCG ) , thyroid - stimulating hormone ( TSH ) Enzyme Various , e.g. , alkaline phosphatase , patatin Cell attachment - recognition site Various proteins involved in cell -- cell ( e.g. , sperm -- oocyte ) , virus -- cell , bacterium -- cell , and hormone -- cell interactions Antifreeze protein Certain plasma proteins of coldwater fish Interact with specific carbohydrates Lectins , selectins ( cell adhesion lectins ) , antibodies Receptor Various proteins involved in hormone and drug action Affect folding of certain proteins Calnexin , calreticulin Regulation of development Notch and its analogs , key proteins in development Hemostasis ( and thrombosis ) Specific glycoproteins on the surface membranes of platelets Analysis ( edit ) A variety of methods used in detection , purification , and structural analysis of glycoproteins are Some important methods used to study glycoproteins Method Use Periodic acid - Schiff stain Detects glycoproteins as pink bands after electrophoretic separation . Incubation of cultured cells with glycoproteins as radioactive decay bands Leads to detection of a radioactive sugar after electrophoretic separation . Treatment with appropriate endo - or exoglycosidase or phospholipases Resultant shifts in electrophoretic migration help distinguish among proteins with N - glycan , O - glycan , or GPI linkages and also between high mannose and complex N - glycans . Agarose - lectin column chromatography , lectin affinity chromatography To purify glycoproteins or glycopeptides that bind the particular lectin used . Lectin affinity electrophoresis Resultant shifts in electrophoretic migration help distinguish and characterize glycoforms , i.e. variants of a glycoprotein differing in carbohydrate . Compositional analysis following acid hydrolysis Identifies sugars that the glycoprotein contains and their stoichiometry . Mass spectrometry Provides information on molecular mass , composition , sequence , and sometimes branching of a glycan chain . It can also be used for site - specific glycosylation profiling . NMR spectroscopy To identify specific sugars , their sequence , linkages , and the anomeric nature of glycosidic chain . Multi-angle light scattering In conjunction with size - exclusion chromatography , UV / Vis absorption and differential refractometry , provides information on molecular mass , protein - carbohydrate ratio , aggregation state , size , and sometimes branching of a glycan chain . In conjunction with composition - gradient analysis , analyzes self - and hetero - association to determine binding affinity and stoichiometry with proteins or carbohydrates in solution without labeling . Dual Polarisation Interferometry Measures the mechanisms underlying the biomolecular interactions , including reaction rates , affinities and associated conformational changes . Methylation ( linkage ) analysis To determine linkage between sugars . Amino acid or cDNA sequencing Determination of amino acid sequence . See also ( edit ) Ero1 Female sperm storage Glycocalyx Glycome Glycopeptide Gp120 Gp41 Miraculin P - glycoprotein Proteoglycan Ribophorin Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ruddock & Molinari ( 2006 ) Journal of Cell Science 119 , 4373 -- 4380 Jump up ^ Funakoshi Y , Suzuki T ( January 2009 ) . `` Glycobiology in the cytosol : The bitter side of a sweet world '' . Biochim . Biophys . Acta. 1790 ( 2 ) : 81 -- 94 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbagen. 2008.09. 009 . PMID 18952151 . Jump up ^ Stepper , Judith ; Shastri , Shilpa ; Loo , Trevor S. ; Preston , Joanne C. ; Novak , Petr ; Man , Petr ; Moore , Christopher H. ; Havlíček , Vladimír ; Patchett , Mark L. ( 2011 - 01 - 18 ) . `` CysteineS - glycosylation , a new post-translational modification found in glycopeptide bacteriocins '' . FEBS Letters. 585 ( 4 ) : 645 -- 650 . doi : 10.1016 / j. febslet. 2011.01. 023 . ISSN 0014 - 5793 . ^ Jump up to : Robert K. Murray , Daryl K. Granner & Victor W. Rodwell : `` Harper 's Illustrated Biochemistry 27th Ed . '' , McGraw -- Hill , 2006 Jump up ^ Glycan classification SIGMA Jump up ^ Theerasilp S , Kurihara Y ( August 1988 ) . `` Complete purification and characterization of the taste - modifying protein , miraculin , from miracle fruit '' . J. Biol. Chem. 263 ( 23 ) : 11536 -- 9 . PMID 3403544 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Laura K. ; Vasiljevic , Snezana ; Ozorowski , Gabriel ; Seabright , Gemma E. ; Cupo , Albert ; Ringe , Rajesh ; Kim , Helen J. ; Sanders , Rogier W. ; Doores , Katie J. ( 2015 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Structural Constraints Determine the Glycosylation of HIV - 1 Envelope Trimers '' . Cell Reports . 11 ( 10 ) : 1604 -- 1613 . doi : 10.1016 / j. celrep. 2015.05. 017 . ISSN 2211 - 1247 . PMC 4555872 . PMID 26051934 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Laura K. ; Spencer , Daniel I.R. ; Royle , Louise ; Bonomelli , Camille ; Seabright , Gemma E. ; Behrens , Anna - Janina ; Kulp , Daniel W. ; Menis , Sergey ; Krumm , Stefanie A. ( 2015 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Glycan clustering stabilizes the mannose patch of HIV - 1 and preserves vulnerability to broadly neutralizing antibodies '' . Nature Communications . 6 : 7479 . Bibcode : 2015NatCo ... 6E7479P . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms8479 . PMC 4500839 . PMID 26105115 . Jump up ^ Behrens , Anna - Janina ; Vasiljevic , Snezana ; Pritchard , Laura K. ; Harvey , David J. ; Andev , Rajinder S. ; Krumm , Stefanie A. ; Struwe , Weston B. ; Cupo , Albert ; Kumar , Abhinav ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Composition and Antigenic Effects of Individual Glycan Sites of a Trimeric HIV - 1 Envelope Glycoprotein '' . Cell Reports . 14 ( 11 ) : 2695 -- 2706 . doi : 10.1016 / j. celrep. 2016.02. 058 . ISSN 2211 - 1247 . PMC 4805854 . PMID 26972002 . Jump up ^ Crispin , Max ; Doores , Katie J ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Targeting host - derived glycans on enveloped viruses for antibody - based vaccine design '' . Current Opinion in Virology . Viral pathogenesis Preventive and therapeutic vaccines . 11 : 63 -- 69 . doi : 10.1016 / j. coviro. 2015.02. 002 . PMC 4827424 . PMID 25747313 . ^ Jump up to : Maverakis E , Kim K , Shimoda M , Gershwin M , Patel F , Wilken R , Raychaudhuri S , Ruhaak LR , Lebrilla CB ( 2015 ) . `` Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity '' . J Autoimmun. 57 ( 6 ) : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaut. 2014.12. 002 . PMC 4340844 . PMID 25578468 . Jump up ^ Dell A ( 2001 ) . `` Glycoprotein Structure Determination by Mass Spectrometry '' . Science . 291 ( 5512 ) : 2351 -- 2356 . Bibcode : 2001Sci ... 291.2351 D . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1058890 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . External links ( edit ) Glycan Recognizing Proteins Structure of Glycoprotein and Carbohydrate Chain -- Home Page for Learning Environmental Chemistry Biochemistry 5thE 11.3 . Carbohydrates Can Be Attached to Proteins to Form Glycoproteins Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology : A Web Tour SPECIAL WeB SUPPLEMENT Science 23 March 2001 Vol 291 , Issue 5512 , Pages 2263 -- 2502 Glycoproteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Emanual Maverakis et . al. `` Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity '' ( PDF ) . Biological Importance of the glycosylation of a protein Protein , glycoconjugate : glycoproteins and glycopeptides Mucoproteins Mucin CD43 CD164 MUC1 MUC2 MUC3A MUC3B MUC4 MUC5AC MUC5B MUC6 MUC7 MUC8 MUC12 MUC13 MUC15 MUC16 MUC17 MUC19 MUC20 Other Haptoglobin Intrinsic factor Orosomucoid Peptidoglycan Phytohaemagglutinin Ovomucin Proteoglycans CS / DS Decorin Biglycan Versican HS / CS Testican Perlecan CS Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans : Aggrecan Neurocan Brevican CD44 CSPG4 CSPG5 Platelet factor 4 Structural maintenance of chromosomes 3 KS Fibromodulin Lumican Keratocan HS Syndecan 1 Other Activin and inhibin ADAM Alpha 1 - antichymotrypsin Apolipoprotein H CD70 Asialoglycoprotein Avidin B - cell activating factor 4 - 1BB ligand Cholesterylester transfer protein Clusterin Colony - stimulating factor Hemopexin Lactoferrin Membrane glycoproteins Myelin protein zero Osteonectin Protein C Protein S Serum amyloid P component Sialoglycoprotein CD43 Glycophorin Glycophorin C Thrombopoietin Thyroglobulin Thyroxine - binding proteins Transcortin Tumor necrosis factor alpha Uteroglobin Vitronectin Metabolism : carbohydrate metabolism glycoprotein enzymes Anabolism Dolichol kinase GCS1 Oligosaccharyltransferase Catabolism Neuraminidase Beta - galactosidase Hexosaminidase mannosidase alpha - Mannosidase beta - mannosidase Aspartylglucosaminidase Fucosidase NAGA Transport SLC17A5 M6P tagging N - acetylglucosamine - 1 - phosphate transferase Lysosomal storage diseases : Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism ( Glycoproteinoses ) ( E77 , 271.8 ) Anabolism Dolichol kinase deficiency Congenital disorder of glycosylation Post-translational modification of lysosomal enzymes Mucolipidosis : I - cell disease ( ML II ) Pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy ( ML III ) Catabolism Aspartylglucosaminuria Fucosidosis mannosidosis Alpha - mannosidosis Beta - mannosidosis Sialidosis Schindler disease Other solute carrier family ( Salla disease ) Galactosialidosis GND : 4071905 - 4 NDL : 00573418 Molecular and cellular biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glycoprotein&oldid=855120286 '' Categories : Glycoproteins Carbohydrate chemistry Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 02 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where are sugars added to proteins to form glycoprotein
[ "In glycation, also known as non-enzymatic glycosylation, sugars are covalently bonded to a protein or lipid molecule, without the controlling action of an enzyme, but through a Maillard reaction." ]
[ "glycation" ]
8069762221825249098
August Schell Brewing Company
August Schell Brewing Company - wikipedia August Schell Brewing Company Jump to : navigation , search August Schell Brewing Company Location 1860 Schell Rd New Ulm , Minnesota United States Opened 1860 Annual production volume 145,000 US beer barrels ( 170,000 hL ) Active beers Name Type Schell 's Original American lager Schell 's Original Light Light lager Grain Belt Premium American lager Grain Belt Premium Light Light lager Grain Belt Nordeast American Amber Lager Grain Belt Lock & Dam American Amber Lager Schell 's Firebrick Vienna - style Amber lager Schell 's Pilsner Bavarian pilsner Schell 's Arminius Pale Lager Schell 's Dark American dark lager Seasonal beers Name Type Schell 's Bock Bock Schell 's Maifest Maibock Schell 's Hefeweizen Bavarian Wheat Schell 's Zommerfest Kölsch style honey ale Schell 's Octoberfest Marzen Schell 's Snowstorm Changes Yearly Schell 's Schmaltz 's Alt Dark Alt August Schell Brewing Company U.S. National Register of Historic Places The brewery in 2017 Location 1860 Schell Rd New Ulm , Minnesota NRHP reference # 74001007 Added to NRHP December 27 , 1974 The August Schell Brewing Company is a brewing company in New Ulm , Minnesota . It was founded by German immigrant August Schell in 1860 . It is the second oldest family - owned brewery in America ( after D.G. Yuengling & Son ) and became the oldest and largest brewery in Minnesota when the company bought the Grain Belt rights in 2002 . In September 2010 , it celebrated its 150th Anniversary with a two - day festival . Every year Schell 's also celebrates traditional German holidays with Bock Fest and Oktoberfest . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Contemporary Beer 2.1 Year - round Brews 2.2 Extended Seasonal Brews 2.3 Seasonal Brews 2.4 Noble Star Collection 2.5 Snowstorm Seasonal Brew History 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) August Schell ( February 15 , 1828 , in Durbach , Grand Duchy of Baden -- September 20 , 1891 , in New Ulm , Minnesota ) emigrated to the United States in 1868 . He worked in Cincinnati as a machinist before moving to New Ulm , where he established a mill and then a brewery . The brewery grew in size and production . When August Schell died , he passed ownership to his son Otto Schell ; Otto Schell died in 1911 . George Marti , August Schell 's son - in - law , took over the brewery , and it has been in the hands of the Marti family since that time . Contemporary beer ( edit ) Year - round brews ( edit ) Original ( aka Deer Brand ) , ABV 4.8 % , Straw colored classic American lager . Mild malt flavor and hop bitterness . Original Light , ABV 4 % , Light straw color . Mild maltiness complemented by mild hop bitterness and slight hop aroma . Light , crisp body . Grain Belt Premium , ABV 4.6 % Grain Belt Premium Light Grain Belt Nordeast , ABV 4.7 % Firebrick , ABV 5 % , A Vienna - style amber lager that has a reddish - amber hue , a mild maltiness with subtle sweetness and a light hoppy finish . Pils , ABV 5.6 % , Rich malt body accented by a large hop / malt aroma and a refreshing hop tang . Dark , ABV 4.8 % , Deep amber color with a light but classic maltiness . Extended seasonal brews ( edit ) These beers fill the spot left by Schell 's Stout in their year - round lineup . They are both available for roughly six months , and as of release are classified as `` year - round '' beers by Schell 's . Chimney Sweep , ABV 5.2 % , A black lager made with smoked malts . Goosetown , ABV 4.7 % , Schell 's interpretation of a German - style gose spiced with coriander and salt . Schell Shocked , ABV 4.6 % , This German - style Radler beer is Subtly sweet with a grapefruit twist . Seasonal brews ( edit ) Seasonal beers include : Bock , ABV 5.8 % , Dark copper color , light caramel flavor , medium body . Lightly hopped with a hint of malt sweetness . Maifest , ABV 6.9 % , Assertive maltiness backed by a huge hop aroma . Hefeweizen , ABV 4.4 % , Fruity , ale character with undertones of banana and clove . Octoberfest , ABV 5.5 % , A rich balance of malt hops . Snowstorm , ABV NA , Flavor changes yearly , see below for a list of past flavors . Schmaltz 's Alt , ABV 5.1 % , The rich , sweet malty flavor with hints of licorice is balanced by a chocolaty bitterness . Dark brown in color and topped by a thick , creamy tan head . Noble Star collection ( edit ) A collection of specialty beers , all Berlin - style wheat beers or Berliner Weisse , aged in rare cypress fermentation tanks Schell 's bought in 1936 . Noble Stars are available in select liquor stores and are hand - filled , hand - labeled and bottle - conditioned . Star of the North , ABV 3.5 % , Extremely pale yellow in color with a slight haze and a large , creamy , snow - white foam head . This beer is rather light on the palate and very dry . A lively carbonation accentuates the refreshingly tart acidity . Expect an interesting mix of fruity flavors reminiscent of ripe lemons and apple juice with a touch of spice and a subtle brett character . Framboise Du Nord , ABV 3.7 % , Neon red in color with a slight haze and a large creamy pink foam head . This beer is rather light on the palate and very dry . A lively carbonation accentuates the refreshingly tart acidity and a full raspberry flavor with a subtle hint of brett character . North Country Brünette , ABV 5.4 % , The long , slow , secondary fermentation allowed the authentic Brettanomyces yeast culture to work on the residual sugars that remained in the beer , transforming it into a complex , almost spicy flavor profile . North Country Brünette is very tart and dry , with a fine , rounded acidic profile , and a malty , spiced fruity character . This beer is unfiltered , hand bottled , and bottled conditioned in 750ml cork and caged champagne bottles . Black Forest Cherry , ABV 5.1 % , The maltiness of Black Forest Cherry provides a platform for the tart red cherries to shine through with a highly acidic and fruity character . It is very dry and highly carbonated , with a complex , rounded fruitiness . Dawn of Aurora , ABV 8.0 % , Honey - orange in color with a white foam head . Predominantly fruity notes of pineapple , apricot and pear are accompanied by an intense yet refreshing acidity and sparkling carbonation . Starkeller Peach , ABV 7.2 % , Bursting with tropical fruit aromas and tart peach flavor with a highly acidic and fruity character . Full - bodied , dry and highly carbonated , with a complex , rounded fruitiness . Apparent Horizon , ABV 5.1 % , Moderate , balanced acidity with notes of lemon and cider . The rye lends a spicy dryness and aroma of sourdough and pumpernickel . Apricot Vista , ABV 4.9 % , Bursts with the bold flavor of tart , juicy apricots . It has a moderate lemony acidity and slightly spicy malt backbone . Orbital Drift , ABV 3.9 % , Orbital Drift is a unique brew with earthy aromatic notes and a deep amber hue . Snowstorm seasonal brew history ( edit ) 2015 - Wallonian - Style Brown Ale , ABV 6.2 % , Draws inspiration from the artisanal and experimental traditions of the Wallonian brewers to create a malt - focused brown ale with hints of nut , biscuit and stone fruit . 2014 - Grand Cru , ABV 6.5 % , Deep copper in color with an off white head . The aroma is a combination of fruity esters from the yeast complimented by the citrusy notes of coriander , orange , and lemon peel . This beer is deceptively lighter bodied , with a lively carbonation and subtle warmth from the moderate alcohol . Fruity notes from the yeast carry over into the flavor profile with hints of citrus and light chocolate and a lasting dry finish . 2013 - Strong Belgian Golden Ale 2012 - Bière de Noël , ABV 7.5 % , A French style Christmas beer . Expect a light amber beer with red tints that is malt forward with noticeable yeast flavors of white pepper and citrus from an authentic French ale yeast . Slight herbal hop note in the background , with a spicy , citrusy , peppery aroma . 2011 - Wee Heavy Traditional Scotch Ale 2010 - Dunkel Doppel Weizenbock , ABV 7.0 % , Brewed with Munich , Wheat , Xtra Special and Midnight Wheat Malt , this Dunkel Doppel Weizenbock has a rich , velvety malt body with notes of milk chocolate . Higher carbonation levels give this beer a full bodied mouth feel and a fluffy , creamy head with a banana and clove aroma . 2009 - Baltic Porter , ABV 5.8 % , Few beers fit the season like a Baltic Porter does winter . The 2009 edition of Snowstorm was brewed with copious amounts of Munich malt coupled with three different British crystal malts , and British Chocolate . Snowstorm is dark mahogany in color with a tan head and displays flavors reminiscent of dark fruit , licorice , and chocolate . 2008 - Weihnachtsbier , ABV 6 % , Reddish - brown in color with a complex maltiness yielding hints of spicy rye , sourdough and chocolate . Brewed with nine different malts , including copious amounts of Munich and a touch of Rye . 2007 - Belgian Dubbel 2006 - English Stout ( Schell 's Stout ) 2005 - Düsseldorf Alt 2004 - Dark Cream Ale 2003 - Nut Brown Ale 2002 - Scotch Ale 2001 - Cherry Vanilla Porter 2000 - Braggot 1999 - Dunkleweizen 1998 - Vienna Lager ( Schell 's Firebrick ) 1997 - Plum Black and Tan * 1996 - Cherry Alt * 1995 - Raspberry Amber Ale * 1992 - Doppel Alt ( Schell 's Schmaltz 's Alt ) * * * 1995 - 1997 Beers were called Blizzard Ale * * 1992 Beer was called Xmas Brew Mansion on grounds of August Schell Brewery . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` August Schell Brewing Company : Since 1860 '' . Schellsbrewery.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Steve ( 9 Mar 2013 ) . `` Schell 's plans expansion as Minnesota craft brewers grow '' . Minneapolis Star - Tribune . Retrieved 3 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fessler , Paul . `` August Schell . '' In Immigrant Entrepreneurship : German - American Business Biographies , 1720 to the Present , vol. 2 , edited by William J. Hausman . German Historical Institute . Last modified January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` August Schell Brewing Company : Since 1860 '' . Schellsbrewery.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Schell 's Brewery website BeerPal Reviews : Schell 's Brewery Schell 's Brewery : 150th Anniversary Celebration ( 1860 -- 2010 ) U.S. National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota Lists by county Aitkin Anoka Becker Beltrami Benton Big Stone Blue Earth Brown Carlton Carver Cass Chippewa Chisago Clay Clearwater Cook Cottonwood Crow Wing Dakota Dodge Douglas Faribault Fillmore Freeborn Goodhue Grant Hennepin Houston Hubbard Isanti Itasca Jackson Kanabec Kandiyohi Kittson Koochiching Lac qui Parle Lake Lake of the Woods Le Sueur Lincoln Lyon Mahnomen Marshall Martin McLeod Meeker Mille Lacs Morrison Mower Murray Nicollet Nobles Norman Olmsted Otter Tail Pennington Pine Pipestone Polk Pope Ramsey Red Lake Redwood Renville Rice Rock Roseau Scott Sherburne Sibley St. Louis Stearns Steele Stevens Swift Todd Traverse Wabasha Wadena Waseca Washington Watonwan Wilkin Winona Wright Yellow Medicine Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks Voyageurs National Park Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property Municipalities and communities of Brown County , Minnesota , United States County seat : New Ulm Cities Cobden Comfrey ‡ Evan Hanska New Ulm Sleepy Eye Springfield Townships Albin Bashaw Burnstown Cottonwood Eden Home Lake Hanska Leavenworth Linden Milford Mulligan North Star Prairieville Sigel Stark Stately CDP Searles Unincorporated communities Dotson Essig Godahl ‡ Iberia Leavenworth Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Coordinates : 44 ° 17 ′ 20 '' N 94 ° 27 ′ 2 '' W  /  44.28889 ° N 94.45056 ° W  / 44.28889 ; - 94.45056 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_Schell_Brewing_Company&oldid=798675143 '' Categories : Beer brewing companies based in Minnesota Buildings and structures in Brown County , Minnesota New Ulm , Minnesota German - American culture in Minnesota Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota National Register of Historic Places in Brown County , Minnesota Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 07 : 13 . About Wikipedia
what is the second oldest brewery in america
[ "The August Schell Brewing Company is a brewing company in New Ulm, Minnesota. It was founded by German immigrant August Schell in 1860. It is the second oldest family-owned brewery in America (after D. G. Yuengling & Son)[3] and became the oldest and largest brewery in Minnesota when the company bought the Grain Belt rights in 2002. In September 2010, it celebrated its 150th Anniversary with a two-day festival. Every year Schell's also celebrates traditional German holidays with Bock Fest and Oktoberfest.[4]" ]
[ "August Schell Brewing Company" ]
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Battle of Antietam
Battle of Antietam - wikipedia Battle of Antietam For other uses , see Antietam ( disambiguation ) . Battle of Antietam Battle of Sharpsburg Part of the American Civil War The Battle of Antietam , by Kurz & Allison ( 1878 ) , depicting the scene of action at Burnside 's Bridge Date September 17 , 1862 ; 155 years ago ( 1862 - 09 - 17 ) Location Washington County , near Sharpsburg , Maryland 39 ° 28 ′ 24 '' N 77 ° 44 ′ 41 '' W  /  39.47333 ° N 77.74472 ° W  / 39.47333 ; - 77.74472 Coordinates : 39 ° 28 ′ 24 '' N 77 ° 44 ′ 41 '' W  /  39.47333 ° N 77.74472 ° W  / 39.47333 ; - 77.74472 Result Tactically inconclusive ; Union strategic victory Emancipation Proclamation issued five days later Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States ( Confederacy ) Commanders and leaders George B. McClellan Robert E. Lee Units involved Army of the Potomac Army of Northern Virginia Strength 87,164 38,000 `` engaged '' Casualties and losses 12,410 2,108 killed 9,549 wounded 753 captured / missing 10,316 1,567 killed 7,752 wounded 1,018 captured / missing hide Maryland Campaign Mile Hill Harpers Ferry Crampton 's Gap South Mountain Antietam Shepherdstown Chambersburg Raid Unison The Battle of Antietam / ænˈtiːtəm / , also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg , particularly in the Southern United States , was a battle of the American Civil War , fought on September 17 , 1862 , between Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia and Union General George B. McClellan 's Army of the Potomac , near Sharpsburg , Maryland and Antietam Creek . Part of the Maryland Campaign , it was the first field army -- level engagement in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War to take place on Union soil . It was the bloodiest day in United States history , with a combined tally of 22,717 dead , wounded , or missing . After pursuing the Confederate general Robert E. Lee into Maryland , Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan of the Union Army launched attacks against Lee 's army , in defensive positions behind Antietam Creek . At dawn on September 17 , Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker 's corps mounted a powerful assault on Lee 's left flank . Attacks and counterattacks swept across Miller 's Cornfield , and fighting swirled around the Dunker Church . Union assaults against the Sunken Road eventually pierced the Confederate center , but the Federal advantage was not followed up . In the afternoon , Union Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside 's corps entered the action , capturing a stone bridge over Antietam Creek and advancing against the Confederate right . At a crucial moment , Confederate Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill 's division arrived from Harpers Ferry and launched a surprise counterattack , driving back Burnside and ending the battle . Although outnumbered two - to - one , Lee committed his entire force , while McClellan sent in less than three - quarters of his army , enabling Lee to fight the Federals to a standstill . During the night , both armies consolidated their lines . In spite of crippling casualties , Lee continued to skirmish with McClellan throughout September 18 , while removing his battered army south of the Potomac River . Despite having superiority of numbers , McClellan 's attacks failed to achieve force concentration , which allowed Lee to counter by shifting forces and moving along interior lines to meet each challenge . Therefore , despite ample reserve forces that could have been deployed to exploit localized successes , McClellan failed to destroy Lee 's army . McClellan 's persistent but erroneous belief that he was outnumbered contributed to his cautiousness throughout the campaign . McClellan had halted Lee 's invasion of Maryland , but Lee was able to withdraw his army back to Virginia without interference from the cautious McClellan . McClellan 's refusal to pursue Lee 's army led to his removal from command by President Abraham Lincoln in November . Although the battle was tactically inconclusive , the Confederate troops had withdrawn first from the battlefield , making it a Union strategic victory . It was a sufficiently significant victory to give Lincoln the confidence to announce his Emancipation Proclamation , which discouraged the British and French governments from pursuing any potential plans to recognize the Confederacy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background : Maryland Campaign 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 Prelude to battle 3.1 Disposition of armies 3.2 Terrain and its consequences 4 Battle 4.1 Morning phase 4.1. 1 Cornfield 4.2 Midday phase 4.2. 1 Sunken Road : `` Bloody Lane '' 4.3 Afternoon phase 4.3. 1 `` Burnside 's Bridge '' 5 Aftermath 6 Battlefield preservation 7 Historic photographs and paintings 7.1 Mathew Brady 's gallery , `` The Dead of Antietam '' ( 1862 ) 7.2 Captain James Hope murals 7.3 Gallery 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 References 11 Sources 11.1 Secondary sources 11.2 Primary sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Background : Maryland Campaign Main article : Maryland Campaign Further information : Peninsula Campaign , Seven Days Battles , Northern Virginia Campaign , Second Battle of Bull Run , Eastern Theater of the American Civil War , and American Civil War Maryland Campaign , actions September 3 to 15 , 1862 Confederate Union Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia -- about 55,000 men -- entered the state of Maryland on September 3 , 1862 , following their victory at Second Bull Run on August 30 . Emboldened by success , the Confederate leadership intended to take the war into enemy territory . Lee 's invasion of Maryland was intended to run simultaneously with an invasion of Kentucky by the armies of Braxton Bragg and Edmund Kirby Smith . It was also necessary for logistical reasons , as northern Virginia 's farms had been stripped bare of food . Based on events such as the Baltimore riots in the spring of 1861 and the fact that President Lincoln had to pass through the city in disguise en route to his inauguration , Confederate leaders assumed that Maryland would welcome the Confederate forces warmly . They sang the tune `` Maryland , My Maryland ! '' as they marched , but by the fall of 1862 pro-Union sentiment was winning out , especially in the western parts of the state . Civilians generally hid inside their houses as Lee 's army passed through their towns , or watched in cold silence , while the Army of the Potomac was cheered and encouraged . Some Confederate politicians , including President Jefferson Davis , believed that the prospect of foreign recognition would increase if the Confederacy won a military victory on Union soil ; such a victory might gain recognition and financial support from the United Kingdom and France , although there is no evidence that Lee thought the Confederacy should base its military plans on this possibility . While McClellan 's 87,000 - man Army of the Potomac was moving to intercept Lee , two Union soldiers ( Corporal Barton W. Mitchell and First Sergeant John M. Bloss of the 27th Indiana Volunteer Infantry ) discovered a mislaid copy of Lee 's detailed battle plans -- Special Order 191 -- wrapped around three cigars . The order indicated that Lee had divided his army and dispersed portions geographically ( to Harpers Ferry , West Virginia , and Hagerstown , Maryland ) , thus making each subject to isolation and defeat if McClellan could move quickly enough . McClellan waited about 18 hours before deciding to take advantage of this intelligence and reposition his forces , thus squandering an opportunity to defeat Lee decisively . There were two significant engagements in the Maryland campaign prior to the major battle of Antietam : Maj. Gen. Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson 's capture of Harpers Ferry and McClellan 's assault through the Blue Ridge Mountains in the Battle of South Mountain . The former was significant because a large portion of Lee 's army was absent from the start of the battle of Antietam , attending to the surrender of the Union garrison ; the latter because stout Confederate defenses at two passes through the mountains delayed McClellan 's advance enough for Lee to concentrate the remainder of his army at Sharpsburg . Opposing forces Union Further information : Antietam Union order of battle Opposing army commanders Maj. Gen . George B. McClellan , Army of the Potomac ( USA ) Gen . Robert E. Lee , Army of Northern Virginia ( CSA ) Union corps commanders Maj. Gen . Joseph Hooker ( I Corps ) Maj. Gen . Edwin V. Sumner ( II Corps ) Maj. Gen . Fitz John Porter ( V Corps ) Maj. Gen . William B. Franklin ( VI Corps ) Maj. Gen . Ambrose E. Burnside ( IX Corps ) Maj. Gen . Joseph K. Mansfield ( XII Corps ) Lincoln with McClellan and staff at the Grove Farm after the battle . Notable figures ( from left ) are 1 . Col. Delos Sackett ; 4 . Gen. George W. Morell ; 5 . Alexander S. Webb , Chief of Staff , V Corps ; 6 . McClellan ;. 8 . Dr. Jonathan Letterman ; 10 . Lincoln ; 11 . Henry J. Hunt ; 12 . Fitz John Porter ; 15 . Andrew A. Humphreys ; 16 . Capt . George Armstrong Custer . Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan 's Army of the Potomac , bolstered by units absorbed from John Pope 's Army of Virginia , included six infantry corps . The I Corps , under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker , consisted of the divisions of : Brig. Gen. Abner Doubleday ( brigades of Col. Walter Phelps , Brig . Gens . Marsena R. Patrick and John Gibbon , and Lt. Col. J. William Hofmann ) . Brig. Gen. James B. Ricketts ( brigades of Brig. Gen. Abram Duryée , Col. William H. Christian , and Brig. Gen. George L. Hartsuff ) . Brig. Gen. George G. Meade ( brigades of Brig. Gen. Truman Seymour , Col. Albert Magilton and Lt. Col. Robert Anderson ) . The II Corps , under Maj. Gen. Edwin V. Sumner , consisted of the divisions of : Maj. Gen. Israel B. Richardson ( brigades of Brig. Gen. John C. Caldwell , Brig. Gen. Thomas F. Meagher , and Col. John R. Brooke ) . Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick ( brigades of Brig . Gens . Willis A. Gorman , Oliver O. Howard , and Napoleon J.T. Dana ) . Brig. Gen. William H. French ( brigades of Brig. Gen. Nathan Kimball , Col. Dwight Morris , and Brig. Gen. Max Weber ) . The V Corps , under Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter , consisted of the divisions of : Maj. Gen. George W. Morell ( brigades of Col. James Barnes , Brig. Gen. Charles Griffin , and Col. T.B.W. Stockton ) . Brig. Gen. George Sykes ( brigades of Lt. Col. Robert C. Buchanan , Major Charles S. Lovell , and Col. Gouverneur K. Warren ) . Brig. Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys ( brigades of Brig. Gen. Erastus B. Tyler and Col. Peter H. Allabach ) . The VI Corps , under Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin , consisted of the divisions of : Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum ( brigades of Col. Alfred T.A. Torbert , Col. Joseph J. Bartlett , and Brig. Gen. John Newton ) . Maj. Gen. William F. `` Baldy '' Smith ( brigades of Brig . Gens . Winfield S. Hancock and William T.H. Brooks and Col. William H. Irwin ) . A division from the IV Corps under Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch ( brigades of Brig . Gens . Charles Devens , Jr. , Albion P. Howe , and John Cochran ) . The IX Corps , under Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside ( Brig. Gen. Jacob D. Cox exercised operational command during the battle ) , consisted of the divisions of : Brig. Gen. Orlando B. Willcox ( brigades of Cols . Benjamin C. Christ and Thomas Welsh ) . Brig. Gen. Samuel D. Sturgis ( brigades of Brig . Gens . James Nagle and Edward Ferrero ) . Brig. Gen. Isaac P. Rodman ( brigades of Cols . Harrison S. Fairchild and Edward Harland ) . Kanawha Division , under Col. Eliakim P. Scammon ( brigades of Cols . Hugh Ewing and George Crook ) . The XII Corps , under Maj. Gen. Joseph K. Mansfield , consisted of the divisions of : Brig. Gen. Alpheus S. Williams ( brigades of Brig . Gens . Samuel W. Crawford and George H. Gordon ) . Brig. Gen. George S. Greene ( brigades of Lt. Col. Hector Tyndale , Col. Henry J. Stainrook , and Col. William B. Goodrich ) . The Cavalry Division of Brig. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton consisted of the brigades of Maj . Charles J. Whiting and Cols . John F. Farnsworth , Richard H. Rush , Andrew T. McReynolds , and Benjamin F. Davis . Confederate Confederate corps commanders Maj. Gen . James Longstreet ( I Corps ) Maj. Gen . Stonewall Jackson ( II Corps ) Maj. Gen . J.E.B. Stuart ( Cavalry ) Further information : Antietam Confederate order of battle General Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia was organized into two large infantry corps . The First Corps , under Maj. Gen. James Longstreet , consisted of the divisions of : Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws ( brigades of Brig . Gens . Joseph B. Kershaw , Howell Cobb , Paul J. Semmes , and William Barksdale ) . Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson ( brigades of Cols . Alfred Cumming , W.A. Parham , and Carnot Posey , and Brig . Gens . Lewis Armistead , Roger A. Pryor , and Ambrose R. Wright ) . Brig. Gen. David R. Jones ( brigades of Brig . Gens . Robert A. Toombs , Thomas F. Drayton , Richard B. Garnett , James L. Kemper , and Cols . Joseph T. Walker and George T. Anderson ) . Brig. Gen. John G. Walker ( brigades of Colonel Van H. Manning and Brig. Gen. Robert Ransom , Jr . ) . Brig. Gen. John Bell Hood ( brigades of Cols . William T. Wofford and Evander M. Law ) . Independent brigade under Brig. Gen. Nathan G. `` Shanks '' Evans . The Second Corps , under Maj. Gen. Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson , consisted of the divisions of : Brig. Gen. Alexander R. Lawton ( brigades of Col. Marcellus Douglass , Brig. Gen. Jubal A. Early , Col. James A. Walker , and Brig. Gen. Harry T. Hays ) . Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill ( the Light Division -- brigades of Brig . Gens. Lawrence O'Bryan Branch , Maxcy Gregg , James J. Archer , and William Dorsey Pender , and Cols . John M. Brockenbrough and Edward L. Thomas ) . Brig. Gen. John R. Jones ( brigades of Cols . A.J. Grigsby , E.T.H. Warren , Bradley T. Johnson , and Brig. Gen. William E. Starke ) . Maj. Gen. D.H. Hill ( brigades of Brig . Gens . Roswell S. Ripley , Robert E. Rodes , Samuel Garland , Jr. , George B. Anderson , and Col. Alfred H. Colquitt ) . The remaining units were the Cavalry Division , under Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart , and the reserve artillery , commanded by Brig. Gen. William N. Pendleton . The Second Corps was organized with artillery attached to each division , in contrast to the First Corps , which reserved its artillery at the corps level . Prelude to battle Disposition of armies Battlefield of Antietam , situation September 15 to 16 , 1862 Overview of the Battle of Antietam Near the town of Sharpsburg , Lee deployed his available forces behind Antietam Creek along a low ridge , starting on September 15 . While it was an effective defensive position , it was not an impregnable one . The terrain provided excellent cover for infantrymen , with rail and stone fences , outcroppings of limestone , and little hollows and swales . The creek to their front was only a minor barrier , ranging from 60 to 100 feet ( 18 -- 30 m ) in width , and was fordable in places and crossed by three stone bridges each a mile ( 1.5 km ) apart . It was also a precarious position because the Confederate rear was blocked by the Potomac River and only a single crossing point , Boteler 's Ford at Shepherdstown , was nearby should retreat be necessary . ( The ford at Williamsport , Maryland , was 10 miles ( 16 km ) northwest from Sharpsburg and had been used by Jackson in his march to Harpers Ferry . The disposition of Union forces during the battle made it impractical to consider retreating in that direction . ) And on September 15 , the force under Lee 's immediate command consisted of no more than 18,000 men , only a third the size of the Federal army . The first two Union divisions arrived on the afternoon of September 15 and the bulk of the remainder of the army late that evening . Although an immediate Union attack on the morning of September 16 would have had an overwhelming advantage in numbers , McClellan 's trademark caution and his belief that Lee had as many as 100,000 men at Sharpsburg caused him to delay his attack for a day . This gave the Confederates more time to prepare defensive positions and allowed Longstreet 's corps to arrive from Hagerstown and Jackson 's corps , minus A.P. Hill 's division , to arrive from Harpers Ferry . Jackson defended the left ( northern ) flank , anchored on the Potomac , Longstreet the right ( southern ) flank , anchored on the Antietam , a line that was about 4 miles ( 6 km ) long . ( As the battle progressed and Lee shifted units , these corps boundaries overlapped considerably . ) On the evening of September 16 , McClellan ordered Hooker 's I Corps to cross Antietam Creek and probe the enemy positions . Meade 's division cautiously attacked Hood 's troops near the East Woods . After darkness fell , artillery fire continued as McClellan positioned his troops for the next day 's fighting . McClellan 's plan was to overwhelm the enemy 's left flank . He arrived at this decision because of the configuration of bridges over the Antietam . The lower bridge ( which would soon be named Burnside Bridge ) was dominated by Confederate positions on the bluffs overlooking it . The middle bridge , on the road from Boonsboro , was subject to artillery fire from the heights near Sharpsburg . But the upper bridge was 2 miles ( 3 km ) east of the Confederate guns and could be crossed safely . McClellan planned to commit more than half his army to the assault , starting with two corps , supported by a third , and if necessary a fourth . He intended to launch a simultaneous diversionary attack against the Confederate right with a fifth corps , and he was prepared to strike the center with his reserves if either attack succeeded . The skirmish in the East Woods served to signal McClellan 's intentions to Lee , who prepared his defenses accordingly . He shifted men to his left flank and sent urgent messages to his two commanders who had not yet arrived on the battlefield : Lafayette McLaws with two divisions and A.P. Hill with one division . Terrain and its consequences McClellan 's plans were ill - coordinated and were executed poorly . He issued to each of his subordinate commanders only the orders for his own corps , not general orders describing the entire battle plan . The terrain of the battlefield made it difficult for those commanders to monitor events outside of their sectors , and McClellan 's headquarters were more than a mile in the rear ( at the Philip Pry house , east of the creek ) , making it difficult for him to control the separate corps . Therefore , the battle progressed the next day as essentially three separate , mostly uncoordinated battles : morning in the northern end of the battlefield , midday in the center , and afternoon in the south . This lack of coordination and concentration of McClellan 's forces almost completely nullified the two - to - one advantage the Union enjoyed and allowed Lee to shift his defensive forces to meet each offensive . Battle Morning phase Location : Northern end of the battlefield Assaults by the I Corps , 5 : 30 to 7 : 30 a.m. Cornfield The battle opened at dawn ( about 5 : 30 a.m. ) on September 17 with an attack down the Hagerstown Turnpike by the Union I Corps under Joseph Hooker . Hooker 's objective was the plateau on which sat the Dunker Church , a modest whitewashed building belonging to a local sect of German Baptists . Hooker had approximately 8,600 men , little more than the 7,700 defenders under Stonewall Jackson , and this slight disparity was more than offset by the Confederates ' strong defensive positions . Abner Doubleday 's division moved on Hooker 's right , James Ricketts 's moved on the left into the East Woods , and George Meade 's Pennsylvania Reserves division deployed in the center and slightly to the rear . Jackson 's defense consisted of the divisions under Alexander Lawton and John R. Jones in line from the West Woods , across the Turnpike , and along the southern end of Miller 's Cornfield . Four brigades were held in reserve inside the West Woods . As the first Union men emerged from the North Woods and into the Cornfield , an artillery duel erupted . Confederate fire was from the horse artillery batteries under Jeb Stuart to the west and four batteries under Col. Stephen D. Lee on the high ground across the pike from the Dunker Church to the south . Union return fire was from nine batteries on the ridge behind the North Woods and twenty 20 - pounder Parrott rifles , 2 miles ( 3 km ) east of Antietam Creek . The conflagration caused heavy casualties on both sides and was described by Col. Lee as `` artillery Hell . '' Seeing the glint of Confederate bayonets concealed in the Cornfield , Hooker halted his infantry and brought up four batteries of artillery , which fired shell and canister over the heads of the Federal infantry into the field . A savage battle began , with considerable melee action with rifle butts and bayonets due to short visibility in the corn . Officers rode about cursing and yelling orders no one could hear in the noise . Rifles became hot and fouled from too much firing ; the air was filled with a hail of bullets and shells . Dead Confederate soldiers from Starke 's Louisiana Brigade , on the Hagerstown Turnpike , north of the Dunker Church . Photograph by Alexander Gardner . Meade 's 1st Brigade of Pennsylvanians , under Brig. Gen. Truman Seymour , began advancing through the East Woods and exchanged fire with Colonel James Walker 's brigade of Alabama , Georgia , and North Carolina troops . As Walker 's men forced Seymour 's back , aided by Lee 's artillery fire , Ricketts 's division entered the Cornfield , also to be torn up by artillery . Brig. Gen. Abram Duryée 's brigade marched directly into volleys from Colonel Marcellus Douglass 's Georgia brigade . Enduring heavy fire from a range of 250 yards ( 230 m ) and gaining no advantage because of a lack of reinforcements , Duryée ordered a withdrawal . The reinforcements that Duryée had expected -- brigades under Brig. Gen. George L. Hartsuff and Col. William A. Christian -- had difficulties reaching the scene . Hartsuff was wounded by a shell , and Christian dismounted and fled to the rear in terror . When the men were rallied and advanced into the Cornfield , they met the same artillery and infantry fire as their predecessors . As the superior Union numbers began to tell , the Louisiana `` Tiger '' Brigade under Harry Hays entered the fray and forced the Union men back to the East Woods . The casualties received by the 12th Massachusetts Infantry , 67 % , were the highest of any unit that day . The Tigers were beaten back eventually when the Federals brought up a battery of 3 - inch ordnance rifles and rolled them directly into the Cornfield , point - blank fire that slaughtered the Tigers , who lost 323 of their 500 men . ... the most deadly fire of the war . Rifles are shot to pieces in the hands of the soldiers , canteens and haversacks are riddled with bullets , the dead and wounded go down in scores . Captain Benjamin F. Cook of the 12th Massachusetts Infantry , on the attack by the Louisiana Tigers at the Cornfield While the Cornfield remained a bloody stalemate , Federal advances a few hundred yards to the west were more successful . Brig. Gen. John Gibbon 's 4th Brigade of Doubleday 's division ( recently named the Iron Brigade ) began advancing down and astride the turnpike , into the cornfield , and in the West Woods , pushing aside Jackson 's men . They were halted by a charge of 1,150 men from Starke 's brigade , leveling heavy fire from 30 yards ( 30 m ) away . The Confederate brigade withdrew after being exposed to fierce return fire from the Iron Brigade , and Starke was mortally wounded . The Union advance on the Dunker Church resumed and cut a large gap in Jackson 's defensive line , which teetered near collapse . Although the cost was steep , Hooker 's corps was making steady progress . Confederate reinforcements arrived just after 7 a.m. The divisions under McLaws and Richard H. Anderson arrived following a night march from Harpers Ferry . Around 7 : 15 , General Lee moved George T. Anderson 's Georgia brigade from the right flank of the army to aid Jackson . At 7 a.m. , Hood 's division of 2,300 men advanced through the West Woods and pushed the Union troops back through the Cornfield again . The Texans attacked with particular ferocity because as they were called from their reserve position they were forced to interrupt the first hot breakfast they had had in days . They were aided by three brigades of D.H. Hill 's division arriving from the Mumma Farm , southeast of the Cornfield , and by Jubal Early 's brigade , pushing through the West Woods from the Nicodemus Farm , where they had been supporting Jeb Stuart 's horse artillery . Some officers of the Iron Brigade rallied men around the artillery pieces of Battery B , 4th U.S. Artillery , and Gibbon himself saw to it that his previous unit did not lose a single caisson . Hood 's men bore the brunt of the fighting , however , and paid a heavy price -- 60 % casualties -- but they were able to prevent the defensive line from crumbling and held off the I Corps . When asked by a fellow officer where his division was , Hood replied , `` Dead on the field . '' Hooker 's men had also paid heavily but without achieving their objectives . After two hours and 2,500 casualties , they were back where they started . The Cornfield , an area about 250 yards ( 230 m ) deep and 400 yards ( 400 m ) wide , was a scene of indescribable destruction . It was estimated that the Cornfield changed hands no fewer than 15 times in the course of the morning . Major Rufus R. Dawes , who assumed command of Iron Brigade 's 6th Wisconsin Regiment during the battle , later compared the fighting around the Hagerstown Turnpike with the stone wall at Fredericksburg , Spotsylvania 's `` Bloody Angle '' , and the slaughter pen of Cold Harbor , insisting that `` the Antietam Turnpike surpassed them all in manifest evidence of slaughter . '' Hooker called for support from the 7,200 men of Mansfield 's XII Corps . ... every stalk of corn in the northern and greater part of the field was cut as closely as could have been done with a knife , and the ( Confederates ) slain lay in rows precisely as they had stood in their ranks a few moments before . Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker Assaults by the XII Corps , 7 : 30 to 9 : 00 a.m. Half of Mansfield 's men were raw recruits , and Mansfield was also inexperienced , having taken command only two days before . Although he was a veteran of 40 years ' service , he had never led large numbers of soldiers in combat . Concerned that his men would bolt under fire , he marched them in a formation that was known as `` column of companies , closed in mass , '' a bunched - up formation in which a regiment was arrayed ten ranks deep instead of the normal two . As his men entered the East Woods , they presented an excellent artillery target , `` almost as good a target as a barn . '' Mansfield himself was shot in the chest and died the next day . Alpheus Williams assumed temporary command of the XII Corps . The new recruits of Mansfield 's 1st Division made no progress against Hood 's line , which was reinforced by brigades of D.H. Hill 's division under Colquitt and McRae . The 2nd Division of the XII Corps , under George Sears Greene , however , broke through McRae 's men , who fled under the mistaken belief that they were about to be trapped by a flanking attack . This breach of the line forced Hood and his men , outnumbered , to regroup in the West Woods , where they had started the day . Greene was able to reach the Dunker Church , Hooker 's original objective , and drove off Stephen Lee 's batteries . Federal forces held most of the ground to the east of the turnpike . Hooker attempted to gather the scattered remnants of his I Corps to continue the assault , but a Confederate sharpshooter spotted the general 's conspicuous white horse and shot Hooker through the foot . Command of his I Corps fell to General Meade , since Hooker 's senior subordinate , James B. Ricketts , had also been wounded . But with Hooker removed from the field , there was no general left with the authority to rally the men of the I and XII Corps . Greene 's men came under heavy fire from the West Woods and withdrew from the Dunker Church . The Dunker Church after September 17 , 1862 . Here , both Union and Confederate dead lie together on the field . In an effort to turn the Confederate left flank and relieve the pressure on Mansfield 's men , Sumner 's II Corps was ordered at 7 : 20 a.m. to send two divisions into battle . Sedgwick 's division of 5,400 men was the first to ford the Antietam , and they entered the East Woods with the intention of turning left and forcing the Confederates south into the assault of Ambrose Burnside 's IX Corps . But the plan went awry . They became separated from William H. French 's division , and at 9 a.m. Sumner , who was accompanying the division , launched the attack with an unusual battle formation -- the three brigades in three long lines , men side - by - side , with only 50 to 70 yards ( 60 m ) separating the lines . They were assaulted first by Confederate artillery and then from three sides by the divisions of Early , Walker , and McLaws , and in less than half an hour Sedgwick 's men were forced to retreat in great disorder to their starting point with over 2,200 casualties , including Sedgwick himself , who was taken out of action for several months by a wound . Sumner has been condemned by most historians for his `` reckless '' attack , his lack of coordination with the I and XII Corps headquarters , losing control of French 's division when he accompanied Sedgwick 's , failing to perform adequate reconnaissance prior to launching his attack , and selecting the unusual battle formation that was so effectively flanked by the Confederate counterattack . Historian M.V. Armstrong 's recent scholarship , however , has determined that Sumner did perform appropriate reconnaissance and his decision to attack where he did was justified by the information available to him . The final actions in the morning phase of the battle were around 10 a.m. , when two regiments of the XII Corps advanced , only to be confronted by the division of John G. Walker , newly arrived from the Confederate right . They fought in the area between the Cornfield in the West Woods , but soon Walker 's men were forced back by two brigades of Greene 's division , and the Federal troops seized some ground in the West Woods . The morning phase ended with casualties on both sides of almost 13,000 , including two Union corps commanders . Midday phase Location : Center of the Confederate line Sunken road : `` Bloody Lane '' Assaults by the XII and II Corps , 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. Sunken Road By midday , the action had shifted to the center of the Confederate line . Sumner had accompanied the morning attack of Sedgwick 's division , but another of his divisions , under French , lost contact with Sumner and Sedgwick and inexplicably headed south . Eager for an opportunity to see combat , French found skirmishers in his path and ordered his men forward . By this time , Sumner 's aide ( and son ) located French , described the terrible fighting in the West Woods and relayed an order for him to divert Confederate attention by attacking their center . French confronted D.H. Hill 's division . Hill commanded about 2,500 men , less than half the number under French , and three of his five brigades had been torn up during the morning combat . This sector of Longstreet 's line was theoretically the weakest . But Hill 's men were in a strong defensive position , atop a gradual ridge , in a sunken road worn down by years of wagon traffic , which formed a natural trench . French launched a series of brigade - sized assaults against Hill 's improvised breastworks at around 9 : 30 a.m. . The first brigade to attack , mostly inexperienced troops commanded by Brig. Gen. Max Weber , was quickly cut down by heavy rifle fire ; neither side deployed artillery at this point . The second attack , more raw recruits under Col. Dwight Morris , was also subjected to heavy fire but managed to beat back a counterattack by the Alabama Brigade of Robert Rodes . The third , under Brig. Gen. Nathan Kimball , included three veteran regiments , but they also fell to fire from the sunken road . French 's division suffered 1,750 casualties ( of his 5,700 men ) in under an hour . Reinforcements were arriving on both sides , and by 10 : 30 a.m. Robert E. Lee sent his final reserve division -- some 3,400 men under Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson -- to bolster Hill 's line and extend it to the right , preparing an attack that would envelop French 's left flank . But at the same time , the 4,000 men of Maj. Gen. Israel B. Richardson 's division arrived on French 's left . This was the last of Sumner 's three divisions , which had been held up in the rear by McClellan as he organized his reserve forces . Richardson 's fresh troops struck the first blow . Leading off the fourth attack of the day against the sunken road was the Irish Brigade of Brig. Gen. Thomas F. Meagher . As they advanced with emerald green flags snapping in the breeze , a regimental chaplain , Father William Corby , rode back and forth across the front of the formation shouting words of conditional absolution prescribed by the Roman Catholic Church for those who were about to die . ( Corby would later perform a similar service at Gettysburg in 1863 . ) The mostly Irish immigrants lost 540 men to heavy volleys before they were ordered to withdraw . Gen. Richardson personally dispatched the brigade of Brig. Gen. John C. Caldwell into battle around noon ( after being told that Caldwell was in the rear , behind a haystack ) , and finally the tide turned . Anderson 's Confederate division had been little help to the defenders after Gen. Anderson was wounded early in the fighting . Other key leaders were lost as well , including George B. Anderson ( no relation ; Anderson 's successor , Col. Charles C. Tew of the 2nd North Carolina , was killed minutes after assuming command ) and Col. John B. Gordon of the 6th Alabama . ( Gordon received 5 serious wounds in the fight , twice in his right leg , twice in the left arm , and once in the face . He lay unconscious , face down in his cap , and later told colleagues that he should have smothered in his own blood , except for the act of an unidentified Yankee , who had earlier shot a hole in his cap , which allowed the blood to drain . ) Rodes was wounded in the thigh but was still on the field . These losses contributed directly to the confusion of the following events . We were shooting them like sheep in a pen . If a bullet missed the mark at first it was liable to strike the further bank , angle back , and take them secondarily . Sergeant of the 61st New York As Caldwell 's brigade advanced around the right flank of the Confederates , Col. Francis C. Barlow and 350 men of the 61st and 64th New York saw a weak point in the line and seized a knoll commanding the sunken road . This allowed them to get enfilade fire into the Confederate line , turning it into a deadly trap . In attempting to wheel around to meet this threat , a command from Rodes was misunderstood by Lt. Col. James N. Lightfoot , who had succeeded the unconscious John Gordon . Lightfoot ordered his men to about - face and march away , an order that all five regiments of the brigade thought applied to them as well . Confederate troops streamed toward Sharpsburg , their line lost . The Bloody Lane in 2005 Confederate dead lie in the `` Bloody Lane '' after the Battle of Antietam , 1862 . Richardson 's men were in hot pursuit when massed artillery hastily assembled by Gen. Longstreet drove them back . A counterattack with 200 men led by D.H. Hill got around the Federal left flank near the sunken road , and although they were driven back by a fierce charge of the 5th New Hampshire , this stemmed the collapse of the center . Reluctantly , Richardson ordered his division to fall back to north of the ridge facing the sunken road . His division lost about 1,000 men . Col. Barlow was severely wounded , and Richardson mortally wounded . Winfield S. Hancock assumed division command . Although Hancock would have an excellent future reputation as an aggressive division and corps commander , the unexpected change of command sapped the momentum of the Federal advance . The carnage from 9 : 30 a.m. to 1 : 00 p.m. on the sunken road gave it the name Bloody Lane , leaving about 5,600 casualties ( Union 3,000 , Confederate 2,600 ) along the 800 - yard ( 700 m ) road . And yet a great opportunity presented itself . If this broken sector of the Confederate line were exploited , Lee 's army would have been divided in half and possibly defeated . There were ample forces available to do so . There was a reserve of 3,500 cavalry and the 10,300 infantrymen of Gen. Porter 's V Corps , waiting near the middle bridge , a mile away . The VI Corps had just arrived with 12,000 men . Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin of the VI Corps was ready to exploit this breakthrough , but Sumner , the senior corps commander , ordered him not to advance . Franklin appealed to McClellan , who left his headquarters in the rear to hear both arguments but backed Sumner 's decision , ordering Franklin and Hancock to hold their positions . Later in the day , the commander of the other reserve unit near the center , the V Corps , Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter , heard recommendations from Maj. Gen. George Sykes , commanding his 2nd Division , that another attack be made in the center , an idea that intrigued McClellan . However , Porter is said to have told McClellan , `` Remember , General , I command the last reserve of the last Army of the Republic . '' McClellan demurred and another opportunity was lost . Afternoon phase Location : Southern end of the battlefield `` Burnside 's bridge '' Assaults by the IX Corps , 10 a.m. to 4 : 30 p.m. The action moved to the southern end of the battlefield . McClellan 's plan called for Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside and the IX Corps to conduct a diversionary attack in support of Hooker 's I Corps , hoping to draw Confederate attention away from the intended main attack in the north . However , Burnside was instructed to wait for explicit orders before launching his attack , and those orders did not reach him until 10 a.m. Burnside was strangely passive during preparations for the battle . He was disgruntled that McClellan had abandoned the previous arrangement of `` wing '' commanders reporting to him . Previously , Burnside had commanded a wing that included both the I and IX Corps and now he was responsible only for the IX Corps . Implicitly refusing to give up his higher authority , Burnside treated first Maj. Gen. Jesse L. Reno ( killed at South Mountain ) and then Brig. Gen. Jacob D. Cox of the Kanawha Division as the corps commander , funneling orders to the corps through him . Burnside had four divisions ( 12,500 troops ) and 50 guns east of Antietam Creek . Facing him was a force that had been greatly depleted by Lee 's movement of units to bolster the Confederate left flank . At dawn , the divisions of Brig . Gens . David R. Jones and John G. Walker stood in defense , but by 10 a.m. all of Walker 's men and Col. George T. Anderson 's Georgia brigade had been removed . Jones had only about 3,000 men and 12 guns available to meet Burnside . Four thin brigades guarded the ridges near Sharpsburg , primarily a low plateau known as Cemetery Hill . The remaining 400 men -- the 2nd and 20th Georgia regiments , under the command of Brig. Gen. Robert Toombs , with two artillery batteries -- defended Rohrbach 's Bridge , a three - span , 125 - foot ( 38 m ) stone structure that was the southernmost crossing of the Antietam . It would become known to history as Burnside 's Bridge because of the notoriety of the coming battle . The bridge was a difficult objective . The road leading to it ran parallel to the creek and was exposed to enemy fire . The bridge was dominated by a 100 - foot ( 30 m ) high wooded bluff on the west bank , strewn with boulders from an old quarry , making infantry and sharpshooter fire from good covered positions a dangerous impediment to crossing . Go and look at ( Burnside 's Bridge ) , and tell me if you do n't think Burnside and his corps might have executed a hop , skip , and jump and landed on the other side . One thing is certain , they might have waded it that day without getting their waist belts wet in any place . Confederate staff officer Henry Kyd Douglas Antietam Creek in this sector was seldom more than 50 feet ( 15 m ) wide , and several stretches were only waist deep and out of Confederate range . Burnside has been widely criticized for ignoring this fact . However , the commanding terrain across the sometimes shallow creek made crossing the water a comparatively easy part of a difficult problem . Burnside concentrated his plan instead on storming the bridge while simultaneously crossing a ford McClellan 's engineers had identified a half mile ( 1 km ) downstream , but when Burnside 's men reached it , they found the banks too high to negotiate . While Col. George Crook 's Ohio brigade prepared to attack the bridge with the support of Brig. Gen. Samuel Sturgis 's division , the rest of the Kanawha Division and Brig. Gen. Isaac Rodman 's division struggled through thick brush trying to locate Snavely 's Ford , 2 miles ( 3 km ) downstream , intending to flank the Confederates . Crook 's assault on the bridge was led by skirmishers from the 11th Connecticut , who were ordered to clear the bridge for the Ohioans to cross and assault the bluff . After receiving punishing fire for 15 minutes , the Connecticut men withdrew with 139 casualties , one - third of their strength , including their commander , Col. Henry W. Kingsbury , who was fatally wounded . Crook 's main assault went awry when his unfamiliarity with the terrain caused his men to reach the creek a quarter mile ( 400 m ) upstream from the bridge , where they exchanged volleys with Confederate skirmishers for the next few hours . While Rodman 's division was out of touch , slogging toward Snavely 's Ford , Burnside and Cox directed a second assault at the bridge by one of Sturgis 's brigades , led by the 2nd Maryland and 6th New Hampshire . They also fell prey to the Confederate sharpshooters and artillery , and their attack fell apart . By this time it was noon , and McClellan was losing patience . He sent a succession of couriers to motivate Burnside to move forward . He ordered one aide , `` Tell him if it costs 10,000 men he must go now . '' He increased the pressure by sending his inspector general , Col. Delos B. Sackett , to confront Burnside , who reacted indignantly : `` McClellan appears to think I am not trying my best to carry this bridge ; you are the third or fourth one who has been to me this morning with similar orders . '' The third attempt to take the bridge was at 12 : 30 p.m. by Sturgis 's other brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Edward Ferrero . It was led by the 51st New York and the 51st Pennsylvania , who , with adequate artillery support and a promise that a recently canceled whiskey ration would be restored if they were successful , charged downhill and took up positions on the east bank . Maneuvering a captured light howitzer into position , they fired double canister down the bridge and got within 25 yards ( 23 m ) of the enemy . By 1 p.m. , Confederate ammunition was running low , and word reached Toombs that Rodman 's men were crossing Snavely 's Ford on their flank . He ordered a withdrawal . His Georgians had cost the Federals more than 500 casualties , giving up fewer than 160 themselves . And they had stalled Burnside 's assault on the southern flank for more than three hours . Charge of the 51st New York and 51st Pennsylvania across Burnside 's Bridge , by Edwin Forbes Battle of Antietam by Kurz and Allison Confederate guns on the hill above poured fire into the Union ranks at Burnside 's bridge . Photo taken just after the Battle of Antietam , 1862 . Union positions below the Confederates at Burnside Bridge Burnside Bridge in 2012 Burnside 's assault stalled again on its own . His officers had neglected to transport ammunition across the bridge , which was itself becoming a bottleneck for soldiers , artillery , and wagons . This represented another two - hour delay . Gen. Lee used this time to bolster his right flank . He ordered up every available artillery unit , although he made no attempt to strengthen D.R. Jones 's badly outnumbered force with infantry units from the left . Instead , he counted on the arrival of A.P. Hill 's Light Division , currently embarked on an exhausting 17 mile ( 27 km ) march from Harpers Ferry . By 2 p.m. , Hill 's men had reached Boteler 's Ford , and Hill was able to confer with the relieved Lee at 2 : 30 , who ordered him to bring up his men to the right of Jones . The Federals were completely unaware that 3,000 new men would be facing them . Burnside 's plan was to move around the weakened Confederate right flank , converge on Sharpsburg , and cut Lee 's army off from Boteler 's Ford , their only escape route across the Potomac . At 3 p.m. , Burnside left Sturgis 's division in reserve on the west bank and moved west with over 8,000 troops ( most of them fresh ) and 22 guns for close support . An initial assault led by the 79th New York `` Cameron Highlanders '' succeeded against Jones 's outnumbered division , which was pushed back past Cemetery Hill and to within 200 yards ( 200 m ) of Sharpsburg . Farther to the left , Rodman 's division advanced toward Harpers Ferry Road . Its lead brigade , under Col. Harrison Fairchild , containing several colorful Zouaves of the 9th New York , commanded by Col. Rush Hawkins , came under heavy shellfire from a dozen enemy guns mounted on a ridge to their front , but they kept pushing forward . There was panic in the streets of Sharpsburg , clogged with retreating Confederates . Of the five brigades in Jones 's division , only Toombs 's brigade was still intact , but he had only 700 men . A.P. Hill 's division arrived at 3 : 30 p.m. Hill divided his column , with two brigades moving southeast to guard his flank and the other three , about 2,000 men , moving to the right of Toombs 's brigade and preparing for a counterattack . At 3 : 40 p.m. , Brig. Gen. Maxcy Gregg 's brigade of South Carolinians attacked the 16th Connecticut on Rodman 's left flank in the cornfield of farmer John Otto . The Connecticut men had been in service for only three weeks , and their line disintegrated with 185 casualties . The 4th Rhode Island came up on the right , but they had poor visibility amid the high stalks of corn , and they were disoriented because many of the Confederates were wearing Union uniforms captured at Harpers Ferry . They also broke and ran , leaving the 8th Connecticut far out in advance and isolated . They were enveloped and driven down the hills toward Antietam Creek . A counterattack by regiments from the Kanawha Division fell short . The IX Corps had suffered casualties of about 20 % but still possessed twice the number of Confederates confronting them . Unnerved by the collapse of his flank , Burnside ordered his men all the way back to the west bank of the Antietam , where he urgently requested more men and guns . McClellan was able to provide just one battery . He said , `` I can do nothing more . I have no infantry . '' In fact , however , McClellan had two fresh corps in reserve , Porter 's V and Franklin 's VI , but he was too cautious , concerned he was greatly outnumbered and that a massive counterstrike by Lee was imminent . Burnside 's men spent the rest of the day guarding the bridge they had suffered so much to capture . Aftermath Confederate dead gathered for burial after the battle . Photograph by Alexander Gardner . Photograph by Alexander Gardner of Lincoln and McClellan near the Antietam battlefield , October 3 , 1862 The battle was over by 5 : 30 p.m. On the morning of September 18 , Lee 's army prepared to defend against a Federal assault that never came . After an improvised truce for both sides to recover and exchange their wounded , Lee 's forces began withdrawing across the Potomac that evening to return to Virginia . Losses from the battle were heavy on both sides . The Union had 12,410 casualties with 2,108 dead . Confederate casualties were 10,316 with 1,546 dead . This represented 25 % of the Federal force and 31 % of the Confederate . Overall , both sides lost a combined total of 22,720 casualties in a single day , almost the same amount as the number of losses that had shocked the nation at the 2 - day Battle of Shiloh five months earlier . Of the other casualties , 1,910 Union and 1,550 Confederate troops died of their wounds soon after the battle , while 225 Union and 306 Confederate troops listed as missing were later confirmed as dead . Several generals died as a result of the battle , including Maj . Gens . Joseph K. Mansfield and Israel B. Richardson and Brig. Gen. Isaac P. Rodman on the Union side , and Brig . Gens. Lawrence O. Branch and William E. Starke on the Confederate side . Confederate Brig. Gen. George B. Anderson was shot in the ankle during the defense of the Bloody Lane . He survived the battle but died later in October after an amputation . The fighting on September 17 , 1862 , killed 7,650 American soldiers . More Americans died in battle on September 17 , 1862 , than on any other day in the nation 's military history . Antietam is sometimes cited as the bloodiest day in all of American history , but the deaths from the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 are significantly higher . The bloodiest battle in American history was Gettysburg , but its more than 46,000 casualties occurred over three days . Antietam ranks fifth in terms of total casualties in Civil War battles , falling behind Chickamauga , Chancellorsville , and Spotsylvania Court House . President Lincoln was disappointed in McClellan 's performance . He believed that McClellan 's overly cautious and poorly coordinated actions in the field had forced the battle to a draw rather than a crippling Confederate defeat . The president was even more astonished that from September 17 to October 26 , despite repeated entreaties from the War Department and the president himself , McClellan declined to pursue Lee across the Potomac , citing shortages of equipment and the fear of overextending his forces . General - in - Chief Henry W. Halleck wrote in his official report , `` The long inactivity of so large an army in the face of a defeated foe , and during the most favorable season for rapid movements and a vigorous campaign , was a matter of great disappointment and regret . '' Lincoln relieved McClellan of his command of the Army of the Potomac on November 5 , effectively ending the general 's military career . He was replaced on November 9 by General Burnside . External video Presentation by James McPherson on Crossroads of Freedom : Antietam , September 11 , 2008 , C - SPAN Some students of history question the designation of `` strategic victory '' for the Union . After all , it can be argued that McClellan performed poorly in the campaign and the battle itself , and Lee displayed great generalship in holding his own in battle against an army that greatly outnumbered his . Casualties were comparable on both sides , although Lee lost a higher percentage of his army . Lee withdrew from the battlefield first , the technical definition of the tactical loser in a Civil War battle . However , in a strategic sense , despite being a tactical draw , Antietam is considered a turning point of the war and a victory for the Union because it ended Lee 's strategic campaign ( his first invasion of Union territory ) . American historian James M. McPherson summed up the importance of the Battle of Antietam in his book , Crossroads of Freedom : No other campaign and battle in the war had such momentous , multiple consequences as Antietam . In July 1863 the dual Union triumphs at Gettysburg and Vicksburg struck another blow that blunted a renewed Confederate offensive in the East and cut off the western third of the Confederacy from the rest . In September 1864 Sherman 's capture of Atlanta electrified the North and set the stage for the final drive to Union victory . These also were pivotal moments . But they would never have happened if the triple Confederate offensives in Mississippi , Kentucky , and most of all Maryland had not been defeated in the fall of 1862 . -- James M. McPherson , Crossroads of Freedom The results of Antietam also allowed President Lincoln to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22 , which gave Confederate states until January 1 , 1863 to return or else lose their slaves . Although Lincoln had intended to do so earlier , he was advised by his Cabinet to make this announcement after a Union victory to avoid the perception that it was issued out of desperation . The Union victory and Lincoln 's proclamation played a considerable role in dissuading the governments of France and Britain from recognizing the Confederacy ; some suspected they were planning to do so in the aftermath of another Union defeat . When the issue of emancipation was linked to the progress of the war , neither government had the political will to oppose the United States , since it linked support of the Confederacy to support for slavery . Both countries had already abolished slavery , and the public would not have tolerated the government militarily supporting a sovereignty upholding the ideals of slavery . Battlefield preservation The battle is commemorated at Antietam National Battlefield . Conservation work undertaken by Antietam National Battlefield and private groups , has earned Antietam a reputation as one of the nation 's best preserved Civil War battlefields . Few visual intrusions mar the landscape , letting visitors experience the site nearly as it was in 1862 . Antietam was one of the first five Civil War battlefields preserved federally , receiving that distinction on August 30 , 1890 . The U.S. War Department also placed over 300 tablets at that time to mark the spots of individual regiments and of significant phases in the battle . The battlefield was transferred to the Department of the Interior in 1933 . The Antietam National Battlefield now consists of 2,743 acres . The Civil War Trust ( a division of the American Battlefield Trust ) and its partners have acquired and preserved 316 acres of the Antietam Battlefield . In 2015 , the Trust saved 44.4 acres in the heart of the battlefield , between the Cornfield and the Dunker Church , when it purchased the Wilson farm for about $1 million . The preservation organization has since removed the postwar house and barn that stood on the property along Hagerstown Pike and returned the land to its wartime appearance . Historic photographs and paintings Mathew Brady 's gallery , `` the dead of Antietam '' ( 1862 ) In October 2012 , the National Museum of Civil War Medicine displayed 21 original Mathew Brady 1862 photographs documenting the Battle of Antietam . Brady is considered the father of photojournalism . He is known for his efforts to document the Civil War on a grand scale by bringing his photographic studio to the battlefields after receiving special permission from Lincoln in 1861 . On September 19 , 1862 , two days after the Battle of Antietam , Mathew Brady sent photographer Alexander Gardner and his assistant James Gibson to photograph the carnage . In October 1862 Brady displayed the photos by Gardner in an exhibition entitled `` The Dead of Antietam '' at Brady 's New York gallery . Many images in this presentation were graphic photographs of corpses , a presentation new to America . This was the first time that many Americans saw the realities of war in photographs as distinct from previous `` artists ' impressions '' . The New York Times published a review on October 20 , 1862 , describing how , `` Of all objects of horror one would think the battle - field should stand preeminent , that it should bear away the palm of repulsiveness . '' But crowds came to the gallery drawn by a `` terrible fascination '' to the images of mangled corpses which brought the reality of remote battle fields to New Yorkers . Viewers examined details using a magnifying glass . `` We would scarce choose to be in the gallery , when one of the women bending over them should recognize a husband , a son , or a brother in the still , lifeless lines of bodies , that lie ready for the gaping trenches . '' Captain James Hope murals Captain James Hope of the 2nd Vermont Infantry , a professional artist , painted five large murals based on battlefield scenes he had sketched during the Battle of Antietam . He had been assigned to sideline duties as a scout and mapmaker due to his injuries . The canvasses were exhibited in his gallery in Watkins Glen , New York , until his death in 1892 . He had prints made of these larger paintings and sold the reproductions . In the 1930s his work was damaged in a flood . The original murals were shown in a church for many years . In 1979 , the National Park Service purchased and restored them . They were featured in a 1984 Time - Life book entitled The Bloodiest Day : The Battle of Antietam . Gallery The images below include photographs by Alexander Gardner , who was employed by Mathew Brady and whose photographs were exhibited in Brady 's New York gallery in October 1862 , and the murals by Captain James Hope restored by the National Park Service . Confederate soldiers on the Antietam battlefield as they fell inside the fence on the Hagerstown road , September 1862 by Alexander Gardner Harper 's Weekly drawing of dead soldiers on Antietam battlefield , based on Gardner photograph Confederate horses lay dead and artillery caissons destroyed on Antietam battlefield Dead on Antietam battlefield Confederate dead at Bloody Lane , looking east from the north bank . Alexander Gardner photograph . Confederate dead at Bloody Lane , looking northeast from the south bank . Alexander Gardner photograph . `` Confederate soldier who after being wounded had evidently dragged himself to a little ravine on the hillside where he died '' . Photograph by Alexander Gardner . Federal burial party by Alexander Gardner Burying Union dead on the Antietam battlefield `` A Lonely Grave '' -- Federal grave at Antietam by Alexander Gardner Antietam Battlefield photograph by Alexander Gardner Artillery hell by Captain James Hope ( Dunker Church at the far left ) `` A Fateful Turn '' -- Late morning looking east toward the Roulette Farm by Captain James Hope `` The Aftermath at Bloody Lane '' by Captain James Hope `` Wasted Gallantry '' by Captain James Hope Burnside Bridge by Captain James Hope The Lutheran Church just east of Sharpsburg marks the extent of the Union offensive during the Battle of Antietam , 1862 . In popular culture The Battle of Antietam was featured at the beginning of the film Glory ( 1989 ) , directed by Edward Zwick and starring Matthew Broderick , Denzel Washington , Cary Elwes , and Morgan Freeman . The scene depicts the wounding of Captain Robert Gould Shaw of Massachusetts . In Hell on Wheels season 1 , episode 8 ( `` Derailed '' ) , the former Union Army lieutenant carries a Confederate saber that he took as a trophy at Antietam , which he termed a `` glorious victory '' . Cullen Bohannon , a former Confederate soldier , disagrees with the blue coat 's assessment of what Bohannon calls the Battle of Sharpsburg . The lieutenant , who was with the 51st from Pennsylvania , which stormed the Burnside Bridge , thought they had the Confederate soldiers running scared . Bohannon corrects him , explaining that the Confederate forces retreated from Burnside Bridge because they ran out of ammunition shooting Union Army soldiers , who kept lining up as if at a firing squad , to be shot like `` fish in a bloody barrel '' . The men 's animosity and opposing views of that skirmish reflect their differing philosophies and bode badly for the outcome of their shared mission in this episode . The Massachusetts - based ink manufacturer Noodler 's carries an ink called Antietam . The colour is a reddish brown . See also American Civil War portal List of American Civil War battles List of costliest American Civil War land battles Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1862 Armies in the American Civil War USS Antietam Bibliography of the American Civil War Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant References Jump up ^ NPS ; see the discussion of `` strategic victory '' in the Aftermath section . Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume XIX , Part 1 , pp. 169 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume XIX , Part 1 , pp. 803 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Reports of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan , U.S. Army , commanding the Army of the Potomac , of operations August 14 -- November 9 ( Official Records , Series I , Volume XIX , Part 1 , p. 67 ) . ^ Jump up to : Eicher , p. 363 , cites 75,500 Union troops . Sears , p. 173 , cites 75,000 Union troops , with an effective strength of 71,500 , with 300 guns ; on p. 296 , he states that the 12,401 Union casualties were 25 % of those who went into action and that McClellan committed `` barely 50,000 infantry and artillerymen to the contest '' ; p. 389 , he cites Confederate effective strength of `` just over 38,000 , '' including A.P. Hill 's division , which arrived in the afternoon . Priest , p. 343 , cites 87,164 men present in the Army of the Potomac , with 53,632 engaged , and 30,646 engaged in the Army of Northern Virginia . Luvaas and Nelson , p. 302 , cite 87,100 Union engaged , 51,800 Confederate . Harsh , Sounding the Shallows , pp. 201 -- 02 , analyzes the historiography of the figures , and shows that Ezra A. Carman ( a battlefield historian who influenced some of these sources ) used `` engaged '' figures ; the 38,000 excludes Pender 's and Field 's brigades , roughly half the artillery , and forces used to secure objectives behind the line . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume XIX , Part 1 , pp. 189 -- 204 . ^ Jump up to : Union : 12,410 total ( 2,108 killed ; 9,549 wounded ; 753 captured / missing ) ; Confederate : 10,316 total ( 1,546 killed ; 7,752 wounded ; 1,018 captured / missing ) according to Sears , pp. 294 -- 96 ; Cannan , p. 201 . Confederate casualties are estimates because reported figures include undifferentiated casualties at South Mountain and Shepherdstown ; Sears remarks that `` there is no doubt that a good many of the 1,771 men listed as missing were in fact dead , buried uncounted in unmarked graves where they fell . '' McPherson , p. 129 , gives ranges for the Confederate losses : 1,546 -- 2,700 dead , 7,752 -- 9,024 wounded . He states that more than 2,000 of the wounded on both sides died from their wounds . Priest , p. 343 , reports 12,882 Union casualties ( 2,157 killed , 9,716 wounded , 1,009 missing or captured ) and 11,530 Confederate ( 1,754 killed , 8,649 wounded , 1,127 missing or captured ) . Luvaas and Nelson , p. 302 , cite Union casualties of 12,469 ( 2,010 killed , 9,416 wounded , 1,043 missing or captured ) and 10,292 Confederate ( 1,567 killed , 8,725 wounded for September 14 -- 20 , plus approximately 2,000 missing or captured ) . Jump up ^ McPherson 2002 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ NPS . Jump up ^ McPherson 2002 , p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Eicher 2001 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 69 `` perhaps 50,000 '' . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2002 , pp. 88 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2002 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2002 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2002 , pp. 110 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 359 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Welcher , pp. 786 -- 88 ; Eicher , p. 338 . Jump up ^ O.R. Series 1 , Vol . XIX part 2 ( S # 28 ) , p. 621 ; Luvaas and Nelson , pp. 294 -- 300 ; Esposito , map 67 ; Sears , pp. 366 -- 72 . Although most histories , including the Official Records , refer to these organizations as Corps , that designation was not formally made until November 6 , 1862 , after the Maryland Campaign . Longstreet 's unit was referred to as the Right Wing , Jackson 's the Left Wing , for most of 1862 . ( Gen. Lee referred in official correspondence to these as `` commands '' . See , for instance , Luvaas and Nelson , p. 4 . Lee used this term because a Confederate law forbade the creation of army corps . It had been intended as a states ' rights measure to ensure that governors would retain some control over the troops from their state , and Lee lobbied strongly for repeal of this law . ) Harsh , Sounding the Shallows , pp. 32 -- 90 , states that D.H. Hill was temporarily in command of a `` Center Wing '' with his own division commanded initially by Brig. Gen. Roswell S. Ripley , and the divisions of Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws and Brig. Gen. John G. Walker . The other references list him strictly as a division commander . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Sears 1983 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 164 , 175 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Harsh , Taken at the Flood , pp. 366 -- 67 Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff 2000 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 190 -- 91 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey 1984 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff 2000 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , pp. 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Dawes 1999 , pp. 88 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Dawes 1999 , pp. 91 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Dawes 1999 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Armstrong 2002 , pp. 3 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Eicher 2001 , pp. 353 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Wolff 2000 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 221 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Armstrong 2002 , pp. 39 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Wolff 2000 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , pp. 101 -- 03 . ^ Jump up to : Sears 1983 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , pp. 108 -- 09 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , p. 94 . McClellan issued the order at 9 : 10 , after the repulse of Hooker 's and Mansfield 's assaults , having waited for the VI Corps to reach the battlefield and take up a reserve position . ^ Jump up to : Wolff 2000 , p. 64 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas 1940 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Eicher 2001 , pp. 359 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Tucker , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 264 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 266 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , pp. 125 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , pp. 132 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , pp. 136 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 291 -- 92 . ^ Jump up to : Site identified by Frassanito , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 297 , 306 -- 07 . Jump up ^ 10,291 Confederate casualties : 1,567 killed and 8,724 wounded for the entire Maryland Campaign . See : Official Records , Series I , Volume XIX , Part 1 , pp. 810 -- 13 . Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/anti/learn/historyculture/casualties.htm Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 194 , 206 , 254 , 287 , 290 . Jump up ^ `` Death Tolls for Battles of the 16th , 17th , 18th & 19th Centuries ( 1500 -- 1900 ) '' , citing the National Park Service . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 338 - 339 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson 2002 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ `` Preservationists see victory at Antietam 150 years later '' . latimes . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) American Battlefield Trust `` Saved Land '' webpage . Accessed May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Critical Piece of Antietam Battlefield Preserved , '' Hagerstown ( Md . ) Herald Mail , Sept. 30 , 2015 . Accessed Jan. 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Antietam Rebirth Accessed Jan. 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Horan , James D. ( December 12 , 1988 ) . Mathew Brady : Historian With a Camera . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 517 - 00104 - 7 . Jump up ^ Pritzker Jump up ^ Brady employed almost two dozen men , each of whom was given a traveling darkroom , to photograph scenes from the battle . There are hundreds of photos in the National Archives taken by Brady and his associates from numerous Civil War sites . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Brady Antietam Photography Exhibit From 1862 Recreated At National Museum of Civil War Medicine '' . Huffington Post . Keedysville , Maryland . October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brady 's Photographs : Pictures of the Dead at Antietam '' . New York : New York Times . October 20 , 1862 . Jump up ^ `` Hope paintings , Hope restored '' . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` James Hope ( 1818 / 19 -- 1892 ) Papers , 1854 -- 1983 ( bulk : 1856 -- 1872 ) MSA 529 & Size D '' ( PDF ) . Vermont Historical Society . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Site identified by Frassanito , pp. 168 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Site identified by Robert Kalasky , `` Military Images '' Volume XX , Number 6 May -- June 1999 , pp. 24 -- 29 . Jump up ^ The Union soldiers looking on were likely members of the 130th Pennsylvania , who were assigned burial detail Jump up ^ Site identified by Frassanito , pp. 144 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Site identified by Frassanito , pp. 171 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Original description claimed `` Battlefield of Antietam on the Day of the Battle '' September 17 , 1862 ; however , see Frassanito , pp. 70 -- 73 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Civil War : 54th Massachusetts Regiment '' . Historynet.com . June 12 , 2006 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klein , Christopher ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` '' Glory '' Regiment Attacks Fort Wagner , 150 Years Ago `` . The History Channel . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://noodlersink.com/noodlers-ink-color/ink-colors-and-their-properties/ Sources Secondary sources Armstrong , Marion V. ( 2002 ) . Disaster in the West Woods : General Edwin V. Sumner and the II Corps at Antietam . Sharpsburg , MD : Western Maryland Interpretive Association . Bailey , Ronald H. ( 1984 ) . The Bloodiest Day : The Battle of Antietam . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4740 - 1 . Cannan , John . The Antietam Campaign : August -- September 1862 . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 91 - 8 . Eicher , David J. ( 2001 ) . The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Frassanito , William A. Antietam : The Photographic Legacy of America 's Bloodiest Day . Gettysburg , PA : Thomas Publications , 1978 . ISBN 1 - 57747 - 005 - 2 . Harsh , Joseph L. Sounding the Shallows : A Confederate Companion for the Maryland Campaign of 1862 . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 641 - 8 . Harsh , Joseph L. Taken at the Flood : Robert E. Lee and Confederate Strategy in the Maryland Campaign of 1862 . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 631 - 0 . Jamieson , Perry D. Death in September : The Antietam Campaign . Abilene , TX : McWhiney Foundation Press , 1999 . ISBN 1 - 893114 - 07 - 4 . Kalasky , Robert . `` Union dead ... Confederate Dead ' . '' Military Images Magazine . Volume XX , Number 6 , May -- June 1999 . Kennedy , Frances H. , ed . The Civil War Battlefield Guide . 2nd ed . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 74012 - 6 . Luvaas , Jay , and Harold W. Nelson , eds . Guide to the Battle of Antietam . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0784 - 6 . McPherson , James M. ( 2002 ) . Crossroads of Freedom : Antietam , The Battle That Changed the Course of the Civil War . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513521 - 0 . Priest , John Michael . Antietam : The Soldiers ' Battle . New York : Oxford University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508466 - 7 . Sears , Stephen W. ( 1983 ) . Landscape Turned Red : The Battle of Antietam . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 89919 - 172 - X . Tucker , Phillip Thomas . Burnside 's Bridge : The Climactic Struggle of the 2nd and 20th Georgia at Antietam Creek . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0199 - 9 . Welcher , Frank J. The Union Army , 1861 -- 1865 Organization and Operations . Vol. 1 , The Eastern Theater . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 36453 - 1 . Wolff , Robert S. ( 2000 ) . `` The Antietam Campaign '' . In Heidler , David S. ; Heidler , Jeanne T. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . National Park Service battle description Primary sources Dawes , Rufus R. ( 1999 ) ( 1890 ) . A Full Blown Yankee of the Iron Brigade : Service with the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 6618 - 9 . First published by E.R. Alderman and Sons . Douglas , Henry Kyd ( 1940 ) . I Rode with Stonewall : The War Experiences of the Youngest Member of Jackson 's Staff . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 0337 - 5 . `` Brady 's Photographs : Pictures of the Dead at Antietam '' . New York : New York Times . October 20 , 1862 . Tidball , John C. The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion , 1861 -- 1865 . Westholme Publishing , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1594161490 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 . Further reading Armstrong Marion V. , Jr . Unfurl Those Colors ! McClellan , Sumner , and the Second Army Corps in the Antietam Campaign . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 1600 - 6 . Ballard , Ted . Battle of Antietam : Staff Ride Guide . Washington , DC : United States Army Center of Military History , 2006 . OCLC 68192262 . Breeden , James O. `` Field Medicine at Antietam . '' Caduceus : A Humanities Journal for Medicine and the Health Sciences 10 # 1 ( 1994 ) : 8 -- 22 . Carman , Ezra Ayers . The Maryland Campaign of September 1862 . Vol. 1 , South Mountain . Edited by Thomas G. Clemens . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 81 - 4 . Carman , Ezra Ayers . The Maryland Campaign of September 1862 : Ezra A. Carman 's Definitive Account of the Union and Confederate Armies at Antietam . Edited by Joseph Pierro . New York : Routledge , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 95628 - 5 . Catton , Bruce . `` Crisis at the Antietam . '' American Heritage 9 # 5 ( August 1958 ) : 54 -- 96 . Frassanito , William A. Antietam : The Photographic Legacy of America 's Bloodiest Day . New York : Scribner , 1978 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 15659 - 0 . Frye , Dennis E. Antietam Shadows : Mystery , Myth & Machination . Sharpsburg , MD : Antietam Rest Publishing , 2018 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9854119 - 2 - 3 . Gallagher , Gary W. , ed . Antietam : Essays on the 1862 Maryland Campaign . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 400 - 8 . Gottfried , Bradley M. The Maps of Antietam : An Atlas of the Antietam ( Sharpsburg ) Campaign , including the Battle of South Mountain , September 2 -- 20 , 1862 . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 086 - 6 . Jermann , Donald R. Antietam : The Lost Order . Gretna , LA : Pelican Publishing Co. , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 58980 - 366 - 3 . Hartwig , D. Scott . To Antietam Creek : The Maryland Campaign of 1862 . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0631 - 2 . Murfin , James V . The Gleam of Bayonets : The Battle of Antietam and the Maryland Campaign of 1862 . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1965 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0990 - 8 . Perry D. Jamieson and Bradford A. Wineman , The Maryland and Fredericksburg Campaigns , 1862 -- 1863 . Washington , DC : United States Army Center of Military History , 2015 . CMH Pub 75 - 6 . Rawley , James A. ( 1966 ) . Turning Points of the Civil War . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8935 - 9 . OCLC 44957745 . Reardon , Carol and Tom Vossler . A Field Guide to Antietam : Experiencing the Battlefield through Its History , Places , and People ( U of North Carolina Press , 2016 ) 347 pp . Slotkin , Richard . The Long Road to Antietam : How the Civil War Became a Revolution . New York : Liveright , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87140 - 411 - 4 . Vermilya , Daniel J. That Field of Blood : The Battle of Antietam , September 17 , 1862 . Emerging Civil War Series . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2018 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 375 - 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Antietam . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antietam National Battlefield Park . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Washington County , Maryland . The Battle of Antietam : Battle Maps , histories , photos , and preservation news ( Civil War Trust ) Antietam National Battlefield Park Antietam on the Web Atlas of the battlefield of Antietam ( Library of Congress ) . Animated history of the Battle of Antietam Official Reports from Antietam Official Records : The Battle of Antietam ( Sharpsburg ) , `` the bloodiest day of the Civil War '' ( September 17 , 1862 ) USS Antietam Brotherswar.com The Battle of Antietam Maryland in the American Civil War Battles Maryland Campaign Battle of Antietam Battle of Boonsboro Battle of Crampton 's Gap Battle of Folck 's Mill Battle of Funkstown Battle of Hancock Battle of Monocacy Battle of South Mountain Battle of Williamsport Events Baltimore Riot of 1861 Ex parte Merryman Special Order 191 Maryland Constitution of 1864 Miscellaneous `` Maryland , My Maryland '' Museums Baltimore Civil War Museum National Museum of Civil War Medicine President Street Station Surratt House Museum USS Constellation People Union regiments Confederate regiments Soldiers and civilians Places Antietam Battlefield Burnside 's Bridge Fort McHenry Heart of the Civil War Heritage Area Loudon Park Cemetery Monocacy Battlefield Point Lookout State Park Eastern Theater of the American Civil War 1861 Campaigns Chesapeake blockade ( May -- Jun ) Western Virginia ( Jun -- Dec ) Manassas ( Jul ) Carolina coast blockade ( Aug ) McClellan 's Operations ( Oct -- Dec ) Potomac blockade ( Oct -- Jan 1862 ) Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run 1862 Campaigns Burnside 's NC Expedition ( Feb -- Jun ) Jackson 's Valley ( Mar -- Jun ) Peninsula ( Mar -- Jul ) Northern Virginia ( Jul - Sep ) Maryland ( Sep ) Fredericksburg ( Nov -- Dec ) Goldsboro Expedition ( Dec ) Major battles Hampton Roads Williamsburg Seven Pines Seven Days Battles Oak Grove Beaver Dam Creek Gaines 's Mill Garnett 's & Golding 's Farm Savage 's Station White Oak Swamp Glendale Malvern Hill 2nd Bull Run Antietam Fredericksburg 1863 Campaigns Tidewater Operations ( Mar -- Apr ) Chancellorsville ( Apr -- May ) Gettysburg ( Jun -- Jul ) Bristoe ( Oct -- Nov ) Mine Run ( Nov -- Dec ) Major battles Chancellorsville Gettysburg 1864 Campaigns Valley Campaigns ( May -- Oct ) : Lynchburg , Early 's B&O Raid , Sheridan 's Campaign Operations Against Plymouth ( Apr -- May ) Bermuda Hundred ( May ) Overland ( May -- Jun ) Petersburg ( Jun -- Mar 1865 ) Major battles Wilderness Spotsylvania Court House North Anna Cold Harbor Trevilian Station 2nd Petersburg Crater 2nd Deep Bottom Globe Tavern 3rd Winchester Chaffin 's Farm Cedar Creek Boydton Plank Road 1865 Campaigns Wilmington ( Dec -- Feb ) Appomattox ( Mar -- Apr ) Major battles 2nd Fort Fisher Bentonville Fort Stedman Five Forks 3rd Petersburg Sailor 's Creek Appomattox Court House Armies James Potomac Virginia Shenandoah Northern Virginia Geography Departments Monongahela Susquehanna Landforms Cumberland Valley Gettysburg - Newark Lowlands Shenandoah Valley hide American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Fire - Eaters Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Dred Scott v. 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Hunt Valley Colesville Columbia Crofton Dundalk Edgewood Eldersburg Elkridge Ellicott City Essex Fairland Ferndale Fort Washington Germantown Glen Burnie Green Haven Hillcrest Heights Landover Langley Park Lanham Lansdowne Lochearn Lutherville Middle River Milford Mill Montgomery Village Odenton Olney Owings Mills Oxon Hill Parkville Perry Hall Pikesville Potomac Randallstown Redland Reisterstown Rosedale St. Charles Severn Severna Park Silver Spring South Gate Suitland Timonium Towson Urbana Waldorf Wheaton - Glenmont White Oak Woodlawn Counties Allegany Anne Arundel Baltimore Calvert Caroline Carroll Cecil Charles Dorchester Frederick Garrett Harford Howard Kent Montgomery Prince George 's Queen Anne 's St. Mary 's Somerset Talbot Washington Wicomico Worcester Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Antietam&oldid=848543092 '' Categories : 1862 in the United States Maryland Campaign Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War in Maryland Union victories of the American Civil War History of Washington County , Maryland Invasions of the United States 1862 in Maryland 1862 in the American Civil War September 1862 events Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 16 : 16 ( UTC ) . 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who won the civil war battle of antietam
[ "McClellan had halted Lee's invasion of Maryland, but Lee was able to withdraw his army back to Virginia without interference from the cautious McClellan. McClellan's refusal to pursue Lee's army led to his removal from command by President Abraham Lincoln in November. Although the battle was tactically inconclusive, the Confederate troops had withdrawn first from the battlefield, making it a Union strategic victory. It was a sufficiently significant victory to give Lincoln the confidence to announce his Emancipation Proclamation, which discouraged the British and French governments from pursuing any potential plans to recognize the Confederacy.\n" ]
[ "Union" ]
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Book of Revelation
Book of Revelation - wikipedia Book of Revelation Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book in the New Testament . For other uses , see Book of Revelation ( disambiguation ) . Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts Part of a series of articles on John in the Bible Johannine literature Gospel Epistles First Second Third Revelation Events Authorship Apostle Beloved disciple Evangelist Patmos Presbyter Related literature Apocryphon Acts Signs Gospel See also Johannine Christianity Logos Holy Spirit in Johannine literature John 's vision of the Son of Man New Testament people named John Frontispiece , Book of Revelation , Bible of San Paolo fuori le Mura , 9th century The Book of Revelation , often called the Revelation to John , the Apocalypse of John , The Revelation , or simply Revelation or Apocalypse , is a book of the New Testament that occupies a central place in Christian eschatology . Its title is derived from the first word of the text , written in Koine Greek : apokalypsis , meaning `` unveiling '' or `` revelation '' ( before title pages and titles , books were commonly known by their first words , as is also the case of the Hebrew Five Books of Moses ( Torah ) . The Book of Revelation is the only apocalyptic document in the New Testament canon ( although there are short apocalyptic passages in various places in the Gospels and the Epistles ) . The author names himself in the text as `` John '' , but his precise identity remains a point of academic debate . Second century Christian writers such as Justin Martyr , Irenaeus , Melito the bishop of Sardis , and Clement of Alexandria and the author of the Muratorian fragment identify John the Apostle as the `` John '' of Revelation . Modern scholarship generally takes a different view , and many consider that nothing can be known about the author except that he was a Christian prophet . Some modern scholars characterise Revelation 's author as a putative figure whom they call `` John of Patmos '' . The bulk of traditional sources date the book to the reign of the emperor Domitian ( AD 81 -- 96 ) , and the evidence tends to confirm this . The book spans three literary genres : the epistolary , the apocalyptic , and the prophetic . It begins with John , on the island of Patmos in the Aegean , addressing a letter to the `` Seven Churches of Asia '' . He then describes a series of prophetic visions , including figures such as the Whore of Babylon and the Beast , culminating in the Second Coming of Jesus . The obscure and extravagant imagery has led to a wide variety of Christian interpretations : historicist interpretations see in Revelation a broad view of history ; preterist interpretations treat Revelation as mostly referring to the events of the apostolic era ( 1st century ) , or , at the latest , the fall of the Roman Empire ; futurists believe that Revelation describes future events ; and idealist or symbolic interpretations consider that Revelation does not refer to actual people or events , but is an allegory of the spiritual path and the ongoing struggle between good and evil . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and setting 1.1 Title , authorship , and date 1.2 Genre 1.3 Sources 1.4 Setting 1.5 Canonical history 1.6 Synods 1.7 Protestant Reformation 1.8 Texts and manuscripts 2 Structure and content 2.1 Literary structure 2.2 Outline 3 Interpretations 3.1 Eschatological 3.1. 1 Bahá'í Faith 3.1. 2 Eastern Orthodox 3.1. 3 Esoteric 3.1. 4 Latter - day Saints 3.1. 5 Oriental Orthodox 3.1. 6 Paschal liturgical 3.1. 7 Radical discipleship 3.1. 8 Seventh - day Adventist 3.2 Aesthetic and literary 3.3 Academic 4 Old Testament origins 5 Figures in Revelation 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Composition and setting ( edit ) St. John the Evangelist on Patmos by Hieronymous Bosch , circa 1489 Title , authorship , and date ( edit ) St. John receives his Revelation . Saint - Sever Beatus , 11th century . Main article : Authorship of the Johannine works The title is taken from the first word of the book in Koine Greek : ἀποκάλυψις apokalypsis , which means `` unveiling '' or `` revelation '' . The author names himself as `` John '' , but it is currently considered unlikely that the author of Revelation was also the author of the Gospel of John . Some of the evidence for this was set out as early as the second half of the 3rd century by Pope Dionysius of Alexandria , who noted that the gospel and the epistles attributed to John , unlike Revelation , do not name their author , and that the Greek of the gospel is correct and elegant while that of Revelation is neither ; some later scholars believe that the two books also have radical differences in theological perspective . Tradition links him to John the Apostle , but it is unlikely that the apostle could have lived into the most likely time for the book 's composition , the reign of Domitian , and the author never states that he knew Jesus . All that is known is that this John was a Jewish Christian prophet , probably belonging to a group of such prophets , and was accepted as such by the congregations to whom he addresses his letter . His precise identity remains unknown , and modern scholarship commonly refers to him as John of Patmos . Early Church tradition dates the book to end of the emperor Domitian ( reigned AD 81 -- 96 ) , and most modern scholars agree , although the author may have written a first version after Nero 's Great Fire in Rome ( AD 64 ) under Vespasian ( AD 69 -- 79 ) and updated it under Domitian . The beast with seven heads and the number 666 seem to allude directly to the emperor Nero ( reigned AD 54 -- 68 ) , but this does not require that Revelation was written in the 60s , as there was a widespread belief in later decades that Nero would return . In her volume in the original Anchor Bible , J. Massyngberde Ford argues that the core of Revelation , chapters 4 - 11 , was written by John the Baptist and later surrounded with a Christian beginning and ending , although this view is not held by the large majority of scholars . 70 AD is the likely date of writing according to Martha Himmelfarb in the recently published Blackwell series . Genre ( edit ) Revelation is an apocalyptic prophecy with an epistolary introduction addressed to seven churches in the Roman province of Asia . `` Apocalypse '' means the revealing of divine mysteries ; John is to write down what is revealed ( what he sees in his vision ) and send it to the seven churches . The entire book constitutes the letter -- the letters to the seven individual churches are introductions to the rest of the book , which is addressed to all seven . While the dominant genre is apocalyptic , the author sees himself as a Christian prophet : Revelation uses the word in various forms twenty - one times , more than any other New Testament book . Sources ( edit ) The predominant view is that Revelation alludes to the Old Testament although it is difficult among scholars to agree on the exact number of allusions or the allusions themselves . Revelation rarely quotes directly from the Old Testament , almost every verse alludes to or echoes older scriptures . Over half of the references stem from Daniel , Ezekiel , Psalms , and Isaiah , with Daniel providing the largest number in proportion to length and Ezekiel standing out as the most influential . Because these references appear as allusions rather than as quotes , it is difficult to know whether the author used the Hebrew or the Greek version of the Hebrew scriptures , but he was clearly often influenced by the Greek . He very frequently combines multiple references , and again the allusional style makes it impossible to be certain to what extent he did so consciously . According to several studies including a review by Dr James Tabor and Dr J. Massyngberde Ford , the Book of Revelation contains ancient pre-Christian texts of Jewish origin dating back to the time of John the Baptist and the communities of Qumran as well as antic Jewish texts . In several verses one can identify the ancient texts and that attributed to John , the latter having just added in the original text the words `` Jesus Christ '' ( Rev 1 : 1 ) , `` testimony of Jesus Christ `` ( Rev. 1 : 2 ) or even '' Jesus `` ( Rev 1 : 9 ) , and similar words in dozens of other verses . Setting ( edit ) Conventional understanding until recently was that Revelation was written to comfort beleaguered Christians as they underwent persecution at the hands of a megalomaniacal Roman emperor , but much of this has now been jettisoned : Domitian is no longer viewed as a despot imposing an imperial cult , and it is no longer believed that there was any systematic empire - wide persecution of Christians in his time . The current view is that Revelation was composed in the context of a conflict within the Christian community of Asia Minor over whether to engage with , or withdraw from , the far larger non-Christian community : Revelation chastises those Christians who wanted to reach an accommodation with the Roman cult of empire . This is not to say that Christians in Roman Asia were not suffering , for withdrawal from , and defiance against , the wider Roman society imposed very real penalties ; Revelation offered a victory over this reality by offering an apocalyptic hope : in the words of professor Adela Yarbro Collins , `` What ought to be was experienced as a present reality . '' Canonical History ( edit ) Further information : Development of the New Testament canon Revelation was the last book accepted into the Christian biblical canon , and to the present day some `` Nestorian '' churches such as the Church of the East reject it . It was considered tainted because the heretical sect of the Montanists relied on it and doubts were raised over its Jewishness and authorship . Dionysius ( 248 AD ) , bishop of Alexandria , disciple of Origen wrote that the Book of Revelation could have been written by Cerinthus although he himself did not adopt the view that Cerinthus was the writer . He regarded the Apocalypse as the work of an inspired man but not of an Apostle ( Eusebius , Church History VII. 25 ) . Eusebius , in his Church History ( c. 330 AD ) mentioned that the Apocalypse of John was accepted as a Canonical book and rejected at the same time : 1 ... it is proper to sum up the writings of the New Testament which have been already mentioned ... After them is to be placed , if it really seem proper , the Apocalypse of John , concerning which we shall give the different opinions at the proper time . These then belong among the accepted writings ( Homologoumena ) . 4 . Among the rejected ( Kirsopp . Lake translation : `` not genuine '' ) writings must be reckoned , as I said , the Apocalypse of John , if it seem proper , which some , as I said , reject , but which others class with the accepted books . The Apocalypse of John , also called Revelation , is counted as both accepted ( Kirsopp . Lake translation : `` Recognized '' ) and disputed , which has caused some confusion over what exactly Eusebius meant by doing so . The disputation perhaps attributed to Origen . Origen seems having accepted it in his writings . Cyril of Jerusalem ( 348 AD ) does not name it among the canonical books ( Catechesis IV. 33 -- 36 ) . Athanasius ( 367 AD ) in his Letter 39 , Augustine of Hippo ( c. 397 AD ) in his book On Christian Doctrine ( Book II , Chapter 8 ) , Tyrannius Rufinus ( c. 400 AD ) in his Commentary on the Apostles ' Creed , Pope Innocent I ( 405 AD ) in a letter to the bishop of Toulouse and John of Damascus ( about 730 AD ) in his work An Exposition of the Orthodox Faith ( Book IV : 7 ) listed `` the Revelation of John the Evangelist '' as a canonical book . Synods ( edit ) The Council of Laodicea ( 363 ) omits it as a canonical book . The Decretum Gelasianum , which is a work written by an anonymous scholar between 519 and 553 , contains a list of books of scripture presented as having been reckoned as canonical by the Council of Rome ( 382 AD ) . This list mentions it as a part of the New Testament canon . The Synod of Hippo ( in 393 ) , followed by the Council of Carthage ( 397 ) and the Council of Carthage ( 419 ) , classified it as a canonical book . The Apostolic Canons , approved by the Eastern Orthodox Council in Trullo in 692 , omit it . Protestant Reformation ( edit ) Doubts resurfaced during the Protestant Reformation . Martin Luther called it `` neither apostolic nor prophetic '' in the 1522 preface to his translation of the New Testament ( he revised his position with a much more favorable assessment in 1530 ) , and it was the only New Testament book on which John Calvin did not write a commentary . As of 2015 it remains the only New Testament work not read in the Divine Liturgy of the Eastern Orthodox Church , though Catholic and Protestant liturgies include it . Texts and manuscripts ( edit ) There are approximately 300 Greek manuscripts of Revelation . While the Codex Vaticanus does not include it , the other major manuscripts that do are the Codex Sinaiticus ( 4th century ) , Codex Alexandrinus ( 5th century ) , and Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus ( 5th century ) . In addition , there are numerous papyri , especially that of p ( 3rd century ) ; the minuscules ( 8th to 10th century ) , plus fragmentary quotations in the Church fathers of the 2nd to 5th centuries and the 6th century Greek commentary on Revelation by Andreas . Structure and content ( edit ) The Apocalypse of St. Sever , circa 1150 The Angel Appears to John . 13th - century manuscript . British Library , London . The angel gives John the letter to the churches of Asia , Beatus Escorial , circa 950 . Literary structure ( edit ) Divisions in the book seem to be marked by the repetition of key phrases , by the arrangement of subject matter into blocks , and around its Christological passages , and much use is made of significant numbers , especially the number seven , which represented perfection according to ancient numerology . Nevertheless , there is a `` complete lack of consensus '' among scholars about the structure of Revelation . The following is therefore an outline of the book 's contents rather than of its structure . Outline ( edit ) Main article : Events of Revelation See also : Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Revelation 6.2 : And I saw , and behold a white horse : and he that sat on him had a bow ; and a crown was given unto him : and he went forth conquering , and to conquer . White Rider from Tolkovy Apocalyps , Moscow , 17th century Apocalypse 7 , the 144,000 elect . Beatus d'Osma , 11th century The Fourth Angel sounds his trumpet , Apocalypse 8 . Beatus Escorial , circa 950 . Apocalypse 12 , the Woman and the Dragon . Beatus d'Osma , 11th century A seven - headed leopard - like beast , Apocalypse 13 , Beatus Escorial An 1880 Baxter process colour plate illustrating Revelation 22 : 17 by Joseph Martin Kronheim `` Thrust in thy sickle , and reap : for the time is come for thee to reap ; for the harvest of the earth is ripe . '' ( 14 : 15 ) , Escorial Beatus The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed with the Sun ( Rev. 12 1 - 4 ) -- William Blake Brooklyn Museum The Revelation of Jesus Christ The Revelation of Jesus Christ is communicated to John of Patmos through prophetic visions . ( 1 : 1 -- 9 ) John is instructed by the `` one like a son of man '' to write all that he hears and sees , from the prophetic visions , to Seven churches of Asia . ( 1 : 10 -- 13 ) The appearance of the `` one like a son of man '' is given , and he reveals what the seven stars and seven lampstands represent . ( 1 : 14 -- 20 ) Messages for seven churches of Asia Ephesus : From this church , those `` who overcome are granted to eat from the tree of life , which is in the midst of the Paradise of God . '' ( 2 : 1 -- 7 ) Praised for not bearing those who are evil , testing those who say they are apostles and are not , and finding them to be liars ; hating the deeds of the Nicolaitans ; having persevered and possessing patience . Admonished to `` do the first works '' and to repent for having left their `` first love . '' Smyrna : From this church , those who are faithful until death , will be given `` the crown of life . '' Those who overcome shall not be hurt by the second death . ( 2 : 8 -- 11 ) Praised for being `` rich '' while impoverished and in tribulation . Admonished not to fear the `` synagogue of Satan '' , nor fear a ten - day tribulation of being thrown into prison . Pergamum : From this church , those who overcome will be given the hidden manna to eat and a white stone with a secret name on it . '' ( 2 : 12 -- 17 ) Praised for holding `` fast to My name '' , not denying `` My faith '' even in the days of Antipas , `` My faithful martyr . '' Admonished to repent for having held the doctrine of Balaam , who taught Balak to put a stumbling block before the children of Israel ; eating things sacrificed to idols , committing sexual immorality , and holding the `` doctrine of the Nicolaitans . '' Thyatira : From this church , those who overcome until the end , will be given power over the nations in order to dash them to pieces with the rule of a rod of iron ; they will also be given the `` morning star . '' ( 2 : 18 -- 29 ) Praised for their works , love , service , faith , and patience . Admonished to repent for allowing a `` prophetess '' to promote sexual immorality and to eat things sacrificed to idols . Sardis : From this church , those who overcome will be clothed in white garments , and their names will not be blotted out from the Book of Life ; their names will also be confessed before the Father and His angels . ( 3 : 1 -- 6 ) Admonished to be watchful and to strengthen since their works have not been perfect before God . Philadelphia : From this church , those who overcome will be made a pillar in the temple of God having the name of God , the name of the city of God , `` New Jerusalem '' , and the Son of God 's new name . ( 3 : 7 -- 13 ) Praised for having some strength , keeping `` My word '' , and having not denied `` My name . '' Admonished to hold fast what they have , that no one may take their crown . Laodicea : From this church , those who overcome will be granted the opportunity to sit with the Son of God on His throne . ( 3 : 14 -- 22 ) Admonished to be zealous and repent from being `` lukewarm '' ; they are instructed to buy the `` gold refined in the fire '' , that they may be rich ; to buy `` white garments '' , that they may be clothed , so that the shame of their nakedness would not be revealed ; to anoint their eyes with eye salve , that they may see . Before the Throne of God The Throne of God appears , surrounded by twenty four thrones with Twenty - four elders seated in them . ( 4 : 1 -- 5 ) The four living creatures are introduced . ( 4 : 6 -- 11 ) A scroll , with seven seals , is presented and it is declared that the Lion of the tribe of Judah , from the `` Root of David '' , is the only one worthy to open this scroll. ( 5 : 1 -- 5 ) When the `` Lamb having seven horns and seven eyes '' took the scroll , the creatures of heaven fell down before the Lamb to give him praise , joined by myriads of angels and the creatures of the earth . ( 5 : 6 -- 14 ) Seven Seals are opened First Seal : A white horse appears , whose crowned rider has a bow with which to conquer . ( 6 : 1 -- 2 ) Second Seal : A red horse appears , whose rider is granted a `` great sword '' to take peace from the earth . ( 6 : 3 -- 4 ) Third Seal : A black horse appears , whose rider has `` a pair of balances in his hand '' , where a voice then says , `` A measure of wheat for a penny , and three measures of barley for a penny ; and ( see ) thou hurt not the oil and the wine . '' ( 6 : 5 -- 6 ) Fourth Seal : A pale horse appears , whose rider is Death , and Hades follows him . Death is granted a fourth part of the earth , to kill with sword , with hunger , with death , and with the beasts of the earth . ( 6 : 7 -- 8 ) Fifth Seal : `` Under the altar '' , appeared the souls of martyrs for the `` word of God '' , who cry out for vengeance . They are given white robes and told to rest until the martyrdom of their brothers is completed . ( 6 : 9 - 11 ) Sixth Seal : ( 6 : 12 -- 17 ) There occurs a great earthquake where `` the sun becomes black as sackcloth of hair , and the moon like blood '' ( 6 : 12 ) . The stars of heaven fall to the earth and the sky recedes like a scroll being rolled up ( 6 : 13 -- 14 ) . Every mountain and island is moved out of place ( 6 : 14 ) . The people of earth retreat to caves in the mountains ( 6 : 15 ) . The survivors call upon the mountains and the rocks to fall on them , so as to hide them from the `` wrath of the Lamb '' ( 6 : 16 ) . Interlude : The 144,000 Hebrews are sealed . 144,000 from the Twelve Tribes of Israel are sealed as servants of God on their foreheads ( 7 : 1 -- 8 ) A great multitude stand before the Throne of God , who come out of the Great Tribulation , clothed with robes made `` white in the blood of the Lamb '' and having palm branches in their hands . ( 7 : 9 -- 17 ) Seventh Seal : Introduces the seven trumpets ( 8 : 1 -- 5 ) `` Silence in heaven for about half an hour '' ( 8 : 1 ) . Seven angels are each given trumpets ( 8 : 2 ) . An eighth angel takes a `` golden censer '' , filled with fire from the heavenly altar , and throws it to the earth ( 8 : 3 -- 5 ) . What follows are `` peals of thunder , rumblings , flashes of lightning , and an earthquake '' ( 8 : 5 ) . After the eighth angel has devastated the earth , the seven angels introduced in verse 2 prepare to sound their trumpets ( 8 : 6 ) . Seven trumpets are sounded ( Seen in Chapters 8 , 9 , and 12 ) . First Trumpet : Hail and fire , mingled with blood , are thrown to the earth burning up a third of the trees and green grass . ( 8 : 6 -- 7 ) Second Trumpet : Something that resembles a great mountain , burning with fire , falls from the sky and lands in the ocean . It kills a third of the sea creatures and destroys a third of the ships at sea . ( 8 : 8 -- 9 ) Third Trumpet : A great star , named Wormwood , falls from heaven and poisons a third of the rivers and springs of water . ( 8 : 10 -- 11 ) Fourth Trumpet : A third of the sun , the moon , and the stars are darkened creating complete darkness for a third of the day and the night . ( 8 : 12 -- 13 ) Fifth Trumpet : The First Woe ( 9 : 1 -- 12 ) A `` star '' falls from the sky ( 9 : 1 ) . This `` star '' is given `` the key to the bottomless pit '' ( 9 : 1 ) . The `` star '' then opens the bottomless pit . When this happens , `` smoke ( rises ) from ( the Abyss ) like smoke from a gigantic furnace . The sun and sky ( are ) darkened by the smoke from the Abyss '' ( 9 : 2 ) . From out of the smoke , locusts who are `` given power like that of scorpions of the earth '' ( 9 : 3 ) , who are commanded not to harm anyone or anything except for people who were not given the `` seal of God '' on their foreheads ( from chapter 7 ) ( 9 : 4 ) . The `` locusts '' are described as having a human appearance ( faces and hair ) but with lion 's teeth , and wearing `` breastplates of iron '' ; the sound of their wings resembles `` the thundering of many horses and chariots rushing into battle '' ( 9 : 7 -- 9 ) . Sixth Trumpet : The Second Woe ( 9 : 13 -- 21 ) The four angels bound to the great river Euphrates are released to prepare two hundred million horsemen . These armies kill a third of mankind by plagues of fire , smoke , and brimstone . Interlude : The little scroll. ( 10 : 1 -- 11 ) An angel appears , with one foot on the sea and one foot on the land , having an opened little book in his hand . Upon the cry of the angel , seven thunders utter mysteries and secrets that are not to be written down by John . John is instructed to eat the little scroll that happens to be sweet in his mouth , but bitter in his stomach , and to prophesy . John is given a measuring rod to measure the temple of God , the altar , and those who worship there . Outside the temple , at the court of the holy city , it is trod by the nations for forty - two months ( 3 1 / 2 years ) . Two witnesses prophesy for 1,260 days , clothed in sackcloth. ( 11 : 1 -- 14 ) Seventh Trumpet : The Third Woe that leads into the seven bowls ( 11 : 15 -- 19 ) The temple of God opens in heaven , where the ark of His covenant can be seen . There are lightnings , noises , thunderings , an earthquake , and great hail . The Seven Spiritual Figures . ( Events leading into the Third Woe ) A Woman `` clothed with a white robe , with the sun at her back , with the moon under her feet , and on her head a crown of twelve stars '' is in pregnancy with a male child . ( 12 : 1 -- 2 ) A great Dragon ( with seven heads , ten horns , and seven crowns on his heads ) drags a third of the stars of Heaven with his tail , and throws them to the Earth . ( 12 : 3 -- 4 ) . The Dragon waits for the birth of the child so he can devour it . However , sometime after the child is born , he is caught up to God 's throne while the Woman flees into the wilderness into her place prepared of God that they should feed her there for 1,260 days ( 31⁄2 years ) . ( 12 : 5 -- 6 ) . War breaks out in heaven between Michael and the Dragon , identified as that old Serpent , the Devil , or Satan ( 12 : 9 ) . After a great fight , the Dragon and his angels are cast out of Heaven for good , followed by praises of victory for God 's kingdom . ( 12 : 7 -- 12 ) . The Dragon engages to persecute the Woman , but she is given aid to evade him . Her evasiveness enrages the Dragon , prompting him to wage war against the rest of her offspring , who keep the commandments of God and have the testimony of Jesus Christ . ( 12 : 13 -- 17 ) A Beast ( with seven heads , ten horns , and ten crowns on his horns and on his heads names of blasphemy ) emerges from the Sea , having one mortally wounded head that is then healed . The people of the world wonder and follow the Beast . The Dragon grants him power and authority for forty - two months . ( 13 : 1 -- 5 ) The Beast of the Sea blasphemes God 's name ( along with God 's tabernacle and His kingdom and all who dwell in Heaven ) , wages war against the Saints , and overcomes them . ( 13 : 6 -- 10 ) Then , a Beast emerges from the Earth having two horns like a lamb , speaking like a dragon . He directs people to make an image of the Beast of the Sea who was wounded yet lives , breathing life into it , and forcing all people to bear `` the mark of the Beast '' , `` 666 '' . Events leading into the Third Woe : The Lamb stands on Mount Zion with the 144,000 `` first fruits '' who are redeemed from Earth and victorious over the Beast and his mark and image . ( 14 : 1 -- 5 ) The proclamations of three angels . ( 14 : 6 -- 13 ) One like the Son of Man reaps the earth . ( 14 : 14 -- 16 ) A second angel reaps `` the vine of the Earth '' and throws it into `` the great winepress of the wrath of God ... and blood came out of the winepress ... up to one thousand six hundred stadia . '' ( 14 : 17 -- 20 ) The temple of the tabernacle , in Heaven , is opened ( 15 : 1 -- 5 ) , beginning the `` Seven Bowls '' revelation . Seven angels are given a golden bowl , from the Four Living Creatures , that contains the seven last plagues bearing the wrath of God . ( 15 : 6 -- 8 ) Seven bowls are poured onto Earth : First Bowl : A `` foul and malignant sore '' afflicts the followers of the Beast. ( 16 : 1 -- 2 ) Second Bowl : The Sea turns to blood and everything within it dies . ( 16 : 3 ) Third Bowl : All fresh water turns to blood . ( 16 : 4 -- 7 ) Fourth Bowl : The Sun scorches the Earth with intense heat and even burns some people with fire . ( 16 : 8 -- 9 ) Fifth Bowl : There is total darkness and great pain in the Beast 's kingdom . ( 16 : 10 -- 11 ) Sixth Bowl : The Great River Euphrates is dried up and preparations are made for the kings of the East and the final battle at Armageddon between the forces of good and evil . ( 16 : 12 -- 16 ) Seventh Bowl : A great earthquake and heavy hailstorm : `` every island fled away and the mountains were not found . '' ( 16 : 17 -- 21 ) Aftermath : Vision of John given by `` an angel who had the seven bowls '' The great Harlot who sits on a scarlet Beast ( with seven heads and ten horns and names of blasphemy all over its body ) and by many waters : Babylon the Great . The angel showing John the vision of the Harlot and the scarlet Beast reveals their identities and fates ( 17 : 1 -- 18 ) New Babylon is destroyed . ( 18 : 1 -- 8 ) The people of the Earth ( the kings , merchants , sailors , etc . ) mourn New Babylon 's destruction . ( 18 : 9 -- 19 ) The permanence of New Babylon 's destruction . ( 18 : 20 -- 24 ) The Marriage Supper of the Lamb A great multitude praises God . ( 19 : 1 -- 6 ) The marriage Supper of the Lamb. ( 19 : 7 -- 10 ) The Judgment of the two Beasts , the Dragon , and the Dead ( 19 : 11 -- 20 : 15 ) The Beast and the False Prophet are cast into the Lake of Fire . ( 19 : 11 -- 21 ) The Dragon is imprisoned in the Bottomless Pit for a thousand years . ( 20 : 1 -- 3 ) The resurrected martyrs live and reign with Christ for a thousand years . ( 20 : 4 -- 6 ) After the Thousand Years The Dragon is released and goes out to deceive the nations in the four corners of the Earth -- Gog and Magog -- and gathers them for battle at the holy city . The Dragon makes war against the people of God , but is defeated . ( 20 : 7 -- 9 ) The Dragon is cast into the Lake of Fire with the Beast and the False Prophet. ( 20 : 10 ) The Last Judgment : the wicked , along with Death and Hades , are cast into the Lake of Fire , which is the second death . ( 20 : 11 -- 15 ) The New Heaven and Earth , and New Jerusalem A new , glorious Heaven replaces the old Earth . There is no more suffering or death . ( 21 : 1 -- 8 ) God comes to dwell with humanity in the New Jerusalem . ( 21 : 2 -- 8 ) Description of the New Jerusalem . ( 21 : 9 -- 27 ) The River of Life and the Tree of Life appear for the healing of the nations and peoples . The curse of sin is ended . ( 22 : 1 -- 5 ) Conclusion Christ 's reassurance that his coming is imminent . Final admonitions. ( 22 : 6 -- 21 ) Interpretations ( edit ) Christian eschatology Eschatology views Contrasting beliefs ( show ) Preterism Idealism Historicism Futurism The Millennium ( show ) Amillennialism Postmillennialism Premillennialism Prewrath Rapture Posttribulation Rapture Dispensationalism Biblical texts ( show ) Synoptic Gospels Olivet Discourse Sheep and Goats Book of Revelation Events of Revelation Book of Daniel Seventy Weeks 2 Esdras ( Apocrypha ) Key terms ( show ) Abomination of desolation Antichrist Armageddon The Beast Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse New Jerusalem Katechon Kingdom of God Lake of fire Last Judgment Man of sin Rapture Resurrection of the dead Second Coming Seven bowls Seven seals Son of perdition Great Tribulation Two witnesses War in Heaven Whore of Babylon World to come Christianity portal Revelation has a wide variety of interpretations , ranging from the simple message that we should have faith that God will prevail ( `` symbolic interpretation '' ) , to complex end time scenarios ( `` futurist interpretation '' ) , to the views of critics who deny any spiritual value to Revelation at all . Eschatological ( edit ) Most Christian interpretations fall into one or more of the following categories : Historicism , which sees in Revelation a broad view of history ; Preterism , in which Revelation mostly refers to the events of the apostolic era ( 1st century ) or , at the latest , the fall of the Roman Empire ; Amillennialism , which contends that the millennium has already begun and is identical with the current church age ; Futurism , which believes that Revelation describes future events ( modern believers in this interpretation are often called `` millennialists '' ) ; and Idealism / Allegoricalism , which holds that Revelation does not refer to actual people or events , but is an allegory of the spiritual path and the ongoing struggle between good and evil . Bahá'í faith ( edit ) ` Abdu'l - Bahá has given some interpretations about the 11th and 12th chapters of Revelation in Some Answered Questions . The 1,260 days spoken of in the forms : one thousand two hundred and sixty days , forty - two months , refers to the 1,260 years in the Islamic Calendar ( AH 1260 or 1844 CE ) . The `` two witnesses '' spoken of are Muhammad and Ali . Also , the Bible reads , `` And there appeared a great wonder in heaven ; and behold a great red dragon , having seven heads and ten horns , and seven crowns upon his heads '' . The seven heads of the dragon are symbolic of the seven provinces dominated by the Umayyads : Damascus , Persia , Arabia , Egypt , Africa , Andalusia , and Transoxania . The ten horns represent the ten names of the leaders of the Umayyad dynasty : Abu Sufyan , Muawiya , Yazid , Marwan , Abd al - Malik , Walid , Sulayman , Umar , Hisham , and Ibrahim . Some names were re-used , as in the case of Yazid II and Yazid III and the like , which were not counted for this interpretation . Eastern Orthodox ( edit ) An Orthodox icon of the Apocalypse of St. John , 16th century . Eastern Orthodoxy treats the text as simultaneously describing contemporaneous events ( events occurring at the same time ) and as prophecy of events to come , for which the contemporaneous events were a form of foreshadow . It rejects attempts to determine , before the fact , if the events of Revelation are occurring by mapping them onto present - day events , taking to heart the Scriptural warning against those who proclaim `` He is here ! '' prematurely . Instead , the book is seen as a warning to be spiritually and morally ready for the end times , whenever they may come ( `` as a thief in the night '' ) , but they will come at the time of God 's choosing , not something that can be precipitated nor trivially deduced by mortals . This view is also held by many Catholics , although there is a diversity of opinion about the nature of the Apocalypse within Catholicism . Book of Revelation is the only book of the New Testament that is not read during services by the Byzantine Rite Churches although in the Western Rite Orthodox Parishes , which are under the same bishops as the Byzantine Rite , it is read . Esoteric ( edit ) Christian Gnostics , however , are unlikely to be attracted to the teaching of Revelation because the doctrine of salvation through the sacrificed Lamb , which is central to Revelation , is repugnant to Gnostics . Christian Gnostics `` believed in the Forgiveness of Sins , but in no vicarious sacrifice for sin ... they accepted Christ in the full realisation of the word ; his life , not his death , was the keynote of their doctrine and their practice . '' James Morgan Pryse was an esoteric gnostic who saw Revelation as a western version of the Hindu theory of the Chakra . He began his work , `` The purpose of this book is to show that the Apocalypse is a manual of spiritual development and not , as conventionally interpreted , a cryptic history or prophecy . '' Such diverse theories have failed to command widespread acceptance . But Christopher Rowland argues : `` there are always going to be loose threads which refuse to be woven into the fabric as a whole . The presence of the threads which stubbornly refuse to be incorporated into the neat tapestry of our world - view does not usually totally undermine that view . '' Latter - day saints ( edit ) The Book of Mormon affirms that John the Apostle is the author of Revelation and that he was foreordained by God to write it . Latter - day revelation through the Prophet Joseph Smith contained in the Doctrine and Covenants , section 77 , postulates answers to specific questions regarding the symbolism contained in the Book of Revelation . Topics include : the sea of glass , the four beasts and their appearance , the 24 elders , the book with seven seals , certain angels , the sealing of the 144,000 , the little book eaten by John , and the two witnesses in Chapter 11 . Latter - day Saints believe that the warning contained in Revelation 22 : 18 - 19 does not refer to the biblical canon as a whole . Rather , an open and ongoing dialogue between God and the modern - day Prophet and Apostles of the LDS faith constitute an open canon of scripture . Oriental Orthodox ( edit ) In the Coptic Orthodox Church the whole Book of Revelation is read during Apocalypse Night or Bright Saturday ( 6 days after Pascha ) . Paschal liturgical ( edit ) This interpretation , which has found expression among both Catholic and Protestant theologians , considers the liturgical worship , particularly the Easter rites , of early Christianity as background and context for understanding the Book of Revelation 's structure and significance . This perspective is explained in The Paschal Liturgy and the Apocalypse ( new edition , 2004 ) by Massey H. Shepherd , an Episcopal scholar , and in Scott Hahn 's The Lamb 's Supper : The Mass as Heaven on Earth ( 1999 ) , in which he states that Revelation in form is structured after creation , fall , judgment and redemption . Those who hold this view say that the Temple 's destruction ( AD 70 ) had a profound effect on the Jewish people , not only in Jerusalem but among the Greek - speaking Jews of the Mediterranean . They believe the Book of Revelation provides insight into the early Eucharist , saying that it is the new Temple worship in the New Heaven and Earth . The idea of the Eucharist as a foretaste of the heavenly banquet is also explored by British Methodist Geoffrey Wainwright in his book Eucharist and Eschatology ( Oxford University Press , 1980 ) . According to Pope Benedict XVI some of the images of Revelation should be understood in the context of the dramatic suffering and persecution of the churches of Asia in the 1st century . Accordingly , the Book of Revelation should not be read as an enigmatic warning , but as an encouraging vision of Christ 's definitive victory over evil . Radical discipleship ( edit ) The radical discipleship interpretation asserts that the Book of Revelation is best understood as a handbook for radical discipleship ; i . e. , how to remain faithful to the spirit and teachings of Jesus and avoid simply assimilating to surrounding society . In this interpretation the primary agenda of the book is to expose as impostors the worldly powers that seek to oppose the ways of God and God 's Kingdom . The chief temptation for Christians in the 1st century , and today , is to fail to hold fast to the non-violent teachings and example of Jesus and instead be lured into unquestioning adoption and assimilation of worldly , national or cultural values -- imperialism , nationalism , and civil religion being the most dangerous and insidious . This perspective ( closely related to liberation theology ) draws on the approach of Bible scholars such as Ched Myers , William Stringfellow , Richard Horsley , Daniel Berrigan , Wes Howard - Brook , and Joerg Rieger . Various Christian anarchists , such as Jacques Ellul , have identified the State and political power as the Beast . Seventh - day Adventist ( edit ) Main article : Historicism ( Christianity ) § Seventh - day Adventists Adventists maintain a historicist interpretation of the Bible 's predictions of the apocalypse . Seventh - day Adventists believe the Book of Revelation is especially relevant to believers in the days preceding the second coming of Jesus Christ . `` The universal church is composed of all who truly believe in Christ , but in the last days , a time of widespread apostasy , a remnant has been called out to keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus . '' `` Here is the patience of the saints ; here are those who keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus . '' As participatory agents in the work of salvation for all humankind , `` This remnant announces the arrival of the judgment hour , proclaims salvation through Christ , and heralds the approach of His second advent . '' Aesthetic and literary ( edit ) Many literary writers and theorists have contributed to a wide range of theories about the origins and purpose of the Book of Revelation . Some of these writers have no connection with established Christian faiths but , nevertheless , found in Revelation a source of inspiration . Revelation has been approached from Hindu philosophy and Jewish Midrash . Others have pointed to aspects of composition which have been ignored such as the similarities of prophetic inspiration to modern poetic inspiration , or the parallels with Greek drama . In recent years , theories have arisen which concentrate upon how readers and texts interact to create meaning and which are less interested in what the original author intended . Charles Cutler Torrey taught Semitic languages at Yale University . His lasting contribution has been to show how much more meaningful prophets , such as the scribe of Revelation , are when treated as poets first and foremost . He thought this was a point often lost sight of because most English bibles render everything in prose . Poetry was also the reason John never directly quoted the older prophets . Had he done so , he would have had to use their ( Hebrew ) poetry whereas he wanted to write his own . Torrey insisted Revelation had originally been written in Aramaic . This was why the surviving Greek translation was written in such a strange idiom . It was a literal translation that had to comply with the warning at Revelation 22 : 18 that the text must not be corrupted in any way . According to Torrey , the story is that `` The Fourth Gospel was brought to Ephesus by a Christian fugitive from Palestine soon after the middle of the first century . It was written in Aramaic . '' Later , the Ephesians claimed this fugitive had actually been the beloved disciple himself . Subsequently , this John was banished by Nero and died on Patmos after writing Revelation . Torrey argued that until AD 80 , when Christians were expelled from the synagogues , the Christian message was always first heard in the synagogue and , for cultural reasons , the evangelist would have spoken in Aramaic , else `` he would have had no hearing . '' Torrey showed how the three major songs in Revelation ( the new song , the song of Moses and the Lamb and the chorus at 19 : 6 -- 8 ) each fall naturally into four regular metrical lines plus a coda . Other dramatic moments in Revelation , such as 6 : 16 where the terrified people cry out to be hidden , behave in a similar way . Christina Rossetti was a Victorian poet who believed the sensual excitement of the natural world found its meaningful purpose in death and in God . Her The Face of the Deep is a meditation upon the Apocalypse . In her view , what Revelation has to teach is patience . Patience is the closest to perfection the human condition allows . Her book , which is largely written in prose , frequently breaks into poetry or jubilation , much like Revelation itself . The relevance of John 's visions belongs to Christians of all times as a continuous present meditation . Such matters are eternal and outside of normal human reckoning . `` That winter which will be the death of Time has no promise of termination . Winter that returns not to spring ... -- who can bear it ? '' She dealt deftly with the vengeful aspects of John 's message . `` A few are charged to do judgment ; everyone without exception is charged to show mercy . '' Her conclusion is that Christians should see John as `` representative of all his brethren '' so they should `` hope as he hoped , love as he loved . '' Recently , aesthetic and literary modes of interpretation have developed , which focus on Revelation as a work of art and imagination , viewing the imagery as symbolic depictions of timeless truths and the victory of good over evil . Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza wrote Revelation : Vision of a Just World from the viewpoint of rhetoric . Accordingly , Revelation 's meaning is partially determined by the way John goes about saying things , partially by the context in which readers receive the message and partially by its appeal to something beyond logic . Professor Schuessler Fiorenza believes that Revelation has particular relevance today as a liberating message to disadvantaged groups . John 's book is a vision of a just world , not a vengeful threat of world - destruction . Her view that Revelation 's message is not gender - based has caused dissent . She says we are to look behind the symbols rather than make a fetish out of them . In contrast , Tina Pippin states that John writes `` horror literature '' and `` the misogyny which underlies the narrative is extreme . '' D.H. Lawrence took an opposing , pessimistic view of Revelation in the final book he wrote , Apocalypse . He saw the language which Revelation used as being bleak and destructive ; a ' death - product ' . Instead , he wanted to champion a public - spirited individualism ( which he identified with the historical Jesus supplemented by an ill - defined cosmic consciousness ) against its two natural enemies . One of these he called `` the sovereignty of the intellect '' which he saw in a technology - based totalitarian society . The other enemy he styled `` vulgarity '' and that was what he found in Revelation . `` It is very nice if you are poor and not humble ... to bring your enemies down to utter destruction , while you yourself rise up to grandeur . And nowhere does this happen so splendiferously than in Revelation . '' His specific aesthetic objections to Revelation were that its imagery was unnatural and that phrases like `` the wrath of the Lamb '' were `` ridiculous . '' He saw Revelation as comprising two discordant halves . In the first , there was a scheme of cosmic renewal in `` great Chaldean sky - spaces '' , which he quite liked . After that , Lawrence thought , the book became preoccupied with the birth of the baby messiah and `` flamboyant hate and simple lust ... for the end of the world . '' Lawrence coined the term `` Patmossers '' to describe those Christians who could only be happy in paradise if they knew their enemies were suffering in hell . Academic ( edit ) Modern biblical scholarship attempts to understand Revelation in its 1st - century historical context within the genre of Jewish and Christian apocalyptic literature . This approach considers the text as an address to seven historical communities in Asia Minor . Under this interpretation , assertions that `` the time is near '' are to be taken literally by those communities . Consequently , the work is viewed as a warning to not conform to contemporary Greco - Roman society which John `` unveils '' as beastly , demonic , and subject to divine judgment . There is further information on these topics in the entries on higher criticism and apocalyptic literature . Although the acceptance of Revelation into the canon has from the beginning been controversial , it has been essentially similar to the career of other texts . The eventual exclusion of other contemporary apocalyptic literature from the canon may throw light on the unfolding historical processes of what was officially considered orthodox , what was heterodox , and what was even heretical . Interpretation of meanings and imagery are anchored in what the historical author intended and what his contemporary audience inferred ; a message to Christians not to assimilate into the Roman imperial culture was John 's central message . Thus , his letter ( written in the apocalyptic genre ) is pastoral in nature ( its purpose is offering hope to the downtrodden ) , and the symbolism of Revelation is to be understood entirely within its historical , literary , and social context . Critics study the conventions of apocalyptic literature and events of the 1st century to make sense of what the author may have intended . Scholar Barbara Whitlock pointed out a similarity between the consistent destruction of thirds depicted in the Book of Revelation ( a third of mankind by plagues of fire , smoke , and brimstone , a third of the trees and green grass , a third of the sea creatures and a third of the ships at sea , etc . ) and the Iranian mythology evil character Zahhak or Dahāg , depicted in the Avesta , the earliest religious texts of Zoroastrianism . Dahāg is mentioned as wreaking much evil in the world until at last chained up and imprisoned on the mythical Mt . Damāvand . The Middle Persian sources prophesy that at the end of the world , Dahāg will at last burst his bonds and ravage the world , consuming one in three humans and livestock , until the ancient hero Kirsāsp returns to life to kill Dahāg . Whitlock wrote : `` Zoroastrianism , the state religion of the Roman Empire 's main rival , was part of the intellectual millieu in which Christianity came into being , just as were Judaism , the Greek - Roman religion , and the worship of Isis and Mithras . A Zoroastrian influence is completely plausible '' . Old Testament origins ( edit ) Much of Revelation employs ancient sources , primarily but not exclusively the Old Testament . For example , Howard - Brook and Gwyther regard the Book of Enoch ( 1 Enoch ) as an equally significant but contextually different source . `` Enoch 's journey has no close parallel in the Hebrew scriptures . '' Revelation , in one section , forms an inverted parallel ( chiasmus ) with the book of Enoch in which 1 En 100 : 1 - 3 has a river of blood deep enough to submerge a chariot and in Rev 14 : 20 has a river of blood up to the horse 's bridle . There is an angel ascending in both accounts ( 1 En 100 : 4 ; Rev 14 : 14 - 19 ) and both accounts have three messages ( 1 En 100 : 7 - 9 ; Rev 14 : 6 - 12 ) . Academics showed little interest in this topic until recently . This was not , however , the case with popular writers from non-conforming backgrounds , who interspersed the text of Revelation with the prophecy they thought was being promised . For example , an anonymous Scottish commentary of 1871 prefaces Revelation 4 with the Little Apocalypse of Mark 13 , places Malachi 4 : 5 ( `` Behold I will send you Elijah the prophet before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the Lord '' ) within Revelation 11 and writes Revelation 12 : 7 side - by - side with the role of `` the Satan '' in the Book of Job . The message is that everything in Revelation will happen in its previously appointed time . Steve Moyise uses the index of the United Bible Societies ' Greek New Testament to show that `` Revelation contains more Old Testament allusions than any other New Testament book , but it does not record a single quotation . '' Perhaps significantly , Revelation chooses different sources than other New Testament books . Revelation concentrates on Isaiah , Psalms , and Ezekiel , while neglecting , comparatively speaking , the books of the Pentateuch that are the dominant sources for other New Testament writers . Methodological objections have been made to this course as each allusion may not have an equal significance . To counter this , G.K. Beale sought to develop a system that distinguished ' clear ' , ' probable ' , and ' possible ' allusions . A clear allusion is one with almost the same wording as its source , the same general meaning , and which could not reasonably have been drawn from elsewhere . A probable allusion contains an idea which is uniquely traceable to its source . Possible allusions are described as mere echoes of their putative sources . Yet , with Revelation , the problems might be judged more fundamental . The author seems to be using his sources in a completely different way to the originals . For example , he borrows the ' new temple ' imagery of Ezekiel 40 -- 48 but uses it to describe a New Jerusalem which , quite pointedly , no longer needs a temple because it is God 's dwelling . Ian Boxall writes that Revelation `` is no montage of biblical quotations ( that is not John 's way ) but a wealth of allusions and evocations rewoven into something new and creative . '' In trying to identify this `` something new '' , Boxall argues that Ezekiel provides the ' backbone ' for Revelation . He sets out a comparative table listing the chapters of Revelation in sequence and linking most of them to the structurally corresponding chapter in Ezekiel . The interesting point is that the order is not the same . John , on this theory , rearranges Ezekiel to suit his own purposes . Some commentators argue that it is these purposes -- and not the structure -- that really matter . G.K. Beale believes that , however much John makes use of Ezekiel , his ultimate purpose is to present Revelation as a fulfillment of Daniel 7 . One theory , Revelation Draft Hypothesis , sees the book of Revelation constructed by forming parallels with several texts in the Old Testament such as Ezekiel , Isaiah , Zechariah , Deuteronomy , Joshua , Exodus , and Daniel . For example , Ezekiel 's encounter with God is in reverse order as John 's encounter with God ( Ezek 1 : 5 - 28 ; Rev 4 : 2 - 7 ; note both accounts have beings with faces of a lion , ox or calf , man , and eagle ( Ezek 1 : 10 ; Rev 4 : 7 ) , both accounts have an expanse before the throne ( Ezek 1 : 22 ; Rev 4 : 6 ) . The chariot 's horses in Zechariah 's are the same colors as the four horses in Revelation ( Zech 6 : 1 - 8 ; Rev 6 : 1 - 8 ) . The nesting of the seven marches around Jericho by Joshua is reenacted by Jesus nesting the seven trumpets within the seventh seal ( Josh 6 : 8 - 10 ; Rev 6 : 1 - 17 ; 8 : 1 - 9 : 21 ; 11 : 15 - 19 ) . The description of the beast in Revelation is taken directly out of Daniel ( see Dan 7 : 2 - 8 ; Rev 13 : 1 - 7 ) . The method that John used allowed him to use the Hebrew Scriptures as the source and also use basic techniques of parallel formation , thereby alluding to the Hebrew Scriptures . Figures in Revelation ( edit ) In order of appearance : John of Patmos The angel who reveals the Revelation of Jesus Christ The One who sits on the Throne Twenty - four crowned elders Four living creatures The Lion of Judah who is the seven horned Lamb with seven eyes Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse the souls of those who had been slain for the word of God , each given a white robe Four angels holding the four winds of the Earth The seal - bearer angel ( 144,000 of Israel sealed ) A great multitude from every nation Seven angelic trumpeters The star called Wormwood Angel of Woe Scorpion - tailed Locusts Abaddon Four angels bound to the great river Euphrates Two hundred million lion - headed cavalry The mighty angel of Seven thunders The Two witnesses Beast of the Sea having seven heads and ten horns The woman and her child The Dragon , fiery red with seven heads Saint Michael the Archangel Lamb - horned Beast of the Earth Image of the Beast of the sea Messages of the three angels The angelic reapers and the grapes of wrath Seven plague angels Seven bowls of wrath The False Prophet Whore of Babylon The rider on a white horse The first resurrection and the thousand years Gog and Magog Death and Hades See also ( edit ) Book : Book of Revelation Christianity portal Alpha and Omega Apocalypse of John -- dated astronomically Apocalypse of Peter Apocalypse of Zerubbabel Apocalypticism Arethas of Caesarea Biblical cosmology Biblical numerology Book of Ezekiel Christian eschatological differences English Apocalypse manuscripts Horae Apocalypticae Maccabees Masada Number of the Beast Patmos Textual variants in the Book of Revelation The Apocalypse -- 2000 film The New Earth Vespasian Woman of the Apocalypse Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Other apocalypses popular in the early Christian era did not achieve canonical status , except 2 Esdras ( also known as the Apocalypse of Ezra ) , which is recognized as canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Churches . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carson , Don ( 2005 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament ( 2nd ed . ) . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Zondervan . pp. 465ff . ISBN 0 - 310 - 51940 - 3 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Bauckham 1992 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Stuckenbruck 2003 , pp. 1535 -- 1536 . Jump up ^ Stuckenbruck 2003 , p. 1536 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ 1992 , pp. 2 , 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Stuckenbruck 2003 , p. 1535 . Jump up ^ Cross 2005 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 503 -- 504 . Jump up ^ Collins 2002 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ J. Massyngberde Ford . Revelation ( The Anchor Bible , Vol. 38 ) . ISBN 9780385008952 . Jump up ^ Himmelfarb , M. ( 2010 ) `` Chronology '' Front Matter , in The Apocalypse : A Brief History , Wiley - Blackwell , Oxford , UK . p.x. doi : 10.1002 / 9781444318210. fmatter . ^ Jump up to : Bauckham 1993 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ McKim 2014 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Couch 2001 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Fekkes , Jan ( 1994 ) . Isaiah and Prophetic Traditions in the Book of Revelation : Visionary Antecedents and their Development ( The Library of New Testament Studies ) . Bloomsbury T&T Clark . pp. 61 -- 63 . ISBN 185075456X . Jump up ^ Beale & McDonough 2007 , pp. 1081 -- 1084 . Jump up ^ Stephens , pp. 143 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Stephens , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Collins 1984 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Wall 2011 , p. no page number . Jump up ^ Taylor , David G.K. ( 2002 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Christian regional diversity '' . In Esler , Philip F. The Early Christian World . Routledge Worlds . Routledge ( published 2002 ) . p. 338 . ISBN 9781134549191 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 28 . ( ... ) the minor Catholic epistles and Revelation continued to be omitted , and are still not included in the canon of the church of the East which was geographically ( and from the late - fifth century doctrinally ) isolated in the Persian empire . Jump up ^ Stonehouse 1929 , pp. 138 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Pattemore 2004 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ of Caesarea , Eusebius . Church History , Book VII Chapter 25 . newadvent . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ of Caesarea , Eusebius . Church History , Book III Chapter 25 . newadvent . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kalin , ER ( 1990 ) , `` Re-examining New Testament Canon History : 1 . The Canon of Origen '' , Currents in Theology and Mission , 17 : 274 -- 82 Jump up ^ CHURCH FATHERS : Commentary on John , Book V : 3 ( Origen ) . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ of Jerusalem , Cyril . Catechetical Lecture 4 Chapter 35 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ of Alexandria , Athansius . Church Fathers : Letter 39 ( Athanasius ) . newadvent . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ of Hippo , Augustine . On Christian Doctrine Book II Chapter 8 : 2 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ of Aquileia , Rufinus . Commentary on the Apostles ' Creed # 37 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.bible-researcher.com/innocent.html Jump up ^ of Damascus , John . An Exposition of the Orthodox Faith , Book IV Chapter 17 . newadvent . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ of Laodicea , Synod . Synod of Laodicea Canon 60 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.tertullian.org/decretum_eng.htm Jump up ^ `` Canon XXIV . ( Greek xxvii . ) '' , The Canons of the 217 Blessed Fathers who assembled at Carthage , Christian Classics Ethereal Library Jump up ^ Council of Carthage ( 419 ) Canon 24 Jump up ^ in Trullo , Council . The Apostolic Canons . Canon 85 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoekema 1979 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Aune , David ( 1997 ) . Word Biblical Commentary 52A : Revelation 1 - 5 . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Zondervan . p. cxxxviii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 52177 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pate 2010 , p. no page number . Jump up ^ Tenney 1988 , pp. 32 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Senior & Getty 1990 , pp. 398 -- 399 . Jump up ^ Mounce 1998 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Karris ( ed . ) The Collegeville Bible Commentary Liturgical Press , 1992 p. 1296 . Jump up ^ Ken Bowers , Hiding in plain sight , Cedar Fort , 2000 p. 175 . Jump up ^ Carl Gustav Jung in his autobiography Memories Dream Reflections said `` I will not discuss the transparent prophecies of the Book of Revelation because no one believes in them and the whole subject is felt to be an embarrassing one . '' Jump up ^ ' Abdu'l - Baha , Abbas Effendi . `` Some Answered Questions '' . bahai.org . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Abdu'l - Baha , Abbas Effendi . `` Some Answered Questions '' . bahai.org . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Holy Bible '' . biblegateway.com . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Holy Bible '' . biblegateway.com . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bahá'í Reference Library -- Some Answered Questions , Pages 45 - 61 '' . Jump up ^ `` Holy Bible '' . biblegateway.com . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Abdu'l - Baha , Abbas Effendi . `` Some Answered Questions '' . bahai.org . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Averky ( Taushev ) , Archbishop ( 1996 ) . Eng . tr . Fr . Seraphim Rose , ed . The Apocalypse : In the Teachings of Ancient Christianity . Platina , California : St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood . ISBN 978 - 0 - 938635 - 67 - 3 . Jump up ^ R. Frances Swiney ( Rosa Frances Emily Biggs ) The Esoteric Teaching of the Gnostics London : Yellon , Williams & Co ( 1909 ) p. 3 & 4 Jump up ^ James M. Pryse Apocalypse Unsealed London : Watkins ( 1910 ) . The theory behind the book is given in Arthur Avalon ( Sir John Woodroffe ) The Serpent Power Madras ( Chennai ) : Ganesh & Co ( 1913 ) . One version of how these beliefs might have travelled from India to the Middle East , Greece and Rome is given in the opening chapters of Rudolf Otto The Kingdom of God and the Son of Man London : Lutterworth ( 1938 ) Jump up ^ Christopher Rowland Revelation London : Epworth ( 1993 ) p. 5 Jump up ^ `` 1 Nephi 14 : 18 - 27 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctrine and Covenants 20 : 35 '' . Jump up ^ `` Revelation 22 : 18 - 19 '' . Jump up ^ Hunter , Howard W. `` No Man Shall Add to or Take Away '' . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Faith 1 : 9 '' . Jump up ^ Scott Hahn , The Lamb 's Supper : The Mass as Heaven on Earth , ISBN 0 - 385 - 49659 - 1 . New York City : Doubleday , 1999 . Jump up ^ Catholic Online ( 23 August 2006 ) . `` Pope Benedict : Read Book of Revelation as Christ 's victory over evil -- International -- Catholic Online '' . Catholic.org . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Howard - Brook , Wes ; Gwyther , Anthony ( 1999 ) . Unveiling Empire : Reading Revelation Then and Now . Orbis Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57075 - 287 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rieger , Joerg ( 2007 ) . Christ & Empire : From Paul to Postcolonial Times . Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2038 - 7 . Jump up ^ Christoyannopoulos , Alexandre ( 2010 ) . Christian Anarchism : A Political Commentary on the Gospel . Exeter : Imprint Academic . pp. 123 -- 126 . Revelation Jump up ^ Holbrook , Frank ( July 1983 ) . `` What prophecy means to this church '' . Ministry , International Journal for Pastors. 56 ( 7 ) : 21 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seventh - day Adventist 28 Fundamental Beliefs '' ( PDF ) . The Official Site of the Seventh - day Adventist World Church . General Conference of Seventh - day Adventists . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Revelation 14 : 12 '' . Biblia.com . Logos Research Systems . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Remnant and its Mission '' . The Official Site of the Seventh - day Adventist World Church . General Conference of Seventh - day Adventists . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles C. Torrey The Apocalypse of John New Haven : Yale University Press ( 1958 ) . Christopher R. North in his The Second Isaiah London : OUP ( 1964 ) p. 23 says of Torrey 's earlier Isaiah theory , `` Few scholars of any standing have accepted his theory . '' This is the general view of Torrey 's theories . However , Christopher North goes on to cite Torrey on 20 major occasions and many more minor ones in the course of his book . So , Torrey must have had some influence and poetry is the key . Jump up ^ Apocalypse of John p. 7 Jump up ^ Apocalypse of John p. 37 Jump up ^ Apocalypse of John p. 8 Jump up ^ Apocalypse of John p. 137 Jump up ^ Apocalypse of John p. 140 Jump up ^ `` Flowers preach to us if we will hear '' , begins her poem ' Consider the lilies of the field ' Goblin Market London : Oxford University Press ( 1913 ) p. 87 Jump up ^ Ms Rossetti remarks that patience is a word which does not occur in the Bible until the New Testament , as if the usage first came from Christ 's own lips . Christina Rossetti The Face of the Deep London : SPCK ( 1892 ) p. 115 Jump up ^ `` Christians should resemble fire - flies , not glow - worms ; their brightness drawing eyes upward , not downward . '' The Face of the Deep p. 26 Jump up ^ ' vision ' lends the wrong emphasis as Ms Rossetti sought to minimise the distinction between John 's experience and that of others . She quoted 1 John 3 : 24 `` He abideth in us , by the Spirit which he hath given us '' to show that when John says , `` I was in the Spirit '' it is not exceptional . Jump up ^ The Face of the Deep p. 301 Jump up ^ The Face of the Deep p. 292 Jump up ^ The Face of the Deep p. 495 Jump up ^ Elisabeth Schuessler Fiorenza Revelation : Vision of a Just World Edinburgh : T&T Clark ( 1993 ) . The book seems to have started life as Invitation to the Book of Revelation Garden City : Doubleday ( 1981 ) ^ Jump up to : Tina Pippin Death & Desire : The rhetoric of gender in the Apocalypse of John Louisville : Westminster - John Knox ( 1993 ) p. 105 Jump up ^ DH Lawrence Apocalypse London : Martin Secker ( 1932 ) published posthumously with an introduction ( p. v -- xli ) by Richard Aldington which is an integral part of the text . Jump up ^ Apocalypse p. xxiii Jump up ^ Apocalypse p. 6 Jump up ^ Apocalypse p. 11 Lawrence did not consider how these two types of Christianity ( good and bad in his view ) might be related other than as opposites . He noted the difference meant that the John who wrote a gospel could not be the same John that wrote Revelation . Jump up ^ D.H. Lawrence ( 1995 ) . Apocalypse and the Writings on Revelation . Penguin Books . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 018781 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Dale Martin 2009 ( lecture ) . `` 24 . Apocalyptic and Accommodation '' on YouTube . Yale University . Accessed July 22 , 2013 . Lecture 24 ( transcript ) ^ Jump up to : CosmoLearning . `` Lecture 2 : From Stories to Canon -- CosmoLearning Religious Studies '' . ^ Jump up to : Bart D. Ehrman ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` Bart Ehrman Discusses the Apocalypticist '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Dr. Barbara Whitlock , `` Tracing out the convoluted sources of Christianity '' in George D. Barnes ( ed . ) , `` Collected New Essays in Comparative Religion '' Jump up ^ Wes Howard - Brook & Anthony Gwyther Unveiling Empire New York : Orbis ( 1999 ) p. 76 ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Kim ( 2015 ) . How John Wrote the Book of Revelation : From Concept to Publication . Lorton , Virginia : Kim Mark Lewis . pp. 216 , 226 . ISBN 1943325006 . Jump up ^ S Moyise p. 13 reports no work whatsoever done between 1912 and 1984 Jump up ^ Anon An exposition of the Apocalypse on a new principle of literal interpretation Aberdeen : Brown ( 1871 ) Jump up ^ S. Moyise The Old Testament in the Book of Revelation Sheffield : Sheffield Academic Press ( 1995 ) p. 31 Jump up ^ Ian Boxall The Revelation of St John London : Continuum & Peabody MA : Hendrickson ( 2006 ) p. 254 Jump up ^ G.K. Beale John 's use of the Old Testament in Revelation Sheffield : Sheffield Academic Press ( 1998 ) p. 109 Jump up ^ `` Revelation Draft Hypothesis '' . Bibliography ( edit ) Ammannati , Renato ( 2010 ) . Rivelazione e Storia . Ermeneutica dell'Apocalisse . Transeuropa . Bass , Ralph E. , Jr. ( 2004 ) Back to the Future : A Study in the Book of Revelation , Greenville , South Carolina : Living Hope Press , ISBN 0 - 9759547 - 0 - 9 . Bauckham , Richard ( 1993 ) . The Theology of the Book of Revelation . Cambridge University Press . Beale , G.K. ; McDonough , Sean M. ( 2007 ) . `` Revelation '' . In Beale , G.K. ; Carson , D.A. Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament . Baker Academic . Beale G.K. , The Book of Revelation , NIGTC , Grand Rapids -- Cambridge 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2174 - X Bousset W. , Die Offenbarung Johannis , Göttingen 1896 , 1906 . Boxall , Ian , ( 2006 ) The Revelation of Saint John ( Black 's New Testament Commentary ) London : Continuum , and Peabody , Massachusetts : Hendrickson . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 7135 - 8 U.S. edition : ISBN 1 - 56563 - 202 - 8 Boxall , Ian ( 2002 ) Revelation : Vision and Insight -- An Introduction to the Apocalypse , London : SPCK ISBN 0 - 281 - 05362 - 6 Brown , Raymond E. ( 3 October 1997 ) . Introduction to the New Testament . Anchor Bible . ISBN 0 - 385 - 24767 - 2 . Burkett , Delbert ( 2000 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament and the Origins of Christianity . Cambridge University Press . Collins , Adela Yarbro ( 1984 ) . Crisis and Catharsis : The Power of the Apocalypse . Westminster John Knox Press . Cross , F.L. ; Livingstone , E.A. , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` Revelation , Book of '' . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 3 rev . ed . ) . Oxford University Press . Crutchfield , Larry V. ( 2001 ) . `` Revelation in the New Testament Canon '' . In Couch , Mal . A Bible Handbook to Revelation . Kregel Academic . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2004 ) . The New Testament : A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings . New York : Oxford . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515462 - 2 . Ford , J. Massyngberde ( 1975 ) Revelation , The Anchor Bible , New York : Doubleday ISBN 0 - 385 - 00895 - 3 . Gentry , Kenneth L. , Jr. ( 1998 ) Before Jerusalem Fell : Dating the Book of Revelation , Powder Springs , Georgia : American Vision , ISBN 0 - 915815 - 43 - 5 . Gentry , Kenneth L. , Jr. ( 2002 ) The Beast of Revelation , Powder Springs , Georgia : American Vision , ISBN 0 - 915815 - 41 - 9 . Hahn , Scott ( 1999 ) The Lamb 's Supper : Mass as Heaven on Earth , Darton , Longman , Todd , ISBN 0814658180 Harrington Wilfrid J. ( 1993 ) Sacra Pagina : Revelation , Michael Glazier , ISBN 978 - 0814658185 Hernández , Juan , Scribal habits and theological influences in the Apocalypse , Tübingen 2006 Hoekema , Anthony A ( 1979 ) . The Bible and the future . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3516 - 1 . Hudson , Gary W. ( 2006 ) Revelation : Awakening The Christ Within , Vesica Press , ISBN 0 - 9778517 - 2 - 9 Jennings , Charles A. ( 2001 ) The Book of Revelation From An Israelite and Historicist Interpretation , Truth in History Publications . ISBN 978 - 0979256585 . Kiddle M. , The Revelation of St. John ( The Moffat New Testament Commentary ) , New York -- London 1941 . Kirsch , Thomas . A History of the End of the World : How the Most Controversial Book in the Bible Changed the Course of Western Civilization . New York : HarperOne , 2006 . Lohmeyer , Ernst , Die Offenbarung des Johannes , Tübingen 1953 . Muggleton , Lodowicke Works on the Book of Revelation London 2010 ISBN 978 - 1 - 907466 - 04 - 5 Müller U.B. , Die Offenbarung des Johannes , Güttersloh 1995 . McDonald , Lee Martin ; Sanders , James A. ( 2002 ) . The Canon Debate . Hendrickson Publishers . McKim , Donald K. ( 2014 ) . The Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms , Second Edition . Westminster John Knox Press , . Senior , Donald ; Getty , Mary Ann ( 1990 ) . The Catholic Study Bible . Oxford University Press . Mounce , Robert H. ( 1998 ) . The Book of Revelation . Eerdmans . Pate , C. Marvin ( 2010 ) . Four Views on the Book of Revelation . Zondervan . Pagels , Elaine ( 2012 ) Revelations : Visions , Prophecy , and Politics in the Book of Revelation , Viking Adult , ISBN 0 - 670 - 02334 - 5 Prigent P. , L'Apocalypse , Paris 1981 . Weor , Samael Aun ( 2004 ) ( 1960 ) . The Aquarian Message : Gnostic Kabbalah and Tarot in the Apocalypse of St. John . Thelema Press . ISBN 0 - 9745916 - 5 - 3 . Pattemore , Stephen ( 2004 ) . The People of God in the Apocalypse . Cambridge University Press . Roloff J. , Die Offenbarung des Johannes , Zürich 1987 . Shepherd , Massey H. ( 2004 ) The Paschal Liturgy and the Apocalypse , James Clarke , ISBN 0 - 227 - 17005 - 9 Schnelle , Udo ( 2007 ) . Theology of the New Testament ( tr. 2009 ) . Baker Academic . Stonehouse , Ned B. , ( c. 1929 ) The Apocalypse in the Ancient Church . A Study in the History of the New Testament Canon , n.d. , Goes : Oosterbaan & Le Cointre . ( Major discussion of the controversy surrounding the acceptance / rejection of Revelation into the New Testament canon . ) Stuckenbruck , Loren T. ( 2003 ) . `` Revelation '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John William . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans . Stephens , Mark B. ( 2011 ) . Annihilation Or Renewal ? : The Meaning and Function of New Creation in the Book of Revelation . Mohr Siebeck . Sweet , J.P.M. , ( 1979 , Updated 1990 ) Revelation , London : SCM Press , and Philadelphia : Trinity Press International . ISBN 0 - 334 - 02311 - 4 . Tenney , Merrill C. ( 1988 ) . Interpreting Revelation . Eerdmans . Vitali , Francesco ( 2008 ) Piccolo Dizionario dell'Apocalisse , TAU Editrice , Todi Wall , Robert W. ( 2011 ) . Revelation . Baker Books . Wikenhauser A. , Offenbarung des Johannes , Regensburg 1947 , 1959 . Witherington III , Ben , ( 2003 ) Revelation , The New Cambridge Bible Commentary , New York : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00068 - 0 . Zahn Th. , Die Offenbarung des Johannes , t . 1 -- 2 , Leipzig 1924 -- 1926 . External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Revelation at Biblical Studies ( NT ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Revelation . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Book of Revelation Wikisource has original text related to this article : Revelation Early Christian Writings : Apocalypse of John : text , introduction , context `` Revelation to John . '' Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Apocalypse , Book of -- Article from the Catholic Encyclopedia Understanding the Book of Revelation -- Article by L. Michael White from PBS Frontline program `` Apocalypse ! '' The Marvelous Address : The Revelation of the Beloved ( Disciple ) is an 18th - century manuscript about the book of Revelation in Arabic Jewish Encyclopedia Bible : Revelation public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Texts on Wikisource : Biesen , C. van den ( 1913 ) . `` Apocalypse '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Schem , A.J. ( 1879 ) . `` Apocalypse '' . The American Cyclopædia . Book of Revelation Apocalyptic Epistle Preceded by General Epistle of Jude New Testament Books of the Bible End Book of Revelation Bible Revelation 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Bible portal Places Armageddon Asia Babylon Egypt Ephesus Euphrates Jerusalem Laodicea Patmos Pergamum Philadelphia Sardis Smyrna Sodom Thyatira Persons Asher Balak Balaam Benjamin David Gad Issachar Jesus Christ Jezebel John Joseph Judah Levi Manasseh Michael Naphtali Reuben Simeon Zebulun Terms / Phrases Abaddon / Apollyon Alpha and Omega Beast Book of Life Events Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Four Living Creatures Lake of Fire Last Judgment Millennialism Number of the Beast Seven bowls Seven churches of Asia Seven seals Seven trumpets Whore of Babylon ( Scarlet woman ) Woman of the Apocalypse Wormwood Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Epistle of Jude Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book VIAF : 181843323 GND : 4073055 - 4 BNF : cb120083157 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Revelation&oldid=814217895 '' Categories : Book of Revelation Christian apocalyptic writings Christian eschatology Luther 's Antilegomena Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Use dmy dates from October 2013 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 Articles with LibriVox links Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles prone to spam from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu বাংলা Bân - 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who is speaking in the book of revelation
[ "Tradition links him to John the Apostle, but it is unlikely that the apostle could have lived into the most likely time for the book's composition, the reign of Domitian, and the author never states that he knew Jesus.[7] All that is known is that this John was a Jewish Christian prophet, probably belonging to a group of such prophets, and was accepted as such by the congregations to whom he addresses his letter.[4][8] His precise identity remains unknown,[9] and modern scholarship commonly refers to him as John of Patmos. [10]" ]
[ "John of Patmos" ]
-3166925328804587027
Automobile air conditioning
Automobile air conditioning - wikipedia Automobile air conditioning 1953 Chrysler Imperial with factory trunk mounted `` Airtemp '' system Automobile air conditioning ( also called A / C ) systems use air conditioning to cool the air in a vehicle . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Chrysler Airtemp 1.2 Nash integrated system 1.3 Growth in demand 1.4 Evaporative cooling 2 Operating principles 3 Power consumption 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) A company in New York City in the United States first offered installation of air conditioning for cars in 1933 . Most of their customers operated limousines and luxury cars . In 1939 , Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars . These were manufactured by Bishop and Babcock Co , of Cleveland , Ohio . The `` Bishop and Babcock Weather Conditioner '' also incorporated a heater . Cars ordered with the new `` Weather Conditioner '' were shipped from Packard 's East Grand Boulevard facility to the B&B factory where the conversion was performed . Once complete , the car was shipped to a local dealer where the customer would take delivery . Packard fully warranted and supported this conversion , and marketed it well . However , it was not commercially successful for a number of reasons : The main evaporator and blower system took up half of the trunk space ( though this became less of a problem as trunks became larger in the post-war period ) . It was superseded by more efficient systems in the post-war years . It had no temperature thermostat or shut - off mechanism other than switching the blower off . ( Cold air would still sometimes enter the car with any movement as the drive belt was continuously connected to the compressor -- later systems would use electrically operated clutches to remedy this problem . ) The several feet of plumbing going back and forth between the engine compartment and trunk proved unreliable in service . The price , at US $274 ( $4,692.12 in 2014 US dollars ) , was unaffordable to most people in post-depression / pre-war America . The option was discontinued after 1941 . Chrysler Airtemp ( edit ) The 1953 Chrysler Imperial was one of the first production cars in twelve years to offer modern automobile air conditioning as an option , following tentative experiments by Packard in 1940 and Cadillac in 1941 . Walter Chrysler had seen to the invention of Airtemp air conditioning in the 1930s for the Chrysler Building , and had offered it on cars in 1941 - 42 , and again in 1951 - 52 . The Airtemp was more advanced than rival automobile air conditioners by 1953 . It was operated by a single switch on the dashboard marked with low , medium , and high positions . As the highest capacity unit available at that time , the system was capable of quickly cooling the passenger compartment and also reducing humidity , dust , pollen , and tobacco smoke . The system drew in more outside air than contemporary systems ; thus , reducing the staleness associated with automotive air conditioning at the time . Instead of plastic tubes mounted on the rear window package shelf as on GM cars , small ducts directed cool air toward the ceiling of the car where it filtered down around the passengers instead of blowing directly on them , a feature that modern cars have lost . Cadillac , Buick , and Oldsmobile added air conditioning as an option on some of their models in the 1953 model year . All of these Frigidaire systems used separate engine and trunk mounted components . Nash integrated system ( edit ) Logo on a 1957 car with AMC factory installed air - conditioning system In 1954 , the Nash Ambassador was the first American automobile to have a front - end , fully integrated heating , ventilating , and air - conditioning system . The Nash - Kelvinator corporation used its experience in refrigeration to introduce the automobile industry 's first compact and affordable , single - unit heating and air conditioning system optional for its Nash models . This was the first mass market system with controls on the dash and an electric clutch . This system was also compact and serviceable with all of its components installed under the hood or in the cowl area . Combining heating , cooling , and ventilating , the new air conditioning system for the Nash cars was called the `` All - Weather Eye '' . This followed the marketing name of `` Weather Eye '' for Nash 's fresh - air automotive heating and ventilating system that was first used in 1938 . With a single thermostatic control , the Nash passenger compartment air cooling option was `` a good and remarkably inexpensive '' system . The system had cold air for passengers enter through dash - mounted vents . Nash 's exclusive `` remarkable advance '' was not only the `` sophisticated '' unified system , but also its $345 price that beat all other systems . Most competing systems used a separate heating system and an engine - mounted compressor , driven by the engine crankshaft via a belt , with an evaporator in the car 's trunk to deliver cold air through the rear parcel shelf and overhead vents . General Motors made a front - mounted air conditioning system optional in 1954 on Pontiacs with a straight - eight engine that added separate controls and air distribution . The alternative layout pioneered by Nash `` became established practice and continues to form the basis of the modern and more sophisticated automatic climate control systems . '' Growth in demand ( edit ) Air - conditioning for automobiles came into wide use from the late twentieth century . Although air conditioners use significant power ; the drag of a car with closed windows is less than if the windows are open to cool the occupants . There has been much debate on the effect of air conditioning on the fuel efficiency of a vehicle . Factors such as wind resistance , aerodynamics and engine power and weight must be considered , to find the true difference between using the air conditioning system and not using it , when estimating the actual fuel mileage . Other factors can affect the engine , and an overall engine heat increase can affect the cooling system of the vehicle . The innovation was adopted quickly and new features to air conditioning like the Cadillac Comfort Control which was a completely automatic heating and cooling system set by dial thermostat was introduced as an industry first in the 1964 model year . By 1960 about 20 % of all cars in the U.S. had air - conditioning , with the percentage increasing to 80 % in the warm areas of the Southwest . American Motors made air conditioning standard equipment on all AMC Ambassadors starting with the 1968 model year , a first in the mass market , with a base price starting at $2,671 . By 1969 , 54 % of domestic automobiles were equipped with air conditioning , with the feature needed not only for passenger comfort , but also to increase the car 's resale value . Evaporative cooling ( edit ) Main article : Car cooler A car cooler A car cooler is an automobile evaporative cooler , sometimes referred to as a swamp cooler . Most are aftermarket relatively inexpensive accessories consisting of an external window - mounted metal cylinder without moving parts , but internal under dashboard or center floor units with an electric fan are available . It was an early type of automobile air conditioner and is not used in modern cars relying on refrigerative systems to cool the interior . To cool the air it used latent heat ( in other words , cooling by water evaporation ) . Water inside the device evaporates and in the process transfers heat from the surrounding air . The cool moisture - laden air is then directed to the inside of the car . The evaporate `` cooling '' effect decreases with humidity because the air is already saturated with water . Therefore , the lower the humidity , such as in dry desert regions , the better the system works . Car coolers were popular , especially among summer tourists visiting or crossing the southwestern United States states of California , Arizona , Texas , New Mexico , and Nevada . Operating principles ( edit ) See also : Refrigeration cycle A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle : 1 ) condensing coil , 2 ) expansion valve , 3 ) evaporator coil , 4 ) compressor Regassing the air conditioning of a Ford Focus . In the refrigeration cycle , heat is transported from the passenger compartment to the environment . A refrigerator is an example of such a system , as it transports the heat out of the interior and into the ambient environment . Circulating refrigerant gas vapor ( which also carries the compressor lubricant oil across the system along with it ) from the evaporator enters the gas compressor in the engine bay , usually an axial piston pump compressor , and is compressed to a higher pressure , resulting in a higher temperature as well . The hot , compressed refrigerant vapor is now at a temperature and pressure at which it can be condensed and is routed through a condenser , usually in front of the car 's radiator . Here the refrigerant is cooled by air flowing across the condenser coils ( originating from the vehicle 's movement or from a fan , often the same fan of the cooling radiator if the condenser is mounted on it , automatically turned on when the vehicle is stationary or moving at low speeds ) and condensed into a liquid . Thus , the circulating refrigerant rejects heat from the system and the heat is carried away by the air . The condensed and pressurized liquid refrigerant is next routed through the receiver - drier , that is , a one way desiccant and filter cartridge that both dehydrates the refrigerant and compressor lubricant oil mixture in order to remove any residual water content ( which would become ice inside the expansion valve and therefore clog it ) that the vacuum done prior to the charging process did n't manage to remove from the system , and filters it in order to remove any solid particles carried by the mixture , and then through a thermal expansion valve where it undergoes an abrupt reduction in pressure . That pressure reduction results in flash evaporation of a part of the liquid refrigerant , lowering its temperature . The cold refrigerant is then routed through the evaporator coil in the passenger compartment . The air , often after being filtered by a cabin air filter , is blown by an adjustable speed electric powered centrifugal fan across the evaporator , causing the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture to evaporate as well , further lowering the temperature . The warm air is therefore cooled , and also deprived of any humidity ( which condenses on the evaporator coils and is drained outside of the vehicle ) in the process . It is then passed through an heater matrix , inside of which the engine 's coolant circulates , where it can be reheated to a certain degree or even a certain temperature selected by the user and then delivered inside the vehicle 's cabin through a set of adjustable vents . Another way of adjusting the desired air temperature , this time by working on the system 's cooling capacity , is precisely regulating the centrifugal fan speed so that only the strictly required volumetric flow rate of air is cooled by the evaporator . The user is also given the option to close the vehicle 's external air flaps , in order to achieve even faster and stronger cooling by recirculating the already cooled air inside the cabin to the evaporator . To complete the refrigeration cycle , the refrigerant vapor is routed back into the compressor . The warmer is the air that reaches the evaporator , the higher is the pressure of the vapor mixture discharged from it and therefore the higher is the load placed on the compressor and therefore on the engine to keep the refrigerant flowing through the system . The compressor can be driven by the car 's engine ( e.g. via a belt , often the serpentine belt , and an electromagnetically actuated clutch ; an electronically actuated variable displacement compressor can also be always directly driven by a belt without the need of any clutch and magnet at all ) or by an electric motor . Power consumption ( edit ) In a modern automobile , the A / C system will use around 4 horsepower ( 3 kW ) of the engine 's power , thus increasing fuel consumption of the vehicle . See also ( edit ) Sustainable automotive air conditioning References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` First Air Conditioned Auto '' . Popular Science . 123 ( 5 ) : 30 . November 1933 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Fast Facts and Trivia '' . 50states.com . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Alder , Dennis ( 2004 ) . Packard . MBI Publishing . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1928 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Langworth , Richard M. ( 1994 ) . Chrysler and Imperial : The Postwar Years . Motorbooks International . ISBN 0 - 87938 - 034 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 Cadillac Brochure '' . oldcarbrochures.org . p. 5 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 - Buick Heating and AC Folder '' . oldcarbrochures.org . pp. 10 -- 11 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 Oldsmobile Brochure '' . oldcarbrochures.org . p. 23 . Archived from the original on 7 February 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nash Low Cost Air Conditioner Cools or Heats by Turning Knob '' . Popular Mechanics. 101 ( 5 ) : 86 . May 1954 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Control Heating Cooling '' . Motor . 101 : 54 . 1954 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Gunnell , John , ed. ( 1987 ) . The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946 -- 1975 . Krause Publications . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87341 - 096 - 0 . Jump up ^ Daly , Steven ( 2006 ) . Automotive Air - Conditioning and Climate Control Systems . Elsevier Science & Technology Books . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 6955 - 9 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfe , Steven J. ( 2000 ) . `` HVAC Time Line '' . Refrigeration Service Engineers Society Twin Cities Chapter . Archived from the original on 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News of the Automotive World - Nash Air Conditioner Combines Heating , Cooling , and Ventilating '' . Automotive Industries . 110 : 86 . 1954 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Heon J. ( 2008 ) . American Automobile Advertising , 1930 -- 1980 : An Illustrated History . McFarland . p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3685 - 9 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Binder , Al ; the Ward 's staff ( 2 February 2001 ) . `` Rearview Mirror '' . Ward 's AutoWorld . Archived from the original on 24 November 2011 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide ( 29 November 2007 ) . `` 1953 -- 1955 Nash and Hudson Ramblers '' . auto.howstuffworks.com . Archived from the original on 5 November 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Nunney , Malcolm J. ( 2006 ) . Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology . Elsevier Science & Technology Books . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8037 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Nash , Gerald D. ( 1999 ) . Federal Landscape : An Economic History of the Twentieth - Century West . University of Arizona Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8165 - 1863 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lintern , Mike ( 1977 ) . Complete guide to American cars , 1966 - 76 . AutoMedia . p. 32 . ISBN 9780905395012 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Business : Shuffle & Cut '' . Time . 6 October 1967 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Timeline '' . National Academy of Engineering . Archived from the original on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , p. 54 `` ... it was actually an evaporative cooler - something Californians and Southwesterners have on the roofs of their houses and often call ' swamp coolers ' or ' swampies '' . '' Jump up ^ Heitmann , John Alfred ( 2009 ) . The Automobile and American Life . McFarland . p. 151 . ISBN 9781476601991 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Watt , John R. ( 1963 ) . Evaporative Air Conditioning . Industrial Press . p. 93 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Watt , John R. ( 1986 ) . Evaporative Air Conditioning Handbook ( Second ed . ) . Springer . ISBN 9781461293873 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , p. 54 ^ Jump up to : Sibley , p. 221 Jump up ^ `` The Easy Way '' . Popular Mechanics. 75 ( 5 ) : 676 -- 677 . May 1941 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Impact of Vehicle Air - Conditioning on Fuel Economy '' ( PDF ) . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` Air Conditioners for Your Car '' . Popular Science . 194 ( 4 ) : 117 -- 132 , includes detailed drawings . April 1969 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . hide Heating , ventilation and air conditioning Fundamental concepts Air changes per hour Bake - out Building envelope Convection Dilution Domestic energy consumption Enthalpy Fluid dynamics Gas compressor Heat pump and refrigeration cycle Heat transfer Humidity Infiltration Latent heat Noise control Outgassing Particulates Psychrometrics Sensible heat Stack effect Thermal comfort Thermal destratification Thermal mass Thermodynamics Vapour pressure of water Technology Absorption refrigerator Air barrier Air conditioning Antifreeze Automobile air conditioning Autonomous building Building insulation materials Central heating Central solar heating Chilled beam Chilled water Constant air volume ( CAV ) Coolant Dedicated outdoor air system ( DOAS ) Deep water source cooling Demand - controlled ventilation ( DCV ) Displacement ventilation District cooling District heating Electric heating Energy recovery ventilation ( ERV ) Firestop Forced - air Forced - air gas Free cooling Heat recovery ventilation ( HRV ) Hybrid heat Hydronics HVAC Ice storage air conditioning Kitchen ventilation Mixed - mode ventilation Microgeneration Natural ventilation Passive cooling Passive house Radiant heating and cooling system Radiant cooling Radiant heating Radon mitigation Refrigeration Renewable heat Room air distribution Solar air heat Solar combisystem Solar cooling Solar heating Thermal insulation Underfloor air distribution Underfloor heating Vapor barrier Vapor - compression refrigeration ( VCRS ) Variable air volume ( VAV ) Variable refrigerant flow ( VRF ) Ventilation Components Air conditioner inverter Air door Air filter Air handler Air ionizer Air - mixing plenum Air purifier Air source heat pumps Automatic balancing valve Back boiler Barrier pipe Blast damper Boiler Centrifugal fan Chiller Condensate pump Condenser Condensing boiler Convection heater Cooling tower Damper Dehumidifier Duct Economizer Electrostatic precipitator Evaporative cooler Evaporator Exhaust hood Expansion tank Fan coil unit Fan heater Fire damper Fireplace Fireplace insert Freeze stat Flue Freon Fume hood Furnace Furnace room Gas compressor Gas heater Gasoline heater Geothermal heat pump Grease duct Grille Ground - coupled heat exchanger Heat exchanger Heat pipe Heat pump Heating film Heating system High efficiency glandless circulating pump High - efficiency particulate air ( HEPA ) High pressure cut off switch Humidifier Infrared heater Inverter compressor Kerosene heater Louver Mechanical fan Mechanical room Oil heater Packaged terminal air conditioner Plenum space Pressurisation ductwork Process duct work Radiator Radiator reflector Recuperator Refrigerant Register Reversing valve Run - around coil Scroll compressor Solar chimney Solar - assisted heat pump Space heater Smoke exhaust ductwork Thermal expansion valve Thermal wheel Thermosiphon Thermostatic radiator valve Trickle vent Trombe wall Turning vanes Ultra-low particulate air ( ULPA ) Whole - house fan Windcatcher Wood - burning stove Measurement and control Air flow meter Aquastat BACnet Blower door Building automation Carbon dioxide sensor Clean Air Delivery Rate ( CADR ) Gas sensor Home energy monitor Humidistat HVAC control system Intelligent buildings LonWorks Minimum efficiency reporting value ( MERV ) OpenTherm Programmable communicating thermostat Programmable thermostat Psychrometrics Room temperature Smart thermostat Thermostat Thermostatic radiator valve Professions , trades , and services Architectural acoustics Architectural engineering Architectural technologist Building services engineering Building information modeling ( BIM ) Deep energy retrofit Duct leakage testing Environmental engineering Hydronic balancing Kitchen exhaust cleaning Mechanical engineering Mechanical , electrical , and plumbing Mold growth , assessment , and remediation Refrigerant reclamation Testing , adjusting , balancing Industry organizations ACCA AMCA ASHRAE ASTM International BRE BSRIA CIBSE LEED SMACNA Health and safety Indoor air quality ( IAQ ) Passive smoking Sick building syndrome ( SBS ) Volatile organic compound ( VOC ) See also ASHRAE Handbook Building science Fireproofing Glossary of HVAC terms Template : Home automation Template : Solar energy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automobile_air_conditioning&oldid=843698164 '' Categories : Heating , ventilating , and air conditioning Automotive cooling systems Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 21 : 12 . About Wikipedia
when did cars start to have air conditioning
[ "A company in New York City in the United States first offered installation of air conditioning for cars in 1933. Most of their customers operated limousines and luxury cars.[1]" ]
[ "1933" ]
4204556709667713086
Norris (surname)
Norris ( surname ) - wikipedia Norris ( surname ) Norris is an English surname . In some cases it is derived from the Middle English norreis , noreis , norais ; and the Anglo - Norman French noreis . In such cases the surname derived from elements meaning `` northerner '' , and referred to people from Norway , and northern England and Scotland . In other cases , the surname is derved from the Middle English personal name Norreis , which is in turn derived from norreis . In other cases the surname is derived from the Middle English norice , nurice ; and the Old French norrice , nurrice . In such cases , the surname is derived from elements meaning `` nurse '' , `` foster parent '' . Contents 1 Notables with this name include 1.1 First name 1.2 Fictional characters 2 References Notables with this name include ( edit ) Alphonso Winfield Ricardo ( Patrick - Grant ) Norris , , Born 17 / 03 / 1961 St Michael Barbados , Auto Electrician / PC , Laptop Technician , free energy design and implementation , Trained in Kenpo JuJitsu , WJJF Karma Jujitsu , Kokyu Aikido Association , Wu Shu. Ayshire Skelmorlie Scotland Cousin to Clan Grant Anthony Norris , American professional wrestler Ben Norris ( 1910 -- 2006 ) , American artist Chester E. Norris ( 1927 - 2016 ) , American diplomat Christopher Norris ( disambiguation ) Charles Norris ( disambiguation ) Chuck Norris , American actor and martial artist Chuck Norris ( musician ) , American guitarist Clint Norris , American musician Craig Norris , Canadian musician and radio broadcaster Daran Norris , American actor Dave Norris , American politician David Norris ( politician ) , Irish civil rights campaigner and politician David Norris ( footballer ) , English football ( soccer ) player Dean Norris , American actor Francis Norris , 1st Earl of Berkshire Frank Norris , American novelist Frank Norris ( bishop ) , Anglican bishop in China Fred Norris , American radio personality Frederick Norris , British marathon runner George W. Norris , member of the U.S. Congress and Senator from Nebraska Henry Norris ( disambiguation ) Hermione Norris , English actress J. Frank Norris , controversial Texas Baptist preacher Jacob Norris , 3D video game and cinematic artist James E. Norris , person after whom the James Norris Memorial Trophy in the National Hockey League is named Jared Norris , American football player Joanna Norris , New Zealand journalist John Norris ( disambiguation ) Justin Norris , Australian swimmer Kathi Norris ( 1919 -- 2005 ) , American TV hostess of the 1940s and 1950s Kathleen Norris ( 1880 -- 1966 ) , American novelist Kathleen Norris ( poet ) ( born 1947 ) , American poet , essayist and devotional writer Lando Norris , British racing driver Lee Norris , American actor Leslie Norris , Welsh poet Mark Norris ( Canadian politician ) Mary Harriott Norris , American writer and educator Michele Norris , American radio journalist Michelle Norris , first female winner of Military Cross ( UK ) Moochie Norris , American basketball player Olivia Norris ( born 1983 ) , German javelin thrower Patrick Norris ( born 1976 ) , television director Paul Norris , American comic book artist Philetus Norris , second superintendent of Yellowstone National Park Rex Norris ( disambiguation ) Roger Norreis ( died c. 1224 ) , Abbot of Evesham Septimus Norris , American locomotive designer Steven Norris , British politician Tom Norris ( disambiguation ) Tony Norris , British ornithologist Sir Thomas Norris British Soldier First name ( edit ) Norris Cole , American basketball player Norris McWhirter , co-compiler of The Guinness Book of Records Fictional characters ( edit ) Arthur Norris , a character in the novel Mr Norris Changes Trains by Christopher Isherwood Norris ( Chrono Cross ) , a character in the PlayStation game Chrono Cross Norris Cole , a character in Coronation Street , a British TV soap opera Norris Packard , a character from the Mobile Suit Gundam : The 08th MS Team OVA Mrs. Norris , a character in Jane Austen 's Mansfield Park Mrs. Norris , the pet cat of Argus Filch in the Harry Potter novels and films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hanks , P ; Coates , R ; McClure , P , eds. ( 2016 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland . Vol. 3 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 1965 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 879883 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hanks , P ; Coates , R ; McClure , P , eds. ( 2016 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland . Vol. 3 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 1965 , 1975 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 879883 - 5 . Surname list This page lists people with the surname Norris . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norris_(surname)&oldid=854877036 '' Categories : Surnames English - language surnames Hidden categories : Articles with short description All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 11 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where does the last name norris come from
[ "Norris is an English surname. In some cases it is derived from the Middle English norreis, noreis, norais; and the Anglo-Norman French noreis. In such cases the surname derived from elements meaning \"northerner\", and referred to people from Norway, and northern England and Scotland. In other cases, the surname is derved from the Middle English personal name Norreis, which is in turn derived from norreis.[1] In other cases the surname is derived from the Middle English norice, nurice; and the Old French norrice, nurrice. In such cases, the surname is derived from elements meaning \"nurse\", \"foster parent\".[2]\n", "Norris is an English surname. In some cases it is derived from the Middle English norreis, noreis, norais; and the Anglo-Norman French noreis. In such cases the surname derived from elements meaning \"northerner\", and referred to people from Norway, and northern England and Scotland. In other cases, the surname is derved from the Middle English personal name Norreis, which is in turn derived from norreis.[1] In other cases the surname is derived from the Middle English norice, nurice; and the Old French norrice, nurrice. In such cases, the surname is derived from elements meaning \"nurse\", \"foster parent\".[2]\n", "Norris is an English surname. In some cases it is derived from the Middle English norreis, noreis, norais; and the Anglo-Norman French noreis. In such cases the surname derived from elements meaning \"northerner\", and referred to people from Norway, and northern England and Scotland. In other cases, the surname is derved from the Middle English personal name Norreis, which is in turn derived from norreis.[1] In other cases the surname is derived from the Middle English norice, nurice; and the Old French norrice, nurrice. In such cases, the surname is derived from elements meaning \"nurse\", \"foster parent\".[2]\n" ]
[ "Middle English", "Anglo-Norman French", "Old French" ]
-7293243012257182188
Taboo (2017 TV series)
Taboo ( 2017 TV series ) - wikipedia Taboo ( 2017 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Taboo Genre Period drama Created by Tom Hardy Edward `` Chips '' Hardy Steven Knight Written by Steven Knight Edward `` Chips '' Hardy Directed by Kristoffer Nyholm Anders Engström Starring Tom Hardy Leo Bill Jessie Buckley Oona Chaplin Mark Gatiss Stephen Graham Jefferson Hall David Hayman Ed Hogg Michael Kelly Jonathan Pryce Jason Watkins Nicholas Woodeson Composer ( s ) Max Richter Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tom Hardy Ridley Scott Liza Marshall Kate Crowe Dean Baker Steven Knight Tom Lesinski Producer ( s ) Tim Bricknell Edward `` Chips '' Hardy ( consulting ) Cinematography Mark Patten Editor ( s ) Serkan Nihat Matt Platts - Mills Guy Bensley Kate Weiland Jason Krascucki Beverly Mills Running time 55 -- 57 minutes Production company ( s ) Scott Free London Hardy Son & Baker Distributor BBC One ( UK ) FX ( US ) Sonar Entertainment ( non-US ) Release Original network BBC One FX Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release 7 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) -- present ( present ) External links BBC website www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b088s45m Taboo is a British television drama programme produced by Scott Free London and Hardy Son & Baker for BBC One and FX . The show premiered on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 7 January 2017 , followed by the United States premiere on FX on 10 January 2017 . The programme was renewed for a second series in March 2017 . It was created by Steven Knight , Tom Hardy , and his father , Edward `` Chips '' Hardy , and is based on a story written by Tom and Chips Hardy . The eight - part series , set in 1814 , begins with James Delaney ( Tom Hardy ) returning to England after twelve years in Africa with fourteen stolen diamonds , following the death of his father and as the war with the United States is nearing its end . Kristoffer Nyholm and Anders Engström each directed four episodes of the first series . The music was composed by Max Richter . The show has received generally favourable reviews , with critics praising Hardy 's performance . Two more series are planned . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Broadcast 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Tom Hardy as James Keziah Delaney , Horace Delaney 's son Leo Bill as Benjamin Wilton , records officer , East India Company Jessie Buckley as Lorna Bow , Horace 's widow Oona Chaplin as Zilpha Geary , James Delaney 's half - sister Mark Gatiss as the Prince Regent Stephen Graham as Atticus , underworld informant to Delaney Jefferson Hall as Thorne Geary , Zilpha 's husband , insurance broker David Hayman as Brace , Horace Delaney 's loyal servant Edward Hogg as Michael Godfrey , minute taker , East India Company Michael Kelly as Dr Edgar Dumbarton , American physician at St Bartholomew 's Hospital in London and spy Jonathan Pryce as Sir Stuart Strange , Chairman of the East India Company Jason Watkins as Solomon Coop , Private Secretary to the Sovereign Nicholas Woodeson as Robert Thoyt , Delaney 's solicitor Recurring ( edit ) Edward Fox as Horace Delaney , owner of a shipping company based in London Franka Potente as Helga von Hinten , brothel madam Ruby - May Martinwood as Winter , Helga 's daughter Scroobius Pip as French Bill , assistant to Atticus Fiona Skinner as Brighton , a member of Atticus 's gang . Christopher Fairbank as Ibbotson , Delaney 's tenant farmer Richard Dixon as Edmund Pettifer , Africa desk , East India Company Roger Ashton - Griffiths as Abraham Appleby , East India Company Tom Hollander as Dr George Cholmondeley , chemist and scientist Marina Hands as Countess Musgrove , American spymaster in London Danny Ligairi as Martinez , Polynesian associate of Delaney Lucian Msamati as George Chichester , Sons of Africa lawyer Louis Ashbourne Serkis as Robert , James Delaney 's illegitimate son Production ( edit ) Taboo was created by Steven Knight , Tom Hardy and his father , Edward `` Chips '' Hardy , and is based on a story written by Tom and Chips Hardy . Knight and Tom Hardy previously worked together in the 2013 film Locke and the TV series Peaky Blinders , which premiered in 2013 . The first series was directed by Kristoffer Nyholm and Anders Engström . The music was composed by Max Richter . Steven Knight plans for two more series . Taboo was renewed in March 2017 for a second series . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) `` Episode 1 '' Kristoffer Nyholm Steven Knight 7 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) 7.00 James Delaney , believed dead , returns to London to attend the funeral of his father , Horace . Other than owning a small part of the west coast of North America , Horace has left nothing of value . The land , Nootka Sound , is in dispute between Great Britain and the United States , who are at war . The East India Company had an agreement to buy the land from Zilpha Geary , Delaney 's half - sister , but Delaney knows the war is coming to an end , greatly increasing the value of the land , and scorns their offer . Delaney discovers his father died from arsenic poisoning . `` Episode 2 '' Kristoffer Nyholm Steven Knight 14 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 14 ) 6.18 Delaney sets about reclaiming his inheritance ; he buys a ship at auction , then begins to assemble his crew . The reading of Horace 's will concludes with the appearance of Lorna Bow , a London actress , who claims that she and Horace were married . Delaney pays off Horace 's numerous creditors , and makes contact with Dr Dumbarton . The East India Company plot Delaney 's murder . The man with the silver tooth stabs Delaney , who despite severe injuries manages to kill him . `` Episode 3 '' Kristoffer Nyholm Steven Knight 21 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 21 ) 5.57 After Dumbarton administers to Delaney 's wound , his assistance regarding Nootka Sound is made clear . Delaney protects his life against the East India Company and the Crown by making United States government the beneficiary of his will . When Lorna makes claim for half of Horace 's assets , she is warned that her life is at risk and she should flee to Paris . Michael Godfrey is blackmailed by Delaney to provide secrets from the East India Company 's meetings . Lorna is abducted after leaving the theatre , only to be rescued by Delaney . `` Episode 4 '' Kristoffer Nyholm Steven Knight and Emily Ballou 28 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 28 ) 5.36 Lorna , encouraged by Delaney , allows herself to be arrested by the Crown . About to be raped by Coop , she is rescued when the East India Company intervene , having been tipped off by Delaney . Cholmondeley advises Delaney on gunpowder . They plan to steal refined saltpetre from a Company warehouse . An attempt to kill Delaney , instigated by the US secret agent Carlsbad , ends with the disembowelment of his attacker . When Delaney is invited to a ball held by the Countess Musgrove , he asks Lorna to accompany him . Although she neither confirms nor denies it , he realises that Musgrove is Carlsbad . Thorne , under the influence from laughing gas provided by Cholmondeley , challenges Delaney to a duel to the death . 5 `` Episode 5 '' Anders Engström Steven Knight and Ben Hervey 4 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 04 ) 5.63 When Thorne 's shot at Delaney 's chest proves to have been sabotaged , Delaney fires at the second , killing him . Because the Crown had purchased the saltpetre , the Company pay the consequence for the theft . The Prince Regent decides to make matters difficult for the Company and sends George Chichester , a lawyer for the Sons of Africa , to investigate the sinking of the Influence , the slave ship that has been haunting Delaney 's memories and on which 280 people died . Dumbarton tells Delaney that the Americans know about his hidden farm . Lorna has followed Delaney 's instructions and brought him his father 's trunk ; he finds the treaty that proves Nootka Sound was bought from the natives , rather than taken by force . Delaney believes that his father bought his mother , a Nootka woman , for beads . 6 `` Episode 6 '' Anders Engström Edward `` Chips '' Hardy and Steven Knight 11 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 11 ) 5.43 Brace tells Delaney that his mother was confined to a mental asylum after she attempted to drown him , and that his father had saved his life . Zilpha murders Thorne , and his corpse is disposed of by Dumbarton . Ibbotson takes confession , but the priest is in the employ of the Company . The gunpowder is not found and is successfully transported to the dock , but the Company destroy Delaney 's ship . Delaney gets hopelessly drunk , and on recovering , he finds Winter 's corpse beside him . Chichester continues his investigation into the Company , discovering that the name of the slave ship had been changed and that it was registered as being empty ; that it was staffed with a skeleton crew ; and that Stuart Strange 's own brother owned a sugar plantation in Antigua . 7 `` Episode 7 '' Anders Engström Steven Knight 18 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 18 ) 5.53 Following Winter 's funeral , James is fearful that he may have killed her whilst drunk . Unlike Helga , Lorna believes in his innocence , especially as he houses another young waif , Robert . James is visited by Chichester , who accuses him of complicity in sinking the slave ship but offers immunity if he will indict the East India Company . Brace makes a dreadful confession to James . Meanwhile , a vengeful Helga tells Strange about the gunpowder , leading to James being imprisoned and tortured , for treason . Lorna does her own sleuthing to prove James innocent of killing Winter , whilst James ' ally in the Company , Godfrey , agrees to testify against them , requiring George to spirit him away for his own safety . With the Prince Regent still annoyed at the East India Company , James is surprised to find Strange offering him a compromising bargain . 8 `` Episode 8 '' Anders Engström Steven Knight 25 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 25 ) 5.59 In prison awaiting trial , James lets Strange know he is aware of his part in the sinking of the slave ship , a fact Godfrey will reveal to the Royal Commission , thus forcing Strange to arrange his release . James is distraught to find that Zilpha has killed herself . Lorna and Atticus also rescue Helga , telling her that James was framed by the East India Company for Winter 's murder . James , Lorna , Atticus , Michael and their associates prepare to escape on the ship Strange has arranged for them , but there is a traitor in the group , not to mention a vengeful Prince Regent . There is a dockside shoot - out before the survivors can set sail for America and the East India Company is ultimately discredited . Broadcast ( edit ) Taboo premiered on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 7 January 2017 , and on FX in the United States on 10 January 2017 . The debut episode had 1.839 million viewers in the US , and a rating of 0.6 for the 18 -- 49 demo . Its Live + 3 figures were 3.43 million viewers -- 1.63 million adults in the category 18 - 49 -- the time - shifted percentage increase of 101 % in the demo is a record for FX . In the US , the first season averaged per episode 1.33 million viewers and 0.4 rating in the 18 - 49 demo on the episodes initial airings , but increased to 5.8 million viewers per episode after viewing figures from all platforms had been added , including on - air replays , delayed viewing and streaming . Reception ( edit ) The show has received generally favourable reviews , with critics praising Hardy 's performance , the show 's aesthetic and the slow burn aspect . The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the series an approval rating of 78 % based on 45 reviews , with an average rating of 7.03 / 10 . Their critical consensus reads , `` After a sluggish start , Taboo takes a hold as a mysterious , dark , and often brutal period drama with plenty of promise as a series -- most notably Tom Hardy 's exceptionally watchable performance '' . On review aggregator Metacritic , the series has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 32 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Ben Lawrence of The Telegraph gave Taboo 3 out of 5 stars , stating that Taboo 's strength is that , despite borrowing from westerns , gangster flicks and even Dickens , it still manages to feel utterly original . Sam Wollaston of The Guardian noted that while some of the dialogue does make you wince , Hardy 's acting and onscreen presence more than makes up for it . Writing for The Hollywood Reporter , Tim Goodman noted that Taboo is a solid if slow , in the early going , entry in FX 's stable of series , with a compelling turn by Tom Hardy . Kevin Yeoman of Screenrant wrote in his review that it all added up to a dark , slow - moving but nonetheless intriguing drama with secrets to dispense in due time . He also said that it was likely that those drawn to Hardy 's onscreen intensity and seemingly unlimited capacity to become the physical embodiment of gloomy menace would be the ones most likely to stick around until the very end , and in doing so would reap the potential rewards . Some historians have expressed concern that the East India Company may be portrayed inaccurately . Before the broadcast of Taboo , Steven Knight said , `` This man , James Delaney , is a deeply flawed and deeply troubled human being . His greatest struggle will be against the East India Company which , throughout the 19th century , was the equivalent of the CIA , the NSA , and the biggest , baddest multinational corporation on earth , all rolled into one self - righteous , religiously - motivated monolith . '' Tirthankar Roy , an economic historian at the London School of Economics , argued that it gave an excessively negative view of the East India Company . Nick Robins , author of The Corporation That Changed the World , added that the organisation had made a positive contribution , but that by the time it was dissolved it had long `` outlived its usefulness '' . A lecturer at Manchester Business School , Matthew McCaffrey , considers Taboo to portray monopolies realistically . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kelly , Alicia ( 28 December 2016 ) . `` Danny will star alongside Tom Hardy after chance encounter with star 's dog '' . Worcester News . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Furness , Hannah ( 3 January 2017 ) . `` Tom Hardy wins dream acting role -- after convincing his dad to create it for him '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Premiere of FX Drama Taboo Among Highest - Rated Drama Premieres of Past Year '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 17 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Haw ( 25 February 2017 ) . `` What is Taboo 's theme song ? '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Dowell , Ben ( 18 February 2017 ) . `` Taboo writer Steven Knight plans at least two more series of the BBC One drama '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( 8 March 2017 ) . `` Tom Hardy Drama ' Taboo ' Renewed For Season 2 By BBC One & FX '' . Deadline . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Barb.co.uk . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . ( No permanent link available . Search for relevant dates . ) Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 25 February 2017 ) . `` Taboo : Everything you need to know about Nootka Sound '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( 1 February 2017 ) . `` Taboo 's gunpowder plot : can you really make explosives from manure ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( 23 November 2015 ) . `` Tom Hardy 's FX / BBC One Drama Taboo Adds 13 , Begins Production '' . TVLine . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 11 January 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : Taboo premieres well , Curse of Oak Island dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( 16 January 2017 ) . `` Taboo Premiere Draws 3.4 M Viewers In L + 3 For FX '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 8 March 2017 ) . `` Taboo will return to FX in 2018 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yeoman , Kevin ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` Taboo Premiere Delivers an Intense and Provocative Period Drama '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Tim ( 4 January 2017 ) . `` Taboo : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taboo ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taboo reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Ben ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` Taboo review : ' Tom Hardy 's swaggering brute of a costume drama ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( 16 January 2017 ) . `` Taboo review -- Tom Hardy brings extra swagger to Regency London '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Anita ; Copping , Jasper ( 4 April 2014 ) . `` BBC to break ' Taboo ' with ' inaccurate ' portrayal of East India Company '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ McCaffrey , Matthew ( 3 February 2017 ) . `` FX 's Taboo Offers a Realistic Portrayal of Monopoly '' . FEE . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . External links ( edit ) Taboo on IMDb Taboo at BBC Taboo at FX ( hide ) Works by Steven Knight Films written and directed Hummingbird Locke Serenity Films written only Dirty Pretty Things Amazing Grace Eastern Promises Closed Circuit The Hundred - Foot Journey Seventh Son Pawn Sacrifice Burnt Allied November Criminals Woman Walks Ahead TV series created Peaky Blinders Taboo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taboo_(2017_TV_series)&oldid=806271589 '' Categories : 2010s British drama television series 2017 British television programme debuts BBC television dramas English - language television programs Television series by Scott Free Productions Television shows set in London Hidden categories : EngvarB from January 2017 Use dmy dates from January 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 21 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how many series of taboo will there be
[ "It was created by Steven Knight, Tom Hardy, and his father, Edward \"Chips\" Hardy, and is based on a story written by Tom and Chips Hardy. The eight-part series, set in 1814, begins with James Delaney (Tom Hardy) returning to England after twelve years in Africa with fourteen stolen diamonds, following the death of his father and as the war with the United States is nearing its end." ]
[ "eight" ]
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Enigma machine
Enigma machine - wikipedia Enigma machine Jump to : navigation , search Military Enigma machine , model `` Enigma 1 '' , used during the late 1930s and during the war ; displayed at Museo scienza e tecnologia Milano , Italy Military Enigma machine ( in wooden box ) The Enigma cipher machine Enigma machine Enigma rotors Breaking Enigma Polish Cipher Bureau Doubles Grill Clock Cyclometer Bomba Zygalski sheets Bletchley Park Banburismus Herivel tip Crib Bombe Hut 3 Hut 6 Hut 8 PC Bruno Ultra The Enigma machines were a series of electro - mechanical rotor cipher machines developed and used in the early - to mid-20th century to protect commercial , diplomatic and military communication . Enigma was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I. Early models were used commercially from the early 1920s , and adopted by military and government services of several countries , most notably Nazi Germany before and during World War II . Several different Enigma models were produced , but the German military models , having a plugboard , were the most complex . Japanese and Italian models were also in use . Around December 1932 , Marian Rejewski of the Polish Cipher Bureau used the theory of permutations and flaws in the German military message procedures to break the message keys of the plugboard Enigma machine . Rejewski achieved this result without knowledge of the wiring of the machine , so the result did not allow the Poles to decrypt actual messages . The French had a spy with access to German cipher materials that included the daily keys used in September and October 1932 . Those keys included the plugboard settings . The French gave the material to the Poles , and Rejewski used some of that material and the message traffic in September and October to solve for the unknown rotor wiring . Consequently , the Poles were able to build their own Enigma machines , which were called Enigma doubles . Rejewski was aided by cryptanalysts Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski , both of whom had been recruited with Rejewski from Poznań University . The Polish Cipher Bureau developed techniques to defeat the plugboard and find all components of the daily key , which enabled the Cipher Bureau to read the German 's Enigma messages . Over time , the German cryptographic procedures improved , and the Cipher Bureau developed techniques and designed mechanical devices to continue breaking the Enigma traffic . As part of that effort , the Poles exploited quirks of the rotors , compiled catalogs , built a cyclometer to help make a catalog with 100,000 entries , made Zygalski sheets and built the electro - mechanical cryptologic bomb to search for rotor settings . In 1938 , the Germans added complexity to the Enigma machines that finally became too expensive for the Poles to counter . The Poles had six bomby , but when the Germans added two more rotors , ten times as many bomby were needed , but the Poles did not have the resources . On 26 and 27 July 1939 , in Pyry near Warsaw , the Poles initiated French and British military intelligence representatives into their Enigma - decryption techniques and equipment , including Zygalski sheets and the cryptologic bomb , and promised each delegation a Polish - reconstructed Enigma . The demonstration represented a vital basis for the later British continuation and effort . During the war , British cryptologists decrypted a vast number of messages enciphered on Enigma . The intelligence gleaned from this source , codenamed `` Ultra '' by the British , was a substantial aid to the Allied war effort . Though Enigma had some cryptographic weaknesses , in practice it was German procedural flaws , operator mistakes , failure to systematically introduce changes in encipherment procedures , and Allied capture of key tables and hardware that , during the war , enabled Allied cryptologists to succeed and `` turned the tide '' in the Allies ' favor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Design 2.1 Electrical pathway 2.2 Rotors 2.3 Stepping 2.4 Turnover 2.5 Entry wheel 2.6 Reflector 2.7 Plugboard 2.8 Accessories 2.8. 1 Schreibmax 2.8. 2 Fernlesegerät 2.8. 3 Uhr 2.9 Mathematical analysis 3 Operation 3.1 Basic operation 3.2 Details 3.3 Indicator 3.4 Additional details 4 History 4.1 Commercial Enigma 4.1. 1 Enigma A ( 1923 ) 4.1. 2 Enigma B ( 1924 ) 4.1. 3 Enigma C ( 1926 ) 4.1. 4 Enigma D ( 1927 ) 4.1. 4.1 `` Navy Cipher D '' -- Italian Navy 4.1. 5 Enigma H ( 1929 ) 4.1. 6 Enigma K 4.1. 7 Typex 4.2 Military Enigma 4.2. 1 Funkschlüssel C 4.2. 2 Enigma G ( 1928 -- 1930 ) 4.2. 3 Wehrmacht Enigma I ( 1930 -- 1938 ) 4.2. 4 M3 ( 1934 ) 4.2. 5 Two extra rotors ( 1938 ) 4.2. 6 M4 ( 1942 ) 5 Breaking Enigma 6 Surviving machines 7 Derivatives 8 Simulators 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Notes 11.2 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word Enigma is derived from the Latin word aenigma ( `` riddle '' ) , which again has been derived itself from the Ancient Greek verbal noun τὸ αἴνιγμα . Design ( edit ) Enigma in use , 1943 Like other rotor machines , the Enigma machine is a combination of mechanical and electrical subsystems . The mechanical subsystem consists of a keyboard ; a set of rotating disks called rotors arranged adjacently along a spindle ; one of various stepping components to turn at least one rotor with each key press , and a series of lamps , one for each letter . Electrical pathway ( edit ) Enigma wiring diagram with arrows and the numbers 1 to 9 showing how current flows from key depression to a lamp being lit . The A key is encoded to the D lamp . D yields A , but A never yields A ; this property was due to a patented feature unique to the Enigmas , and could be exploited by cryptanalysts in some situations . The mechanical parts act in such a way as to form a varying electrical circuit . When a key is pressed , one or more rotors rotate on the spindle . On the sides of the rotors are a series of electrical contacts that , after rotation , line up with contacts on the other rotors or fixed wiring on either end of the spindle . When the rotors are properly aligned , each key on the keyboard is connected to a unique electrical pathway through the series of contacts and internal wiring . Current , typically from a battery , flows through the pressed key , into the newly configured set of circuits and back out again , ultimately lighting one display lamp , which shows the output letter . For example , when encrypting a message starting ANX ... , the operator would first press the A key , and the Z lamp might light , so Z would be the first letter of the ciphertext . The operator would next press N , and then X in the same fashion , and so on . The scrambling action of Enigma 's rotors is shown for two consecutive letters with the right - hand rotor moving one position between them . Current flowed from the battery ( 1 ) through a depressed bi-directional keyboard switch ( 2 ) to the plugboard ( 3 ) . Next , it passed through the ( unused in this instance , so shown closed ) plug `` A '' ( 3 ) via the entry wheel ( 4 ) , through the wiring of the three ( Wehrmacht Enigma ) or four ( Kriegsmarine M4 and Abwehr variants ) installed rotors ( 5 ) , and entered the reflector ( 6 ) . The reflector returned the current , via an entirely different path , back through the rotors ( 5 ) and entry wheel ( 4 ) , proceeding through plug `` S '' ( 7 ) connected with a cable ( 8 ) to plug `` D '' , and another bi-directional switch ( 9 ) to light the appropriate lamp . The repeated changes of electrical path through an Enigma scrambler implemented a polyalphabetic substitution cipher that provided Enigma 's security . The diagram on the right shows how the electrical pathway changed with each key depression , which caused rotation of at least the right - hand rotor . Current passed into the set of rotors , into and back out of the reflector , and out through the rotors again . The greyed - out lines are other possible paths within each rotor ; these are hard - wired from one side of each rotor to the other . The letter A encrypts differently with consecutive key presses , first to G , and then to C . This is because the right - hand rotor has stepped , sending the signal on a completely different route . Eventually other rotors step with a key press . Rotors ( edit ) Enigma rotor assembly . In the Wehrmacht Enigma , the three installed movable rotors are sandwiched between two fixed wheels : the entry wheel , on the right , and the reflector on the left . Main article : Enigma rotor details The rotors ( alternatively wheels or drums , Walzen in German ) formed the heart of an Enigma machine . Each rotor was a disc approximately 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) in diameter made from hard rubber or bakelite with 26 brass , spring - loaded , electrical contact pins arranged in a circle on one face ; the other side housing the corresponding number of circular plate electrical contacts . The pins and contacts represent the alphabet -- typically the 26 letters A -- Z ( this will be assumed for the rest of this description ) . When the rotors were mounted side - by - side on the spindle , the pins of one rotor rested against the plate contacts of the neighbouring rotor , forming an electrical connection . Inside the body of the rotor , 26 wires connected each pin on one side to a contact on the other in a complex pattern . Most of the rotors were identified by Roman numerals , and each issued copy of rotor I was wired identically to all others . The same was true for the special thin beta and gamma rotors used in the M4 naval variant . Three Enigma rotors and the shaft , on which they are placed when in use . By itself , a rotor performs only a very simple type of encryption -- a simple substitution cipher . For example , the pin corresponding to the letter E might be wired to the contact for letter T on the opposite face , and so on . Enigma 's security came from using several rotors in series ( usually three or four ) and the regular stepping movement of the rotors , thus implementing a polyalphabetic substitution cipher . When placed in an Enigma , each rotor can be set to one of 26 possible positions . When inserted , it can be turned by hand using the grooved finger - wheel , which protrudes from the internal Enigma cover when closed . So that the operator can know the rotor 's position , each had an alphabet tyre ( or letter ring ) attached to the outside of the rotor disk , with 26 characters ( typically letters ) ; one of these could be seen through the window , thus indicating the rotational position of the rotor . In early models , the alphabet ring was fixed to the rotor disk . A later improvement was the ability to adjust the alphabet ring relative to the rotor disk . The position of the ring was known as the Ringstellung ( `` ring setting '' ) , and was a part of the initial setting prior to an operating session . In modern terms it was a part of the initialization vector . Two Enigma rotors showing electrical contacts , stepping ratchet ( on the left ) and notch ( on the right - hand rotor opposite D ) . Each rotor contained a notch ( or more than one ) that controlled rotor stepping . In the military variants , the notches are located on the alphabet ring . The Army and Air Force Enigmas were used with several rotors , initially three . On 15 December 1938 , this changed to five , from which three were chosen for a given session . Rotors were marked with Roman numerals to distinguish them : I , II , III , IV and V , all with single notches located at different points on the alphabet ring . This variation was probably intended as a security measure , but ultimately allowed the Polish Clock Method and British Banburismus attacks . The Naval version of the Wehrmacht Enigma had always been issued with more rotors than the other services : at first six , then seven , and finally eight . The additional rotors were marked VI , VII and VIII , all with different wiring , and had two notches , resulting in more frequent turnover . The four - rotor Naval Enigma ( M4 ) machine accommodated an extra rotor in the same space as the three - rotor version . This was accomplished by replacing the original reflector with a thinner one and by adding a thin fourth rotor . That fourth rotor was one of two types , Beta or Gamma , and never stepped , but could be manually set to any of 26 positions . One of the 26 made the machine perform identically to the three - rotor machine . Stepping ( edit ) To avoid merely implementing a simple ( and easily breakable ) substitution cipher , every key press caused one or more rotors to step by one twenty - sixth of a full rotation , before the electrical connections were made . This changed the substitution alphabet used for encryption , ensuring that the cryptographic substitution was different at each new rotor position , producing a more formidable polyalphabetic substitution cipher . The stepping mechanism varied slightly from model to model . The right - hand rotor stepped once with each keystroke , and other rotors stepped less frequently . Turnover ( edit ) The Enigma stepping motion seen from the side away from the operator . All three ratchet pawls ( green ) push in unison as a key is depressed . For the first rotor ( 1 ) , which to the operator is the right - hand rotor , the ratchet ( red ) is always engaged , and steps with each keypress . Here , the middle rotor ( 2 ) is engaged because the notch in the first rotor is aligned with the pawl ; it will step ( turn over ) with the first rotor . The third rotor ( 3 ) is not engaged , because the notch in the second rotor is not aligned to the pawl , so it will not engage with the rachet . The advancement of a rotor other than the left - hand one was called a turnover by the British . This was achieved by a ratchet and pawl mechanism . Each rotor had a ratchet with 26 teeth and every time a key was pressed , the set of spring - loaded pawls moved forward in unison , trying to engage with a ratchet . The alphabet ring of the rotor to the right normally prevented this . As this ring rotated with its rotor , a notch machined into it would eventually align itself with the pawl , allowing it to engage with the ratchet , and advance the rotor on its left . The right - hand pawl , having no rotor and ring to its right , stepped its rotor with every key depression . For a single - notch rotor in the right - hand position , the middle rotor stepped once for every 26 steps of the right - hand rotor . Similarly for rotors two and three . For a two - notch rotor , the rotor to its left would turn over twice for each rotation . The first five rotors to be introduced ( I -- V ) contained one notch each , while the additional naval rotors VI , VII and VIII each had two notches . The position of the notch on each rotor was determined by the letter ring which could be adjusted in relation to the core containing the interconnections . The points on the rings at which they caused the next wheel to move were as follows . Position of turnover notches Rotor Turnover position ( s ) BP mnemonic Royal II Flags III Wave IV Kings V Above VI , VII and VIII A and N The design also included a feature known as double - stepping . This occurred when each pawl aligned with both the ratchet of its rotor and the rotating notched ring of the neighbouring rotor . If a pawl engaged with a ratchet through alignment with a notch , as it moved forward it pushed against both the ratchet and the notch , advancing both rotors . In a three - rotor machine , double - stepping affected rotor two only . If in moving forward the ratchet of rotor three was engaged , rotor two would move again on the subsequent keystroke , resulting in two consecutive steps . Rotor two also pushes rotor one forward after 26 steps , but since rotor one moves forward with every keystroke anyway , there is no double - stepping . This double - stepping caused the rotors to deviate from odometer - style regular motion . With three wheels and only single notches in the first and second wheels , the machine had a period of 26 × 25 × 26 = 16,900 ( not 26 × 26 × 26 , because of double - stepping ) . Historically , messages were limited to a few hundred letters , and so there was no chance of repeating any combined rotor position during a single session , denying cryptanalysts valuable clues . To make room for the Naval fourth rotors , the reflector was made much thinner . The fourth rotor fitted into the space made available . No other changes were made , which eased the changeover . Since there were only three pawls , the fourth rotor never stepped , but could be manually set into one of 26 possible positions . A device that was designed , but not implemented before the war 's end , was the Lückenfüllerwalze ( gap - fill wheel ) that implemented irregular stepping . It allowed field configuration of notches in all 26 positions . If the number of notches was a relative prime of 26 and the number of notches were different for each wheel , the stepping would be more unpredictable . Like the Umkehrwalze - D it also allowed the internal wiring to be reconfigured . Entry wheel ( edit ) The current entry wheel ( Eintrittswalze in German ) , or entry stator , connects the plugboard to the rotor assembly . If the plugboard is not present , the entry wheel instead connects the keyboard and lampboard to the rotor assembly . While the exact wiring used is of comparatively little importance to security , it proved an obstacle to Rejewski 's progress during his study of the rotor wirings . The commercial Enigma connects the keys in the order of their sequence on a QWERTZ keyboard : Q → ( \ displaystyle \ rightarrow ) A , W → ( \ displaystyle \ rightarrow ) B , E → ( \ displaystyle \ rightarrow ) C and so on . The military Enigma connects them in straight alphabetical order : A → ( \ displaystyle \ rightarrow ) A , B → ( \ displaystyle \ rightarrow ) B , C → ( \ displaystyle \ rightarrow ) C , and so on . It took inspired guesswork for Rejewski to penetrate the modification . Reflector ( edit ) Internal mechanism of an Enigma machine showing the type B reflector and rotor stack . With the exception of models A and B , the last rotor came before a ' reflector ' ( German : Umkehrwalze , meaning ' reversal rotor ' ) , a patented feature unique to Enigma among the period 's various rotor machines . The reflector connected outputs of the last rotor in pairs , redirecting current back through the rotors by a different route . The reflector ensured that Enigma is self - reciprocal : conveniently , encryption was the same as decryption . The reflector also gave Enigma the property that no letter ever encrypted to itself . This was a severe conceptual flaw and a cryptological mistake subsequently exploited by codebreakers . In Model ' C ' , the reflector could be inserted in one of two different positions . In Model ' D ' , the reflector could be set in 26 possible positions , although it did not move during encryption . In the Abwehr Enigma , the reflector stepped during encryption in a manner similar to the other wheels . In the German Army and Air Force Enigma , the reflector was fixed and did not rotate ; there were four versions . The original version was marked ' A ' , and was replaced by Umkehrwalze B on 1 November 1937 . A third version , Umkehrwalze C was used briefly in 1940 , possibly by mistake , and was solved by Hut 6 . The fourth version , first observed on 2 January 1944 , had a rewireable reflector , called Umkehrwalze D , allowing the Enigma operator to alter the connections as part of the key settings . Plugboard ( edit ) The plugboard ( Steckerbrett ) was positioned at the front of the machine , below the keys . When in use during World War II , there were ten connections . In this photograph , just two pairs of letters have been swapped ( A ↔ J and S ↔ O ) . The plugboard ( Steckerbrett in German ) permitted variable wiring that could be reconfigured by the operator ( visible on the front panel of Figure 1 ; some of the patch cords can be seen in the lid ) . It was introduced on German Army versions in 1930 , and was soon adopted by the Reichsmarine ( German Navy ) . The plugboard contributed more cryptographic strength than an extra rotor . Enigma without a plugboard ( known as unsteckered Enigma ) can be solved relatively straightforwardly using hand methods ; these techniques are generally defeated by the plugboard , driving Allied cryptanalysts to develop special machines to solve it . A cable placed onto the plugboard connected letters in pairs ; for example , E and Q might be a steckered pair . The effect was to swap those letters before and after the main rotor scrambling unit . For example , when an operator presses E , the signal was diverted to Q before entering the rotors . Up to 13 steckered pairs might be used at one time , although only 10 were normally used . Current flowed from the keyboard through the plugboard , and proceeded to the entry - rotor or Eintrittswalze . Each letter on the plugboard had two jacks . Inserting a plug disconnected the upper jack ( from the keyboard ) and the lower jack ( to the entry - rotor ) of that letter . The plug at the other end of the crosswired cable was inserted into another letter 's jacks , thus switching the connections of the two letters . Accessories ( edit ) The Schreibmax was a printing unit which could be attached to the Enigma , removing the need for laboriously writing down the letters indicated on the light panel . Other features made various Enigma machines more secure or more convenient . Schreibmax ( edit ) Some M4 Enigmas used the Schreibmax , a small printer that could print the 26 letters on a narrow paper ribbon . This eliminated the need for a second operator to read the lamps and transcribe the letters . The Schreibmax was placed on top of the Enigma machine and was connected to the lamp panel . To install the printer , the lamp cover and light bulbs had to be removed . It improved both convenience and operational security ; the printer could be installed remotely such that the signal officer operating the machine no longer had to see the decrypted plaintext . Fernlesegerät ( edit ) Another accessory was the remote lamp panel Fernlesegerät . For machines equipped with the extra panel , the wooden case of the Enigma was wider and could store the extra panel . A lamp panel version could be connected afterwards , but that required , as with the Schreibmax , that the lamp panel and lightbulbs be removed . The remote panel made it possible for a person to read the decrypted plaintext without the operator seeing it . Uhr ( edit ) The Enigma Uhr attachment In 1944 , the Luftwaffe introduced a plugboard switch , called the Uhr ( clock ) , a small box containing a switch with 40 positions . It replaced the standard plugs . After connecting the plugs , as determined in the daily key sheet , the operator turned the switch into one of the 40 positions , each producing a different combination of plug wiring . Most of these plug connections were , unlike the default plugs , not pair-wise . In one switch position , the Uhr did not swap letters , but simply emulated the 13 stecker wires with plugs . Mathematical analysis ( edit ) The Enigma transformation for each letter can be specified mathematically as a product of permutations . Assuming a three - rotor German Army / Air Force Enigma , let P ( \ displaystyle P ) denote the plugboard transformation , U ( \ displaystyle U ) denote that of the reflector , and L , M , R ( \ displaystyle L , M , R ) denote those of the left , middle and right rotors respectively . Then the encryption E ( \ displaystyle E ) can be expressed as E = P R M L U L − 1 M − 1 R − 1 P − 1 . ( \ displaystyle E = PRMLUL ^ ( - 1 ) M ^ ( - 1 ) R ^ ( - 1 ) P ^ ( - 1 ) . ) After each key press , the rotors turn , changing the transformation . For example , if the right - hand rotor R ( \ displaystyle R ) is rotated i ( \ displaystyle i ) positions , the transformation becomes ρ i R ρ − i ( \ displaystyle \ rho ^ ( i ) R \ rho ^ ( - i ) ) , where ρ ( \ displaystyle \ rho ) is the cyclic permutation mapping A to B , B to C , and so forth . Similarly , the middle and left - hand rotors can be represented as j ( \ displaystyle j ) and k ( \ displaystyle k ) rotations of M ( \ displaystyle M ) and L ( \ displaystyle L ) . The encryption transformation can then be described as E = P ( ρ i R ρ − i ) ( ρ j M ρ − j ) ( ρ k L ρ − k ) U ( ρ k L − 1 ρ − k ) ( ρ j M − 1 ρ − j ) ( ρ i R − 1 ρ − i ) P − 1 . ( \ displaystyle E = P ( \ rho ^ ( i ) R \ rho ^ ( - i ) ) ( \ rho ^ ( j ) M \ rho ^ ( - j ) ) ( \ rho ^ ( k ) L \ rho ^ ( - k ) ) U ( \ rho ^ ( k ) L ^ ( - 1 ) \ rho ^ ( - k ) ) ( \ rho ^ ( j ) M ^ ( - 1 ) \ rho ^ ( - j ) ) ( \ rho ^ ( i ) R ^ ( - 1 ) \ rho ^ ( - i ) ) P ^ ( - 1 ) . ) Combining three rotors from a set of five , the rotor settings with 26 positions , and the plugboard with ten pairs of letters connected , the military Enigma has 158,962,555,217,826,360,000 ( nearly 159 quintillion ) different settings . Operation ( edit ) Basic operation ( edit ) Play media Enciphering and deciphering using an enigma machine A German Enigma operator would be given a plaintext message to encrypt . For each letter typed in , a lamp indicated a different letter according to a pseudo-random substitution , based upon the wiring of the machine . The letter indicated by the lamp would be recorded as the enciphered substitution . The action of pressing a key also moved the rotor so that the next key press used a different electrical pathway , and thus a different substitution would occur . For each key press there was rotation of at least the right hand rotor , giving a different substitution alphabet . This continued for each letter in the message until the message was completed and a series of substitutions , each different from the others , had occurred to create a cyphertext from the plaintext . The cyphertext would then be transmitted as normal to an operator of another Enigma machine . This operator would key in the cyphertext and -- as long as all the settings of the deciphering machine were identical to those of the enciphering machine -- for every key press the reverse substitution would occur and the plaintext message would emerge . Details ( edit ) German Kenngruppenheft ( a U-boat codebook with grouped key codes ) Monthly key list Number 649 for the German Air Force Enigma , including settings for the reconfigurable reflector . In use , the Enigma required a list of daily key settings and auxiliary documents . In German military practice , communications were divided into separate networks , each using different settings . These communication nets were termed keys at Bletchley Park , and were assigned code names , such as Red , Chaffinch , and Shark . Each unit operating in a network was given the same settings list for its Enigma , valid for a period of time . The procedures for German Naval Enigma were more elaborate and more secure than those in other services and employed auxiliary codebooks . Navy codebooks were printed in red , water - soluble ink on pink paper so that they could easily be destroyed if they were endangered . An Enigma machine 's setting ( its cryptographic key in modern terms ; Schlüssel in German ) specified each operator - adjustable aspect of the machine : Wheel order ( Walzenlage ) -- the choice of rotors and the order in which they are fitted . Ring settings ( Ringstellung ) -- the position of each alphabet ring relative to its rotor wiring . Plug connections ( Steckerverbindungen ) -- the pairs of letters in the plugboard that are connected together . In very late versions , the wiring of the reconfigurable reflector . Starting position of the rotors ( Grundstellung ) -- chosen by the operator , should be different for each message . For a message to be correctly encrypted and decrypted , both sender and receiver had to configure their Enigma in the same way ; rotor selection and order , ring positions , plugboard connections and starting rotor positions must be identical . Except for the starting positions , these settings were established beforehand , distributed in key lists and changed daily . For example , the settings for the 18th day of the month in the German Luftwaffe Enigma key list number 649 ( see image ) were as follows : Wheel order : IV , II , V Ring settings : 15 , 23 , 26 Plugboard connections : EJ OY IV AQ KW FX MT PS LU BD Reconfigurable reflector wiring : IU AS DV GL FT OX EZ CH MR KN BQ PW Indicator groups : lsa zbw vcj rxn Enigma was designed to be secure even if the rotor wiring was known to an opponent , although in practice considerable effort protected the wiring configuration . If the wiring is secret , the total number of possible configurations has been calculated to be around 3 x 10 ( approximately 380 bits ) ; with known wiring and other operational constraints , this is reduced to around 10 ( 76 bits ) . Users of Enigma were confident of its security because of the large number of possibilities ; it was not then feasible for an adversary to even begin to try a brute force attack . Indicator ( edit ) See also : Cryptanalysis § Indicator Most of the key was kept constant for a set time period , typically a day . A different initial rotor position was used for each message , a concept similar to an initialisation vector in modern cryptography . The reason is that encrypting many messages with identical or near - identical settings ( termed in cryptanalysis as being in depth ) , would enable an attack using a statistical procedure such as Friedman 's Index of coincidence . The starting position for the rotors was transmitted just before the ciphertext , usually after having been enciphered . The exact method used was termed the indicator procedure . Design weakness and operator sloppiness in these indicator procedures were two of the main weaknesses that made cracking Enigma possible . Figure 2 . With the inner lid down , the Enigma was ready for use . The finger wheels of the rotors protruded through the lid , allowing the operator to set the rotors , and their current position , here RDKP , was visible to the operator through a set of windows . One of the earliest indicator procedures was used by Polish cryptanalysts to make the initial breaks into the Enigma . The procedure was for the operator to set up his machine in accordance with his settings list , which included a global initial position for the rotors ( the Grundstellung , meaning ground setting ) , say , AOH . The operator turned his rotors until AOH was visible through the rotor windows . At that point , the operator chose his own arbitrary starting position for that particular message . An operator might select EIN , and these became the message settings for that encryption session . The operator then typed EIN into the machine , twice , to allow for detection of transmission errors . The results were an encrypted indicator -- the EIN typed twice might turn into XHTLOA , which would be transmitted along with the message . Finally , the operator then spun the rotors to his message settings , EIN in this example , and typed the plaintext of the message . At the receiving end , the operation was reversed . The operator set the machine to the initial settings and typed in the first six letters of the message ( XHTLOA ) . In this example , EINEIN emerged on the lamps . After moving his rotors to EIN , the receiving operator then typed in the rest of the ciphertext , deciphering the message . The weakness in this indicator scheme came from two factors . First , use of a global ground setting -- this was later changed so the operator selected his initial position to encrypt the indicator , and sent the initial position in the clear . The second problem was the repetition of the indicator , which was a serious security flaw . The message setting was encoded twice , resulting in a relation between first and fourth , second and fifth , and third and sixth character . This security problem enabled the Polish Cipher Bureau to break into the pre-war Enigma system as early as 1932 . In 1940 the Germans changed procedure . During World War II , codebooks were only used each day to set up the rotors , their ring settings and the plugboard . For each message , the operator selected a random start position , let 's say WZA , and a random message key , perhaps SXT . He moved the rotors to the WZA start position and encoded the message key SXT . Assume the result was UHL . He then set up the message key , SXT , as the start position and encrypted the message . Next , he transmitted the start position , WZA , the encoded message key , UHL , and then the ciphertext . The receiver set up the start position according to the first trigram , WZA , and decoded the second trigram , UHL , to obtain the SXT message setting . Next , he used this SXT message setting as the start position to decrypt the message . This way , each ground setting was different and the new procedure avoided the security flaw of double encoded message settings . This procedure was used by Wehrmacht and Luftwaffe only . The Kriegsmarine procedures on sending messages with the Enigma were far more complex and elaborate . Prior to encryption the message was encoded using the Kurzsignalheft code book . The Kurzsignalheft contained tables to convert sentences into four - letter groups . A great many choices were included , for example , logistic matters such as refueling and rendezvous with supply ships , positions and grid lists , harbour names , countries , weapons , weather conditions , enemy positions and ships , date and time tables . Another codebook contained the Kenngruppen and Spruchschlüssel : the key identification and message key . Additional details ( edit ) The Army Enigma machine used only the 26 alphabet characters . Punctuation was replaced with rare character combinations . A space was omitted or replaced with an X . The X was generally used as period or full - stop . Some punctuation marks were different in other parts of the armed forces . The Wehrmacht replaced a comma with ZZ and the question mark with FRAGE or FRAQ . The Kriegsmarine replaced the comma with Y and the question mark with UD . The combination CH , as in `` Acht '' ( eight ) or `` Richtung '' ( direction ) , was replaced with Q ( AQT , RIQTUNG ) . Two , three and four zeros were replaced with CENTA , MILLE and MYRIA . The Wehrmacht and the Luftwaffe transmitted messages in groups of five characters . The Kriegsmarine , using the four rotor Enigma , had four - character groups . Frequently used names or words were varied as much as possible . Words like Minensuchboot ( minesweeper ) could be written as MINENSUCHBOOT , MINBOOT , MMMBOOT or MMM354 . To make cryptanalysis harder , messages were limited to 250 characters . Longer messages were divided into several parts , each using a different message key . History ( edit ) The Enigma family included multiple designs . The earliest were commercial models dating from the early 1920s . Starting in the mid-1920s , the German military began to use Enigma , making a number of security - related changes . Various nations either adopted or adapted the design for their own cipher machines . A selection of seven Enigma machines and paraphernalia exhibited at the US National Cryptologic Museum . From left to right , the models are : 1 ) Commercial Enigma ; 2 ) Enigma T ; 3 ) Enigma G ; 4 ) Unidentified ; 5 ) Luftwaffe ( Air Force ) Enigma ; 6 ) Heer ( Army ) Enigma ; 7 ) Kriegsmarine ( Naval ) Enigma -- M4 . An estimated 100,000 Enigma machines were constructed . After the end of World War II , the Allies sold captured Enigma machines , still widely considered secure , to developing countries . Commercial Enigma ( edit ) Scherbius 's Enigma patent -- U.S. Patent 1,657,411 , granted in 1928 . On 23 February 1918 , Arthur Scherbius with E. Richard Ritter applied for a patent for a ciphering machine that used rotors and founded the firm of Scherbius & Ritter . They approached the German Navy and Foreign Office with their design , but neither agencies were interested . Scherbius & Ritter then assigned the patent rights to Gewerkschaft Securitas , who founded the Chiffriermaschinen Aktien - Gesellschaft ( Cipher Machines Stock Corporation ) on 9 July 1923 ; Scherbius and Ritter were on the board of directors . Enigma a ( 1923 ) ( edit ) Chiffriermaschinen AG began advertising a rotor machine -- Enigma model A -- which was exhibited at the Congress of the International Postal Union in 1924 . The machine was heavy and bulky , incorporating a typewriter . It measured 65 × 45 × 38 cm and weighed about 50 kilograms ( 110 lb ) . Enigma B ( 1924 ) ( edit ) In 1924 Enigma model B was introduced , and was of a similar construction . While bearing the Enigma name , both models A and B were quite unlike later versions : they differed in physical size and shape , but also cryptographically , in that they lacked the reflector . Enigma C ( 1926 ) ( edit ) The reflector -- suggested by Scherbius 's colleague Willi Korn -- was introduced in Enigma C ( 1926 ) . Model C was smaller and more portable than its predecessors . It lacked a typewriter , relying on the operator ; hence the informal name of `` glowlamp Enigma '' to distinguish it from models A and B . Enigma D ( 1927 ) ( edit ) The Enigma C quickly gave way to Enigma D ( 1927 ) . This version was widely used , with shipments to Sweden , the Netherlands , United Kingdom , Japan , Italy , Spain , United States and Poland . In 1927 Hugh Foss at the British Government Code and Cypher School was able to show that commercial Enigma machines could be broken provided that suitable cribs were available . `` Navy cipher D '' -- Italian Navy ( edit ) Other countries used Enigma machines . The Italian Navy adopted the commercial Enigma as `` Navy Cipher D '' . The Spanish also used commercial Enigma during their Civil War . British codebreakers succeeded in breaking these machines , which lacked a plugboard . Enigma were also used by diplomatic services . Enigma H ( 1929 ) ( edit ) A rare 8 - rotor printing Enigma model H ( 1929 ) . There was also a large , eight - rotor printing model , the Enigma H , called Enigma II by the Reichswehr . In 1933 the Polish Cipher Bureau detected that it was in use for high - level military communications , but that it was soon withdrawn , as it was unreliable and jammed frequently . Enigma k ( edit ) The Swiss used a version of Enigma called model K or Swiss K for military and diplomatic use , which was very similar to commercial Enigma D . The machine was cracked by Poland , France , the United Kingdom and the United States ( the latter codenamed it INDIGO ) . An Enigma T model ( codenamed Tirpitz ) was used by Japan . Typex ( edit ) Once the British broke the Enigma , they fixed the problem with it and created their own , which the Germans believed to be unsolvable . Military Enigma ( edit ) Funkschlüssel C ( edit ) The Reichsmarine was the first military branch to adopt Enigma . This version , named Funkschlüssel C ( `` Radio cipher C '' ) , had been put into production by 1925 and was introduced into service in 1926 . The keyboard and lampboard contained 29 letters -- A-Z , Ä , Ö and Ü -- which were arranged alphabetically , as opposed to the QWERTZUI ordering . The rotors had 28 contacts , with the letter X wired to bypass the rotors unencrypted. 3 rotors were chosen from a set of five and the reflector could be inserted in one of four different positions , denoted α , β , γ and δ . The machine was revised slightly in July 1933 . Enigma G ( 1928 -- 1930 ) ( edit ) By 15 July 1928 , the German Army ( Reichswehr ) had introduced their own exclusive version of the Enigma machine ; the Enigma G . The Abwehr used the Enigma G ( the Abwehr Enigma ) . This Enigma variant was a four - wheel unsteckered machine with multiple notches on the rotors . This model was equipped with a counter which incremented upon each key press , and so is also known as the `` counter machine '' or the Zählwerk Enigma . Wehrmacht Enigma i ( 1930 -- 1938 ) ( edit ) Enigma machine G was modified to the Enigma I by June 1930 . Enigma I is also known as the Wehrmacht , or `` Services '' Enigma , and was used extensively by German military services and other government organisations ( such as the railways ) before and during World War II . Heinz Guderian in the Battle of France , with an Enigma machine The major difference between Enigma I ( German Army version from 1930 ) , and commercial Enigma models was the addition of a plugboard to swap pairs of letters , greatly increasing cryptographic strength . Other differences included the use of a fixed reflector and the relocation of the stepping notches from the rotor body to the movable letter rings . The machine measured 28 cm × 34 cm × 15 cm ( 11.0 in × 13.4 in × 5.9 in ) and weighed around 12 kg ( 26 lb ) . In August 1935 , the Air Force introduced the Wehrmacht Enigma for their communications . M3 ( 1934 ) ( edit ) By 1930 , the Reichswehr had suggested that the Navy adopt their machine , citing the benefits of increased security ( with the plugboard ) and easier interservice communications . The Reichsmarine eventually agreed and in 1934 brought into service the Navy version of the Army Enigma , designated Funkschlüssel ' or M3 . While the Army used only three rotors at that time , the Navy specified a choice of three from a possible five . Enigma in use on the Russian front Two extra rotors ( 1938 ) ( edit ) In December 1938 , the Army issued two extra rotors so that the three rotors were chosen from a set of five . In 1938 , the Navy added two more rotors , and then another in 1939 to allow a choice of three rotors from a set of eight . M4 ( 1942 ) ( edit ) See also : German Navy 4 - rotor Enigma A four - rotor Enigma was introduced by the Navy for U-boat traffic on 1 February 1942 , called M4 ( the network was known as Triton , or Shark to the Allies ) . The extra rotor was fitted in the same space by splitting the reflector into a combination of a thin reflector and a thin fourth rotor . Enigma G , used by the Abwehr , had four rotors , no plugboard , and multiple notches on the rotors . The German - made Enigma - K used by the Swiss Army had three rotors and a reflector , but no plugboard . It had locally re-wired rotors and an additional lamp panel . An Enigma model T ( Tirpitz ) -- a modified commercial Enigma K manufactured for use by the Japanese . An Enigma machine in the UK 's Imperial War Museum Enigma in use in Russia ( image Bundesarchiv ) Enigma Breaking Enigma ( edit ) Main article : Cryptanalysis of the Enigma Surviving machines ( edit ) US Enigma replica on display at the National Cryptologic Museum in Fort Meade , Maryland , USA . The effort to break the Enigma was not disclosed until the 1970s . Since then , interest in the Enigma machine has grown . Enigmas are on public display in museums around the world , and several are in the hands of private collectors and computer history enthusiasts . The Deutsches Museum in Munich has both the three - and four - rotor German military variants , as well as several civilian versions . Enigma machines are exhibited at the National Codes Centre in Bletchley Park , the Government Communications Headquarters , the Science Museum in London , the Polish Army Museum in Warsaw , the Swedish Army Museum ( Armémuseum ) in Stockholm , the Military Museum of A Coruña in Spain , the Nordland Red Cross War Memorial Museum in Narvik , Norway , The Artillery , Engineers and Signals Museum in Hämeenlinna , Finland the Technical University of Denmark in Lyngby , Denmark , and at the Australian War Memorial and in the foyer of the Defence Signals Directorate , both in Canberra , Australia . The Jozef Pilsudski Institute in London exhibits a rare Polish Enigma double assembled in France in 1940 . A four -- rotor Kriegsmarine ( German Navy , 1 . February 1942 to 1945 ) Enigma machine on display at the US National Cryptologic Museum In the United States , Enigma machines can be seen at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View , California , and at the National Security Agency 's National Cryptologic Museum in Fort Meade , Maryland , where visitors can try their hand at enciphering and deciphering messages . Two machines that were acquired after the capture of U-505 during World War II are on display at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago , Illinois . A four rotor device is on display in the ANZUS Corridor of the Pentagon on the second floor , A ring , between corridors 9 and 10 . This machine is on loan from Australia . The United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs has a machine on display in the Computer Science Department . There 's also a machine located at the National World War II Museum in New Orleans . The Museum of World War II in Boston has seven Enigma machines on display , including a U-Boat four - rotor model , one of three surviving examples of an Enigma machine with a printer , one of fewer than ten surviving ten - rotor code machines , an example blown up by a retreating German Army unit , and two three - rotor Enigmas that visitors can operate to encode and decode messages themselves . In Canada , a Swiss Army issue Enigma - K , is in Calgary , Alberta . It is on permanent display at the Naval Museum of Alberta inside the Military Museums of Calgary . A 4 - rotor Enigma machine is on display at the Military Communications and Electronics Museum at Canadian Forces Base ( CFB ) Kingston in Kingston , Ontario . Occasionally , Enigma machines are sold at auction ; prices have in recent years ranged from US $40,000 to US $547,500 in 2017 . Replicas are available in various forms , including an exact reconstructed copy of the Naval M4 model , an Enigma implemented in electronics ( Enigma - E ) , various simulators and paper - and - scissors analogues . A rare Abwehr Enigma machine , designated G312 , was stolen from the Bletchley Park museum on 1 April 2000 . In September , a man identifying himself as `` The Master '' sent a note demanding £ 25,000 and threatening to destroy the machine if the ransom was not paid . In early October 2000 , Bletchley Park officials announced that they would pay the ransom , but the stated deadline passed with no word from the blackmailer . Shortly afterward , the machine was sent anonymously to BBC journalist Jeremy Paxman , missing three rotors . In November 2000 , an antiques dealer named Dennis Yates was arrested after telephoning The Sunday Times to arrange the return of the missing parts . The Enigma machine was returned to Bletchley Park after the incident . In October 2001 , Yates was sentenced to 10 months in prison and served three months . In October 2008 , the Spanish daily newspaper El País reported that 28 Enigma machines had been discovered by chance in an attic of Army headquarters in Madrid . These 4 - rotor commercial machines had helped Franco 's Nationalists win the Spanish Civil War because , though the British cryptologist Alfred Dilwyn Knox in 1937 broke the cipher generated by Franco 's Enigma machines , this was not disclosed to the Republicans , who failed to break the cipher . The Nationalist government continued using its 50 Enigmas into the 1950s . Some machines have gone on display in Spanish military museums , including one at the National Museum of Science and Technology ( MUNCYT ) in La Coruña . Two have been given to Britain 's GCHQ . The Bulgarian military used Enigma machines with a Cyrillic keyboard ; one is on display in the National Museum of Military History in Sofia . Derivatives ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Enigma was influential in the field of cipher machine design , spinning off other rotor machines . The British Typex was originally derived from the Enigma patents ; Typex even includes features from the patent descriptions that were omitted from the actual Enigma machine . The British paid no royalties for the use of the patents , to protect secrecy . The Typex implementation is not the same as that found in German or other Axis versions . A Japanese Enigma clone was codenamed GREEN by American cryptographers . Little used , it contained four rotors mounted vertically . In the U.S. , cryptologist William Friedman designed the M - 325 , a machine logically similar , although not in construction . A unique rotor machine was constructed in 2002 by Netherlands - based Tatjana van Vark . This device makes use of 40 - point rotors , allowing letters , numbers and some punctuation to be used ; each rotor contains 509 parts . Machines like the SIGABA , NEMA , Typex and so forth , are deliberately not considered to be Enigma derivatives as their internal ciphering functions are not mathematically identical to the Enigma transform . Several software implementations exist , but not all exactly match Enigma behaviour . The most commonly used software derivative ( that is not compliant with any hardware implementation of the Enigma ) is at EnigmaCo.de . Many Java applet Enigmas only accept single letter entry , complicating use even if the applet is Enigma compliant . Technically , Enigma@home is the largest scale deployment of a software Enigma , but the decoding software does not implement encipherment making it a derivative ( as all original machines could cipher and decipher ) . A user - friendly 3 - rotor simulator , where users can select rotors , use the plugboard and define new settings for the rotors and reflectors is available . The output appears in separate windows which can be independently made `` invisible '' to hide decryption . Another includes an `` autotyping '' function which takes plaintext from a clipboard and converts it to cyphertext ( or vice versa ) at one of four speeds . The `` very fast '' option produces 26 characters in less than one second . A Japanese Enigma clone , codenamed GREEN by American cryptographers . Tatjana van Vark 's Enigma - inspired rotor machine . Electronic implementation of an Enigma machine , sold at the Bletchley Park souvenir shop Simulators ( edit ) Name Platform Machine types Uhr UKW - D Franklin Heath Enigma Simulator Android K Railway , Kriegsmarine M3 , M4 No No EnigmAndroid Android Wehrmacht I , Kriegsmarine M3 , M4 , Abwehr G31 , G312 , G260 , D , K , Swiss - K , KD , R , T No No Andy Carlson Enigma Applet ( Standalone Version ) Java Kriegsmarine M3 , M4 No No Minarke ( Minarke Is Not A Real Kriegsmarine Enigma ) C / Posix / CLI ( MacOS , Linux , UNIX , etc . ) Wehrmacht , Kriegsmarine , M3 , M4 No No Russell Schwager Enigma Simulator Java Kriegsmarine M3 No No PA3DBJ G - 312 Enigma Simulator Javascript G312 Abwehr No No Daniel Palloks Universal Enigma Javascript Wehrmacht , Kriegsmarine M3 , M4 . D ( commercial ) , K ( Swiss ) , Railway , Tirpitz ( Japan ) , A-865 Zählwerk , G - 111 Hungary / Munich , G - 260 Abwehr / Argentina , G - 312 Abwehr / Bletchley Yes No Universal Enigma Machine Simulator Javascript D , I , Norway , M3 , M4 , Zählwerk , G , G - 111 , G - 260 , G - 312 , K , Swiss - K , KD , Railway , T Yes Yes Terry Long Enigma Simulator MacOS Kriegsmarine M3 No No Paul Reuvers Enigma Simulator for RISC OS RISC OS Kriegsmarine M3 , M4 , G - 312 Abwehr No No Dirk Rijmenants Enigma Simulator v7. 0 Windows Wehrmacht , Kriegsmarine M3 , M4 No No Frode Weierud Enigma Simulators Windows Abwehr , Kriegsmarine M3 , M4 , Railway No No In popular culture ( edit ) Literature Hugh Whitemore 's play , Breaking the Code ( 1986 ) , focuses on the life and death of Alan Turing , who was the central force in continuing to break the Enigma code in the United Kingdom , during World War II . Turing was played by Derek Jacobi , who also played Turing in a 1996 television adaptation of the play . Robert Harris ' novel Enigma ( 1995 ) is set against the backdrop of World War II Bletchley Park and cryptologists working to read Naval Enigma in Hut 8 . Neal Stephenson 's novel Cryptonomicon ( 1999 ) prominently features the Enigma machine and efforts to break it , and portrays the German U-boat command under Karl Dönitz using it in apparently deliberate ignorance of its penetration . Films Sekret Enigmy ( 1979 ; translation : The Enigma Secret ) , is a Polish film dealing with Polish aspects of the subject . The plot of the film U-571 ( released in 2000 ) revolves around an attempt by American , rather than British , forces to seize an Enigma machine from a German U-boat . Harris ' book , with substantial changes in plot , was adapted as the film Enigma ( 2001 ) , directed by Michael Apted and starring Kate Winslet and Dougray Scott . The film was criticised for historical inaccuracies , including neglect of the role of Poland 's Biuro Szyfrów . The film -- like the book -- makes a Pole the villain , who seeks to betray the secret of Enigma decryption . The film The Imitation Game ( 2014 ) tells the story of Alan Turing and his attempts to crack the Enigma machine code during World War II . Television In the British television series The Bletchley Circle , the Typex was used by the protagonists during the war , and in Season 2 , Episode 4 , they visit Bletchley Park to seek one out , in order to crack the code of the black market procurer and smuggler Marta , who used the Typex to encode her ledger . The Circle , forced to settle for using an Enigma , instead , successfully cracks the code . In season 5 , episode 23 ( `` Scrambled '' ) of the American television series Elementary a drug smuggling gang uses a four - rotor Enigma machine as part of their effort to encrypt their communications . See also ( edit ) Beaumanor Hall , a stately home used during the Second World War for military intelligence Joan Clarke Erich Fellgiebel Gisbert Hasenjaeger -- responsible for Enigma security Fritz Thiele United States Naval Computing Machine Laboratory Arlington Hall References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Singh , Simon ( 26 January 2011 ) . The Code Book : The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 78784 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lord , Bob ( 1998 -- 2010 ) . `` 1937 Enigma Manual by : Jasper Rosal -- English Translation '' . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Ralph Erskine : The Poles Reveal their Secrets -- Alastair Dennistons 's Account of the July 1939 Meeting at Pyry . Cryptologia . Rose - Hulman Institute of Technology . Taylor & Francis , Philadelphia PA 30.2006 , 4 , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Gordon Welchman , who became head of Hut 6 at Bletchley Park , has written : `` Hut 6 Ultra would never have gotten off the ground if we had not learned from the Poles , in the nick of time , the details both of the German military version of the commercial Enigma machine , and of the operating procedures that were in use . '' Gordon Welchman , The Hut Six Story , 1982 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Much of the German cipher traffic was encrypted on the Enigma machine , and the term `` Ultra '' has often been used almost synonymously with `` Enigma decrypts '' . Ultra also encompassed decrypts of the German Lorenz SZ 40 and 42 machines that were used by the German High Command , and decrypts of Hagelin ciphers and other Italian ciphers and codes , as well as of Japanese ciphers and codes such as Purple and JN - 25 . Jump up ^ Kahn 1991 . ^ Jump up to : Stripp 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Rijmenants , Dirk ; Technical details of the Enigma machine Cipher Machines & Cryptology ^ Jump up to : Hamer , David ( January 1997 ) . `` Enigma : Actions Involved in the ' Double - Stepping ' of the Middle Rotor '' . Cryptologia. 21 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 50 . doi : 10.1080 / 0161 - 119791885779 . Archived from the original ( zip ) on 19 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Sale , Tony . `` Technical specifications of the Enigma rotors '' . Technical Specification of the Enigma . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lückenfüllerwalze '' . Cryptomuseum.com . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Philip Marks , `` Umkehrwalze D: Enigma 's Rewirable Reflector -- Part I '' , Cryptologia 25 ( 2 ) , April 2001 , pp. 101 -- 141 Jump up ^ Reuvers , Paul ( 2008 ) . `` Enigma accessories '' . Retrieved 22 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Rejewski 1980 . Jump up ^ 158,962,555,217,826,360,000 -- Numberphile on YouTube Jump up ^ Miller , A. Ray ( 2001 ) . `` The Cryptographic Mathematics of Enigma '' ( PDF ) . National Security Agency . Jump up ^ Friedman , W.F. ( 1922 ) . The index of coincidence and its applications in cryptology . Department of Ciphers . Publ 22 . Geneva , Illinois , USA : Riverbank Laboratories . OCLC 55786052 . Jump up ^ Rijmenants , Dirk ; Enigma message procedures Cipher Machines & Cryptology Jump up ^ Rijmenants , Dirk ; Kurzsignalen on German U-boats Cipher Machines & Cryptology Jump up ^ `` The translated 1940 Enigma General Procedure '' . codesandciphers.org.uk . Retrieved 16 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The translated 1940 Enigma Officer and Staff Procedure '' . codesandciphers.org.uk . Retrieved 16 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Bauer 2000 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` image of Enigma Type B '' . Archived from the original on 21 October 2005 . Jump up ^ Bletchley Park Trust Museum display Jump up ^ Smith 2006 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Kozaczuk 1984 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Numberphile ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) , Flaw in the Enigma Code - Numberphile , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 Jump up ^ Kahn 1991 , pp. 39 -- 41 , 299 . Jump up ^ Ulbricht 2005 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Kahn 1991 , pp. 40 , 299 . Jump up ^ Bauer 2000 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Stripp 1993 , plate 3 . Jump up ^ Kahn 1991 , pp. 41 , 299 . ^ Jump up to : Kruh & Deavours 2002 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Smith 2000 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Stripp , 1993 Jump up ^ Kahn 1991 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Kahn 1991 , p. 43 says August 1934 . Kruh & Deavours 2002 , p. 15 say October 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Kruh & Deavours 2002 , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Ng , David . `` Enigma machine from World War II finds unlikely home in Beverly Hills '' . Los Angeles Times . 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` War Museum '' . Jump up ^ `` The National Signals Museum '' . Jump up ^ `` Enigma exhibition in London pays tribute to Poles '' . Polskie Radio dla Zagranicy . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 13 March 2016 , ' Enigma Relay ' -- how Poles passed the baton to Brits in the run for WWII victory , '' . pilsudski.org.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hamer , David ; Enigma machines -- known locations * Archived 4 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hamer , David ; Selling prices of Enigma and NEMA -- all prices converted to US $ Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Christi 's ; 4 Rotor enigma auction Jump up ^ `` Man jailed over Enigma machine '' . BBC News . 19 October 2001 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Graham Keeley . Nazi Enigma machines helped General Franco in Spanish Civil War , The Times , 24 October 2008 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ `` Taller de Criptografía -- Enigmas españolas '' . Cripto.es . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Schneier on Security : Rare Spanish Enigma Machine '' . Schneier.com. 26 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Communication equipment '' . znam.bg. 29 November 2003 . Jump up ^ van Vark , Tatjana The coding machine Jump up ^ 3 rotor download Jump up ^ Enigma at Multimania Jump up ^ Autotype download Jump up ^ Franklin Heath Ltd . `` Enigma Simulator -- Android Apps on Google Play '' . google.com . Jump up ^ `` F - Droid '' . f-droid.org . Jump up ^ Andy Carlson , Enigma Applet ( Standalone Version ) Jump up ^ John Gilbert , Minarke -- A Terminal Friendly Enigma Emulator Jump up ^ Russell Schwager , Enigma Simulator Russell Schwager Enigma Simulator Jump up ^ PA3DBJ G - 312 , Enigma Simulator Jump up ^ Daniel Palloks , Universal Enigma Jump up ^ Summerside Makerspace , Universal Enigma Machine Simulator Jump up ^ Terry Long , Enigma Simulator Jump up ^ Paul Reuvers , Enigma Simulator for RISC OS Jump up ^ Dirk Rijmenants , Enigma Simulator v7. 0 Jump up ^ Frode Weierud Enigma Simulators Jump up ^ Enigma machine on IMDb Jump up ^ Laurence Peter ( 20 July 2009 ) . `` How Poles cracked Nazi Enigma secret '' . BBC News . Bibliography ( edit ) Bauer , F.L. ( 2000 ) . Decrypted Secrets ( 2nd ed . ) . Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 66871 - 3 . Hamer , David H. ; Sullivan , Geoff ; Weierud , Frode ( July 1998 ) . `` Enigma Variations : An Extended Family of Machines '' ( PDF ) . Cryptologia . Abingdon : Taylor & Francis . XXII ( 3 ) . ISSN 0161 - 1194 . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . Stripp , Alan ( 1993 ) . Hinsley , F.H. ; Stripp , Alan , eds . The Enigma Machine : Its Mechanism and Use . Codebreakers : The Inside Story of Bletchley Park . Kahn , David ( 1991 ) . Seizing the Enigma : The Race to Break the German U-Boats Codes , 1939 -- 1943 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 42739 - 8 . Kozaczuk , Władysław ( 1984 ) . Kasparek , Christopher , ed . Enigma : How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken , and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two . Frederick , MD : University Publications of America . ISBN 0 - 89093 - 547 - 5 . Kozaczuk , Władysław . `` The origins of the Enigma / ULTRA '' . Archived from the original on 17 July 2003 . Kruh , L. ; Deavours , C. ( 2002 ) . `` The Commercial Enigma : Beginnings of Machine Cryptography '' . Cryptologia. 26 : 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.1080 / 0161 - 110291890731 . Marks , Philip ; Weierud , Frode ( 2000 ) . `` Recovering the Wiring of Enigma 's Umkehrwalze A '' . Cryptologia. 24 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 66 . doi : 10.1080 / 0161 - 110091888781 . Rejewski , Marian ( 1980 ) . `` An Application of the Theory of Permutations in Breaking the Enigma Cipher '' . Applicationes mathematicae. 16 ( 4 ) . ISSN 1730 - 6280 . Smith , Michael ( 2000 ) . Station X : The Codebreakers of Bletchley Park . Pan . ISBN 0 - 7522 - 7148 - 2 . Smith , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` How it began : Bletchley Park Goes to War '' . In Copeland , B Jack . Colossus : The Secrets of Bletchley Park 's Codebreaking Computers . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 284055 - 4 . Ulbricht , Heinz ( 2005 ) . `` Die Chiffriermaschine Enigma -- Trügerische Sicherheit : Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Nachrichtendienste '' ( The Enigma Cipher Machine -- Deceptive Security : A contribution to the history of intelligence services ) ( PDF ) . PhD Thesis ( in German ) . Further reading ( edit ) Aldrich , Richard James ( 2010 ) . GCHQ : The Uncensored Story of Britain 's Most Secret Intelligence Agency . HarperPress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 727847 - 3 . Bertrand , Gustave ( 1973 ) . Enigma : ou , La plus grande énigme de la guerre 1939 -- 1945 . Plon . Calvocoressi , Peter ( 2001 ) . Top Secret Ultra . M & M Baldwin . pp. 98 -- 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 947712 - 41 - 9 . Grime , James . `` Enigma -- 158,962,555,217,826,360,000 '' . Numberphile . Brady Haran . Grime , James . `` The Enigma Flaw '' . Numberphile . Brady Haran . Heath , Nick , Hacking the Nazis : The secret story of the women who broke Hitler 's codes TechRepublic , 27 March 2015 Herivel , John ( 2008 ) . Herivelismus : And the German Military Enigma . M & M Baldwin . Keen , John ( 1 August 2012 ) . Harold ' Doc ' Keen and the Bletchley Park Bombe . M & M Baldwin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 947712 - 48 - 8 . Large , Christine ( 6 October 2003 ) . Hijacking Enigma : The Insider 's Tale . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 86346 - 6 . Marks , Philip . `` Umkehrwalze D: Enigma 's Rewirable Reflector -- Part I '' , Cryptologia 25 ( 2 ) , April 2001 , pp. 101 -- 141 . Marks , Philip . `` Umkehrwalze D: Enigma 's Rewirable Reflector -- Part II '' , Cryptologia 25 ( 3 ) , July 2001 , pp. 177 -- 212 . Marks , Philip . `` Umkehrwalze D: Enigma 's Rewirable Reflector -- Part III '' , Cryptologia 25 ( 4 ) , October 2001 , pp. 296 -- 310 . Paillole , Paul ( 1985 ) . Notre espion chez Hitler ( Our Spy with Hitler ) ( in French ) . Robert Laffont . Perera , Tom ( 2010 ) . Inside ENIGMA . Bedford , UK : Radio Society of Great Britain . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905086 - 64 - 1 . Perera , Tom . The Story of the ENIGMA : History , Technology and Deciphering , 2nd Edition , CD - ROM , 2004 , Artifax Books , ISBN 1 - 890024 - 06 - 6 sample pages Rebecca Ratcliffe : Searching for Security . The German Investigations into Enigma 's security . In : Intelligence and National Security 14 ( 1999 ) Issue 1 ( Special Issue ) S. 146 -- 167 . Ratcliffe , Rebecca ( 1 January 2005 ) . Winkel , Brian J. , ed . How Statistics led the Germans to believe Enigma Secure and Why They Were Wrong : neglecting the practical Mathematics of Cipher machines . The German Enigma Cipher Machine : Beginnings , Success , and Ultimate Failure . Artech House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58053 - 996 - 8 . Rejewski , Marian. ( 1 ) How Polish Mathematicians Deciphered the Enigma `` , Annals of the History of Computing 3 , 1981 . This article is regarded by Andrew Hodges , Alan Turing 's biographer , as `` the definitive account '' ( see Hodges ' Alan Turing : The Enigma , Walker and Company , 2000 paperback edition , p. 548 , footnote 4.5 ) . Quirantes , Arturo ( April 2004 ) . `` Model Z : A Numbers - Only Enigma Version '' . Cryptologia. 28 ( = 2 ) : 153 -- 156 . doi : 10.1080 / 0161 - 110491892845 . Sebag - Montefiore , Hugh ( 2011 ) . Enigma : The Battle For The Code . Orion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78022 - 123 - 6 . Ulbricht , Heinz . Enigma Uhr , Cryptologia , 23 ( 3 ) , April 1999 , pp. 194 -- 205 . Welchman , Gordon ( 1982 ) . The Hut Six Story : Breaking the Enigma Codes . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 069180 - 3 . Winterbotham , F.W. ( 1999 ) . The Ultra Secret . Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 64405 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Enigma machine . Gordon Corera , Poland 's overlooked Enigma codebreakers , BBC News Magazine , 4 July 2014 Long - running list of places to visit a unit in the real world Bletchley Park National Code Centre Home of the British codebreakers during the Second World War Enigma machines on the Crypto Museum website Pictures of a four - rotor naval enigma , including Flash ( SWF ) views of the machine Enigma Pictures and Demonstration by NSA Employee at RSA Enigma machine at DMOZ Kenngruppenheft Process of building an Enigma M4 replica Breaking German Navy Ciphers An online Enigma Machine simulator Enigma simulation Enigma Simulator APK Universal Enigma simulator Public Enigma Simulator -- Java simulator , including 13 Enigma machine variations Classical cryptography Ciphers by family Caesar Affine ( Atbash ) ROT13 Null Null cipher ( Null encryption ) One time pad Book One - time pad Polybius square ADFGVX Bifid Tap code 3D ( Trifid : Nihilist and VIC cipher ) Square Two - square Four - square Substitution cipher Autokey Chaocipher Great Hill Keyword Running key Transposition cipher Rail fence cipher Other Alberti BATCO ( Slidex ) Beaufort Dvorak Enigma Elian Kama Sutra Navajo code Pigpen Playfair Polyalphabetic Rasterschlüssel 44 Reihenschieber Reservehandverfahren Scytale Smithy code Solitaire Straddling checkerboard Tabula recta Transposition Trithemius Vigenère Cryptanalysis Frequency analysis Index of coincidence ( Units : Ban and Nat ) Information leakage Kasiski examination Miscellaneous Cryptogram Bacon Scytale Cryptography History of cryptography Cryptanalysis Outline of cryptography Symmetric - key algorithm Block cipher Stream cipher Public - key cryptography Cryptographic hash function Message authentication code Random numbers Steganography Category Portal WikiProject Cipher machines Rotor machines CCM Enigma M - 125 Fialka Hebern HX - 63 KL - 7 Lacida M - 325 Mercury NEMA OMI Portex RED SIGABA SIGCUM Singlet Typex Mechanical Bazeries cylinder C - 36 C - 52 CD - 57 Cipher disk HC - 9 Kryha Jefferson disk M - 94 M - 209 Reihenschieber Scytale Teleprinter 5 - UCO BID 770 DUDEK KW - 26 KW - 37 Lorenz SZ 40 / 42 Siemens and Halske T52 Secure voice BID 150 FASCINATOR KY - 3 KY - 57 KY - 58 KY - 68 NESTOR OMNI SCIP Sectéra Secure Module SIGSALY STE STU - II STU - III VINSON Other JADE KG - 84 KL - 43 KL - 51 Noreen Red Purple Pinwheel Rockex Cryptography History of cryptography Cryptanalysis Outline of cryptography Symmetric - key algorithm Block cipher Stream cipher Public - key cryptography Cryptographic hash function Message authentication code Random numbers Steganography Category Portal WikiProject GND : 4209290 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enigma_machine&oldid=803543832 '' Categories : Products introduced in 1918 Broken stream ciphers Cryptographic hardware Cryptography Rotor machines Signals intelligence of World War II World War II military equipment of Germany Encryption devices Enigma machine Military communications of Germany Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles that may contain original research from April 2013 All articles that may contain original research CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 04 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who broke the code of the enigma machine
[ "Around December 1932, Marian Rejewski of the Polish Cipher Bureau used the theory of permutations and flaws in the German military message procedures to break the message keys of the plugboard Enigma machine. Rejewski achieved this result without knowledge of the wiring of the machine, so the result did not allow the Poles to decrypt actual messages. The French had a spy with access to German cipher materials that included the daily keys used in September and October 1932. Those keys included the plugboard settings. The French gave the material to the Poles, and Rejewski used some of that material and the message traffic in September and October to solve for the unknown rotor wiring. Consequently, the Poles were able to build their own Enigma machines, which were called Enigma doubles. Rejewski was aided by cryptanalysts Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski, both of whom had been recruited with Rejewski from Poznań University. The Polish Cipher Bureau developed techniques to defeat the plugboard and find all components of the daily key, which enabled the Cipher Bureau to read the German's Enigma messages. Over time, the German cryptographic procedures improved, and the Cipher Bureau developed techniques and designed mechanical devices to continue breaking the Enigma traffic. As part of that effort, the Poles exploited quirks of the rotors, compiled catalogs, built a cyclometer to help make a catalog with 100,000 entries, made Zygalski sheets and built the electro-mechanical cryptologic bomb to search for rotor settings. In 1938, the Germans added complexity to the Enigma machines that finally became too expensive for the Poles to counter. The Poles had six bomby, but when the Germans added two more rotors, ten times as many bomby were needed, but the Poles did not have the resources.[3]" ]
[ "Marian Rejewski" ]
-4844970107690154228
Chengyang Bridge
Chengyang bridge - wikipedia Chengyang bridge Chengyang Yongji Bridge 程陽永 濟 橋 Chengyang Wind - Rain Bridge in 2003 Coordinates 25 ° 54 ′ 02 '' N 109 ° 38 ′ 16 '' E  /  25.9006 ° N 109.6378 ° E  / 25.9006 ; 109.6378 Coordinates : 25 ° 54 ′ 02 '' N 109 ° 38 ′ 16 '' E  /  25.9006 ° N 109.6378 ° E  / 25.9006 ; 109.6378 Locale Sanjiang County , Guangxi , China Characteristics Design Covered bridge Total length 64.4 m ( 211 ft ) Height 10 m ( 33 ft ) No. of spans History Construction end 1912 Opened 1912 The Yongji Bridge of Chengyang ( simplified Chinese : 程阳永 济 桥 ; traditional Chinese : 程陽永 濟 橋 ; pinyin : Chéngyáng Yǒngjì Qiáo ) , also called the Chengyang Wind and Rain Bridge ( simplified Chinese : 程 阳 风雨 桥 ; traditional Chinese : 程 陽 風雨 橋 ; pinyin : Chéngyáng Fēngyǔ Qiáo ) , is a bridge in Sanjiang County , of Guangxi , China . Chengyang Bridge is a special covered bridge or lángqiáo , and one of several Fengyu bridges in the local Dong Minority region . It was completed in 1912 . It is also called the Panlong Bridge ( simplified Chinese : 盘 龙 桥 ; traditional Chinese : 盤 龍 橋 ; pinyin : Pánlóng Qiáo ) . Contents 1 Properties 2 In popular culture 3 See also 4 References Properties ( edit ) The bridge is a combination of bridge , corridor , veranda and Chinese pavilion . It has two platforms ( one at each end of the bridge ) , 3 piers , 3 spans , 5 pavilions , 19 verandas , and three floors . The piers are made of stone , the upper structures are mainly wooden , and the roof is covered with tiles . The bridge has wooden handrails on both sides . The bridge has a total length of 64.4 metres ( 211 ft ) , and its corridor has a width of 3.4 metres ( 11 ft ) . The net height above the river is about 10 metres ( 33 ft ) . The bridge is located in Chengyang , and serves as the link between two populous villages . Guo Moruo , a famous Chinese author , loved the bridge at first sight and wrote a poem for it . `` 程 陽 橋 '' , written by Guo Moruo west of the bridge south of the bridge In popular culture ( edit ) The bridge is a distinctive landmark in World of Tanks map Pearl River . See also ( edit ) Xijin Bridge , another large covered bridge in Zhejiang , China . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chengyang Yongji Bridge . ^ Jump up to : `` 程阳桥 ( Chengyang Bridge ) '' ( in Chinese ) . Tuniu. 2006 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` People celebrate 100th anniversary of bridge completion in SW China '' . Global Times . 2012 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 广西 三江 程 阳 风雨 桥 ( Guangxi Sanjiang Chengyang Wind - Rain Bridge ) '' ( in Chinese ) . 中国 网 ( China.com.cn ) . 2002 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Coordinates : 25 ° 54 ′ 02 '' N 109 ° 38 ′ 16 '' E  /  25.90056 ° N 109.63778 ° E  / 25.90056 ; 109.63778 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chengyang_Bridge&oldid=811176366 '' Categories : Bridges in Guangxi Covered bridges in China Chinese architectural history Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Guangxi 1912 establishments in China Kam people Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Esperanto Euskara Français עברית Қазақша Norsk Русский Türkçe اردو 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 00 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what type of bridge is the chengyang bridge
[ "Chengyang Yongji Bridge程陽永濟橋\nChengyang Wind-Rain Bridge in 2003Coordinates\n 25°54′02″N 109°38′16″E / 25.9006°N 109.6378°E / 25.9006; 109.6378Coordinates: 25°54′02″N 109°38′16″E / 25.9006°N 109.6378°E / 25.9006; 109.6378 Locale\nSanjiang County, Guangxi, ChinaCharacteristicsDesign\nCovered bridgeTotal length\n64.4 m (211 ft)Height\n10 m (33 ft)No. of spans\n3HistoryConstruction end\n1912Opened\n1912" ]
[ "Covered bridge" ]
8156951848596424299
Islam by country
Islam by country - wikipedia Islam by country Jump to : navigation , search World Muslim population by percentage Part of a series on Islam Beliefs Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Practices Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms - giving Pilgrimage Texts and laws Quran Sunnah Hadith Sharia ( law ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Kalam ( dialectic ) History Timeline Muhammad Ahl al - Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamah ( Shia doctrine ) Caliphate Spread of Islam Culture and society Calendar Festivals Academics Art Moral teachings Children Denominations Feminism Women Madrasa Mosque Philosophy Politics Proselytizing Animals LGBT Science Demographics Economics Finance Social welfare Related topics Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Islamism Islamophobia Glossary Islam portal Adherents of Islam constitute the world 's second largest religious group . According to a study in 2015 , Islam has 1.8 billion adherents , making up about 24 % of the world population . Most Muslims are either of two denominations : Sunni ( 80 - 90 % , roughly 1.5 billion people ) or Shia ( 10 -- 20 % , roughly 170 - 340 million people ) . Islam is the dominant religion in the Central Asia , Indonesia , Middle East , South Asia , North Africa , the Sahel and some other parts of Asia . Around 31 % of all Muslims are of South Asian origin ( Pakistan , Bangladesh , Afghanistan and India combined ) . The Indian subcontinent as a whole , therefore , hosts the largest population of Muslims in the world . Within this region , however , Muslims are second in numbers to Hindus , as Muslims are a majority in Pakistan and Bangladesh , but not India . The country with the single largest population of Muslims is Indonesia in Southeast Asia , which on its own hosts 13 % of the world 's Muslims . Together , the Muslims in the countries of the Malay Archipelago ( which includes Brunei , Singapore , Malaysia , Indonesia , the Philippines and East Timor ) constitute the world 's second or third largest population of Muslims . Here Muslims are majorities in each country other than Singapore , the Philippines , and East Timor . The various Hamito - Semitic ( including Arab , Berber ) , Turkic , and Iranic countries of the greater Middle East - North Africa ( MENA ) region , where Islam is the dominant religion in all countries other than Israel , hosts 23 % of world Muslims . About 15 % of Muslims reside in Sub-Saharan Africa , and sizable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas , Caucasus , China , Europe , Horn of Africa , Mainland Southeast Asia , Philippines , Russia and Swahili coast . Western Europe hosts large Muslim immigrant communities where Islam is the second largest religion after Christianity , where it represents 6 % of the total population or 24 million people . Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world . Contents 1 Denominations 2 Countries 2.1 Table 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Denominations ( edit ) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Economy GDP ( PPP ) GDP ( PPP ) per capita Exports Imports Education Member states By population Largest cities Parliamentary Union Main articles : Islamic denominations and History of Islam Historically , Islam was divided into two major religious denominations : Sunni and Shi'a . Of the total Muslim population , 87 - 90 % are Sunni and 10 - 13 % are Shi'a . Most Shi'as ( between 68 % and 80 % ) live in mainly four countries : Iran , Azerbaijan , Bahrain and Iraq . Today , many of the Shia sects are extinct . The major surviving Imamah - Muslim Sects are Usulism ( with nearly more than 10 % ) , Nizari Ismailism ( with nearly more than 1 % ) and Alevism ( with slightly more than 0.5 % but less than 1 % ) . The other existing groups include Zaydi Shi'a of Yemen whose population is nearly more than 0.5 % of the world 's Muslim population , Musta'li Ismaili ( with nearly 0.1 % whose Taiyabi adherents reside in Sindh and Gujarat in South Asia . There are also significant diaspora populations in Europe , North America , the Far East and East Africa ) , and Ibadis from the Kharijites whose population has diminished to a level below 0.15 % . On the other hand , new Muslim sects like the Nation of Islam , Ahmadi Muslims ( with nearly around 1 % ) , non-denominational Muslims , Quranist Muslims and Wahhabis ( with nearly around 1 - 2 % of the world 's total Muslim population ) were later independently developed . According to the Pew Research Center in 2010 , there were 50 Muslim - majority countries . Around 62 % of the world 's Muslims live in the Asia - Pacific region ( from Turkey to Indonesia ) , with over 1 billion adherents . The largest Muslim population in a country is in Indonesia , a nation home to 12.7 % of the world 's Muslims , followed by Pakistan ( 11.0 % ) , and India ( 10.9 % ) . About 20 % of Muslims live in Arab countries . In the Middle East , the non-Arab countries of Turkey and Iran are the largest Muslim - majority countries ; in Africa , Egypt and Nigeria have the most populous Muslim communities . The study found more Muslims in the United Kingdom than in Lebanon and more in China than in Syria . Countries ( edit ) Most of the percentages of Muslim populations of each country , if not stated otherwise , were taken from the study by the Pew Research Center report of The Future of the Global Muslim Population , as of 27 January 2011 . Other studies show variance with Pew figures . The percentage of Muslims in Egypt is given as 93.7 % . However , the figure for Christians in Egypt is usually estimated at 12 - 15 % , but in truth nobody knows since there has been no religious census . Likewise the percentage of Christians in Jordan is usually estimated to be 6 - 7 % . Table ( edit ) Country / Region Muslims Muslim percentage ( % ) of total population Percentage ( % ) of World Muslim population Afghanistan 29,047,100 99.8 1.8 Albania 1,587,608 56.7 0.1 Algeria 40,400,000 98.2 -- 99 2.7 American Samoa < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Andorra < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Angola 90,000 1.0 < 0.1 Anguilla < 1,000 0.3 < 0.1 Antigua and Barbuda < 1,000 0.6 < 0.1 Argentina 784,000 2.5 < 0.1 Armenia < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Aruba < 1,000 0.4 < 0.1 Australia 604,000 2.6 < 0.1 Austria 700,000 8 < 0.1 Azerbaijan 9,872,765 96.9 0.5 Bahamas < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1 Bahrain 866,888 70.2 < 0.1 Bangladesh 148,607,000 90.4 9.2 Barbados 2,000 0.9 < 0.1 Belarus 19,000 0.2 < 0.1 Belgium 658,463 5.9 < 0.1 Belize < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1 Benin 2,710,000 24.5 0.1 Bermuda < 1,000 0.8 < 0.1 Bhutan ≤ 2,000 0.2 < 0.1 Bolivia 2,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Bosnia - Herzegovina 1,790,454 50.7 0.1 Botswana 8,000 0.4 < 0.1 Brazil 204,000 0.1 < 0.1 British Virgin Islands < 1,000 < 0.1 Brunei 295,000 67 < 0.1 Bulgaria 577,000 7.8 < 0.1 Burkina Faso 11,270,000 60.5 0.6 Burma ( Myanmar ) 2,237,495 2.3 0.1 Burundi 277,480 2.5 < 0.1 Cambodia 303,187 1.9 < 0.1 Cameroon 4,940,000 20.9 0.2 Canada 1,053,945 3.2 0.1 Cape Verde 10,000 < 0.1 Cayman Islands < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 Central African Republic 403,000 15 < 0.1 Chad 7,827,653 58 0.4 Chile 2,894 0.03 ( over 15 + pop . ) < 0.1 China 22,000,000 - 50,000,000 1.8 1.4 Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands < 1,000 80 < 0.1 Colombia 40,000 to 80,000 0.2 < 0.1 The Comoros 785,000 98.3 < 0.1 Congo 3,648,267 5 0.1 Cook Islands < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Costa Rica < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Croatia 60,000 1.4 < 0.1 Cuba 10,000 0.1 < 0.1 Cyprus 273,000 22.7 < 0.1 Czech Republic 10,500 0.1 < 0.1 Denmark 230,000 4.1 < 0.1 Djibouti 853,000 97.0 0.1 Dominica < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 Dominican Republic 2,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Ecuador 145 < 0.1 < 0.1 Egypt 73,800,000 90 4.9 El Salvador 2,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Equatorial Guinea 28,000 4.1 < 0.1 Eritrea 1,909,000 36.6 - 48 / 50 0.1 Estonia 1,508 < 0.1 < 0.1 Ethiopia 25,037,646 34 1.8 Faroe Islands < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Falkland Islands < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Federated States of Micronesia < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Fiji 54,000 6.3 < 0.1 Finland 42,000 0.8 < 0.1 France 5,020,000 7.5 0.3 French Guiana 2,000 0.9 < 0.1 French Polynesia < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Gabon 145,000 9.7 < 0.1 Gambia 1,669,000 95.3 0.1 Georgia 442,000 10.5 < 0.1 Germany 3,551,802 - 4,700,000 4.4 - 5.8 0.2 Ghana 4,914,000 18 0.2 Gibraltar 1,000 4.0 < 0.1 Greece 610,000 5.3 < 0.1 Greenland < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Grenada < 1,000 0.3 < 0.1 Guadeloupe 2,000 0.4 < 0.1 Guam < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Guatemala 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Guinea 8,693,000 84.2 0.5 Guinea Bissau 705,000 45 < 0.1 Guyana 55,000 7.2 < 0.1 Haiti 2,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Honduras 11,000 0.1 < 0.1 Hong Kong 220,000 3.1 < 0.1 Hungary 5,579 0.3 < 0.1 Iceland 770 0.2 < 0.1 India 180,000,000 14.2 9.6 Indonesia 225,000,000 87.2 12.7 Iran 74,819,000 99.7 4.6 Iraq 31,108,000 99 1.9 Ireland 70,158 1.3 < 0.1 Isle of Man < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 Israel 1,287,000 17.7 0.1 Italy 2,220,000 3.7 0.1 Ivory Coast 7,960,000 40 0.5 Jamaica 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Japan 185,000 0.1 < 0.1 Jordan 6,397,000 93.8 0.4 Kazakhstan 11,200,000 70.2 ( official census ) 0.5 Kenya 2,868,000 10 0.2 Kiribati < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Kosovo 1,584,000 95.6 0.1 Kuwait 2,636,000 74.1 0.2 Kyrgyzstan 4,927,000 88.8 0.3 Laos 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Latvia 2,000 0.1 < 0.1 Lebanon 2,542,000 59.7 0.2 Lesotho 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Liberia 523,000 12.8 < 0.1 Libya 6,325,000 96.6 0.4 Liechtenstein 2,000 4.8 < 0.1 Lithuania 3,000 0.1 < 0.1 Luxembourg 11,000 2.3 < 0.1 Macau < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Macedonia 500,000 33.3 < 0.1 Madagascar 220,000 7 < 0.1 Malawi 2,011,000 12.8 0.1 Malaysia 19,500,000 61.4 1.1 Maldives 309,000 100 < 0.1 Mali 15,667,704 95 0.8 Malta 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 Marshall Islands < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Martinique < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 Mauritania 4,171,633 100 0.2 Mauritius 230,118 17.3 < 0.1 Mayotte 197,000 98.8 < 0.1 Mexico 3,700 - 111,000 0.1 < 0.1 Moldova 15,000 0.4 < 0.1 Monaco < 1,000 0.5 < 0.1 Mongolia 200,000 6 < 0.1 Montenegro 118,477 19.11 < 0.1 Montserrat < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1 Morocco 32,381,000 99 2.0 Mozambique 5,340,000 22.8 0.3 Namibia 9,000 0.4 < 0.1 Nauru < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Nepal 1,253,000 4.2 0.1 Netherlands 825,000 / 1,000,000 5 - 6 0.1 Netherlands Antilles < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 New Caledonia 7,000 2.8 < 0.1 New Zealand 41,000 0.9 < 0.1 Nicaragua 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Niger 19,502,214 98.3 1.0 Nigeria 93,839,000 41 - 50 4.7 Niue < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 North Korea 3,000 0.1 < 0.1 Northern Mariana Islands < 1,000 0.7 < 0.1 Norway 121,098 2.3 ( official census via CIA , of July 2016 ) . < 0.1 Oman 2,427,000 85.9 0.2 Pakistan 200,294,136 96.4 11.0 Palau < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Palestinian Territories 4,298,000 97.5 0.3 Panama 25,000 0.7 < 0.1 Papua New Guinea 2,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Paraguay 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Peru < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Philippines 5,000,000 - 10,700,000 5 - 11 0.3 - 0.6 Poland 20,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Portugal 65,000 0.6 < 0.1 Puerto Rico 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Qatar 1,168,000 77.5 0.1 Republic of Congo 77,736 1.6 < 0.1 Reunion 35,000 4.2 < 0.1 Romania 73,000 0.3 < 0.1 Russia 9,400,000 - 20,000,000 6.5 - 15 1.0 Rwanda 589,429 4.8 < 0.1 St. Helena < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 St. Kitts and Nevis < 1,000 0.3 < 0.1 St. Lucia < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1 St. Pierre and Miquelon < 1,000 0.2 < 0.1 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2,000 1.7 < 0.1 Samoa < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 San Marino < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 São Tomé and Príncipe < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Saudi Arabia 25,493,000 97.1 1.6 Senegal 14,584,931 95.9 0.8 Serbia 221,460 3.1 < 0.1 Seychelles < 1,000 1.1 < 0.1 Sierra Leone 4,171,000 71.5 0.3 Singapore 721,000 14.7 < 0.1 Slovakia 10,866 0.2 < 0.1 Slovenia 73,568 3.6 < 0.1 Solomon Islands < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Somalia 9,231,000 98.9 0.6 South Africa 654,064 1.5 < 0.1 South Korea 35,000 0.1 < 0.1 South Sudan 610,000 6.2 < 0.1 Spain 1,887,906 4.1 0.1 Sri Lanka 1,967,227 9.71 0.1 Sudan 39,027,950 97.0 1.9 Suriname 84,000 19.6 < 0.1 Swaziland 129,230 10 < 0.1 Sweden 450,000 - 500,000 5 < 0.1 Switzerland 400,000 5 < 0.1 Syria 17,376,000 82.9 1.0 Taiwan 60,000 0.3 < 0.1 Tajikistan 6,506,000 96.7 0.4 Tanzania 19,426,814 35 0.8 Thailand 3,952,000 5.8 0.2 Timor - Leste 1,000 0.1 < 0.1 Togo 827,000 20 0.1 Tokelau < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Tonga < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Trinidad and Tobago 78,000 5.8 < 0.1 Tunisia 11,190,000 99.8 0.6 Turkey 74,660,000 98.6 4.6 Turkmenistan 4,830,000 93.3 0.3 Turks and Caicos Islands < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Tuvalu < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1 Uganda 5,030,000 12.0 0.3 Ukraine 393,000 0.9 < 0.1 United Arab Emirates 3,262,000 67 0.2 United Kingdom 3,106,368 4.8 0.2 United States 2,595,000 0.8 - 0.9 0.2 U.S. Virgin Islands < 1,000 0.1 < 0.1 Uruguay < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Uzbekistan 26,833,000 96.5 1.7 Vanuatu < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Vatican City 0 0 0 Venezuela 95,000 0.3 < 0.1 Vietnam 71,200 0.2 < 0.1 Wallis and Futuna < 1,000 < 0.1 < 0.1 Western Sahara 528,000 99.6 < 0.1 Yemen 24,023,000 99.0 1.5 Zambia 140,000 < 0.1 Zimbabwe 488,656 < 0.1 Zh ! Central Asia 54,000,000 81 3.0 Zi ! South Asia 600,000,000 31.4 30.6 Zj ! Southeast - East Asia 257,000,000 12.0 15.0 Zk ! Middle East - North Africa ( MENA ) 315,322,000 91.2 22.9 Zl ! Sub-Saharan Africa 242,544,000 29.6 15.0 Zm ! Europe 44,138,000 6.0 2.7 Zn ! Americas 5,256,000 0.6 0.3 Zo ! World Total 1,800,000,000 24.1 100.0 See also ( edit ) Islam by country Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Ivory Coast Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Armenia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma Cambodia Central Asia China Hong Kong Macau Tibet East Timor Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea Kyrgyzstan Kuwait Laos Lebanon Maldives Malaysia Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Asia Southeast Asia Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan UAE Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Macedonia Luxembourg Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales USSR The Americas Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador French Guiana Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru St. Kitts & Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent & the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad & Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Oceania Australia Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Islam portal Islam : Muslim world Muslim population growth Shia Muslims in the Arab world Ahmadiyya by country Other religions by country : Buddhism Christianity Hinduism Judaism Sikhism General List of religious populations References ( edit ) ^ `` Why Muslims are the world 's fastest - growing religious group '' . Pew Research Centre . April 2017 . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . `` Shi - ite '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . They numbered about 900 million in the late 20th century and constituted nine - tenths of all the adherents of Islām . Islamic Beliefs , Practices , and Cultures . Marshall Cavendish. 2010 . p. 352 . ISBN 0 - 7614 - 7926 - 0 . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Within the Muslim community , the percentage of Sunnis is generally thought to be between 70 and 80 percent , with the Shia accounting for 10 to 20 percent , although most sources estimate their numbers at 20 percent . A common compromise figure ranks Sunnis at 70 % and Shias at 20 % percent . `` Mapping the Global Muslim Population : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Muslim Population '' . Pew Research Center . 7 October 2009 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Of the total Muslim population , 10 - 20 % are Shia Muslims and 70 - 80 % are Sunni Muslims . `` Quick guide : Sunnis and Shias '' . BBC News . 6 December 2011 . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . The great majority of Muslims are Sunnis - estimates suggest the figure is somewhere between 69 % and 89 % . Sunni Islam : Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide `` Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community , and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority ( 70 to 80percent ) of that community . '' `` Sunni and Shia Islam '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . Sunni constitute 85 percent of the world 's Muslims . `` Sunni '' . Berkley Center for Religion , Peace , and World Affairs . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam , comprising about 85 % of the world 's over 1.5 billion Muslims . `` Tension between Sunnis , Shiites emerging in USA '' . USA Today . 24 September 2007 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Among the world 's estimated 1.4 billion Muslims , about 85 % are Sunni and about 15 % are Shiite . Inside Muslim minds `` around 80 % are Sunni '' Who Gets To Narrate the World `` The Sunnis ( approximately 80 % ) '' A world theology N. Ross Reat `` 80 % being the Sunni '' Islam and the Kadiyani jama'at `` The Sunni segment , accounting for at least 80 % of the worlds Muslim population '' Eastern Europe Russia and Central Asia `` some 80 % of the worlds Muslims are Sunni '' A dictionary of modern politics `` probably 80 % of the worlds Muslims are Sunni '' `` Religions '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Sunni Islam accounts for over 75 % of the world 's Muslim population ... ^ See `` Shīʿite '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Shīʿites have come to account for roughly one - tenth of the Muslim population worldwide . `` Mapping the Global Muslim Population : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Muslim Population '' . Pew Research Center . 7 October 2009 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . The Pew Forum 's estimate of the Shia population ( 10 - 13 % ) is in keeping with previous estimates , which generally have been in the range of 10 - 15 % . Some previous estimates , however , have placed the number of Shias at nearly 20 % of the world 's Muslim population . `` Shia '' . Berkley Center for Religion , Peace , and World Affairs . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Shi'a Islam is the second largest branch of the tradition , with up to 200 million followers who comprise around 15 % of all Muslims worldwide ... `` Religions '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Shia Islam represents 10 - 20 % of Muslims worldwide ... Iran , Israel and the United States `` The majority of the world 's Islamic population , which is Sunni , accounts for over 75 % of the Islamic population ; the other 10 - 20 percent is Shia . '' ( reference : CIA ) Sue Hellett ; U.S. should focus on sanctions against Iran `` Let me review , while Shia Islam makes up only 10 - 20 percent of the world 's Muslim population , Iraq has a Shia majority ( between 60 - 80 percent ) , but had a Sunni controlled government under Saddam Hussein and cronies from 1958 - 2003 ... ( If you like government figures , see the CIA World Factbook . ) '' ^ `` Muslim Population by Country '' . The Future of the Global Muslim Population . Pew Research Center . Archived from the original on 9 February 2011 . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . ^ `` Region : Middle East - North Africa '' . The Future of the Global Muslim Population . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . ^ `` Region : Sub-Saharan Africa '' . The Future of the Global Muslim Population . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . Britannica Book of the Year 2003 . Encyclopædia Britannica , ( 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 85229 - 956 - 2 p. 306 According to the Encyclopædia Britannica , as of mid-2002 , there were 376,453,000 Christians , 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa . Ian S. Markham , ( A World Religions Reader . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishers , 1996 . ) is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa , but still as 40.8 % of the total population . These numbers are estimates , and remain a matter of conjecture . See Amadu Jacky Kaba . The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa : a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians , Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions . The Western Journal of Black Studies , Vol 29 , Number 2 , June 2005 . Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium , placing Britannica 's estimate as the most agreed figure . Notes the figure presented at the World Christian Encyclopedia , summarized here , as being an outlier . On rates of growth , Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest , see : The List : The World 's Fastest - Growing Religions , Foreign Policy , May 2007 . ^ Britannica , Think Quest , Wadsworth.com Archived 14 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Pechilis , Karen ; Raj , Selva J. ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . South Asian Religions : Tradition and Today . Routledge . ISBN 9780415448512 . ^ `` 10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations , 2010 and 2050 '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . ^ Diplomat , Akhilesh Pillalamarri , The . `` How South Asia Will Save Global Islam '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . ^ Miller ( 2009 , pp. 8 , 17 ) ^ `` Middle East - North Africa Overview '' . 7 October 2009 . ^ Miller ( 2009 ) ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . Britannica Book of the Year 2003 . Encyclopædia Britannica , ( 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 85229 - 956 - 2 p. 306 According to the Encyclopædia Britannica , as of mid-2002 , there were 376,453,000 Christians , 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa . Ian S. Markham , ( A World Religions Reader . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishers , 1996 . ) is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa , but still as 40.8 % of the total population . These numbers are estimates , and remain a matter of conjecture . See Amadu Jacky Kaba . The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa : a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians , Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions . The Western Journal of Black Studies , Vol 29 , Number 2 , June 2005 . Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium , placing Britannica 's estimate as the most agreed figure . Notes the figure presented at the World Christian Encyclopedia , summarized here , as being an outlier . On rates of growth , Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest , see : The List : The World 's Fastest - Growing Religions , Foreign Policy , May 2007 . ^ See : Esposito ( 2004 ) pp. 2 , 43 `` Islamic World '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . access - date = requires url = ( help ) `` Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents '' . Adherents.com . Retrieved 9 January 2007 . `` Muslims in Europe : Country guide '' . BBC News . BBC . 23 December 2005 . Retrieved 28 September 2006 . `` Religion In Britain '' . National Statistics . Office for National Statistics . 13 February 2003 . Archived from the original on 12 March 2007 . Retrieved 27 August 2006 . ^ `` Mapping the Global Muslim Population '' . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . ^ According to David Shankland , 15 % of Turkey 's population . in Structure and Function in Turkish Society . Isis Press , 2006 , p. 81 . ^ According to Krisztina Kehl - Bodrogi , Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East edited by her , B. Kellner - Heinkele , & A. Otter - Beaujean . Leiden : Brill , 1997 . ^ `` Tehelka - India 's Independent Weekly News Magazine '' . ^ Paul , Eva ( 2006 ) . Die Dawoodi Bohras -- eine indische Gemeinschaft in Ostafrika ( PDF ) . Beiträge zur 1 . Kölner Afrikawissenschaftlichen Nachwuchstagung . ^ Simon Ross Valentine ( 6 October 2008 ) . Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat : History , Belief , Practice . Columbia University Press . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 70094 - 8 . ^ Larry DeVries ; Don Baker ; Dan Overmyer . Asian Religions in British Columbia . University of Columbia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1662 - 5 . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . 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Published in The World Religious Cultures issue 2014 : 卢云峰 : 当代 中国 宗教 状况 报告 -- -- 基于 CFPS ( 2012 ) 调查 数据 Archived 9 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... p. 13 , reporting the results of the Renmin University 's Chinese General Social Survey ( CGSS ) for the years 2006 , 2008 , 2010 and 2011 , and their average . Note : according to the researchers of CFPS , only 6.3 % of the Chinese are not religious in the sense of atheism ; the others are not religious in the sense that they do not belong to an organised religion , while they pray to or worship gods and ancestors in the manner of the traditional popular religion . ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . `` Refworld - 2010 Report on International Religious Freedom - China ( includes Tibet , Hong Kong , Macau ) '' . Refworld . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . ^ `` Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands '' . The World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . ^ `` Colombia 's religious minorities : the growing Muslim community '' . 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Muslim 207176162 ( 87.18 % ) , Christian 16528513 ( 6.96 ) , Catholic 6907873 ( 2.91 ) , Hindu 4012116 ( 1.69 ) , Buddhist 1703254 ( 0.72 ) , Confucianism 117091 ( 0.05 ) , Other 299617 ( 0.13 ) , Not Stated 139582 ( 0.06 ) , Not Asked 757118 ( 0.32 ) , Total 237641326 ^ `` Irish census religion 2016 '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Fun facts and information on Cote d'Ivoire '' . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . ^ `` The religious and ethnic faultlines in Ivory Coast '' . ReliefWeb . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . ^ RELIGION - COTE D'IVOIRE : Women Seek More Leadership Roles Archived 9 November 2004 at the Wayback Machine . ^ `` The results of the national population census in 2009 '' . Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 12 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . `` Refworld - 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom - Kenya '' . Refworld . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . ^ `` Kosovo '' . 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Retrieved 30 March 2014 . ^ Dominique Lewis ( May 2013 ) . `` Nigeria Round 5 codebook ( 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . Afrobarometer . Afrobarometer . p. 62 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . ^ `` Middle East OMAN '' . CIA The World Factbook . ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . ^ Philippines . 2013 Report on International Religious Freedom ( Report ) . United States Department of State . July 28 , 2014 . SECTION I. RELIGIOUS DEMOGRAPHY . The 2000 survey states that Islam is the largest minority religion , constituting approximately 5 percent of the population . A 2012 estimate by the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos ( NCMF ) , however , states that there are 10.7 million Muslims , which is approximately 11 percent of the total population . ^ Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia . Sreda.org ^ `` Closed streets , sea of people : 200,000 + Muslims celebrate Eid al - Fitr in Moscow '' . RT . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . ^ `` The World Factbook '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . ^ `` Demographic Characteristics , Education , Language and Religion '' ( PDF ) , Singapore Census 2010 , Statistical Release 1 , p. 11 , retrieved 1 April 2015 ^ Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi , Culture and Customs of Somalia , page 55 ^ Harm De Blij , Why Geography Matters : More Than Ever page 202 ^ Christopher Daniels , Somali Piracy and Terrorism in the Horn of Africa , page 111 ^ Shaul Shay , Somalia Between Jihad and Restoration page 107 ^ StatsSA National Census results 2012 http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/SAStatistics/SAStatistics2012.pdf ^ http://observatorio.hispanomuslim.es/estademograf.pdf ^ `` A3 : Population by religion according to districts , 2012 '' . Department of Census & Statistics , Sri Lanka . ^ `` Sudan Overview '' . UNDP . Archived from the original on 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . ^ `` The World Factbook '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . ^ `` Sweden '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . ^ `` Minaret debate angers Swiss muslims '' . euronews . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . ^ http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Syria_Religion_Detailed_lg.png ^ `` - Taiwan Government Entry Point '' . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . ^ `` Halal Restaurants & Food in Taiwan - Crescentrating '' . Crescentrating . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . ^ `` Religious Composition by Country , 2010 - 2050 '' . 2 April 2015 . ^ `` Religions in Tajikistan - PEW - GRF '' . www.globalreligiousfutures.org . ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . `` Refworld - 2010 Report on International Religious Freedom - Tanzania '' . Refworld . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . ^ `` The Future of the Global Muslim Population '' . 27 January 2011 . ^ `` United Arab Emirates International Religious Freedom Report '' . Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 12 . ^ Inc. , Gallup , . `` Five Key Findings on Religion in the US '' . ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . ^ `` Muslim Population in Asia : 1950 -- 2020 '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Region : Asia - Pacific '' . 27 January 2011 . ^ electricpulp.com . `` CENTRAL ASIA ii . Demography -- Encyclopaedia Iranica '' . www.iranicaonline.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 25 . ^ `` Sense and sensibility in South Asia '' . www.thenews.com.pk . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . ^ `` The Muslim question '' . Times of India Blog . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . ^ `` '' Region : South Asia `` '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . ^ Editor , Daniel Burke , CNN Religion . `` The moment American Muslims were waiting for '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . ^ Pechilis , Karen ; Raj , Selva J. ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . South Asian Religions : Tradition and Today . Routledge . ISBN 9780415448512 . ^ `` 10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations , 2010 and 2050date = 2015 - 04 - 02 '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . ^ `` Field Listing -- Religions '' . CIA Factbook . Retrieved 24 February 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) United States Department of State International Religious Freedom Report CIA World Factbook The World Factbook Adherents.com 43,941 adherent statistic citations Religious Freedom page Religious Intelligence Muslim Population Percentage from U.S Dept. of State CIA World Factbook Religions BBC News Muslims in Europe : Country guide External links ( edit ) Official website of the Pew Forum study on Global Muslim Population Muslim Population - A Site with Extensive information regarding worldwide Muslim population Islam topics Beliefs God in Islam Tawhid Muhammad In Islam Prophets of Islam Five Pillars Shahada Salah Sawm Zakat Hajj History Leaders Timeline of Muslim history Conquests Golden Age Historiography Sahaba Ahl al - Bayt Shi'a Imams Caliphates Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Córdoba Fatimid Almohad Sokoto Ottoman Religious texts Quran Sunnah Hadith Tafsir Seerah Denominations Sunni Shia Ibadi Nation of Islam Ahmadiyya Quranism Non-denominational Life Culture Animals Art Calendar Children Clothing Holidays Mosques Madrasas Moral teachings Music Philosophy Political aspects Qurbani Science medieval Social welfare Women LGBT Islam by country Law Jurisprudence Economics Banking Economic history Sukuk Takaful Murabaha Riba Hygiene Ghusl Miswak Najis Tayammum Toilet Wudu Marriage Sex Marriage contract Mahr Mahram Masturbation Nikah Nikah Mut'ah Zina Other aspects Cleanliness Criminal Dhabiĥa Dhimmi Divorce Diet Ethics Etiquette Gambling Gender segregation Honorifics Hudud Inheritance Jizya Leadership Ma malakat aymanukum Military POWs Slavery Sources of law Theological baligh kalam Islamic studies Arts Arabesque Architecture Calligraphy Carpets Gardens Geometric patterns Music Pottery Medieval science Alchemy and chemistry Astronomy Cosmology Geography and cartography Mathematics Medicine Ophthalmology Physics Philosophy Early Contemporary Eschatology Theological Other areas Astrology Creationism ( evolution ) Feminism Inventions Liberalism and progressivism Literature poetry Psychology Shu'ubiyya Conversion to mosques Other religions Christianity Mormonism Protestantism Hinduism Jainism Judaism Sikhism Related topics Apostasy Criticism of Islam Cultural Muslim Islamism Criticism Post-Islamism Islamophobia Incidents Islamic terrorism Islamic view of miracles Domestic violence Nursing Persecution of Muslims Quran and miracles Qutbism Symbolism Islam portal Commons WikiProject Religions by country Bahá'í Faith Buddhism Christianity Catholic Church Orthodoxy Protestantism Hinduism Islam Ahmadiyya Judaism Sikhism Zoroastrian Lists of countries by religious rankings Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Latter - day Saints Orthodoxy Protestantism Hinduism Importance of religion Irreligion Islam Ahmadiyya Judaism Judaism type Sikhism Zoroastrianism List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islam_by_country&oldid=800431617 '' Categories : Islam by country Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Bulgarian - language sources ( bg ) Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 maint : Unfit url Use dmy dates from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Чӑвашла Cymraeg Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Kiswahili മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Português Русский Shqip کوردی தமிழ் Тоҷикӣ Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 14 : 19 . 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which country has the highest number of muslim
[ "The country with the single largest population of Muslims is Indonesia in Southeast Asia, which on its own hosts 13% of the world's Muslims.[12] Together, the Muslims in the countries of the Malay Archipelago (which includes Brunei, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and East Timor) constitute the world's second or third largest population of Muslims. Here Muslims are majorities in each country other than Singapore, the Philippines, and East Timor." ]
[ "Indonesia" ]
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Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala
Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala - Wikipedia Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Jump to : navigation , search Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Genre Family Created by Nilanjana Purkasthya Written by Story : Sahana Faizal Aziz Lakshmi Jayakumar Swechchha Singh Dialogues : Divya Nidhi Sharma Aparjit Sharma Sinha Music : Shashank Kunwar Shaheen Iqbal Satya Sharma Directed by Pradeep Yadav Creative director ( s ) Yashraj Shukla Starring Aakriti Sharma Mohit Malik Anjali Anand Myra Singh Shruti Sharma Opening theme `` Pet Bechara '' by Rashi Salil Harmalkar Composer ( s ) Original Score : Sargam Jassu Nakash Aziz Background score : Sanjeev Srivastava Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi ( primary ) English ( minor ) No. of seasons No. of episodes 52 ( as of 29 May 2018 ) Production Producer ( s ) Gul Khan Karishma Jain Nilanjana Purkayasstha Herumb Khot News editor ( s ) Screen Journal Location ( s ) Pathankot Mumbai Cinematography Sandeep Yadav Mohseen Swan Camera setup Multi camera Running time 22 min approx Production company ( s ) 4 Lions Films Invictus T Mediaworks Distributor Star India ( 21st Century Fox ) Novi Digital Entertainment Release Original network Star Plus Picture format 576i SDTV 1080i HDTV Audio format Dolby Digital Digital Audio Original release 19 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Potol Kumar Gaanwala External links Hotstar Production website Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala ( lit . Kullfi Kumarr Musician ) is an Indian musical television series , which is premiere on Star Plus and stream on Hotstar . It features Aakriti Sharma , Mohit Malik , Anjali Anand , Myra Singh and Shruti Sharma . This show is produced by Gul Khan , Karishma Jain , Nilanjana Purkayasstha and Herumb Khot . It is a remake version of the Bengali language television series Potol Kumar Gaanwala , which was aired on Star Jalsha in 2015 . The story revolves around the journey of a young singing prodigy Kullfi , who encounters a lot can of worms to unite with her father , Sikandar Singh Gill . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Ratings 6 Release 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Kullfi is an illegitimate daughter of Nimrat and popular singer Sikandar Singh Gill . Sikandar had left Nimrat for his career and he is unaware of his daughter . Kullfi is born as a singer but is unaware of her father . They are living with her uncle , Sattu and aunt Nihalo , who hates them but Nihalo want to encash of Kullfi 's talent so she keeps them . Nimrat suffers from cancer so Kullfi was taken to Sikandar by Bhalla to ask for help . Sikandar is married to another woman , Lovely and has a daughter Amyra . Kullfi meets Sikandar to ask for help but was not able to get due to the circumstances . Nirmat , searching for Kullfi , and Sikandar cross each other on the road but miss the glance . But suddenly Nirmat was hit by Lovely 's car and dies . Few days later , Kullfi runs way from her aunt 's home and accidentally reaches to Sikandar 's house and Lovely keeps her and decides to use her talent to make Amyra a successful singer . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Aakriti Sharma as Kullfi Kumarr : Nimrat and Sikandar 's daughter , Amyra 's half - sister Mohit Malik as Sikandar Singh Gill : a great musician , Kullfi and Amyra 's father , Nimrat and Lovely 's husband Anjali Anand as Lovely Sikandar Singh Gill : Amyra 's mother , Sikandar 's second - wife Myra Singh as Amyra Singh Gill : Lovely and Sikandar 's daughter , Kullfi 's half - sister Shruti Sharma as Nimrat : Kullfi 's mother , Sikandar 's first wife Recurring ( edit ) Pallavi Rao as Nihalo : Kullfi 's aunty , Sattu 's wife , Nimrat 's sister - in - law Romanch Mehta as Sattu : Kullfi 's uncle , Nimrat 's brother , Nihalo 's husband Vidya Sinha as Kullfi and Amyra 's Grandmother Rudra Kaushik as Mohendar Singh Gill : Sikandar 's brother and music teacher Ishrat Jahan as Gunjan Mohendar Singh Gill : Mohender 's wife , Sikandar 's sister - in - law Mrinmai Kolwalkar as Minty : Lovely 's best friend Production ( edit ) Aakriti Sharma and actress Shruti Sharma on Holi festival , at Lucknow Development ( edit ) On 14 February 2018 , the first promo of the show was released , with the title song . On 28 February 2018 , the second promo of the show was released which is based on Kullfi , wished Happy Holi . On 24 February 2018 , child artiste Aakriti Sharma and actress Shruti Sharma welcomed the production team , media and public with colours of Holi , location at Lucknow . Currently , this show set in Mumbai and Pathankot . On 10 March 2018 , a musical concert was organized by Gul Khan at Chandigarh , Punjab . The musical concert was performed by child artiste Aakriti Sharma , Punjabi singer and songwriter , Gurdas Maan , the Nooran Sisters and Rajasthani young maestros , the Langa Kids . Casting ( edit ) The show 's main characters , Kullfi and Sikandar Singh Gill , were the core of the concept for Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala . These characters are taken from original television series Potol Kumar Gaanwala 's Poteshwari and Sujon Kumar Malik . Kullfi child character 's role is played by Aakriti Sharma . She was selected for her acting talent . Producer Nilanjana Purkayasstha said , `` Aakriti is a very enthusiastic and fearless child . '' Otherside , Amaira character 's role was decided to play by Spandan Chaturvedi but due to date issues , she was replaced by Myra Singh . Myra said , `` It 's my first time on television and I 'm really excited to play this role . '' Actor Mohit Malik said about his role , `` I have the signature rockstar look in Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala . '' Dhhai Kilo Prem 's actress , Anjali Anand is playing Lovely Kaur character , who is Amyra 's mother . She said , `` Character matters the most to me and this character is extremely challenging and fun at the same time . '' Aakriti 's brother , Hardik Sharma will going to join this show , debut as Kullfi 's friend . He is also talented like her sister that 's why producer Gul Khan and Nilanjana select him . Aakriti said , `` I 'm so happy to see Hardik . I am meeting him after three months . '' Barun Sobti , who was recently played on Gul Khan 's Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3 , will be playing on this show debut as a Rockstar , Sikandar 's competitor and Amyra 's music teacher role . According to source , `` Gul wanted to Barun in a significant role for this show . The makers are in talks to get Barun on board . '' Barun said , `` It is exhausting . I am back in the grind . So we are in that zone where we are putting in everything that we have and hoping that people will like it . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Original Sound Track Soundtrack album by Sargam Jassu , Nakash Aziz and Sanjeev Srivastava Released 14 February 2018 Genre Popular music Language Hindi Label Star India Screen Journal SoundCloud Producer Gul Khan Nilanjana Purkayasstha Nakash Aziz chronology No Entry Pudhe Dhoka Aahey ( 2012 ) Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala ( 2018 ) Sanjeev Srivastava chronology Ishqbaaaz ( soundtrack ) ( 2016 ) Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala ( 2018 ) Singles from Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala `` Pet Bechara '' Released : 13 March 2018 Sargam Jassu , Nakash Aziz and Sanjeev Srivastava is the music composer of this show . The soundtrack album was produced by Gul Khan and Nilanjana , written by Shashank Kunwar , Shaheen Iqbal and Satya Sharma . This album released eight songs , which are featured by Rashi Salil Harmalkar , Bhaven Dhanak and Nakash . Song Dama Dam Mast Qalandar was remaked for this show . The remaked version also featured by Rashi Salil , which promo was released on 8 March 2018 via YouTube . The promo video has over 10 million views on YouTube . `` Asha Ka Pathaasha '' male version song originally featured by Bhaven Dhanak , who has been recently featured `` O Jaana '' and `` O Saathiya '' song from Ishqbaaaz television series . Track List No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Pet Bechara '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 14 2 . `` ABCD '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 02 : 30 3 . `` Abhi Abhi Toh '' ( Child version ) Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 10 4 . `` Chand Banne Ke Liye '' ( Male version ) Nakash Aziz 03 : 30 5 . `` Chidiya Gaaya Gaana '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 30 6 . `` Asha Ka Pathaasha '' ( Male version ) Bhaven Dhanak 03 : 26 7 . `` Asha Ka Pathaasha '' ( Child version ) Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 24 8 . `` Maa Ka Tukra '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 02 : 54 9 . `` Jaago Re '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 16 10 . `` Yaara '' ( Male verson ) Nakash Aziz 03 : 12 11 . `` Abhi Abhi Toh '' ( Female version ) Various artist 03 : 08 12 . `` Mandir Ke Diya Jasi '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 26 13 . `` Jag Jaana Maa '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 50 14 . `` Patang '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 10 15 . `` Ek Choti , Anek Choti '' Nakash Aziz 03 : 21 16 . `` Kullfi Bana Ladka '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 26 17 . `` Diri Dhara '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 32 Remake edition No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Dama Dam Mast Qalandar '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 02 : 38 2 . `` Haathi Ghoda Palki '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 02 : 50 3 . `` Bulleya '' Rashi Salil Harmalkar 03 : 15 Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Nimki Mukhiya 's actress aka Bhumika Gurung wrote about Aakriti Sharma , `` With this super talented and super cute little bunny of Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala . '' Ye Hai Mohabbatein 's actress Santoshi aka Shahnaz Rizwan said , `` The girl 's acting is very good . She is too talented . The direction of the show is very good and realistic . '' Sreejeeta Sen of Bollywood Life wrote : `` While the show failed to create an impact with its launch , but now the show seems like a dark horse of the race . '' Akriti Sharma 's mother , Dimple Sharma says , `` Akrit showed keen interest in creative arts since a very young age . But we will not compromise on her education . Akriti gets time to play on the sets , if her shot is not ready . '' News Nation wrote : `` Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala has done wonders since the time it was released . '' Ratings ( edit ) In the first week , this show was ranked in the top sixteen in India . This show has received a pretty good number of Target rating point , 4323 impressions . Which means more than 4.3 million viewers are watched this show in the first week . This show was ranked in the top one in the United Kingdom . More than 98,000 viewers watched this show in the UK . Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala was taken Yeh Hai Mohabbatein position , which was previously at the top one in the UK . During the third week , this show has entered into the top ten with eighth position , 4.8 million impressions in India . During the sixth week , this show has archived sixth position in India . During the seventh week , this show has reached at the top fifth position with 4500 impressions . Release ( edit ) The show replaced the time slot of Ikyawann , but Panorama Entertainment 's production producer Suzana Ghai has confirmed that Ikyawann was not going to air off , it was replaced the time slot of Meri Durga , which was aired off . On 19 March 2018 , The show first released on the Hotstar streaming service , for the premium viewers of India . Later , this show broadcast on the Star Plus . Asian countries like Bangladesh , Indonesia , Malaysia , Myanmar , Nepal , Pakistan , Singapore and Sri Lanka broadcast on the original release date . On 20 March 2018 , the show was released in United Kingdom and United States . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This male version song is originally released on episode 14 . Note that child version song also released on the same episode . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala online streaming on Hotstar '' . Hotstar . Star India . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kulfi Kumar Bajewala Child Actor Aakriti Sharma -- Find Out More About Little Kulfi '' . Tellydhamaal.com . SaiKrishna . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Plus Brings Its Latest Offering Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala '' . Online News India . 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GECs aim to retain viewership with 8 show launches in March '' . Indian Television Dot Com . Indian Television Dot Com . Kirti Chauhan. 13 March 2018 . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kulfi Kumar Baajewala -- Mohit Malik to essay lead role in Star Plus new show '' . Tellydhamaal.com . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kulfi Kumar Bajewala 's cast shed light on what the show is about TV - Times of India Videos '' . India Times . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala to Bhootu : 7 TV shows that were adapted from popular regional shows '' . India Today . 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aakriti Sharma gets a chance to meet her idol , Hema Malini '' . Times of India . 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mohit Malik maintains a diary for his role on Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala '' . Time of India . 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` This actress will star opposite Mohit Malik in Gul Khan 's next , Kulfi Kumar Baajewala '' . Bollywoodlife . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala 's Anjali Anand enjoys playing the vamp ; asks fans to keep the ' hate coming ' '' . Times of India . 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shruti Sharma Designs Costumes For Mohit Malik And Anjali Anand '' . India Education Diary. 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pallavi Rao to play character with grey shades in Kulfi Kumarr Bajewala '' . Times of India . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kulfi Kumar Bajewala ' launched in Lucknow with Holi celebrations '' . Newstrack. 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kulfi Kumar Bajewala visited Chandigarh to share stage with Gurdas Maan , Langa Kids and Nooran Sisters '' . The Flim Wale . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` जल्द शुरू होगा ' कुल्फी कुमार बाजेवाला ' , ये मशहूर चाइल्ड एक्ट्रेस नहीं आएगी नजर '' . NDTVIndia . NDTV . अल्केश कुशवाहा . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mohit Malik stressed on variety : He 's played positive and negative roles , and done reality shows too '' . Hindustan Times . 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aakriti Sharma is a fearless child : Nilanjana Purkayasstha '' . Times of India . 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aakriti Sharma is a fearless child : Producer Nilanjana '' . Tellychakkar. 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spandan Chaturvedi not part of ' Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala ' '' . Tellychakkar. 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mohit Malik is in love with his rockstar look in Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala '' . Tellychakkar. 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kulfi Kumar Bajewala : Mohit Malik loves his rockstar avatar '' . Free Pressjournal. 19 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anjali Anand is excited to play a mother on Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala '' . Times of India . 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Acting is God 's gift to me : actress Anjali '' . The Hitavada. 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aakriti 's brother to enter ' Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala ' '' . Times of India . 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aakriti Sharma aka Kullfi 's brother to be seen on the show '' . Glamsham. 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aakriti 's brother to enter ' Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala ' '' . Tellychakkar. 5 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barun Sobti to enter Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala ? '' . Times of India . 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Before his web series Barun Sobti to be seen in this TV show '' . India Today . 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Barun Sobti to enter Kulfi Kumar Bajewala ? Producer Gul Khan answers '' . Pink Villa . 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' कुल्फी कुमार बाजेवाला ' में बरुण सोबती का होगी एंट्री , निभाएंगे ये किरदार '' . ABP News . 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala song Pet Bechara by Star Plus '' . SoundCloud. 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aakriti Sharma had to learn eight songs in a week '' . Times of India . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala - Kullfi 's Melodious Voice '' . YouTube . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dama Dam Mast Qalandar - Promo '' . Hotstar . Star India . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Original scores for TV : Why makers are using these songs to give a unique identity to their shows and character , Kullfi Kumarr '' . DNA India . 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nimki and little Kulfi share a frame together ; we bet you ca n't take your eyes off this pic '' . India Today . 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Yeh Hai Mohabattein 's Santoshi Bhalla aka Shahnaz Rizwan might do an Ekta Kapoor film soon '' . Bollywood Life . 18 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` BARC Report , Week 14 , 2018 : Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai takes the second position and Kullfi Kumar Bajewala enters the top 10 list '' . Bollywood Life . 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Are TV 's child actors being pushed into the rat race early on in their lives ? '' . Times of India . 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BARC TRP ratings week 16 : Kundali Bhagya continues its magic on viewers , Rising Star finale finds spot on top five '' . News Nation. 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Latest TRP Ratings : Bepannaah Makes A Smashing Entry ; Yeh Hai Mohabbatein Back On Top 5 Slot ! '' . Flimbeat. 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BARC India Ratings -- Week 12 : Bepannaah gets a bumper opening '' . Tellychakkar . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bepanah and Kulfi Kumar Bajewala opens with promising deliveries in week 12 '' . Tvnews4u. 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Overnights : ' Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala ' takes No. 1 spot in UK on Wednesday '' . Bizasia. 29 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BARC TRP ratings week 18 , 2018 : Kundali Bhagya remains UNBEATABLE ; Bepannaah , Ishq Mein Mar Jawan ENTER top ten '' . News Nation. 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BARC TRP ratings week 20 , 2018 : Kulfi Kumar Bajewala , Udaan , Naamkarann spread magic on viewers '' . News Nation. 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New show Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala joins the list of top 5 TV shows '' . Times of India . 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmed : Mohit Malik starrer Kulfi Kumar Bajewala to replace this show '' . News Nation . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ikyawann ' to replace ' Meri Durga ' for ' Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala ' launch ? '' . BizAsia . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Meri Durga to go off air on March - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UK Ratings : ' YHM ' stays top ; ' Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala ' impresses '' . Bizasia. 9 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Streaming on Hotstar Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala on IMDb Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala at TV Guide Current broadcasts on Star Plus Currently broadcast Primetime soap opera Har Shaakh Pe Ullu Baithaa Hai Ikyawann Ishqbaaaz Krishna Chali London Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Mariam Khan - Reporting Live Tu Sooraj , Main Saanjh Piyaji Ye Hai Mohabbatein Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Weekend Khichdi Children 's television series in India List of series The Adventures of Tenali Raman Akkad Bakkad Bambey Bo Aladdin Andy Pirki Arslaan Aryamaan -- Brahmaand Ka Yodha Baal Veer Bandbudh Aur Budbak Bhootu Cambala Investigation Agency Chhoti Anandi Chhota Bheem Chi and Me Dhoom Machaao Dhoom Galli Galli Sim Sim Gattu Battu ' Gaju Bhai Golu Ke Goggles Hatim Howzzattt Indradhanush Inspector Chingum J Bole Toh Jadoo Janbaaz Sindbad Jungle Tales Junior G Karishma Kaa Karishma Karma ( TV series ) Kartika Keymon Ache Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Little Singham The Magic Make - Up Box Mighty Raju Motu Patlu Mystery Hunters India Potli Baba Ki Princess Dollie Aur Uska Magic Bag Robin Hood : Mischief in Sherwood Roll No 21 Ruby Duby Hub Dub Sanya Shaka Laka Boom Boom Shaktimaan Shararat Son Pari The Stone Boy Suraj : The Rising Star Vartmaan 4 Lions Flims TV Shows Geet ... Hui Sabse Parayi Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ? Humse Hai Liife Suvreen Guggal -- Topper of The Year Arjun Qubool Hai Humsafars O Gujariya : Badlein Chal Duniya Adhuri Kahaani Hamari Kahani Hamari ... Dil Dosti Deewanepan Ki Ishqbaaaz Dil Boley Oberoi Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3 Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Web Series Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon ? - Ek Jashn Tanhaiyan India portal 2010s portal Television portal Music portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kullfi_Kumarr_Bajewala&oldid=843633291 '' Categories : 2018 Indian television series debuts Hindi - language television programs Indian drama television series Star Plus television series Television shows set in Mumbai Indian children 's television series Indian television series Indian musical television series Musical television series Hidden categories : Use Indian English from February 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from February 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 12 : 19 . 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who sung the song of kulfi kumar bajewala
[ "\n\nKullfi Kumarr Bajewala\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nFamily[1]\n\n\nCreated by\nNilanjana Purkasthya\n\n\nWritten by\nStory:\nSahana\nFaizal Aziz\nLakshmi Jayakumar\nSwechchha Singh\nDialogues:\nDivya Nidhi Sharma\nAparjit Sharma Sinha\nMusic:\nShashank Kunwar\nShaheen Iqbal\nSatya Sharma\n\n\nDirected by\nPradeep Yadav\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nYashraj Shukla\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nAakriti Sharma\nMohit Malik\nAnjali Anand\nMyra Singh\nShruti Sharma\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\n\"Pet Bechara\" by Rashi Salil Harmalkar\n\n\nComposer(s)\n\n\n\nOriginal Score:\nSargam Jassu\nNakash Aziz\nBackground score:\nSanjeev Srivastava\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\n\n\n\nHindi (primary)\nEnglish (minor)\n\n\n\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n52 (as of 29 May 2018)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nGul Khan\nKarishma Jain\nNilanjana Purkayasstha\nHerumb Khot\n\n\n\n\n\nNews editor(s)\nScreen Journal\n\n\nLocation(s)\nPathankot\nMumbai\n\n\nCinematography\nSandeep Yadav\nMohseen Swan\n\n\nCamera setup\nMulti camera\n\n\nRunning time\n22 min approx\n\n\nProduction company(s)\n4 Lions Films\nInvictus T Mediaworks\n\n\nDistributor\nStar India\n(21st Century Fox)\nNovi Digital Entertainment\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i SDTV\n1080i HDTV\n\n\nAudio format\nDolby Digital\nDigital Audio\n\n\nOriginal release\n19 March 2018 (2018-03-19) – present\n\n\nChronology\n\n\nRelated shows\nPotol Kumar Gaanwala\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nHotstar\n\n\nProduction website\n\n" ]
[ "Rashi Salil Harmalkar" ]
176414459231031516
Fox & Friends
Fox & Friends - wikipedia Fox & Friends Jump to : navigation , search For the 1975 German film , see Fox and His Friends . Fox & Friends Logo of the show Genre Talk show News program Presented by Weekdays : Steve Doocy Ainsley Earhardt Brian Kilmeade Weekends : Pete Hegseth Abby Huntsman Ed Henry Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 15 Production Location ( s ) New York City Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 180 minutes Release Original network Fox News Channel Picture format 720p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Original release February 1 , 1998 -- present External links Website www.foxnews.com/foxfriends Fox & Friends is a daily morning conservative news / talk program that airs on Fox News Channel , hosted by Steve Doocy , Brian Kilmeade , and Ainsley Earhardt . It begins at 6 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time with the latest Fox News Live headlines and news of the morning and continues with a variety of segments including current events , interviews , updates of news stories with correspondents , political analysis from the hosts , and entertainment segments . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Characteristics of the show 2.1 Recurring segments 3 Ratings 4 Political stance 5 Personalities 5.1 Weekdays 5.2 Weekends 5.3 Regular contributors 5.4 Former hosts 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Fox & Friends evolved from Fox X-press , Fox News Channel 's original morning news program . After the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks , an additional hour was added to the beginning of the weekday show , but branded as a separate show called Fox & Friends First . It was the first Fox News show to air live for the day , starting at 6 : 00 a.m. It was discontinued on July 13 , 2008 and replaced with an additional hour of Fox & Friends The Fox & Friends First title was reintroduced on March 5 , 2012 , also as a separate show airing one hour before the main three - hour program , but using a separate slate of rotating anchors . Characteristics of the show ( edit ) Since inception , the show is a talk show format , featuring two male cohosts and a female cohost . Currently , Steve Doocey , Ainsley Earhardt , and Brian Kilmeade cohost the show . At the top and bottom of the hour , the show highlights current ' Breaking News ' after which a meteorologist in ' The Weather Center ' reviews the national weather forecasts . If there are extraordinary conditions to be discussed , they refer to it as ' The Extreme Weather Center ' . The show features a casual format with the hosts and guests typically sitting on the set 's ' curvy couch . ' After the show has ended for the day , a short online - only web show named After The Show Show which features behind - the - scenes footage not shown on air , is streamed on the Fox News website . It lasts from less than 3 minutes to 10 minutes . Recurring segments ( edit ) The ' Summer Concert Series ' features a live music concert in the Fox News Channel Plaza each Friday from Memorial Day weekend though Labor Day weekend . ' Normal or Nuts ' is a segment in which psychiatrist Dr. Keith Ablow answers viewer questions posed via Facebook or Twitter . On ' Rebuilding Dreams ' , real estate attorney Bob Massey offers non-legal advice on buying , selling , listing and pitfalls related to real estate transactions . ' So Sue Me ' is a segment in which Peter Johnson , Jr. ( an appellate and trial lawyer ) offers his perspective on current events with legal implications . Ratings ( edit ) The New York Times has reported the show is one of the most successful on the network . After the arrival of Elizabeth Hasselbeck in September 2013 , the show climbed 23 percent in total viewers compared to its average for the third quarter of 2013 , and 22 percent in the key 25 - 54 news demo . For Hasselbeck 's first four weeks on the show , `` Fox & Friends '' averaged 1.226 million total viewers , up from the 1.058 that the show averaged for the third quarter of the year . In comparison , morning shows from both CNN and MSNBC combined to average 792,000 viewers . Political stance ( edit ) The New York Times wrote that Fox & Friends `` has become a powerful platform for some of the most strident attacks on President Obama . '' The program has provided a platform for conspiracy theories about Obama 's religion and , in May 2012 , aired a 4 - minute video attacking Obama 's record as President . The video was widely criticized as a political attack ad masquerading as journalism , TIME television critic James Poniewozik wrote : `` It 's hard to imagine a more over-the - top parody of Fox raw - meat - hurling , fear - stoking , base - pleasing agitprop . '' In response , a Fox News exec vice-president ' disavowed ' the video , blaming an associate producer and that the video ' slipped by ' senior managers at the network . Fox stated that the show was entertainment and `` does not pretend to be straight news . '' Personalities ( edit ) Weekdays ( edit ) Steve Doocy , co-host Ainsley Earhardt , co-host Brian Kilmeade , co-host Janice Dean , meteorologist Weekends ( edit ) Pete Hegseth , co-host Abby Huntsman , co-host Ed Henry , co-host Rick Reichmuth , meteorologist Regular contributors ( edit ) Patti Ann Browne Fox News news anchor Dr. Manny Alvarez , FNC medical contributor Judge Andrew Napolitano , FNC legal contributor Stuart Varney , Fox Business host . Jeanine Pirro , Fox News host . Geraldo Rivera , Fox News analyst . David A. Clarke Jr , political and law enforcement analyst / former sheriff Former hosts ( edit ) E.D. Hill , Weekdays co-host from 1998 to 2006 , replaced by Gretchen Carlson . Kiran Chetry Weekend co-host from 2005 to 2007 Dave Briggs , Weekend co-host , left at the end of 2012 to join NBC Sports Network Gretchen Carlson , Weekdays co-host from 2006 to 2013 , replaced by Elisabeth Hasselbeck after moving on to host her own new weekday afternoon program The Real Story . Alisyn Camerota , Weekend co-host , left on September 28 , 2013 , to be the co-host of a new weekday version of America 's News Headquarters . Maria Molina , Fox Cast meteorologist from 2010 to 2016 Elisabeth Hasselbeck , Weekdays co-host from 2013 to 2015 , replaced by Ainsley Earhardt . Anna Kooiman , Weekend co-host from 2012 to 2016 , replaced by Abby Huntsman . Tucker Carlson , Weekend co-host from 2012 to 2016 , left to host weekday primetime show . Clayton Morris , Weekend co-host from 2008 to 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thompson , Ethan , and Jason Mittell . `` Fox & Friends : Political Talk . '' How to Watch Television . 168 - 76 . Print . Jump up ^ Nisbet , Matthew C. `` Communicating Climate Change : Why Frames Matter for Public Engagement . '' Environment : Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 51.2 ( 2009 ) : 12 - 23 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Meagher , Richard . `` The `` Vast Right - Wing Conspiracy '' : Media and Conservative Networks . '' New Political Science 34.4 ( 2012 ) : 469 - 84 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Conservative Voice Goes From ' View ' to Fox News '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Marisa ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Behind the Scenes at ' Fox & Friends , ' America 's Most Influential Morning Show ( Seriously ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Shows -- Fox and Friends '' . TV Guide.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wemple , Eric ( 27 March 2013 ) . `` Fox News all day : Hard , and conservative '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Changes at Fox & Friends '' . TVNewser . Retrieved 14 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fox & Friends First Goes on the Air '' . TVNewser . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa de ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) . `` Ainsley Earhardt Replaces Elisabeth Hasselbeck On ' Fox & Friends ' On February 29 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Noticing That Fox News Has Lots of Blonde News Personalities Is Dehumanizing , Says Fox News Personality '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fox and Friends -- Index '' . Fox and Friends . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fox and Friends After the Show Show '' . Video Fox News . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Vinson , Christina ( 23 May 2014 ) . `` Fox News ' All American Summer Concert Series Features Exciting Country Artists '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All American Summer Concert Series '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Profiles -- Keith Ablow '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Peters , Jeremy ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Enemies and Allies for ' Friends ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fox and Friends ' Gets Double - Digit Ratings Boost with Elizabeth Hasselbeck '' . THE WRAP Covering Hollywood . October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fox and Friends jump 22 % with Elizabeth Hasselbeck '' . Deadline Hollywood . October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Obama Video on Fox News Criticized as Attack Ad '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` With Romney now official , Fox News gets shamelessly political '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Fox News Produces Greatest Fox News Parody Video Ever '' . TIME . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bauder , David ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` Controversial Fox News video : personnel hardball ? '' . BusinessWeek . Associated Press . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Briggs Leaves ' Fox and Friends ' With Emotional On - Air Farewell ( Video ) '' . Inqusitir . December 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elisabeth Hasselbeck leaving `` The View '' to join Fox `` . cbsnews . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weprin , Alex . `` ' The Real Story with Gretchen Carlson ' To Debut At 2 PM On Fox News September 30 '' . mediabistro.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website Fox & Friends on IMDb Fox & Friends at TV.com Fox and Friends First Preceded by Fox & Friends First Fox & Friends 6 : 00 AM -- 9 : 00 AM Succeeded by America 's Newsroom Morning shows in the United States Broadcast ABC Good Morning America CBS CBS This Morning NBC Today Univision ¡ Despierta América ! Telemundo Un Nuevo Día Syndication EyeOpener Cable BBC World News BBC World News GMT C - SPAN Washington Journal CBS Sports Network The Morning Show with Boomer CNBC Worldwide Exchange Squawk Box Squawk on the Street CNN New Day ESPN2 Golic and Wingo Fox News Channel Fox & Friends Fox Business Mornings with Maria HLN Morning Express with Robin Meade MLB Network Hot Stove MSNBC Morning Joe NFL Network Good Morning Football TV One News One Now The Weather Channel AMHQ Fox News programming Weekday Fox & Friends First Fox & Friends America 's Newsroom Happening Now Outnumbered Outnumbered Overtime with Harris Faulkner The Daily Briefing with Dana Perino Shepard Smith Reporting Your World with Neil Cavuto The Five Special Report with Bret Baier The Story with Martha MacCallum Tucker Carlson Tonight Hannity The Ingraham Angle Fox News @ Night Weekend Fox & Friends Weekend The Cost of Freedom America 's News Headquarters Journal Editorial Report Fox Report Weekend Watters ' World Justice with Judge Jeanine The Next Revolution The Greg Gutfeld Show Media Buzz Fox News Sunday Special Fox News Reporting War Stories with Oliver North America 's Election Headquarters Former The Edge The Big Story The 1 / 2 Hour News Hour Fox Magazine Fox Online Drudge Heartland Pat Sajak Weekend DaySide Just In with Laura Ingraham Weekend Live Fox News Live Showdown with Larry Elder Hannity & Colmes The Beltway Boys The Live Desk with Martha and Trace Glenn Beck Fox News Watch America Live with Megyn Kelly Huckabee A Healthy You & Carol Alt Geraldo at Large The Real Story On the Record The Kelly File Red Eye The O'Reilly Factor Fox News Specialists Fox News Tonight Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fox_%26_Friends&oldid=817772338 '' Categories : 1998 American television series debuts 1990s American television series 2000s American television series 2010s American television series English - language television programs Breakfast television in the United States Fox News shows Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 13 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who does the news on fox and friends
[ "Fox & Friends is a daily morning conservative[1][2][3][4][5] news/talk program that airs on Fox News Channel, hosted by Steve Doocy, Brian Kilmeade, and Ainsley Earhardt." ]
[ "Steve Doocy, Brian Kilmeade, and Ainsley Earhardt" ]
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Names of the days of the week
Names of the days of the week - wikipedia Names of the days of the week Jump to : navigation , search `` Days of the Week '' redirects here . For the song by Stone Temple Pilots , see Days of the Week ( song ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Italian cameo bracelet representing the days of the week , corresponding to the planets as Roman gods : Diana as the Moon for Monday , Mars for Tuesday , Mercury for Wednesday , Jupiter for Thursday , Venus for Friday , Saturn for Saturday , and Apollo as the Sun for Sunday . Middle 19th century , Walters Art Museum The names of the days of the week in many languages are derived from the names of the classical planets in Hellenistic astrology , which were in turn named after contemporary deities , a system introduced in by the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity . In some other languages , the days are named after corresponding deities of the regional culture , either beginning with Sunday or with Monday . In the international standard ISO 8601 , Monday is treated as the first day of the week . Contents ( hide ) 1 Days named after planets 1.1 Greco - Roman tradition 1.1. 1 Romance languages 1.1. 2 Celtic languages 1.1. 3 Adoptions from Romance 1.2 Germanic tradition 1.2. 1 Adoptions from Germanic 1.3 South Asian tradition 1.4 East Asian tradition 1.5 Southeast Asian tradition 2 Numbered days of the week 2.1 Days numbered from Sunday 2.2 Days numbered from Monday 2.3 Days numbered from Saturday 3 Mixing of numbering and astronomy 4 See also 5 Notes 5.1 Sunday 5.2 Monday 5.3 Tuesday 5.4 Wednesday 5.5 Thursday 5.6 Friday 5.7 Saturday 6 References 7 Further reading Days named after planets ( edit ) Greco - Roman tradition ( edit ) Further information : Week and Planetary hours Between the 1st and 3rd centuries , the Roman Empire gradually replaced the eight - day Roman nundinal cycle with the seven - day week . Our earliest evidence for this new system is a Pompeiian graffito referring to the 6th February ( viii idus Februarius ) of the year AD 60 as dies solis ( `` Sunday '' ) . Another early witness is a reference to a lost treatise by Plutarch , written in about AD 100 , which addressed the question of Why are the days named after the planets reckoned in a different order from the actual order ? . The days were named after the planets of Hellenistic astrology , in the order Sun , Moon , Mars ( Ares ) , Mercury ( Hermes ) , Jupiter ( Zeus ) , Venus ( Aphrodite ) and Saturn ( Cronos ) . The seven - day week spread throughout the Roman Empire in Late Antiquity . By the 4th century , it was in wide use throughout the Empire , and it had also reached India and China . The Greek and Latin names are as follows : Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sōl or Helios ( Sun ) Monday Luna or Selene ( Moon ) Tuesday Mars or Ares ( Mars ) Wednesday Mercurius or Hermes ( Mercury ) Thursday Iuppiter or Zeus ( Jupiter ) Friday Venus or Aphrodite ( Venus ) Saturday Saturnus or Kronos ( Saturn ) Greek ἡμέρᾱ Ἡλίου hēmérā Hēlíou ἡμέρᾱ Σελήνης hēmérā Selḗnēs ἡμέρᾱ Ἄρεως hēmérā Áreōs ἡμέρᾱ Ἑρμοῦ hēmérā Hermoû ἡμέρᾱ Διός hēmérā Diós ἡμέρᾱ Ἀφροδῑ́της hēmérā Aphrodī́tēs ἡμέρᾱ Κρόνου hēmérā Krónou Latin diēs Sōlis diēs Lūnae diēs Martis diēs Mercuriī diēs Iōvis diēs Veneris diēs Saturnī Romance languages ( edit ) Except for modern Portuguese , the Romance languages preserved the Latin names , except for the names of Sunday , which was replaced by ( dies ) Dominicus ( Dominica ) , i.e. `` Day of the Lord '' and of Saturday , which was named for the Sabbath . Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sōl ( Sun ) Monday Luna ( Moon ) Tuesday Mars ( Mars ) Wednesday Mercurius ( Mercury ) Thursday Iuppiter ( Jupiter ) Friday Venus ( Venus ) Saturday Saturnus ( Saturn ) Italian domenica lunedì martedì mercoledì giovedì venerdì sabato Lombard Milanese domenega lunedì martedì mercoldì giovedì venerdì sabet Old Portuguese domingo lues martes mércores joves vernes sábado Galician domingo luns martes mércores xoves venres sábado Spanish domingo lunes martes miércoles jueves viernes sábado Romanian duminică luni marți miercuri joi vineri sâmbătă French dimanche lundi mardi mercredi jeudi vendredi samedi Occitan dimenge diluns dimarts dimècres dijòus divendres dissabte Catalan diumenge dilluns dimarts dimecres dijous divendres dissabte Asturian domingu llunes martes miércoles xueves vienres sábadu Venetian domenega luni marti mèrcore zioba vénare sabo Friulian domenie lunis martars miercus joibe vinars sabide Neapolitan dummeneca lunnerì marterì miercurì gioverì viernarì sàbbatu Sardinian language dominiga lunis martis mercuris iobia chenabura Sappadu Sicilian dumínica luni marti mércuri juvi vénniri sábbatu Celtic languages ( edit ) Early Old Irish adopted the names from Latin , but introduced separate terms of Norse origin for Wednesday , Thursday and Friday , then later supplanted these with terms relating to church fasting practices . Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sōl ( Sun ) Monday Luna ( Moon ) Tuesday Mars ( Mars ) Wednesday Mercurius ( Mercury ) Thursday Iuppiter ( Jupiter ) Friday Venus ( Venus ) Saturday Saturnus ( Saturn ) Old Irish Diu srol Dies scrol Diu luna Diu mart Diu iath Diu eathamon Diu triach Diu saturn Old Irish ( later ) Diu domnica Diu luna Diu mart Diu cétaín Diu eter dib aínib Diu aíne Diu saturn Irish An Domhnach Dé Domhnaigh An Luan Dé Luain An Mháirt Dé Máirt An Chéadaoin Dé Céadaoin An Déardaoin Déardaoin An Aoine Dé hAoine An Satharn Dé Sathairn Scottish Gaelic Di - Dòmhnaich / Didòmhnaich Di - Luain / Diluain Di - Màirt / Dimàirt Di - Ciadain / Diciadain Di - Ardaoin / Diardaoin Di - Haoine / Dihaoine Di - Sàthairne / Disathairne Welsh dydd Sul dydd Llun dydd Mawrth dydd Mercher dydd Iau dydd Gwener dydd Sadwrn Cornish Dy ' Sul Dy ' Lun Dy ' Meurth Dy ' Mergher Dy ' Yow Dy ' Gwener Dy ' Sadorn Breton Disul Dilun Dimeurzh Dimerc'her Diriaou Digwener Disadorn Manx Jedoonee Jelune Jemayrt Jecrean Jerdein Jeheiney Jesarn Adoptions from Romance ( edit ) Albanian adopted the Latin terms . Other languages adopted the week together with the Latin ( Romance ) names for the days of the week in the colonial period . Some constructed languages also adopted the Latin terminology . Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sōl ( Sun ) Monday Luna ( Moon ) Tuesday Mars ( Mars ) Wednesday Mercurius ( Mercury ) Thursday Iuppiter ( Jupiter ) Friday Venus ( Venus ) Saturday Saturnus ( Saturn ) Albanian E diel E hënë E martë E mërkurë E enjte E premte E shtunë Filipino Linggò Dominggo in most other Philippine languages Lunes Martes Miyerkules Huwebes Biyernes Sábado Māori ( Rā Tapu ) ( not celestially named ) ( rā + tapu = `` holy day '' ) Rāhina ( rā + Māhina = day + Moon ) Rātū ( rā + Tūmatauenga = day + Mars ) Rāapa ( rā + Apārangi = day + Mercury ) Rāpare ( rā + Pareārau = day + Jupiter ) Rāmere ( rā + Mere = day + Venus ) ( Rā Horoi ) ( not celestially named ) ( rā + horoi = `` washing day '' ) Tetum Dumingu Segunda Tersa Kuarta Kinta Sesta Sabadu Interlingua Dominica Lunedi Martedi Mercuridi Jovedi Venerdi Sabbato Ido Sundio Lundio Mardio Merkurdio Jovdio Venerdio Saturdio Esperanto dimanĉo lundo mardo merkredo ĵaŭdo vendredo sabato Germanic tradition ( edit ) Further information : Germanic calendar The Germanic peoples adapted the system introduced by the Romans by substituting the Germanic deities for the Roman ones ( with the exception of Saturday ) in a process known as interpretatio germanica . The date of the introduction of this system is not known exactly , but it must have happened later than AD 200 but before the introduction of Christianity during the 6th to 7th centuries , i.e. , during the final phase or soon after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire . This period is later than the Common Germanic stage , but still during the phase of undifferentiated West Germanic . The names of the days of the week in North Germanic languages were not calqued from Latin directly , but taken from the West Germanic names . Sunday : Old English Sunnandæg ( pronounced ( ˈsunnɑndæj ) ) , meaning `` sun 's day '' . This is a translation of the Latin phrase dies Solis . English , like most of the Germanic languages , preserves the original pagan / sun associations of the day . Many other European languages , including all of the Romance languages , have changed its name to the equivalent of `` the Lord 's day '' ( based on Ecclesiastical Latin dies Dominica ) . In both West Germanic and North Germanic mythology the Sun is personified as Sunna / Sól . Monday : Old English Mōnandæg ( pronounced ( ˈmoːnɑndæj ) ) , meaning `` Moon 's day '' . This is equivalent to the Latin name dies lunae . In North Germanic mythology , the Moon is personified as Máni . Tuesday : Old English Tīwesdæg ( pronounced ( ˈtiːwezdæj ) ) , meaning `` Tiw 's day '' . Tiw ( Norse Týr ) was a one - handed god associated with single combat and pledges in Norse mythology and also attested prominently in wider Germanic paganism . The name of the day is also related to the Latin name dies Martis , `` Day of Mars '' . Wednesday : Old English Wōdnesdæg ( pronounced ( ˈwoːdnezdæj ) ) meaning the day of the Germanic god Woden ( known as Óðinn among the North Germanic peoples ) , and a prominent god of the Anglo - Saxons ( and other Germanic peoples ) in England until about the seventh century . It is also vaguely related to the Latin counterpart dies Mercurii , `` Day of Mercury '' . The connection between Mercury and Odin is more strained than the other syncretic connections . The usual explanation is that both Wodan and Mercury were considered psychopomps , or guides of souls after death , in their respective mythologies ; both are also associated with poetic and musical inspiration . The Icelandic Miðviku , German Mittwoch , Low German Middeweek and Finnish keskiviikko all mean mid-week . Thursday : Old English Þūnresdæg ( pronounced ( ˈθuːnrezdæj ) ) , meaning ' Þunor 's day ' . Þunor means thunder or its personification , the Norse god known in Modern English as Thor . Similarly Dutch donderdag , German Donnerstag ( ' thunder 's day ' ) , Finnish torstai , and Scandinavian Torsdag ( ' Thor 's day ' ) . Thor 's day corresponds to Latin dies Iovis , `` day of Jupiter '' . Friday : Old English Frīgedæg ( pronounced ( ˈfriːjedæj ) ) , meaning the day of the Anglo - Saxon goddess Fríge . The Norse name for the planet Venus was Friggjarstjarna , ' Frigg 's star ' . It is based on the Latin dies Veneris , `` Day of Venus '' . Saturday : the only day of the week to retain its Roman origin in English , named after the Roman god Saturn associated with the Titan Cronus , father of Zeus and many Olympians . Its original Anglo - Saxon rendering was Sæturnesdæg ( pronounced ( ˈsæturnezdæj ) ) . In Latin , it was dies Saturni , `` Day of Saturn '' . The Scandinavian Lørdag / Lördag deviates significantly as it has no reference to either the Norse or the Roman pantheon ; it derives from old Norse laugardagr , literally `` washing - day '' . The German Sonnabend ( mainly used in northern and eastern Germany ) and the Low German words Sünnavend mean `` Sunday Eve '' , the German word Samstag ( mainly used in southern and western Germany ) derives from the name for Shabbat . Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sunna / Sól Monday Mona / Máni Tuesday Tiw / Tyr Wednesday Woden / Odin Thursday Thunor / Thor Friday Frige or Freya Saturday Saturn Proto - Germanic * Sunnōniz dagaz * Mēniniz dagaz * Tīwas dagaz , * Þingsas dagaz * Wōdanas dagaz * Þunras dagaz * Frijjōz dagaz * Saturnas dagaz , * Laugōz dagaz Old English Sunnandæg Mōnandæg Tīwesdæg Wōdnesdæg Þunresdæg Frīgedæg Sæternesdæg Old Saxon Sunnundag * Mānundag * Tiuwesdag , * Thingesdag Wōdanesdag * Thunaresdag Frīadag * Sunnunāƀand , * Satarnesdag Old High German Sunnûntag Mânetag Zîestag Wuotanestag Donarestag Frîjatag Sunnûnâband , Sambaztag Middle Low German Sunnedag Manedag Dingesdag Wodenesdag Donersdag Vrīdag Sunnenavend , Satersdag German Sonntag Montag Dienstag , Ziestag ( Alemannic German ) Mittwoch ( older Wutenstag ) Donnerstag Freitag Sonnabend , Samstag Yiddish Zuntik -- זונטיק Montik -- מאנטיק Dinstik -- דינסטיק Mitvokh -- מיטוואך Donershtik -- דאנערשטיק Fraytik -- פרײַטיק Shabbes -- שבת Scots Saubath , Sunday Monanday Tysday Wadensday Fuirsday Friday Seturday Dutch zondag maandag dinsdag woensdag donderdag vrijdag zaterdag Afrikaans Sondag Maandag Dinsdag Woensdag Donderdag Vrydag Saterdag Luxembourgish Sonndeg Méindeg Dënschdeg Mëttwoch Donneschdeg Freideg Samschdeg West Frisian Snein Moandei Tiisdei Woansdei Tongersdei Freed Sneon , Saterdei Low Saxon Sünndag Maandag Dingsdag Middeweek , Goonsdag ( rarely Woonsdag ) Dünnerdag Freedag Sünnavend , Saterdag Old Norse sunnudagr mánadagr tysdagr óðinsdagr þórsdagr frjádagr laugardagr , sunnunótt Faroese sunnudagur mánadagur týsdagur mikudagur , ónsdagur ( Suðuroy ) hósdagur / tórsdagur ( Suðuroy ) fríggjadagur leygardagur Icelandic sunnudagur mánudagur þriðjudagur miðvikudagur fimmtudagur föstudagur laugardagur Norwegian Bokmål søndag mandag tirsdag onsdag torsdag fredag lørdag Norwegian Nynorsk sundag / søndag måndag tysdag onsdag torsdag fredag laurdag Danish søndag mandag tirsdag onsdag torsdag fredag lørdag Swedish söndag måndag tisdag onsdag torsdag fredag lördag Elfdalian sunndag mondag tisdag ųosdag tųosdag frjådag lovdag Adoptions from Germanic ( edit ) Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sunna / Sól Monday Mona / Máni Tuesday Tiw / Tyr Wednesday Woden / Odin Thursday Thunor / Thor Friday Frige or Freya Saturday Saturn Finnish sunnuntai maanantai tiistai keskiviikko torstai perjantai lauantai Estonian pühapäev esmaspäev teisipäev kolmapäev neljapäev reede laupäev Maori ( transliteration ; translation ) Wiki ; Rātapu Mane ; Rāhina Tūrei ; Rātū Wenerei ; Rāapa Tāite ; Rāpare Paraire ; Rāmere Hāterei ; Rāhoroi South Asian tradition ( edit ) Further information : Navagraha Hindu astrology adopted the concept of days under the regency of a planet under the term vāra , the days of the week being called āditya - , soma - , maṅgala - , budha - , guru - , śukra - , and śani - vāra . śukrá is a name of Venus ( regarded as a son of Bhṛgu ) ; guru is here a title of Bṛhaspati , and hence of Jupiter ; budha `` Mercury '' is regarded as a son of Soma , i.e. the Moon . Knowledge of Greek astrology existed since about the 2nd century BC , but references to the vāra occur somewhat later , during the Gupta period ( Yājñavalkya Smṛti , c. 3rd to 5th century ) , i.e. at roughly the same period the system was introduced in the Roman Empire . ( Source ? ) Sunday the Sun ( Aditya , Ravi ) Monday the Moon ( Soma , Chandra , Indu ) Tuesday Mars ( Mangala ) Wednesday Mercury ( Budha ) Thursday Jupiter ( Guru ) Friday Venus ( Shukra ) Saturday Saturn ( Shani ) Balti Adeed عدید ‬ Chamdral چامدرال ‬ Angaru انگارا ‬ Boru بورو ‬ Brespod بریس پود ‬ Shugoru شوگ ورو ‬ Shingsher شنگ شےر ‬ Bengali রবিবার Robibar সোমবার Shombar মঙ্গলবার Monggolbar বুধবার Budhbar বৃহস্পতিবার Brihôshpotibar শুক্রবার Shukrobar শনিবার Shonibar Bhojpuri एतवार Aitwār सोमार Somār मंगर Mangar बुध Budh बियफे Bi'phey सुक्क Sukk सनिच्चर Sanichchar Burushaski Adit ادیت ‬ Chandoro چندورؤ ‬ Angaro نگارو ‬ Bodo بوڈو ‬ Berayspat بیرے سپاٹ ‬ Shukuro شوک ورؤ ‬ Shemshayr شیم شےر ‬ Chitrali ( Khowar ) Yakshambey یک شمبے ‬ Doshambey دو شمبے ‬ Seshambey سہ شمبے ‬ Charshambey چار شمبے ‬ Pachambey پچھمبے ‬ Adina آدینہ ‬ Shambey شمبے ‬ Gujarati રવિવાર Ravivār સોમવાર Somvār મંગળવાર Mangaḷvār બુધવાર Budhvār ગુરૂવાર Guruvār શુક્રવાર Shukravār શનિવાર Shanivār Hindi रविवार Ravivār सोमवार Somavār मंगलवार Mangalavār बुधवार Budhavār गुरूवार Guruvār शुक्रवार Shukravār शनिवार Shanivār Hindko Atwaar اتوار ‬ Suwar سؤ وار ‬ Mungal منگل ‬ Bud بدھ ‬ Jumiraat جمعرات ‬ Jummah جمعہ ‬ Khali خالي ‬ Konkani आयतार Āytār सोमार Somaar मंगळार Mangaḷār बुधवार Budhavār भीरेस्तार Bhirestār शुक्रार Shukrār शेनवार Shenvār Maldivian އާދީއްތަ Aadheettha ހޯމަ Homa އަންގާރަ Angaara ބުދަ Budha ބުރާސްފަތި Buraasfathi ހުކުރު Hukuru ހޮނިހިރު Honihiru Marathi रविवार Ravivār सोमवार Somavār मंगळवार Mangaḷavār बुधवार Budhavār गुरूवार Guruvār शुक्रवार Shukravār Kashmiri Āthvār आथु'वार اَتھ وار ‬ Çāņdėrvār च़'न्दु'रवार ژندر وار ‬ Bomvār बोमवार پم وار ‬ Bödvār बॅदवार برھ وار ‬ Brêsvār ब्रसवार برس وار ‬ Shokụrvār / Jumāh शो'कु'रवार شۆکٕروار ‬ जुमाह جُمھ ‬ Baţėvār बटु'वार بٹ وار ‬ Kannada ಭಾನುವಾರ Bhanu Vaara ಸೋಮವಾರ Soma Vaara ಮಂಗಳವಾರ Mangala Vaara ಬುಧವಾರ Budha Vaara ಗುರುವಾರ Guru Vaara ಶುಕ್ರವಾರ Shukra Vaara ಶನಿವಾರ Shani Vaara Malayalam ഞായര്‍ Nhāyar തിങ്കള്‍ Tingal ചൊവ്വ Chovva ബുധന്‍ Budhan വ്യാഴം Vyāzham വെള്ളി Velli ശനി Shani Nepali आइतवार Aaitabar सोमवार Sombar मंगलवार Mangalbar बुधवार Budhabar बिहिवार Bihibar शुक्रवार Sukrabar शनिवार Sanibar Pashto Etwar اتوار Gul ګل Nehi نهه Shoro شورو Ziarat زيارت Jumma جمعه Khali خالي Punjabi ( Gurmukhi ) ਐਤਵਾਰ etvār ਸੋਮਵਾਰ sōmvār ਮੰਗਲਵਾਰ mangalvār ਬੁੱਧਵਾਰ búdvār ਵੀਰਵਾਰ vīrvār ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰਵਾਰ shukkarvār ਸ਼ਨਿੱਚਰਵਾਰ shaniccharvār Odia ରବିବାର Rabibār ସୋମବାର Sombār ମଙ୍ଗଳବାର Mangalbār ବୁଧବାର Buddhbār ଗୁରୁବାର Gurubār ଶୁକ୍ରବାର Shukrabār ଶନିବାର Shanibār Sinhala ඉරිදා Irida සඳුදා Sanduda අඟහරුවාදා Angaharuwada බදාදා Badada බ්‍රහස්පතින්දා Brahaspathinda සිකුරාදා Sikurada සෙනසුරාදා Senasurada Sylheti রবিবার Robibar সোমবার Shombar মঙ্গলবার Mongolbar বুধবার Budhbar বিষুধবার Bishudhbar সুক্ষুরবার / জুম'আবার Shukkurbar / Jum'abar শনিবার Shonibar Telugu ఆదివారం Aadi Vāram సోమవారం Soma Vāram మంగళవారం Mangala Vāram బుధవారం Budha Vāram గురువారం Bestha / Guru / Lakshmi Vāram శుక్రవారం Shukra Vāram శనివారం Shani Vāram Tamil ஞாயிறு Gnyāyiru திங்கள் Thingal செவ்வாய் Chevvāi புதன் Budhan வியாழன் Viyāzhan வெள்ளி Velli சனி Sani Sanskrit भानुवासरम् Bhānuvāsaram इन्दुवासरम् Induvāsaram भौमवासरम् Bhaumavāsaram सौम्यवासरम् Saumyavāsaram गुरुवासरम् Guruvāsaram भृगुवासरम् Bhṛguvāsaram स्थिरवासरम् Sthiravāsaram Shina Adit ادیت ‬ Tsunduro تساند ورؤ ‬ Ungaro نگارو ‬ Budo بوڈو ‬ Brespat بیرے سپاٹ ‬ Shukur شوکر ‬ Shimsher شیم شےر ‬ Sindhi Aacheru آچر Soomaru سومر Angaro انڱارو Arbau اربع Kameesa خميس Jum'o جمعو Chancher ڇنڇر Sylheti রবিবার Robibar সোমবার Shombar মঙ্গলবার Mongolbar বুধবার Budhbar বিশুদ্ধবার Bishudbar শুক্ষুরবার / জুমাবার ​ Shukkurbar / Jummabar শনিবার Shonibar Urdu Itwār اتوار ‬ Pīr پیر ‬ Mangal منگل ‬ Bodh بدھ ‬ Jumārāt جمعرات ‬ Jummah جمعہ ‬ Heftah ہفتہ ‬ Western Punjabi ( Shahmukhi ) Aitwār اتوار ‬ Pīr پیر ‬ Mangal منگل ‬ Budh بدھ ‬ Jumāy - rāt جمعرات ‬ Jummah جمعہ ‬ Hafta ہفتہ ‬ East Asian tradition ( edit ) The East Asian naming system for the days of the week closely parallels that of the Latin system and is ordered after the `` Seven Luminaries '' ( 七曜 qī yào ) , which consists of the Sun , Moon and the five planets visible to the naked eye . The Chinese seem to have adopted the seven - day week from the Hellenistic system by the 4th century , although by which route is not entirely clear . It was again transmitted to China in the 8th century by Manichaeans , via the country of Kang ( a Central Asian polity near Samarkand ) . The 4th - century date , according to the Cihai encyclopedia , is due to a reference to Fan Ning ( 範 寧 / 范 宁 ) , an astrologer of the Jin Dynasty . The renewed adoption from Manichaeans in the 8th century ( Tang Dynasty ) is documented with the writings of the Chinese Buddhist monk Yi Jing and the Ceylonese Buddhist monk Bu Kong . The Chinese transliteration of the planetary system was soon brought to Japan by the Japanese monk Kobo Daishi ; surviving diaries of the Japanese statesman Fujiwara Michinaga show the seven day system in use in Heian Period Japan as early as 1007 . In Japan , the seven day system was kept in use ( for astrological purposes ) until its promotion to a full - fledged ( Western - style ) calendrical basis during the Meiji era . In China , with the founding of the Republic of China in 1911 , Monday through Saturday in China are now named after the luminaries implicitly with the numbers . For more information on the Chinese ten - day week , see Chinese_calendar § Day. 2C_hour. 2C_and_week . For more information on the five elements and their relation to the planets , see Chinese astrology § Wu Xing , and Wu Xing . Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Celestial Object Sun ( 日 ) First Star Moon ( 月 ) Second Star Mars ( 火 ) Third Star Mercury ( 水 ) Fourth Star Jupiter ( 木 ) Fifth Star Venus ( 金 ) Sixth Star Saturn ( 土 ) Seventh Star Classical Chinese 日曜日 Rìyàorì 月曜日 Yuèyàorì 火曜日 Huǒyàorì 水曜日 Shuǐyàorì 木曜日 Mùyàorì 金曜日 Jīnyàorì 土曜日 Tǔyàorì Japanese 日曜日 Nichiyōbi 月曜日 Getsuyōbi 火曜日 Kayōbi 水曜日 Suiyōbi 木曜日 Mokuyōbi 金曜日 Kin'yōbi 土曜日 Doyōbi Korean 일요일 日曜日 Ilyoil 월요일 月曜日 Wolyoil 화요일 火曜日 Hwayoil 수요일 水曜日 Suyoil 목요일 木曜日 Mogyoil 금요일 金曜日 Geumyoil 토요일 土曜日 Toyoil Mongolian наран өдөр naraŋ ödör саран өдөр saraŋ ödör гал өдөр gal ödör усан өдөр usaŋ ödör модон өдөр modoŋ ödör төмөр өдөр , алтан өдөр tömör ödör , altaŋ ödör шороон өдөр shorooŋ ödör Tibetan གཟའ ་ ཉི ་ མ ། ( gza ' nyi ma ) Nyima གཟའ ་ ཟླ ་ བ ། ( gza ' zla wa ) Dawa གཟའ ་ མིག ་ དམར ། ( gza ' mig dmar ) Mikmar གཟའ ་ ལྷག ་ པ ། ( gza ' lhak pa ) Lhakpa གཟའ ་ ཕུར ་ བུ ། ( gza ' phur bu ) Purbu གཟའ ་ པ ་ སངས ། ( gza ' pa sangs ) Pasang གཟའ ་ སྤེན ་ པ ། ( gza ' spen ba ) Penba Pronunciations for Classical Chinese names are given in Standard Chinese . For Standard Chinese nomenclature of the days of the week , see Names of the days of the week § Mixing of numbering and astronomy . Southeast Asian tradition ( edit ) The Southeast Asian tradition also uses the Hindu names of the days of the week . Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Burmese တနင်္ဂနွေ IPA : ( tənɪ́ɴ ɡənwè ) ( ta. nangga. nwe ) တနင်္လာ IPA : ( tənɪ́ɴ là ) ( ta. nangla ) အင်္ဂါ IPA : ( ɪ̀ɴ ɡà ) ( Angga ) ဗုဒ္ဓဟူး IPA : ( boʊʔ dəhú ) ( Buddhahu ) ( afternoon = new day ) ရာဟု Rahu ကြာသာပတေး IPA : ( tɕà ðà bədé ) ( Krasapate ) သောကြာ IPA : ( θaʊʔ tɕà ) ( Saukra ) စနေ IPA : ( sənè ) ( Cane ) Mon တ္ၚဲ အဒိုတ် ( ŋoa ətɜ̀t ) from Sans . āditya တ္ၚဲ စန် ( ŋoa cɔn ) from Sans . candra တ္ၚဲ အၚါ ( ŋoa əŋɛ̀a ) from Sans . aṅgāra တ္ၚဲ ဗုဒ္ဓဝါ ( ŋoa pùt - həwɛ̀a ) from Sans . budhavāra တ္ၚဲ ဗြဴဗ္တိ ( ŋoa pɹɛ̀apətɔeʔ ) from Sans . bṛhaspati တ္ၚဲ သိုက် . ( ŋoa sak ) from Sans . śukra တ္ၚဲ သ္ၚိ သဝ် ( ŋoa hɔeʔ sɔ ) from Sans . śani Khmer ថ្ងៃ អាទិត្យ ( tŋaj ʔaːtɨt ) ថ្ងៃ ចន្ទ ( tŋaj can ) ថ្ងៃ អង្គារ ( tŋaj ʔɑŋkiə ) ថ្ងៃ ពុធ ( tŋaj put ) ថ្ងៃ ព្រហស្បត្ណិ ( tŋaj prɔhoə̯h ) ថ្ងៃ សុក្រ ( tŋaj sok ) ថ្ងៃ សៅរ៍ ( tŋaj saʋ ) Lao ວັນອາທິດ ( wán ʔàːthīt ) ວັນຈັນ ( wán càn ) ວັນອັງຄານ ( wán ʔàŋkháːn ) ວັນພຸດ ( wán phūt ) ວັນພະຫັດ ( wán phāhát ) ວັນສຸກ ( wán súk ) ວັນເສົາ ( wán sǎu ) Cham Adit Thôm Angar But jip Suk Thanưchăn Shan ဝၼ်းဢႃတိတ်ႉ IPA : ( wan ˦ ʔaː ˩ tit ˥ ) ဝၼ်းၸၼ် IPA : ( wan ˦ tsan ˩ ) ဝၼ်းဢင်းၵၼ်း IPA : ( wan ˦ ʔaŋ ˦ kan ˦ ) ဝၼ်းၽုတ်ႉ IPA : ( wan ˦ phut ˥ ) ဝၼ်းၽတ်း IPA : ( wan ˦ phat ˦ ) ဝၼ်းသုၵ်း IPA : ( wan ˦ shuk ˦ ) ဝၼ်းသဝ် IPA : ( wan ˦ shaw ˩ ) Thai วัน อาทิตย์ Wan Āthit วัน จันทร์ Wan Chan วัน อังคาร Wan Angkhān วัน พุธ Wan Phut วัน พฤหัสบดี Wan Phruehatsabodi วัน ศุกร์ Wan Suk วัน เสาร์ Wan Sao Mongolian адъяа ad'yaa сумъяа sum'yaa ангараг angarag буд bud бархабадь barhabad ' сугар sugar санчир sanchir Javanese Raditya Soma Anggara Buda Respati Sukra Tumpek Balinese Redite Soma Anggara Buda Wrespati Sukra Saniscara Sinhala ඉරිදා Iridaa සඳුදා Sandudaa අඟහරුවාදා Angaharuwaadaa බදාදා Badaadaa බ්‍රහස්පතින්දා Brahaspathindaa සිකුරාදා Sikuraadaa සෙනසුරාදා Senasuraadaa Numbered days of the week ( edit ) Days numbered from Sunday ( edit ) See also : Feria Sunday comes first in order in calendars shown in the table below . In the Judeo - Christian or Abrahamic tradition , the first day of the week is Sunday . Biblical Sabbath ( corresponding to Saturday ) , when God rested from six - day Creation , made the day following Sabbath the first day of the week ( corresponding to Sunday ) . Seventh - day Sabbaths were sanctified for celebration and rest . After the week was adopted in early Christianity , Sunday remained the first day of the week , but also gradually displaced Saturday as the day of celebration and rest , being considered the Lord 's Day . Saint Martin of Dumio ( c. 520 -- 580 ) , archbishop of Braga , decided not to call days by pagan gods and to use ecclesiastic terminology to designate them . While the custom of numbering the days of the week was mostly prevalent in the Eastern Church , Portuguese and Galician , due to Martin 's influence , are the only Romance languages in which the names of the days come from numbers rather than planetary names . Icelandic is a special case within the Germanic languages , maintaining only the Sun and Moon ( sunnudagur and mánudagur respectively ) , while dispensing with the names of the explicitly heathen gods in favour of a combination of numbered days and days whose names are linked to pious or domestic routine ( föstudagur , `` Fasting Day '' and laugardagur , `` Washing Day '' ) . The `` washing day '' is also used in other North Germanic languages , but otherwise the names correspond to those of English . Day Number From One Sunday Day One Monday Day Two Tuesday Day Three Wednesday Day Four Thursday Day Five Friday Day Six Saturday Day Seven Icelandic sunnudagur ( Sun ) mánudagur ( Moon ) þriðjudagur miðvikudagur fimmtudagur föstudagur laugardagur Faroese sunnudagur mánadagur týsdagur mikudagur hósdagur fríggjadagur leygardagur Hebrew ראשון ‬ rishon שני ‬ sheyni שלישי ‬ shlishi רביעי ‬ revi'i חמישי ‬ khamishi שישי ‬ shishi שבת ‬ Shabbat Ecclesiastical Latin Dominica feria secunda feria tertia feria quarta feria quinta feria sexta sabbatum Portuguese domingo segunda - feira terça - feira quarta - feira quinta - feira sexta - feira sábado Galician domingo segunda feira terza feira terceira feira corta feira quarta feira quinta feira sexta feira sábado Tetum loron - domingu loron - segunda loron - tersa loron - kuarta loron - kinta loron - sesta loron - sábadu Greek Κυριακή Kyriakí Δευτέρα Deftéra Τρίτη Tríti Τετάρτη Tetárti Πέμπτη Pémpti Παρασκευή Paraskeví Σάββατο Sávato Georgian კვირა k'vira ორშაბათი oršabati სამშაბათი samšabati ოთხშაბათი otxšabati ხუთშაბათი xutšabati პარასკევი p'arask'evi შაბათი šabati Armenian Կիրակի Kiraki Երկուշաբթի Yerkushabti Երեքշաբթի Yerekshabti Չորեքշաբթի Chorekshabti Հինգշաբթի Hingshabti Ուրբաթ Urbat Շաբաթ Shabat Vietnamese chủ nhật ( chúa nhật ) ( ngày ) thứ hai ( ngày ) thứ ba ( ngày ) thứ tư ( ngày ) thứ năm ( ngày ) thứ sáu ( ngày ) thứ bảy Somali Axad Isniin Talaado Arbaco Khamiis Jimco Sabti Amharic እሑድ əhud ሰኞ säñño ( Next ) ማክሰኞ maksäñño ረቡዕ , ሮብ räbu , rob ሐሙስ hamus ዓርብ arb ( Sunset ) ቅዳሜ ḳədame ( First ) Arabic يوم ) الأحد ) ( yawm ) al - aḥad يوم ) الإثنين ) ( yawm ) al - ithnayn يوم ) الثُّلَاثاء ) ( yawm ) ath - thulāthā ' يوم ) الأَرْبعاء ) ( yawm ) al - ' arbi'ā ' يوم ) الخَمِيس ) ( yawm ) al - khamīs يوم ) الجُمْعَة ) ( yawm ) al - jum'ah يوم ) السَّبْت ) ( yawm ) as - sabt Maltese il - Ħadd it - Tnejn it - Tlieta l - Erbgħa il - Ħamis il - Ġimgħa is - Sibt Malay Ahad Isnin Selasa Rabu Khamis Jumaat Sabtu Indonesian Minggu ( Portuguese ) Ahad Senin Selasa Rabu Kamis Jumat Sabtu Javanese Ngahad , Ngakad , Minggu ( Portuguese ) Senèn Selasa Rebo Kemis Jemuwah Setu Sundanese Minggu / Minggon ( Portuguese ) Senén Salasa Rebo Kemis Jumaah Saptu Persian یکشنبه yekšanbe Mehr ruz مهرروز دوشنبه došanbe Māh ruz ماه روز سه شنبه sešanbe Bahrām ruz بهرام روز چهارشنبه čāhāršanbe Tir ruz تیر روز پنجشنبه panjšanbe Hormazd ruz هرمزد روز آدینه or جمعه ādine or djome Nāhid ruz ناهید روز شنبه šanbe Keyvān ruz کیوان روز Khowar یک شمبے yak shambey دو شمبے du shambey سہ شمبے sey shambey چار شمبے char shambey پچھمبے pachhambey آدینہ adina شمبے shambey Kurdish Yekşem Duşem Sêşem Çarşem Pêncşem În Şemî Old Turkic birinç kün ikinç kün üçünç kün törtinç kün beşinç kün altınç kün yetinç kün Turkish Pazar Pazartesi Salı Çarşamba Perşembe Cuma Cumartesi Uzbek Yakshanba Dushanba Seshanba Chorshanba Payshanba Juma Shanba Navajo Damóo / Damíigo ( Spanish ) Damóo Biiskání Sunday has ended Damóo dóó Naakiską́o Sunday + 2 × sunrise Damóo dóó Tááʼ Yiką́o Sunday + 3 × sunrise Damóo dóó Dį́į́ʼ Yiką́o Sunday + 4 × sunrise Ndaʼiiníísh It ends / done for the week Yiką́o Damóo ( upon ) sunrise ( it is ) Sunday Days numbered from Monday ( edit ) The ISO prescribes Monday as the first day of the week with ISO - 8601 for software date formats . The Slavic , Baltic and Uralic languages ( except Finnish and partially Estonian ) adopted numbering but took Monday rather than Sunday as the `` first day '' . This convention is also found in some Austronesian languages whose speakers were converted to Christianity by European missionaries . In Slavic languages , some of the names correspond to numerals after Sunday : compare Russian vtornik `` Tuesday '' and vtoroj `` the following '' , chetverg `` Thursday '' and chetvertyj `` the fourth '' , pyatnitsa `` Friday '' and pyatyj `` the fifth '' ; see also the Notes . Day Number From One Monday Day One Tuesday Day Two Wednesday Day Three Thursday Day Four Friday Day Five Saturday Day Six Sunday Day Seven ISO 8601 # 5 6 7 Russian понедельник ponedel'nik вторник vtornik среда sreda четверг chetverg пятница pyatnitsa суббота subbota воскресенье voskresen'ye Belarusian панядзелак panyadzelak аўторак awtorak серада serada чацвер chats'ver пятніца pyatnitsa субота subota нядзеля nyadzelya Ukrainian понедiлок ponedilok вiвторок vivtorok середа sereda четвер chetver п'ятниця p'yatnitsya субота subota недiля nedilya Bulgarian понеделник ponedelnik вторник vtornik сряда sryada четвъртък chetvărtăk петък petăk събота săbota неделя nedelya Polish poniedziałek wtorek środa czwartek piątek sobota niedziela Kashubian pòniedzôłk wtórk strzoda czwiôrtk piątk sobòta niedzela Slovak pondelok utorok streda štvrtok piatok sobota nedeľa Czech pondělí or pondělek úterý or úterek středa čtvrtek pátek sobota neděle Slovene ponedeljek torek sreda četrtek petek sobota nedelja Bosnian ponedjeljak utorak srijeda četvrtak petak subota nedjelja Croatian ponedjeljak utorak srijeda četvrtak petak subota nedjelja Serbian понедељак ponedeljak уторак utorak среда sreda четвртак četvrtak петак petak субота subota недеља nedelja Macedonian понеделник ponedelnik вторник vtornik среда sreda четврток chetvrtok петок petok сабота sabota недела nedela Lithuanian pirmadienis antradienis trečiadienis ketvirtadienis penktadienis šeštadienis sekmadienis Latvian pirmdiena otrdiena trešdiena ceturtdiena piektdiena sestdiena svētdiena Hungarian hétfő kedd szerda Slavic csütörtök Slavic péntek Slavic szombat Slavic vasárnap Estonian esmaspäev teisipäev kolmapäev neljapäev reede laupäev pühapäev Mongolian ( numerical ) нэг дэх өдөр neg dekh ödör хоёр дахь өдөр hoyor dahi ödör гурав дахь өдөр gurav dahi ödör дөрөв дэх өдөр döröv dekh ödör тав дахь өдөр tav dahi ödör хагас сайн өдөр hagas sayn ödör бүтэн сайн өдөр büten sayn ödör Mongolian ( Tibetan ) даваа davaa мягмар myagmar лхагва lhagva пүрэв pürev баасан baasan бямба byamba ням nyam Luo Wuok tich Tich ariyo Tich adek Tich ang'uen Tich abich Chieng ' ngeso Juma pil Tok Pisin ( Melanesian Pidgin ) mande tunde trinde fonde fraide sarere sande Apma ( Vanuatu ) ren bwaleh / mande ren karu ren katsil ren kavet ren kalim lesaare sande In Standard Chinese , the week is referred to as the cycle of the stars ( Chinese : 星期 ; pinyin : Xīngqī ) . The modern Chinese names for the days of the week are based on a simple numerical sequence . The word for ' week ' ( which is literally translated to ' star day ' ) is followed by a number indicating the day : ' Monday ' is literally ' star day one ' , ' Tuesday ' is ' star day two ' , etc . The exception is Sunday , where rì ( 日 ) , meaning ' sun ' or ' day ' , is used instead of a number . Day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Standard Chinese 星期 一 Xīngqīyī 星期二 Xīngqí'èr 星期三 Xīngqīsān 星期四 Xīngqīsì 星期五 Xīngqīwǔ 星期六 Xīngqīliù 星期日 Xīngqīrì Days numbered from Saturday ( edit ) In Swahili , the day begins at sunrise rather than sunset , and so are offset by twelve hours from the Arabic and Hebrew calendar . Saturday is therefore the first day of the week , as it is the day that includes the first night of the week in Arabic . Etymologically speaking , Swahili has two `` fifth '' days . The words for Saturday through Wednesday contain the Bantu - derived Swahili words for `` one '' through `` five '' . The word for Thursday , Alhamisi , is of Arabic origin and means `` the fifth '' ( day ) . The word for Friday , Ijumaa , is also Arabic and means ( day of ) `` gathering '' for the Friday noon prayers in Islam . Day Number from One Saturday Day One Sunday Day Two Monday Day Three Tuesday Day Four Wednesday Day Five Thursday Day Six Friday Day Seven Swahili jumamosi jumapili jumatatu jumanne jumatano alhamisi ijumaa Mixing of numbering and Astronomy ( edit ) In the Žejane dialect of Istro - Romanian , lur ( Monday ) and virer ( Friday ) follow the Latin convention , while utorek ( Tuesday ) , sredu ( Wednesday ) , and četrtok ( Thursday ) follow the Slavic convention . Day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Istro - Romanian , Žejane dialect lur utorek sredu četrtok virer simbota dumireca There are several systems in the different Basque dialects . Day : Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Standard Basque , Guipuscoan Basque astelehena ( `` week - first '' ) asteartea ( `` week - between '' ) asteazkena ( `` week - last '' ) osteguna ( `` Ortzi / Sky day '' ) ostirala ( see Ortzi ) larunbata ( `` fourth '' , `` meeting of friends '' ) , neskenegun ( `` girls ' day '' ) igandea Biscayne Basque astelena ( `` week - first '' ) , ilen ( `` Moon day '' ) martitzena ( `` Mars day '' ) eguaztena ( `` day last '' ) eguena ( `` day of days '' , `` day of light '' ) barikua ( `` day without supper '' ) , egubakotx zapatua ( compare with Spanish sábado from Sabbath ) domeka ( from Latin Dominica ( dies ) ) In Judaeo - Spanish ( Ladino ) , which is mainly based on a medieval version of Spanish , the five days of Monday -- Friday closely follow the Spanish names . Sunday uses the Arabic name , which is based on numbering , because a Jewish language was not likely to adapt a name based on `` Lord 's Day '' for Sunday . As in Spanish , the Ladino name for Saturday is based on Sabbath . However , as a Jewish language -- and with Saturday being the actual day of rest in the Jewish community -- Ladino directly adapted the Hebrew name , Shabbat . Day Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Judaeo - Spanish ( Ladino ) Alhadh Lunes Martes Miércoles Juğeves Viernes Shabat See also ( edit ) Week wheel for children Akan names of the seven - day week , known as Nawotwe Bahá'í calendar ( section Weekdays ) Calculating the day of the week Week Work Week Notes ( edit ) Sunday ( edit ) From Latin Dominicus ( Dominica ) or Greek Κυριακή ( Christian Sabbath ) Holy Day and First - Day of the Week ( Day of the Sun - > Light - > Resurrection - > Born again ) ( Christianity ) Resurrection ( Christianity ) Bazaar Day Market Day No Work Full good day Borrowed from English week From an Old Burmese word , not of Indic origin . Monday ( edit ) After No Work . In Russian also `` Day After Week ( end ) '' - see понедельник After Bazaar Head of Week Master ( as in Pir , because Muhammad was born on a Monday ) From an Old Burmese word , not of Indic origin . Tuesday ( edit ) Thing ( Assembly ) , of which god Tyr / Ziu was the patron . Second day of the week ( cf . Hungarian kettő `` two '' ) Third day of the week . From Arabic `` ath - Thalaathaaʼ '' ( third day ) Wednesday ( edit ) Mid-week or Middle The First Fast ( Christianity ) Thursday ( edit ) The day between two fasts ( An Dé idir dhá aoin , contracted to An Déardaoin ) ( Christianity ) Five ( Arabic ) Fifth day of the week . Friday ( edit ) The Fast ( Celtic ) or Fasting Day ( Icelandic ) ( Christianity ) Good Friday or Preparation ( Christianity ) Jumu'ah ( Muslim Sabbath ) Gathering / Assembly / Meeting ( Islam ) -- in Malta with no Islamic connotations Saturday ( edit ) Shabbat ( Jewish Sabbath ) Wash or Bath day Sun - eve ( Eve of Sunday ) After the Gathering ( Islam ) End of the Week ( Arabic Sabt = Rest ) Week Half good day References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nerone Caesare Augusto Cosso Lentuol Cossil fil . Cos. VIII idus Febr ( u ) arius dies solis , luna XIIIIX nun ( dinae ) Cumis , V ( idus Februarias ) nun ( dinae ) Pompeis . Robert Hannah , `` Time in Written Spaces '' , in : Peter Keegan , Gareth Sears , Ray Laurence ( eds . ) , Written Space in the Latin West , 200 BC to AD 300 , A&C Black , 2013 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ E.G. Richards , Mapping Time , the Calendar and History , Oxford 1999 . p. 269 ( The treatise is lost , but the answer to the question is known , see planetary hours ) . Jump up ^ `` Days of the Week Meaning and Origin '' . Astrologyclub.org . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ replacing a system of n `` one - , three - , five - , ten - , or fifteen - day periods '' ( > Dáibhí Ó Cróinín , 2003 , p. 7 ) . MS . 17 ( now held at St. John 's College , Oxford ) , dating at least from 1043 , records five week - day lists , which it names as follows : secundum Hebreos ( according to the Hebrews ) ; secundum antiquos gentiles ( according to the ancient gentiles , i.e. , Romans ) ; secundum Siluestrum papam ( according to Pope Sylvester I , i.e. , a list derived from the apocryphal Acta Syluestri ) ; secundum Anglos ( according to the English ) ; secundum Scottos ( according to the Irish ) . Jump up ^ `` we have a clear reflex of the Indo - European nominative singular , with a lengthened grade , giving archaic Old Irish diu ; it is suggested that what we have in the Oxford list and in Cormac 's Glossary is the oldest form of Old Irish dia , representing the old nominative case of the noun in adverbial usage . '' Dáibhí Ó Cróinín , 2003 , p. 12 Jump up ^ The word scrol is glossed in Sanas Cormaic as Scroll . i . soillsi , unde est aput Scottos diu srol. i . dies solis `` Srcoll , that is brightness , whence ' diu srol ' among the Irish , that is Sunday '' . Jump up ^ Ó Cróinín has Diu luna as `` represent ( ing ) the transitional form between Latin dies lunae and the later , Classical Old Irish dia luain ... a translation of , not a calque on , the Latin ... ( It ) would seem to reflect a pre-assimilation state in respect of both words , '' Dáibhí Ó Cróinín , 2003 , p. 13 Jump up ^ `` The Irish word perhaps derives from Latin forms where cases other than the genitive were used , e.g. , Marte . '' Dáibhí Ó Cróinín , 2003 , p. 15 Jump up ^ A form unique to Irish , meaning uncertain . A `` very old '' word for Wednesday , Mercúir ( borrowed from the Latin ( dies ) Mercurii ) , does occur in early Leinster poems but Ó Cróinín is of the belief that Diu eathamon `` reflects a still older Irish word for ' Wednesday . ' '' Jump up ^ A form unique to Irish . Ó Cróinín writes , `` I suggest that it means simply ' on Thursday ' ... it is temporal dat. of an n - stem ( nom . sg . etham , gen . sg . ethamon -- as in our Oxford list -- and acc. / dat . sg . ethamain ) . '' ( 2003 , p. 17 ) He furthermore suggests that etham ( ' arable land ' ) `` may be a noun of agency from ith ( gen . sg . etho ) , with a meaning like corn - maker or some such thing ; Diu eathamon might then be a day for sowing seed in a weekly regimen of activities such as we find in Críth Gablach . '' Dáibhí Ó Cróinín , 2003 , p. 17 . The form Ethomuin is found in Rawlinson B 502 . Jump up ^ A form unique to Irish , its meaning unclear . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Māori Language Commission names for the days of the week '' on Te Kete Ipurangi website , viewed 2017 - 12 - 07 Jump up ^ `` Official Web Gateway to the Government of Timor - Leste - Tetum Phrases '' . gov.east-timor.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ see J. Grimm , Teutonic Mythology , p. 122 - 123 Jump up ^ Monier - Williams , Sanskrit - English Dictionary ( 1899 ) , s.v. vāra . Jump up ^ The Chinese encyclopaedia Cihai ( 辞海 ) under the entry for `` seven luminaries calendar '' ( 七曜 历 / 七曜 曆 , qī yào lì ) has : `` method of recording days according to the seven luminaries ( 七曜 qī yào ) . China normally observes the following order : Sun , Mon , Mars , Mercury , Jupiter , Venus , and Saturn . Seven days make one week , which is repeated in a cycle . Originated in ancient Babylon ( or ancient Egypt according to one theory ) . Used by the Romans at the time of the 1st century AD , later transmitted to other countries . This method existed in China in the 4th century . It was also transmitted to China by Manichaeans in the 8th century from the country of Kang ( 康 ) in Central Asia '' ( translation after Bathrobe 's Days of the Week in Chinese , Japanese & Vietnamese , plus Mongolian and Buryat ( cjvlang.com ) Jump up ^ Richard A. Fletcher ( 1999 ) . The Barbarian Conversion : From Paganism to Christianity . University of California Press . p. 257 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21859 - 8 . McKenna , Stephen ( 1938 ) . `` Pagan Survivals in Galicia in the Sixth Century '' . Paganism and Pagan Survivals in Spain Up to the Fall of the Visigothic Kingdom . Catholic University of America . pp. 93 -- 94 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Falk , Michael ( 19 March 1999 ) . `` Astronomical names for the days of the week '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 93 ( 1999 -- 06 ) : 122 -- 133 . Bibcode : 1999JRASC ... 93 ... 122F . doi : 10.1016 / j. newast. 2003.07. 002 . Jump up ^ Gray , 2012 . The Languages of Pentecost Island . Jump up ^ Ren is `` day '' . Numbered weekdays are used for Tuesday - Friday and sometimes Monday ; the names for Saturday and Sunday come from English . Jump up ^ `` Days of the Week in Chinese : Three Different Words for ' Week ' '' . Cjvlang . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swahili days , months , dates '' . online.fr . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 20 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Astronomy and Basque Language , Henrike Knörr , Oxford VI and SEAC 99 `` Astronomy and Cultural Diversity '' , La Laguna , June 1999 . It references Alessandro Bausani , 1982 , The prehistoric Basque week of three days : archaeoastronomical notes , The Bulletin of the Center for Archaeoastronomy ( Maryland ) , v. 2 , 16 - 22 . Jump up ^ See the image in Anthony , Charlotte . `` Rushing to preserve Ladino legacies '' . Crescent City Jewish News . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . The Ladino names are in the right - hand column , written in Hebrew characters . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Cecil H. ( 1989 ) . `` Naming the days of the week : A cross-language study of lexical acculturation '' . Current Anthropology. 30 ( 4 ) : 536 -- 550 . doi : 10.1086 / 203782 . JSTOR 2743391 . Falk , Michael ( 1999 ) . `` Astronomical Names for the Days of the Week '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 93 : 122 -- 133 . Bibcode : 1999JRASC ... 93 ... 122F . doi : 10.1016 / j. newast. 2003.07. 002 . Neugebauer , Otto ( 1979 ) . Ethiopic astronomy and computus , Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften , philosophisch - historische klasse , sitzungsberichte , 347 ( Vienna ) Days of the week Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Time measurement and standards Chronometry Orders of magnitude Metrology International standards Coordinated Universal Time offset UT ΔT DUT1 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ISO 31 - 1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 6 - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian Obsolete standards Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian Time in physics Absolute time and space Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Planck time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time translation symmetry T - symmetry Horology Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema Calendar Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Intercalation Islamic Julian Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names Archaeology and geology Chronological dating Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy Astronomical chronology Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time Other units of time Shake Jiffy Second Minute Moment Hour Day Week Fortnight Month Year Lustrum Decade Century Saeculum Millennium Related topics Chronology Duration music Mental chronometry Metric time System time Time value of money Timekeeper Time in religion and mythology Time and fate deities Eternity Eschatology Golden Age Divination Prophecy Calendar Fate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Names_of_the_days_of_the_week&oldid=816233554 '' Categories : Units of time Days of the week History of astrology Names Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2013 Articles containing Pashto - language text Articles containing Sinhalese - language text Articles containing Sindhi - language text Articles needing the year an event occurred from April 2015 Articles containing Korean - language text Articles containing Burmese - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Navajo - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009 Use dmy dates from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 03 : 06 . 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who invented the days of the week names
[ "Between the 1st and 3rd centuries, the Roman Empire gradually replaced the eight-day Roman nundinal cycle with the seven-day week. Our earliest evidence for this new system is a Pompeiian graffito referring to the 6th February (viii idus Februarius) of the year AD 60 as dies solis (\"Sunday\").[1] Another early witness is a reference to a lost treatise by Plutarch, written in about AD 100, which addressed the question of Why are the days named after the planets reckoned in a different order from the actual order?.[2]" ]
[ "Roman Empire" ]
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Long jump
Long jump - wikipedia Long jump Jump to : navigation , search For the World War II plot , see Operation Long Jump . For the programming function , see longjmp . Athletics Long jump Long jumper at the GE Money Grand Prix in Helsinki , Finland July 2005 . Men 's records World Mike Powell 8.95 m ( 29 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) ( 1991 ) Olympic Bob Beamon 8.90 m ( 29 ft 2 ​ ⁄ in ) ( 1968 ) Women 's records World Galina Chistyakova 7.52 m ( 24 ft 8 in ) ( 1988 ) Olympic Jackie Joyner 7.40 m ( 24 ft 3 ​ ⁄ in ) ( 1988 ) Play media Women 's Long Jump Final -- 28th Summer Universiade 2015 The long jump ( historically called the broad jump ) is a track and field event in which athletes combine speed , strength and agility in an attempt to leap as far as possible from a take off point . Along with the triple jump , the two events that measure jumping for distance as a group are referred to as the `` horizontal jumps '' . This event has a history in the Ancient Olympic Games and has been a modern Olympic event for men since the first Olympics in 1896 and for women since 1948 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rules 2 History 3 Technique 3.1 The approach 3.2 The last two strides 3.3 Takeoff 3.3. 1 Kick 3.3. 2 Double - arm 3.3. 3 Sprint 3.3. 4 Power sprint or bounding 3.4 Action in the air and landing 4 Training 4.1 Speed work 4.2 Jumping 4.3 Over-distance running 4.4 Weight training 4.5 Plyometrics 4.6 Bounding 4.7 Flexibility 5 Culture 6 Records 7 All - time top 25 athletes 7.1 Men 7.1. 1 Notes 7.1. 2 Assisted jumps 7.2 Women 7.2. 1 Notes 7.2. 2 Assisted jumps 8 Olympic medalists 8.1 Men 8.2 Women 9 World Championships medalists 9.1 Men 9.2 Women 10 World Indoor Championships medalists 10.1 Men 10.2 Women 11 Season 's bests 11.1 Men 11.2 Women 12 National records 12.1 Men 12.2 Women 13 See also 14 Notes and references 15 Cited sources 16 Further reading 17 External links Rules ( edit ) An indicator of wind direction and a device for measuring wind speed ( here + 2.6 m / s ) along a run - up track . At the elite level , competitors run down a runway ( usually coated with the same rubberized surface as running tracks , crumb rubber also vulcanized rubber -- known generally as an all - weather track ) and jump as far as they can from a wooden board 20 cm or 8 inches wide that is built flush with the runway into a pit filled with finely ground gravel or sand . If the competitor starts the leap with any part of the foot past the foul line , the jump is declared a foul and no distance is recorded . A layer of plasticine is placed immediately after the board to detect this occurrence . An official ( similar to a referee ) will also watch the jump and make the determination . The competitor can initiate the jump from any point behind the foul line ; however , the distance measured will always be perpendicular to the foul line to the nearest break in the sand caused by any part of the body or uniform . Therefore , it is in the best interest of the competitor to get as close to the foul line as possible . Competitors are allowed to place two marks along the side of the runway in order to assist them to jump accurately . At a lesser meet and facilities , the plasticine will likely not exist , the runway might be a different surface or jumpers may initiate their jump from a painted or taped mark on the runway . At a smaller meet , the number of attempts might also be limited to four or three . Each competitor has a set number of attempts . That would normally be three trials , with three additional jumps being awarded to the best 8 or 9 ( depending on the number of lanes on the track at that facility , so the event is equatable to track events ) competitors . All legal marks will be recorded but only the longest legal jump counts towards the results . The competitor with the longest legal jump ( from either the trial or final rounds ) at the end of competition is declared the winner . In the event of an exact tie , then comparing the next best jumps of the tied competitors will be used to determine place . In a large , multi-day elite competition ( like the Olympics or World Championships ) , a set number of competitors will advance to the final round , determined in advance by the meet management . A set of 3 trial round jumps will be held in order to select those finalists . It is standard practice to allow at a minimum , one more competitor than the number of scoring positions to return to the final round , though 12 plus ties and automatic qualifying distances are also potential factors . ( For specific rules and regulations in United States Track & Field see Rule 185 ) . For record purposes , the maximum accepted wind assistance is two metres per second ( m / s ) ( 4.5 mph ) . History ( edit ) Halteres used in athletic games in ancient Greece . Standing long jump , detail of a page from the Luzerner Chronik of 1513 . The long jump is the only known jumping event of Ancient Greece 's original Olympics ' pentathlon events . All events that occurred at the Olympic Games were initially supposed to act as a form of training for warfare . The long jump emerged probably because it mirrored the crossing of obstacles such as streams and ravines . After investigating the surviving depictions of the ancient event it is believed that unlike the modern event , athletes were only allowed a short running start . The athletes carried a weight in each hand , which were called halteres ( between 1 and 4.5 kg ) . These weights were swung forward as the athlete jumped in order to increase momentum . It was commonly believed that the jumper would throw the weights behind him in midair to increase his forward momentum ; however , halteres were held throughout the duration of the jump . Swinging them down and back at the end of the jump would change the athlete 's center of gravity and allow the athlete to stretch his legs outward , increasing his distance . The jump itself was made from the bater ( `` that which is trod upon '' ) . It was most likely a simple board placed on the stadium track which was removed after the event . The jumpers would land in what was called a skamma ( `` dug - up '' area ) . The idea that this was a pit full of sand is wrong . Sand in the jumping pit is a modern invention . The skamma was simply a temporary area dug up for that occasion and not something that remained over time . The long jump was considered one of the most difficult of the events held at the Games since a great deal of skill was required . Music was often played during the jump and Philostratus says that pipes at times would accompany the jump so as to provide a rhythm for the complex movements of the halteres by the athlete . Philostratos is quoted as saying , `` The rules regard jumping as the most difficult of the competitions , and they allow the jumper to be given advantages in rhythm by the use of the flute , and in weight by the use of the halter . '' Most notable in the ancient sport was a man called Chionis , who in the 656 BC Olympics staged a jump of 7.05 metres ( 23 feet and 1.7 inches ) . There has been some argument by modern scholars over the long jump . Some have attempted to recreate it as a triple jump . The images provide the only evidence for the action so it is more well received that it was much like today 's long jump . The main reason some want to call it a triple jump is the presence of a source that claims there once was a fifty - five ancient foot jump done by a man named Phayllos . The long jump has been part of modern Olympic competition since the inception of the Games in 1896 . In 1914 , Dr. Harry Eaton Stewart recommended the `` running broad jump '' as a standardized track and field event for women . However , it was not until 1948 that the women 's long jump was added to the Olympic athletics programme . Technique ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emmanuelle Chazal competes in the women 's heptathlon long jump final during the French Athletics Championships 2013 at Stade Charléty in Paris , 13 July 2013 . There are five main components of the long jump : the approach run , the last two strides , takeoff , action in the air , and landing . Speed in the run - up , or approach , and a high leap off the board are the fundamentals of success . Because speed is such an important factor of the approach , it is not surprising that many long jumpers also compete successfully in sprints . A classic example of this long jump / sprint doubling are performances by Carl Lewis . The approach ( edit ) The objective of the approach is to gradually accelerate to a maximum controlled speed at takeoff . The most important factor for the distance travelled by an object is its velocity at takeoff -- both the speed and angle . Elite jumpers usually leave the ground at an angle of twenty degrees or less ; therefore , it is more beneficial for a jumper to focus on the speed component of the jump . The greater the speed at takeoff , the longer the trajectory of the center of mass will be . The importance of a takeoff speed is a factor in the success of sprinters in this event . The length of the approach is usually consistent distance for an athlete . Approaches can vary between 12 and 19 strides on the novice and intermediate levels , while at the elite level they are closer to between 20 and 22 strides . The exact distance and number of strides in an approach depends on the jumper 's experience , sprinting technique , and conditioning level . Consistency in the approach is important as it is the competitor 's objective to get as close to the front of the takeoff board as possible without crossing the line with any part of the foot . Inconsistent approaches are a common problem in the event . As a result , the approach is usually practiced by athletes about 6 -- 8 times per jumping session ( see Training below ) . The last two strides ( edit ) The objective of the last two strides is to prepare the body for takeoff while conserving as much speed as possible . The penultimate stride is longer than the last stride . The competitor begins to lower his or her center of gravity to prepare the body for the vertical impulse . The final stride is shorter because the body is beginning to raise the center of gravity in preparation for takeoff . The last two strides are extremely important because they determine the velocity with which the competitor will enter the jump . Takeoff ( edit ) Takeoff board The objective of the takeoff is to create a vertical impulse through the athlete 's center of gravity while maintaining balance and control . This phase is one of the most technical parts of the long jump . Jumpers must be conscious to place the foot flat on the ground , because jumping off either the heels or the toes negatively affects the jump . Taking off from the board heel - first has a braking effect , which decreases velocity and strains the joints . Jumping off the toes decreases stability , putting the leg at risk of buckling or collapsing from underneath the jumper . While concentrating on foot placement , the athlete must also work to maintain proper body position , keeping the torso upright and moving the hips forward and up to achieve the maximum distance from board contact to foot release . There are four main styles of takeoff : the kick style , double - arm style , sprint takeoff , and the power sprint or bounding takeoff . Kick ( edit ) The kick style takeoff is where the athlete actively cycles the leg before a full impulse has been directed into the board then landing into the pit . This requires great strength in the hamstrings . This causes the jumper to jump to large distances . Double - arm ( edit ) The double - arm style of takeoff works by moving both arms in a vertical direction as the competitor takes off . This produces a high hip height and a large vertical impulse . Sprint ( edit ) The sprint takeoff is the style most widely instructed by coaching staff . This is a classic single - arm action that resembles a jumper in full stride . It is an efficient takeoff style for maintaining velocity through takeoff . Power sprint or bounding ( edit ) The power sprint takeoff , or bounding takeoff , is one of the more common elite styles . Very similar to the sprint style , the body resembles a sprinter in full stride . However , there is one major difference . The arm that pushes back on takeoff ( the arm on the side of the takeoff leg ) fully extends backward , rather than remaining at a bent position . This additional extension increases the impulse at takeoff . The `` correct '' style of takeoff will vary from athlete to athlete . Multi-eventer Jessica Ennis during a long jump , preparing to land Action in the air and landing ( edit ) There are three major flight techniques for the long jump : the hang , the sail , and the hitch - kick . Each technique is to combat the forward rotation experienced from take - off but is basically down to preference from the athlete . It is important to note that once the body is airborne , there is nothing that the athlete can do to change the direction they are traveling and consequently where they are going to land in the pit . However , it can be argued that certain techniques influence an athlete 's landing , which can affect the distance measured . For example , if an athlete lands feet first but falls back because they are not correctly balanced , a lower distance will be measured . In the 1970s some jumpers used a forward somersault , including Tuariki Delamere who used it at the 1974 NCAA Championships , and who matched the jump of the current Olympic champion Randy Williams . The somersault jump has potential to produce longer jumps than other techniques because in the flip , no power is lost countering forward momentum , and it reduces wind resistance in the air . The front flip jump was subsequently banned due to fear of it being unsafe . Training ( edit ) The long jump generally requires training in a variety of areas . These areas include : speed work , jumping , over distance running , weight training , plyometric training . Speed work ( edit ) Speed work is essentially short distance speed training where the athlete would be running at top or near top speeds . The distances for this type of work would vary between indoor and outdoor season but are usually around 30 -- 60 m for indoors and up to 100 m for outdoors . Jumping ( edit ) Long Jumpers tend to practice jumping 1 -- 2 times a week . Approaches , or run - throughs , are repeated sometimes up to 6 -- 8 times per session . Short approach jumps are common for jumpers to do , as it allows for them to work on specific technical aspects of their jumps in a controlled environment . Using equipment such as low hurdles and other obstacles are common in long jump training , as it helps the jumper maintain and hold phases of their jump . As a common rule , it is important for the jumper to engage in full approach jumps at least once a week , as it will prepare the jumper for competition . Over-distance running ( edit ) Over-distance running workouts helps the athlete jump a further distance than their set goal . For example , having a 100 m runner practice by running 200 m repeats on a track . This is specifically concentrated in the season when athletes are working on building endurance . Specific over-distance running workouts are performed 1 -- 2 times a week . This is great for building sprint endurance , which is required in competitions where the athlete is sprinting down the runway 3 -- 6 times . Typical workouts would include 5 × 150 m . Preseason workouts may be longer , including workouts like 6 × 300 m Weight training ( edit ) During pre-season training and early in the competition season weight training tends to play a major role in the sport . It is customary for a long jumper to weight train up to 4 times a week , focusing mainly on quick movements involving the legs and trunk . Some athletes perform Olympic lifts in training . Athletes use low repetition and emphasize speed to maximize the strength increase while minimizing adding additional weight to their frame . Important lifts for a long jumper include the back squat , front squat , power cleans and hang cleans . The emphasis on these lifts should be on speed and explosive as those are crucial in the long jump take off phase . Plyometrics ( edit ) Plyometrics , including running up and down stairs and hurdle bounding , can be incorporated into workouts , generally twice a week . This allows an athlete to work on agility and explosiveness . Other plyometric workouts that are common for long jumpers are box jumps . Boxes of various heights are set up spaced evenly apart and jumpers can proceed jumping onto them and off moving in a forward direction . They can vary the jumps from both legs to single jumps . Alternatively , they can set up the boxes in front of a high jump mat if allowed , and jump over a high jump bar onto the mat mimicking a landing phase of the jump . These plyometric workouts are typically performed at the end of a workout . Bounding ( edit ) Bounding is any sort of continuous jumping or leaping . Bounding drills usually require single leg bounding , double - leg bounding , or some variation of the two . The focus of bounding drills is usually to spend as little time on the ground as possible and working on technical accuracy , fluidity , and jumping endurance and strength . Technically , bounding is part of plyometrics , as a form of a running exercise such as high knees and butt kicks . Flexibility ( edit ) Flexibility is an often forgotten tool for long jumpers . Effective flexibility prevents injury , which can be important for high - impact events such as the long jump . It also helps the athlete sprint down the runway . Hip and groin injuries are common for long jumpers who may neglect proper warm - up and stretching . Hurdle mobility drills are a common way that jumpers improve flexibility . Common hurdle drills include setting up about 5 -- 7 hurdles at appropriate heights and having athletes walk over them in a continuous fashion . Other variations of hurdle mobility drills are used as well , including hurdle skips . This is a crucial part of a jumper 's training since they perform most exercises for a very short period of time and often are n't aware of their form and technique . A common tool in many long jump workouts is the use of video taping . This enables the athlete to go back and watch their own progress as well as letting the athlete compare their own footage to that of some of the world - class jumpers . Training styles , duration , and intensity vary immensely from athlete to athlete and are based on the experience and strength of the athlete as well as on their coaching style . Culture ( edit ) Long Jump commemorative coin Track and field events have been selected as a main motif in numerous collectors ' coins . One of the recent samples is the € 10 Greek Long Jump commemorative coin , minted in 2003 to commemorate the 2004 Summer Olympics . The obverse of the coin portrays a modern athlete at the moment he is touching the ground , while the ancient athlete in the background is shown while starting off his jump , as he is seen on a black - figure vase of the 5th century BC . Records ( edit ) The long jump world record has been held by just four individuals for the majority of its existence . The first record ratified by the IAAF in 1901 , by Peter O'Connor stood just short of 20 years . After it was broken in 1921 , the record changed hands six times until Jesse Owens set the record at the 1935 Big Ten track meet in Ann Arbor , Michigan of 8.13 m ( 26 ft 8 in ) that was not broken for 25 years and 2 months , until 1960 by Ralph Boston . Boston improved upon it and exchanged records with Igor Ter - Ovanesyan seven times over the next seven years . At the 1968 Summer Olympics Bob Beamon jumped 8.90 m ( 29 ft 2 ​ ⁄ in ) at an altitude of 7,349 feet ( 2,240 m ) , a jump not exceeded for 23 years , and which remains the second longest legal jump of all time . On 30 August 1991 Mike Powell of the United States set the current men 's world record at the World Championships in Tokyo . It was in a well - known show down against Carl Lewis , who also beat Beamon 's record that day but with an aiding wind ( thus not legal for record purposes ) . Powell 's record 8.95 m ( 29 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) has now stood for more than 26 years . Some jumps over 8.95 m ( 29 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) have been officially recorded . 8.99 m ( 29 ft 5 ​ ⁄ in ) was recorded by Mike Powell himself ( wind - aided + 4.4 ) set at high altitude in Sestriere , Italy in 1992 . A potential world record of 8.96 m ( 29 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) was recorded by Iván Pedroso , with a `` legal '' wind reading also at Sestriere , but the jump was not validated because videotape revealed someone was standing in front of the wind gauge , invalidating the reading ( and costing Pedroso a Ferrari valued at $130,000 -- the prize for breaking the record at that meet ) . Lewis himself jumped 8.91 m moments before Powell 's record - breaking jump with the wind exceeding the maximum allowed . This jump remains the longest ever not to win an Olympic or World Championship gold medal , or any competition in general . The women 's world record has seen much more consistent improvement except for the current record . The longest to hold the record prior was by Fanny Blankers - Koen during World War II . There have been three days where the record was tied or improved upon twice in the same competition . That record stood for just over 10 years . The current world record for women is held by Galina Chistyakova of the former Soviet Union who leapt 7.52 m ( 24 ft 8 in ) in Leningrad on 11 June 1988 , a mark that has stood for over 29 years . All - time top 25 athletes ( edit ) See also : Long jump world record progression As of April 2017 Men ( edit ) Rank Mark Wind ( m / s ) Athlete Date Place Ref 8.95 m ( 29 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) 0.3 Mike Powell ( USA ) 30 August 1991 Tokyo 8.90 m ( 29 ft 2 ​ ⁄ in ) A 2.0 Bob Beamon ( USA ) 18 October 1968 Mexico City 8.87 m ( 29 ft 1 in ) − 0.2 Carl Lewis ( USA ) 30 August 1991 Tokyo 8.86 m ( 29 ft 0 ​ ⁄ in ) A 1.9 Robert Emmiyan ( URS ) 22 May 1987 Tsakhkadzor 5 8.74 m ( 28 ft 8 in ) 1.4 Larry Myricks ( USA ) 18 July 1988 Indianapolis 8.74 m ( 28 ft 8 in ) A 2.0 Erick Walder ( USA ) 2 April 1994 El Paso 8.74 m ( 28 ft 8 in ) − 1.2 Dwight Phillips ( USA ) 7 June 2009 Eugene 8 8.73 m ( 28 ft 7 ​ ⁄ in ) 1.2 Irving Saladino ( PAN ) 24 May 2008 Hengelo 9 8.71 m ( 28 ft 6 ​ ⁄ in ) 1.9 Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) 18 July 1995 Salamanca 8.71 m ( 28 ft 6 ​ ⁄ in ) indoor Sebastian Bayer ( GER ) 8 March 2009 Torino 11 8.66 m ( 28 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) 1.6 Louis Tsatoumas ( GRE ) 2 June 2007 Kalamata 12 8.65 m ( 28 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) A 1.3 Luvo Manyonga ( RSA ) 22 April 2017 Potchefstroom 13 8.63 m ( 28 ft 3 ​ ⁄ in ) 0.5 Kareem Streete - Thompson ( USA ) 4 June 1994 Linz 14 8.62 m ( 28 ft 3 ​ ⁄ in ) 0.7 James Beckford ( JAM ) 5 April 1997 Orlando 15 8.59 m ( 28 ft 2 in ) indoor Miguel Pate ( USA ) 4 March 2002 New York City 16 8.58 m ( 28 ft 1 ​ ⁄ in ) 1.8 Jarrion Lawson ( USA ) 3 July 2016 Eugene 17 8.56 m ( 28 ft 1 in ) 1.3 Yago Lamela ( ESP ) 24 June 1999 Torino 8.56 m ( 28 ft 1 in ) 0.2 Aleksandr Menkov ( RUS ) 16 August 2013 Moscow 19 8.54 m ( 28 ft 0 in ) 0.9 Lutz Dombrowski ( GDR ) 28 July 1980 Moscow 8.54 m ( 28 ft 0 in ) 1.7 Mitchell Watt ( AUS ) 29 July 2011 Stockholm 21 8.53 m ( 27 ft 11 ​ ⁄ in ) 1.2 Jaime Jefferson ( CUB ) 12 May 1990 Havana 22 8.52 m ( 27 ft 11 ​ ⁄ in ) 0.7 Savanté Stringfellow ( USA ) 21 June 2002 Palo Alto 8.52 m ( 27 ft 11 ​ ⁄ in ) 1.8 Jeff Henderson ( USA ) 22 July 2015 Toronto 24 8.51 m ( 27 ft 11 in ) 1.7 Roland McGhee ( USA ) 14 May 1995 São Paulo 8.51 m ( 27 ft 11 in ) 1.7 Greg Rutherford ( GBR ) 24 April 2014 Chula Vista Notes ( edit ) Below is a list of all other legal jumps equal or superior to 8.71 m : Carl Lewis also jumped 8.84 m ( 1991 ancillary jump ) , 8.79 m ( 1983 ) , 8.79 m ( 1984 indoors ) , 8.76 m ( 1982 ) , 8.76 m ( 1988 ) , 8.75 m ( 1987 ) , 8.72 m ( 1988 ) , 8.71 m ( 1984 ) . Assisted jumps ( edit ) Mike Powell ( USA ) jumped 8.99 m ( + 4.4 ) at altitude in Sestriere , Italy on 21 July 1992 . Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) jumped 8.96 m ( + 1.2 ) at altitude in Sestriere , Italy on 29 July 1995 . The jump was ruled invalid due to an obstructed wind - gauge . Carl Lewis ( USA ) jumped 8.91 ( + 3.0 ) and 8.83 ( + 2.3 ) on 30 August 1991 at the World Championships in Tokyo , Japan . Fabrice Lapierre ( AUS ) jumped 8.78 ( + 3.1 ) on 18 April 2010 in Perth , Australia . James Beckford ( JAM ) jumped 8.68 ( + 4.9 ) on 20 May 1995 in Odessa , Ukraine . Marquis Dendy ( USA ) jumped 8.68 ( + 3.7 ) on 25 June 2015 in Eugene , Oregon . Joe Greene ( USA ) jumped 8.68 ( + 4.0 ) at altitude on 21 July 1995 in Sestriere , Italy . Kareem Streete - Thompson ( USA ) jumped 8.64 ( + 3.5 ) on 18 June 1995 in Knoxville , Tennessee . Mike Conley ( USA ) jumped 8.63 ( + 3.9 ) on 20 June 1986 in Eugene , Oregon . Jeff Henderson ( USA ) jumped 8.59 ( + 2.9 ) on 3 July 2016 in Eugene , Oregon . Jason Grimes ( USA ) jumped 8.57 ( + 5.2 ) on 27 June 1982 in Durham , North Carolina . Kevin Dilworth ( USA ) jumped 8.53 ( + 4.9 ) on 27 April 2002 in Fort - de-France , Martinique . Women ( edit ) Rank Mark Wind ( m / s ) Athlete Date Place Ref 7.52 m ( 24 ft 8 in ) 1.4 Galina Chistyakova ( URS ) 11 June 1988 Leningrad 7.49 m ( 24 ft 6 ​ ⁄ in ) 1.3 Jackie Joyner - Kersee ( USA ) 22 May 1994 New York City 7.48 m ( 24 ft 6 ​ ⁄ in ) 1.2 Heike Drechsler ( GDR ) 9 July 1988 Neubrandenburg 7.43 m ( 24 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) 1.4 Anişoara Cuşmir ( ROM ) 4 June 1983 Bucharest 5 7.42 m ( 24 ft 4 in ) 2.0 Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) 23 June 2002 Annecy 6 7.39 m ( 24 ft 2 ​ ⁄ in ) 0.5 Yelena Belevskaya ( URS ) 18 July 1987 Bryansk 7 7.37 m ( 24 ft 2 in ) N / A Inessa Kravets ( UKR ) 13 June 1992 Kiev 8 7.33 m ( 24 ft 0 ​ ⁄ in ) 0.4 Tatyana Lebedeva ( RUS ) 31 July 2004 Tula 9 7.31 m ( 23 ft 11 ​ ⁄ in ) 1.5 Olena Khlopotnova ( URS ) 12 September 1985 Alma Ata 7.31 m ( 23 ft 11 ​ ⁄ in ) − 0.1 Marion Jones ( USA ) 12 August 1998 Zürich 7.31 m ( 23 ft 11 ​ ⁄ in ) 1.7 Brittney Reese ( USA ) 2 July 2016 Eugene 12 7.27 m ( 23 ft 10 in ) − 0.4 Irina Meleshina ( RUS ) 31 July 2004 Tula 13 7.26 m ( 23 ft 9 ​ ⁄ in ) A 1.8 Maurren Higa Maggi ( BRA ) 26 July 1999 Bogotá 14 7.24 m ( 23 ft 9 in ) 1.0 Larisa Berezhnaya ( URS ) 25 May 1991 Granada indoor Ivana Španović ( SRB ) 5 March 2017 Belgrade 16 7.21 m ( 23 ft 7 ​ ⁄ in ) 1.6 Helga Radtke ( GDR ) 26 July 1984 Dresden 7.21 m ( 23 ft 7 ​ ⁄ in ) 1.9 Lyudmila Kolchanova ( RUS ) 27 May 2007 Sochi 18 7.20 m ( 23 ft 7 ​ ⁄ in ) − 0.5 Vali Ionescu - Constantin ( ROU ) 11 August 1982 Bucharest 7.20 m ( 23 ft 7 ​ ⁄ in ) 2.0 Irena Ozenko ( URS ) 12 September 1986 Budapest 7.20 m ( 23 ft 7 ​ ⁄ in ) 0.8 Yelena Sinchukova ( URS ) 20 June 1991 Budapest 7.20 m ( 23 ft 7 ​ ⁄ in ) 0.7 Irina Mushailova ( RUS ) 14 July 1994 Saint Petersburg 22 7.17 m ( 23 ft 6 ​ ⁄ in ) 1.8 Irina Valyukevich ( URS ) 18 July 1987 Bryansk 7.17 m ( 23 ft 6 ​ ⁄ in ) 0.6 Tianna Bartoletta ( USA ) 17 August 2016 Rio de Janeiro 24 7.16 m ( 23 ft 5 ​ ⁄ in ) N / A Iolanda Chen ( URS ) 30 July 1988 Moscow 7.16 m ( 23 ft 5 ​ ⁄ in ) A − 0.1 Elva Goulbourne ( JAM ) 22 May 2004 Mexico City 7.16 m ( 23 ft 5 ​ ⁄ in ) 1.6 Sosthene Moguenara ( GER ) 28 May 2016 Weinheim Notes ( edit ) Below is a list of all other legal jumps equal or superior to 7.40 m : Jackie Joyner - Kersee jumped 7.49 m ( 1994 at altitude ) , 7.45 m ( 1987 ) , 7.40 m ( 1988 ) . Heike Drechsler jumped 7.48 m ( 1992 ) , 7.45 m ( June 1986 ) , 7.45 m ( July 1986 ) , 7.44 m ( 1985 ) , 7.40 m ( 1984 ) , 7.40 m ( 1987 ) . Galina Chistyakova jumped 7.45 m ( June 1988 ancillary jump during world record competition ) , 7.45 m ( August 1988 ) . Assisted jumps ( edit ) Heike Drechsler ( GER ) jumped 7.63 ( + 2.1 ) and 7.47 ( + 3.1 ) on 21 July 1992 at altitude in Sestriere . Jackie Joyner - Kersee ( USA ) jumped 7.45 ( + 2.6 ) on 23 July 1988 in Indianapolis . Fiona May ( ITA ) jumped 7.23 ( + 4.3 ) on 29 July 1995 at altitude in Sestriere . Anastassia Mirochuk - Ivanova ( BLR ) jumped 7.22 ( + 4.3 ) on 6 July 2012 in Grodno . Susen Tiedtke ( GER ) jumped 7.22 ( + 3.7 ) on 28 July 1993 at altitude in Sestriere . Eva Murková ( SVK ) jumped 7.17 ( + 3.6 ) on 26 August 1984 in Nitra . Olympic medalists ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1896 Athens details Ellery Harding Clark ( USA ) Robert Garrett ( USA ) James Brendan Connolly ( USA ) 1900 Paris details Alvin Kraenzlein ( USA ) Myer Prinstein ( USA ) Patrick Leahy ( GBR ) 1904 St. Louis details Myer Prinstein ( USA ) Daniel Frank ( USA ) Robert Stangland ( USA ) 1908 London details Frank Irons ( USA ) Daniel Kelly ( USA ) Calvin Bricker ( CAN ) 1912 Stockholm details Albert Gutterson ( USA ) Calvin Bricker ( CAN ) Georg Åberg ( SWE ) 1920 Antwerp details William Petersson ( SWE ) Carl Johnson ( USA ) Erik Abrahamsson ( SWE ) 1924 Paris details DeHart Hubbard ( USA ) Edward Gourdin ( USA ) Sverre Hansen ( NOR ) 1928 Amsterdam details Ed Hamm ( USA ) Silvio Cator ( HAI ) Al Bates ( USA ) 1932 Los Angeles details Ed Gordon ( USA ) Lambert Redd ( USA ) Chūhei Nambu ( JPN ) 1936 Berlin details Jesse Owens ( USA ) Luz Long ( GER ) Naoto Tajima ( JPN ) 1948 London details Willie Steele ( USA ) Bill Bruce ( AUS ) Herb Douglas ( USA ) 1952 Helsinki details Jerome Biffle ( USA ) Meredith Gourdine ( USA ) Ödön Földessy ( HUN ) 1956 Melbourne details Gregory Bell ( USA ) John Bennett ( USA ) Jorma Valkama ( FIN ) 1960 Rome details Ralph Boston ( USA ) Bo Roberson ( USA ) Igor Ter - Ovanesyan ( URS ) 1964 Tokyo details Lynn Davies ( GBR ) Ralph Boston ( USA ) Igor Ter - Ovanesyan ( URS ) 1968 Mexico City details Bob Beamon ( USA ) Klaus Beer ( GDR ) Ralph Boston ( USA ) 1972 Munich details Randy Williams ( USA ) Hans Baumgartner ( FRG ) Arnie Robinson ( USA ) 1976 Montreal details Arnie Robinson ( USA ) Randy Williams ( USA ) Frank Wartenberg ( GDR ) 1980 Moscow details Lutz Dombrowski ( GDR ) Frank Paschek ( GDR ) Valeriy Pidluzhnyy ( URS ) 1984 Los Angeles details Carl Lewis ( USA ) Gary Honey ( AUS ) Giovanni Evangelisti ( ITA ) 1988 Seoul details Carl Lewis ( USA ) Mike Powell ( USA ) Larry Myricks ( USA ) 1992 Barcelona details Carl Lewis ( USA ) Mike Powell ( USA ) Joe Greene ( USA ) 1996 Atlanta details Carl Lewis ( USA ) James Beckford ( JAM ) Joe Greene ( USA ) 2000 Sydney details Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Jai Taurima ( AUS ) Roman Shchurenko ( UKR ) 2004 Athens details Dwight Phillips ( USA ) John Moffitt ( USA ) Joan Lino Martínez ( ESP ) 2008 Beijing details Irving Saladino ( PAN ) Godfrey Khotso Mokoena ( RSA ) Ibrahim Camejo ( CUB ) 2012 London details Greg Rutherford ( GBR ) Mitchell Watt ( AUS ) Will Claye ( USA ) 2016 Rio de Janeiro details Jeff Henderson ( USA ) Luvo Manyonga ( RSA ) Greg Rutherford ( GBR ) Women ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1948 London details Olga Gyarmati ( HUN ) Noemí Simonetto ( ARG ) Ann - Britt Leyman ( SWE ) 1952 Helsinki details Yvette Williams ( NZL ) Aleksandra Chudina ( URS ) Shirley Cawley ( GBR ) 1956 Melbourne details Elżbieta Krzesińska ( POL ) Willye White ( USA ) Nadezhda Khnykina - Dvalishvili ( URS ) 1960 Rome details Vera Krepkina ( URS ) Elżbieta Krzesińska ( POL ) Hildrun Claus ( EUA ) 1964 Tokyo details Mary Rand ( GBR ) Irena Kirszenstein ( POL ) Tatyana Shchelkanova ( URS ) 1968 Mexico City details Viorica Viscopoleanu ( ROU ) Sheila Sherwood ( GBR ) Tatyana Talysheva ( URS ) 1972 Munich details Heide Rosendahl ( FRG ) Diana Yorgova ( BUL ) Eva Šuranová ( TCH ) 1976 Montreal details Angela Voigt ( GDR ) Kathy McMillan ( USA ) Lidiya Alfeyeva ( URS ) 1980 Moscow details Tatyana Kolpakova ( URS ) Brigitte Wujak ( GDR ) Tatyana Skachko ( URS ) 1984 Los Angeles details Anişoara Cuşmir - Stanciu ( ROU ) Valy Ionescu ( ROU ) Sue Hearnshaw ( GBR ) 1988 Seoul details Jackie Joyner - Kersee ( USA ) Heike Drechsler ( GDR ) Galina Chistyakova ( URS ) 1992 Barcelona details Heike Drechsler ( GER ) Inessa Kravets ( EUN ) Jackie Joyner - Kersee ( USA ) 1996 Atlanta details Chioma Ajunwa ( NGR ) Fiona May ( ITA ) Jackie Joyner - Kersee ( USA ) 2000 Sydney details Heike Drechsler ( GER ) Fiona May ( ITA ) Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) 2004 Athens details Tatyana Lebedeva ( RUS ) Irina Meleshina ( RUS ) Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) 2008 Beijing details Maurren Higa Maggi ( BRA ) Tatyana Lebedeva ( RUS ) Blessing Okagbare ( NGR ) 2012 London details Brittney Reese ( USA ) Elena Sokolova ( RUS ) Janay DeLoach ( USA ) 2016 Rio de Janeiro details Tianna Bartoletta ( USA ) Britney Reese ( USA ) Ivana Španović ( SRB ) World Championships medalists ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Championships Gold Silver Bronze 1983 Helsinki details Carl Lewis ( USA ) Jason Grimes ( USA ) Mike Conley ( USA ) 1987 Rome details Carl Lewis ( USA ) Robert Emmiyan ( URS ) Larry Myricks ( USA ) 1991 Tokyo details Mike Powell ( USA ) Carl Lewis ( USA ) Larry Myricks ( USA ) 1993 Stuttgart details Mike Powell ( USA ) Stanislav Tarasenko ( RUS ) Vitaliy Kyrylenko ( UKR ) 1995 Gothenburg details Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) James Beckford ( JAM ) Mike Powell ( USA ) 1997 Athens details Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Erick Walder ( USA ) Kirill Sosunov ( RUS ) 1999 Seville details Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Yago Lamela ( ESP ) Gregor Cankar ( SLO ) 2001 Edmonton details Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Savanté Stringfellow ( USA ) Carlos Calado ( POR ) 2003 Saint - Denis details Dwight Phillips ( USA ) James Beckford ( JAM ) Yago Lamela ( ESP ) 2005 Helsinki details Dwight Phillips ( USA ) Ignisious Gaisah ( GHA ) Tommi Evilä ( FIN ) 2007 Osaka details Irving Saladino ( PAN ) Andrew Howe ( ITA ) Dwight Phillips ( USA ) 2009 Berlin details Dwight Phillips ( USA ) Godfrey Khotso Mokoena ( RSA ) Mitchell Watt ( AUS ) 2011 Daegu details Dwight Phillips ( USA ) Mitchell Watt ( AUS ) Ngonidzashe Makusha ( ZIM ) 2013 Moscow details Aleksandr Menkov ( RUS ) Ignisious Gaisah ( NED ) Luis Rivera ( MEX ) 2015 Beijing details Greg Rutherford ( GBR ) Fabrice Lapierre ( AUS ) Wang Jianan ( CHN ) 2017 London details Luvo Manyonga ( RSA ) Jarrion Lawson ( USA ) Ruswahl Samaai ( RSA ) Women ( edit ) Championships Gold Silver Bronze 1983 Helsinki details Heike Daute ( GDR ) Anișoara Cușmir ( ROM ) Carol Lewis ( USA ) 1987 Rome details Jackie Joyner - Kersee ( USA ) Yelena Belevskaya ( URS ) Heike Drechsler ( GDR ) 1991 Tokyo details Jackie Joyner - Kersee ( USA ) Heike Drechsler ( GER ) Larysa Berezhna ( URS ) 1993 Stuttgart details Heike Drechsler ( GER ) Larysa Berezhna ( UKR ) Renata Nielsen ( DEN ) 1995 Gothenburg details Fiona May ( ITA ) Niurka Montalvo ( CUB ) Irina Mushailova ( RUS ) 1997 Athens details Lyudmila Galkina ( RUS ) Niki Xanthou ( GRE ) Fiona May ( ITA ) 1999 Seville details Niurka Montalvo ( ESP ) Fiona May ( ITA ) Marion Jones ( USA ) 2001 Edmonton details Fiona May ( ITA ) Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) Niurka Montalvo ( ESP ) 2003 Saint - Denis details Eunice Barber ( FRA ) Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) Anju Bobby George ( IND ) 2005 Helsinki details Tianna Madison ( USA ) Eunice Barber ( FRA ) Yargelis Savigne ( CUB ) 2007 Osaka details Tatyana Lebedeva ( RUS ) Lyudmila Kolchanova ( RUS ) Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) 2009 Berlin details Brittney Reese ( USA ) Tatyana Lebedeva ( RUS ) Karin Melis Mey ( TUR ) 2011 Daegu details Brittney Reese ( USA ) Olga Kucherenko ( RUS ) Ineta Radēviča ( LAT ) 2013 Moscow details Brittney Reese ( USA ) Blessing Okagbare ( NGA ) Ivana Španović ( SRB ) 2015 Beijing details Tianna Bartoletta ( USA ) Shara Proctor ( GBR ) Ivana Španović ( SRB ) 2017 London details Brittney Reese ( USA ) Darya Klishina ( ANA ) Tianna Bartoletta ( USA ) World Indoor Championships medalists ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1985 Paris Jan Leitner ( TCH ) Gyula Pálóczi ( HUN ) Giovanni Evangelisti ( ITA ) 1987 Indianapolis details Larry Myricks ( USA ) Paul Emordi ( NGR ) Giovanni Evangelisti ( ITA ) 1989 Budapest details Larry Myricks ( USA ) Dietmar Haaf ( FRG ) Mike Conley ( USA ) 1991 Seville details Dietmar Haaf ( GER ) Jaime Jefferson ( CUB ) Giovanni Evangelisti ( ITA ) 1993 Toronto details Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Joe Greene ( USA ) Jaime Jefferson ( CUB ) 1995 Barcelona details Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Mattias Sunneborn ( SWE ) Erick Walder ( USA ) 1997 Paris details Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Kirill Sosunov ( RUS ) Joe Greene ( USA ) 1999 Maebashi details Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Yago Lamela ( ESP ) Erick Walder ( USA ) 2001 Lisbon details Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Kareem Streete - Thompson ( CAY ) Carlos Calado ( POR ) 2003 Birmingham details Dwight Phillips ( USA ) Yago Lamela ( ESP ) Miguel Pate ( USA ) 2004 Budapest details Savanté Stringfellow ( USA ) James Beckford ( JAM ) Vitaliy Shkurlatov ( RUS ) 2006 Moscow details Ignisious Gaisah ( GHA ) Irving Saladino ( PAN ) Andrew Howe ( ITA ) 2008 Valencia details Godfrey Khotso Mokoena ( RSA ) Chris Tomlinson ( GBR ) Mohammed Al - Khuwalidi ( KSA ) 2010 Doha details Fabrice Lapierre ( AUS ) Godfrey Khotso Mokoena ( RSA ) Mitchell Watt ( AUS ) 2012 Istanbul details Mauro Vinícius da Silva ( BRA ) Henry Frayne ( AUS ) Aleksandr Menkov ( RUS ) 2014 Sopot details Mauro Vinícius da Silva ( BRA ) Li Jinzhe ( CHN ) Michel Tornéus ( SWE ) 2016 Portland details Marquis Dendy ( USA ) Fabrice Lapierre ( AUS ) Huang Changzhou ( CHN ) 2018 Birmingham details Juan Miguel Echevarría ( CUB ) Luvo Manyonga ( RSA ) Marquis Dendy ( USA ) Women ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1985 Paris Helga Radtke ( GDR ) Tatyana Rodionova ( URS ) Nijolė Medvedeva ( URS ) 1987 Indianapolis details Heike Drechsler ( GDR ) Helga Radtke ( GDR ) Yelena Belevskaya ( URS ) 1989 Budapest details Galina Chistyakova ( URS ) Marieta Ilcu ( ROU ) Larysa Berezhna ( URS ) 1991 Seville details Larysa Berezhna ( URS ) Heike Drechsler ( GER ) Marieta Ilcu ( ROU ) 1993 Toronto details Marieta Ilcu ( ROU ) Susen Tiedtke ( GER ) Inessa Kravets ( UKR ) 1995 Barcelona details Lyudmila Galkina ( RUS ) Irina Mushailova ( RUS ) Susen Tiedtke - Greene ( GER ) 1997 Paris details Fiona May ( ITA ) Chioma Ajunwa ( NGR ) Agata Karczmarek ( POL ) 1999 Maebashi details Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) Shana Williams ( USA ) Iva Prandzheva ( BUL ) 2001 Lisbon details Dawn Burrell ( USA ) Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) Niurka Montalvo ( ESP ) 2003 Birmingham details Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) Inessa Kravets ( UKR ) Maurren Maggi ( BRA ) 2004 Budapest details Tatyana Lebedeva ( RUS ) Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) Carolina Klüft ( SWE ) 2006 Moscow details Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) Tianna Madison ( USA ) Naide Gomes ( POR ) 2008 Valencia details Naide Gomes ( POR ) Maurren Maggi ( BRA ) Irina Simagina ( RUS ) 2010 Doha details Brittney Reese ( USA ) Naide Gomes ( POR ) Keila Costa ( BRA ) 2012 Istanbul details Brittney Reese ( USA ) Janay DeLoach ( USA ) Shara Proctor ( GBR ) 2014 Sopot details Éloyse Lesueur ( FRA ) Katarina Johnson - Thompson ( GBR ) Ivana Španović ( SRB ) 2016 Portland details Brittney Reese ( USA ) Ivana Španović ( SRB ) Lorraine Ugen ( GBR ) 2018 Birmingham details Ivana Španović ( SRB ) Brittney Reese ( USA ) Sosthene Moguenara ( GER ) Known as the World Indoor Games Season 's bests ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Year Distance Athlete Location 1960 8.21 m ( 26 ft 11 in ) Ralph Boston ( USA ) Walnut 1961 8.28 m ( 27 ft 1 ​ ⁄ in ) Ralph Boston ( USA ) Moscow 1962 8.31 m ( 27 ft 3 in ) Igor Ter - Ovanesyan ( URS ) Yerevan 1963 8.20 m ( 26 ft 11 in ) Ralph Boston ( USA ) Modesto 1964 8.34 m ( 27 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Ralph Boston ( USA ) Los Angeles 1965 8.35 m ( 27 ft 5 in ) Ralph Boston ( USA ) Modesto 1966 8.23 m ( 27 ft 0 in ) Igor Ter - Ovanesyan ( URS ) Leselidze 1967 8.35 m ( 27 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Igor Ter - Ovanesyan ( URS ) Mexico City 1968 8.90 m ( 29 ft 2 ​ ⁄ in ) Bob Beamon ( USA ) Mexico City 1969 8.21 m ( 26 ft 11 in ) Igor Ter - Ovanesyan ( URS ) Waldemar Stępień ( POL ) Odessa Chorzów 1970 8.35 m ( 27 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Josef Schwarz ( FRG ) Stuttgart 1971 8.21 m ( 26 ft 11 in ) Norman Tate ( USA ) El Paso 1972 8.23 m ( 27 ft 0 in ) Randy Williams ( USA ) Munich 1973 8.24 m ( 27 ft ​ 0 ⁄ in ) James McAlister ( USA ) Westwood 8.30 m ( 27 ft 2 ​ ⁄ in ) Arnie Robinson ( USA ) Modesto 8.45 m ( 27 ft 8 ​ ⁄ in ) Nenad Stekić ( YUG ) Montreal 1976 8.35 m ( 27 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Arnie Robinson ( USA ) Montreal 1977 8.27 m ( 27 ft 1 ​ ⁄ in ) Nenad Stekić ( YUG ) Nova Gorica 1978 8.32 m ( 27 ft 3 ​ ⁄ in ) Nenad Stekić ( YUG ) Rovereto 1979 8.52 m ( 27 ft 11 ​ ⁄ in ) Larry Myricks ( USA ) Montreal 1980 8.54 m ( 28 ft 0 in ) Lutz Dombrowski ( GDR ) Moscow 1981 8.62 m ( 28 ft 3 ​ ⁄ in ) Carl Lewis ( USA ) Sacramento 1982 8.76 m ( 28 ft 8 ​ ⁄ in ) Carl Lewis ( USA ) Indianapolis 8.79 m ( 28 ft 10 in ) Carl Lewis ( USA ) Indianapolis 1984 8.79 m ( 28 ft 10 in ) i Carl Lewis ( USA ) New York City 1985 8.62 m ( 28 ft 3 ​ ⁄ in ) Carl Lewis ( USA ) Brussels 1986 8.61 m ( 28 ft 2 ​ ⁄ in ) Robert Emmiyan ( URS ) Moscow 8.86 m ( 29 ft 0 ​ ⁄ in ) Robert Emmiyan ( URS ) Tsakhkadzor 1988 8.76 m ( 28 ft 8 ​ ⁄ in ) Carl Lewis ( USA ) Indianapolis 1989 8.70 m ( 28 ft 6 ​ ⁄ in ) Larry Myricks ( USA ) Houston 1990 8.66 m ( 28 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Mike Powell ( USA ) Villeneuve d'Ascq 1991 8.95 m ( 29 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Mike Powell ( USA ) Tokyo 1992 8.68 m ( 28 ft 5 ​ ⁄ in ) Carl Lewis ( USA ) Barcelona 1993 8.70 m ( 28 ft 6 ​ ⁄ in ) Mike Powell ( USA ) Salamanca 1994 8.74 m ( 28 ft 8 in ) Erick Walder ( USA ) El Paso 1995 8.71 m ( 28 ft 6 ​ ⁄ in ) Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Salamanca 8.58 m ( 28 ft 1 ​ ⁄ in ) Erick Walder ( USA ) Springfield 1997 8.63 m ( 28 ft 3 ​ ⁄ in ) Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Padua 1998 8.60 m ( 28 ft 2 ​ ⁄ in ) James Beckford ( JAM ) Bad Langensalza 1999 8.62 m ( 28 ft 3 ​ ⁄ in ) i Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Maebashi 2000 8.65 m ( 28 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Jena 2001 8.43 m ( 27 ft 7 ​ ⁄ in ) i Iván Pedroso ( CUB ) Lisboa 2002 8.59 m ( 28 ft 2 in ) i Miguel Pate ( USA ) New York City 2003 8.53 m ( 27 ft 11 ​ ⁄ in ) Yago Lamela ( ESP ) Castellón de la Plana 8.60 m ( 28 ft 2 ​ ⁄ in ) Dwight Phillips ( USA ) Linz 2005 8.60 m ( 28 ft 2 ​ ⁄ in ) Dwight Phillips ( USA ) Helsinki 2006 8.56 m ( 28 ft 1 in ) Irving Saladino ( PAN ) Rio de Janeiro 2007 8.66 m ( 28 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Louis Tsatoumas ( GRE ) Kalamáta 2008 8.73 m ( 28 ft 7 ​ ⁄ in ) Irving Saladino ( PAN ) Hengelo 2009 8.74 m ( 28 ft 8 in ) Dwight Phillips ( USA ) Eugene 8.47 m ( 27 ft 9 ​ ⁄ in ) Christian Reif ( GER ) Barcelona 2011 8.54 m ( 28 ft 0 in ) Mitchell Watt ( AUS ) Stockholm 2012 8.35 m ( 27 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Greg Rutherford ( GBR ) Sergey Morgunov ( RUS ) Chula Vista Cheboksary 2013 8.56 m ( 28 ft 1 in ) Aleksandr Menkov ( RUS ) Moscow 2014 8.51 m ( 27 ft 11 in ) Greg Rutherford ( GBR ) Chula Vista , California 2015 8.52 m ( 27 ft 11 ​ ⁄ in ) Jeff Henderson ( USA ) Toronto 2016 8.58 m ( 28 ft 1 ​ ⁄ in ) Jarrion Lawson ( USA ) Eugene 2017 8.65 m ( 28 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) A Luvo Manyonga ( RSA ) Potchefstroom Women ( edit ) Year Distance Athlete Location 1960 6.40 m ( 20 ft 11 ​ ⁄ in ) Hildrun Claus ( GDR ) Erfurt 1961 6.48 m ( 21 ft 3 in ) Tatyana Shchelkanova ( URS ) Moscow 1962 6.62 m ( 21 ft 8 ​ ⁄ in ) Tatyana Shchelkanova ( URS ) Brussels 1963 6.60 m ( 21 ft 7 ​ ⁄ in ) Tatyana Shchelkanova ( URS ) Kurayoshi 1964 6.76 m ( 22 ft 2 in ) Mary Rand ( GBR ) Tokyo 1965 6.71 m ( 22 ft 0 in ) Tatyana Shchelkanova ( URS ) Kiev 1966 6.73 m ( 22 ft 0 ​ ⁄ in ) Tatyana Shchelkanova ( URS ) Dnepropetrovsk 1967 6.63 m ( 21 ft 9 in ) Ingrid Becker ( FRG ) Kiev 1968 6.82 m ( 22 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) A Viorica Viscopoleanu ( ROM ) Mexico City 1969 6.64 m ( 21 ft 9 ​ ⁄ in ) Heide Rosendahl ( FRG ) Leverkusen 1970 6.84 m ( 22 ft 5 ​ ⁄ in ) Heide Rosendahl ( FRG ) Turin 1971 6.81 m ( 22 ft 4 in ) Margrit Herbst ( GDR ) Leipzig 1972 6.78 m ( 22 ft 2 ​ ⁄ in ) Heide Rosendahl ( FRG ) Munich 1973 6.76 m ( 22 ft 2 in ) Angela Schmalfeld ( GDR ) Dresden 6.77 m ( 22 ft 2 ​ ⁄ in ) Angela Schmalfeld ( GDR ) East Berlin 6.76 m ( 22 ft 2 in ) Lidiya Alfeyeva ( URS ) Nice 1976 6.99 m ( 22 ft 11 in ) Siegrun Siegl ( GDR ) Dresden 1977 6.82 m ( 22 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Vilma Bardauskienė ( URS ) Krasnodar 1978 7.09 m ( 23 ft 3 in ) Vilma Bardauskienė ( URS ) Prague 1979 6.90 m ( 22 ft 7 ​ ⁄ in ) Brigitte Wujak ( GDR ) Potsdam 1980 7.06 m ( 23 ft 1 ​ ⁄ in ) Tatyana Kolpakova ( URS ) Moscow 1981 6.96 m ( 22 ft 10 in ) Jodi Anderson ( USA ) Colorado Springs 1982 7.20 m ( 23 ft 7 ​ ⁄ in ) Valy Ionescu ( ROU ) Bucharest 7.43 m ( 24 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Anisoara Cusmir ( ROU ) Bucharest 1984 7.40 m ( 24 ft 3 ​ ⁄ in ) Heike Drechsler ( GDR ) Dresden 1985 7.44 m ( 24 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Heike Drechsler ( GDR ) Berlin 1986 7.45 m ( 24 ft 5 ​ ⁄ in ) Heike Drechsler ( GDR ) Tallinn 7.45 m ( 24 ft 5 ​ ⁄ in ) Jackie Joyner - Kersee ( USA ) Indianapolis 1988 7.52 m ( 24 ft 8 in ) Galina Chistyakova ( URS ) Leningrad 1989 7.30 m ( 23 ft 11 ​ ⁄ in ) i Galina Chistyakova ( URS ) Lipetsk 1990 7.35 m ( 24 ft 1 ​ ⁄ in ) Galina Chistyakova ( URS ) Bratislava 1991 7.37 m ( 24 ft 2 in ) Heike Drechsler ( GER ) Sestriere 1992 7.48 m ( 24 ft 6 ​ ⁄ in ) Heike Drechsler ( GER ) Lausanne 1993 7.21 m ( 23 ft 7 ​ ⁄ in ) Heike Drechsler ( GER ) Zürich 1994 7.49 m ( 24 ft 6 ​ ⁄ in ) Jackie Joyner - Kersee ( USA ) New York City 1995 7.09 m ( 23 ft 3 in ) i Heike Drechsler ( GER ) Liévin , Sindelfingen 7.12 m ( 23 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Chioma Ajunwa ( NGA ) Atlanta 1997 7.05 m ( 23 ft 1 ​ ⁄ in ) Lyudmila Galkina ( RUS ) Athens 1998 7.31 m ( 23 ft 11 ​ ⁄ in ) Marion Jones ( USA ) Eugene 1999 7.26 m ( 23 ft 9 ​ ⁄ in ) Maurren Higa Maggi ( BRA ) Bogotá 2000 7.09 m ( 23 ft 3 in ) Fiona May ( ITA ) Rio de Janeiro 2001 7.12 m ( 23 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) Turin 2002 7.42 m ( 24 ft 4 in ) Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) Annecy 2003 7.06 m ( 23 ft 1 ​ ⁄ in ) Maurren Higa Maggi ( BRA ) Milan 7.33 m ( 24 ft 0 ​ ⁄ in ) Tatyana Lebedeva ( RUS ) Tula 2005 7.04 m ( 23 ft 1 in ) Irina Simagina ( RUS ) Sochi 2006 7.12 m ( 23 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) Novosibirsk 2007 7.21 m ( 23 ft 7 ​ ⁄ in ) Lyudmila Kolchanova ( RUS ) Sochi 2008 7.12 m ( 23 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Naide Gomes ( POR ) Monaco 2009 7.10 m ( 23 ft 3 ​ ⁄ in ) Brittney Reese ( USA ) Berlin 7.13 m ( 23 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Olga Kucherenko ( RUS ) Sochi 2011 7.19 m ( 23 ft 7 in ) Brittney Reese ( USA ) Eugene 2012 7.23 m ( 23 ft 8 ​ ⁄ in ) i Brittney Reese ( USA ) Istanbul 2013 7.25 m ( 23 ft 9 ​ ⁄ in ) Brittney Reese ( USA ) Doha 2014 7.02 m ( 23 ft 0 ​ ⁄ in ) Tianna Bartoletta ( USA ) Oslo 2015 7.14 m ( 23 ft 5 in ) Tianna Bartoletta ( USA ) Beijing 2016 7.31 m ( 23 ft 11 ​ ⁄ in ) Brittney Reese ( USA ) Eugene 2017 7.24 m ( 23 ft 9 in ) i Ivana Spanovic ( SRB ) Beograd `` i '' denotes indoor performance . National records ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Nation Distance Athlete Date Location Ref United States 8.95 m ( 29 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Mike Powell 30 August 1991 Tokyo Soviet Union / Armenia 8.86 m ( 29 ft 0 ​ ⁄ in ) Robert Emmiyan 22 May 1987 Tsakhkadzor Panama 8.73 m ( 28 ft 7 ​ ⁄ in ) Irving Saladino 24 May 2008 Hengelo Cuba 8.71 m ( 28 ft 6 ​ ⁄ in ) Iván Pedroso 18 July 1995 Salamanca Greece 8.66 m ( 28 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Louis Tsatoumas 2 June 2007 Kalamata Jamaica 8.62 m ( 28 ft 3 ​ ⁄ in ) James Beckford 5 April 1997 Orlando South Africa 8.62 m ( 28 ft 3 ​ ⁄ in ) A Luvo Manyonga 17 March 2017 Pretoria Spain 8.56 m ( 28 ft 1 in ) Yago Lamela 24 June 1999 Turin Russia 8.56 m ( 28 ft 1 in ) Aleksandr Menkov 16 August 2013 Moscow East Germany / Germany 8.54 m ( 28 ft 0 in ) Lutz Dombrowski 28 July 1980 Moscow Australia 8.54 m ( 28 ft 0 in ) Mitchell Watt 29 July 2011 Stockholm United Kingdom 8.51 m ( 27 ft 11 in ) Greg Rutherford 24 April 2014 Chula Vista Saudi Arabia 8.48 m ( 27 ft 9 ​ ⁄ in ) Mohamed Salman Al - Khuwalidi 2 July 2006 Sotteville - lès - Rouen Italy 8.47 m ( 27 ft 9 ​ ⁄ in ) Andrew Howe 30 August 2007 Osaka People 's Republic of China 8.47 m ( 27 ft 9 ​ ⁄ in ) Li Jinzhe 29 June 2014 Bad Langensalza Mexico 8.46 m ( 27 ft 9 in ) Luis Rivera 12 July 2013 Kazan Senegal 8.46 m ( 27 ft 9 in ) Cheikh Tidiane Touré 15 June 1997 Bad Langensalza Yugoslavia / Serbia 8.45 m ( 27 ft 8 ​ ⁄ in ) Nenad Stekić 25 July 1975 Montreal Sweden 8.44 m ( 27 ft 8 ​ ⁄ in ) A Michel Tornéus 10 July 2016 Monachil Ghana 8.43 m ( 27 ft 7 ​ ⁄ in ) Ignisious Gaisah 14 July 2006 Rome France 8.42 m ( 27 ft 7 ​ ⁄ in ) Salim Sdiri 12 June 2009 Pierre - Bénite Bahamas 8.41 m ( 27 ft 7 in ) Craig Hepburn 17 June 1993 Nassau Zimbabwe 8.40 m ( 27 ft 6 ​ ⁄ in ) Ngonidzashe Makusha 9 June 2011 Des Moines Brazil 8.40 m ( 27 ft 6 ​ ⁄ in ) Douglas de Souza 15 February 1995 São Paulo Slovenia 8.40 m ( 27 ft 6 ​ ⁄ in ) Gregor Cankar 18 May 1997 Celje Morocco 8.40 m ( 27 ft 6 ​ ⁄ in ) Yahya Berrabah 2 October 2009 Beirut Romania 8.37 m ( 27 ft 5 ​ ⁄ in ) Bogdan Tudor 9 July 1995 Bad Cannstatt Portugal 8.36 m ( 27 ft 5 in ) Carlos Calado 20 June 1997 Lisbon Ukraine 8.35 m ( 27 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Sergey Layevskiy 16 July 1988 Dnipropetrovsk Roman Shchurenko 25 July 2000 Kiev Taiwan 8.34 m ( 27 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Nai Huei - Fang 14 May 1993 Shanghai Venezuela 8.34 m ( 27 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Víctor Castillo 30 May 2004 Cochabamba Bermuda 8.34 m ( 27 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Tyrone Smith 5 May 2017 Houston Bulgaria 8.33 m ( 27 ft 3 ​ ⁄ in ) Ivaylo Mladenov 3 June 1995 Seville Belarus 8.33 m ( 27 ft 3 ​ ⁄ in ) Aleksandr Glovatskiy 7 August 1996 Sestriere Egypt 8.31 m ( 27 ft 3 in ) Hassine Hatem Moursal 30 June 1999 Oslo Hungary 8.30 m ( 27 ft 2 ​ ⁄ in ) László Szalma 7 July 1985 Budapest Austria 8.30 m ( 27 ft 2 ​ ⁄ in ) Andreas Steiner 4 June 1988 Innsbruck Netherlands 8.29 m ( 27 ft 2 ​ ⁄ in ) Ignisious Gaisah 16 August 2013 Moscow Mauritius 8.28 m ( 27 ft 1 ​ ⁄ in ) Jonathan Chimier 24 August 2004 Athens Poland 8.28 m ( 27 ft 1 ​ ⁄ in ) Grzegorz Marciniszyn 14 July 2001 Mals Nigeria 8.27 m ( 27 ft 1 ​ ⁄ in ) Yusuf Alli 8 August 1989 Lagos Botswana 8.27 m ( 27 ft 1 ​ ⁄ in ) Gable Garenamotse 20 August 2006 Rhede Algeria 8.26 m ( 27 ft 1 in ) Issam Nima 28 July 2007 Zaragoza Czech Republic 8.25 m ( 27 ft 0 ​ ⁄ in ) Milan Mikuláš 16 July 1988 Prague Republic of Moldova 8.25 m ( 27 ft 0 ​ ⁄ in ) Sergey Podgainiy 18 August 1990 Chişinău Japan 8.25 m ( 27 ft 0 ​ ⁄ in ) Masaki Morinaga 5 May 1992 Shizuoka Belgium 8.25 m ( 27 ft 0 ​ ⁄ in ) Erik Nys 6 July 1996 Hechtel Denmark 8.25 m ( 27 ft 0 ​ ⁄ in ) Morten Jensen 3 July 2005 Gothenburg Georgia 8.25 m ( 27 ft 0 ​ ⁄ in ) i Bachana Khorava 7 February 2016 Tbilisi Namibia 8.24 m ( 27 ft 0 ​ ⁄ in ) A Stephan Louw 12 January 2008 Germiston Croatia 8.23 m ( 27 ft 0 in ) Siniša Ergotić 5 June 2002 Zagreb Finland 8.22 m ( 26 ft 11 ​ ⁄ in ) Tommi Evilä 28 June 2008 Gothenburg South Korea 8.22 m ( 26 ft 11 ​ ⁄ in ) Kim Deok - hyeon 10 June 2016 Ried Canada 8.20 m ( 26 ft 10 ​ ⁄ in ) Edrick Floreal 20 July 1991 Sherbrooke India 8.19 m ( 26 ft 10 ​ ⁄ in ) Ankit Sharma 26 June 2016 Almaty Uruguay 8.19 m ( 26 ft 10 ​ ⁄ in ) Emiliano Lasa 18 February 2017 São Paulo Iran 8.17 m ( 26 ft 9 ​ ⁄ in ) Mohammad Arzandeh 7 July 2012 Tehran Kazakhstan 8.16 m ( 26 ft 9 ​ ⁄ in ) Sergey Vasilenko 18 June 1988 Alma Ata Sri Lanka 8.15 m ( 26 ft 8 ​ ⁄ in ) W.P. Amila Jayasiri 16 August 2016 Diyagama Qatar 8.13 m ( 26 ft 8 in ) Abdulrahman Faraj Al - Nubi 21 September 2003 Manila Hong Kong 8.12 m ( 26 ft 7 ​ ⁄ in ) Chan Ming Tai 7 May 2016 Hong Kong Estonia 8.10 m ( 26 ft 6 ​ ⁄ in ) Erki Nool 27 May 1995 Götzis Peru 8.10 m ( 26 ft 6 ​ ⁄ in ) Jorge McFarlane 23 November 2009 Sucre Uzbekistan 8.10 m ( 26 ft 6 ​ ⁄ in ) Aleksandr Pototskiy 4 June 1992 Bryansk Turkey 8.08 m ( 26 ft 6 in ) Mesut Yavaş 24 June 2000 Istanbul Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 8.08 m ( 26 ft 6 in ) Clayton Latham 29 July 2008 Hamburg Latvia 8.08 m ( 26 ft 6 in ) Elvijs Misāns 12 July 2016 Saldus Albania 8.08 m ( 26 ft 6 in ) i Izmir Smajlaj 4 March 2017 Belgrade Ireland 8.07 m ( 26 ft 5 ​ ⁄ in ) Ciaran McDonagh 21 August 2005 La Chaux - de-Fonds New Zealand 8.05 m ( 26 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Bob Thomas 20 January 1968 Whangarei Latvia 8.05 m ( 26 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Juris Tone 21 June 1983 Moscow Thailand 8.04 m ( 26 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Supanara Sukhasvasti 5 June 2010 Banglore Norway 8.02 m ( 26 ft 3 ​ ⁄ in ) Kristen Fløgstad 4 August 1973 Bislett Philippines 7.99 m ( 26 ft 2 ​ ⁄ in ) Henry Dagmil 7 June 2008 Eagle Rock Israel 7.99 m ( 26 ft 2 ​ ⁄ in ) Yochai Halevi 15 May 2010 Tel Aviv Viet Nam 7.90 m ( 25 ft 11 in ) Nguyen Ngoc Quan 2 May 1997 Hanoi Malaysia 7.88 m ( 25 ft 10 in ) Josbert Tinus 5 October 2007 Bangkok Turks and Caicos Islands 7.88 m ( 25 ft 10 in ) Ifeanyi Otuonye 15 July 2016 San Salvador Indonesia 7.85 m ( 25 ft 9 in ) Agus Reza Irawan 21 September 1995 Jakarta United Arab Emirates 7.79 m ( 25 ft 6 ​ ⁄ in ) Mousbeh Ali Said 6 September 1992 Latakia Aruba 7.72 m ( 25 ft 3 ​ ⁄ in ) Quincy Breell 16 May 2015 Cartagena Malta 7.71 m ( 25 ft 3 ​ ⁄ in ) Rachid Chouhal 2 April 2005 Marsa Luxembourg 7.68 m ( 25 ft 2 ​ ⁄ in ) i Romain Lambert 14 January 2017 Kirchberg Congo 7.63 m ( 25 ft 0 ​ ⁄ in ) Andrew Issaka 28 June 2015 Nogens - sur - Marne Singapore 7.62 m ( 25 ft 0 in ) Matthew Goh Yujie 5 December 2009 Vientiane Benin 7.59 m ( 24 ft 10 ​ ⁄ in ) Romeo N'Tia 19 May 2017 Baku Bahrain 7.47 m ( 24 ft 6 in ) Mohamed Imam Bakhash 16 October 2003 Manama Montserrat 7.46 m ( 24 ft 5 ​ ⁄ in ) Darren Morsen 1 May 2016 Bedford Lebanon 7.43 m ( 24 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Marc Habib 22 July 2004 Lebanon Guinea 7.39 m ( 24 ft 2 ​ ⁄ in ) Thiémo Amadou Barry 8 June 2013 L'Alfàs del Pi Montenegro 7.33 m ( 24 ft 0 ​ ⁄ in ) Darko Pešić 25 June 2016 Pitești Laos 7.31 m ( 23 ft 11 ​ ⁄ in ) Sompong Vongphakdy 12 June 2015 Kallang Macao 7.25 m ( 23 ft 9 ​ ⁄ in ) Wong Ka Chun 24 June 2017 Singapore Jersey 7.21 m ( 23 ft 7 ​ ⁄ in ) Ross Jeffs 1 July 2012 Jersey Macedonia 7.15 m ( 23 ft 5 ​ ⁄ in ) Zoran Tasevski 15 May 1976 Skopje Toni Damcevski 23 May 1995 Sofia Slavcho Mirchevski 7 June 2015 Ohrid 5 June 2016 Ohrid Nepal 7.09 m ( 23 ft 3 in ) Puspendra Kumar Goit 4 December 2015 Kathmandu Afghanistan 7.05 m ( 23 ft 1 ​ ⁄ in ) Mohammed Anwar 1940 Kabul Brunei 7.04 m ( 23 ft 1 in ) Daniel Chung 7 August 1993 Kota Kinabalu São Tomé and Príncipe 7.02 m ( 23 ft 0 ​ ⁄ in ) Juary Tavares 6 June 2015 Lisbon South Sudan 5.70 m ( 18 ft 8 ​ ⁄ in ) Evans Francisco 14 May 2017 Dar es Salaam Women ( edit ) Nation Distance Athlete Date Location Ref Serbia 7.24 m ( 23 ft 9 in ) i Ivana Španović 5 March 2017 Belgrade Great Britain 7.07 m ( 23 ft 2 ​ ⁄ in ) Shara Proctor 28 August 2015 Beijing Sweden 6.99 m ( 22 ft 11 in ) Erica Johansson 5 July 2000 Lausanne Latvia 6.92 m ( 22 ft 8 ​ ⁄ in ) Ineta Radēviča 28 July 2010 Barcelona India 6.83 m ( 22 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Anju Bobby George 27 August 2004 Athens Bahamas 6.83 m ( 22 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Bianca Stuart 26 June 2015 Nassau Barbados 6.80 m ( 22 ft 3 ​ ⁄ in ) i Akela Jones 11 March 2016 Birmingham Mexico 6.74 m ( 22 ft 1 ​ ⁄ in ) A Jessamyn Sauceda 7 May 2017 Mexico City Armenia 6.72 m ( 22 ft 0 ​ ⁄ in ) Amaliya Sharoyan 21 May 2016 Elbasan Philippines 6.72 m ( 22 ft 0 ​ ⁄ in ) Marestella Sunang 4 July 2016 Almaty British Virgin Islands 6.69 m ( 21 ft 11 ​ ⁄ in ) Chantel Malone 9 August 2015 San José Iceland 6.62 m ( 21 ft 8 ​ ⁄ in ) Hafdís Sigurðardóttir 9 July 2016 Hilversum Venezuela 6.58 m ( 21 ft 7 in ) Jhoanmy Luque 26 May 2017 Austin Ecuador 6.50 m ( 21 ft 3 ​ ⁄ in ) A Yuliana Angulo 10 May 2015 Medellín Sri Lanka 6.43 m ( 21 ft 1 in ) Chamali Dilrukshi Priyadarshani 19 December 2015 Diyagama Papua New Guinea 6.39 m ( 20 ft 11 ​ ⁄ in ) Rellie Kaputin 23 April 2017 Amarillo Antigua and Barbuda 6.22 m ( 20 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Amy Harris - Willock 6 July 2014 Basseterre Dominica 6.17 m ( 20 ft 2 ​ ⁄ in ) i Thea LaFond 27 February 2015 Geneva Papua New Guinea 6.10 m ( 20 ft 0 in ) Rellie Kaputin 26 May 2016 Bradenton Republic of the Congo 6.10 m ( 20 ft 0 in ) Marie Mbuya Mala 24 June 2017 Moulins Bolivia 6.09 m ( 19 ft 11 ​ ⁄ in ) A Valeria Quispe 4 June 2017 Tarija Laos 5.75 m ( 18 ft 10 ​ ⁄ in ) Laenly Phoutthavong 25 August 2017 Bukit Jalil Laos 5.69 m ( 18 ft 8 in ) Laenly Phoutthavong 4 April 2015 Kallang Guinea Bissau 5.69 m ( 18 ft 8 in ) Fatumata Baldé 3 June 2017 Braga Cape Verde 5.66 m ( 18 ft 6 ​ ⁄ in ) i Evelise Veiga 27 January 2012 Pombal Libya 5.12 m ( 16 ft 9 ​ ⁄ in ) Hedil Aboud Fethi 7 June 2015 Radès Kuwait 4.87 m ( 15 ft 11 ​ ⁄ in ) Nadia Al - Haqqan 15 March 2015 Muscat See also ( edit ) Triple jump Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` USATF -- 2006 Competition Rules '' . USA Track & Field . Retrieved 29 October 2006 . See Rule 185 in Article III ^ Jump up to : Judith Swaddling . The Ancient Olympic Games . University of Texas Pres . ISBN 0292777515 . Jump up ^ Miller , p. 66 Jump up ^ Miller , p. 67 Jump up ^ `` Ancient Origins '' . The Times / The Sunday Times . Archived from the original on 11 March 2007 . Retrieved 29 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Miller , p. 68 Jump up ^ Tricard , Louise Mead ( 1 July 1996 ) . American Women 's Track & Field : A History , 1895 Through 1980 . McFarland & Company . pp. 60 -- 61 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0219 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ron Reid ( 29 July 1974 ) . `` The Flip That Led To A Flap '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ 100 Metres -- men -- senior -- outdoor . iaaf.org . Retrieved on 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Pedroso may lose record . The Victoria Advocate ( 4 August 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Athlete profile for Iván Pedroso . Iaaf.org ( 17 December 1972 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Long Jump -- men -- senior -- outdoor . IAAF . Retrieved on 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Long Jump -- women -- senior -- outdoor . IAAF . Retrieved on 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . asaseniors.co.za. 22 April 2017 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Roy Jordan ( 4 July 2016 ) . `` Six world leads on third day of US Olympic Trials '' . IAAF . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Roy Jordan ( 3 July 2016 ) . `` Reese 's big leap highlights early action at US Olympic Trials '' . IAAF . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' ( PDF ) . European Athletics . 5 March 2017 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Long Jump Results '' ( PDF ) . Rio 2016 official website . 17 August 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . lalive.de. 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Vol. 3 No. 20 June , 1963 , and a New 440 WR by ADOLPH PLUMMER . onceuponatimeinthevest.blogspot.com . Note : This article indicates they were measuring in Imperial at Modesto in 1963 ( and probably most other years in this era ) . Particularly notable is that this measurement under windy conditions is likely the best wind legal , but not even the winning jump of the competition ( Phil Shinnick 27'4 `` ) or Boston 's best jump that day Jump up ^ Note : Olympic Trials measured metrically . Also did 8.49 w that day . usatf.org ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Town / City With Most World Records . trackandfieldnews.com. April 2013 Jump up ^ Ockert de Villiers ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` Luvo Manyonga leaps to new South African record '' . iol.co.za . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AIRE LIBRE -- Récords de España Absolutos -- HOMBRES '' . RFEA . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Series Result -- 14th IAAF World Championships '' . IAAF. 16 August 2013 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weitsprung - Meeting der Weltklasse 2014 -- Men 's Results '' ( PDF ) . DLV. 28 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 27th Summer Universiade in Kazan , July 6 -- 17 , 2013 -- Luis Alberto Rivera '' . kazan2013.com . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Rivera es el número uno del ranking mundial '' . mediotiempo.com . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 8.44 - Nytt svenskt rekord ! '' . SF. 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . flashresultstexas.com. 5 May 2017 . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . lalive.de. 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio 2016 : Mohammad Anas , Ankit Sharma and Srabani Nanda qualify for Rio Olympics '' . firstpost.com. 26 June 2016 . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emiliano Lasa batió el récord nacional de salto largo con 8.19 '' . futbol.com.uy ( in Spanish ) . 18 February 2017 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amila 's stunning feat met with disappointment due to lack of facilities '' . island.lk. 17 August 2016 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Chan Kin - wa ( 7 May 2016 ) . `` Chan Ming - tai betters his Hong Kong long jump record to boost Olympic hopes '' . scmp.com . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Misāns labo 33 gadus veco Latvijas rekordu tāllēkšanā '' . nra.lv ( in Latvian ) . 12 July 2016 . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' ( PDF ) . European Athletics . 4 March 2017 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Jump up ^ 2008 SCA Jim Bush Championships Archived 3 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Scausatf.org ( 7 June 2008 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . tiempodellegada.com. 15 July 2016 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lotto ta felicita atleta Quincy Breell cu su medaya di oro y record nobo den salto largo '' ( in Spanish ) . sportpicsaruba.com. 16 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kirchberg ( Luxembourg ) , 14.1. 2017 ( indoor ) '' . trackinsun.blogspot.de. 14 January 2017 . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . thepowerof10.info. 1 May 2016 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Balkan Championships 2016 -- Decathlon Results '' . fra.ro. 26 June 2016 . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . 123finish.com. 12 June 2015 . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lamgade , Goit shatter national records '' . The Himalayan Times . 5 December 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . European Athletics . 5 March 2017 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' ( PDF ) . IAAF. 28 August 2015 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Records '' . friidrott.se. 1 January 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IAAF : Long Jump - women - senior - outdoor - 2004 iaaf.org '' . iaaf.org . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Brent Stubbs ( 27 June 2015 ) . `` Bianca ' BB ' Stuart sets new national record Day 1 of the BAAA - BTC Open Nationals '' . BAAA . Archived from the original on 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Jon Mulkeen ( 12 March 2016 ) . `` Collegiate records for Williams and Jones in epic NCAA indoor pentathlon '' . IAAF . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jessamyn Sauceda implanta Nuevo Récord Mexicano en salto de longitud femenil '' . acicasrunmex.com ( in Spanish ) . 7 May 2017 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Meeting Elbasan 2016 Results '' . tilastopaja.org. 21 May 2016 . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Terrado , Reuben ( 4 July 2016 ) . `` Marestella Torres punches ticket to Rio by surpassing Olympic standard in last - ditch attempt '' . Sports Interactive Network Philippines . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Long Jump Results '' . tiempodellegada.com. 9 August 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hilversum ( Netherlands ) , 9.7. 2016 '' . trackinsun.blogspot.de. 12 July 2016 . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . tfrrs.org. 26 May 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ángela Tenorio logró marca para los Juegos Olímpicos Río de Janeiro 2016 ( Video ) '' . coe.org.ec. 11 May 2015 . Retrieved 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Priyadarshani leaps 6.43 m to set new SL record Ayesha renewed her own Sri Lanka record '' . ceylontoday.lk. 20 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . tfrrs.org. 23 April 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . directathletics.com. 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Four National Records in Florida '' . foxsportspulse.com. 29 May 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moulins ( France ) , 24.6. 2017 - Meeting National - '' . trackinsun.blogspot.de. 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RECORD NACIONAL ABSOLUTO PARA VALERIA QUISPE EN SALTO LARGO '' . kronecreativo.com ) ) . 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' ( PDF ) . kualalumpur2017.com.my. 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long Jump Results '' . 123finish.com. 4 April 2015 . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Cited sources ( edit ) Stephen G. Miller ( 2004 ) . Ancient Greek Athletics . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0300115296 . Further reading ( edit ) Guthrie , Mark ( 2003 ) . Coach Track & Field Successfully . Champaign , Illinois : Human Kinetics . pp. 149 -- 155 . ISBN 0 - 7360 - 4274 - 1 . Rogers , Joseph L. ( 2000 ) . USA Track & Field Coaching Manual . Champaign , Illinois : Human Kinetics . pp. 141 -- 157 . ISBN 0 - 88011 - 604 - 8 . Ernie Gregoire , Larry Myricks ( 1991 ) . World Class Track & Field Series : Long Jump ( VHS ) . Ames , Iowa : Championship Books & Video Productions . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Long jump . IAAF long jump homepage IAAF list of long - jump records in XML Powell vs Lewis Tokyo 91 ( video ) ( hide ) Athletics events Track and field Road running Racewalking Racerunning Cross country running Multi-day race Ultramarathon Wheelchair racing Backward running Track Sprints 50 m 55 m 60 m 100 y 100 m 150 m 200 m ( straight ) 300 m 400 m Hurdles 50 m 55 m 60 m 80 m 100 m 110 m 200 m ( low ) 300 m 400 m Middle - distance 500 m 600 m 800 m 1000 m 1500 m One mile 2000 m 2000 m steeplechase 3000 m 3000 m steeplechase Two miles Long - distance 5000 m 10,000 m One hour run Relays 4 × 100 m 4 × 200 m 4 × 400 m 4 × 800 m 4 × 1500 m Distance medley relay Sprint medley relay Swedish relay Walking Mile 3000 m 5000 m 10,000 m 20,000 m Field Throws Discus Hammer Javelin Shot put Weight throw Softball throw Jumps High jump ( standing ) Long jump ( standing ) Triple jump ( standing ) Pole vault Combined Decathlon Heptathlon Athletics pentathlon Women 's pentathlon Throws pentathlon Road Running 5 km 10 km 15 km 10 mi 20 km Half marathon 25 km 30 km Marathon Ekiden Ultramarathon Walking 10 km 20 km 50 km 50 mi 100 km Current Olympic events shown in italics Athletics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_jump&oldid=830754050 '' Categories : Long jump Events in athletics ( track and field ) Ancient Olympic sports Summer Olympic disciplines in athletics Jumping sports Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Latvian - language sources ( lv ) Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Use dmy dates from January 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from August 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা Башҡортса Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 18 : 56 . About Wikipedia
what is the olympic record for long jump
[ "\n\nAthletics\nLong jump\n\n\n\nLong jumper at the GE Money Grand Prix in Helsinki, Finland July 2005.\n\n\n\nMen's records\n\n\nWorld\nMike Powell 8.95 m (29 ft 4​1⁄4 in) (1991)\n\n\nOlympic\nBob Beamon 8.90 m (29 ft 2​1⁄4 in) (1968)\n\n\nWomen's records\n\n\nWorld\nGalina Chistyakova 7.52 m (24 ft 8 in) (1988)\n\n\nOlympic\nJackie Joyner 7.40 m (24 ft 3​1⁄4 in) (1988)\n\n" ]
[ "8.90 m" ]
8785375239765857073
World War II casualties
World war II casualties - wikipedia World war II casualties Jump to : navigation , search Soviet soldiers killed during the Toropets -- Kholm Offensive , January 1942 . Officially , roughly 8.7 million Soviet soldiers died in the course of the war , including millions of POWs . The killing of Jews at Ivanhorod , Ukraine in 1942 . A woman tries to shield a child with her body as Einsatzgruppen men aim their rifles . Bodies of American soldiers on the beach of Tarawa . The Marines secured the island after 76 hours of intense fighting . There were over 6,000 US , Japanese and Korean dead in total . World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history in absolute terms of total casualties . Over 60 million people were killed , which was about 3 % of the 1940 world population ( est . 2.3 billion ) . The tables below give a detailed country - by - country count of human losses . World War II fatality statistics vary , with estimates of total deaths ranging from 50 million to more than 80 million . The higher figure of over 80 million includes deaths from war - related disease and famine . Civilians killed totalled 50 to 55 million , including 19 to 28 million from war - related disease and famine . Military deaths from all causes totalled 21 to 25 million , including deaths in captivity of about 5 million prisoners of war . Recent historical scholarship has shed new light on the topic of Second World War casualties . Research in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union has caused a revision of estimates of Soviet WW2 fatalities . According to Russian government figures , USSR losses within postwar borders now stand at 26.6 million . including 8.5 million due to war related famine and disease In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) researchers estimated Poland 's dead at between 5.6 and 5.8 million . Historian Rüdiger Overmans of the Military History Research Office ( Germany ) published a study in 2000 that estimated the German military dead and missing at 5.3 million , including 900,000 men conscripted from outside of Germany 's 1937 borders , in Austria , and in east - central Europe . The People 's Republic of China puts its war dead at 20 million , while the Japanese government puts its casualties due to the war at 3.1 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification of casualties 2 Human losses by country 2.1 Total deaths 2.2 Nazi Germany 2.3 USSR 2.4 Holocaust deaths 2.4. 1 Jewish deaths 2.4. 2 Non-Jews persecuted and killed by Nazi and Nazi - affiliated forces 2.5 Japanese war crimes 2.6 Oppression in the Soviet Union 2.7 Military casualties by branch of service 2.8 Commonwealth military casualties 3 Charts and graphs 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 References 7 External links Classification of casualties Polish military officers executed by the Soviet NKVD in the Katyn massacre , exhumation photo taken by the Polish Red Cross delegation in 1943 . Compiling or estimating the numbers of deaths caused during wars and other violent conflicts is a controversial subject . Historians often put forward many different estimates of the numbers killed during World War II . The authors of the Oxford Companion to World War II maintain that `` casualty statistics are notoriously unreliable . '' The table below gives data on the number of dead for each country , along with population information to show the relative impact of losses . When scholarly sources differ on the number of deaths in a country , a range of war losses is given , in order to inform readers that the death toll is disputed . Since casualty statistics are sometimes disputed the footnotes to this article present the different estimates by official governmental sources as well as historians . Military figures include battle deaths ( KIA ) and personnel missing in action ( MIA ) , as well as fatalities due to accidents , disease and deaths of prisoners of war in captivity . Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing , Holocaust victims , German war crimes , Japanese war crimes , population transfers in the Soviet Union , Allied war crimes , and deaths due to war related famine and disease . The sources for the casualties of the individual nations do not use the same methods , and civilian deaths due to starvation and disease are not given for Japan , Germany and several other highly stressed populations . The losses listed here are actual deaths ; hypothetical losses due to a decline in births are not included with the total dead . The distinction between military and civilian casualties caused directly by warfare and collateral damage is not always clear - cut . For nations that suffered huge losses such as the Soviet Union , China , Poland , Germany , and Yugoslavia , sources can give only the total estimated population loss caused by the war and a rough estimate of the breakdown of deaths caused by military activity , crimes against humanity and war - related famine . The casualties listed here include 19 to 25 million war - related famine deaths in the USSR , China , Indonesia , Vietnam , the Philippines , India that are often omitted from other compilations of World War II casualties . The footnotes give a detailed breakdown of the casualties and their sources , including data on the number of wounded where reliable sources are available . Human losses by country Total deaths Human losses of World War II by country ( when the number of deaths in a country is disputed , a range of war losses is given ) The details of the figures are provided in the footnotes Country Total population 1 / 1 / 1939 Military deaths from all causes Civilian deaths due to military activity and crimes against humanity Civilian deaths due to war related famine and disease Total deaths Deaths as % of 1939 population Albania 1,073,000 30,000 30,000 2.80 Australia 6,968,000 39,700 700 40,400 0.58 Austria ( German - controlled ) 6,653,000 Included with German Army Included with Germany ( see table below ) Belgium 8,387,000 12,000 76,000 88,000 1.05 Brazil 40,289,000 1,000 1,000 2,000 0.00 Bulgaria 6,458,000 18,500 3,000 21,500 0.33 Burma ( British colony ) 16,119,000 2,600 250,000 252,600 1.57 Canada 11,267,000 42,000 1,600 43,600 0.38 China 517,568,000 3,000,000 to 3,750,000 + 7,357,000 to 8,191,000 5,000,000 to 10,000,000 15,000,000 to 20,000,000 2.90 to 3.86 Cuba 4,235,000 100 100 0.00 Czechoslovakia ( in postwar 1945 - 1992 borders ) 14,612,000 46,000 to 35,000 294,000 to 320,000 340,000 to 355,000 2.33 to 2.43 Denmark 3,795,000 6,000 6,000 0.16 Dutch East Indies 69,435,000 11,500 300,000 2,400,000 to 4,000,000 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 4.3 to 5.76 Egypt 16,492,000 1,100 1,100 0.00 Estonia ( within 1939 borders ) 1,134,000 34,000 ( in both Soviet & German armed forces ) 49,000 83,000 7.3 Ethiopia 17,700,000 15,000 85,000 100,000 0.56 Finland 3,700,000 83,000 to 95,000 2,000 85,000 to 95,000 2.30 to 2.57 France ( including colonies ) 41,680,000 210,000 390,000 600,000 1.44 French Indochina 24,664,000 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 1,000,000 to 2,200,000 4.05 to 8.11 Germany 69,300,000 4,440,000 to 5,318,000 1,500,000 to 3,000,000 6,900,000 to 7,400,000 ( see table below ) Greece 7,222,000 35,100 171,800 300,000 to 600,000 507,000 to 807,000 7.02 to 11.17 Guam 22,800 1,000 to 2,000 1,000 to 2,000 4.39 to 8.77 Hungary 9,129,000 300,000 264,000 564,000 6.18 Iceland 118,900 200 200 0.17 India ( British ) 377,800,000 87,000 1,500,000 to 2,500,000 1,600,000 to 2,600,000 0.42 to 0.69 Iran 14,340,000 200 200 0.00 Iraq ' 3,698,000 500 200 700 0.01 Ireland 2,960,000 Irish volunteers included with UK Armed Forces 100 100 0.00 Italy ( in postwar 1947 borders ) 44,394,000 319,200 to 341,000 Italian nationals and c . 20,000 Africans conscripted by Italy 153,200 492,400 to 514,000 1.11 to 1.16 Japan 71,380,000 2,100,000 to 2,300,000 550,000 to 800,000 2,500,000 to 3,100,000 3.50 to 4.34 Korea ( Japanese colony ) 24,326,000 Included with Japanese military 483,000 to 533,000 483,000 to 533,000 1.99 to 2.19 Latvia ( within 1939 borders ) 1,994,500 30,000 ( in both Soviet and German Armies ) 220,000 250,000 12.5 Lithuania ( within 1939 borders ) 2,575,000 25,000 ( in both Soviet and German Armies ) 345,000 370,000 14.36 Luxembourg 295,000 Included with German & Belgian military 5,000 5,000 1.69 Malaya & Singapore 5,118,000 100,000 100,000 1.95 Malta ( British ) 269,000 Included with U.K. 1,500 1,500 0.55 Mexico 19,320,000 100 100 0.00 Mongolia 819,000 300 300 0.04 Nauru ( Australian ) 3,400 500 500 14.7 Nepal 6,087,000 Included with British Indian Army Netherlands 8,729,000 6,700 187,300 16,000 210,000 2.41 Newfoundland ( British ) 320,000 1,100 ( included with the U.K. & Canada ) 100 1,200 0.03 New Zealand 1,629,000 11,700 11,700 0.72 Norway 2,945,000 2,000 8,200 10,200 0.35 Papua and New Guinea ( Australian ) 1,292,000 15,000 15,000 1.16 Philippines ( U.S. Territory ) 16,000,303 27,000 164,000 336,000 527,000 3.29 Poland ( within 1939 borders ) 34,849,000 240,000 5,620,000 to 5,820,000 5,900,000 to 6,000,000 16.93 to 17.22 Portuguese Timor 480,000 40,000 to 70,000 40,000 to 70,000 8.33 to 14.58 Romania ( in postwar 1945 borders ) 15,970,000 300,000 200,000 500,000 3.13 Ruanda - Urundi ( Belgian ) 3,800,000 300,000 300,000 7.89 South Africa 10,160,000 11,900 11,900 0.12 South Pacific Mandate ( Japanese ) 127,000 10,000 10,000 7.87 Soviet Union ( within 1946 -- 91 borders ) 188,793,000 8,668,000 to 11,400,000 10,000,000 6,000,000 to 7,000,000 20,000,000 to 27,000,000 ( see table below ) Spain 25,637,000 Included with the German Army Sweden 6,341,000 100 . 2,000 2,100 0.03 Switzerland 4,210,000 100 100 0.00 Thailand 15,023,000 5,600 2,000 7,600 0.05 Turkey 17,370,000 200 200 0.00 United Kingdom including British Colonies 47,760,000 383,700 67,200 450,900 0.94 United States 131,028,000 407,300 12,100 419,400 0.32 Yugoslavia 15,490,000 300,000 to 446,000 581,000 to 1,400,000 1,027,000 to 1,700,000 6.63 to 10.97 Other nations 300,000,000 Approx . totals 2,300,000,000 21,000,000 to 25,500,000 29,000,000 to 30,500,000 19,000,000 to 28,000,000 70,000,000 to 85,000,000 3.0 to 3.7 Figures are rounded to the nearest hundredth place . Military casualties include deaths of regular military forces from combat as well as non-combat causes . Partisan and resistance fighter deaths are included with military losses . The deaths of prisoners of war in captivity and personnel missing in action are also included with military deaths . Whenever possible the details are given in the footnotes . The armed forces of the various nations are treated as single entities , for example the deaths of Austrians , French and foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe in the Wehrmacht are included with German military losses . The official casualty statistics published by the governments of the United States , France , and the UK do not give the details of the national origin , race and religion of the losses . Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing , Holocaust victims , German war crimes , Japanese war crimes , population transfers in the Soviet Union , Allied war crimes , and deaths due to war related famine and disease . The exact breakdown is not always provided in the sources cited . Nazi Germany Main article : German casualties in World War II ( hide ) Human losses of the Third Reich in World War II ( included in above figures of total war dead ) A detailed description is given in the footnotes for Germany and Austria. ^ Country Population 1939 Military deaths Civilian deaths due to Allied Strategic Bombing Civilian deaths due to Nazi persecution Civilian deaths due Expulsion of Germans Total deaths Deaths as % of 1939 population Austria 6,653,000 250,000 to 261,000 24,000 100,000 370,000 5.56 Germany ( within 1937 borders ) 69,300,000 3,760,000 to 4,456,000 353,000 ( 1942 borders ) to 410,000 300,000 to 500,000 400,000 to 1,225,000 5,700,000 8.23 Foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe 7,423,000 430,000 to 538,000 200,000 to 886,000 738,000 to 1,316,000 9.96 to 17.76 Foreign nationals in western Europe 215,000 63,000 63,000 29.3 Approx . Totals 83,500,000 4,440,000 to 5,318,000 353,000 to 434,000 400,000 to 600,000 600,000 to 2,111,000 6,900,000 to 7,400,000 8.26 to 8.86 German sources do not provide figures for Soviet citizens conscripted by Germany . Russian historian G. Krivosheev puts the losses of the `` Vlasovites , Balts and Muslims etc . '' in German service at 215,000 USSR Main article : World War II casualties of the Soviet Union The estimated breakdown for each Soviet republic of total war dead ^ AY4 Soviet Republic Population 1940 ( within 1946 - 91 borders ) Military deaths Civilian deaths due to military activity and crimes against humanity Civilian deaths due to war related famine and disease Total Deaths as % of 1940 population Armenia 1,320,000 150,000 30,000 180,000 13.6 % Azerbaijan 3,270,000 210,000 90,000 300,000 9.1 % Belarus 9,050,000 620,000 1,360,000 310,000 2,290,000 25.3 % Estonia 1,050,000 30,000 50,000 80,000 7.6 % Georgia 3,610,000 190,000 110,000 300,000 8.3 % Kazakhstan 6,150,000 310,000 350,000 660,000 10.7 % Kyrgyzstan 1,530,000 70,000 50,000 120,000 7.8 % Latvia 1,890,000 30,000 190,000 40,000 260,000 13.7 % Lithuania 2,930,000 25,000 275,000 75,000 375,000 12.7 % Moldova 2,470,000 50,000 75,000 45,000 170,000 6.9 % Russia 110,100,000 6,750,000 4,100,000 3,100,000 13,950,000 12.7 % Tajikistan 1,530,000 50,000 70,000 120,000 7.8 % Turkmenistan 1,300,000 70,000 30,000 100,000 7.7 % Ukraine 41,340,000 1,650,000 3,700,000 1,500,000 6,850,000 16.3 % Uzbekistan 6,550,000 330,000 220,000 550,000 8.4 % Unidentified -- 165,000 130,000 295,000 Total USSR 194,090,000 10,600,000 10,000,000 6,000,000 26,600,000 13.7 % The source of the figures is Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow , 2004 . ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . pp 21 -- 35 . Erlikman , a Russian historian , notes that these figures are his estimates . The population listed here of 194.090 million is taken from Soviet era sources . Recent studies published in Russia put the actual corrected population in 1940 at 192.598 million . According to Russian estimates the population in 1939 included 20.268 million in the territories annexed by the USSR from 1939 -- 40 : the eastern regions of Poland 12.983 million ; Lithuania 2.440 million ; Latvia 1.951 million ; Estonia 1.122 million ; Romanian Bessarabia and Bukovina 3.7 million ; less transfers out of ( 392,000 ) ethnic Germans deported during the Nazi -- Soviet population transfers ; the Anders Army ( 120,000 ) ; the First Polish Army ( 1944 -- 45 ) ( 26,000 ) and Zakerzonia & the Belastok Region ( 1,392,000 ) which was returned to Poland in 1945 . Russian sources estimate post war population transfers resulted in a net loss of ( 622,000 ) . The additions were the annexation of the Carpatho - Ukraine 725,000 ; the Tuvan People 's Republic 81,000 ; the remaining population on South Sakhalin 29,000 and in the Kaliningrad Oblast 5,000 ; and the deportation of Ukrainians from Poland to the USSR in 1944 - 47 518,000 . The transfers out included the flight and expulsion of Poles from the USSR 1944 - 47 ( 1,529,000 ) and the post war emigration to the west ( 451,000 ) According to Viktor Zemskov 3 / 4 of the post war emigration to the west was of persons who were from the territories annexed in 1939 - 40 Estimates in the west for the population transfers differ . According to Sergei Maksudov , a Russian demographer living in the west , the population of the territories annexed by the USSR was 23 million less the net population transfers out of 3 million persons who emigrated from the USSR including 2,136,000 Poles who left the USSR ; 115,000 Polish soldiers of the Anders Army ; 392,000 Germans who left in the era of the Nazi - Soviet Pact and 400,000 Jews , Romanians , Germans Czech and Hungarians who emigrated after the war The Polish government - in - exile put the population of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union at 13.199 million Polish sources put the number of refugees from the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union living in post war Poland at about 2.2 million , about 700,000 more than those listed in the Soviet sources of Poles repatriated . The difference is due to the fact that Poles from the eastern regions who were deported to Germany during the war or had fled Volhynia and Eastern Galicia were not included in the figures of the organized transfers in 1944 - 47 . Figures for Belarus , Ukraine and Lithuania include about two million civilian dead that are also listed in Polish sources in the total war dead of Poland . Polish historian Krystyna Kersten estimated losses of about two million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union . The formal transfer of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union occurred with the Polish -- Soviet border agreement of August 1945 . According to Erlikman , in addition to the war dead , there were 1,700,000 deaths due to Soviet repression . ( 200,000 executed ; 4,500,000 sent to prisons and Gulag of whom 1,200,000 died ; 2,200,000 deported of whom 300,000 died ) Holocaust deaths Further information : The Holocaust and Holocaust victims Included in the figures of total war dead for each nation are victims of the Holocaust . Jewish deaths The Holocaust is the term generally used to describe the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II . Martin Gilbert estimates 5.7 million ( 78 % ) of the 7.3 million Jews in German occupied Europe were Holocaust victims . Estimates of Holocaust deaths range between 4.9 and 5.9 million Jews . Statistical breakdown of Jewish dead : In Nazi extermination camps : according to Polish Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) researchers , 2,830,000 Jews were murdered in the Nazi death camps ( 500,000 Belzec ; 150,000 Sobibor ; 850,000 Treblinka ; 150,000 Chełmno ; 1,100,000 Auschwitz ; 80,000 Majdanek ) . Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the death camps , including Romanian Transnistria , at 3.0 million . In the USSR by the Einsatzgruppen : Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the area of the mobile killing groups at 1.4 million . Aggravated deaths in the Ghettos of Nazi - occupied Europe : Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the Ghettos at 700,000 . Yad Vashem has identified the names of four million Jewish Holocaust dead . The figures for the pre-war Jewish population and deaths in the table below are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust . The low , high and average percentage figures for deaths of the pre-war population have been added . Country Pre-war Jewish population in 1933 Low estimate deaths High estimate deaths . Low % High % Average % Austria 191,000 ( see footnote ) 50,000 65,000 26.2 % 34.0 % 30.1 % Belgium 60,000 ( see footnote ) 25,000 29,000 41.7 % 48.3 % 45.0 % Czech Republic 92,000 77,000 78,300 83.7 % 85.1 % 84.4 % Denmark 8,000 60 116 0.8 % 1.5 % 1.1 % Estonia 4,600 1,500 2,000 32.6 % 43.5 % 38.0 % France 260,000 ( see footnote ) 75,000 77,000 28.8 % 29.6 % 29.2 % Germany 566,000 ( see footnote ) 135,000 142,000 23.9 % 25.1 % 24.5 % Greece 73,000 59,000 67,000 80.8 % 91.8 % 86.3 % Hungary ( borders 1940 ) 725,000 502,000 569,000 69.2 % 78.5 % 73.9 % Italy 48,000 6,500 9,000 13.5 % 18.8 % 16.1 % Latvia 95,000 70,000 72,000 73.7 % 75.8 % 74.7 % Lithuania 155,000 130,000 143,000 83.9 % 92.3 % 88.1 % Luxembourg 3,500 1,000 2,000 28.6 % 57.1 % 42.9 % Netherlands 112,000 ( see footnote ) 100,000 105,000 89.3 % 93.8 % 91.5 % Norway 1,700 800 800 47.1 % 47.1 % 47.1 % Poland ( borders 1939 ) 3,250,000 2,700,000 3,000,000 83.1 % 92.3 % 87.7 % Romania ( borders 1940 ) 441,000 121,000 287,000 27.4 % 65.1 % 46.3 % Slovakia 89,000 60,000 71,000 67.4 % 79.8 % 73.6 % Soviet Union ( borders 1939 ) 2,825,000 700,000 1,100,000 24.8 % 38.9 % 31.9 % Yugoslavia 68,000 56,000 65,000 82.4 % 95.6 % 89.0 % Total 9,067,000 4,869,860 5,894,716 50.4 % ( avg . ) 59.7 % ( avg . ) 55.1 % ( avg . ) The total population figures from 1933 listed here are taken from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust . From 1933 to 1939 about 400,000 Jews fled Germany , Austria , and Czechoslovakia . Some of these refugees were in western Europe when Germany occupied these countries in 1940 . In 1940 there were 30,000 Jewish refugees in the Netherlands , 12,000 in Belgium , 30,000 in France , 2,000 in Denmark , 5,000 in Italy , and 2,000 in Norway Netherlands figure listed in the table of 112,000 Jews taken from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust includes those Jews who were resident in Holland in 1933 . By 1940 the Jewish population had increased to 140,000 with the inclusion of 30,000 Jewish refugees . In the Netherlands 8,000 Jews in mixed marriages were not subject to deportation . However an article in the Dutch periodical De Groene Amsterdammer maintains that some Jews in mixed marriages were deported before the practice was ended by Hitler . Hungarian Jewish Holocaust victims within the 1939 borders were 200,000 . Romanian Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 469,000 within 1939 borders , which includes 300,000 in Bessarabia and Bukovina occupied by the U.S.S.R. in 1940 . According to Martin Gilbert , Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 8,000 in Italy , and 562 in the Italian colony of Libya Non-Jews persecuted and killed by Nazi and Nazi - affiliated forces See also : The Holocaust in Ukraine Some scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the other victims persecuted and killed by the Nazis . Donald L. Niewyk professor of history at Southern Methodist University maintains that the Holocaust can be defined in four ways : first , that it was the genocide of the Jews alone ; second , that there were several parallel Holocausts , one for each of the several groups ; third , the Holocaust would include Roma and the handicapped along with the Jews ; fourth , it would include all racially motivated German crimes , such as the murder of Soviet prisoners of war , Polish and Soviet civilians , as well as political prisoners , religious dissenters , and homosexuals . Using this definition , the total number of Holocaust victims is between 11 million and 17 million people . According to the College of Education of the University of South Florida Approximately 11 million people were killed because of Nazi genocidal policy . R.J. Rummel estimated the death toll due to Nazi Democide at 20.9 million persons . Timothy Snyder put the victims of the Nazis killed only as result of deliberate policies of mass murder such as executions , deliberate famine and in death camps at 10.4 million persons including 5.4 million Jews . German scholar Hellmuth Auerbach puts the death toll in the Hitler era at 6 million Jews killed in the Holocaust and 7 million other victims of the Nazis . Dieter Pohl puts the total number of victims of the Nazi era at between 12 and 14 million persons , including 5.6 -- 5.7 million Jews . Roma Included in the figures of total war dead are the Roma victims of the Nazi persecution , some scholars include the Roma deaths with the Holocaust . Most estimates of Roma ( Gypsies ) victims range from 130,000 to 500,000 . Ian Hancock , Director of the Program of Romani Studies and the Romani Archives and Documentation Center at the University of Texas at Austin , has argued in favour of a higher figure of between 500,000 and 1,500,000 Roma dead . Hancock writes that , proportionately , the death toll equaled `` and almost certainly exceed ( ed ) , that of Jewish victims '' . In a 2010 publication , Ian Hancock stated that he agrees with the view that the number of Romanis killed has been underestimated as a result of being grouped with others in Nazi records under headings such as `` remainder to be liquidated '' , `` hangers - on '' and `` partisans '' . The following figures are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust , the authors maintain that `` statistics on Gypsy losses are especially unreliable and controversial . These figures ( cited below ) are based on necessarily rough estimates '' . Country Pre-war Roma population Low estimate victims High estimate victims Austria 11,200 6,800 8,250 Belgium 600 350 500 Czech Republic 13,000 5,000 6,500 Estonia 1,000 500 1,000 France 40,000 15,150 15,150 Germany 20,000 15,000 15,000 Greece ? 50 50 Hungary 100,000 1,000 28,000 Italy 25,000 1,000 1,000 Latvia 5,000 1,500 2,500 Lithuania 1,000 500 1,000 Luxembourg 200 100 200 Netherlands 500 215 500 Poland 50,000 8,000 35,000 Romania 300,000 19,000 36,000 Slovakia 80,000 400 10,000 Soviet Union ( borders 1939 ) 200,000 30,000 35,000 Yugoslavia 100,000 26,000 90,000 Total 947,500 130,565 285,650 Handicapped persons : 200,000 to 250,000 handicapped persons were killed . A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the Action T4 and Action 14f13 programs at 200,000 . Prisoners of War : POW deaths in Nazi captivity totalled 3.1 million including 2.6 to 3 million Soviet prisoners of war . Ethnic Poles : According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum `` It is estimated that the Germans killed at least 1.9 million non-Jewish Polish civilians during World War II . '' They maintain that `` Documentation remains fragmentary , but today scholars of independent Poland believe that 1.8 to 1.9 million Polish civilians ( non-Jews ) were victims of German Occupation policies and the war . '' However the Polish government affiliated Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) in 2009 estimated 2,770,000 ethnic Polish deaths due to the German occupation ( see World War II casualties of Poland ) . Russians , Ukrainians and Belarusians : According to Nazi ideology , Slavs were useless sub-humans . As such , their leaders , the Soviet elite , were to be killed and the remainder of the population enslaved or expelled further eastward . As a result , millions of civilians in the Soviet Union were deliberately killed , starved , or worked to death . Contemporary Russian sources use the terms `` genocide '' and `` premeditated extermination '' when referring to civilian losses in the occupied USSR . Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet partisan war and wartime - related famine account for a major part of the huge toll . The Cambridge History of Russia puts overall civilian deaths in the Nazi - occupied USSR at 13.7 million persons including 2 million Jews . There were an additional 2.6 million deaths in the interior regions of the Soviet Union . The authors maintain `` scope for error in this number is very wide '' . At least 1 million perished in the wartime GULAG camps or in deportations . Other deaths occurred in the wartime evacuations and due to war related malnutrition and disease in the interior . The authors maintain that both Stalin and Hitler `` were both responsible but in different ways for these deaths '' , and `` In short the general picture of Soviet wartime losses suggests a jigsaw puzzle . The general outline is clear : people died in colossal numbers but in many different miserable and terrible circumstances . But individual pieces of the puzzle do not fit well ; some overlap and others are yet to be found '' . Bohdan Wytwycky maintained that civilian losses of 3.0 million Ukrainians and 1.4 million Belarusians `` were racially motivated '' . According to Paul Robert Magocsi , between 1941 and 1945 , approximately 3,000,000 Ukrainian and other non-Jewish victims were killed as part of Nazi extermination policies in the territory of modern Ukraine . Dieter Pohl puts the total number of victims of the Nazi policies in the USSR at 500,000 civilians killed in the repression of partisans , 1.0 million victims of the Nazi Hunger Plan , c. 3.0 million Soviet POW and 1.0 million Jews ( in pre-war borders ) . Soviet author Georgiy A. Kumanev put the civilian death toll in the Nazi - occupied USSR at 8.2 million ( 4.0 million Ukrainians , 2.5 million Belarusians , and 1.7 million Russians ) . A report published by the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1995 put the death toll due to the German occupation at 13.7 million civilians ( including Jews ) : 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals ; 2.2 million persons deported to Germany for forced labor ; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory . Sources published in the Soviet Union were cited to support these figures . Homosexuals : According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum `` Between 1933 and 1945 the police arrested an estimated 100,000 men as homosexuals . Most of the 50,000 men sentenced by the courts spent time in regular prisons , and between 5,000 and 15,000 were interned in concentration camps . '' They also noted that there are no known statistics for the number of homosexuals who died in the camps . Other victims of Nazi persecution : Between 1,000 and 2,000 Roman Catholic clergy , about 1,000 Jehovah 's Witnesses , and an unknown number of Freemasons perished in Nazi prisons and camps . `` The fate of black people from 1933 - 45 in Nazi Germany and in German - occupied territories ranged from isolation to persecution , sterilization , medical experimentation , incarceration , brutality , and murder . '' During the Nazi era Communists , Socialists , Social Democrats , and trade union leaders were victims of Nazi persecution . Serbs : The numbers of Serbs murdered by the Ustaše is the subject of debate and estimates vary widely . Yad Vashem estimates over 500,000 murdered , 250,000 expelled and 200,000 forcibly converted to Catholicism . The estimate of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is that the Ustaše murdered between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia between 1941 -- 45 , with roughly 45,000 to 52,000 murdered at the Jasenovac concentration camp alone . According to the Wiesenthal Center at least 90,000 Serbs , Jews , Gypsies and anti-fascist Croatians perished at the hands of the Ustashe at the camp at Jasenovac . According to Yugoslav sources published in the Tito era the estimates of the number of Serb victims range from 200,000 to at least 600,000 persons . See also World War II persecution of Serbs . Japanese war crimes Main article : Japanese war crimes Included with total war dead are victims of Japanese war crimes . R.J. Rummel estimates the civilian victims of Japanese democide at 5,424,000 . Detailed by country : China 3,695,000 ; Indochina 457,000 ; Korea 378,000 ; Indonesia 375,000 ; Malaya - Singapore 283,000 ; Philippines 119,000 , Burma 60,000 and Pacific Islands 57,000 . Rummel estimates POW deaths in Japanese custody at 539,000 Detailed by country : China 400,000 ; French Indochina 30,000 ; Philippines 27,300 ; Netherlands 25,000 ; France 14,000 ; Britain 13,000 ; British Colonies 11,000 ; US 10,700 ; Australia 8,000 . Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian deaths at 20,365,000 . Detailed by country : China 12,392,000 ; Indochina 1,500,000 ; Korea 500,000 ; Dutch East Indies 3,000,000 ; Malaya and Singapore 100,000 ; Philippines 500,000 ; Burma 170,000 ; Forced laborers in Southeast Asia 70,000 , 30,000 interned non-Asian civilians ; Timor 60,000 ; Thailand and Pacific Islands 60,000 . Gruhl estimates POW deaths in Japanese captivity at 331,584 . Detailed by country : China 270,000 ; Netherlands 8,500 ; Britain 12,433 ; Canada 273 ; Philippines 20,000 ; Australia 7,412 ; New Zealand 31 ; and the United States 12,935 . Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore , 11,000 died in captivity . There were 14,657 deaths among the total 130,895 western civilians interned by the Japanese due to famine and disease . Oppression in the Soviet Union The total war dead in the USSR includes victims of Soviet oppression . The number of deaths in the Gulag labor camps increased as a result of wartime overcrowding and food shortages . The Stalin regime deported the entire populations of ethnic minorities considered to be potentially disloyal . Since 1990 Russian scholars have been given access to the Soviet - era archives and have published data on the numbers of people executed and those who died in Gulag labor camps and prisons . The Russian scholar Viktor Zemskov puts the death toll from 1941 -- 1945 at about 1 million based on data from the Soviet archives . The Soviet - era archive figures on the Gulag labor camps has been the subject of a vigorous academic debate outside Russia since their publication in 1991 . J. Arch Getty and Stephen G. Wheatcroft maintain that Soviet - era figures more accurately detail the victims of the Gulag labor camp system in the Stalin era . Robert Conquest and Steven Rosefielde have disputed the accuracy of the data from the Soviet archives , maintaining that the demographic data and testimonials by survivors of the Gulag labor camps indicate a higher death toll . Rosefielde posits that the release of the Soviet Archive figures is disinformation generated by the modern KGB . Rosefielde maintains that the data from the Soviet archives is incomplete ; for example , he pointed out that the figures do not include the 22,000 victims of the Katyn massacre . Rosefielde 's demographic analysis puts the number of excess deaths due to Soviet repression at 2,183,000 in 1939 -- 40 and 5,458,000 from 1941 -- 1945 . Michael Haynes and Rumy Husun accept the figures from the Soviet archives as being an accurate tally of Stalin 's victims , they maintain that the demographic data depicts an underdeveloped Soviet economy and the losses in World War Two rather than indicating a higher death toll in the Gulag labor camps . In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) researchers estimated 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression . Since the collapse of the USSR , Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation . Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90,000 -- 100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets . In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350,000 . The Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations put civilian deaths due to the Soviet occupation in 1940 -- 1941 at 33,900 including ( 7,800 deaths ) of arrested people , ( 6,000 ) deportee deaths , ( 5,000 ) evacuee deaths , ( 1,100 ) people gone missing and ( 14,000 ) conscripted for forced labor . After the reoccupation by the U.S.S.R. , 5,000 Estonians died in Soviet prisons during 1944 -- 45 . The following is a summary of the data from the Soviet archives : Reported deaths for the years 1939 -- 1945 1,187,783 , including : judicial executions 46,350 ; deaths in Gulag labor camps 718,804 ; deaths in labor colonies and prisons 422,629 . Deported to special settlements : ( figures are for deportations to Special Settlements only , not including those executed , sent to Gulag labor camps or conscripted into the Soviet Army . Nor do the figures include additional deportations after the war ) . Deported from annexed territories 1940 -- 41 380,000 to 390,000 persons , including : Poland 309 -- 312,000 ; Lithuania 17,500 ; Latvia 17,000 ; Estonia 6,000 ; Moldova 22,842 . In August 1941 , 243,106 Poles living in the Special Settlements were amnestied and released by the Soviets . Deported during the War 1941 -- 1945 about 2.3 million persons of Soviet ethnic minorities including : Soviet Germans 1,209,000 ; Finns 9,000 ; Karachays 69,000 ; Kalmyks 92,000 ; Chechens and Ingush 479,000 ; Balkars 37,000 ; Crimean Tatars 191,014 ; Meskhetian Turks 91,000 ; Greeks , Bulgarians and Armenians from Crimea 42,000 ; Ukrainian OUN members 100,000 ; Poles 30,000 . A total of 2,230,500 persons were living in the settlements in October 1945 and 309,100 deaths were reported in special settlements for the years 1941 -- 1948 . Russian sources list Axis prisoner of war deaths of 580,589 in Soviet captivity based on data in the Soviet archives ( Germany 381,067 ; Hungary 54,755 ; Romania 54,612 ; Italy 27,683 ; Finland 403 , and Japan 62,069 ) . However some western scholars estimate the total at between 1.7 and 2.3 million . Military casualties by branch of service Country Branch of service Number served Killed / missing Wounded Prisoners of war Captured Percent killed Germany Army 13,600,000 4,202,000 30.9 Germany Air Force ( including infantry units ) 2,500,000 433,000 17.3 Germany Navy 1,200,000 138,000 11.5 Germany Waffen SS 900,000 314,000 34.9 Germany Volkssturm and other Paramilitary Forces 231,000 Germany Total ( incl . conscripted foreigners ) 18,200,000 5,318,000 6,035,000 11,100,000 29.2 Japan Army ( 1937 -- 1945 ) 6,300,000 1,326,076 85,600 30,000 24.2 Japan Navy ( 1941 -- 1945 ) 2,100,000 414,879 8,900 10,000 19.8 Japan POW dead after Surrender . 381,000 Japan Imperial Japan Total 8,400,000 2,121,955 94,500 40,000 25.3 Italy Army 3,040,000 246,432 8.1 Italy Navy 259,082 31,347 12.0 Italy Air Force 130,000 13,210 10.2 Italy Partisan forces 80,000 to 250,000 35,828 14 to 44 Italy RSI forces 520,000 13,021 to 35,000 2.5 to 6.7 Italy Total Italy 3,430,000 319,207 to 341,000 320,000 1,300,000 9.3 to 9.9 Soviet Union ( 1939 -- 40 ) All branches of service 136,945 205,924 Soviet Union ( 1941 -- 45 ) All branches of service 34,476,700 8,668,400 14,685,593 4,050,000 25.1 Soviet Union Conscripted Reservists not yet in active service ( see note below ) 500,000 Soviet Union Civilians in POW camps ( see note below ) 1,000,000 1,750,000 Soviet Union Paramilitary and Soviet partisan units 400,000 Soviet Union Total Soviet Forces 34,476,700 10,725,345 14,915,517 5,750,000 31.1 British Empire and Commonwealth All branches of service 17,843,000 580,497 475,000 318,000 3.3 United States Army 11,260,000 318,274 565,861 124,079 2.8 United States Air Force ( included with Army ) ( 3,400,000 ) ( 88,119 ) ( 17,360 ) 2.5 United States Navy 4,183,446 62,614 37,778 3,848 1.5 United States Marine Corps 669,100 24,511 68,207 2,274 3.7 United States Coast Guard 241,093 1,917 0.8 United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps 2,600 8 0.3 United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps United States Total U.S. Armed Forces 16,353,639 407,316 671,846 130,201 2.5 Germany The number killed in action was 2,303,320 ; died of wounds , disease or accidents 500,165 ; 11,000 sentenced to death by court martial ; 2,007,571 missing in action or unaccounted for after the war ; 25,000 suicides ; 12,000 unknown ; 459,475 confirmed POW deaths , of whom 77,000 were in the custody of the U.S. , UK and France ; and 363,000 in Soviet custody . POW deaths includes 266,000 in the post-war period after June 1945 , primarily in Soviet captivity . Rüdiger Overmans writes `` It seems entirely plausible , while not provable , that one half of the 1.5 million missing on the eastern front were killed in action , the other half ( 700,000 ) however in fact died in Soviet custody '' . Soviet sources list the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces POW taken in the war . USSR Estimated total Soviet military war dead from 1941 -- 45 on the Eastern Front ( World War II ) including missing in action , POWs and Soviet partisans range from 8.6 to 10.6 million . There were an additional 127,000 war dead in 1939 -- 40 during the Winter War with Finland . The official figures for military war dead and missing from 1941 -- 45 are 8,668,400 comprising 6,329,600 combat related deaths , 555,500 non-combat deaths. 500,000 missing in action and 1,103,300 POW dead and another 180,000 liberated POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries . Figures include Navy losses of 154,771 . Non-combat deaths include 157,000 sentenced to death by court martial . Casualties in 1939 -- 40 include the following dead and missing , Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 ( 8,931 ) ; Invasion of Poland of 1939 ( 1,139 ) ; Winter War with Finland ( 1939 -- 40 ) ( 126,875 ) . The number of wounded includes 2,576,000 permanently disabled . The official Russian figure for total POW held by the Germans is 4,059,000 ; the number of Soviet POW who survived the war was 2,016,000 , including 180,000 who most likely emigrated to other countries , and an additional 939,700 POW and MIA who were redrafted as territory was liberated . This leaves 1,103,000 POW dead . However , western historians put the number of POW held by the Germans at 5.7 million and about 3 million as dead in captivity ( in the official Russian figures 1.1 million are military POW and remaining balance of about 2 million are included with civilian war dead ) . Conscripted reservists is an estimate of men called up , primarily in 1941 , who were killed in battle or died as POWs before being listed on active strength . Soviet and Russian sources classify these losses as civilian deaths . British Commonwealth Number served : UK and Crown Colonies ( 5,896,000 ) ; India - ( British colonial administration ) ( 2,582,000 ) , Australia ( 993,000 ) ; Canada ( 1,100,000 ) ; New Zealand ( 295,000 ) ; South Africa ( 250,000 ) . Total war related deaths reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission : UK and Crown Colonies ( 383,786 ) ; India - ( British colonial administration ) ( 87,032 ) , Australia ( 40,464 ) ; Canada ( 45,383 ) ; New Zealand ( 11,929 ) ; South Africa ( 11,903 ) . Total military dead for the United Kingdom alone ( according to preliminary 1945 figures ) : 264,443 . Royal Navy ( 50,758 ) ; British Army ( 144,079 ) ; Royal Air Force ( 69,606 ) . Wounded : UK and Crown Colonies ( 284,049 ) ; India - ( British colonial administration ) ( 64,354 ) , Australia ( 39,803 ) ; Canada ( 53,174 ) ; New Zealand ( 19,314 ) ; South Africa ( 14,363 ) . Prisoner of war : UK and Crown Colonies ( 180,488 ) ; India - ( British colonial administration ) ( 79,481 ) ; Australia ( 26,358 ) ; South Africa ( 14,750 ) ; Canada ( 9,334 ) ; New Zealand ( 8,415 ) . The Debt of Honour Register from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7 m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars . U.S. Battle deaths ( including POWs who died in captivity , does not include those who died of disease and accidents ) were 292,131 : Army 234,874 ( including Army Air Forces 52,173 ) ; Navy 36,950 ; Marine Corps 19,733 ; and Coast Guard 574 ( 185,924 deaths occurred in the European / Atlantic theater of operations and 106,207 deaths occurred in Asia / Pacific theater of operations ) . During World War II , 14,059 American POWs died in enemy captivity throughout the war ( 12,935 held by Japan and 1,124 held by Germany ) . During World War II , 1.2 million African Americans served in the U.S. Armed Forces and 708 were killed in action . 350,000 American women served in the Armed Forces during World War II and 16 were killed in action . During World War II , 26,000 Japanese - Americans served in the Armed Forces and over 800 were killed in action . Commonwealth military casualties The Commonwealth War Graves Commission ( CWGC ) Annual Report 2014 -- 2015 is the source of the military dead for the British Empire . The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead . The statistics tabulated by the CWGC are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen / women of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth and former UK Dependencies , whose death was attributable to their war service . Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions . For the purposes of CWGC the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth War Dead are 3 September 1939 to 31 December 1947 . Charts and graphs Military and civilian deaths during World War II for the Allied and the Axis Powers . Axis Military personnel killed , percentage by country . Allies Military personnel killed , percentage by country . World War II Military Deaths by Country ( using Wikipedia 's cited numbers ) See also World War II casualties of Poland World War II casualties of the Soviet Union German casualties in World War II Equipment losses in World War II World War I casualties List of wars and disasters by death toll Footnotes ^ A Albania No reliable statistics on Albania 's wartime losses exist , but the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration reported about 30,000 Albanian war dead . Albanian official statistics claim somewhat higher losses . Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 200 , these Jews were Yugoslav citizens resident in Albania . Jews of Albanian origin survived the Holocaust . ^ B Australia The Australian War Memorial reports 39,648 military deaths . This figure includes all personnel who died from war - related causes during 1939 -- 47 . According to official statistics Australian battle casualties included 27,073 killed , died of wounds or died as POW ; wounded or injured in action were 23,477 , these figures exclude non-battle casualties , such as deaths in non operational areas and deaths due to natural causes . The Australian government does not regard merchant mariners as military personnel and the 349 Australians killed in action while crewing merchant ships around the world , are included in the total civilian deaths . Other civilian fatalities were due to air raids and attacks on passenger ships . The preliminary data for Australian losses included 23,365 killed , 6,030 missing , 39,803 wounded , and 26,363 POWs . ^ C Austria Military war dead reported by Rüdiger Overmans of 261,000 are included with Germany . Austrian civilian casualties were 99,700 victims of Nazi persecution and 24,000 killed in Allied air raids . The Austrian government provides the following information on human losses during the rule of the Nazis . `` For Austria the consequences of the Nazi regime and the Second World War were disastrous : During this period 2,700 Austrians had been executed and more than 16,000 citizens murdered in the concentration camps . Some 16,000 Austrians were killed in prison , while over 67,000 Austrian Jews were deported to death camps , only 2,000 of them lived to see the end of the war . In addition , 247,000 Austrians lost their lives serving in the army of the Third Reich or were reported missing , and 24,000 civilians were killed during bombing '' raids . ^ D Belgium Belgian government sources reported 12,000 military war dead which included ( 8,800 killed , 500 missing in action , 200 executed , 800 resistance movement fighters and 1,800 POWs ) and civilian losses of 73,000 which included ( 32,200 deaths due to military operations , 3,400 executed , 8,500 political deportees , 5,000 workers in Germany and 27,000 Jewish Holocaust victims ) . Losses of about 10,000 in the German Armed Forces are not included in these figures , they are included with German military casualties . ^ E Brazil The Brazilian Expeditionary Force war dead were 510 , Navy losses in the Battle of the Atlantic were 492 . Civilian losses due to attacks on merchant shipping were 470 merchant mariners and 502 passengers . ^ F Bulgaria Total Bulgarian military war dead were 18,500 including 6,671 battle deaths There were 3,000 civilian deaths in Allied air raids including 1,400 in the bombing of Sofia A Russian historian in a handbook of human losses in the 20th century has provided the following assessment of Bulgarian casualties : Military deaths : 2,000 military Axis occupation forces in Yugoslavia and Greece ; 10,124 dead as allies of the USSR and 10,000 Anti-Fascist Partisan deaths . Regarding partisan and civilian casualties Erlikman notes `` According to the official data of the royal government 2,320 were killed and 199 executed . The communists claim that 20 -- 35,000 persons died . In reality deaths were 10,000 , including and unknown number of civilians . '' ^ G Burma Military casualties with the pro-Japanese Burma National Army were 400 killed in action , 1,500 other deaths , 715 missing , 2,000 wounded and 800 POW Civilian deaths during the Japanese occupation of Burma totalled 250,000 ; 110,000 Burmese , plus 100,000 Indian and 40,000 Chinese civilians in Burma . Werner Gruhl estimates 70,000 Asian laborers died cruelly during the construction of the Burma Railway . ^ H Canada The Canadian War Museum puts military losses at 42,000 plus 1,600 Merchant Navy deaths . An additional 700 military dead from Newfoundland are included with the U.K. Library and Archives Canada puts military losses at 44,090 ( 24,525 Army , 17,397 Air Force , 2,168 Navy . ) The preliminary data for Canadian losses included killed 37,476 , missing 1,843 , wounded 53,174 and POW 9,045 . ^ I China Sources for total Chinese war dead are divergent and range from 10 to 20 million as detailed below . John W. Dower has noted `` So great was the devastation and suffering in China that in the end it is necessary to speak of uncertain ' millions ' of deaths . Certainly , it is reasonable to think in general terms of approximately 10 million Chinese war dead , a total surpassed only by the Soviet Union . '' Dower cited a United Nations report from 1947 that put Chinese war dead at 9 million . According to Rana Mitter `` the death toll on China is still being calculated , but conservative estimates number the dead at 14 million '' Rana Mitter cited the estimate of Chinese casualties by Odd Arne Westad of 2 million combat deaths and 12 civilian deaths , Mitter also cited a Chinese study published in 2006 that put the death toll in the war at 8 to 10 million . An academic study of the Chinese population concluded that `` a conservative estimate would put total human casualties directly caused by the war of 1937 - 1945 at between 15,000,000 and 20,000,000 '' This study cited a Chinese Nationalist source that put total civilian casualties at 2,144,048 = ( 1,073,496 killed ; 237,319 wounded ; 71,050 captured by Japanese ; 335,934 killed in Japanese air raids ; 426,249 wounded in air raids ) , military casualties at 6,750,000 from 1937 - 1943 ( 1,500,000 killed ; 3,000,000 wounded ; 750,000 missing ; 1,500,000 deaths caused by sickness , etc . In addition 960,000 collaborator forces and 446,736 Communist were killed or wounded The official Chinese government ( communist ) statistic for China 's civilian and military casualties in the Second Sino - Japanese War from 1937 -- 1945 is 20 million dead and 15 million wounded . Chinese scholar Bianxiu Yue has published a study of China 's population losses in the Second Sino - Japanese War . He put total Chinese losses at 20.6 million dead and 14.2 million injured . Official Nationalist Chinese casualty figures were : killed 1,319,958 ; wounded 1,716,335 and missing 130,126 , An academic study of the Chinese population concluded that these figures are `` unreasonably low '' and `` highly suspect '' R.J. Rummel 's estimate of total war dead from 1937 -- 45 is 19,605,000 . Military dead : 3,400,000 ( including 400,000 POW ) Nationalist / Communist , and 432,000 collaborator forces. Civilian war deaths : 3,808,000 killed in fighting and 3,549,000 victims of Japanese war crimes ( not including an additional 400,000 POWs ). Other deaths : Repression by Chinese Nationalists 5,907,000 ( 3,081,000 military conscripts who died due to mistreatment and 2,826,000 civilian deaths caused by Nationalist government , including the 1938 Yellow River flood ) ; political repression by Chinese Communists 250,000 and by Warlords 110,000 . Additional deaths due to famine were 2,250,000 . Werner Gruhl estimates China 's total war losses at 15,554,000 , Civilians : 12,392,000 including ( 8,191,000 ) due to the Japanese brutality and military dead 3,162,000 . ^ J Cuba Cuba lost 5 merchant ships and 79 dead merchant mariners . ^ K Czechoslovakia According to the Czechoslovak State Statistical Office the population at 1 / 1 / 1939 ( within post war 1945 - 1992 borders ) was 14,612,000 The population in 1939 included about 3.3 million ethnic Germans that were expelled after the war or were German military casualties during the war . Russian demographer Boris Urlanis estimated Czechoslovak war dead of 340,000 persons , 46,000 military and 294,000 civilians A Russian historian in a handbook of human losses in the 20th century has provided the following assessment of Czechoslovak casualties : 35,000 Military deaths : including : killed during 1938 occupation ( 171 ) ; Czechoslovak Forces with the Western Allies ( 3,220 ) ; Czechoslovak military units on Eastern front ( 4,570 ) ; Slovak Republic Axis forces ( 7,000 ) ; Czechs in German forces ( 5,000 ) , partisan losses 10,000 and ( 5,000 ) POWs . 320,000 Civilian deaths : ( 10,000 ) in bombing and shelling ; ( 22,000 ) executed ; ( 285,000 in camps including 270,000 Jews , 8,000 Roma ) ; and ( 3,000 ) forced laborers in Germany . ^ L Denmark The Danish Ministry of Education has detailed Denmark 's losses in the war of about 8,000 persons including 2,685 killed in Denmark in bombing raids , resistance fighters and those executed by the Germans and 3,000 who died outside Denmark including ( 2,000 merchant seamen , 63 serving with Allied forces , 600 in German camps , 400 workers in Germany ) . In addition 2,000 Danish volunteers were killed serving in the Germany military . ^ M Dutch East Indies The United Nations reported in 1947 that `` about 30,000 Europeans and 300,000 Indonesian internees and forced laborers died during the occupation . '' They reported , `` The total number who were killed by the Japanese , or who died from , hunger , disease and lack of medical attention is estimated at 3,000,000 for Java alone , 1,000,000 for the Outer Islands . Altogether 35,000 of the 240,000 Europeans died ; most of them were men of working age . '' John W. Dower cited the 1947 UN report that estimated 4 million famine and forced labor dead during the Japanese Occupation of Indonesia . Werner Gruhl estimated the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 3,000,000 Indonesians and 30,000 interned Europeans . A discussion of the famine in Java during 1944 -- 45 , leads Pierre van der Eng to conclude that 2.4 million Indonesians perished . Dutch Military losses in Asia were 2,500 killed in the 1942 Dutch East Indies campaign Data from the Netherlands Institute of War Documentation puts the number of Dutch POW captured by the Japanese at 37,000 of whom 8,500 died . The Japanese interned 105,530 Dutch civilians in the East Indies , of whom 13,567 died . ^ MA Egypt Egyptian military casualties were 1,125 killed and 1,308 wounded . The British used the Egyptian army to guard lines of communication and to clear minefields . ^ N Estonia Estonia 's human losses due to the Soviet and German occupation of Estonia from 1940 to 1945 were approximately 67,000 persons based on a study by Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression . Soviet occupation 1940 - 41 dead and missing of 43,900 including ( 7,800 ) arrested persons who were murdered or perished in the Soviet Union ; ( 6,000 ) deported persons who perished in the Soviet Union ; ( 24,000 ) mobilized persons who perished in the Soviet Union and ( 1,100 ) persons who went missing ) Losses during the 1941 -- 1944 Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany were 23,040 , including ( 7,800 ) executed by Nazis and ( 1,040 ) killed in prison camps . ( 200 ) people died in forced labor in Germany . ( 800 ) deaths in Soviet bombing raids against Estonian cities , ( 1,000 ) killed in Allied air raids on Germany and ( 1,000 ) perished at sea while attempting to flee the country in 1944 -- 45 . ( 10,000 ) Estonians were war dead in the Germany armed forces and ( 1,000 ) surrendered POW were executed by the Soviets . Included in the above figures is the genocide of ( 243 ) Roma people and ( 929 ) Jews After the reoccupation by the USSR , 16,000 Estonians died in Soviet repressions during 1944 -- 53 . Total deaths from 1940 -- 53 due the war and the Soviet occupation were approximately 83,000 persons ( 7.3 % of the population ) . ^ O Ethiopia Total military and civilian dead in the East African Campaign were 100,000 including 15,000 native military with Italian forces . Small and Singer put the military losses at 5,000 . The deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy are not included with the Italian war dead . The Italian Ministry of Defense estimated 10,000 deaths of native soldiers in East African Campaign These totals do not include losses in the Italian Second Italo - Abyssinian War and Italian occupation from 1935 -- 41 . The official Ethiopian government report lists 760,000 deaths due to the war and Italian occupation from 1935 -- 41 . However , R.J. Rummel estimates 200,000 Ethiopians and Libyans were killed by the Italians from the 1920s -- 1941 `` based on Discovery TV Cable Channel Program ' Timewatch ' '' , which aired January 17 , 1992 . ^ P Finland Military dead include killed and missing from the Winter War and Continuation War with the Soviet Union , as well as action against German forces in 1944 -- 45 . Winter War ( 1939 -- 40 ) losses were 22,830 , military deaths from 1941 -- 44 were 58,715 , and 1,036 in 1944 -- 45 in the Lapland War . The Finnish National Archives website lists the names of the 95,000 Finnish war dead . The war dead database 1939 - 1945 includes all servicemen and women who died during being listed in the Finnish army , navy or the air force . It also includes foreign volunteers who died during their service in Finland and Finnish SS - men who died while serving in the German army. The database contains civilians in case they have been buried at a military cemetery . That was sometimes done if the deceased was , for example , an ammunition worker , air raid victim or a civilian worker who for some other reason died because of the war . Some parishes continued burying in second world war military cemeteries up to the 1980s . Soviet sources list the deaths of 403 of the 2,377 Finnish POW taken in the War . During the Winter war of 1939 -- 40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served alongside the Finns in combat . 1,407 Finnish volunteers served in the Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen - SS and 256 were killed in action . Civilian war dead were 2,000 , due in part to the bombing of Helsinki in World War II . ^ Q France French military war of 210,000 dead include 150,000 regular forces ( 1939 -- 40 Battle of France 92,000 ; 1940 -- 45 on Western Front ( World War II ) 58,000 ) ; 20,000 French resistance fighters and 40,000 POWs in Germany . Civilian losses of 390,000 include : ( 60,000 killed in bombardments , 60,000 in land fighting , 30,000 murdered in executions , 60,000 political deportees , 40,000 workers in Germany , 100,000 victims of Nazi genocide ( Jews & Roma ) and 40,000 French nationals in the German Armed forces who were conscripted in Alsace - Lorraine , ) The French Ministry of Defense puts French military war dead at 200,000 . They note that these losses include combatants from the French colonies as well as metropolitan France ; regular soldiers and members of the resistance . Vadim Erlikman a Russian historian , estimates losses of Africans in the French Colonial Forces at about 22,000 . 752 civilians were killed during the US air attacks on French Tunisia in 1942 -- 43 . R.J. Rummel estimates the deaths of 20,000 anti-Fascist Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps , these deaths are included with French civilian casualties . ^ R French Indochina John W. Dower estimated 1.0 million deaths due to Vietnamese Famine of 1945 during Japanese occupation . Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 1,500,000 . Vietnamese sources put the number of deaths during the 1944 -- 45 famine in North Vietnam at between 1 and 2 million . ^ S Germany The following notes summarize German casualties , the details are presented in German casualties in World War II . German population The 1939 Population for Germany within 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png was 69.3 million persons Foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe were subject to conscription by Nazi Germany during the war . According to a 1958 report by the West German Statistisches Bundesamt ( Federal Statistical Office ) the pre war ethnic German population in eastern Europe was 7,423,300 persons ( 249,500 Baltic states & Memel ; 380,000 Danzig ; 1,371,000 Poland ( 1939 Borders ) ( 14 ) ; 3,477,000 Czechoslovakia ; 623,000 Hungary ; 536,800 Yugoslavia ; and 786,000 Romania ) . These German estimates are disputed . A recent analysis by a Polish scholar found that `` Generally speaking , the German estimates ... are not only highly arbitrary , but also clearly tendentious in presentation of the German losses '' . He maintains that the German government figures from 1958 overstated the total number of the ethnic Germans living in Poland prior to war as well as the total civilian deaths due to the post war expulsions . Total German war dead ( 1949 ) The West German Statistisches Bundesamt ( Federal Statistical Office ) estimated total war dead of 5,483,000 ; ( 3,250,000 ) military ; ( 500,000 ) civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign ; ( 1,533,000 ) deaths in the expulsions from Poland and ( 200,000 ) victims of Nazi racial , religious or political persecution . These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe ( 1953 ) The German economist de : Bruno Gleitze from the German Institute for Economic Research estimated total war dead of 6,000,000 ; ( 3,100,000 ) military ; ( 600,000 ) civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign ; ( 800,000 ) deaths to expulsion from Poland ( 300,000 ) victims of Nazi racial , religious or political persecution , ( 1,200,000 ) increase in natural deaths due to the war . These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe . ( 1956 ) The West German Statistisches Bundesamt ( Federal Statistical Office ) estimated total war dead of 5,650,000 = ( 3,760,000 ) military ; ( 430,000 ) civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign ; ( 1,260,000 ) deaths to expulsion from Poland and ( 200,000 ) victims of Nazi racial , religious or political persecution . These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe . ( 1961 ) The West German government issued a statement listing a total of 7,032,800 war dead : ( military dead 3,760,000 in prewar 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png and 432,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe ) ; ( 430,000 civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign in prewar 1937 borders ) ; ( 300,000 victims of Nazi racial , religious or political persecution including 170,000 Jews ) ; ( expulsion dead 1,224,900 in prewar 1937 borders and 885,900 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe ) These figures do not include Austria . The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 , listed Austrian casualties as 250,000 military dead and 24,000 civilians killed in bombing raids ( 1984 ) A German demographic study estimated 6,900,000 deaths caused by the war in prewar 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png . ( 3,800,000 ) military and ( 3,100,000 ) civilians . ( 1991 ) A German demographic study estimated 5,450,000 to 5,600,000 war dead ( 4,300,000 military dead ; 430,000 civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign and 882,000 deaths due to expulsions from Poland ) . These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe ( 1998 ) A German demographic study estimated 5,500,000 to 6,900,000 war dead . These figures vary because of the shift of borders between 1937 and 1940 . ( 2005 ) The German government issued a report listing total war dead of 7,375,800 = ( 3,100,000 soldiers killed ; 1,200,000 soldiers missing ; 500,000 civilians killed in bombing raids ; 2,251,500 civilian victims of expulsions and deportations ; 24,300 Austrian civilians killed and 300,000 victims of Nazi racial , religious or political persecution . These figures include Austria and foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe . ) German military casualties ( 1945 ) The casualty figures compiled by the German High Command ( OKW ) as of January 31 , 1945 put total military losses at 2,001,399 dead , 1,902,704 missing and POW held by Allies and 4,429,875 wounded . ( 1946 ) The Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. estimated German military dead at 3,250,000 . ( 1947 ) The combined staff of the U.K. , Canada and the U.S. prepared `` A study of the employment of German manpower from 1933 - 1945 '' . They estimated German casualties up until April 30 , 1945 at 2,230,324 dead , 2,870,404 missing and POW held by Allies . ( 1960 ) The West German government issued figures of the war losses . Total military dead were put at 4,440,000 ( 3,760,000 in prewar 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png ; 430,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe and 250,000 Austria . ) ( 1974 ) The Maschke Commission found that about 1.2 million German military personnel reported as missing more than likely died as POWs , including 1.1 million in the USSR . ( 1985 ) The Deutsche Dienststelle ( WASt ) has been responsible for providing information for the families of those military personnel who were killed or went missing in the war , they do not compile figures of the total war dead . By 1985 they had identified 3.1 million confirmed dead and 1.2 million missing and presumed dead . The Deutsche Dienststelle ( WASt ) reported the same figures in 2005 ( 1993 ) The Russian historian G. Krivosheev puts the losses of the `` Vlasovites , Balts and Muslims etc . '' in German service at 215,000 According to Krivosheev 450,600 German POWs died in Soviet captivity ( 356,700 in camps and 93,900 in transit ) ( 2000 ) Rüdiger Overmans , an associate of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office provided a reassessment of German military war dead based on a statistical survey of German military personnel records at the Deutsche Dienststelle ( WASt ) . The Overmans research project was financed by a private foundation and published with the endorsement of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office of the Federal Ministry of Defense ( Germany ) . The study found that the statistics compiled by German military during the war were incomplete and did not provide an accurate accounting of casualties . The research by Overmans concluded that German military dead and missing were 5,318,000 ( 4,456,000 in prewar 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png and 539,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe , 261,000 Austria and 63,000 foreign nationals from western European nations ) . The Overmans study did not include Soviet citizens in German service The details of the Overmans study are presented in German casualties in World War II . In a separate study Overmans concluded that the actual death toll of German POWs was about 1.1 million men including ( 1.0 million ) in the USSR Civilian Casualties ^ S1 Official German and Austrian sources from the 1950s reported about 2,950,000 civilian war dead : 434,000 air raid dead ( 410,000 Germany , 24,000 Austria 300 , 00 deaths due to Nazi racial , religious and political persecution not including victims of the Nazi euthanasia program . Austrian sources put the number of victims of the Nazis at 100,000 ; 2,111,000 Deaths due to expulsion of the Germans from east - central Europe . The German government still maintains that 2.0 million civilians perished during the flight and expulsions from Eastern Europe . ^ S2 Recent research indicates about 1,550,000 civilian war dead : 353,000 000 air raid dead 300,000 00 deaths due to Nazi racial , religious and political persecution in Germany and 100,000 in Austria ; . German government sources reported 200,000 victims of the Nazi euthanasia program Deaths due to expulsion of the Germans from east - central Europe were 600,000 according to a report by the German Federal Archive Civilian casualties in air raids ( 1945 - 47 ) The United States Strategic Bombing Survey gave three different figures for German air raid deaths . 1 - The summary report of September 30 , 1945 put total casualties for the entire period of the war at 305,000 killed and 780,000 wounded . 2 - The section Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy of October 31 , 1945 put the losses at 375,000 killed and 625,000 wounded 3 - The section The Effect of Bombing on Health and Medical Care in Germany of January 1947 made a preliminary calculated estimate of air raid dead at 422,000 . Regarding overall losses they concluded that `` It was further estimated that an additional number , approximately 25 % of known deaths in 1944 - 45 , were still unrecovered and unrecorded . With an addition of this estimate of 1944 - 45 unrecorded deaths , the final estimation gave in round numbers a half a million German civilians killed by Allied aerial attacks '' ( 1956 ) A German government study put German air war dead at 635,000 ; 500,000 killed by allied strategic bombing and 135,000 refugees killed during the evacuations from eastern Europe in 1945 . These figures include 593,000 Germany in 1937 borders File : DR1937. 1. png ( 410,000 civilians , 32,000 foreigners and POW and 23,000 military and Police killed in strategic bombing and 127,000 civilians and 1,000 military and Police refugees fleeing on the eastern front ) . There were an additional 42,000 dead in Austria and the annexed territories ( 26,000 civilians , 7,000 foreigners and POW and 1,000 military and Police were killed in strategic bombing and 7,000 refugees fleeing on the eastern front ) Historian Richard Overy in 2014 published a study of the air war The Bombers and the Bombed : Allied Air War Over Europe 1940 - 1945 in which he disputed the official German figures of air war dead . He estimated total air raid deaths at 353,000 . Overy maintains that the German estimates are based on incorrect speculations for losses during the last three months of the war when there was a gap in the record keeping system . He points out that the figures for air raid dead in the last three months of the war were estimated in the West German figures from 1956 at 300,000 people which he believes is not plausible . The official figures include an inflated total of 60,000 in the Bombing of Dresden and the inclusion of refugees fleeing westward . Civilians killed in 1945 military campaign The West German government in made a rough estimate in 1956 of 20,000 civilians killed during the 1945 military campaign in current post war German borders , not including the former German territories in Poland . However , there is a more recent estimate of 22,000 civilians killed during the fighting in Berlin only . Deaths due to Nazi political , racial and religious persecution The West German government put the number of Germans killed by the Nazi political , racial and religious persecution at 300,000 ( including 170,000 German Jews ) A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the Action T4 Euthanasia program at over 200,000 persons . Expulsion and flight of ethnic GermansThe following notes summarize German expulsion casualties , the details are presented in the flight and expulsion of Germans ( 1944 -- 1950 ) , the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union ' and the Demographic estimates of the flight and expulsion of Germans . The figures for these losses are currently disputed , estimates of the total deaths range from 500,000 to 2,000,000 . The death toll attributable to the flight and expulsions was estimated at 2.2 million by the West German government in 1958 . German government reports which were released to the public in 1987 and 1989 have caused some historians in Germany to put the actual total at 500,000 to 600,000 . English language sources put the death toll at 2 to 3 million based on the West German government statistical analysis of the 1950s . ( 1950 ) The West German government made a preliminary estimate of 3.0 million civilian deaths in the expulsions. ( 1.5 million in prewar 1937 Germany Oder -- Neisse line # / media / File : Oder - neisse. gif and 1.5 million foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe ) ( 1954 - 1961 ) The Schieder commission made preliminary estimates the civilian death toll in the expulsions of about 2.3 million persons , broken out as follows : 2,000,000 Poland ( in post war borders ) and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia ; 225,600 Czechoslovakia ; 69,000 Yugoslavia ; 40,000 Romania ; 6,000 Hungary. These preliminary figures were superseded with the publication of the 1958 West German demographic study . ( 1958 ) A West German government demographic study estimated 2,225,000 civilians died during the flight during the war , post war expulsions and the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union , broken out as follows : Germany in 1937 borders Oder -- Neisse line # / media / File : Oder - neisse. gif 1,339,000 ; Poland in 1939 borders ( 15 ) 185,000 ; Danzig 83,000 ; Czechoslovakia 273,000 ; Yugoslavia 136,000 ; Romania 101,000 ; Hungary 57,000 ; Baltic States 51,000 . ( 1965 ) , The search service of the German churches and Red Cross was able to confirm 473,013 civilian deaths in eastern Europe due to the expulsions , broken out as follows : 367,392 Poland ( in post war borders ) ; 18,889 Sudetenland ; 64,779 Slovakia , Hungary , Romania and Yugoslavia ; 9,064 Baltic States ; and 12,889 Germans resettled in Poland . There were an additional 1,905,991 unsolved cases of persons reported missing . The results of this survey were kept secret until 1987 . ( 1966 ) The West German Federal Ministry for Expellees , Refugees and War Victims issued a statement that put the number of expulsion dead at 2,111,000 ( 1,225,000 Germany in 1937 borders Oder -- Neisse line # / media / File : Oder - neisse. gif and 886,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe ) ( 1974 ) A study by the German Federal Archive estimated a death toll of 600,000 of civilians in the expulsions and deportations to the USSR. ( 400,000 in Poland ( in post war borders ) and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia ; 130,000 in Czechoslovakia and 80,000 in Yugoslavia . ) The authors of the report maintain that these figures cover only those deaths caused violent acts and deaths in forced labor and internment camps . They also stated that their figures do not include deaths due to malnutrition and disease , this has been disputed by historian Ingo Haar who believes that total losses are between 500 - 600,000 This report was kept secret and not published until 1989 . ( 1985 ) A demographic analysis which has the support of the German government , estimated 2,020,000 civilians died during the post war expulsions and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union broken out as follows : ( 870,000 Germany in 1937 borders east of the Oder -- Neisse line ; 108,000 Germans resettled in Poland during the war ; 174,000 Poland in 1939 borders ( 16 ) ; 40,000 Danzig ; 220,000 Czechoslovakia ; 106,000 Yugoslavia ; 75,000 Romania ; 84,000 Hungary ; 33,000 Baltic States ; 310,000 USSR ) The German government currently maintains that 2.0 million civilians perished in the flight and expulsion from Eastern Europe . In 2006 Christoph Bergner , Secretary of State in Germany 's Bureau for Inner Affairs maintainted that the figure of 2 million deaths is correct because it includes the deaths from malnutrition and disease of those civilians subject to the expulsions . A 2005 report by the German government search service put the death toll at 2,251,500 , they did not provide details of the figure The current position in 2015 of the German government Federal Agency for Civic Education is that 2 million civilians perished in the expulsions , they cited as the source for this figure Gerhard Reichling , Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen . The German government figures of 2.0 to 2.5 million civilian deaths due to the expulsions have been disputed by scholars since the publication of the results of the German church search service survey and the report by the German Federal Archive . German historians Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahn have published a detailed study of the flight and expulsions . They maintain that figures related to flight and expulsion have been manipulated by the German government due to political pressure . The Hahn 's believe the official German figure of 2 million deaths is an historical myth , lacking foundation . They place the ultimate blame for the mass flight and expulsion on the wartime policy of the Nazis in Eastern Europe . The Hahn 's maintain that the 473,013 confirmed deaths is a correct accounting of the losses . Most of these losses occurred during the Nazi organized flight and evacuation during the war , and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union ; they point out that there are 80,522 confirmed deaths in the postwar internment camps . German historian Rüdiger Overmans published a study of German military casualties , this project did not investigate civilian expulsion deaths . Overmans did however provide a critical analysis of the previous studies by German government of the human losses in the expulsions . Overmans maintains that these studies lack adequate support , he maintains that a figure of 500,000 expulsion dead is credible and that there are more arguments for the lower figures rather than the higher figures , he believes that new research is needed to determine the correct balance of the human losses in the expulsions . According to Overmans the figure of 1.9 million missing persons reported by the search service is unreliable as it includes military dead and persons of dubious German ancestry who were not expelled after the war but remained in eastern Europe , also the figures for expellees living in the GDR was understated . German historian Ingo Haar called into question the validity of the official government figure of 2.0 million expulsion deaths in a 2006 article in the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung . Since then Haar has published three articles in academic journals that covered the background of the research by the West German government on the expulsions . According to Haar the numbers were set too high for postwar political reasons . His own research indicates that all reasonable estimates of deaths from expulsions lie between around 500,000 and 600,000 , he maintains that deaths due to disease , hunger and other conditions are already included in these numbers . The German Historical Museum puts the number of deaths due to the expulsions at 600,000 , they maintain that the figure of 2 million deaths in the previous government studies can not be supported . A joint Czech -- German Historical Commission determined that between 15,000 and 30,000 Germans perished in the expulsions . The commission found that the demographic estimates by the German government of 220,000 to 270,000 civilian deaths due to expulsions from Czechoslovakia were based on faulty data . The Commission determined that the demographic estimates by the German government counted as missing 90,000 ethnic Germans assimilated into the Czech population ; military deaths were understated and that the 1950 census data used to compute the demographic losses was unreliable . Polish historian Bernadetta Nitschke has provided a summary of the research in Poland on German losses due to the flight and resettlement of the Germans from Poland , not including other eastern European countries . Nitschke contrasted the estimate of 1.6 million deaths in Poland reported by the West German government in the 1950s with the figure of 400,000 ( in Poland only ) that was disclosed in 1989 . According to Nitschke most of the civilian deaths occurred during the flight and evacuation during the war , the deportation to the U.S.S.R. for forced labor , and after the resettlement in the Soviet occupation zone in post war Germany . Polish historians Witold Sienkiewicz and Grzegorz Hryciuk believe that between 600,000 and 1.2 million German civilians perished during the wartime evacuations . The main causes of death were cold , stress , and bombing . According to Sienkiewicz and Hryciuk between 200,000 - 250,000 persons were held in postwar Polish internment camps and between 15,000 - 60,000 perished . Post war increase in natural deaths German government figures of war losses do not include the increase in natural deaths with war casualties . The German economist Bruno Gleitze from the German Institute for Economic Research estimated that there were 1,200,000 excess deaths caused by the harsh conditions in Germany during and after the war . Gleitze estimated 400,000 excess deaths during the war and 800,000 in post war Germany The West German Statistisches Bundesamt put the actual deaths from 1939 - 46 due to natural causes at 7,130,000 persons , the demographic study by Peter Marschalck estimated the expected deaths in peacetime due to natural causes of 5,900,000 persons , a difference of 1,230,000 excess deaths . In Allied - occupied Germany the shortage of food was an acute problem in 1946 -- 47 . The average kilocalorie intake per day was only 1,600 to 1,800 , an amount insufficient for long - term health . ^ T Greece The Greek government is planning to claim reparations from Germany for war damages . The Greek National Council for Reparations from Germany reports the following casualties during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II . Military dead 35,077 , including : 13,327 killed in the Greco - Italian War of 1940 -- 41 ; 1,100 with the Greek Royal Forces in the Middle East , and 20,650 partisan deaths . Civilian deaths 171,845 , including : 56,225 executed by Axis forces ; 105,000 dead in German concentration camps ( including Jews ) ; 7,120 deaths due to bombing ; 3,500 merchant marine dead ; 600,000 Famine deaths during the war A study published by Cambridge University Press in 2010 estimated that Greece suffered approximately 300,000 deaths during the Axis occupation as a result of famine and malnutrition Gregory Frumkin , who was throughout its existence editor of the Statistical Year - Book of the League of Nations gave the following assessment of Greek losses in the war . He points out that `` the data on Greek war losses are frequently divergent and even inconsistent '' . His estimates for Greek losses are as follows : the war dead included 20,000 military deaths in the Greco - Italian War of 1940 -- 41 , 60,000 non-Jewish civilians , 20,000 non-Jewish deportees , 60,000 Jews and 140,000 famine deaths during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II . In campaigns against the Greek Resistance the German occupiers engaged in a policy of reprisals against civilians , the most notorious were the Distomo massacre and the Massacre of Kalavryta . According to the German historian Dieter Pohl at least 25,000 but perhaps even more civilians were killed in mass executions . Pohl maintains that about 1 million persons ( 14 % of the population ) were displaced in the campaigns against the Greek Resistance because their homes were destroyed or they were expelled and became refugees . ^ TA Guam Guam was a United States administered territory during World War Two . The local Chamorro people were granted U.S. citizenship in the Guam Organic Act of 1950 . According to an official U.S. report during the Battle of Guam on December 8 -- 10 , 4 Guam local military personnel and 3 Guam residents were killed in the battle . However , Japanese sources reported 40 -- 50 of the local population killed . Between 1,000 to 2,000 Chamorro people were killed or otherwise died of abuse and mistreatment during the Japanese occupation of Guam from December 10 , 1941 until August 10 , 1944 , including an estimated 600 civilians who were massacred by the Japanese during the Battle of Guam ( 1944 ) . ^ U Hungary Tamás Stark of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences has provided the following assessment of Hungarian losses . Military losses were 300,000 to 310,000 including 110 -- 120,000 killed in action and 200,000 in Soviet POW and labor camps and 20 - 25,000 Jews in Hungarian military labor service . About 210,000 were from Hungary in the 1939 borders and about 100,000 men who were conscripted from the annexed territories of Greater Hungary in Slovakia , Romania and Yugoslavia . Civilian dead within the borders of present - day Hungary included 220,000 Hungarian Jews killed in the Holocaust and 44,000 deaths from military operations ^ V Iceland Confirmed losses of civilian sailors due to German attacks and mines . ^ W India India which was a British Colony during World War II included the present day India , Pakistan and Bangladesh . India under British administration is sometimes referred to as the British Raj . The war dead of 87,029 listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission , Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Indian Army during the Second World War . Gurkha casualties with the British Indian Army can be broken down as : 8,985 killed or missing and 23,655 wounded . The preliminary 1945 data for Indian losses was , killed 24,338 , missing 11,754 , wounded 64,354 and POW 79,489 . Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore , 11,000 died in captivity . The pro-Japanese Indian National Army lost 2,615 dead and missing . Bengal famine of 1943 John W. Dower estimated 1.5 million civilian deaths in the Bengal famine of 1943 . Amartya Sen currently the Lamont University Professor at Harvard University has recently estimated that a figure of 2.0 to 2.5 million fatalities may be more accurate . ^ X Iran Losses during allied occupation in 1941 . ^ Y Iraq Losses during Anglo - Iraqi War and UK occupation in 1941 . According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum between 150 - 180 Jews were killed in the Farhud pogram in 1941 ^ Z Ireland Although neutral , an estimated 70,000 of the Irish Free State 's citizens volunteered in the British military service . Some 40 Irish citizens were killed by accidental bombings in Dublin and Carlow , and 33 Irish merchant seamen were killed in U-boat attacks by Germany . ^ AA Italy The Italian government issued an accounting of the war dead in 1957 , they broke out the losses before and after the Armistice with Italy : military dead and missing 291,376 ( 204,376 pre-armistice and 87,030 post armistice ). Civilian dead and missing at 153,147 ( 123,119 post armistice ) including in air raids 61,432 ( 42,613 post armistice ) . A brief summary of data from this report can be found online . Military war dead Confirmed dead were 159,957 ( 92,767 pre-armistice , 67,090 post armistice ) Missing and presumed dead ( including POWs ) were 131,419 ( 111,579 pre-armistice , 19,840 post armistice ) Losses by branch of service : Army 201,405 ; Navy 22,034 ; Air Force 9,096 ; Colonial Forces 354 ; Chaplains 91 ; Fascist militia 10,066 ; Paramilitary 3,252 ; not indicated 45,078 . Military Losses by theatre of war : Italy 74,725 ( 37,573 post armistice ) ; France 2,060 ( 1,039 post armistice ) ; Germany 25,430 ( 24,020 post armistice ) ; Greece , Albania , and Yugoslavia 49,459 ( 10,090 post armistice ) ; USSR 82,079 ( 3,522 post armistice ) ; Africa 22,341 ( 1,565 post armistice ) , at sea 28,438 ( 5,526 post armistice ) ; other and unknown 6,844 ( 3,695 post armistice ) . Military losses in Italy after the September 1943 Armistice with Italy , included 5,927 with the Allies , 17,488 Italian resistance movement fighters in Italy and 13,000 RSI Italian Social Republic Fascist forces . Included in the losses are 64,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide including 30,000 POWs and 8,500 Jews . According to Martin Gilbert , Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 8,000 in Italy and 562 in the Italian colony of Libya Updated studies ( 2010 ) by the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence , p. 4 have revised the military deaths to 319,207 , of which 246,432 belonged to the Army , 31,347 to the Navy , 13,210 to the Air Force , 15,197 to the Partisan formations and 13,021 to the armed forces of the Italian Social Republic . The casualties recorded for Italy do not include Italians who were born in Italian colonies and possessions ( ethnic Italians in Libya , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Somalia and the Dodecanese ) and in national territories that Italy lost with the Paris peace treaty of 1947 ( mainly the Julian March , Istria and Zara / Zadar ; a large part of the victims of the Foibe massacres are thus not included ) . Also Africans conscripted by Italy are not included in their figures . With regards to the Partisan casualties , it should be noted that a ministerial study published in 1955 listed the partisans killed or executed as 35,828 ; however , the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro only considered as partisans the members of the Resistance who were civilians before joining the partisans , whereas partisans who were formerly members of the Italian armed forces ( more than half those killed ) were considered as members of their armed force of origin . With regards to the Italian Social Republic casualties , it should be pointed out that the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro excludes from its lists of the fallen the individuals who committed war crimes . In the context of the RSI , where numerous war crimes were committed in the anti-partisan warfare , and many individuals were therefore involved in such crimes ( especially GNR and Black Brigades personnel ) , this influences negatively the casualty count , under a statistical point of view . The `` RSI Historical Foundation '' ( Fondazione RSI Istituto Storico ) has drafted a list that lists the names of some 35,000 RSI military personnel killed in action or executed during and immediately after World War II ( including the `` revenge killings '' that occurred at the end of the hostilities and in their immediate aftermath ) , including some 13,500 members of the Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana and Milizia Difesa Territoriale , 6,200 members of the Black Brigades , 2,800 Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana personnel , 1,000 Marina Nazionale Repubblicana personnel , 1,900 X MAS personnel , 800 soldiers of the `` Monterosa '' Division , 470 soldiers of the `` Italia '' Division , 1,500 soldiers of the `` San Marco '' Division , 300 soldiers of the `` Littorio '' Division , 350 soldiers of the `` Tagliamento '' Alpini Regiment , 730 soldiers of the 3rd and 8th Bersaglieri regiments , 4,000 troops of miscellaneous units of the Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano ( excluding the aabove - mentioned Divisions and Alpini and Bersaglieri Regiments ) , 300 members of the Legione Autonoma Mobile `` Ettore Muti '' , 200 members of the Raggruppamento Anti Partigiani , 550 members of the Italian SS , and 170 members of the Cacciatori degli Appennini Regiment . This would bring the total number of Italian military personnel killed to some 341,000 ( excluding colonial troops ) . . According to the official history of the Italian Army ( Rovighi , Alberto ( 1988 ) , Le Operazioni in Africa Orientale : ( giugno 1940 -- novembre 1941 ) ( Operations in East Africa : ( June 1940 -- November 1941 ) ) , Rome , Stato Maggiore Esercito , Ufficio storico ) From June 1940 to 16 April 1941 , 11,755 askaris were killed in Italian East Africa , excluding the losses in Giuba region and eastern fronts . After that date , in the last battles in East Africa there were 490 askaris killed in the battle of Culqualber and 3,700 killed in the battle of Gondar , plus an unknown number in the battle of Amba Alagi and other minor clashes . This would mean that the number of askaris killed in East Africa was likely somewhere between 16,000 and 20,000 . According to the Italian Army official history ( USSME , La prima offensiva Britannica in Africa Settentrionale , tomo I , allegato 32 ( page 375 ) ) , the two Libyan colonial divisions lost 1,399 soldiers killed ( not counting the officers , who were Italian ) in the battle of Sidi Barrani , where they were both destroyed . There was not much use of colonial troops in North Africa afterwards . ^ AB Japan Estimates for total Japanese war dead from 1937 - 1945 range from at least 2.5 million to 3.237 million According to the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare Japanese war dead ( 1937 -- 45 ) totaled 3.1 million persons including 2.3 million soldiers and Army / Navy civilian employees , 500,000 civilians in Japan and 300,000 civilians living outside of Japan . These figures include military dead of 30,000 Chinese from Taiwan and 22,182 Koreans . Military dead According to a report compiled by the Relief Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare in March 1964 , combined Japanese Army and Navy deaths during the war ( 1937 -- 45 ) numbered approximately 2,121,000 ; broken down as follows : Key : Location , Army dead , Navy dead , ( Total dead ) Japan Proper : 58,100 , 45,800 , ( 103,900 ) Bonin Islands : 2,700 , 12,500 , ( 15,200 ) Okinawa : 67,900 , 21,500 , ( 89,400 ) Formosa ( Taiwan ) : 28,500 , 10,600 , ( 39,100 ) Korea : 19,600 , 6,900 , ( 26,500 ) Sakhalin , the Aleutian , and Kuril Islands : 8,200 , 3,200 , ( 11,400 ) Manchuria : 45,900 , 800 , ( 46,700 ) China ( inc . Hong Kong ) : 435,600 , 20,100 , ( 455,700 ) Siberia : 52,300 , 400 , ( 52,700 ) Central Pacific : 95,800 , 151,400 , ( 247,200 ) Philippines : 377,500 , 121,100 , ( 498,600 ) French Indochina : 7,900 , 4,500 , ( 12,400 ) Thailand : 6,900 , 100 , ( 7,000 ) Burma ( inc . India ) : 163,000 , 1,500 , ( 164,500 ) Malaya & Singapore : 8,500 , 2,900 , ( 11,400 ) Andaman & Nicobar Islands : 900 , 1,500 , ( 2,400 ) Sumatra : 2,700 , 500 , ( 3,200 ) Java : 2,700 , 3,800 , ( 6,500 ) Lesser Sundas : 51,800 , 1,200 , ( 53,000 ) Borneo : 11,300 , 6,700 , ( 18,000 ) Celebes : 1,500 , 4,000 , ( 5,500 ) Moluccas : 2,600 , 1,800 , ( 4,400 ) New Guinea : 112,400 , 15,200 , ( 127,600 ) Bismarck Archipelago : 19,700 , 10,800 , ( 30,500 ) Solomon Islands : 63,200 , 25,000 , ( 88,200 ) Total : 1,647,200 , 473,800 , ( 2,121,000 ) Overall , perhaps two thirds of all Japanese military dead came not from combat , but from starvation and disease . In some cases this figure was potentially even higher , up to 80 % in the Philippines and a staggering 97 % in New Guinea . According to John W. Dower the Japanese source Showa Shi -- 1959 by Shigeki Toyama put Japanese war dead from 1937 - 1941 in the Second Sino - Japanese War at 185,467 In 1949 the report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board put military war dead from December 1941 to December 21 , 1946 at 1,555,308 Killed and 309,402 wounded These figures do not include an additional 240,000 missing Army personnel . The figures of wounded show only those receiving pensions . The details of these figures are as follows : Army China after Pearl Harbor 202,958 killed and 88,920 wounded . vs. United States 485,717 killed and 34,679 wounded . vs. U.K. and Netherlands 208,026 killed and 139,225 wounded . vs. Australia 199,511 killed and 15,000 wounded . French Indochina 2,803 killed and 6,000 wounded . Manchuria & USSR 7,483 killed and 4,641 wounded . other overseas 23,388 killed and 0 wounded Japan proper 10,543 killed and 6,782 wounded Army total 1,140,429 killed and 295,247 wounded . Navy Sailors 300,386 killed and 12,275 wounded and missing . Civilians in Navy service 114,493 killed and 1,880 wounded and missing . Navy total 414,879 killed and 14,155 wounded and missing . The Japanese Central Liaison Office reported in July 1947 to the Allied occupation authorities that Japanese military dead from 1935 - 1945 were 1,687,738 ( 1,340,700 Army and 347,038 Navy ) The Yasukuni Shrine in Japan lists a total of 191,250 war dead from 1937 to 1941 in the Second Sino - Japanese War and 2,133,915 in the Pacific War Their figures include civilians who participated in combat and Chinese ( Taiwan ) and Koreans in the Japanese Armed Forces . According to the calculations of Werner Gruhl Japanese military war dead were 2,565,878 ( 250,000 from 1931 -- 41 and 2,315,878 from 1942 - 45 ) John W. Dower Dower maintains that `` only one third of the military deaths occurred in actual combat , the majority being caused by illness and starvation . '' According to Dower over 300,000 Japanese POW were missing after being captured by the Soviets . Japanese figures as of 12 / 31 / 1948 listed 469,074 missing personnel in Soviet hands , while at the same time the Soviets admitted to holding 95,000 Japanese prisoners thus leaving 374,041 surrendered Japanese personnel who were unaccounted for and presumed dead . According to Dower `` Known deaths of Japanese troops awaiting repatriation in Allied ( non-Soviet ) hands were listed as 81,090 by U.S. authorities . The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported from 1951 - 60 that 254,000 military personnel and civilians were confirmed dead and 95,000 went missing in Soviet hands after the war . The details of these losses are as follows : 199,000 in Manchurian transit camps , 36,000 in North Korea , 9,000 on Sakhalin and 103,000 in the USSR . According to the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare 65,000 soldiers and civilians were killed in the 1945 military campaign against the Soviet Union . After the war ended deaths at the hands of the Red Army and local Chinese population were 185,000 Manchuria , 28,000 in North Korea and 10,000 on Sakhalin and the Kurile islands . An additional 700,000 were taken prisoner by the Soviets were 50,000 died in forced labor in the USSR and Outer Mongolia . The Japanese government figures for POW deaths are not in agreement with Soviet figures . Russian sources report that the Soviets reported the POW deaths of 62,105 ( 61,855 Japanese and 214 collaborator forces ) out of the 640,105 captured ( 609,448 Japanese and 30,657 collaborator forces ) . Civilian Dead The 1949 report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board detailed the casualties caused by air raids and sea bombardment . Total casualties were 668,315 including 299,485 dead , 24,010 missing and 344,820 injured . These figures include the casualties in Tokyo ( 東京 ) 97,031 dead , 6,034 missing and 113,923 injured ; in Hiroshima ( 広島 ) 86,141 dead , 14,394 missing and 46,672 injured , in Nagasaki ( 長崎 ) 26,238 dead , 1,947 missing and 41,113 injured . According to John W. Dower an error which appears in English language sources puts the total killed in air raids at 668,000 , a figure which includes dead , missing and injured . A Japanese academic study published in 1979 by The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki puts the total dead in the atomic attacks at 140,000 ( ± 10,000 ) in Hiroshima and 70,000 ( ± 10,000 ) in Nagasaki . According to the authors of the report a study of atomic bomb related casualties in Hiroshima in December 1945 was `` lost and not discovered until twenty years later '' , they cited a similar survey in Nagasaki done in December 1945 . The authors maintain that the lower casualty figures published in the immediate post war era did not include military personnel and missing persons . The figures of dead in the atomic attacks from this study were cited by John W. Dower in his ' War Without Mercy According to the World Nuclear Association , `` In Hiroshima , of a resident civilian population of 250,000 it was estimated that 45,000 died on the first day and a further 19,000 during the subsequent four months . In Nagasaki , out of a population of 174,000 , 22,000 died on the first day and another 17,000 within four months . Unrecorded deaths of military personnel and foreign workers may have added considerably to these figures . About 15 square kilometers ( over 50 % ) of the two cities was destroyed . It is impossible to estimate the proportion of these 103,000 deaths , or of the further deaths in military personnel , which were due to radiation exposure rather than to the very high temperatures and blast pressures caused by the explosions . '' They noted that `` To the 103,000 deaths from the blast or acute radiation exposure at Hiroshima and Nagasaki have since been added those due to radiation - induced cancers , which amounted to some 400 within 30 years , and which may ultimately reach about 550 . ( Some 93,000 exposed survivors were still being monitored 50 years later . ) '' The Radiation Effects Research Foundation puts the number of deaths ( within two to four months ) , in Hiroshima at 90,000 to 166,000 persons , and in Nagasaki at 60,000 to 80,000 persons . They noted that deaths caused by the atomic bombings include those that occurred on the days of the bombings due to the overwhelming force and heat of the blasts , as well as later deaths attributable to radiation exposure . The total number of deaths is not known precisely because military personnel records in each city were destroyed ; entire families perished , leaving no one to report deaths ; and unknown numbers of forced laborers were present in both cities The U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey published the following estimates of Japanese casualties due to U.S. bombing . 1 - Summary Report ( July 1946 ) Total civilian casualties in Japan , as a result of 9 months of air attack , including those from the atomic bombs , were approximately 806,000 . Of these , approximately 330,000 were fatalities . 2 - United States Strategic Bombing Survey , Medical Division ( 1947 ) The bombing of Japan killed 333,000 civilians and injured 473,000 . Of this total 120,000 died and 160,000 were injured in the atomic bombings , leaving 213,000 dead and 313,000 injured by conventional bombing . 3 - The effects of air attack on Japanese urban economy . Summary report ( 1947 ) Estimated that 252,769 Japanese were killed and 298,650 injured in the air war . 4 - The Effects of strategic bombing on Japanese morale Based on a survey of Japanese households the death toll was put at 900,000 dead and 1.3 million injured , the SBS noted that this figure was subject to a maximum sampling error of 30 % . 5 - Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki The most striking result of the atomic bombs was the great number of casualties . The exact number of dead and injured will never be known because of the confusion after the explosions . Persons unaccounted for might have been burned beyond recognition in the falling buildings , disposed of in one of the mass cremations of the first week of recovery , or driven out of the city to die or recover without any record remaining . No sure count of even the prepaid populations existed . Because of the decline in activity in the two port cities , the constant threat of incendiary raids , and the formal evacuation programs of the Government , an unknown number of the inhabitants had either drifter away from the cities or been removed according to plan . In this uncertain situation , estimates of casualties have generally ranged between 100,000 and 180,000 for Hiroshima , and between 50,000 and 100,000 for Nagasaki . The Survey believes the dead at Hiroshima to have been between 70,000 and 80,000 , with an equal number injured ; at Nagasaki over 35,000 dead and somewhat more than that injured seems the most plausible estimate . John W. Dower puts Japanese civilian dead in Battle of Saipan at 10,000 and 150,000 in Battle of Okinawa based on a recent study of the campaign . However American military sources put civilian dead on Okinawa at 42,000 , they noted that Japanese sources indicate 50,000 Okinawan noncombatants were killed during the campaign War related deaths of Japanese merchant marine personnel were 27,000 . ^ AC Korea American researcher R.J. Rummel estimated 378,000 Korean dead due to forced labor in Japan and Manchuria . According to Rummel , `` Information on Korean deaths under Japanese occupation is difficult to uncover . We do know that 5,400,000 Koreans were conscripted for labor beginning in 1939 , but how many died can only be roughly estimated . '' Werner Gruhl estimated the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 533,000 John W. Dower has noted `` Between 1939 and 1945 , close to 670,000 Koreans were brought to Japan for fixed terms of work , mostly in mines and heavy industry , and it has been estimated that 60,000 or more of them died under harsh conditions of their work places . Over 10,000 others were probably killed in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . ^ AD Latvia Independent Russian historian Vadim Erlikman estimated Latvian civilian war dead from 1941 - 45 at 220,000 ( 35,000 in military operations ; 110,000 executed , 35,000 in Germany and 40,000 due to hunger and disease . Military dead were estimated with Soviet forces at 10,000 and 15,000 with German . POW deaths 3,000 . ^ AE Lithuania Independent Russian historian Vadim Erlikman estimated Lithuanian civilian war dead from 1941 - 45 at 345,000 ( 25,000 in military operations ; 230,000 executed , 15,000 in Germany and 75,000 due to hunger and disease . Military dead were estimated with Soviet forces at 15,000 and 5,000 with German . POW deaths 4,000 . ^ AF Luxembourg Total war dead were 5,000 which included military losses of about 3,000 with the German Armed Forces and 200 in a separate unit attached to the Belgian Army . ^ AG Malaya and Singapore The British colony of Malaya consisted of the Straits Settlements , the Federated Malay States and Unfederated Malay States . Today they are the nations Malaysia and Singapore . According to John W. Dower `` Malayan officials after the war claimed , possibly with exaggeration , that as many as 100,000 residents , mostly Chinese , may have been killed by the Japanese ; of 73,000 Malayans transported to work on the Burma - Siam railway , 25,000 were reported to have died . According to Werner Gruhl in Singapore the Japanese murdered 5,000 to 10,000 Chinese in 1942 . In Malaya and Singapore an estimated 50,000 Chinese were killed in this genocide by the end of the war ^ AH Malta 1,493 civilians were killed and 3,734 wounded during the Siege of Malta ( World War II ) Maltese civilians killed during the siege are also included with U.K. civilian deaths by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission ^ AI Mexico Mexico lost 7 merchant ships and 63 dead merchant mariners . A Mexican Air Force unit Escuadrón 201 served in the Pacific and suffered 5 combat deaths . ^ AJ Mongolia Military losses with USSR against Japan in the 1939 Battle of Khalkhin Gol ( 200 ) and the 1945 Soviet invasion of Manchuria ( 72 ) campaigns . ^ AK Nauru During World War II Japan occupied Nauru in August 1942 and deported 1,200 Nauruans to work as laborers in the Caroline Islands , where 463 died . The survivors returned to Nauru in January 1946 . ^ BG Nepal Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Indian Army and Nepalese Army during the Second World War . The war dead reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission for India include Nepalese in the British Indian Army and Nepalese Army . Gurkha casualties can be broken down as : 8,985 killed or missing and 23,655 wounded . ^ AL Netherlands In 1948 the Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics ( CBS ) issued a report of war losses . They listed 210,000 direct war casualties in the Netherlands , not including the Dutch East Indies . Military deaths 6,750 which included 3,900 regular Army , 2,600 Navy forces , and 250 POW in Germany . Civilian deaths of 203,250 which included 1,350 Merchant seaman , 2,800 executed , 2,500 dead in Dutch concentration camps , 20,400 killed by acts of war , 104,000 Jewish Holocaust dead , 18,000 political prisoners in Germany , 27,000 workers in Germany , 3,700 Dutch nationals in the German armed forces and 7,500 missing and presumed dead in Germany and 16,000 deaths in the Dutch famine of 1944 . Not Included in the figure of 210,000 war dead are 70,000 `` indirect war casualties '' , which are attributed to an increase in natural deaths from 1940 - 1945 and 1,650 foreign nationals killed while serving in the Dutch Merchant Marine The Netherlands War Graves Foundation maintains a registry of the names of Dutch war dead . ^ AM Newfoundland Newfoundland lost 1,089 persons with U.K. and Canadian Forces during the war . The losses of the Newfoundland Merchant Navy are commemorated at the Allied Merchant Navy Memorial in Newfoundland , Civilian losses were due to the sinking of the SS Caribou in October 1942 . ^ AN New Zealand The Auckland War Museum puts the number of World War II dead at 11,671 The preliminary data for New Zealand losses was killed 10,033 , missing 2,129 , wounded 19,314 and POW 8,453 . ^ AO Norway According to Norwegian government sources the war dead were 10,200 Military ( Norwegian & Allied Forces ) 2,000 ( 800 Army , 900 Navy and 100 Air ) . Civilians 7,500 ( 3,600 Merchant seaman , 1,500 resistance fighters , 1,800 civilians killed and 600 Jews killed ) In German Armed Forces700 ^ AP Papua New Guinea Civilian deaths were caused by Allied bombing and shellfire and Japanese atrocities . Both the Allies and Japanese also conscripted civilians to work as laborers and porters . ^ AQ Philippines According to Werner Gruhl the death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 527,000 ( 27,000 military dead , 141,000 massacred , 22,500 forced labor deaths and 336,500 deaths due war related famine ) . Civilian losses included victims of Japanese war crimes , such as the Manila massacre which claimed the lives of 100,000 Filipinos Between 5,000 and 10,000 Filipinos serving with the Filipino troops , Scouts , Constabulary and Philippine Army units lost their lives on the Bataan Death March . ^ AR Poland Total Polish war dead In 2009 , Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) put the figure of Poland 's dead at between 5,620,000 and 5,820,000 ; including an estimated 150,000 Polish citizens who died due to Soviet repression . The IPN 's figures include 2.7 to 2.9 million Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust and 2,770,000 ethnic Poles ( including `` Direct War Losses '' − 543,000 ; `` Murdered in Camps and in Pacification '' − 506,000 ; `` Deaths in prisons and Camps '' 1,146,000 ; `` Deaths outside of prisons and Camps '' 473,000 ; `` Murdered in Eastern Regions '' 100,000 ; `` Deaths in other countries '' 2,000 ) . Polish researchers have determined that the Nazis murdered 2,830,000 Jews ( including 1,860,000 Polish Jews ) in the extermination camps in Poland , in addition over 1.0 million Polish Jews were murdered by the Einsatzgruppen in the eastern regions or died of starvation and disease while in ghettos . In his 2009 book , Andrzej Leon Sowa of the Jagiellonian University emphasizes the lack of reliable data concerning Warld War II losses . According to him , between 2.35 and 2.9 million Polish citizens of Jewish ethnicity were killed , in addition to about two million ethnic Poles . He writes that not even estimated figures are available regarding Polish citizens of German , Ukrainian or Belarusian ethnicity . The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum maintains that in addition to 3 million Polish Jews killed in the Holocaust . `` Documentation remains fragmentary , but today scholars of independent Poland believe that at least 1.9 million Polish civilians ( non-Jews ) were victims of German occupation policies and the war . Czesław Łuczak in 1993 estimated Poland 's war dead to be 5.9 to 6.0 million , including 2.9 to 3.0 million Jews killed in the Holocaust and 2.0 million ethnic Polish victims of the German and Soviet occupations , ( 1.5 million under German occupation and the balance of 500,000 in the former eastern Polish regions under Soviet occupation ) . Łuczak also included in his figures an estimated 1,000,000 war dead of Polish citizens from the ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnic groups who comprised 20 % of Poland 's pre-war population . Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated Poland 's losses in World War II to be 5.6 million ; including 5,150,000 victims of Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles and The Holocaust , 350,000 deaths during the Soviet occupation in 1940 -- 41 and about 100,000 Poles killed in 1943 -- 44 during the massacres of Poles in Volhynia . Losses by ethnic group were 3,100,000 Jews ; 2,000,000 ethnic Poles ; 500,000 Ukrainians and Belarusians . Total losses by geographic area were about 4.4 million in present - day Poland and about 1.6 million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union . Polish historian Krystyna Kersten estimated losses of about 2.0 million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union . Contemporary Russian sources also include Poland 's losses in the annexed territories with Soviet war deaths . The official Polish government report on war damages prepared in 1947 listed 6,028,000 war victims during the German occupation ( including 123,178 military deaths , 2.8 million Poles and 3.2 million Jews ) , out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic Poles and Jews ; this report excluded ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses . Losses were calculated for the territory of Poland in 1939 , including the territories annexed by the USSR . The figure of 6.0 million war dead has been disputed by Polish scholars since the fall of communism who now put the total actual losses at about 3.0 million Jews and 2.0 million ethnic Poles , not including other ethnic groups ( Ukrainians and Belarussians ) . They maintain that the official statistics include those persons who were missing and presumed dead , but actually remained abroad in the West and the USSR after the war . Polish losses during the Soviet occupation ( 1939 -- 1941 ) In August 2009 , Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) estimated that 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression . Since the collapse of the USSR , Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation . In his 2009 book , Andrzej Leon Sowa of the Jagiellonian University states that about 325,000 Polish citizens were deported by the Soviets in 1940 -- 41 . The number of the deaths for which the Soviets are responsible `` probably did not exceed 100,000 '' , and the same applies to the killings perpetrated by Ukrainian nationalists . Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90,000 -- 100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets . In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350,000 . An earlier estimate made in 1987 by Franciszek Proch of the Polish Association of Former Political Prisoners of Nazi and Soviet Concentration Camps estimated the total dead due to the Soviet occupation at 1,050,000 . Polish military casualties Poland lost a total of 139,800 regular soldiers and 100,000 Polish resistance movement fighters during the war . Polish military casualties . Military dead and missing were 66,000 and 130,000 wounded in the 1939 Invasion of Poland , in addition 17,000 -- 19,000 were killed by the Soviets in the Katyn massacre and 12,000 died in German POW camps . The Polish contribution to World War II included the Polish Armed Forces in the West , and the 1st Polish Army fighting under Soviet command . Total casualties of these forces in exile were 33,256 killed in action , 8,548 missing in action , 42,666 wounded and 29,385 interned . The Polish Red Cross reported that the 1944 Warsaw Uprising cost the lives of 120,000 -- 130,000 Polish civilians and 16,000 -- 17,000 Polish resistance movement fighters . The names of Polish war dead are presented at a database online . During the war , 2,762,000 Polish citizens of German descent declared their loyalty to Germany by signing the Deutsche Volksliste . A West German government report estimated the deaths of 108,000 Polish citizens serving in the German armed forces , these men were conscripted in violation of international law . The Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) estimates 200,000 -- 210,000 Polish citizens , including 76,000 ethnic Poles were conscripted into the Soviet armed forces in 1940 -- 41 during the occupation of the eastern regions . The ( IPN ) also reported that the Germans conscripted 250,000 Polish nationals into the Wehrmacht , 89,300 later deserted and joined the Polish Armed Forces in the West . ^ AS Timor Officially neutral , East Timor was occupied by Japan during 1942 -- 45 . Allied commandos initiated a guerrilla resistance campaign and most deaths were caused by Japanese reprisals against the civilian population . The Australian Dept. of Defence estimated the civilian death toll at 40,000 to 70,000 . However , another source puts the death toll at 40,000 to 50,000 . ^ AT Romania Demographer Boris Urlanis estimated Romanian war dead at 300,000 military and 200,000 civilians Total Romanian military war dead were approximately 300,000 . Total killed were 93,326 ( 72,291 with Axis and 21,035 with Allies ) . Total missing and POW were 341,765 ( 283,322 with Axis and 58,443 with Allies ) , only about 80,000 survived Soviet captivity . Civilian losses included 160,000 Jewish Holocaust dead , the genocide of Roma people 36,000 and 7,693 civilians killed in Allied air raids on Romania ^ AU Ruanda Urundi The 1943 famine in Ruanda which took 300,000 lives was due to a local drought and the harsh wartime policies of the Belgian colonial administration to increase food production for the war effort in the Congo . As Ruanda ( Rwanda ) was not occupied nor its food supply cut off , these deaths are not usually included with World War II casualties . However , at least one historian has compared the 1943 famine there to the Bengal famine of 1943 , which is attributed to war . ^ AW South Africa The war dead of 11,907 listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission , The preliminary 1945 data for South African losses was killed 6,840 , missing 1,841 wounded 14,363 and POW 14,589 . ^ AX South Pacific Mandate This territory includes areas now known as the Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Palau , and the Northern Mariana Islands . Micronesian war related civilian deaths were caused by American bombing and shellfire ; and malnutrition caused by the U.S. blockade of the islands . In addition the civilian population was conscripted by the Japanese as forced laborers and were subjected to numerous mindless atrocities . John W. Dower put Japanese civilian dead in Battle of Saipan at 10,000 ^ AY Soviet Union The following notes summarize Soviet casualties , the details are presented in World War II casualties of the Soviet Union A 1993 report published by the Russian Academy of Science estimated the total Soviet losses in World War II at 26.6 million . The Russian Ministry of Defense in 1993 put total military dead and missing from 1941 - 45 at 8,668,400 These figures have generally been accepted by historians in the west . The total population loss of 26,616,000 is an estimate based on a demographic study . The enumerated total based on prewar mortality levels is 22,352,000 including 13,684,000 civilians and 8,668,000 military dead and missing Total population losses Russian demographers E.M. Andreev , L.E. Darski and T.L. Kharkova ( ADK ) authored a study of the Soviet population from 1922 -- 1991 that put total war losses from 1941 -- 1945 at 26.6 million , this is the source used by the Russian government for total losses in the war . This figure includes 4.4 million war dead due to a 1941 - 45 decline in natural deaths and an increase in infant mortality . According to ( ADK ) persons dying of natural causes declined from 2.17 % in 1940 to 1.58 % in 1946 , this was due to the fact that a disproportionate number of adults , especially men were killed during the war , than those persons under 18 and women who survived . ( ADK ) estimated figure for births during the war is based on a post war survey of the Total fertility rate which put the number of births during the war at about one half of the prewar level . They estimated that there was an increase of 1.3 million in Infant mortality caused by the war . They also believe that between 9 - 10 million of the total Soviet war dead were due to the worsening of life conditions in the entire USSR , including the region that was not occupied . ( ADK ) estimated the population of the USSR in June 1941 within the 1946 - 1991 borders of the USSR at 196.716 million , this figure included the 1939 USSR population of 168.525 million , a natural growth in the population from 1939 to mid 1941 of 7.923 million and territories annexed by the USSR of 20.268 million , ( eastern regions of Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , Romanian Bessarabia and Bukovina , Tuva , Zakarpattia Oblast , South Sakhalin and the Kaliningrad Oblast ) . and Soviet citizens remaining abroad after the war 622,000 According to the Russian demographer Dr. L.L. Rybakovsky there are a wide range of estimates for total war dead by Russian scholars . He cites figures of total war dead that range from 21.8 million up to 28.0 million . Rybakovsky points out that the variables that are used to compute losses are by no means certain and are currently disputed by historians in Russia. Viktor Zemskov put the total war dead at 20 million , he maintained that the official fifure figure of 26.6 million includes about 7 million deaths due to natural causes based on the mortality rate that prevailed before the war . Some Russian historians put the figure as high as 46.0 million by counting the population deficit due to children not born during the war . Based on the birth rate prior to the war there is a population shortfall of about 20 million births during the war . The figures for the number of children born during the war and natural deaths are rough estimates because of a lack of vital statistics Military Casualties The official Russian Ministry of Defense figure for military total dead and missing from 1941 to 1945 is 8,668,400 ; including 6,330,000 killed in action or died of wounds and 556,000 dead from non-combat causes ; 500,000 MIA and 1,103,300 POW dead and another 180,000 liberated POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries after the war . The Russian Ministry of Defense maintains that their figure of 8.668 million is correct based on the number of men conscripted . The statistic of 8.668 million military dead includes only the deaths of the forces in the field units of the Army and Navy and does not include civilian support forces in rear areas , conscripted reservists killed before being listed on active strength , militia units , and Soviet partisan dead , the Russian Ministry of Defense maintains that they should be included with civilian war losses . The number of military dead is disputed . Critics of the Russian Ministry of Defense maintain that the military war dead do not include 2 to 3 million POW 's and conscripted reservists , a recent academic study put Soviet military dead at 11.4 million The estimate by most western historians of Soviet military POW deaths is about 3 million out of 5.7 million total POWs in German hands. Richard Overy has noted that `` The official figures themselves must be viewed critically , given the difficulty of knowing in the chaos of 1941 and 1942 exactly who had been killed , wounded or even conscripted '' . The late S.N. Mikhalev of the History department of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University published a critical analysis of the official Russian wartime casualty statistics , he estimated actual Soviet military war dead at 10.9 million . He maintained that the official figures can not be reconciled to the total men drafted and that POW deaths were understated Vadim Erlikman puts military dead at 10.6 million , a recent estimate by the late Viktor Zemskov put military dead at 11.5 million Declassified documents from the Soviet archives published in Russia list total military losses of 11.5 million . Military irreplaceable losses of 7,660,000 military dead and missing based on a General Staff report of July 1945 and 3,912,283 prisoner of war dead , The figure of 8.7 million war dead is based on the field reports of the Red Army and Navy . An alternative method to determine Soviet war losses is the Russian Military Archives data base listing the names with the individual war dead and missing . S.A. Il'enkov , an official of the Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defense , maintained , `` We established the number of irreplaceable losses of our Armed Forces at the time of the Great Patriotic War of about 13,850,000 '' . Il'Enkov maintains that the field unit reports did not include deaths in rear area hospitals of wounded personnel . He believes that the information in the Russian Military Archives alphabetical card - indexes `` is a priceless treasure of history , which can assist in resolving the problems of the price of Soviet victory '' There were additional casualties in 1939 -- 40 , which totalled 136,945 : Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 ( 8,931 ) ; Invasion of Poland of 1939 ( 1,139 ) ; and the Winter War with Finland from 1939 -- 40 ( 126,875 ) . The names of many Soviet war dead are presented in the OBD Memorial database online . Civilian war dead In 1995 the Russian Academy of Science published a report that analyzed Soviet losses in the war . They estimated civilian deaths in the German occupied USSR at 13.7 million persons , which included 7.4 million deaths caused by direct , intentional actions of violence , 2.2 million deaths of civilians deported to Germany for forced labor ; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory . The authors cited sources published in the Soviet era to support these figures . The Russian Academy of Science report estimated an additional 2.5 to 3.2 million civilian dead due to famine in Soviet territory not occupied by the Germans . Viktor Zemskov maintained that the Russian government has exaggerated Soviet civilian losses . Zemeskov believed that the official figure of 18 million civilian war dead was inflated by manipulating the number of natural deaths , underestimating the military losses of POWs and missing and by including persons evacuated to the rear with deaths in the occupied territories . According Zemskov the actual civilian dead directly related to the war was 4.5 million , including about 3 million victims of German atrocities and the partisan war , 200,000 forced laborers , the remaining balance caused by acts of war such as the siege of Leningrad . He also believed that an additional 4.0 million civilians died of famine and disease due to the worsening of living conditions . ^ AZ Spain There were 4,500 military deaths with the all Spanish Blue Division serving with the German Army in the U.S.S.R . The unit was withdrawn by Spain in 1943 . R.J. Rummel estimates the deaths of 20,000 anti-Fascist Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps , these deaths are included with French civilian casualties . ^ BA Sweden During the Winter war of 1939 -- 40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served with the Finnish Armed Forces and lost 28 men in combat . 33 Swedish sailors were killed when submarine HMS Ulven was sunk by a German mine on April 16 , 1943 . During the war , Swedish merchant shipping was attacked by both German and Soviet submarines ; 2,000 merchant seamen were killed . ^ BB Switzerland The Americans accidentally bombed Switzerland during the war causing civilian casualties . ^ BC Thailand Military deaths included : 108 dead in the French -- Thai War ( 1940 -- 41 ) and 5,559 who died either resisting the Japanese invasion ( 1941 ) , or fighting alongside Japanese forces in the Burma Campaign of 1942 -- 45 . Allied bombing in 1944 -- 45 caused 2,000 civilian deaths . Unlike other parts of South East Asia , Thailand did not suffer from famine during the war . ^ BD Turkey The Refah tragedy ( Turkish : Refah faciası ) refers to a maritime disaster during World War II , when the cargo steamer Refah of neutral Turkey , carrying Turkish military personnel from Mersin in Turkey to Port Said , Egypt was sunk in eastern Mediterranean waters by a torpedo fired from an unidentified submarine . Of the 200 passengers and crew aboard , only 32 survived . ^ BE United Kingdom and Colonies The Commonwealth War Graves Commission reported a total of 383,758 military dead from all causes for both the UK and non-dominion British colonies , not including India which was reported separately , figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials. These figures include deaths that occurred after the war up until 31 December 1947 The Commonwealth War Graves Commission also maintains a Roll of Honour of those civilians under Crown Protection ( including foreign nationals ) who died as a result of enemy actions in the Second World War . The names of 67,170 are commemorated in the Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour . Modern updates of UK casualties including the wounded are contained in French , David ( 2000 ) . Raising Churchill 's Army : The British Army and the War against Germany 1919 -- 1945 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924630 - 0 . online The official UK report on war casualties of June 1946 provided a summary of the U.K. war losses , excluding colonies . This report ( HMSO 6832 ) listed : Total war dead of 357,116 ; Navy ( 50,758 ) ; Army ( 144,079 ) ; Air Force ( 69,606 ) ; Women 's Auxiliary Territorial Service ( 624 ) ; Merchant Navy ( 30,248 ) ; British Home Guard ( 1,206 ) and Civilians ( 60,595 ) . The total still missing on 2 / 28 / 1946 were 6,244 ; Navy ( 340 ) ; Army ( 2,267 ) ; Air Force ( 3,089 ) ; Women 's Auxiliary Territorial Service ( 18 ) ; Merchant Navy ( 530 ) ; British Home Guard ( 0 ) and Civilians ( 0 ) . These figures included the losses of Newfoundland and Southern Rhodesia . Colonial forces are not included in these figures . There were an additional 31,271 military deaths due to `` natural causes '' which are not included in these figures . Deaths due to air and V - rocket attacks were 60,595 civilians and 1,206 British Home Guard . The preliminary 1945 data for U.K. colonial forces was killed 6,877 , missing 14,208 , wounded 6,972 and POW 8,115 . UK casualties include losses of the colonial forces . UK colonial forces included units from East Africa , West Africa , Ghana , the Caribbean , Malaya , Burma , Hong Kong , Jordan , Sudan , Malta and the Jewish Brigade . The Cyprus Regiment made up of volunteers that fought with the UK Army , and suffered about 358 killed and 250 missing . Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Army during the Second World War . Included with U.K. casualties are citizens of the various European countries occupied by Germany . There were separate RAF squadrons with citizens from Poland ( 17 ) ; Czechoslovakia ( 5 ) ; Netherlands ( 1 ) ; Free French ( 7 ) ; Yugoslavia ( 2 ) ; Belgium ( 3 ) ; Greece ( 3 ) ; Norway ( 2 ) . Volunteers from the United States served in 3 RAF squadrons known as the Eagle Squadrons . Many foreign nationals and persons from the British colonies served in the UK Merchant Navy . ^ BF United States American military dead # ^ BF1 Total U.S. military deaths in battle and from other causes were 407,316 . The breakout by service is as follows : Army 318,274 ( 234,874 battle , 83,400 nonbattle ) , Navy 62,614 , Marine Corps 24,511 , and the Coast Guard 1,917 . Deaths in battle were 292,131 . The breakout by service is as follows : Army 234,874 , Navy 36,950 , Marine Corps 19,733 , and Coast Guard 574 . These losses were incurred during the period 12 / 1 / 41 until 12 / 31 / 46 including an additional 126 men in October 1941 when the USS Kearny and the USS Reuben James were attacked by U-Boats . The United States Army Air Forces losses , which are included in the Army total , were 52,173 deaths due to combat and 35,946 from non-combat causes . U.S. Combat Dead by Theater of war : Europe -- Atlantic 183,588 ( Army ground forces 141,088 , Army Air Forces 36,461 , and Navy / Coast Guard 6,039 ) ; Asia -- Pacific 108,504 ( Army ground forces 41,592 , Army Air Forces 15,694 , Navy / Coast Guard 31,485 , Marine Corps 19,733 ) ; unidentified theaters 39 ( Army ) . Included with combat deaths are 14,059 POWs ( 1,124 in Europe and 12,935 in Asia ) . The details of U.S. military casualties are listed online : the U.S. Army , the U.S. Navy , and the U.S. Marine Corps . U.S. Army figures include the deaths of 5,337 Filipinos serving in the Philippine Scouts , of whom 5,135 died in battle ( see p. 118 ) . The names of individual U.S. military personnel killed in World War II can be found at the U.S. National Archives . American Battle Monuments Commission website lists the names of military and civilian war dead from World War II buried in ABMC cemeteries or listed on Walls of the Missing . American civilian dead # ^ BF2 According to the Usmm.org , 9,521 merchant mariners lost their lives in the war ( 8,421 killed and 1,100 who later died of wounds ) . In 1950 , the United States Coast Guard put U.S. Merchant Marine losses at 5,662 ( 845 due to enemy action , 37 in prison camps , and 4,780 missing ) , excluding U.S. Army transports and foreign flagged ships and they did not break out losses between the Atlantic and Pacific theaters . The names of U.S. Merchant Mariners killed in World War II are listed by USMM.org . During World War II the Civil Air Patrol assumed many missions including anti-submarine patrol and warfare , border patrols , and courier services . During World War II CAP 's coastal patrol had flown 24 million miles , found 173 enemy U-boats , attacked 57 , hit 10 and sank two , dropping a total of 83 bombs and depth charges throughout the conflict . By the end of the war , 64 CAP members had lost their lives in the line of duty . According to U.S. War Department figures , 18,745 American civilians were interned in the war ( 13,996 in the Far East and 4,749 in Europe ) . A total of 2,419 American civilian internees were listed as dead and missing . Under Japanese internment , 992 died and another 544 were listed as `` unknown '' ; under German internment , 168 died and a further 715 were listed as `` unknown '' . During World War II , 68 U.S. civilians were killed during the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 . The official U.S report listed 1 U.S. civilian killed during the Battle of Guam on December 8 -- 10 . However , another source reported 13 `` civilians '' killed during in the battle and 70 U.S. civilians were killed during the Battle of Wake Island from December 8 -- 23 , 1941 . 98 U.S. civilian POWs were massacred by the Japanese on Wake Island in October 1943 . 6 U.S. civilians were killed in Oregon in May 1945 by Japanese balloon bombs . ^ BG Yugoslavia The official Yugoslav figure for total war dead is 1.7 million ( 300,000 military and 1,400,000 civilians ) . This figure is cited in reference works dealing with World War II Studies in Yugoslavia by Franjo Tudjman and Ivo Lah put losses at 2.1 million However , the official Yugoslav figure has been disputed studies by Vladimir Žerjavić and Bogoljub Kočović who put actual losses at about 1.0 million persons . The calculation of Yugoslav losses is not an exact accounting listing of the dead , but is based on demographic calculations of the population balance which estimate births during the war and natural deaths . The number of persons who emigrated after the war ( ethnic Germans , Hungarians , Italians and Yugoslav refugees to the west ) are rough estimates . The U.S. Bureau of the Census published a report in 1954 that concluded that Yugoslav war - related deaths were 1,067,000 . The U.S. Bureau of the Census noted that the official Yugoslav government figure of 1.7 million war dead was overstated because it `` was released soon after the war and was estimated without the benefit of a postwar census '' . A recent study by Vladimir Žerjavić estimates total war related deaths at 1,027,000 , which included losses of 237,000 Yugoslav partisans and 209,000 `` Quislings and collaborators '' ( see discussion below losses of Yugoslav collaborators ) Civilian dead of 581,000 included 57,000 Jews . Losses by each Yugoslav republic were : Bosnia 316,000 ; Serbia 273,000 ; Croatia 271,000 ; Slovenia 33,000 ; Montenegro 27,000 ; Macedonia 17,000 ; and killed abroad 80,000 . Bogoljub Kočović , a Yugoslav statistician , calculated that the actual war losses were 1,014,000 . Jozo Tomasevich , Professor Emeritus of Economics at San Francisco State University , stated that the calculations of Kočović and Žerjavić `` seem to be free of bias , we can accept them as reliable '' . The losses of Yugoslav collaborators Croatian emigres in the west made exaggerated allegations that 500 - 600,000 Croatians and Chetniks were massacred by the Partisans after the war , these claims are cited by Rudolph Rummel in his study Statistics of Democide Jozo Tomasevich noted that the figures of the number of collaborators killed by the Partisans are disputed . According to Tomasevich some Croatian exiles `` have been more moderate in their estimates '' , putting the death toll at `` about 200,000 '' . Regarding the death toll in the reprisals by the Yugoslav partisans Tomasevich believed that `` It is impossible to establish the exact number of victims in these operations , although fairly accurate figures could probably be reached after much additional unbiased research '' The reasons for the high human toll in Yugoslavia were as follows A. Military operations between the occupying military forces and their quisling collaborators against the Yugoslav resistance . B. German forces , under express orders from Hitler , fought with a special vengeance against the Serbs , who were considered Untermensch . One of the worst one - day massacres during the German military occupation of Serbia was the Kragujevac massacre . C. Deliberate acts of reprisal against target populations were perpetrated by all combatants . All sides practiced the shooting of hostages on a large scale . At the end of the war , many Ustaše and Slovene collaborators were killed in or as a result of the Bleiburg repatriations . D . The systematic extermination of large numbers of people for political , religious or racial reasons . The most numerous victims were Serbs . According to Yad Vashem `` During their four years in power , the Ustasa carried out a Serb genocide , exterminating over 500,000 , expelling 250,000 and forcing another 200,000 to convert to Catholicism . The Ustasa also killed most of Croatias Jews , 20,000 Gypsies and many thousands of their political enemies . '' According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum `` The Croat authorities murdered between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serb residents of Croatia and Bosnia during the period of Ustaša rule ; more than 30,000 Croatian Jews were killed either in Croatia or at Auschwitz - Birkenau '' . The USHMM reports between 77,000 and 99,000 persons were killed at the Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška concentration camps . The Jasenovac Memorial Site quotes a similar figure of between 80,000 and 100,000 victims . Stara Gradiška was a sub-camp of Jasenovac established for women and children . The names and data for 12,790 victims at Stara Gradiška have been established Serbian sources currently claim that 700,000 persons were murdered at Jasenovac Some 40,000 Roma were murdered . Jewish victims in Yugoslavia totaled 67,122 . E. Reduced food supply caused famine and disease . F. Allied bombing of German supply lines caused civilian casualties . The hardest hit localities were Podgorica , Leskovac , Zadar and Belgrade . G . The demographic losses due to the reduction of 335,000 births and emigration of about 660,000 are not included with war casualties . ^ BH Other Nations Dominican Republic had 27 Merchant Mariners killed References ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Census BureauWorld Population Historical Estimates of World Population '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Second ' ' Second Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm '' . Users.erols.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey A. Hosking ( 2006 ) . `` Rulers and victims : the Russians in the Soviet Union '' . Harvard University Press . p. 242 ; ISBN 0 - 674 - 02178 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov , Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a note -- World War II -- Europe Asia Studies , July 1994 . ^ Jump up to : Andreev EM ; Darsky LE ; Kharkova TL , Population dynamics : consequences of regular and irregular changes . in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991 . Routledge. 1993 ; ISBN 0415101948 Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk . Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ; ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 , pp. 124 -- 31 ( these losses are for the territory of the USSR in the borders of 1946 - 1991 , including territories annexed in 1939 -- 40 ) . Jump up ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) , Warsaw , 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 Jump up ^ Overmans 2000 , p . Bd. 46 . Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans , Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 page 228 Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 ^ Jump up to : China 's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations . ( In Chinese ) Guo Rugui , editor - in - chief Huang Yuzhang Jiangsu People 's Publishing House , 2005 ; ISBN 7 - 214 - 03034 - 9 , pp. 4 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Ishikida , Miki ( 2005 ) . Toward Peace : War Responsibility , Postwar Compensation , and Peace Movements and Education in Japan . iUniverse , Inc . ( July 13 , 2005 ) . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0595350636 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm '' . Users.erols.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ I.C.B. Dear and M.R.D. Foot Oxford Companion to World War II Oxford , 2005 ; ISBN 0 - 19 - 280670 - X , p. 290 Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy ( 1986 ) ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 ^ Jump up to : R.J. Rummel . China 's Bloody Century . Transaction 1991 ; ISBN 0 - 88738 - 417 - X ^ Jump up to : `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Albania : a country study Federal Research Division , Library of Congress ; edited by Raymond E. Zickel and Walter R. Iwaskiw . 2nd ed. 1994 . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0792 - 5 . Available online at Federal Research Division of the U.S. Library of Congress . See section `` On The Communist Takeover '' . Library of Congress Country Study ^ Jump up to : `` Deaths as a result of service with Australian units ( AWM ) web page '' . AWM . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Military Statistics World War II - A Global Perspective '' . AWM . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951. p. 44 - 45 ^ Jump up to : Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd ed. 2002 ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 582 ^ Jump up to : Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 540 Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd ed. 2002 ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 512 ^ Jump up to : Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd ed. 2002 ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 556 ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian War Museum '' . Warmuseum.ca . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian War Museum '' . Warmuseum.ca . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . 1,600 in Merchant Navy Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd ed. 2002 ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 412 Jump up ^ Ho Ping - ti . Studies on the Population of China , 1368 -- 1953 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1959 . Jump up ^ R.J. Rummel . China 's Bloody Century . Transaction 1991 ISBN 0 - 88738 - 417 - X . Table 5A ^ Jump up to : Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 p. 85 ^ Jump up to : Ho Ping - ti . Studies on the Population of China , 1368 -- 1953 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1959 . p. 252 Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed. ; 2002 ) ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p 540 ^ Jump up to : Waller Wynne , Population of Czechoslovakia . ( International Population Statistics Reports series P - 90 , No. 3 ) . U.S. Dept. of Commerce ) Washington 1953 . p. 43 - The U.S. Commerce Dept . Census Bureau cited the following source for the population at 1 / 1 / 1939 for Czechoslovakia , State Statistical Office , Statistical Bulletin of Czechoslovakia , v. II ( 1947 ) no . 4 , Prague p. 57 ^ Jump up to : Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow Page 294 ^ Jump up to : Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 54 ^ Jump up to : `` Hvor mange dræbte danskere ? '' . Danish Ministry of Education . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed. ; 2002 ) ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 557 ( 2,500 killed in 1942 campaign ) Jump up ^ Van Waterford . Prisoners of the Japanese in World War II , McFarland & Company , 1994 ; ISBN 0899508936 , p. 144 ( 8,500 Dutch POW deaths ) Jump up ^ John W. Dower . War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 296 ( 300,000 forced laborers ) ^ Jump up to : Pierre van der Eng. ( 2008 ) `` Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation , 1940 -- 1950 '' , MPRA Paper No. 8852 , pp. 35 -- 38 . http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8852/ ^ Jump up to : John W. Dower . War Without Mercy , 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , pp 295 -- 96 Jump up ^ Heike Liebau et al , World in World Wars : Experiences , Perceptions , and Perspectives from Africa and Asia . Studies in Global Social History , 2010 ) , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression ; The White Book : Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940 -- 1991 Tallinn 2005 . ISBN 9985 - 70 - 195 - X , p. 38 , Table 2 ( 24,000 mobolized by USSR and 10,000 with Germans ) ^ Jump up to : Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression ; The White Book : Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940 -- 1991 Tallinn 2005 . ISBN 9985 - 70 - 195 - X , p. 38 , Table 2 ^ Jump up to : Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed. ; 2002 ) ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 491 ^ Jump up to : National Defence College ( 1994 ) , Jatkosodan historia 6 , Porvoo ; ISBN 951 - 0 - 15332 - X ^ Jump up to : `` Finnish National Archives '' . Kronos.narc.fi . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951 . pp. 58 -- 59 ^ Jump up to : Gunn , Geoffrey ( 2011 ) `` The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944 -- 45 Revisited '' , The Asia - Pacific Journal , 9 ( 5 ) , no 4 , January 31 , 2011 . http://www.japanfocus.org/-Geoffrey-Gunn/3483 ^ Jump up to : Marschalck , Peter . Bevölkerungsgeschichte Deutschlands im 19 . und 20 . Jahrhundert , Suhrkamp 1984 p. 149 Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 ; ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 , pp 228 - 32 . Jump up ^ Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg p228 - Overmans puts total German military dead at 5,318,000 ^ Jump up to : `` Council for Reparations from Germany , Black Book of the Occupation ( in Greek and German ) , Athens 2006 , p. 126 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Baranowski , Shelley ( 2010 ) . Nazi Empire : German colonialism and imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 273 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 67408 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ASSESSING THE GUAM WAR CLAIMS PROCESS , COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Dec. 12 , 2009 '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 , Transaction 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 , p. 102 ^ Jump up to : Támas Stark . Hungary 's Human Losses in World War II . Uppsala Univ. 1995 ISBN 91 - 86624 - 21 - 0 p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Támas Stark . Hungary 's Human Losses in World War II . Uppsala Univ. 1995 ISBN 91 - 86624 - 21 - 0 p. 59 Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hve margir Íslendingar dóu í seinni heimsstyrjöldinni ? '' . Visindavefur.hi.is. 2005 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 - 2015 p. 38 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials ^ Jump up to : John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 p. 296 ^ Jump up to : Amartya Sen interviewed by David Barsamian of Alternative Radio Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd ed. 2002 ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 498 Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Farhud '' . U.S. Holocaust Museum . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bombing Incidents in Ireland during the Emergency 1939 -- 1945 '' . Csn.ul.ie . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence . Jump up ^ ( Rovighi , Alberto ( 1988 ) , Le Operazioni in Africa Orientale : ( giugno 1940 -- novembre 1941 ) '' Jump up ^ ( USSME , La prima offensiva Britannica in Africa Settentrionale , tomo I , allegato 32 ( page 375 ) ) Jump up ^ Roma : Instituto Centrale Statistica . Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 -- 45 , Rome , 1957 ^ Jump up to : `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 297 - 299 ( includes 1 , 1740 , 995 dead 1937 - 45 and 380,000 surrendered Japanese who were unaccounted for after the war ) Jump up ^ Ishikida , Miki ( 2005 ) . Toward Peace : War Responsibility , Postwar Compensation , and Peace Movements and Education in Japan . Universe , Inc . ( July 13 , 2005 ) . p. 30 . ( figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare ) Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , pp 297 - 99 ( including air raid dead and Japanese civilians killed on Siapan and Okinawa , ) Jump up ^ Ishikida , Miki ( 2005 ) . Toward Peace : War Responsibility , Postwar Compensation , and Peace Movements and Education in Japan . iUniverse , Inc . ( July 13 , 2005 ) . p. 30 ( 500,000 civilians in Japan and 300,000 overseas , figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare ) Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 299 ( According to Dower Japanese war dead are `` at least 2.5 million '' ) Jump up ^ Ishikida , Miki ( 2005 ) . Toward Peace : War Responsibility , Postwar Compensation , and Peace Movements and Education in Japan . Universe , Inc . ( July 13 , 2005 ) . p. 30 ( figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare Jump up ^ R.J. Rumell , Statistics of democide Table 3.1 Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 28 footnotes 6&7 ( Killed : 10,000 with Soviets and 15,000 with Germans ; 3,000 POW deaths , 2,000 partisans ) ^ Jump up to : Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 29 , footnote 5&6 ( Killed : 15,000 with Soviets and 5,000 with Germans . POW deaths 4,000 , 1,000 partisans ) ^ Jump up to : Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 29 Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John W. Dower . War Without Mercy ( 1986 ) ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 296 ^ Jump up to : Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed ; 2002 ) ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6. p. 492 Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 . 2nd ed. 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . p. 540 Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 74 ^ Jump up to : `` United States State Department Background notes Nauru '' . State.gov . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Central Bureau of Statistics ( CBS ) Netherlands '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . 1945 population ^ Jump up to : Higgins , Jenny ( 2007 ) . `` Newfoundlanders and Labradorians in WWII '' . Heritage Newfoundland & Labrador . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Sinking of the SS Caribou ^ Jump up to : `` Auckland War Museum , World War Two Hall of Memories '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951 . pp. 112 - 14 ^ Jump up to : Bjij , V. Lal and Kate Fortune . The Pacific Islands -- An Encyclopedia , p. 244 Jump up ^ https://psa.gov.ph/old/census2000/history.html ^ Jump up to : Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 , pp 143 - 44 Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census The Population of Poland Ed . W. Parker Mauldin , Washington , D.C. , 1954 p. 103 ( population on 1 / 1 / 1939 ) Jump up ^ Gniazdowski , Mateusz . Losses Inflicted on Poland by Germany during World War II . Assessments and Estimates -- an Outline The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs , 2007 , ( 140,000 Regular forces and 100,000 resistance fighters ) Jump up ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Czesław Łuczak Polska i Polacy w drugiej wojnie światowej ( Poland and Poles in the Second World War ). Styczeń 1993 ; ISBN 83 - 232 - 0511 - 6 , p. 683 Jump up ^ Czesław Łuczak Polska i Polacy w drugiej wojnie światowej ( Poland and Poles in the Second World War ) , Styczeń 1993 ; ISBN 83 - 232 - 0511 - 6 , p. 683 ^ Jump up to : `` Department of Defence ( Australia ) , 2002 , `` A Short History of East Timor '' `` . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 03 . ( accessdate : October 13 , 2010 . ) Jump up ^ League of Nations Yearbook 1942 p. 14 ^ Jump up to : Catharine Newbury The Cohesion of Oppression : Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda : 1860 -- 1960 Columbia University Press , 1993 ISBN 0 - 231 - 06257 - 5 pp. 157 -- 158 Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 - 2015 p. 38 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials Jump up ^ League of Nations Yearbook 1942 p. 22 Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 p. 29 ( 10,000 civilian dead on Saipan ) Jump up ^ Andreev , EM , et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza , 1922 -- 1991 . Moscow , Nauka , 1993 ; ISBN 978 - 5 - 02 - 013479 - 9 , p. 52 - 53 ( The 1939 population was adjusted by Andreev to reflect the net population transfers from 1939 - 1945 . ) Jump up ^ R.W. Davies . Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union , 1913 - 1945 . Cambridge University Press 2005 . p. 77 . ISBN 052145770X . access - date = requires url = ( help ) 1939 population 188.8 million ( 168.5 in pre-war territory and 20.3 in annexed territories ) Jump up ^ Andreev EM ; Darsky LE ; Kharkova TL , Population dynamics : consequences of regular and irregular changes . in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991 . Routledge. 1993 ; ISBN 0415101948 p. 429 . ( 1939 population including annexed territories 188.794 million ) Jump up ^ Krivosheev , G.F. , ed. ( 1997 ) . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century . London : Greenhill Books . ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 . page 85 ( 8 , 8668 , 000 , including 1,283,000 POW and 500,000 missing ) Jump up ^ `` Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov , Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a note - World War II - Europe Asia Studies , July 1994 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 28 . ( 8.668 million including 1.783 million POW and missing ) Jump up ^ Hartmann , Christian ( 2013 ) . Operation Barbarossa : Nazi Germany 's War in the East , 1941 -- 1945 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 966078 - 0 . 11.4 million Jump up ^ Ian Dear . Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford University Press 1995 . p. 290 . ISBN 0198662254 . ( 10 million military dead ) Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 20 - 21 ( 10,600,000 , including 2.6 million POW ) Jump up ^ S. N Mikhalev Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941 - 1945 gg : Statisticheskoe issledovanie Krasnoiarskii gos . pedagog . universitet 2000 ISBN 978 - 5 - 85981 - 082 - 6 . Pages 18 - 21 . S. N Mikhalev Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War 1941 - 1945 A Statistical Investigation Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University ( In Russian ) ( 10.922 million total dead and missing ) Jump up ^ Ian Dear . Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford University Press 1995 . p. 290 . ISBN 0198662254 . ( 10 million civilian dead ) Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 20 - 21 ( 10,000,000 ) Jump up ^ Российская академия наук ( Russian Academy of Sciences ) . Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой войны : сборник статей - Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII : Collection of Articles . Saint - Petersburg , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 5 - 86789 - 023 - 0 pp. 124 - 27 ( 10,242,000 including 7,420,000 killed by intentional acts of violence , 2,164,000 as forced labor for Germany and 658,000 in siege of Leningrad ) Jump up ^ Российская академия наук ( Russian Academy of Sciences ) . Людские потери СССР в период второй мировой войны : сборник статей - Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII : Collection of Articles . Saint - Petersburg , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 5 - 86789 - 023 - 0 Pages 127 and 158 ( 6.6 to 7.1 million deaths due to famine and disease including 4.1 million in German occupied USSR and 2.5 - 3.2 million deaths in area not occupied by Germany ) Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 20 - 21 ( 6,000,000 famine deaths ) Jump up ^ Zemskov , Viktor . `` The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War ( in Russian ) '' . demoscope.ru # 559 - 60 , July 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Viktor Zemskov maintains that the figure of 27 million total war dead includes about 7 million deaths due to natural causes based on the mortality rate that prevailed before the war Jump up ^ Andreev EM ; Darsky LE ; Kharkova TL , Population dynamics : consequences of regular and irregular changes . in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991 . Routledge. 1993 . ISBN 0415101948 pp. 434 - 436 ( 26.6 million war dead includes a decline in natural deaths of 3.0 million and a 1.3 million increase in infant mortality ) Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 20 - 21 ( 26,500,000 ) Jump up ^ R.W. Davies . Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union , 1913 - 1945 . Cambridge University Press 2005 . pp. 77 -- 79 . ISBN 052145770X . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Total losses of 26.6 million out of a 1939 population of 188.8 million , which included 20.3 million annexed territories Jump up ^ Michael Haynes , Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a Note Europe Asia Studies Vol. 55 , No. 2 , 2003 , 300 -- 309 ( 26.6 million ) Jump up ^ `` Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov , Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a note - World War II - Europe Asia Studies , July 1994 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 28 . ( 26 to 27 million ) Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedish Volunteer Corps '' . Svenskafrivilliga.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lennart Lundberg Handelsflottan under andra världskriget p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Aerospace Power Journal . Summer 2000 . The Diplomacy of Apology : U.S. Bombings of Switzerland during World War II by Jonathan E. Helmreich Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Eiji Murashima , `` The Commemorative Character of Thai Historiography : The 1942 -- 43 Thai Military Campaign in the Shan States Depicted as a Story of National Salvation and the Restoration of Thai Independence '' Modern Asian Studies , v40 , n4 ( 2006 ) pp. 1053 -- 1096 , p1057n : Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` SS_Refah , Graces Guide '' . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 - 2015 p. 39 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials Jump up ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013 - 2014 Archived 2015 - 11 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , page 44 . Figures include civilians killed in the Battle of Britain , Siege of Malta ( World War II ) , and civilians interned by enemy nations . Jump up ^ `` Population Statistics '' . Library.uu.nl . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951 . 156 ^ Jump up to : I.C.B. Dear and M.R.D. Foot Oxford Companion to World War II Oxford , 2005 ; ISBN 0 - 19 - 280670 - X , p. 290 ^ Jump up to : Tomasevich , Jozo . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia , 1941 -- 1945 : Occupation and Collaboration . Stanford : Stanford University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3615 - 4 In Cap. 17 Alleged and True Population Losses there is a detailed account of the controversies related to Yugoslav war losses ( pp 744 -- 750 ) ^ Jump up to : Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p. 78 ( available online at http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess ) ^ Jump up to : Rüdiger Overmans , Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 pp. 228 - 232 Jump up ^ `` Austria facts and Figures Page 44 '' > Austria facts and Figures p. 44 ^ Jump up to : Austria facts and Figures p. 44 Jump up ^ File : DR1937. 1. png ^ Jump up to : Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 pp. 228 - 232 ^ Jump up to : Richard Overy , The Bombers and the Bombed : Allied Air War Over Europe 1940 - 1945 ( 2013 ) pp 304 - 7 ( Overy noted that `` No doubt this does not include all those who were killed or died of wounds , but it does include uniformed personnel , POWs , and foreign workers , and it applies to the Greater German area '' . Using the United States Strategic Bombing Survey data Overy calculated an average monthly death toll of 18,777 from September 1944 to January 1945 , taking this monthly average he estimated losses of 57,000 from February to April 1945 to which he adds an additional 25,000 killed in Dresden for total deaths of 82,000 from February to April 1945 . The figures up until the end of January 1945 of 271,000 and the 82,000 from February to April 1945 give an overall figure of 353,000 air war deaths . Overy summarizes : `` Detailed reconstruction of deaths caused by the Royal Air Force bombing from February to May 1945 , though incomplete , suggests a total of at least 57,000 . If casualties inflicted by the American air forces are assumed to be lower , since their bombing was less clearly aimed at cities , an overall death toll of 82,000 is again statistically realistic . In the absence of unambiguous statistical evidence , the figure of 353,000 gives an approximate scale consistent with the evidence '' . ) Jump up ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956 Jump up ^ Germany reports . With an introd . by Konrad Adenauer . Germany ( West ) . Presse - und Informationsamt . Wiesbaden , Distribution : F. Steiner , 1961 ) pp. 31 - 33 ( figure includes 170,000 German Jews ) . The West German government did not list euthanasia victims along with the war dead . ^ Jump up to : Germany reports . With an introd . by Konrad Adenauer . Germany ( West ) . Presse - und Informationsamt . Wiesbaden , Distribution : F. Steiner , 1961 ) pp. 31 - 33 ( they give figure of 300 , 00 German deaths due to racial , religious and political persecution including 170,000 Jews . Figure does not include the Nazi euthanasia program ^ Jump up to : Bundesarchiv Euthanasie '' im Nationalsozialismus 2003 report by German Federal Archive puts the dead toll in the Nazi euthanasia program at over 200,000 Jump up ^ German Federal Archive , Siegel , Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945 - 1948 . Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28 . Mai 1974 . Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte . Bonn 1989 P. 41 ( 100,000 during wartime flight ; 200,000 in USSR as forced labor and 100,000 in internment camps ) Jump up ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956 , Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland . ( German government Statistical Office ) Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 p. 228 ( Overmans uses the German description `` Deutsche nach Abstammung '' German according to ancestry Jump up ^ Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p. 79 ( available online at http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess ) Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : German Federal Archive , Siegel , Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945 - 1948 . Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28 . Mai 1974 . Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte . Bonn 1989 P. 53 ( 38,000 during wartime flight ; 5,000 in USSR as forced labor and 160,000 in internment camps ) Jump up ^ Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Bonn 1961 p. 79 ( available online at http://www.digizeitschriften.de/de/openaccess ) Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 , pp. 78 - 79 Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 Page 333 Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 , Page 78 Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 , Page 78 ^ Jump up to : `` Austria facts and Figures Page 44 '' > Austria facts and Figures p. 44 The Austrian government estimates 100,000 victims of Nazi persecution including 65,000 Jews . Jump up ^ German Federal Archive , Siegel , Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945 - 1948 . Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28 . Mai 1974 . Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte . Bonn 1989 pp. 53 - 54 Jump up ^ The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 , pp 78 - 79 ^ Jump up to : Krivosheev , G.F. , ed. ( 1997 ) . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century . London : Greenhill Books . ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 . page 278 Jump up ^ `` Russian Volunteers in the German Wehrmacht in WWII - by Lt. Gen Wladyslaw Anders and Antonio Munoz '' . Feldgrau.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Andreev , EM , et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza , 1922 -- 1991 . Moscow , Nauka , 1993 ; ISBN 978 - 5 - 02 - 013479 - 9 , p. 118 Jump up ^ `` НАСЕЛЕНИЕ Советского Союза 1922 - 1991 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ISBN 978 - 5 - 86789 - 023 - 0 pp. 82 - 84 Jump up ^ Naselenie Rossii v XX Veke : V 3 - kh Tomakh : Tom 2 . 1940 - 1959 ( The Population of Russia in the 20th century : volume 2 ) Jump up ^ ' Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ISBN 978 - 5 - 86789 - 023 - 0 pp. 82 - 84 Jump up ^ Naselenie Rossii v XX Veke : V 3 - kh Tomakh : Tom 2 . 1940 - 1959 ( The Population of Russia in the 20th century : volume 2 ) Jump up ^ Zmeskov , Viktor . `` Репатриация перемещённых советских граждан ( Repatriation of displaced Soviet citizens '' . Социологические исследования. 1995 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . ) более чем на 3 / 4 состояла из `` западников '' и менее чем на 1 / 4 - из `` восточников '' Jump up ^ S. Maksudov Losses Suffered by the Population of the USSR 1918 -- 1958 The Samizdat register II / edited by Roy Medvedev New York : Norton , 1981 . pp. 238 - 240 ) Jump up ^ Mały Rocznik Statystyczny Polski 1939 - 1941 Jump up ^ Eberhardt , , Piotr . `` Political Migrations on Polish Territories 1939 - 1950 , '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Krystyna Kersten , Szacunek strat osobowych w Polsce Wschodniej . Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI , 1994 p. 46 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow , 2004 . ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . pp 21 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert . Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ISBN 0 - 688 - 12364 - 3 pp. 242 -- 244 ^ Jump up to : Niewyk , Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust , Columbia University Press , 2000 ; ISBN 0 - 231 - 11200 - 9 , p. 421 . Jump up ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 p. 32 ^ Jump up to : Raul Hilberg , The Destruction of the European Jews New Viewpoints 1973 p. 767 . Jump up ^ Yad Vashem The Shoah Victims ' Names Recovery Project ^ Jump up to : Since the Czech Republic as political entity exists only since 1969 / 1993 , this political name stands for Czech part ( Czech lands -- during the war divided into so - called Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia and Sudetenland ) of then - occupied Czechoslovakia . Jump up ^ `` File : Hungary 1938 -- 1947. png -- Wikimedia Commons '' . Commons.wikimedia.org. 2010 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Martin Gilbert . Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ISBN 0 - 688 - 12364 - 3 pp. 23 Jump up ^ Raul Hilberg , The Destruction of the European Jews , Franklin Watts 1961 p. 379 Jump up ^ `` De vervolging van gemengd - gehuwde joden in Nederland Teruggefloten door Hitler '' . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Martin Gilbert . Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ISBN 0 - 688 - 12364 - 3 p. 244 Jump up ^ Post-war map of Romania ^ Jump up to : Martin Gilbert . Atlas of the Holocaust , 1988 ; ISBN 0 - 688 - 12364 - 3 , p. 244 Jump up ^ A Mosaic of Victims : Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis . Ed. by Michael Berenbaum New York University Press 1990 ; ISBN 1 - 85043 - 251 - 1 Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Holocaust Encyclopedia `` Mosaic of Victims : Overview '' `` . Ushmm.org . January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Niewyk , Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust , Columbia University Press , 2000 ; ISBN 0 - 231 - 11200 - 9 Google Books Jump up ^ `` Florida Center for Instructional Technology , College of Education , University of South Florida , A Teachers Guide to the Holocaust '' . Fcit.usf.edu . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : R.J. Rummel . Democide Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder . Transaction 1992 ; ISBN 1 - 56000 - 004 - X , p. 13 Jump up ^ Timothy Snyder , Bloodlands , Basic Books 2010 , pp 411 -- 12 Jump up ^ Hellmuth Auerbach : Opfer der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft . In : Wolfgang Benz ( Hg . ) : Legenden , Lügen , Vorurteile . Ein Wörterbuch zur Zeitgeschichte . Dtv , Neuauflage 1992 , ISBN 3 - 423 - 04666 - X , Page . 161 . Jump up ^ Dieter Pohl , Verfolgung und Massenmord in der NS - Zeit 1933 -- 1945 , WBG ( Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft ) , 2003 ; ISBN 3534151585 , p. 153 Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 's Holocaust Encyclopedia : `` Genocide of European Roma , 1939 -- 1945 '' `` . Ushmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hanock , Ian . `` Romanies and the Holocaust : A Reevaluation and an Overview '' Stone , D. ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) The Historiography of the Holocaust . Palgrave , Basingstoke and New York . Jump up ^ Hancock , Ian . Jewish Responses to the Porajmos -- The Romani Holocaust , Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies , University of Minnesota . Jump up ^ Danger ! Educated Gypsy , p. 243 , University of Hertfordshire Press , 2010 Jump up ^ Niewyk , Donald L. and Francis Nicosia . The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust , Columbia University Press , 2000 ; ISBN 0 - 231 - 11200 - 9 , p. 422 . Jump up ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Mentally and Physically Handicapped : Victims of the Nazi Era Jump up ^ Bundesarchiv : Euthanasie - Verbrechen 1939 -- 1945 ( Quellen zur Geschichte der `` Euthanasie '' - Verbrechen 1939 -- 1945 in deutschen und österreichischen Archiven . Ein Inventar . Einführung von Harald Jenner ) Jump up ^ Quellen zur Geschichte der `` Euthanasie '' - Verbrechen 1939 -- 1945 in deutschen und österreichischen Archiven . Ein Inventar ( 1 ) Jump up ^ R.J. Rummel . Democide Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder . Transaction 1992 ISBN 1 - 56000 - 004 - X . Table A Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Holocaust Encyclopedia `` Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War '' `` . Ushmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum , Washington , DC . `` POLISH VICTIMS '' . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum , Washington , DC . `` Polish Resistance and Conclusions '' . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tomasz Szarota 1945 '' > Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 page 32 . Foreword by Janusz Kurtyka . ( Digital copy : Internet Archive Wayback Machine ) Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 's Holocaust Encyclopedia : `` The German Army and the Racial Nature of the War Against the Soviet Union '' `` . Ushmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk . Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ; ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 . M.V. Philimoshin of the War Ministry of the Russian Federation About the results of calculation of losses among the civilian population of the USSR and Russian Federation 1941 -- 1945 , pp 124 -- 31 ( in Russian ; these losses are for the entire territory of the USSR in 1941 , including Polish territories annexed in 1939 -- 40 ) . Jump up ^ Perrie , Maureen ( 2006 ) , The Cambridge History of Russia : The twentieth century , Cambridge University Press ( 2006 ) , pp. 225 -- 27 ; ISBN 0 - 521 - 81144 - 9 Jump up ^ Bohdan Wytwycky , The Other Holocaust : Many Circles of Hell The Novak Report , 1980 Jump up ^ Niewyk , Donald L. ( 2000 ) The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust , Columbia University Press , 2000 ; ISBN 0 - 231 - 11200 - 9 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Magocsi , Paul Robert ( 1996 ) . A History of Ukraine . University of Toronto Press . p. 633 . ISBN 9780802078209 . Jump up ^ Dieter Pohl , Verfolgung und Massenmord in der NS - Zeit 1933 -- 1945 , WBG ( Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft ) , 2003 ; ISBN 3534151585 , pp. 109 , 128 , 153 Jump up ^ Michael Berenbaum ( ed . ) , A Mosaic of Victims : Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis , New York University Press , 1990 ; ISBN 1 - 85043 - 251 - 1 Jump up ^ Human Losses of the USSR in the Period of WWII : Collection of Articles ( In Russian ) . Saint - Petersburg , 1995 ; ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 . M.V. Philimoshin of the War Ministry of the Russian Federation About the results of calculation of losses among civilian population of the USSR and Russian Federation 1941 -- 1945 , pp 124 -- 31 . The Russian Academy of Science article by M.V. Philimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era . Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 's Holocaust Encyclopedia : `` Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich '' `` . Ushmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Holocaust Encyclopedia `` How many Catholics were killed during the Holocaust ? '' `` . Ushmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Holocaust Encyclopedia `` Jehovah 's Witnesses '' `` . Ushmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 's Holocaust Encyclopedia : `` Freemasonry Under the Nazi Regime '' , ushmm.org ; accessed March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Holocaust Encyclopedia `` Blacks During the Holocaust '' `` . Ushmm.org . January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Non-Jewish Resistance '' Holocaust Encyclopedia , United States Holocaust Memorial Museum , Washington , D.C. `` . Ushmm.org . January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia '' profile , Yad Vashem , Shoah Resource Center . Jump up ^ `` Jasenovac '' . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4442245&ct=5851813#.VKbzIvldUXs Jump up ^ Vladimir Dedijer , History of Yugoslavia , McGraw - Hill Inc . ( USA ) , 1975 ; ISBN 0 - 07 - 016235 - 2 , p. 582 Jump up ^ R.J. Rummel . Statistics of democide : Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900 Transaction 1998 ISBN 3 - 8258 - 4010 - 7 ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 ( Werner Gruhl is former chief of NASA 's Cost and Economic Analysis Branch with a lifetime interest in the study of the First and Second World Wars . ) ^ Jump up to : Ian Dear & MRD Foot , The Oxford Companion to World War II ( 2001 ) p. 443 Jump up ^ Van Waterford , Prisoners of the Japanese in World War II , McFarland & Co. , 1994 ; ISBN 0 - 89950 - 893 - 6 , pp. 141 -- 46 ( figures taken from De Japanse Burgenkampen by D. Van Velden Jump up ^ Bernice Archer , The internment of Western civilians under the Japanese , 1941 -- 1945 : a patchwork of internment . London , New York : Routledge Curzon , 2004 . ISBN 962 - 209 - 910 - 6 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Edwin Bacon , Glasnost and the Gulag : New information on Soviet forced labour around World War II . Soviet Studies Vol 44 . 1992 - 6 Jump up ^ Pavel Polian , Against Their Will Jump up ^ J. Arch Getty , `` Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Prewar Years : A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence , '' ( with Gаbor T. Rittersporn , and V.N. Zemskov ) , American Historical Review , 98 : 4 , Oct. 1993 Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk . Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 p. 175 Jump up ^ J. Arch Getty , Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Prewar Years : A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence , ( with Gаbor T. Rittersporn , and V.N. Zemskov ) , American Historical Review , 98 : 4 , Oct. 1993 Jump up ^ Stephen G. Wheatcroft , Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police : The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data - Not the Last Word Europe - Asia Studies Volume 51 , Issue 2 , 1999 Jump up ^ Robert Conquest , `` Excess deaths and camp numbers : Some comments '' , Soviet Studies Volume 43 , Issue 5 , 1991 Jump up ^ Steven Rosefielde , Red Holocaust , Routledge , 2009 ; ISBN 0 - 415 - 77757 - 7 Jump up ^ Steven Rosefielde . Red Holocaust Routledge , 2009 ; ISBN 0 - 415 - 77757 - 7 , pp 76 - 77 Jump up ^ Steven Rosefielde Red Holocaust Routledge , 2009 ; ISBN 0 - 415 - 77757 - 7 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Steven Rosefielde Red Holocaust Routledge , 2009 ; ISBN 0 - 415 - 77757 - 7 , p 179 ( Rosefielde 's figures were derived by estimating the population from 1939 -- 1945 using hypothetical birth and death rates ; he then compares this 1945 estimated population to the actual ending population in 1945 . The difference is 31.0 million excess deaths of which 23.4 million are attributed to the war and 7.6 million to Soviet repression ) Jump up ^ Michael Haynes . A Century Of State Murder ? : Death and Policy in Twentieth Century Russia , Pluto Press , 2003 ; ISBN 0745319300 , pp 62 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Stephane Courtois , The Black Book of Communism : Crimes , Terror , Repression , Harvard Univ Pr , 1999 ISBN 0 - 674 - 07608 - 7 p. 372 Jump up ^ Poland World War II casualties ( in thousands ) Jump up ^ `` Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations '' ( PDF ) . White Book . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Haynes . A Century Of State Murder ? : Death and Policy in Twentieth Century Russia , Pluto Press , 2003 ; ISBN 0745319300 , pp. 214 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Pavel Polian , Against Their Will , p. 123 Jump up ^ Pavel Polian , Against Their Will , p. 119 Jump up ^ Pavel Polian , Against Their Will , pp 123 -- 57 Jump up ^ J. Otto Pohl , The Stalinist Penal System : A History of Soviet Repression and Terror , 1930 -- 1953 , McFarland & Company , 1997 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0336 - 5 , p. 133 Jump up ^ J. Otto Pohl , The Stalinist Penal System : A History of Soviet Repression and Terror , 1930 -- 1953 , McFarland & Company , 1997 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0336 - 5 , p. 148 . The Soviet Archives did not provide the details by year of the figure of 309,100 deaths in the settlements . Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev ( 2001 ) . Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie . OLMA - Press . pp. Tables 200 -- 203 . ISBN 5 - 224 - 01515 - 4 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Mark , Pawns of Yalta : Soviet Refugees and America 's Role in Their Repatriation , University of Illinois Press , 1982 ; ISBN 0 - 252 - 00897 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 . ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 pp. 333 -- 335 ^ Jump up to : John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 297 Jump up ^ Ellis , John . World War II -- A statistical survey Facts on File 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 2971 - 7 . p. 254 Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 363 According to John W. Dower ; the `` Known deaths of Japanese troops awaiting repatriation in Allied ( non-Soviet ) hands were listed as 81,090 by U.S. authorities ; An additional 300,000 Japanese prisoners died in Soviet hands after the surrender Jump up ^ `` Reports of General MacArthurMACARTHUR IN JAPAN : THE OCCUPATION : MILITARY PHASE VOLUME I SUPPLEMENT ' U.S. Government printing Office 1966 p. 130 endnote 36 '' . History.army.mil . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Nimmo , William . Behind a curtain of silence : Japanese in Soviet custody , 1945 -- 1956 , Greenwood 1989 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 25762 - 9 , pp. 116 -- 118 The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported that 347,000 military personnel and civilians were dead or missing in Soviet hands after the war . The Japanese list the losses of 199,000 in Manchurian transit camps , 36,000 in North Korea , 9,000 from Sakhalin and 103,000 in the U.S.S.R. Jump up ^ Giuseppe Fioravanzo , La Marina italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale , Volume XXI - L'organizzazione della Marina durante il conflitto , Tomo II : Evoluzione organica dal 10.6. 1940 al 8.9. 1943 , Historical Branch of the Italian Navy , 1975 , pp. 346 - 364 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ La nostra guerra 1940 - 1945 Jump up ^ Resistenzialismo versus resistenza . Jump up ^ The number of partisans escalated during the final insurrection of April 1945 . Jump up ^ Vincitori e vinti , books.google.it ; accessed March 4 , 2016. ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ `` Italians in WWII '' . Storiaxxisecolo.it . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ A large number of partisans and members of the RSI forces were former members of the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy , to which is referred the 3,430,000 figure . Jump up ^ Italian Ministry of Defence , Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro , 2010 Jump up ^ 600,000 POWs of Allies ; 50,000 POWs of Russians ; 650,000 POWs of Germans ( 4 ) ^ Jump up to : G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , pp. 51 -- 80 Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , pp. 85 -- 87 Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , pp. 230 -- 238 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , pp. 13 -- 14 ^ Jump up to : Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , pp. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 - 2015 p. 38 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials ^ Jump up to : Strength and Casualties of the Armed Forces and Auxiliary Services of the United Kingdom 1939 -- 1945 HMSO 1946 Cmd. 6832 Jump up ^ The UK Central Statistical Office Statistical Digest of the War HMSO 1951 ^ Jump up to : `` Congressional Research Report -- American War and Military Operations Casualties . Updated February 26 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : STATISTICAL AND ACCOUNTING BRANCH OFFICE OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL ( June 1 , 1953 ) . `` Tables `` Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition , type of personnel , and theater : 7 December 1941 - 31 December 1946 '' through `` Battle casualties by type of casualty and disposition , and duty branch : 7 December 1941 -- 31 December 1946 '' `` . U.S. Army Battle Casualties and Non-battle Deaths in World War II . U.S Department of the Army . pp. 5 -- 8 . Retrieved 11 January 2015 -- via Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library . Jump up ^ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS , AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR ( POWs ) AND MISSING IN ACTION ( MIAs ) Jump up ^ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS , AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR ( POWs ) AND MISSING IN ACTION ( MIAs ) Jump up ^ http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/History%20of%20the%20U.S.%20Marine%20Corps%20in%20WWII%20Vol%20V%20-%20Victory%20and%20Occupation%20%20PCN%2019000262800_5.pdf US Marine Corps History Jump up ^ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS , AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR ( POWs ) AND MISSING IN ACTION ( MIAs ) Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd Ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 584 Jump up ^ https://www.usphs.gov/aboutus/history.aspx History of the PHSCC Jump up ^ http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/public-health-service-commissioned-corps/2/ The Public Health Service Commissioned Corps : Two centuries and counting Jump up ^ http://www.history.noaa.gov/legacy/corps.html NOAA Corps and the Coast and Geodetic Survey Jump up ^ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS , AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR ( POWs ) AND MISSING IN ACTION ( MIAs ) ( incl . 14,072 dead while POWs ) ^ Jump up to : https://fas.org/man/crs/RL30606.pdf CRS Report for Congress , U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II : The Issue of Compensation by Japan ( figure does not include an additional c. 19,000 civilians interned ) Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg , 2000 ; ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 , p. 335 Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg , Oldenbourg 2000 ; ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 , pp. 236 , 239 Jump up ^ Rüdiger Overmans . Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg . Oldenbourg 2000 ; ISBN 3 - 486 - 56531 - 1 , p. 289 Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk . Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ; ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 , p. 109 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 20 Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill , 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , p. 85 ^ Jump up to : `` G.I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA - Press , 2001 ; ISBN 5 - 224 - 01515 - 4 Table 176 '' . Lib.ru . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , pp 85 -- 86 Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , p. 236 Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , p. 86 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 21 Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ; ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 , p. 91 Jump up ^ G.I. Krivosheev . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses . Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 p. 236 Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , pp 13 - 14 Jump up ^ Ellis , John . World War II -- A statistical survey Facts on File 1993 . 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HEC No. 2004 / 1 , p. 4 - ( 2,000,000 ) Jump up ^ Wirtschaft und Statistik 1950 # 2 pp. 8 - 9 Jump up ^ Bundesministerium für Vertriebene , Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost - Mitteleuropa Vol. 1 -- 5 , Bonn , 1954 -- 1961 Jump up ^ Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste . Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939 / 50. Herausgeber : Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden . - Stuttgart : Verlag W. Kohlhammer , 1958 Jump up ^ Gesamterhebung zur Klärung des Schicksals der deutschen Bevölkerung in den Vertreibungsgebieten , München : Zentralstelle des Kirchl . Suchdienstes , 1965 Jump up ^ Ursprünge , Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts `` Bevölkerung '' vor , im und nach dem `` Dritten Reich '' Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissensch : Ingo Haar Die deutschen '' Vertreibungsverluste `` -- Forschungsstand , Kontexte und Probleme , in Ursprünge , Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts `` Bevölkerung '' vor , im und nach dem `` Dritten Reich '' Springer 2009 : ISBN 978 - 3 - 531 - 16152 - 5 , p. 369 Jump up ^ Rűdiger Overmans . Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung . ( This paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw Poland in 1994 ) , Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI - 1994 Jump up ^ Pistohlkors , Gert . Informationen zur Klärung der Schicksale von Flüchtlingen aus den . Vertreibungsgebieten östlich von Oder und Neiße . Published in Schulze , Rainer , Flüchtlinge und Vertriebene in der westdeutschen Nachkriegsgeschichte : Bilanzierung der Forschung und Perspektiven für die künftige Forschungsarbeit Hildesheim : A. Lax , 1987 Jump up ^ Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahn : Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern . Legenden , Mythos , Geschichte . Paderborn 2010 ; ISBN 978 - 3 - 506 - 77044 - 8 , p. 702 Jump up ^ Facts concerning the problem of the German expellees and refugees , Bonn 1967 ^ Jump up to : Ingo Haar , `` Hochgerechnetes Unglück , Die Zahl der deutschen Opfer nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wird übertrieben '' , Süddeutsche Zeitung , 14 November 2006 . Jump up ^ German Federal Archive Spieler , Silke . ed . Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945 - 1948 . Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28 . Mai 1974 . Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte ... Bonn : Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen. ( 1989 ) ; ISBN 3 - 88557 - 067 - X . Jump up ^ Gerhard Reichling , Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen , Teil 1 , Bonn 1995 ( revised ed ) Jump up ^ Christoph Bergner , Secretary of State of Germany 's Bureau for Inner Affairs , outlines the stance of the respective governmental institutions in Deutschlandfunk on 29 November 2006 , ( 8 ) Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Willi Kammerer & Anja Kammerer -- Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste - 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005 , p. 12 : published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross ; the forward to the book was written by German President Horst Köhler and the German interior minister Otto Schily Jump up ^ `` Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung , Die Vertreibung der Deutschen aus den Gebieten jenseits von Oder und Neiße '' , bpb.de ; accessed December 1 , 2015. ( in German ) ^ Jump up to : Hans Henning Hahn & Eva Hahn , Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern . Legenden , Mythos , Geschichte , Paderborn : Schöningh , 2010 , pp. 659 -- 726 , 839 : ill. , maps ; 24cm . D820. P72 G475 2010 ; ISBN 978 - 3 - 506 - 77044 - 8 ( in German ) ^ Jump up to : Rűdiger Overmans - Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung . ( this paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw Poland in 1994 ) , Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI - 1994 ^ Jump up to : Zahl der Vertreibungsopfer ist neu zu erforschen Rüdiger Overmans Deutschlandfunk ; accessed June 21 , 2015 . ( in German ) Jump up ^ Ursprünge , Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts `` Bevölkerung '' vor , im und nach dem `` Dritten Reich '' Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft : Ingo Haar Die deutschen '' Vertreibungsverluste `` -- Forschungsstand , Kontexte und Probleme , Ursprünge , Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts `` Bevölkerung '' vor , im und nach dem `` Dritten Reich '' , Berlin : Springer , 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 3 - 531 - 16152 - 5 ( in German ) Jump up ^ Herausforderung Bevölkerung : zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor , im und nach dem Dritten Reich Ingo Haar , Bevölkerungsbilanzen '' und `` Vertreibungsverluste . 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Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung , Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften , 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 3 - 531 - 15556 - 2 ( in German ) Jump up ^ Die Flucht der deutschen Bevölkerung 1944 / 45 , dhm.de ; accessed 21 June 2015. ( in German ) Jump up ^ Hoensch , Jörg K. und Hans Lemberg , Begegnung und Konflikt . Schlaglichter auf das Verhältnis von Tschechen , Slowaken und Deutschen 1815 -- 1989 Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 2001 ; ISBN 3 - 89861 - 002 - 0 Jump up ^ Bernadetta Nitschke . Vertreibung und Aussiedlung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus Polen 1945 bis 1949 . München , Oldenbourg Verlag , 2003 ; ISBN 3 - 486 - 56832 - 9 , pp. 269 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Witold Sienkiewicz & Grzegorz Hryciuk , Wysiedlenia , wypędzenia i ucieczki 1939 -- 1959 : atlas ziem Polski : Polacy , Żydzi , Niemcy , Ukraińcy , Warsaw : Demart , 2008 , p. 170 , Określa je wielkosciami między 600tys . a 1.2 mln zmarłych i zabitych . Głowną przyczyną zgonów było zimno , stres i bombardowania ; accessed 26 May 2015. ( in Polish ) Jump up ^ Witold Sienkiewicz & Grzegorz Hryciuk , Wysiedlenia , wypędzenia i ucieczki 1939 -- 1959 : atlas ziem Polski : Polacy , Żydzi , Niemcy , Ukraińcy , Warsaw : Demart , 2008 , p. 187 Jump up ^ Alan S. Milward , The Reconstruction of Western Europe Jump up ^ `` Does Germany owe Greece wartime reparations money ? '' . BBC News . June 14 , 2005 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vast Greek war claims against Germany explode like a ' time - bomb ' '' , The Telegraph , 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951 . pp. 89 -- 91 Jump up ^ Dieter Pohl , Verfolgung und Massenmord in der NS - Zeit 1933 -- 1945 , WBG ( Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft ) , 2003 ; ISBN 3534151585 , pp. 123 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : George J. McMillin , Captain , USN Surrender of Guam to the Japanese Jump up ^ Thomas Wilds , `` The Japanese Seizure of Guam '' , Marine Corps Gazette , July 1955 Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 - 2015 p. 38 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials ^ Jump up to : Parker , John . ( 2005 ) . The Gurkhas : The Inside Story of the World 's Most Feared Soldiers . Headline Book Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1415 - 7 p. 250 ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey Roberts ( January 11 , 2004 ) . `` The Challenge Of The Irish Volunteers of World War II '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roma : Instituto Centrale Statistica . Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 -- 45 Rome , 1957 . Jump up ^ `` The effects of war losses on mortality estimates for Italy : A first attempt . Demographic Research , Vol. 13 , No. 15 '' . Demographic-research.org . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Roma : Instituto Centrale Statistica Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 -- 45 Rome 1957 , pp. 4 - 5 Jump up ^ Roma : Instituto Centrale Statistica Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 -- 45 , Rome 1957 , pp. 6 - 7 Jump up ^ Roma : Instituto Centrale Statistica Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 -- 45 , Rome 1957 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Roma : Instituto Centrale Statistica Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940 -- 45 , Rome 1957 , pp. 10 - 11 Jump up ^ Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito . Commissariato generale C.G.V. Ministero della Difesa -- Edizioni 1986 ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ John W. Dower . War Without Mercy , 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 296 Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 , Transaction 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 , p. 144 Jump up ^ `` Figures were compiled by the Relief Bureau of the Ministry of Health and Welfare in March 1964 . '' . Australia - Japan Research Project . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Dower , pp. 298 Jump up ^ American Historical Association : Lessons from Iwo Jima footnote 1 Retrieved 10 March 2016 Jump up ^ Stevens , The Naval Campaigns for New Guinea paragraph 30 Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 p. 296 ^ Jump up to : Japan Statistical Year - Book , 1949 ( etc . ) . Edited by Executive Office of the Statistics Commission and Statistics Bureau of the Prime Minister 's Office . Eng . & Jap . ( Tokyo ) 1949 - pp 1056 - 58 , Tables 608 - 09 Jump up ^ John W. Dower , War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 296 Dower cites the figures of killed but not the wounded Jump up ^ Japan Statistical Year - Book , 1949 ( etc . ) . Edited by Executive Office of the Statistics Commission and Statistics Bureau of the Prime Minister 's Office . Eng . & Jap . ( Tokyo ) 1949 - p. 1058 , Tables 608 - 09 Jump up ^ John W. Dower . War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 296 Dower cites the figures of killed but not the wounded Jump up ^ Annual Changes in Population of Japan Proper 1 October 1920 -- 1 October 1947 , General Headquarters for the Allied Powers Economic and Scientific Section Research and Programs Division . Tokyo , July 1948 . p. 20 Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 , p. 144 Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 296 Jump up ^ John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , pp 299 , 363 ^ Jump up to : John W. Dower War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , pp. 299 , 363 Jump up ^ `` Reports of General MacArthurMACARTHUR IN JAPAN : THE OCCUPATION : MILITARY PHASE VOLUME I SUPPLEMENT - U.S. Government printing Office 1966 , p. 130 endnote 36 '' . History.army.mil . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nimmo , William . Behind a curtain of silence : Japanese in Soviet custody , 1945 -- 1956 , Greenwood 1989 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 25762 - 9 , pp 116 -- 18 Jump up ^ Ishikida , Miki ( 2005 ) . Toward Peace : War Responsibility , Postwar Compensation , and Peace Movements and Education in Japan . iUniverse , Inc . ( July 13 , 2005 ) . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0595350636 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` G.I. Krivosheev . Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : Poteri vooruzhennykh sil ; statisticheskoe issledovanie , OLMA - Press , 2001 ; ISBN 5 - 224 - 01515 - 4 '' . Lib.ru . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Overall Report of Damage Sustained by the Nation During the Pacific War Economic Stabilization Agency , Planning Department , Office of the Secretary General , 1949 '' . JapanAirRaids . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Overall Report of Damage Sustained by the Nation During the Pacific War Economic Stabilization Agency , Planning Department , Office of the Secretary General , 1949 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Japan Statistical Year - Book , 1949 ( etc . ) . Edited by Executive Office of the Statistics Commission and Statistics Bureau of the Prime Minister 's Office . Eng . & Jap . ( Tokyo ) 1949 , pp 1056 - 57 , Table 607 Jump up ^ Eisei Ishikawa , David L. Swain , Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Hiroshima and Nagasaki The Physical Medical and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings , Basic Books , 1981 , ISBN 046502985X p. 115 ( English translation of Japanese study published in 1979 Jump up ^ Eisei Ishikawa , David L. Swain , Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Hiroshima and Nagasaki The Physical Medical and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings , Basic Books , 1981 , ISBN 046502985X p. 115 ( English translation of Japanese study published in 1979 Jump up ^ Eisei Ishikawa , David L. Swain , Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Hiroshima and Nagasaki The Physical Medical and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings , Basic Books , 1981 , ISBN 046502985X ( English translation of Japanese study published in 1979 Jump up ^ John W. Dower . War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , pp 297 -- 99 Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima , Nagasaki , and Subsequent Weapons Testing '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Radiation Effects Research Foundation How many people died as a result of the atomic bombings ? , rerf.jp ; accessed March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report United States Government Printing Office Washington : 1946 p. 20 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ United States Strategic Bombing Survey , Medical Division ( 1947 ) , pp. 143 - 44 Jump up ^ `` United States Strategic Bombing Survey Report # 55 The effects of air attack on Japanese urban economy. United States Government Printing Office , Washington : 1947 , p. 7 '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of strategic bombing on Japanese morale. United States Government Printing Office , Washington : 1947 , p. 194 '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki United States Government Printing Office Washington : 1946 , p. 15 '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Major Chas . S. Nichols , Jr. , USMC Henry I. Shaw , Jr . `` Okinawa : Victory in the Pacific '' . Historical Branch , G - 3 Division , Headquarters , U.S. Marine Corps . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Major Chas . S. Nichols , Jr. , USMC Henry I. Shaw , Jr. ( 1955 ) . Okinawa : Victory in the Pacific . Historical Branch , G - 3 Division , Headquarters , U.S. Marine Corps . p. 260 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 578 Jump up ^ `` R.J. Rummel `` Statistics of democide : Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900 '' Transaction 1998 ; ISBN 3 - 8258 - 4010 - 7 ( Chapter 3 ) `` . Hawaii.edu . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 p. 143 Jump up ^ John W. Dower , War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951 . p. 107 Jump up ^ John W. Dower . War Without Mercy 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 394 - 75172 - 8 , p. 296 Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl , Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 , Transaction 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 , p. 91 Jump up ^ `` History Of The Nepalese Army '' . Nepalarmy.mil.np . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Netherlands War Graves Foundation '' . Ogs.nl . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Allied Merchant Navy Memorial in Newfoundland '' . Cdli.ca . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Maj . Richard M. , ( U.S. Army , retired ) ( 28 October 2002 ) . `` Bataan , Corregidor , and the Death March : In Retrospect '' ^ Jump up to : Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) , Warsaw 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 , p. 32 ^ Jump up to : Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) , Warsaw 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 , pp. 29 -- 30 ^ Jump up to : Czesław Brzoza , Andrzej Leon Sowa , Historia Polski 1918 -- 1945 ( History of Poland : 1918 -- 1945 ) , pp. 694 -- 697 . Kraków 2009 , Wydawnictwo Literackie , ISBN 978 - 83 - 08 - 04125 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum : Polish Victims '' . Ushmm.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 10 ) Meeting line between the German and the Soviet Army after their joint invasion of Poland in September 1939 Jump up ^ Czesław Łuczak Polska i Polacy w drugiej wojnie światowej ( Poland and Poles in the Second World War ). Styczeń 1993 ISBN 83 - 232 - 0511 - 6 p. 683 ^ Jump up to : Gniazdowski , Mateusz . Losses Inflicted on Poland by Germany during World War II . Assessments and Estimates -- an Outline The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs , 2007 , no . 1. This article is available from the Central and Eastern European Online Library at http://www.ceeol.com Jump up ^ Poland World War II casualties ( in thousands ) Jump up ^ Gregory Frumkin . Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 , Geneva 1951 . p. 119 Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census The Population of Poland Ed . W. Parker Mauldin , Washington , D.C. , 1954 , p. 187 Jump up ^ Andreev , E.M. , et al , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza , 1922 -- 1991 . Moscow , Nauka , 1993 ; ISBN 5 - 02 - 013479 - 1 , p. 78 . Total Soviet losses of 26.6 million are computed for the population in mid-1941 in the territory of the Soviet Union of 1946 -- 1991 Jump up ^ Poland . Bureau odszkodowan wojennych , Statement on war losses and damages of Poland in 1939 -- 1945 . Warsaw 1947. ( the figures of 2.8 million Jews and 3.2 million Poles are based on language spoken , not religion ) Jump up ^ Czesław Łuczak , Szanse i trudnosci bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939 -- 1945 . Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI , 1994 Jump up ^ `` go to note on Polish Casualties by Tadeusz Piotrowski at the bottom of the page '' . Project In Posterum . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Franciszek Proch , Poland 's Way of the Cross , New York , 1987 ^ Jump up to : T. Panecki , Wsiłek zbrojny Polski w II wojnie światowej pl : Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny , 1995 , no . 1 -- 2 , pp. 13 -- 18 Jump up ^ Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota . Polska 1939 -- 1945 . Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Institute of National Remembrance ( IPN ) , Warsaw 2009 ; ISBN 978 - 83 - 7629 - 067 - 6 , p. 20 Jump up ^ `` Victims of the Nazi Regime - Database of Polish citizens repressed under the German Occupation '' . Straty.pl . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Nürnberg Document No. 3568 . Data from this document is listed in Martin Brozat , Nationalsozialistische Polenpolitik Fischer Bücheri 1961 . p. 125 Jump up ^ Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste . Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939 / 50 . Herausgeber : Statistisches Bundesamt -- Wiesbaden . -- Stuttgart : Verlag W. Kohlhammer , 1958 Jump up ^ Schimitzek , Stanislaw , Truth or Conjecture ? Warsaw 1966 Jump up ^ Ruas , Óscar Vasconcelos , `` Relatório 1946 - 47 '' , AHU Jump up ^ Urlanis , Boris ( 1971 ) . Wars and Population . Moscow 1971 , p. 294 Jump up ^ Mark Axworthy . Third Axis Fourth Ally . Arms and Armour 1995 ; ISBN 1 - 85409 - 267 - 7 , pp 216 -- 17 Jump up ^ Mark Axworthy . Third Axis Fourth Ally . Arms and Armour 1995 ISBN 1 - 85409 - 267 - 7 , p. 314 Jump up ^ Linden , Jan Church and revolution in Rwanda , Manchester University Press 1977 ; ISBN 0 - 8419 - 0305 - 0 , p. 207 Jump up ^ Alexander De Waal , Famine crimes : politics & the disaster relief industry in Africa Indiana Univ . Press , 1999 ; ISBN 0 - 253 - 21158 - 1 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013 - 2014 Archived 2015 - 11 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , page 44 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials . Jump up ^ Poyer , Lin ; Falgout , Suzanne ; Carucci , Laurence Marshall . The Typhoon of War : Micronesian Experiences of the Pacific War Univ of Hawaii Press , Honolulu , Hawaii , USA , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 8248 - 2168 - 8 Jump up ^ Andreev , E.M. , et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza , 1922 -- 1991 . Moscow , Nauka , 1993 ; ISBN 5 - 02 - 013479 - 1 Jump up ^ Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov , Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a note -- World War II -- Europe Asia Studies , July 1994 ^ Jump up to : Michael Haynes , Counting Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a Note , Europe Asia Studies vol 55 , No. 2 , 2003 , 300 -- 309 Jump up ^ `` Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov , Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a note - World War II - Europe Asia Studies , July 1994 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Perrie , Maureen ( 2006 ) , The Cambridge History of Russia : The Twentieth Century , Cambridge University Press , pp. 225 - 27 Jump up ^ Andreev , EM ; Darski , LE ; Kharkova , TL ( 11 September 2002 ) . `` Population dynamics : consequences of regular and irregular changes '' . In Lutz , Wolfgang ; Scherbov , Sergei ; Volkov , Andrei . Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991 . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 85320 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk . Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ; ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 , pp. 124 -- 31 ( these losses are for the territory of the USSR in the borders of 1946 - 1991 , including territories annexed in 1939 -- 40 ) . Jump up ^ Krivosheev , G.F. ( 1997 ) . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century . Greenhill Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 280 - ^ Jump up to : Andreev , EM , et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza , 1922 -- 1991 . Moscow , Nauka , 1993 ; ISBN 978 - 5 - 02 - 013479 - 9 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Andreev EM ; Darsky LE ; Kharkova TL , Population dynamics : consequences of regular and irregular changes . in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991 . Routledge . P. 436 , 1993 ; ISBN 0415101948 Jump up ^ Andreev , EM , et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza , 1922 -- 1991 . Moscow , Nauka , 1993 ; ISBN 978 - 5 - 02 - 013479 - 9 , p. 120 Jump up ^ Andreev , EM , et al. , Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza , 1922 -- 1991 . Moscow , Nauka , 1993 ; ISBN 978 - 5 - 02 - 013479 - 9 , pp. 50 - 53 ( eastern regions of Poland ( 10 million ) , Lithuania ( 2.9 million ) , Latvia ( 1.9 million ) , Estonia 1.1 million ) , Romanian Bessarabia and Bukovina ( 3.7 million ) , Tuva ( 86,000 ) , Zakarpattia Oblast 700,000 , South Sakhalin ( 30,000 ) and the Kaliningrad Oblast ) . Jump up ^ Zmeskov , Victor . `` Repatriation of Soviet Citizens ( in Russian ) '' . Социологические исследования . May 1995 . No 5 . С. 3 -- 13 . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : L.L. Rybakovsky . Casualties of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War ( in Russian ) , Sotsiologicheskie issiedovaniya , 2000 , No 6 . ^ Jump up to : Zemskov , Viktor . `` The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War ( in Russian ) '' . demoscope.ru # 559 - 60 , July 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Krivosheev , G.F. , ed. ( 1997 ) . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century . London : Greenhill Books . ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 . page 85 ( 8,668,000 , including 1,283,000 POW and 500,000 missing ) Jump up ^ Hartmann , Christian ( 2013 ) . Operation Barbarossa : Nazi Germany 's War in the East , 1941 -- 1945 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 966078 - 0 . Jump up ^ Richard Overy , Russia 's War : A History of the Soviet Effort : 1941 -- 1945 , Penguin Books , 1998 ; ISBN 0 - 14 - 027169 - 4 , p . XV Jump up ^ `` Obituary of S.N. Mikhalev who passed away in 2005 '' . Andjusev.narod.ru . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ S.N. Mikhalev Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941 - 1945 gg : Statisticheskoe issledovanie Krasnoiarskii gos . pedagog . universitet , 2000 ; ISBN 978 - 5 - 85981 - 082 - 6 , pp 18 - 21 . S.N. Mikhalev . Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War 1941 - 1945 : A Statistical Investigation , Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow 2004 ; ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 , p. 20 - 21 ( 10,600,000 , including 2.6 million POW ) Jump up ^ Mikhalev , S.N. ( 2000 ) . Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 1941 -- 1945 gg : Statisticheskoe issledovanie ( Human Losses in the Great Patriotic Wa < r 1941 -- 1945 A Statistical Investigation ) . Krasnoiarskii gos . pedagog . universitet ( Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University ) . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 5 - 85981 - 082 - 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Soviet General Staff report July 1945 ( 6,331,000 killed and 1,329,000 missing and accounted for ) Jump up ^ Жертвы двух диктатур . Остарбайтеры и военнопленные в Третьем Рейхе и их репатриация . -- М. : Ваш выбор ЦИРЗ , 1996 . -- p735 - 738 . ( Victims of Two Dictatorships . Ostarbeiters and POW in Third Reich and Their Repatriation ) ( Russian ) Jump up ^ S.A. Il'enkov Pamyat O Millionach Pavshik Zaschitnikov Otechestva Nelzya Predavat Zabveniu Voennno - Istoricheskii Arkhiv No. 7 ( 22 ) , Central Military Archives of the Russian Federation 2001 , pp 73 - 80 ; ISBN 978 - 5 - 89710 - 005 - 7 ( The Memory of those who Fell Defending the Fatherland Cannot be Condemned to Oblivion ) ; in Russian ; available at the New York Public Library ) Jump up ^ Il'Enkov , S.A. ( June 1996 ) . `` Concerning the registration of Soviet armed forces ' wartime irrevocable losses , 1941 -- 1945 '' . The Journal of Slavic Military Studies . 9 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` OBD Memorial '' . Obd-memorial.ru . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk . Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ; ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 , pp. 124 -- 31 ( these losses are for the territory of the USSR in the borders of 1946 - 1991 , including territories annexed in 1939 -- 40 ) . Jump up ^ Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk . Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny : sbornik statei . Sankt - Peterburg 1995 ; ISBN 5 - 86789 - 023 - 6 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 515 Jump up ^ Lennart Lundberg Handelsflottan under andra världskriget , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Aerospace Power Journal ( Summer 2000 ) : The Diplomacy of Apology : U.S. Bombings of Switzerland during World War II by Jonathan E. Helmreich '' . Airpower.maxwell.af.mil . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aerospace Power Journal ( Summer 2000 ) : The Bombing of Zurich by Jonathan E. Helmreich '' . Airpower.maxwell.af.mil . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sorasanya Phaengspha ( 2002 ) The Indochina War : Thailand Fights France . Sarakadee Press . Jump up ^ Eiji Murashima , `` The Commemorative Character of Thai Historiography : The 1942 -- 43 Thai Military Campaign in the Shan States Depicted as a Story of National Salvation and the Restoration of Thai Independence '' Modern Asian Studies , v40 , n4 ( 2006 ) pp. 1053 -- 96 , p. 1057n : `` Deaths in the Thai military forces from 8 December 1941 through the end of the war included 143 officers , 474 non-commissioned officers , and 4,942 soldiers . ( Defense Ministry of Thailand , In Memory of Victims who Fell in Battle ( in Thai ) , Bangkok : Krom phaenthi Thahanbok , 1947 ) . With the exception of about 180 who died in the 8 December ( 1941 ) battles and another 150 who died in battles in the Shan states ( Burma ) , almost all of the war dead died of malaria and other diseases . '' Jump up ^ E. Bruce Reynolds , `` Aftermath of Alliance : The Wartime Legacy in Thai - Japanese Relations '' , Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , v21 , n1 , March 1990 , pp. 66 -- 87 . `` An OSS document ( XL 30948 , RG 226 , USNA ) quotes Thai Ministry of Interior figures of 8,711 air raids deaths in 1944 -- 45 and damage to more than 10,000 buildings , most of them totally destroyed . However , an account by M.R. Seni Pramoj ( a typescript entitled ' The Negotiations Leading to the Cessation of a State of War with Great Britain ' and filed under Papers on World War II , at the Thailand Information Center , Chulalongkorn University , p. 12 ) indicates that only about 2,000 Thai died in air raids . '' Jump up ^ E. Bruce Reynolds , `` Aftermath of Alliance : The Wartime Legacy in Thai - Japanese Relations '' , Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , v21 , n1 , March 1990 , pp 66 - 87 . Thailand exported rice to neighboring Japanese - occupied countries during 1942 -- 45 ( p 72n ) and did not experience the notorious famines that occurred in India and French Indochina ( see above ) between 1943 -- 44 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014 - 2015 p. 38 '' . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Commonwealth War Graves Commission . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials Jump up ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2013 - 2014 Archived 2015 - 11 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , page 44 . Jump up ^ UK Central Statistical Office Statistical Digest of the War HMSO 1951 Jump up ^ Marika Sherwood . `` Colonies , Colonials and World War Two '' . BBC . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyprus Veterans Association World War II '' . Cyprusveterans.com.cy . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marika Sherwood , World War II Colonies and Colonials . Savannah Press 2013 ; ISBN 978 - 0951972076 , p. 15 ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Coast Guard History '' . Uscg.mil . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , pp 584 -- 91 Jump up ^ `` US Navy and Marine Corps Personnel Casualties in World War II '' . History.navy.mil . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ U.S. National Archives Casualties from World War II Jump up ^ `` American Battle Monuments Commission '' . Abmc.gov . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mariners in `` ocean - going service '' during World War II have Veteran Status . They may be entitled to a gravestone , flag for their coffin , and burial in a National Cemetery `` . Usmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Merchant Marine at War '' . Usmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Summary of Merchant Marine Personnel Casualties in World War II , US Coast Guard , Washington : Government Printing Office , July 1 , 1950 , p . VII Jump up ^ `` U.S. Merchant Marine Casualties during World War II '' . Usmm.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Air Patrol '' . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved April 4 , 2008 . With the attacks of September 11 , 2001 and the creation of the Department of Homeland Security , the decision was made in 2002 for the United States Air Force to move CAP `` operational '' mission activities from the Air Force 's operations directorate ( HAF / A3 ) to the Air Force 's newly created homeland security directorate ... Jump up ^ `` CAP History and Organization '' ( PDF ) . Civil Air Patrol . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Center for Internee Rights , Civilian prisoners of the Japanese in the Philippine Islands Turner Press 2002 ; ISBN 1 - 56311 - 838 - 6 Jump up ^ The annual death rate from 1942 -- 1945 of Americans interned by Japan was about 3.5 % . There were 1,536 deaths among the 13,996 interned civilians from 1942 -- 45 . The United States interned about 100,000 Japanese Americans between 1942 -- 45 . The 1946 report by the U.S. Dept. of The Interior `` The Evacuated People a Quantitative Description '' gave the annual death rate from 1942 -- 1945 of Japanese detained in the U.S. at about 0.7 % . There were 1,862 deaths among the 100,000 to 110,000 American civilians of Japanese ancestry interned in the U.S. from 1942 -- 45 . The annual death rate among the U.S. population as a whole from 1942 -- 45 was about 1.1 % per annum . Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 552 Jump up ^ Roger Mansell Captured : The Forgotten Men of Guam Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 552 Jump up ^ Michael Clodfelter . Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) , 2002 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 , p. 580 Jump up ^ Robert Goralski , World War II Almanac , 1939 -- 1945 : a political and military record , New York , p. 428 Jump up ^ Sir John Keegan Atlas of the Second World War , HarperCollins 1997 , pp. 204 - 05 Jump up ^ Tomasevich , Jozo . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia , 1941 -- 1945 : Occupation and Collaboration . Stanford University Press , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3615 - 4 , p. 733 ^ Jump up to : Danijela Nadj ( 1993 ) . Yugoslavia manipulations with the number Second World War victims . Zagreb : Croatian Information center . ISBN 0 - 919817 - 32 - 7 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Bureau of the Census . The Population of Yugoslavia ( eds . Paul F. Meyers and Arthur A. Campbell ) , Washington , p. 23 Jump up ^ Tomasevich , Jozo . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia , 1941 -- 1945 : Occupation and Collaboration . Stanford University Press , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3615 - 4 , Cap . 17 Alleged and True Population Losses ^ Jump up to : Kočović , Bogoljub Žrtve Drugog svetskog rata u Jugoslaviji , 1990 ; ISBN 86 - 01 - 01928 - 5 , pp 172 -- 89 Jump up ^ Danijela Nadj ( 1993 ) . Yugoslavia manipulations with the number Second World War victims - The authors survey of the demographic and human war losses in Yugoslavia . Zagreb : Croatian Information center . ISBN 0 - 919817 - 32 - 7 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tomasevich , Jozo . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia , 1941 -- 1945 : Occupation and Collaboration . Stanford University Press , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3615 - 4 , In Cap . 17 Alleged and True Population Losses there is a detailed account of the controversies related to Yugoslav war losses . p. 737 Jump up ^ Statistics of Democide ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Tomasevich , Jozo . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia , 1941 -- 1945 : Occupation and Collaboration . Stanford University Press , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3615 - 4 , p. 729 Jump up ^ Tomasevich , Jozo . War and Revolution in Yugoslavia , 1941 -- 1945 : Occupation and Collaboration . Stanford University Press , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3615 - 4 , p. 746 Jump up ^ `` Croatian President Mesic Apologizes for Croatian Crimes Against the Jews during the Holocaust '' . Yad Vashem . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` JASENOVAC '' . USHMM . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 's Holocaust Encyclopedia : `` Jasenovac '' `` . Ushmm.org . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Silberman , F. ( 2013 ) . Memory and Postwar Memorials : Confronting the Violence of the Past . Springer . p. 79 . Jump up ^ Donald Kendrick , The Destiny of Europe 's Gypsies . Basic Books , 1972 ; ISBN 0 - 465 - 01611 - 1 , p. 184 Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ; ISBN 0 - 688 - 12364 - 3 , p. 244 Jump up ^ Thomas M. Leonard , John F. Bratzel , George Lauderbaugh . Latin America in World War II , Rowman & Littlefield Publishers ( September 11 , 2006 ) , p. 83 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casualties of World War II . The Central Database of Shoah Victims ' Names World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - 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what allies suffered the greatest military and civilian loss of life during world war ii
[ "\n\n\nHuman losses of World War II by country\n\n\n\n(when the number of deaths in a country is disputed, a range of war losses is given)\n\n\n\nThe details of the figures are provided in the footnotes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCountry\nTotal population\n1/1/1939\nMilitary\ndeaths from all causes\nCivilian deaths due to\nmilitary activity and crimes against humanity\nCivilian deaths due to\nwar related famine and disease\nTotal\ndeaths\nDeaths as % of\n1939 population\n\n\n Albania A\n1,073,000[17]\n30,000[18]\n\n\n30,000\n2.80\n\n\n Australia B\n6,968,000[17]\n39,700[19]\n700[20]\n\n40,400\n0.58\n\n\n Austria (German-controlled) C\n6,653,000[17]\nIncluded with German Army\nIncluded with Germany\n\n\n(see table below)S3\n\n\n Belgium D\n8,387,000[17]\n12,000[21]\n76,000[21]\n\n88,000\n1.05\n\n\n BrazilE\n40,289,000[17]\n1,000[22]\n1,000[23]\n\n2,000\n0.00\n\n\n BulgariaF\n6,458,000[17]\n18,500[22]\n3,000[24]\n\n21,500\n0.33\n\n\n Burma (British colony)G\n16,119,000[17]\n2,600[25]\n250,000[25]\n\n252,600\n1.57\n\n\n CanadaH\n11,267,000[17]\n42,000[26]\n1,600[27]\n\n43,600\n0.38\n\n\n China I\n517,568,000[17]\n3,000,000[28]\nto 3,750,000+[29]\n7,357,000[30]\nto 8,191,000[31]\n5,000,000\nto 10,000,000\n15,000,000[32]\nto 20,000,000[32]\n2.90 to 3.86\n\n\n CubaJ\n4,235,000[17]\n\n100[33]\n\n100\n0.00\n\n\n Czechoslovakia (in postwar 1945-1992 borders)K\n14,612,000[34]\n46,000[35]\nto 35,000[36]\n294,000[35] to\n320,000[36]\n\n340,000 to 355,000\n2.33 to 2.43\n\n\n DenmarkL\n3,795,000[17]\n\n6,000[37]\n\n6,000\n0.16\n\n\n Dutch East IndiesM\n69,435,000[17]\n11,500[38][39]\n300,000[40]\n2,400,000[41]\nto 4,000,000[42]\n3,000,000\nto 4,000,000\n4.3 to 5.76\n\n\n Egypt MA\n16,492,000[17]\n1,100[43]\n\n\n1,100\n0.00\n\n\n Estonia (within 1939 borders)N\n1,134,000[17]\n34,000(in both Soviet & German armed forces)[44]\n49,000[45]\n\n83,000\n7.3\n\n\n EthiopiaO\n17,700,000[17]\n15,000[46]\n85,000\n\n100,000[46]\n0.56\n\n\n FinlandP\n3,700,000[17]\n83,000[47] to 95,000[48]\n2,000[49]\n\n85,000 to 95,000\n2.30 to 2.57\n\n\n FranceQ (including colonies)\n41,680,000[49]\n210,000[49]\n390,000[49]\n\n600,000\n1.44\n\n\n French IndochinaR\n24,664,000[17]\n\n\n1,000,000\nto 2,000,000[50]\n1,000,000\nto 2,200,000\n4.05 to 8.11\n\n\n GermanyS\n69,300,000[51]\n4,440,000[52] to 5,318,000[53][54]\n1,500,000 S2\nto 3,000,000S1\n\n6,900,000\nto 7,400,000\n(see table below)S3\n\n\n GreeceT\n7,222,000[17]\n35,100[55]\n171,800[55]\n300,000[56]\nto 600,000[55]\n507,000\nto 807,000\n7.02 to 11.17\n\n\n GuamTA\n22,800[57]\n1,000[58]\nto 2,000[59]\n\n\n1,000\nto 2,000\n4.39 to 8.77\n\n\n Hungary U\n9,129,000[57]\n300,000[60]\n264,000[61]\n\n564,000\n6.18\n\n\n IcelandV\n118,900[62]\n\n200[63]\n\n200\n0.17\n\n\n India (British)W\n377,800,000[64]\n87,000[65]\n\n1,500,000[66]\nto 2,500,000[67]\n1,600,000\nto 2,600,000\n0.42 to 0.69\n\n\n IranX\n14,340,000[68]\n200[69]\n\n\n200\n0.00\n\n\n Iraq'Y\n3,698,000[70]\n500[69]\n200[71]\n\n700\n0.01\n\n\n IrelandZ\n2,960,000[72]\nIrish volunteers included with UK Armed Forces\n100[73]\n\n100\n0.00\n\n\n Italy (in postwar 1947 borders)AA\n44,394,000[74]\n319,200[75] to 341,000 Italian nationals and c. 20,000 Africans conscripted by Italy[76][77]\n153,200[78]\n\n492,400 to 514,000\n1.11 to 1.16\n\n\n JapanAB\n71,380,000[79]\n2,100,000[80] to\n2,300,000[81]\n550,000[82] to\n800,000[83]\n\n2,500,000[84]\nto 3,100,000[85]\n3.50 to 4.34\n\n\n Korea (Japanese colony)AC\n24,326,000[57]\nIncluded with Japanese military\n483,000[86]\nto 533,000[87]\n\n483,000\nto 533,000\n1.99 to 2.19\n\n\n Latvia (within 1939 borders)AD\n1,994,500[57]\n30,000[88](in both Soviet and German Armies)\n220,000[89]\n\n250,000\n12.5\n\n\n Lithuania (within 1939 borders)AE\n2,575,000[79]\n25,000[90](in both Soviet and German Armies)\n345,000[91]\n\n370,000\n14.36\n\n\n LuxembourgAF\n295,000[79]\nIncluded with German & Belgian military\n5,000[49]\n\n5,000\n1.69\n\n\n Malaya & SingaporeAG\n5,118,000[92]\n\n100,000[93]\n\n100,000\n1.95\n\n\n Malta (British)AH\n269,000[57]\nIncluded with U.K.\n1,500[94]\n\n1,500\n0.55\n\n\n MexicoAI\n19,320,000[95]\n\n100[96]\n\n100\n0.00\n\n\n MongoliaAJ\n819,000[97]\n300[98]\n\n\n300\n0.04\n\n\n Nauru (Australian) AK\n3,400[57]\n\n500[99]\n\n500\n14.7\n\n\n Nepal BG\n6,087,000[57]\nIncluded with British Indian Army\n\n\n\n\n\n\n NetherlandsAL\n8,729,000[57]\n6,700[100]\n187,300[100]\n16,000[100]\n210,000\n2.41\n\n\n Newfoundland (British)AM\n320,000[101]\n1,100[102] (included with the U.K. & Canada)\n100[103]\n\n1,200\n0.03\n\n\n New ZealandAN\n1,629,000[57]\n11,700[104]\n\n\n11,700\n0.72\n\n\n NorwayAO\n2,945,000[105]\n2,000[49]\n8,200[106]\n\n10,200\n0.35\n\n\n Papua and New Guinea (Australian)AP\n1,292,000[57]\n\n15,000[107]\n\n15,000\n1.16\n\n\n Philippines (U.S. Territory) AQ\n16,000,303[108]\n27,000[109]\n164,000[109]\n336,000[109]\n527,000\n3.29\n\n\n Poland (within 1939 borders)AR\n34,849,000[110]\n240,000[111]\n5,620,000[112]\nto 5,820,000[113]\n\n5,900,000[114]\nto 6,000,000[115]\n16.93 to 17.22\n\n\n Portuguese TimorAS\n480,000[57]\n\n40,000[116]\nto 70,000[116]\n\n40,000\nto 70,000\n8.33 to 14.58\n\n\n Romania (in postwar 1945 borders) AT\n15,970,000[49]\n300,000[35]\n200,000[35]\n\n500,000[35]\n3.13\n\n\n Ruanda-Urundi (Belgian)AU\n3,800,000[117]\n\n\n300,000[118]\n300,000\n7.89\n\n\n South AfricaAW\n10,160,000[119]\n11,900[120]\n\n\n11,900\n0.12\n\n\n South Pacific Mandate (Japanese)AX\n127,000[121]\n\n10,000[122]\n\n10,000\n7.87\n\n\n Soviet Union (within 1946–91 borders[123])AY\n188,793,000[124][125]\n8,668,000[126][127] to 11,400,000[128][129][130][131]\n10,000,000[132][133][134]\n6,000,000 to 7,000,000[135][136]\n20,000,000[137] to 27,000,000[138][139][140][141][142]\n(see table below)AY4\n\n\n Spain AZ\n25,637,000[143]\nIncluded with the German Army\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Sweden BA\n6,341,000[144]\n100.[145]\n2,000[146]\n\n2,100\n0.03\n\n\n Switzerland BB\n4,210,000[147]\n\n100[148]\n\n100\n0.00\n\n\n Thailand BC\n15,023,000[149]\n5,600[150]\n2,000[150]\n\n7,600\n0.05\n\n\n Turkey BD\n17,370,000[151]\n200[152]\n\n\n200\n0.00\n\n\n United KingdomBE including British Colonies\n47,760,000[153]\n383,700[154]\n67,200[155]\n\n450,900\n0.94\n\n\n United StatesBF\n131,028,000[156]\n407,300 BF1\n12,100BF2\n\n419,400\n0.32\n\n\n YugoslaviaBG\n15,490,000[157]\n300,000[158]\nto 446,000[159]\n581,000[159] to 1,400,000[158]\n\n1,027,000[159] to 1,700,000[158]\n6.63 to 10.97\n\n\nOther nationsBH\n300,000,000\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nApprox. totals\n2,300,000,000[1]\n21,000,000\nto 25,500,000\n29,000,000\nto 30,500,000\n19,000,000\nto 28,000,000\n70,000,000\nto 85,000,000\n3.0 to 3.7\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "Soviet Union" ]
2681988684611677939
Southern Ocean
Southern Ocean - wikipedia Southern Ocean Jump to : navigation , search Earth 's oceans Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific Southern World Ocean The Southern Ocean , as delineated by the draft 4th edition of the International Hydrographic Organization 's Limits of Oceans and Seas ( 2002 ) . A general delineation of the Antarctic Convergence , sometimes used by scientists as the demarcation of the Southern Ocean . The Southern Ocean , also known as the Antarctic Ocean or the Austral Ocean , comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean , generally taken to be south of 60 ° S latitude and encircling Antarctica . As such , it is regarded as the fourth - largest of the five principal oceanic divisions : smaller than the Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans but larger than the Arctic Ocean . This ocean zone is where cold , northward flowing waters from the Antarctic mix with warmer subantarctic waters . By way of his voyages in the 1770s , Captain James Cook proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe . Since then , geographers have disagreed on the Southern Ocean 's northern boundary or even existence , considering the waters as various parts of the Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans , instead . However , according to Commodore John Leech of the International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) , this situation has no scientific sense since it has different ecosystem and life from the three oceans mentioned before and is located on a southern portion of Earth , hence the name of an ocean . This remains the current official policy of the IHO , since a 2000 revision of its definitions including the Southern Ocean as the waters south of the 60th parallel has not yet been adopted . Others regard the seasonally - fluctuating Antarctic Convergence as the natural boundary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions and use 1.1 Pre-20th - century definitions 1.2 1928 delineation 1.3 1937 delineation 1.4 1953 delineation 1.5 2002 ( draft ) delineation 2 History of exploration 2.1 The unknown southern land 2.2 South of the Antarctic Convergence 2.3 South of the Antarctic Circle 2.4 First sighting of land 2.5 Antarctic expeditions 2.6 Recent history 3 Geography 3.1 Sub-divisions of the Southern Ocean 3.2 Natural resources 3.3 Natural hazards 4 Physical oceanography 4.1 Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Antarctic Convergence 4.2 Upwelling 4.3 Ross and Weddell Gyres 5 Climate 6 Biodiversity 6.1 Animals 6.2 Birds 6.3 Fish 6.4 Mammals 6.5 Arthropods 6.6 Invertebrates 7 Environment 7.1 Current issues 7.2 International agreements 8 Economy 9 Ports and harbors 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Further reading 13 External links Definitions and use ( edit ) Pulsating pack - ice around Antarctica reflects the various definitions of the Southern Ocean Borders and names for oceans and seas were internationally agreed when the International Hydrographic Bureau ( IHB ) , the precusor to the IHO , convened the First International Conference on 24 July 1919 . The IHO then published these in its Limits of Oceans and Seas , the first edition being 1928 . Since the first edition , the limits of the Southern Ocean have moved progressively southwards ; since 1953 , it has been omitted from the official publication and left to local hydrographic offices to determine their own limits . The IHO included the ocean and its definition as the waters south of 60 ° S in its year 2000 revisions , but this has not been formally adopted , due to continuing impasses over other areas of the text , such as the naming dispute over the Sea of Japan . The 2000 IHO definition , however , was circulated in a draft edition in 2002 and is used by some within the IHO and by some other organizations such as the US Central Intelligence Agency and Merriam - Webster . Australian authorities regard the Southern Ocean as lying immediately south of Australia . The National Geographic Society does not recognize the ocean , depicting it ( if at all ) in a typeface different from the other world oceans ; instead , it shows the Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans extending to Antarctica on both its print and on line maps . Map publishers using the term Southern Ocean on their maps include Hema Maps and GeoNova . The International Hydrographic Organization 's delineation of the `` Southern Ocean '' has moved steadily southwards since the original 1928 edition of its Limits of Oceans and Seas . Australia continues to view the ocean as beginning at its southern coast . The 1953 limits shown are those of Britain , as identified in third edition . Others continue to view the Antarctic Convergence as the natural boundary of the Southern Ocean , regardless of political agreements . Southern Ocean Antarctica Map . Pre-20th - century definitions ( edit ) `` Southern Ocean '' as an alternative name for the Aethiopian Ocean in a 1700 map of Africa `` Southern Ocean '' is an obsolete name for the Pacific Ocean or South Pacific , coined by Vasco Núñez de Balboa , the first European to discover it , who approached it from the north . The `` South Seas '' is a less archaic synonym . A 1745 British Act of Parliament established a prize for discovering a Northwest Passage to `` the Western and Southern Ocean of America '' . Authors using `` Southern Ocean '' to name the waters encircling the unknown southern polar regions used varying limits . James Cook 's account of his second voyage implies New Caledonia borders it . Peacock 's 1795 Geographical Dictionary said it lay `` to the southward of America and Africa '' ; John Payne in 1796 used 40 degrees as the northern limit ; the 1827 Edinburgh Gazetteer used 50 degrees . The Family Magazine in 1835 divided the `` Great Southern Ocean '' into the `` Southern Ocean '' and the `` Antarctick ( sic ) Ocean '' along the Antarctic Circle , with the northern limit of the Southern Ocean being lines joining Cape Horn , the Cape of Good Hope , Van Diemen 's Land and the south of New Zealand . The United Kingdom 's South Australia Act 1834 described the waters forming the southern limit of the new colony of South Australia as `` the Southern Ocean '' . The Colony of Victoria 's Legislative Council Act of 1881 delimited part of the division of Bairnsdale as `` along the New South Wales boundary to the Southern ocean '' . 1928 delineation ( edit ) 1928 First Edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas with original IHO delineation of Southern Ocean abutting land - masses . In the 1928 first edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas , the Southern Ocean was delineated by land - based limits : Antarctica to the south , and South America , Africa , Australia , and Broughton Island , New Zealand to the north . The detailed land - limits used were from Cape Horn in South America eastwards to Cape Agulhas in Africa , then further eastwards to the southern coast of mainland Australia to Cape Leeuwin , Western Australia . From Cape Leeuwin , the limit then followed eastwards along the coast of mainland Australia to Cape Otway , Victoria , then southwards across Bass Strait to Cape Wickham , King Island , along the west coast of King Island , then the remainder of the way south across Bass Strait to Cape Grim , Tasmania . The limit then followed the west coast of Tasmania southwards to the South East Cape and then went eastwards to Broughton Island , New Zealand , before returning to Cape Horn . 1937 Second Edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas showing IHO 's pre-1953 delineation of Southern Ocean moved southwards . 1937 delineation ( edit ) The northern limits of the Southern Ocean were moved southwards in the IHO 's 1937 second edition of the Limits of Oceans and Seas . From this edition , much of the ocean 's northern limit ceased to abut land masses . In the second edition , the Southern Ocean then extended from Antarctica northwards to latitude 40 ° S between Cape Agulhas in Africa ( long . 20 ° E ) and Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia ( long . 115 ° E ) , and extended to latitude 55 ° S between Auckland Island of New Zealand ( 165 or 166 ° E east ) and Cape Horn in South America ( 67 ° W ) . As is discussed in more detail below ( see section on ' 2002 delineation ' ) , prior to the 2002 ( draft ) edition the limits of oceans explicitly excluded the seas lying within each of them . The Great Australian Bight was unnamed in the 1928 edition , and delineated as shown in the figure above in the 1937 edition . It therefore encompassed former Southern Ocean waters ( as designated in 1928 ) but was technically not inside any of the three adjacent oceans by 1937 . In the 2002 draft edition , the IHO have designated ' seas ' as being subdivisions within ' oceans ' , so the Bight would have still been within the Southern Ocean in 1937 if the 2002 convention were in place then . To perform direct comparisons of current and former limits of oceans ( for example to compare surface areas ) it is necessary to consider , or at least be aware of , how the 2002 change in IHO terminology for ' seas ' can affect the comparison . 1953 delineation ( edit ) The Southern Ocean did not appear in the 1953 third edition and a note in the publication read : The Antarctic or Southern Ocean has been omitted from this publication as the majority of opinions received since the issue of the 2nd Edition in 1937 are to the effect that there exists no real justification for applying the term Ocean to this body of water , the northern limits of which are difficult to lay down owing to their seasonal change . The limits of the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian Oceans have therefore been extended South to the Antarctic Continent . Hydrographic Offices who issue separate publications dealing with this area are therefore left to decide their own northern limits ( Great Britain uses Latitude of 55 South . ) Instead , in the IHO 1953 publication , the Atlantic , Indian and Pacific Oceans were extended southward , the Indian and Pacific Oceans ( which had not previously touched pre 1953 , as per the first and second editions ) now abutted at the meridian of South East Cape , and the southern limits of the Great Australian Bight and the Tasman Sea were moved northwards . The Pacific Ocean as example of terminology concerning seas : the area inside the black line includes the seas included in the Pacific Ocean prior to 2002 and the darker blue areas are its informal current borders , following the recreation of the Southern Ocean and the reinclusion of marginal seas . 2002 ( draft ) delineation ( edit ) The IHO readdressed the question of the Southern Ocean in a survey in 2000 . Of its 68 member nations , 28 responded , and all responding members except Argentina agreed to redefine the ocean , reflecting the importance placed by oceanographers on ocean currents . The proposal for the name Southern Ocean won 18 votes , beating the alternative Antarctic Ocean . Half of the votes supported a definition of the ocean 's northern limit at 60 ° S ( with no land interruptions at this latitude ) , with the other 14 votes cast for other definitions , mostly 50 ° S , but a few for as far north as 35 ° S . A draft fourth edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas was circulated to IHO member states in August 2002 ( sometimes referred to as the `` 2000 edition '' as it summarized the progress to 2000 ) . It has yet to be published due to ' areas of concern ' by several countries relating to various naming issues around the world -- primarily the Sea of Japan naming dispute -- and there have been various changes , 60 seas were given new names , and even the name of the publication was changed . A reservation had also been lodged by Australia regarding the Southern Ocean limits . Effectively , the 3rd edition ( which did not delineate the Southern Ocean leaving delineation to local hydrographic offices ) has yet to be superseded . Despite this , the 4th edition definition has partial de facto usage by many nations , scientists and organisations such as the U.S. ( the Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook uses `` Southern Ocean '' but none of the other new sea names within the `` Southern Ocean '' such as `` Cosmonauts Sea '' ) and Merriam - Webster , scientists and nations -- and even by some within the IHO . Some nations ' hydrographic offices have defined their own boundaries ; the United Kingdom used the 55 ° S parallel for example . Other organisations favour more northerly limits for the Southern Ocean . For example , the Encyclopædia Britannica describes the Southern Ocean as extending as far north as South America , and confers great significance on the Antarctic Convergence , yet its description of the Indian Ocean contradicts this , describing the Indian Ocean as extending south to Antarctica . Other sources , such as the National Geographic Society , show the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian Oceans as extending to Antarctica on its maps , although articles on the National Geographic web site have begun to reference the Southern Ocean . In Australia , cartographical authorities define the Southern Ocean as including the entire body of water between Antarctica and the south coasts of Australia and New Zealand , and up to 60 ° s elsewhere . Coastal maps of Tasmania and South Australia label the sea areas as Southern Ocean , while Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia is described as the point where the Indian and Southern Oceans meet . A radical shift from past IHO practices ( 1928 -- 1953 ) was also seen in the 2002 draft edition when the IHO delineated ' seas ' as being subdivisions that lay within the boundaries of ' oceans ' . While the IHO are often considered the authority for such conventions , the shift brought them into line with the practices of other publications ( e.g. the CIA World Fact Book ) which already adopted the principle that seas are contained within oceans . This difference in practice is markedly seen for the Pacific Ocean in the adjacent figure . Thus , for example , previously the Tasman Sea between Australia and New Zealand was not regarded by the IHO as being part of the Pacific , but as of the 2002 draft edition it is . The new delineation of seas being subdivisions of oceans has avoided the need to interrupt the northern boundary of the Southern Ocean where intersected by Drake Passage which includes all of the waters from South America to the Antarctic coast , nor interrupt it for the Scotia Sea , which also extends below the 60th parallel south . The new delineation of seas has also meant that the long - time named seas around Antarctica , excluded from the 1953 edition ( the 1953 map did not even extend that far south ) , are ' automatically ' part of the Southern Ocean . History of exploration ( edit ) Main article : History of Antarctica The unknown Southern land ( edit ) See also : Terra Australis 1564 Typus Orbis Terrarum , a map by Abraham Ortelius showed the imagined link between the proposed continent of Antarctica and South America . Exploration of the Southern Ocean was inspired by a belief in the existence of a Terra Australis -- a vast continent in the far south of the globe to `` balance '' the northern lands of Eurasia and North Africa -- which had existed since the times of Ptolemy . The doubling of the Cape of Good Hope in 1487 by Bartolomeu Dias first brought explorers within touch of the Antarctic cold , and proved that there was an ocean separating Africa from any Antarctic land that might exist . Ferdinand Magellan , who passed through the Strait of Magellan in 1520 , assumed that the islands of Tierra del Fuego to the south were an extension of this unknown southern land . In 1564 , Abraham Ortelius published his first map , Typus Orbis Terrarum , an eight - leaved wall map of the world , on which he identified the Regio Patalis with Locach as a northward extension of the Terra Australis , reaching as far as New Guinea . European geographers continued to connect the coast of Tierra del Fuego with the coast of New Guinea on their globes , and allowing their imaginations to run riot in the vast unknown spaces of the south Atlantic , south Indian and Pacific oceans they sketched the outlines of the Terra Australis Incognita ( `` Unknown Southern Land '' ) , a vast continent stretching in parts into the tropics . The search for this great south land was a leading motive of explorers in the 16th and the early part of the 17th centuries . The Spaniard Gabriel de Castilla , who claimed having sighted `` snow - covered mountains '' beyond the 64 ° S in 1603 , is recognized as the first explorer that discovered the continent of Antarctica , although he was ignored in his time . In 1606 , Pedro Fernández de Quirós took possession for the king of Spain all of the lands he had discovered in Australia del Espiritu Santo ( the New Hebrides ) and those he would discover `` even to the Pole '' . Francis Drake , like Spanish explorers before him , had speculated that there might be an open channel south of Tierra del Fuego . When Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire discovered the southern extremity of Tierra del Fuego and named it Cape Horn in 1615 , they proved that the Tierra del Fuego archipelago was of small extent and not connected to the southern land , as previously thought . Subsequently , in 1642 , Abel Tasman showed that even New Holland ( Australia ) was separated by sea from any continuous southern continent . Portrait of Edmund Halley by Thomas Murray , c. 1687 South of the Antarctic Convergence ( edit ) See also : Anthony de la Roché The visit to South Georgia by Anthony de la Roché in 1675 was the first ever discovery of land south of the Antarctic Convergence i.e. in the Southern Ocean / Antarctic . Soon after the voyage cartographers started to depict ' Roché Island ' , honouring the discoverer . James Cook was aware of la Roché 's discovery when surveying and mapping the island in 1775 . Edmond Halley 's voyage in HMS Paramour for magnetic investigations in the South Atlantic met the pack ice in 52 ° S in January 1700 , but that latitude ( he reached 140 mi off the north coast of South Georgia ) was his farthest south . A determined effort on the part of the French naval officer Jean - Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier to discover the `` South Land '' -- described by a half legendary `` sieur de Gonneyville '' -- resulted in the discovery of Bouvet Island in 54 ° 10 ′ S , and in the navigation of 48 ° of longitude of ice - cumbered sea nearly in 55 ° S in 1730 . In 1771 , Yves Joseph Kerguelen sailed from France with instructions to proceed south from Mauritius in search of `` a very large continent . '' He lighted upon a land in 50 ° S which he called South France , and believed to be the central mass of the southern continent . He was sent out again to complete the exploration of the new land , and found it to be only an inhospitable island which he renamed the Isle of Desolation , but which was ultimately named after him . South of the Antarctic Circle ( edit ) See also : James Cook Famous official portrait of Captain James Cook who proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe . `` He holds his own chart of the Southern Ocean on the table and his right hand points to the east coast of Australia on it . '' Map from 1771 , showing `` Terres Australes '' ( sic ) label without any charted landmass . Painting of James Weddell 's second expedition in 1823 , depicting the brig Jane and the cutter Beaufroy . The obsession of the undiscovered continent culminated in the brain of Alexander Dalrymple , the brilliant and erratic hydrographer who was nominated by the Royal Society to command the Transit of Venus expedition to Tahiti in 1769 . The command of the expedition was given by the admiralty to Captain James Cook . Sailing in 1772 with Resolution , a vessel of 462 tons under his own command and Adventure of 336 tons under Captain Tobias Furneaux , Cook first searched in vain for Bouvet Island , then sailed for 20 degrees of longitude to the westward in latitude 58 ° S , and then 30 ° eastward for the most part south of 60 ° S , a lower southern latitude than had ever been voluntarily entered before by any vessel . On 17 January 1773 the Antarctic Circle was crossed for the first time in history and the two ships reached 67 ° 15 ' S by 39 ° 35 ' E , where their course was stopped by ice . Cook then turned northward to look for French Southern and Antarctic Lands , of the discovery of which he had received news at Cape Town , but from the rough determination of his longitude by Kerguelen , Cook reached the assigned latitude 10 ° too far east and did not see it . He turned south again and was stopped by ice in 61 ° 52 ′ S by 95 ° E and continued eastward nearly on the parallel of 60 ° S to 147 ° E. On 16 March , the approaching winter drove him northward for rest to New Zealand and the tropical islands of the Pacific . In November 1773 , Cook left New Zealand , having parted company with the Adventure , and reached 60 ° S by 177 ° W , whence he sailed eastward keeping as far south as the floating ice allowed . The Antarctic Circle was crossed on 20 December and Cook remained south of it for three days , being compelled after reaching 67 ° 31 ′ S to stand north again in 135 ° W . A long detour to 47 ° 50 ′ S served to show that there was no land connection between New Zealand and Tierra del Fuego . Turning south again , Cook crossed the Antarctic Circle for the third time at 109 ° 30 ′ W before his progress was once again blocked by ice four days later at 71 ° 10 ′ S by 106 ° 54 ′ W . This point , reached on 30 January 1774 , was the farthest south attained in the 18th century . With a great detour to the east , almost to the coast of South America , the expedition regained Tahiti for refreshment . In November 1774 , Cook started from New Zealand and crossed the South Pacific without sighting land between 53 ° and 57 ° S to Tierra del Fuego ; then , passing Cape Horn on 29 December , he rediscovered Roché Island renaming it Isle of Georgia , and discovered the South Sandwich Islands ( named Sandwich Land by him ) , the only ice - clad land he had seen , before crossing the South Atlantic to the Cape of Good Hope between 55 ° and 60 ° . He thereby laid open the way for future Antarctic exploration by exploding the myth of a habitable southern continent . Cook 's most southerly discovery of land lay on the temperate side of the 60th parallel , and he convinced himself that if land lay farther south it was practically inaccessible and without economic value . Voyagers rounding Cape Horn frequently met with contrary winds and were driven southward into snowy skies and ice - encumbered seas ; but so far as can be ascertained none of them before 1770 reached the Antarctic Circle , or knew it , if they did . In a voyage from 1822 to 1824 , James Weddell commanded the 160 - ton brig Jane , accompanied by his second ship Beaufoy captained by Matthew Brisbane . Together they sailed to the South Orkneys where sealing proved disappointing . They turned south in the hope of finding a better sealing ground . The season was unusually mild and tranquil , and on 20 February 1823 the two ships reached latitude 74 ° 15 ' S and longitude 34 ° 16'45 '' W the southernmost position any ship had ever reached up to that time . A few icebergs were sighted but there was still no sight of land , leading Weddell to theorize that the sea continued as far as the South Pole . Another two days ' sailing would have brought him to Coat 's Land ( to the east of the Weddell Sea ) but Weddell decided to turn back . First sighting of land ( edit ) Admiral von Bellingshausen See also : William Smith ( mariner ) and Fabian von Bellingshausen The first land south of the parallel 60 ° south latitude was discovered by the Englishman William Smith , who sighted Livingston Island on 19 February 1819 . A few months later Smith returned to explore the other islands of the South Shetlands archipelago , landed on King George Island , and claimed the new territories for Britain . In the meantime , the Spanish Navy ship San Telmo sank in September 1819 when trying to cross Cape Horn . Parts of her wreckage were found months later by sealers on the north coast of Livingston Island ( South Shetlands ) . It is unknown if some survivor managed to be the first to set foot on these Antarctic islands . The first confirmed sighting of mainland Antarctica can not be accurately attributed to one single person . It can , however , be narrowed down to three individuals . According to various sources , three men all sighted the ice shelf or the continent within days or months of each other : von Bellingshausen , a captain in the Russian Imperial Navy ; Edward Bransfield , a captain in the British navy ; and Nathaniel Palmer , an American sealer out of Stonington , Connecticut . It is certain that the expedition , led by von Bellingshausen and Lazarev on the ships Vostok and Mirny , reached a point within 32 km ( 20 mi ) from Princess Martha Coast and recorded the sight of an ice shelf at 69 ° 21 ′ 28 '' S 2 ° 14 ′ 50 '' W  /  69.35778 ° S 2.24722 ° W  / - 69.35778 ; - 2.24722 that became known as the Fimbul ice shelf . On 30 January 1820 , Bransfield sighted Trinity Peninsula , the northernmost point of the Antarctic mainland , while Palmer sighted the mainland in the area south of Trinity Peninsula in November 1820 . Von Bellingshausen 's expedition also discovered Peter I Island and Alexander I Island , the first islands to be discovered south of the circle . Historical maps showing a southern ocean between Antarctica and the continents of South America , Africa and Australia 1683 map by French cartographer Alain Manesson Mallet from his publication Description de L'Univers . Shows a sea below both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans at a time when Tierra del Fuego was believed joined to Antarctica . Sea is named Mer Magellanique after Ferdinand Magellan . Samuel Dunn 's 1794 General Map of the World or Terraqeuous Globe shows a Southern Ocean ( but meaning what is today named the South Atlantic ) and a Southern Icy Ocean . A New Map of Asia , from the Latest Authorities , by John Cary , Engraver , 1806 , shows the Southern Ocean lying to the south of both the Indian Ocean and Australia . Freycinet Map of 1811 -- resulted from the 1800 - 1803 French Baudin expedition to Australia and was the first full map of Australia ever to be published . In French , the map named the ocean immediately below Australia as the Grand Océan Austral ( ' Great Southern Ocean ' ) . 1863 map of Australia shows the Southern Ocean lying immediately to the south of Australia . 1906 map by German publisher Justus Perthes showing Antarctica encompassed by an Antarktischer ( Sudl . Eismeer ) Ocean -- the ' Antarctic ( South Arctic ) Ocean ' . Map of The World in 1922 by the National Geographic Society showing the Antarctic ( Southern ) Ocean . Antarctic expeditions ( edit ) Main article : List of Antarctic expeditions USS Vincennes at Disappointment Bay , Antarctica in early 1840 . 1911 South Polar Regions exploration map In December 1839 , as part of the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838 -- 42 conducted by the United States Navy ( sometimes called `` the Wilkes Expedition '' ) , an expedition sailed from Sydney , Australia , on the sloops - of - war USS Vincennes and USS Peacock , the brig USS Porpoise , the full - rigged ship Relief , and two schooners Sea Gull and USS Flying Fish . They sailed into the Antarctic Ocean , as it was then known , and reported the discovery `` of an Antarctic continent west of the Balleny Islands '' on 25 January 1840 . That part of Antarctica was later named `` Wilkes Land '' , a name it maintains to this day . Explorer James Clark Ross passed through what is now known as the Ross Sea and discovered Ross Island ( both of which were named for him ) in 1841 . He sailed along a huge wall of ice that was later named the Ross Ice Shelf . Mount Erebus and Mount Terror are named after two ships from his expedition : HMS Erebus and Terror . Frank Hurley , As time wore on it became more and more evident that the ship was doomed ( The Endurance trapped in pack ice ) , National Library of Australia . The Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition of 1914 , led by Ernest Shackleton , set out to cross the continent via the pole , but their ship , the Endurance , was trapped and crushed by pack ice before they even landed . The expedition members survived after an epic journey on sledges over pack ice to Elephant Island . Then Shackleton and five others crossed the Southern Ocean , in an open boat called James Caird , and then trekked over South Georgia to raise the alarm at the whaling station Grytviken . In 1946 , US Navy Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd and more than 4,700 military personnel visited the Antarctic in an expedition called Operation Highjump . Reported to the public as a scientific mission , the details were kept secret and it may have actually been a training or testing mission for the military . The expedition was , in both military or scientific planning terms , put together very quickly . The group contained an unusually high amount of military equipment , including an aircraft carrier , submarines , military support ships , assault troops and military vehicles . The expedition was planned to last for eight months but was unexpectedly terminated after only two months . With the exception of some eccentric entries in Admiral Byrd 's diaries , no real explanation for the early termination has ever been officially given . Captain Finn Ronne , Byrd 's executive officer , returned to Antarctica with his own expedition in 1947 -- 1948 , with Navy support , three planes , and dogs . Ronne disproved the notion that the continent was divided in two and established that East and West Antarctica was one single continent , i.e. that the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea are not connected . The expedition explored and mapped large parts of Palmer Land and the Weddell Sea coastline , and identified the Ronne Ice Shelf , named by Ronne after his wife Edith `` Jackie '' Ronne . Ronne covered 3,600 miles by ski and dog sled -- more than any other explorer in history . The Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition discovered and mapped the last unknown coastline in the world and was the first Antarctic expedition to ever include women . Recent history ( edit ) MS Explorer in Antarctica in January 1999 . She sank on 23 November 2007 after hitting an iceberg . The Antarctic Treaty was signed on 1 December 1959 and came into force on 23 June 1961 . Among other provisions , this treaty limits military activity in the Antarctic to the support of scientific research . The first person to sail single - handed to Antarctica was the New Zealander David Henry Lewis , in 1972 , in a 10 - metre steel sloop Ice Bird . A baby , named Emilio Marcos de Palma , was born near Hope Bay on 7 January 1978 , becoming the first baby born on the continent . He also was born further south than anyone in history . The MS Explorer was a cruise ship operated by the Swedish explorer Lars - Eric Lindblad . Observers point to the Explorer 's 1969 expeditionary cruise to Antarctica as the frontrunner for today 's sea - based tourism in that region . The Explorer was the first cruise ship used specifically to sail the icy waters of the Antarctic Ocean and the first to sink there when she struck an unidentified submerged object on 23 November 2007 , reported to be ice , which caused a 10 by 4 inches ( 25 by 10 cm ) gash in the hull . The Explorer was abandoned in the early hours of 23 November 2007 after taking on water near the South Shetland Islands in the Southern Ocean , an area which is usually stormy but was calm at the time . The Explorer was confirmed by the Chilean Navy to have sunk at approximately position : 62 ° 24 ′ South , 57 ° 16 ′ West , in roughly 600 m of water . Geography ( edit ) See also : List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands The Southern Ocean , geologically the youngest of the oceans , was formed when Antarctica and South America moved apart , opening the Drake Passage , roughly 30 million years ago . The separation of the continents allowed the formation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current . With a northern limit at 60 ° S , the Southern Ocean differs from the other oceans in that its largest boundary , the northern boundary , does not abut a landmass ( as it did with the first edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas ) . Instead , the northern limit is with the Atlantic , Indian and Pacific Oceans . One reason for considering it as a separate ocean stems from the fact that much of the water of the Southern Ocean differs from the water in the other oceans . Water gets transported around the Southern Ocean fairly rapidly because of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current which circulates around Antarctica . Water in the Southern Ocean south of , for example , New Zealand , resembles the water in the Southern Ocean south of South America more closely than it resembles the water in the Pacific Ocean . The Southern Ocean has typical depths of between 4,000 and 5,000 m ( 13,000 and 16,000 ft ) over most of its extent with only limited areas of shallow water . The Southern Ocean 's greatest depth of 7,236 m ( 23,740 ft ) occurs at the southern end of the South Sandwich Trench , at 60 ° 00 'S , 024 ° W . The Antarctic continental shelf appears generally narrow and unusually deep , its edge lying at depths up to 800 m ( 2,600 ft ) , compared to a global mean of 133 m ( 436 ft ) . Equinox to equinox in line with the sun 's seasonal influence , the Antarctic ice pack fluctuates from an average minimum of 2.6 million square kilometres ( 1.0 × 10 ^ sq mi ) in March to about 18.8 million square kilometres ( 7.3 × 10 ^ sq mi ) in September , more than a sevenfold increase in area . Subdivisions of the Southern Ocean ( edit ) Sub-divisions of oceans are geographical features such as `` seas '' , `` straits '' , `` bays '' , `` channels '' , and `` gulfs '' . There are many sub-divisions of the Southern Ocean defined in the never - approved 2002 draft fourth edition of the IHO publication Limits of Oceans and Seas . In clockwise order these include ( with IHO sub-division chartlet numbers in parenthesis ) the Weddell Sea ( 10.1 ) , the Lazarev Sea ( 10.2 ) , the Riiser - Larsen Sea ( 10.3 ) , the Cosmonauts Sea ( 10.4 ) , the Cooperation Sea ( 10.5 ) , the Davis Sea ( 10.6 ) , Tryoshnikova Gulf ( 10.6. 1 ) , the Mawson Sea ( 10.7 ) , the Dumont D'Urville Sea ( 10.8 ) , the Somov Sea ( 10.9 ) , the Ross Sea ( 10.10 ) , McMurdo Sound ( 10.10. 1 ) , the Amundsen Sea ( 10.11 ) , the Bellingshausen Sea ( 10.12 ) , part of the Drake Passage ( 10.13 ) , Bransfield Strait ( 10.14 ) and part of the Scotia Sea ( 4.2 ) . A number of these such as the 2002 Russian - proposed `` Consmonauts Sea '' , `` Cooperation Sea '' , and `` Somov ( mid-1950s Russian polar explorer ) Sea '' are not included in the 1953 IHO document which remains currently in force , because they received their names largely originated from 1962 onward . Leading geographic authorities and atlases do not use these latter three names , including the 2014 10th edition World Atlas from the United States ' National Geographic Society and the 2014 12th edition of the British Times Atlas of the World , but Soviet and Russian - issued maps do . An iceberg being pushed out of a shipping lane USS Burton Island ( AGB - 1 ) , USS Atka ( AGB - 3 ) , and USS Glacier ( AGB - 4 ) pushing an iceberg out of a channel in the `` Silent Land '' near McMurdo Station , Antarctica , 1965 Natural Resources ( edit ) Manganese nodule The Southern Ocean probably contains large , and possibly giant , oil and gas fields on the continental margin . Placer deposits , accumulation of valuable minerals such as gold , formed by gravity separation during sedimentary processes are also expected to exist in the Southern Ocean . Manganese nodules are expected to exist in the Southern Ocean . Manganese nodules are rock concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core . The core may be microscopically small and is sometimes completely transformed into manganese minerals by crystallization . Interest in the potential exploitation of polymetallic nodules generated a great deal of activity among prospective mining consortia in the 1960s and 1970s . The icebergs that form each year around in the Southern Ocean hold enough fresh water to meet the needs of every person on Earth for several months . For several decades there have been proposals , none yet to be feasible or successful , to tow Southern Ocean icebergs to more arid northern regions ( such as Australia ) where they can be harvested . Natural hazards ( edit ) Icebergs can occur at any time of year throughout the ocean . Some may have drafts up to several hundred meters ; smaller icebergs , iceberg fragments and sea - ice ( generally 0.5 to 1 m thick ) also pose problems for ships . The deep continental shelf has a floor of glacial deposits varying widely over short distances . Sailors know latitudes from 40 to 70 degrees south as the `` Roaring Forties '' , `` Furious Fifties '' and `` Shrieking Sixties '' due to high winds and large waves that form as winds blow around the entire globe unimpeded by any land - mass . Icebergs , especially in May to October , make the area even more dangerous . The remoteness of the region makes sources of search and rescue scarce . Physical Oceanography ( edit ) The Antarctic Circumpolar Current ( ACC ) is the strongest current system in the world oceans , linking the Atlantic , Indian and Pacific basins . Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Antarctic Convergence ( edit ) The Antarctic Circumpolar Current moves perpetually eastward -- chasing and joining itself , and at 21,000 km ( 13,000 mi ) in length -- it comprises the world 's longest ocean current , transporting 130 million cubic metres per second ( 4.6 × 10 ^ cu ft / s ) of water -- 100 times the flow of all the world 's rivers . Several processes operate along the coast of Antarctica to produce , in the Southern Ocean , types of water masses not produced elsewhere in the oceans of the Southern Hemisphere . One of these is the Antarctic Bottom Water , a very cold , highly saline , dense water that forms under sea ice . Associated with the Circumpolar Current is the Antarctic Convergence encircling Antarctica , where cold northward - flowing Antarctic waters meet the relatively warmer waters of the subantarctic , Antarctic waters predominantly sink beneath subantarctic waters , while associated zones of mixing and upwelling create a zone very high in nutrients . These nurture high levels of phytoplankton with associated copepods and Antarctic krill , and resultant foodchains supporting fish , whales , seals , penguins , albatrosses and a wealth of other species . The Antarctic Convergence is considered to be the best natural definition of the northern extent of the Southern Ocean . Upwelling in the Southern Ocean Upwelling ( edit ) Large - scale upwelling is found in the Southern Ocean . Strong westerly ( eastward ) winds blow around Antarctica , driving a significant flow of water northwards . This is actually a type of coastal upwelling . Since there are no continents in a band of open latitudes between South America and the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula , some of this water is drawn up from great depths . In many numerical models and observational syntheses , the Southern Ocean upwelling represents the primary means by which deep dense water is brought to the surface . Shallower , wind - driven upwelling is also found off the west coasts of North and South America , northwest and southwest Africa , and southwest and southeast Australia , all associated with oceanic subtropical high pressure circulations . Some models of the ocean circulation suggest that broad - scale upwelling occurs in the tropics , as pressure driven flows converge water toward the low latitudes where it is diffusively warmed from above . The required diffusion coefficients , however , appear to be larger than are observed in the real ocean . Nonetheless , some diffusive upwelling does probably occur . Location of the Southern Ocean gyres . Ross and Weddell gyres ( edit ) The Ross Gyre and Weddell Gyre are two gyres that exist within the Southern Ocean . The gyres are located in the Ross Sea and Weddell Sea respectively , and both rotate clockwise . The gyres are formed by interactions between the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the Antarctic Continental Shelf . Sea ice has been noted to persist in the central area of the Ross Gyre . There is some evidence that global warming has resulted in some decrease of the salinity of the waters of the Ross Gyre since the 1950s . Due to the Coriolis effect acting to the left in the Southern Hemisphere and the resulting Ekman transport away from the centres of the Weddell Gyre , these regions are very productive due to upwelling of cold , nutrient rich water . Climate ( edit ) Sea temperatures vary from about − 2 to 10 ° C ( 28 to 50 ° F ) . Cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently become intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean . The ocean - area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth . In winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector , lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius . At some coastal points , however , persistent intense drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice - free throughout the winter . Clouds over Southern Ocean with Continent labels . Biodiversity ( edit ) See also : Antarctic ecozone , Antarctic microorganism , and Wildlife of Antarctica Orca ( Orcinus orca ) hunting a Weddell seal in the Southern Ocean . Animals ( edit ) A variety of marine animals exist and rely , directly or indirectly , on the phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean . Antarctic sea life includes penguins , blue whales , orcas , colossal squids and fur seals . The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica , while the Adélie penguin breeds farther south than any other penguin . The rockhopper penguin has distinctive feathers around the eyes , giving the appearance of elaborate eyelashes . King penguins , chinstrap penguins , and gentoo penguins also breed in the Antarctic . The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom . The Weddell seal , a `` true seal '' , is named after Sir James Weddell , commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea . Antarctic krill , which congregates in large schools , is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean , and is an important food organism for whales , seals , leopard seals , fur seals , squid , icefish , penguins , albatrosses and many other birds . The benthic communities of the seafloor are diverse and dense , with up to 155,000 animals found in 1 square metre ( 10.8 sq ft ) . As the seafloor environment is very similar all around the Antarctic , hundreds of species can be found all the way around the mainland , which is a uniquely wide distribution for such a large community . Deep - sea gigantism is common among these animals . A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010 . The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life ( CoML ) and has disclosed some remarkable findings . More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions , having bridged the gap of 12,000 km ( 7,456 mi ) . Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually . More surprising are small forms of life such as mudworms , sea cucumbers and free - swimming snails found in both polar oceans . Various factors may aid in their distribution -- fairly uniform temperatures of the deep ocean at the poles and the equator which differ by no more than 5 ° C , and the major current systems or marine conveyor belt which transport egg and larva stages . A wandering albatross ( Diomedea exulans ) on South Georgia Birds ( edit ) See also : List of birds of Antarctica The rocky shores of mainland Antarctica and its offshore islands provide nesting space for over 100 million birds every spring . These nesters include species of albatrosses , petrels , skuas , gulls and terns . The insectivorous South Georgia pipit is endemic to South Georgia and some smaller surrounding islands . Freshwater ducks inhabit South Georgia and the Kerguelen Islands . The flightless penguins are all located in the Southern Hemisphere , with the greatest concentration located on and around Antarctica . Four of the 18 penguin species live and breed on the mainland and its close offshore islands . Another four species live on the subantarctic islands . Emperor penguins have four overlapping layers of feathers , keeping them warm . They are the only Antarctic animal to breed during the winter . Fish of the Notothenioidei suborder , such as this young icefish , are mostly endemic to Antarctica . Fish ( edit ) There are very few species of fish in the Southern Ocean . The Channichthyidae family , also known as white - blooded fish , are only found in the Southern Ocean . They lack hemoglobin in their blood , resulting in their blood being colourless . One Channichthyidae species , the mackerel icefish ( Champsocephalus gunnari ) , was once the most common fish in coastal waters less than 400 metres ( 1,312 ft ) deep , but was overfished in the 1970s and 1980s . Schools of icefish spend the day at the seafloor and the night higher in the water column eating plankton and smaller fish . There are two species from the Dissostichus genus , the Antarctic toothfish ( Dissostichus mawsoni ) and the Patagonian toothfish ( Dissostichus eleginoides ) . These two species live on the seafloor 100 -- 3,000 metres ( 328 -- 9,843 ft ) deep , and can grow to around 2 metres ( 7 ft ) long weighing up to 100 kilograms ( 220 lb ) , living up to 45 years . The Antarctic toothfish lives close to the Antarctic mainland , whereas the Patagonian toothfish lives in the relatively warmer subantarctic waters . Due to the low water temperatures around the mainland , the Antarctic toothfish has antifreeze proteins in its blood and tissues . Toothfish are commercially fished , and overfishing has reduced toothfish populations . Another abundant fish group is the Notothenia genus , which like the Antarctic toothfish have antifreeze in their bodies . Weddell seals ( Leptonychotes weddellii ) are the most southerly of Antarctic mammals . Mammals ( edit ) See also : List of mammals of Antarctica Seven pinniped species inhabit Antarctica . The largest , the elephant seal ( Mirounga leonina ) , can reach up to 4,000 kilograms ( 8,818 lb ) , while females of the smallest , the Antarctic fur seal ( Arctocephalus gazella ) , reach only 150 kilograms ( 331 lb ) . These two species live north of the sea ice , and breed in harems on beaches . The other four species can live on the sea ice . Crabeater seals ( Lobodon carcinophagus ) and Weddell seals ( Leptonychotes weddellii ) form breeding colonies , whereas leopard seals ( Hydrurga leptonyx ) and Ross seals ( Ommatophoca rossii ) live solitary lives . Although these species hunt underwater , they breed on land or ice and spend a great deal of time there , as they have no terrestrial predators . The four species that inhabit sea ice are thought to make up 50 % of the total biomass of the world 's seals . Crabeater seals have a population of around 15 million , making them one of the most numerous large animals on the planet . The New Zealand sea lion ( Phocarctos hookeri ) , one of the rarest and most localised pinnipeds , breeds almost exclusively on the subantarctic Auckland Islands , although historically it had a wider range . Out of all permanent mammalian residents , the Weddell seals live the furthest south . There are 10 cetacean species found in the Southern Ocean ; six baleen whales , and four toothed whales . The largest of these , the blue whale ( Balaenoptera musculus ) , grows to 24 metres ( 79 ft ) long weighing 84 tonnes . Many of these species are migratory , and travel to tropical waters during the Antarctic winter . Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) are a keystone species of the food web . Arthropods ( edit ) Five species of krill , small free - swimming crustaceans , are found in the Southern Ocean . The Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) is one of the most abundant animal species on earth , with a biomass of around 500 million tonnes . Each individual is 6 centimetres ( 2.4 in ) long and weighs over 1 gram ( 0.035 oz ) . The swarms that form can stretch for kilometres , with up to 30,000 individuals per 1 cubic metre ( 35 cu ft ) , turning the water red . Swarms usually remain in deep water during the day , ascending during the night to feed on plankton . Many larger animals depend on krill for their own survival . During the winter when food is scarce , adult Antarctic krill can revert to a smaller juvenile stage , using their own body as nutrition . Many benthic crustaceans have a non-seasonal breeding cycle , and some raise their young in a brood pouch . Glyptonotus antarcticus is an unusually large benthic isopod , reaching 20 centimetres ( 8 in ) in length weighing 70 grams ( 2.47 oz ) . Amphipods are abundant in soft sediments , eating a range of items , from algae to other animals . Slow moving sea spiders are common , sometimes growing as large as a human hand . They feed on the corals , sponges , and bryozoans that litter the seabed . A female warty squid ( Moroteuthis ingens ) Invertebrates ( edit ) Many aquatic molluscs are present in Antarctica . Bivalves such as Adamussium colbecki move around on the seafloor , while others such as Laternula elliptica live in burrows filtering the water above . There are around 70 cephalopod species in the Southern Ocean , the largest of which is the giant squid ( Architeuthis sp . ) , which at 15 metres ( 49 ft ) is the largest invertebrate in the world . Squid makes up the entire diet of some animals , such as grey - headed albatrosses and sperm whales , and the warty squid ( Moroteuthis ingens ) is one of the subantarctic 's most preyed upon species by vertebrates . The sea urchin genus Abatus burrow through the sediment eating the nutrients they find in it . Two species of salps are common in Antarctic waters , Salpa thompsoni and Ihlea racovitzai . Salpa thompsoni is found in ice - free areas , whereas Ihlea racovitzai is found in the high latitude areas near ice . Due to their low nutritional value , they are normally only eaten by fish , with larger animals such as birds and marine mammals only eating them when other food is scarce . Antarctic sponges are long lived , and sensitive to environmental changes due to the specificity of the symbiotic microbial communities within them . As a result , they function as indicators of environmental health . Environment ( edit ) Current issues ( edit ) Increased solar ultraviolet radiation resulting from the Antarctic ozone hole has reduced marine primary productivity ( phytoplankton ) by as much as 15 % and has started damaging the DNA of some fish . Illegal , unreported , and unregulated fishing , especially the landing of an estimated five to six times more Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery , likely affects the sustainability of the stock . Long - line fishing for toothfish causes a high incidence of seabird mortality . International agreements ( edit ) All international agreements regarding the world 's oceans apply to the Southern Ocean . In addition , it is subject to these agreements specific to the region : The Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary of the International Whaling Commission ( IWC ) prohibits commercial whaling south of 40 degrees south ( south of 60 degrees south between 50 degrees and 130 degrees west ) . Japan regularly does not recognize this provision , because the sanctuary violates IWC charter . Since the scope of the sanctuary is limited to commercial whaling , in regard to its whaling permit and whaling for scientific research , a Japanese fleet carried out an annual whale - hunt in the region . On 31 March 2014 , the International Court of Justice ruled that Japan 's whaling program , which Japan has long claimed is for scientific purposes , was a cloak for commercial whaling , and no further permits would be granted . Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals is part of the Antarctic Treaty System . It was signed at the conclusion of a multilateral conference in London on 11 February 1972 . Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources ( CCAMLR ) is part of the Antarctic Treaty System . The Convention was entered into force on 7 April 1982 and has its goal is to preserve marine life and environmental integrity in and near Antarctica . It was established in large part to concerns that an increase in krill catches in the Southern Ocean could have a serious impact on populations of other marine life which are dependent upon krill for food . Many nations prohibit the exploration for and the exploitation of mineral resources south of the fluctuating Antarctic Convergence , which lies in the middle of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and serves as the dividing line between the very cold polar surface waters to the south and the warmer waters to the north . The Antarctic Treaty covers the portion of the globe south of sixty degrees south , it prohibits new claims to Antarctica . The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources applies to the area south of 60 ° South latitude as well as the areas further north up to the limit of the Antarctic Convergence . Economy ( edit ) Between 1 July 1998 and 30 June 1999 , fisheries landed 119,898 tonnes , of which 85 % consisted of krill and 14 % of Patagonian toothfish . International agreements came into force in late 1999 to reduce illegal , unreported , and unregulated fishing , which in the 1998 -- 99 season landed five to six times more Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery . Ports and harbors ( edit ) Severe cracks in an ice pier in use for four seasons at McMurdo Station slowed cargo operations in 1983 and proved a safety hazard . Major operational ports include : Rothera Station , Palmer Station , Villa Las Estrellas , Esperanza Base , Mawson Station , McMurdo Station , and offshore anchorages in Antarctica . Few ports or harbors exist on the southern ( Antarctic ) coast of the Southern Ocean , since ice conditions limit use of most shores to short periods in midsummer ; even then some require icebreaker escort for access . Most Antarctic ports are operated by government research stations and , except in an emergency , remain closed to commercial or private vessels ; vessels in any port south of 60 degrees south are subject to inspection by Antarctic Treaty observers . The Southern Ocean 's southernmost port operates at McMurdo Station at 77 ° 50 ′ S 166 ° 40 ′ E  /  77.833 ° S 166.667 ° E  / - 77.833 ; 166.667 . Winter Quarters Bay forms a small harbor , on the southern tip of Ross Island where a floating ice pier makes port operations possible in summer . Operation Deep Freeze personnel constructed the first ice pier at McMurdo in 1973 . Based on the original 1928 IHO delineation of the Southern Ocean ( and the 1937 delineation if the Great Australian Bight is considered integral ) , Australian ports and harbors between Cape Leeuwin and Cape Otway on the Australian mainland and along the west coast of Tasmania would also be identified as ports and harbors existing in the Southern Ocean . These would include the larger ports and harbors of Albany , Thevenard , Port Lincoln , Whyalla , Port Augusta , Port Adelaide , Portland , Warrnambool , and Macquarie Harbour . Yacht races have been held in the Southern Ocean , such as the Volvo Ocean Race , Velux 5 Oceans Race , Vendée Globe , Jules Verne Trophy and Global Challenge . See also ( edit ) Environment portal Ecology portal Geography portal Weather portal Extreme points of the Antarctic Seven Seas Borders of the oceans Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Also a translation of its former French name ( Grand Océan Austral ) in reference to its position below the Pacific , the `` Grand Océan '' . Jump up ^ Used by Dr Hooker in his accounts of his Antarctic voyages . Also a translation of the ocean 's Japanese name Nankyoku Kai ( 南極 海 ) . Jump up ^ Also a translation of the ocean 's Chinese name Nánbīng Yáng ( 南 冰 洋 ) . Jump up ^ Historic names include the `` South Sea '' , the `` Great Southern Ocean '' , the `` South Polar Ocean '' or `` South - Polar Ocean '' , and the `` Southern Icy Ocean '' . Jump up ^ A subsidiary of Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Jump up ^ In violation of their Style Guide , however , some of National Geographic 's online news blogs do use the term . Jump up ^ Reservation by Norway : Norway recognizes the name Kong Håkon VII Hav which covers the sea area adjacent to Dronning Maud Land and stretching from 20 ° W to 45 ° E . Jump up ^ The Drake Passage is situated between the southern and eastern extremities of South America and the South Shetland Islands , lying north of the Antarctic Peninsula . The Scotia Sea is an area defined by the southeastern extremity of South America and the South Shetland Islands on the west and by South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands to the north and east . As they extend north of 60 ° S , Drake Passage and the Scotia Sea are also described as forming part of the South Atlantic Ocean . Jump up ^ EB ( 1878 ) . ^ Jump up to : NGS ( 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : Sherwood , Mary Martha ( 1823 ) , An Introduction to Geography , Intended for Little Children , 3rd ed. , Wellington : F. Houlston & Son , p. 10 . Jump up ^ EB ( 1911 ) . Jump up ^ Hooker , Joseph Dalton ( 1844 ) , Flora Antarctica : The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage , London : Reeve . ^ Jump up to : `` Geography - Southern Ocean '' . CIA Factbook . Retrieved 16 July 2012 ... the Southern Ocean has the unique distinction of being a large circumpolar body of water totally encircling the continent of Antarctica ; this ring of water lies between 60 degrees south latitude and the coast of Antarctica and encompasses 360 degrees of longitude . ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction - Southern Ocean '' . CIA Factbook . Retrieved 16 July 2012 ... As such , the Southern Ocean is now the fourth largest of the world 's five oceans ( after the Pacific Ocean , Atlantic Ocean , and Indian Ocean , but larger than the Arctic Ocean ) . Jump up ^ The Southern Ocean is the Fifth and Newest World Ocean Jump up ^ Pyne , Stephen J. ; The Ice : A Journey to Antarctica . University of Washington Press , 1986 . ( A study of Antarctica 's exploration , earth - sciences , icescape , esthetics , literature , and geopolitics ) ^ Jump up to : `` Southern Ocean '' . Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Darby , Andrew ( 22 December 2003 ) . `` Canberra all at sea over position of Southern Ocean '' . The Age . Retrieved 13 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Ocean '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 13 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maps Home '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Southern Ocean - News Watch '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Upside Down World Map '' . Hema Maps . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Classic World Wall Map '' . GeoNova . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Balboa , or Pan-Pacific Day '' . The Mid-Pacific Magazine . Pan-Pacific Union . 20 ( 10 ) : 16 . He named it the Southern Ocean , but in 1520 Magellan sailed into the Southern Ocean and named it Pacific Jump up ^ Tomlins , Sir Thomas Edlyne ; Raithby , John ( 1811 ) . `` 18 George II c. 17 '' . The statutes at large , of England and of Great - Britain : from Magna Carta to the union of the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland . Printed by G. Eyre and A. Strahan . p. 153 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , James ( 1821 ) . `` March 1775 '' . Three Voyages of Captain James Cook Round the World . Longman . p. 244 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . These voyages of the French , though undertaken by private adventurers , have contributed something towards exploring the Southern Ocean . That of Captain Surville , clears up a mistake , which I was led into , in imagining the shoals off the west end of New Caledonia to extend to the west , as far as New Holland . Jump up ^ A Compendious Geographical Dictionary , Containing , a Concise Description of the Most Remarkable Places , Ancient and Modern , in Europe , Asia , Africa , & America , ... ( 2nd ed . ) . London : W. Peacock. 1795 . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Payne , John ( 1796 ) . Geographical extracts , forming a general view of earth and nature ... illustrated with maps . London : G.G. and J. Robinson . p. 80 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ The Edinburgh Gazetteer : Or , Geographical Dictionary : Containing a Description of the Various Countries , Kingdoms , States , Cities , Towns , Mountains , &c. of the World ; an Account of the Government , Customs , and Religion of the Inhabitants ; the Boundaries and Natural Productions of Each Country , &c . &c . Forming a Complete Body of Geography , Physical , Political , Statistical , and Commercial with Addenda , Containing the Present State of the New Governments in South America ... 1 . London : Longman , Rees , Orme , Brown , and Green . 1827 . p . LIX . Jump up ^ `` Physical Geography '' . Family Magazine : Or Monthly Abstract of General Knowledge . New York : Redfield & Lindsay. 3 ( 1 ) : 16 . June 1835 . Jump up ^ `` 45 Vict . No. 702 '' ( PDF ) . Australasian Legal Information Institute . 28 November 1881 . p. 87 . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Map accompanying first edition of IHO Publication Limits of Oceans and Seas , Special Publication 23 '' . NOAA Photo Library . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Map accompanying second edition of IHO Publication Limits of Oceans and Seas , Special Publication 23 '' . NOAA Photo Library . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Ocean '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` IHO PUBLICATION S - 23 , Limits of Oceans and Seas , Draft 4th Edition '' . International Hydrographic Organisation. 2002 . Retrieved 22 January 2002 . Jump up ^ `` IHO Special Publication 23 '' . Korean Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Darby , Andrew ( 22 December 2003 ) . `` Canberra all at sea over position of Southern Ocean '' . The Age . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Schenke , Hans Werner ( September 2003 ) . `` Proposal for the preparation of a new International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean '' ( PDF ) . IHO International Hydrographic Committee on Antarctica ( HCA ) . Third HCA Meeting , 8 -- 10 September 2003 . Monaco : International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Ocean '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AHS -- AA609582 '' ( PDF ) ( PDF ) . The Australian Hydrographic Service . 5 July 2012 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ For example : Chart Aus343 : Australia South Coast - South Australia - Whidbey Isles to Cape Du Couedic , Australian Hydrographic Service , 29 June 1990 , archived from the original on 26 May 2009 , retrieved 11 October 2010 , Chart Aus792 : Australia - Tasmania - Trial Harbour to Low Rocky Point , Australian Hydrographic Service , 18 July 2008 , retrieved 11 October 2010 Jump up ^ `` - Assessment Documentation for Cape Leeuwin Lighthouse '' ( PDF ) . Register of Heritage Places. 13 May 2005 . p. 11 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Joost Depuydt , ' Ortelius , Abraham ( 1527 -- 1598 ) ' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 Jump up ^ Peter Barber , `` Ortelius ' great world map '' , National Library of Australia , Mapping our World : Terra Incognita to Australia , Canberra , National Library of Australia , 2013 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , Alexander . ( 1771 ) . A Collection of Voyages Made to the Ocean Between Cape Horn and Cape of Good Hope . Two volumes . London . Jump up ^ Headland , Robert K. ( 1984 ) . The Island of South Georgia , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 25274 - 1 Jump up ^ Cook , James . ( 1777 ) . A Voyage Towards the South Pole , and Round the World . Performed in His Majesty 's Ships the Resolution and Adventure , In the Years 1772 , 1773 , 1774 , and 1775 . In which is included , Captain Furneaux 's Narrative of his Proceedings in the Adventure during the Separation of the Ships . Volume II . London : Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell . ( Relevant fragment ) ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Polar Regions '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Dance , Nathaniel ( c. 1776 ) . `` Captain James Cook , 1728 - 79 '' . Royal Museums Greenwich . Commissioned by Sir Joseph Banks . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Weddel , James ( 1970 ) ( 1825 ) . A voyage towards the South Pole : performed in the years 1822 - 24 , containing an examination of the Antarctic Sea . United States Naval Institute . pp. 44 , map . Jump up ^ U.S. Antarctic Program External Panel . `` Antarctica -- past and present '' ( PDF ) . NSF . Retrieved 14 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Guy G. Guthridge . `` Nathaniel Brown Palmer '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 2 February 2006 . Retrieved 14 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Palmer Station . ucsd.edu Jump up ^ Erki Tammiksaar ( 14 December 2013 ) . `` Punane Bellingshausen '' ( Red Bellingshausen ) . Postimees . Arvamus . Kultuur ( in Estonian ) . Jump up ^ `` South - Pole -- Exploring Antarctica '' . South-Pole.com . Archived from the original on 14 February 2006 . Retrieved 12 February 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Milestones , 28 January 1980 '' . Time . 28 January 1980 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Historic Names -- Norwegian - American Scientific Traverse of East Antarctica . Traverse.npolar.no . Retrieved on 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Navy Military History Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... History.navy.mil . Retrieved on 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Finn Ronne . The Columbia Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition 2008 Jump up ^ antarctica.org Archived 6 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. -- Science : in force ... Jump up ^ `` Mar 28 -- Hump Day '' Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , British Antarctic Survey . Jump up ^ Scope of Antarctic Tourism -- A Background Presentation Archived 16 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , IAATO official website . Jump up ^ Reel , Monte ( 24 November 2007 ) . `` Cruise Ship Sinks Off Antarctica '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 13 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 154 Rescued From Sinking Ship In Antarctic : Passengers , Crew Boarding Another Ship After Wait In Lifeboats ; No Injuries Reported '' . CBS News . 23 November 2007 . Retrieved 23 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Doomed Ship Defies Antarctica Odds '' . Reuters. 25 November 2007 . Archived from the original on 27 November 2007 . Retrieved 28 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MS Explorer -- situation report '' . The Falkland Islands News . 23 November 2007 . Jump up ^ MV EXPLORER Cruise Ship Sinking In South Atlantic , The Shipping Times , 23 November 2007 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 10 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Water from Icebergs '' . Ocean Explorer . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Antarctica Detail '' . U.S. Department of the Interior , U.S. Geological Survey . 18 October 2000 . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael L. , Van Woert ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` The Ross Sea Circulation During the 1990s '' . In DiTullio , Giacomo R. ; Dunbar , Robert B. Biogeochemistry of the Ross Sea . American Geophysical Union . pp. 4 -- 34 . ISBN 0 - 87590 - 972 - 8 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Florindo , Fabio ; Siegert , Martin J. ( 2008 ) . Antarctic Climate Evolution . Elsevier . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 52847 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The World Fact Book : Climate '' . U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Creatures of Antarctica '' . Archived from the original on 14 February 2005 . Retrieved 6 February 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Australian Antarctic Division . `` Seabed ( benthic ) communities '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Kinver , Mark ( 15 February 2009 ) . `` Ice oceans ' are not poles apart ' '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Flying Birds '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ British Antarctic Survey . `` Land Animals of Antarctica '' . Natural Environment Research Council . Archived from the original on 22 November 2012 . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Penguins '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Adapting to the cold '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 18 January 2013 . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Australian Antarctic Division . `` Fish '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Seals and sea lions '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Pack - ice seal species '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 26 August 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Salps '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Sea lions '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Weddell seals '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 4 August 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` What is a whale ? '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Australian Antarctic Division . `` Krill : magicians of the Southern Ocean '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 29 September 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Australian Antarctic Division . `` Krill '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 22 January 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Squid '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Salps '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Antarctic Division . `` Sponges '' . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith RC , Prézelin BB , Baker KS , Bidigare RR , Boucher NP , Coley T , Karentz D , MacIntyre S , Matlick HA , Menzies D , et al. ( 1992 ) . `` Ozone depletion : ultraviolet radiation and phytoplankton biology in antarctic waters . '' . Science . 255 ( 5047 ) : 952 -- 9 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 1546292 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1546292 . Jump up ^ Antarctic Challenge : Conflicting Interests , Cooperation , Environmental Protection , Economic Development Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium , 22 -- 24 June 1983 ; Volume 88 of Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Internationales Recht an der Universität Kiel ( Rüdiger Wolfrum and Klaus Bockslaff , eds . ) , Duncker & Humblot , 1984 , p99 Jump up ^ `` Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources '' . ccamlr.org. 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The World Fact Book : Environment - International Agreements '' . U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ The Antarctic Treaty , article 6 Jump up ^ The Antarctic Treaty , article 4 , clause 2 Jump up ^ `` Text of the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources '' ( PDF ) . ccamlr.org . Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources . 1972 . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unique ice pier provides harbor for ships , '' Archived 30 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Antarctic Sun . 8 January 2006 ; McMurdo Station , Antarctica . References ( edit ) Baynes , T.S. , ed. ( 1878 ) , `` Antarctic Ocean '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , 2 ( 9th ed . ) , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , p. 100 Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) , `` Great Southern Ocean '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , 12 ( 11th ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , p. 422 Brindley , David , ed. ( 2014 ) , `` Antarctic Ocean , Austral Ocean , Southern Ocean '' , Style Manual , Washington : National Geographic Society , retrieved 31 July 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Gille , Sarah T. 2002 . `` Warming of the Southern Ocean since the 1950s '' : abstract , article . Science : vol. 295 ( no . 5558 ) , pp. 1275 -- 1277 . Descriptive Regional Oceanography , P. Tchernia , Pergamon Press , 1980 . Matthias Tomczak and J. Stuart Godfrey. 2003 . Regional Oceanography : an Introduction . ( see the site ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Southern Ocean . Look up southern ocean in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Great Southern Ocean . Oceanography Image of the Day , from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution The CIA World Factbook 's entry on the Southern Ocean The Fifth Ocean from Geography.About.com The International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean ( IBCSO ) National Geophysical Data Center U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) : Limits of Oceans and Seas ( 2nd Edition ) , extant 1937 to 1953 , with limits of Southern Ocean . NOAA In - situ Ocean Data Viewer Plot and download ocean observations NOAA FAQ about the number of oceans Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Coordinates : 70 ° S 150 ° W  /  70 ° S 150 ° W  / - 70 ; - 150 Marine realms Arctic Temperate Northern Pacific Tropical Atlantic Western Indo - Pacific Central Indo - Pacific Tropical Eastern Pacific Southern Ocean Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - 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Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Endorheic basins Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Salton Sea Book Category Antarctica General Antarctic Treaty System Climate Colonization Demographics Economy Expeditions Field camps Flags Geography Geology History Mammals Military activity Protected areas Religion Research stations Telecommunications Territorial claims Time Tourism Transport Volcanoes Wildlife Geographic regions Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Ecozone Extreme points Islands Waterways Lake Vostok List of rivers McMurdo Sound Ross Sea Southern Ocean Weddell Sea Lake CECs Famous explorers Roald Amundsen Richard E. Byrd Douglas Mawson James Clark Ross Robert Falcon Scott Ernest Shackleton more ... Category Commons Antarctica portal Index Polar exploration Arctic Ocean History Expeditions Research stations Farthest North North Pole Barentsz Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North Magnetic Pole J. Ross J.C. Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris Polaris C.F. Hall British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard 1st Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo F. Cook Peary Sedov Byrd Airship Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser - Larsen Ellsworth Airship Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT - 25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov `` North Pole '' manned drifting ice stations NP - 1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP - 36 NP - 37 Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov Iceland Greenland Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Svavarsson Arnarson Norse colonization of the Americas Ulfsson Galti Erik the Red Christian IV 's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen Northwest Passage Northern Canada Cabot G. Corte - Real M. Corte - Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov Gvozdev HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J.C. Ross Coppermine Expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin 's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae -- Richardson Expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure Expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell Expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East Passage Russian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh . Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenschtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro - Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A.E. Nordenskiöld Palander USS Jeannette De Long Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov Expedition Sv . Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear - powered icebreakers NS Lenin Arktika class Antarctic Continent History Expeditions Southern Ocean Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus ( J.C. Ross Abernethy ) HMS Terror ( Crozier ) Cooper Challenger expedition HMS Challenger Nares Murray Jason C.A. Larsen `` Heroic Age '' Belgian Antarctic Expedition Belgica de Gerlache Lecointe Amundsen Cook Arctowski Racoviță Dobrowolski Southern Cross Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Discovery Discovery Hut Gauss Gauss Drygalski Swedish Antarctic Expedition Antarctic O. Nordenskjöld C.A. Larsen Scottish Antarctic Expedition Bruce Scotia Orcadas Base Nimrod Expedition Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi - Pas Charcot Japanese Antarctic Expedition Shirase Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Framheim Polheim Terra Nova Terra Nova Scott Wilson E.R. Evans Crean Lashly Filchner Australasian Antarctic Expedition SY Aurora Mawson Far Eastern Party Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition Endurance Ernest Shackleton Wild James Caird Ross Sea party Mackintosh Shackleton -- Rowett Expedition Quest IPY IGY Modern research Christensen Byrd BANZARE BGLE Rymill New Swabia Ritscher Operation Tabarin Marr Operation Highjump Captain Arturo Prat Base British Antarctic Survey Operation Windmill Ketchum Ronne Expedition F. Ronne E. Ronne Schlossbach Operation Deep Freeze McMurdo Station Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition Hillary V. Fuchs Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 1st Somov Klenova Mirny 2nd Tryoshnikov 3rd Tolstikov Antarctic Treaty System Transglobe Expedition Fiennes Burton Lake Vostok Kapitsa Farthest South South Pole HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Weddell HMS Erebus J.C. Ross HMS Terror Crozier Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Barne Nimrod Shackleton Wild Marshall Adams South Magnetic Pole Mawson David Mackay Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Bjaaland Helmer Hassel Wisting Polheim Terra Nova Scott E. Evans Oates Wilson Bowers Byrd Balchen McKinley Dufek Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station Hillary V. Fuchs Pole of Cold Vostok Station Pole of inaccessibility Pole of Inaccessibility Station Tolstikov Crary A. Fuchs Messner VIAF : 248079071 GND : 4058444 - 6 NDL : 00643931 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&oldid=800056447 '' Categories : Southern Ocean Oceans Landforms of the Southern Ocean Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from September 2016 Articles containing German - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikinews Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 08 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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when did the southern ocean become a thing
[ "By way of his voyages in the 1770s, Captain James Cook proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. Since then, geographers have disagreed on the Southern Ocean's northern boundary or even existence, considering the waters as various parts of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, instead. However, according to Commodore John Leech of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), this situation has no scientific sense since it has different ecosystem and life from the three oceans mentioned before and is located on a southern portion of Earth, hence the name of an ocean.[8] This remains the current official policy of the IHO, since a 2000 revision of its definitions including the Southern Ocean as the waters south of the 60th parallel has not yet been adopted. Others regard the seasonally-fluctuating Antarctic Convergence as the natural boundary.[9]" ]
[ "the 1770s" ]
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Scarlett Martínez International Airport
Scarlett Martínez International airport - wikipedia Scarlett Martínez International airport Scarlett Martínez International Airport Rio Hato Airport Terminal building seen from the runway Sunwing Airlines inaugural flight , 2015 IATA : RIH ICAO : MPSM Summary Airport type Public Serves Rio Hato , Coclé , Panama Elevation AMSL 105 ft / 32 m Coordinates 08 ° 22 ′ 33 '' N 080 ° 07 ′ 40 '' W  /  8.37583 ° N 80.12778 ° W  / 8.37583 ; - 80.12778 Coordinates : 08 ° 22 ′ 33 '' N 080 ° 07 ′ 40 '' W  /  8.37583 ° N 80.12778 ° W  / 8.37583 ; - 80.12778 Map RIH Location in Rio Hato Airport Runways Direction Length Surface m ft 17 / 35 2,450 8,038 Asphalt Source : GCM , Scarlett Martínez International Airport ( IATA : RIH , ICAO : MPSM ) , also known as Río Hato Airport , is an international airport in Río Hato , Coclé , Panama . Contents 1 History 1.1 Río Hato Army Air Base 1.2 Operation Just Cause 2 International airport 3 References History ( edit ) Río Hato Army Air Base ( edit ) Established in 1931 , during World War II Río Hato Army Air Base was used by the United States Army Air Forces Sixth Air Force as part of the defense of the Panama Canal . It was closed as an active Air Force facility in 1948 but was used as an USAF auxiliary military landing field as late as 1990 as part of Howard Air Force Base . Units assigned to the base were : 28th Pursuit Squadron ( 37th Pursuit Group ) , 5 October -- 13 November 1940 ( Boeing P - 26 Peashooter ) 30th Pursuit Squadron ( 37th Pursuit Group ) , 5 October -- 13 November 1940 ( Boeing P - 26 Peashooter ) 31st Pursuit Squadron ( 37th Pursuit Group ) , 5 October -- 13 November 1940 ( Boeing P - 26 Peashooter ) 1st Bombardment Squadron ( 9th Bombardment Group ) , 13 November 1940 -- 24 April 1941 ( B - 18 Bolo ) 5th Bombardment Squadron ( 9th Bombardment Group ) , 13 November 1940 -- 28 September 1941 ( B - 18 Bolo ) 99th Bombardment Squadron ( 9th Bombardment Group ) , 13 November 1940 -- 3 December 1941 ( B - 18 Bolo ) 59th Bombardment Squadron ( 9th Bombardment Group ) 1 January -- 28 October 1941 ( A-20 Havoc ) Headquarters , 32d Pursuit Group , 1 January -- 9 December 1941 51st Pursuit Squadron , 21 August -- 10 December 1941 ( Boeing P - 26 Peashooter , Curtiss P - 36 Hawk ) 52d Pursuit Squadron , 21 August 1941 -- 23 March 1944 ( P - 40 Warhawk , P - 39 Airacobra ) 53d Pursuit Squadron , 21 August -- 12 December 1941 ( Boeing P - 26 Peashooter , Curtiss P - 36 Hawk ) 4th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron ( Caribbean Air Command ) , 20 August 1946 -- 1 December 1947 ( CQ - 3 , PQ - 14 ) 414th Fighter Squadron ( 6th Fighter Wing ) 24 March -- 1 September 1947 ( P - 61 Black Widow ) 319th Fighter Squadron ( 6th Fighter Wing ) 1 September 1947 -- 14 January 1948 ( P - 61 Black Widow ) Headquarters , 6th Bombardment Group , 9 December 1941 -- 14 January 1943 3d Bombardment Squadron 8 December 1941 -- 4 May 1942 ( B - 18 Bolo ) 26 August -- 8 December 1944 ; 19 October 1945 -- 1 November 1946 ( B - 24 Liberator ) 25th Bombardment Squadron , 8 December 1941 -- 21 January 1942 ( B - 18 Bolo ) 74th Bombardment Squadron 11 December 1941 -- 9 January 1942 ( B - 18 Bolo ) 7 -- 21 August 1944 ; 1 May 1945 -- 1 November 1946 ( B - 24 Liberator ) 108th Reconnaissance Squadron ( 72d Observation Group ) 14 -- 19 January 1942 ( B - 18 Bolo ) 395th Bombardment Squadron ( 40th , 6th Bombardment Groups ) 17 June 1942 -- 16 June 1943 ( Northrup A-17 Nomad , B - 24 Liberator ) 396th Bombardment Squadron ( VI Bomber Command ) 4 May 1943 -- 7 April 1944 ( B - 17 Flying Fortress , B - 24 Liberator ) 6 February 1945 -- 1 November 1946 ( B - 24 Liberator ) 397th Bombardment Squadron ( 6th Bombardment Group , VI Bomber Command ) 4 May 1943 -- 7 April 1944 6 February 1945 -- 1 November 1946 25th Bombardment Squadron ( VI Bomber Command ) , 9 September -- 8 December 1944 ; 27 January -- 26 April 1945 ; October 1945 -- 1 November 1946 B - 24 Liberator Operation just Cause ( edit ) During Operation Just Cause , The United States Army 2d and 3d Battalions , 75th Ranger Regiment ( TF RED ROMEO ) , departed Lawson Army Airfield , Fort Benning , Georgia , at 18 : 00 on 19 December 1989 . Its mission was to seize Río Hato and neutralize the 6th and 7th PDF Infantry Cos . At 01 : 00 on 20 December , the battalion jumped from C - 130s onto the airfield at Río Hato . Both PDF companies had been alerted and fired on the C - 130s with small arms and anti-aircraft guns . Despite PDF resistance , the battalion assembled , attacked the barracks , and established an airhead . By morning , the Rangers had accomplished all missions , captured 250 prisoners , and cleared the airfield for future operations . Río Hato was also the first combat target for the US Air Force F - 117 Nighthawk stealth fighter during Operation Just Cause . On 19 December 1989 , a flight of eight F - 117s lifted off from Tonopah Test Range Airport , Nevada . Their target was a large open field beside barracks housing two companies of troops belonging to Battalion 2000 , an elite unit known to be fiercely loyal to Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega . The plan was for the aircraft to drop two large 2,000 - pound Mark 84 bombs , colloquially known as `` the Hammer '' ( whose bombs , described as `` the world 's largest stun grenades '' , had a lethal radius of 400 feet and were capable of blowing out eardrums half a mile away ) , close enough to the buildings to stun the sleeping soldiers so that they could not respond to the nearby nighttime parachute landings by the 2nd Ranger Battalion and elements of the 3rd Battalion . The explosion of the bombs at a designated point of impact just 50 yards from the barracks would do just that , and fused to detonate after they had penetrated a few feet of earth , they would not cause many casualties . Unfortunately , the fog of war was in the air . It also appears that , although the Pentagon brass understood the F - 117A 's accuracy , they did not fully understand what situation exactly the F - 117A was suited for . As the two F - 117As approached their target , the wind changed direction . Moreover , a last - minute change in the attack plan and confused communications resulted in the first pilot dropping his bomb where the second was to strike . The other pilot , thinking the attack had reverted to the original plan , dropped his bomb 325 yards wide . International airport ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2011 the government of Panama gave the order to proceed with a project to rebuild the airport . The restoration work will include the rehabilitation of the runway and airport terminal and construction of a tunnel for the Pan-American Highway , which previously crossed the runway . The $53.2 million project was awarded through a public bidding process . The project will be supervised by the Ministry of Public Works ( MOP ) and the Civil Aviation Authority ( CAA ) and is expected to last 14 months . President Ricardo Martinelli said the new Scarlett Martínez Airport at Río Hato will bring benefits and opportunities for area residents . The airport would allow Panama City 's Tocumen International Airport to accept more flights for business and connecting flights in an effort to secure Panama 's position as a hub for business and commercial activity in the region . It will serve to boost tourism along the Pacific beaches of Panama , where several beach resorts and condo developments are located . President Martinelli confirmed that the airport will be used by charter companies from the United States , Canada , and Europe . In May 2013 , it was indicated that the new airport was expected to open in September of that year . The airport was officially opened by President Martinelli on 13 November 2013 . Airlines Destinations Arrendamientos Aereos Charter : Panama City - Albrook Air Costa Rica Charter : San José ( CR ) Air Panama Charter : Panama City - Albrook Air Transat Montreal - Trudeau , Toronto - Pearson Sunwing Airlines Toronto - Pearson Seasonal : Bagotville , Montreal - Trudeau , Quebec City References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Airport information for MPSM at Great Circle Mapper . Source : DAFIF ( effective October 2006 ) . Jump up ^ soldier This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/ . Maurer , Maurer ( 1983 ) . Air Force Combat Units Of World War II . Maxwell AFB , Alabama : Office of Air Force History . ISBN 0 - 89201 - 092 - 4 . Maurer , Maurer , ed. ( 1982 ) ( 1969 ) . Combat Squadrons of the Air Force , World War II ( PDF ) ( reprint ed . ) . Washington , DC : Office of Air Force History . ISBN 0 - 405 - 12194 - 6 . LCCN 70605402 . OCLC 72556 . United States Air Force portal Military of the United States portal World War II portal USAAF Sixth Air Force in World War II Previously : Panama Canal Air Force ( 1940 - 1941 ) ; Caribbean Air Force ( 1941 - 1942 ) Airfields Caribbean Coolidge ( Antigua ) Dakota ( Aruba ) Batista ( Cuba ) Camaguey ( Cuba ) Hato ( Curacao ) Vernam ( Jamaica ) Arecibo ( Puerto Rico ) Borinquen ( Puerto Rico ) Losey ( Puerto Rico ) Benedict ( Saint Croix ) Beane ( Saint Lucia ) St. Thomas Airport ( Saint Thomas ) Carlsen ( Trinidad ) Piarco Airport ( Trinidad ) Waller ( Trinidad ) Canal Zone Albrook France Howard Panama Aguadulce Anton Calzada Larga Chame David La Chorrera Madden Patilla Point Pocri Río Hato Central and South America Belem ( Brazil ) Atkinson ( British Guiana ) Zandery ( Dutch Guiana ) Salinas ( Ecuador ) Baltra ( Galápagos Islands ) Guatemala City ( Guatemala ) Talara ( Peru ) Units Commands VI Bomber Command VI Fighter Command XXVI Fighter Command XXXVI Fighter Command VI Air Force Service Antilles Air Command Wings 6th Fighter 13th Bombardment 19th Composite 24th Composite Groups Fighter 16th Fighter 32d Fighter 36th Fighter 37th Fighter 53d Fighter Bomber 6th Bombardment 9th Bombardment 25th Bombardment 40th Bombardment Reconnaissance 72d Reconnaissance Squadrons 1st Depot Repair 20th Troop Carrier 23d Antisubmarine 91st Reconnaissance United States Army Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Twentieth Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries 's Rebellion Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War First Fiji Expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War U.S. invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North - West Pakistan Libyan Civil War Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime - change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector War on Terror Airports in Panama Achutupo Aguadulce Ailigandi Arraiján Bocas del Toro Cartí Chame Changuinola Chitré Colón Contadora Island Corazón de Jesús David El Porvenir El Real Garachiné Jaqué La Palma Los Santos Mulatupo Panama City -- Albrook Panama City -- Tocumen Pedasí Playón Chico Puerto Obaldia Puerto Piña Río Hato Sambú San Miguel Isla San José Santiago Tubualá Ustupo Wannukandi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Scarlett_Martínez_International_Airport&oldid = 828989370 '' Categories : History of Central America Military history of Panama 20th - century military history of the United States American military occupations Operations involving American special forces Urban warfare United States Army Rangers Invasions by the United States Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Panama Airports in Panama Airborne operations Buildings and structures in Coclé Province Airports established in 1931 Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Air Force Historical Research Agency Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Español فارسی Français Bahasa Melayu Тоҷикӣ Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 23 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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what airlines fly to rio hato airport panama
[ "AirlinesDestinationsArrendamientos Aereos Charter: Panama City-Albrook \nAir Costa Rica Charter: San José (CR)\nAir Panama Charter: Panama City-Albrook\nAir Transat Montreal-Trudeau, Toronto-Pearson\nSunwing Airlines Toronto-Pearson Seasonal: Bagotville, Montreal-Trudeau, Quebec City\n", "AirlinesDestinationsArrendamientos Aereos Charter: Panama City-Albrook \nAir Costa Rica Charter: San José (CR)\nAir Panama Charter: Panama City-Albrook\nAir Transat Montreal-Trudeau, Toronto-Pearson\nSunwing Airlines Toronto-Pearson Seasonal: Bagotville, Montreal-Trudeau, Quebec City\n", "AirlinesDestinationsArrendamientos Aereos Charter: Panama City-Albrook \nAir Costa Rica Charter: San José (CR)\nAir Panama Charter: Panama City-Albrook\nAir Transat Montreal-Trudeau, Toronto-Pearson\nSunwing Airlines Toronto-Pearson Seasonal: Bagotville, Montreal-Trudeau, Quebec City\n", "AirlinesDestinationsArrendamientos Aereos Charter: Panama City-Albrook \nAir Costa Rica Charter: San José (CR)\nAir Panama Charter: Panama City-Albrook\nAir Transat Montreal-Trudeau, Toronto-Pearson\nSunwing Airlines Toronto-Pearson Seasonal: Bagotville, Montreal-Trudeau, Quebec City\n", "AirlinesDestinationsArrendamientos Aereos Charter: Panama City-Albrook \nAir Costa Rica Charter: San José (CR)\nAir Panama Charter: Panama City-Albrook\nAir Transat Montreal-Trudeau, Toronto-Pearson\nSunwing Airlines Toronto-Pearson Seasonal: Bagotville, Montreal-Trudeau, Quebec City\n" ]
[ "Arrendamientos Aereos", "Air Costa Rica", "Air Panama", "Air Transat", "Sunwing Airlines" ]
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List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists - wikipedia List of multiple Olympic gold medalists Jump to : navigation , search The page lists individuals who have won three or more gold medals at the Olympics . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of most Olympic gold medals over career 1.1 Timeline 2 List of most career gold medals in individual events 3 See also 4 References List of most Olympic gold medals over career ( edit ) This is a partial list of multiple Olympic gold medalists , listing people who have won four or more Olympic gold medals . Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included . ( If they were , Ray Ewry would be second on the list with 10 gold ) . It includes top - three placings in 1896 and 1900 , before medals were awarded for top - three placings . For simplicity , when an athlete has won medals for more than one nation , only the last nation he or she represented is mentioned here . The Olympics listed for each athlete only include games in which they won medals . See the particular article on the athlete for more details on when and for what nation an athlete competed . More medals are available in some events than others , and the number of events in which medals are available overall has changed over time . Names in Bold denote people that have competed in the most recent Olympics , namely 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics and 2016 Rio Summer Olympics . No . Athlete Nation Sport Years Games Gender Gold Silver Bronze Total Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 23 28 Latynina , Larisa Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 9 5 18 Nurmi , Paavo Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 1920 -- 1928 Summer 9 0 12 Spitz , Mark Mark Spitz United States Swimming 1968 -- 1972 Summer 9 11 5 Lewis , Carl Carl Lewis United States Athletics 1984 -- 1996 Summer 9 0 10 6 Bjørgen , Marit Marit Bjørgen Norway Cross-country skiing 2002 -- 2018 Winter 8 15 7 Bjørndalen , Ole Einar Ole Einar Bjørndalen Norway Biathlon 1998 -- 2014 Winter 8 13 8 Dæhlie , Bjørn Bjørn Dæhlie Norway Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 8 0 12 Fischer , Birgit Birgit Fischer East Germany Germany Canoeing 1980 -- 2004 Summer 8 0 12 10 Kato , Sawao Sawao Kato Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 8 12 Thompson , Jenny Jenny Thompson United States Swimming 1992 -- 2004 Summer 8 12 12 Biondi , Matt Matt Biondi United States Swimming 1984 -- 1992 Summer 8 11 13 Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt Jamaica Athletics 2008 -- 2016 Summer 8 0 0 8 Ewry , Ray Ray Ewry United States Athletics 1900 -- 1908 Summer 8 0 0 8 15 Andrianov , Nikolai Nikolai Andrianov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972 -- 1980 Summer 7 5 15 16 Shakhlin , Boris Boris Shakhlin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 7 13 17 Čáslavská , Věra Věra Čáslavská Czechoslovakia Gymnastics 1960 -- 1968 Summer 7 0 11 18 Chukarin , Viktor Viktor Chukarin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 7 11 19 Gerevich , Aladár Aladár Gerevich Hungary Fencing 1932 -- 1960 Summer 7 10 20 Mangiarotti , Edoardo Edoardo Mangiarotti Italy Fencing 1936 -- 1960 Summer 6 5 13 21 Werth , Isabell Isabell Werth Germany Equestrian 1992 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 10 22 Lochte , Ryan Ryan Lochte United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 6 12 23 Felix , Allyson Allyson Felix United States Athletics 2004 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 9 Van Innis , Hubert Hubert Van Innis Belgium Archery 1900 -- 1920 Summer 6 0 9 Yegorova , Lyubov Lyubov Yegorova Unified Team Russia Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1994 Winter 6 0 9 26 Nakayama , Akinori Akinori Nakayama Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1972 Summer 6 10 27 Vezzali , Valentina Valentina Vezzali Italy Fencing 1996 -- 2012 Summer 6 9 28 Fredriksson , Gert Gert Fredriksson Sweden Canoeing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 6 8 29 Hoy , Chris Chris Hoy Great Britain Cycling 2000 -- 2012 Summer 6 0 7 Kenny , Jason Jason Kenny Great Britain Cycling 2008 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 7 31 Scherbo , Vitaly Vitaly Scherbo Unified Team Belarus Gymnastics 1992 -- 1996 Summer 6 0 10 32 Ahn Hyun - Soo Viktor Ahn South Korea Russia Short track speed skating 2006 -- 2014 Winter 6 0 8 Klimke , Reiner Reiner Klimke United Team of Germany West Germany Equestrian 1964 -- 1988 Summer 6 0 8 34 Kovács , Pál Pál Kovács Hungary Fencing 1936 -- 1960 Summer 6 0 7 35 Kárpáti , Rudolf Rudolf Kárpáti Hungary Fencing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 6 0 0 6 Nadi , Nedo Nedo Nadi Italy Fencing 1912 -- 1920 Summer 6 0 0 6 Otto , Kristin Kristin Otto East Germany Swimming 1988 Summer 6 0 0 6 Skoblikova , Lidia Lidia Skoblikova Soviet Union Speed skating 1960 -- 1964 Winter 6 0 0 6 Van Dyken , Amy Amy Van Dyken United States Swimming 1996 -- 2000 Summer 6 0 0 6 40 Wüst , Ireen Ireen Wüst Netherlands Speed skating 2006 -- 2018 Winter 5 5 11 41 Ono , Takashi Takashi Ono Japan Gymnastics 1952 -- 1964 Summer 5 13 42 Osburn , Carl Carl Osburn United States Shooting 1912 -- 1924 Summer 5 11 43 Hall , Jr. , Gary Gary Hall , Jr . United States Swimming 1996 -- 2004 Summer 5 10 Keleti , Ágnes Ágnes Keleti Hungary Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 5 10 45 Comăneci , Nadia Nadia Comăneci Romania Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 5 9 Thorpe , Ian Ian Thorpe Australia Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 5 9 47 Ritola , Ville Ville Ritola Finland Athletics 1924 -- 1928 Summer 5 0 8 48 Astakhova , Polina Polina Astakhova Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 5 10 49 Pechstein , Claudia Claudia Pechstein Germany Speed skating 1992 -- 2006 Winter 5 9 50 Lipă , Elisabeta Elisabeta Lipă Romania Rowing 1984 -- 2004 Summer 5 8 51 Endo , Yukio Yukio Endo Japan Gymnastics 1960 -- 1968 Summer 5 0 7 Fourcade , Martin Martin Fourcade France Biathlon 2014 -- 2018 Winter 5 0 7 Peirsol , Aaron Aaron Peirsol United States Swimming 2000 -- 2008 Summer 5 0 7 54 Tsukahara , Mitsuo Mitsuo Tsukahara Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 5 9 55 Adrian , Nathan Nathan Adrian United States Swimming 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 8 Wiggins , Bradley Bradley Wiggins Great Britain Cycling 2000 -- 2016 Summer 5 8 57 Egerszegi , Krisztina Krisztina Egerszegi Hungary Swimming 1988 -- 1996 Summer 5 7 Jager , Tom Tom Jager United States Swimming 1984 -- 1992 Summer 5 7 Lazutina , Larisa Larisa Lazutina Unified Team Russia Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 5 7 Lee , Willis A. Willis A. Lee United States Shooting 1920 Summer 5 7 Thunberg , Clas Clas Thunberg Finland Speed skating 1924 -- 1928 Winter 5 7 Vollmer , Dana Dana Vollmer United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 5 7 Winkler , Hans Günter Hans Günter Winkler United Team of Germany West Germany Equestrian 1956 -- 1976 Summer 5 7 Wu Minxia China Diving 2004 -- 2016 Summer 5 7 65 Alsgaard , Thomas Thomas Alsgaard Norway Cross-country skiing 1994 -- 2002 Winter 5 0 6 Heida , Anton Anton Heida United States Gymnastics 1904 Summer 5 0 6 Kim , Nellie Nellie Kim Soviet Union Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 5 0 6 Kozák , Danuta Danuta Kozák Hungary Canoeing 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 6 Ledecky , Katie Katie Ledecky United States Swimming 2012 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 6 Lilloe - Olsen , Ole Ole Lilloe - Olsen Norway Shooting 1920 -- 1924 Summer 5 0 6 Schollander , Don Don Schollander United States Swimming 1964 -- 1968 Summer 5 0 6 72 Blair , Bonnie Bonnie Blair United States Speed skating 1988 -- 1994 Winter 5 0 6 Damian , Georgeta Georgeta Damian Romania Rowing 2000 -- 2008 Summer 5 0 6 Franklin , Missy Missy Franklin United States Swimming 2012 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 6 Lane , Alfred Alfred Lane United States Shooting 1912 -- 1920 Summer 5 0 6 Redgrave , Steve Steve Redgrave Great Britain Rowing 1984 -- 2000 Summer 5 0 6 Weissmuller , Johnny Johnny Weissmuller United States Swimming , Water polo 1924 -- 1928 Summer 5 0 6 Zou Kai China Gymnastics 2008 -- 2012 Summer 5 0 6 79 Chen Ruolin China Diving 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 0 5 Davydova , Anastasia Anastasia Davydova Russia Synchronized swimming 2004 -- 2012 Summer 5 0 0 5 Fisher , Morris Morris Fisher United States Shooting 1920 -- 1924 Summer 5 0 0 5 Heiden , Eric Eric Heiden United States Speed skating 1980 Winter 5 0 0 5 Ishchenko , Natalia Natalia Ishchenko Russia Synchronized swimming 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 0 5 Romashina , Svetlana Svetlana Romashina Russia Synchronized swimming 2008 -- 2016 Summer 5 0 0 5 85 Smetanina , Raisa Raisa Smetanina Soviet Union Unified Team Cross-country skiing 1976 -- 1992 Winter 5 10 86 Popov , Alexander Alexander Popov Unified Team Russia Swimming 1992 -- 2000 Summer 5 0 9 87 Torres , Dara Dara Torres United States Swimming 1984 -- 2008 Summer 12 88 Ender , Kornelia Kornelia Ender East Germany Swimming 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 8 Fraser , Dawn Dawn Fraser Australia Swimming 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 8 90 Jernberg , Sixten Sixten Jernberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1956 -- 1964 Winter 9 Tourischeva , Ludmilla Ludmilla Tourischeva Soviet Union Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 9 92 Groß , Ricco Ricco Groß Germany Biathlon 1992 -- 2006 Winter 8 Miez , Georges Georges Miez Switzerland Gymnastics 1924 -- 1936 Summer 8 Olsen , Otto Otto Olsen Norway Shooting 1920 -- 1924 Summer 8 Svendsen , Emil Hegle Emil Hegle Svendsen Norway Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 8 96 Patzaichin , Ivan Ivan Patzaichin Romania Canoeing 1968 -- 1984 Summer 0 7 97 Nemov , Alexei Alexei Nemov Russia Gymnastics 1996 -- 2000 Summer 6 12 98 Kramer , Sven Sven Kramer Netherlands Speed skating 2006 -- 2018 Winter 9 99 Aamodt , Kjetil André Kjetil André Aamodt Norway Alpine skiing 1992 -- 2006 Winter 8 de Bruijn , Inge Inge de Bruijn Netherlands Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 8 Fischer , Sven Sven Fischer Germany Biathlon 1994 -- 2006 Winter 8 Kulakova , Galina Galina Kulakova Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1972 -- 1980 Winter 8 Lezak , Jason Jason Lezak United States Swimming 2000 -- 2012 Summer 8 Matthes , Roland Roland Matthes East Germany Swimming 1968 -- 1976 Summer 8 Schmitt , Allison Allison Schmitt United States Swimming 2008 -- 2016 Summer 8 106 Ballangrud , Ivar Ivar Ballangrud Norway Speed skating 1928 -- 1936 Winter 7 Liberg , Einar Einar Liberg Norway Shooting 1908 -- 1924 Summer 7 108 Delfino , Giuseppe Giuseppe Delfino Italy Fencing 1952 -- 1964 Summer 0 6 d'Oriola , Christian Christian d'Oriola France Fencing 1948 -- 1956 Summer 0 6 Gaudin , Lucien Lucien Gaudin France Fencing 1920 -- 1928 Summer 0 6 Grevers , Matt Matt Grevers United States Swimming 2008 -- 2012 Summer 0 6 Guo Jingjing China Diving 2000 -- 2008 Summer 0 6 Jong - oh , Jin Jin Jong - oh South Korea Shooting 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 6 Korbut , Olga Olga Korbut Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 6 Kostelić , Janica Janica Kostelić Croatia Alpine skiing 2002 -- 2006 Winter 0 6 Kuske , Kevin Kevin Kuske Germany Bobsleigh 2002 -- 2018 Winter 0 6 117 Trillini , Giovanna Giovanna Trillini Italy Fencing 1992 -- 2008 Summer 8 118 Daniels , Charles Charles Daniels United States Swimming 1904 -- 1908 Summer 7 Kitajima , Kosuke Kosuke Kitajima Japan Swimming 2004 -- 2012 Summer 7 Spooner , Lloyd Lloyd Spooner United States Shooting 1920 Summer 7 Trickett , Libby Libby Trickett Australia Swimming 2004 -- 2012 Summer 7 122 Domracheva , Darya Darya Domracheva Belarus Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 6 Ignat , Doina Doina Ignat Romania Rowing 1992 -- 2008 Summer 6 Kim Soo - Nyung South Korea Archery 1988 -- 2000 Summer 6 Novikova - Belova , Elena Elena Novikova - Belova Soviet Union Fencing 1968 -- 1976 Summer 6 Rose , Murray Murray Rose Australia Swimming 1956 -- 1960 Summer 6 Sidyak , Viktor Viktor Sidyak Soviet Union Fencing 1968 -- 1980 Summer 6 Svan , Gunde Gunde Svan Sweden Cross-country skiing 1984 -- 1988 Winter 6 van Moorsel , Leontien Leontien van Moorsel Netherlands Cycling 2000 -- 2004 Summer 6 Wagner - Augustin , Katrin Katrin Wagner - Augustin Germany Canoeing 2000 -- 2012 Summer 6 Wang Meng China Short track speed skating 2006 -- 2010 Winter 6 132 Ainslie , Ben Ben Ainslie Great Britain Sailing 1996 -- 2012 Summer 0 5 Artemov , Vladimir Vladimir Artemov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1988 Summer 0 5 Ashford , Evelyn Evelyn Ashford United States Athletics 1984 -- 1992 Summer 0 5 Evans , Janet Janet Evans United States Swimming 1988 -- 1992 Summer 0 5 Ferguson , Ian Ian Ferguson New Zealand Canoeing 1984 -- 1988 Summer 0 5 Fonst , Ramón Ramón Fonst Cuba Fencing 1900 -- 1904 Summer 0 5 Fu Mingxia China Diving 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 5 Grishin , Yevgeny Yevgeny Grishin Soviet Union Speed skating 1956 -- 1964 Winter 0 5 Hefford , Jayna Jayna Hefford Canada Ice hockey 1998 -- 2014 Winter 0 5 Klochkova , Yana Yana Klochkova Ukraine Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 0 5 Kolehmainen , Hannes Hannes Kolehmainen Finland Athletics 1912 -- 1920 Summer 0 5 Koss , Johann Olav Johann Olav Koss Norway Speed skating 1992 -- 1994 Winter 0 5 Lange , André André Lange Germany Bobsleigh 2002 -- 2010 Winter 0 5 Louganis , Greg Greg Louganis United States Diving 1976 -- 1988 Summer 0 5 Muratov , Valentin Valentin Muratov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 0 5 Naber , John John Naber United States Swimming 1976 Summer 0 5 Nykänen , Matti Matti Nykänen Finland Ski jumping 1984 -- 1988 Winter 0 5 Pahud de Mortanges , Charles Charles Pahud de Mortanges Netherlands Equestrian 1924 -- 1936 Summer 0 5 Sheppard , Mel Mel Sheppard United States Athletics 1908 -- 1912 Summer 0 5 Szabo , Ecaterina Ecaterina Szabo Romania Gymnastics 1984 Summer 0 5 Tikhonov , Alexander Alexander Tikhonov Soviet Union Biathlon 1968 -- 1980 Winter 0 5 Wang Nan China Table tennis 2000 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Wickenheiser , Hayley Hayley Wickenheiser Canada Ice hockey 1998 -- 2014 Winter 0 5 Williams , Venus Venus Williams United States Tennis 2000 -- 2016 Summer 0 5 Zátopek , Emil Emil Zátopek Czechoslovakia Athletics 1948 -- 1952 Summer 0 5 Zimyatov , Nikolay Nikolay Zimyatov Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1980 -- 1984 Winter 0 5 158 Kulcsár , Győző Győző Kulcsár Hungary Fencing 1964 -- 1976 Summer 0 6 159 Beerbaum , Ludger Ludger Beerbaum West Germany Germany Equestrian 1988 -- 2016 Summer 0 5 Biles , Simone Simone Biles United States Gymnastics 2016 Summer 0 5 Boron , Kathrin Kathrin Boron Germany Rowing 1992 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Chun Lee - Kyung South Korea Short track speed skating 1994 -- 1998 Winter 0 5 Edwards , Teresa Teresa Edwards United States Basketball 1984 -- 2000 Summer 0 5 Geisenberger , Natalie Natalie Geisenberger Germany Luge 2010 -- 2018 Winter 0 5 Hurley , Marcus Marcus Hurley United States Cycling 1904 Summer 0 5 Li Xiaopeng China Gymnastics 2000 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Olsen , Jon Jon Olsen United States Swimming 1992 -- 1996 Summer 0 5 Pozdnyakov , Stanislav Stanislav Pozdnyakov Unified Team Russia Fencing 1992 -- 2004 Summer 0 5 Richards - Ross , Sanya Sanya Richards - Ross United States Athletics 2004 -- 2012 Summer 0 5 Susanu , Viorica Viorica Susanu Romania Rowing 2000 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Zampori , Giorgio Giorgio Zampori Italy Gymnastics 1912 -- 1924 Summer 0 5 172 Ammann , Simon Simon Ammann Switzerland Ski jumping 2002 -- 2010 Winter 0 0 Arlt , Tobias Tobias Arlt Germany Luge 2014 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Bird , Sue Sue Bird United States Basketball 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Blankers - Koen , Fanny Fanny Blankers - Koen Netherlands Athletics 1948 Summer 0 0 Catchings , Tamika Tamika Catchings United States Basketball 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Cologna , Dario Dario Cologna Switzerland Cross-country skiing 2010 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Cuthbert , Betty Betty Cuthbert Australia Athletics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 0 Darnyi , Tamás Tamás Darnyi Hungary Swimming 1988 -- 1992 Summer 0 0 Deng Yaping China Table tennis 1992 -- 1996 Summer 0 0 Dillard , Harrison Harrison Dillard United States Athletics 1948 -- 1952 Summer 0 0 Elvstrøm , Paul Bert Paul Bert Elvstrøm Denmark Sailing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 0 0 Ermakova , Anastasia Anastasia Ermakova Russia Synchronized swimming 2004 -- 2008 Summer 0 0 Farah , Mohamed Mohamed Farah Great Britain Athletics 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Fuchs , Jenő Jenő Fuchs Hungary Fencing 1908 -- 1912 Summer 0 0 Icho , Kaori Kaori Icho Japan Wrestling 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Johnson , Michael Michael Johnson United States Athletics 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Korzeniowski , Robert Robert Korzeniowski Poland Athletics 1996 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Kraenzlein , Alvin Alvin Kraenzlein United States Athletics 1900 Summer 0 0 Krayzelburg , Lenny Lenny Krayzelburg United States Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Krovopuskov , Viktor Viktor Krovopuskov Soviet Union Fencing 1976 -- 1980 Summer 0 0 Leslie , Lisa Lisa Leslie United States Basketball 1996 -- 2008 Summer 0 0 McCormick , Pat Pat McCormick United States Diving 1952 -- 1956 Summer 0 0 Oerter , Al Al Oerter United States Athletics 1956 -- 1968 Summer 0 0 Ouellette , Caroline Caroline Ouellette Canada Ice hockey 2002 -- 2014 Winter 0 0 Owens , Jesse Jesse Owens United States Athletics 1936 Summer 0 0 Pavesi , Carlo Carlo Pavesi Italy Fencing 1952 -- 1960 Summer 0 0 Pinsent , Matthew Matthew Pinsent Great Britain Rowing 1992 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Radmilovic , Paulo Paulo Radmilovic Great Britain Water polo , Swimming 1908 -- 1920 Summer 0 0 Saint Cyr , Henri Henri Saint Cyr Sweden Equestrian 1952 -- 1956 Summer 0 0 Salnikov , Vladimir Vladimir Salnikov Soviet Union Swimming 1980 -- 1988 Summer 0 0 Schuhmann , Carl Carl Schuhmann Germany Gymnastics , Wrestling 1896 Summer 0 0 Taurasi , Diana Diana Taurasi United States Basketball 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Trott , Laura Laura Trott Great Britain Cycling 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Uphoff , Nicole Nicole Uphoff West Germany Germany Equestrian 1988 -- 1992 Summer 0 0 Virén , Lasse Lasse Virén Finland Athletics 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 0 Wassberg , Thomas Thomas Wassberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1980 -- 1988 Winter 0 0 Wendl , Tobias Tobias Wendl Germany Luge 2014 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Williams , Serena Serena Williams United States Tennis 2000 -- 2012 Summer 0 0 Wöckel , Bärbel Bärbel Wöckel East Germany Athletics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 0 0 Yining , Zhang Zhang Yining China Table tennis 2004 -- 2008 Summer 0 0 Timeline ( edit ) This is a progressive list of Olympians that have held the record for most titles won . It includes titles won in 1896 and 1900 , before gold medals were awarded for first place . All record - holders have competed at Summer Games rather than Winter Games . Michael Phelps , holder of the record for the most Olympic gold medals , with one of his medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics Gold medals Date Athlete Nation Sport Record gold - medal event Earlier gold - medal events Gender 1896 - 04 - 06 James Connolly United States Athletics Triple jump -- Robert Garrett United States Athletics Discus 1896 - 04 - 07 Ellery Clark United States Athletics Long jump Thomas Burke United States Athletics 400 metres Robert Garrett United States Athletics Shot put see above 1896 - 04 - 09 Edwin Flack Australia Athletics 800 metres 1896 - 1 Fritz Hofmann , Konrad Böcker , Alfred Flatow , Gustav Flatow , Georg Hilmar , Fritz Manteuffel , Karl Neukirch , Richard Röstel , Gustav Schuft , Carl Schuhmann , Hermann Weingärtner Germany Gymnastics Team horizontal bar 1896 - 1 Carl Schuhmann Germany Gymnastics Vault see previous Hermann Weingärtner Germany Gymnastics Horizontal bar see above 1896 - 04 - 10 Alfred Flatow Germany Gymnastics Parallel bars see above 1896 - 04 - 11 Carl Schuhmann Germany Wrestling Greco - Roman see above 1900 - 07 - 16 Alvin Kraenzlein United States Athletics 200 metre hurdles 1900 - 1 , 2 , 3 1904 - 08 - 05 Marcus Hurley United States Cycling 1 mile 1904 - 1 , 2 , 3 1904 - 08 - 29 Ray Ewry United States Athletics Standing long jump 1900 - 1 , 2 , 3 5 1904 - 08 - 31 Standing high jump 6 1904 - 09 - 03 Standing triple jump 7 1908 - 07 - 20 Athletics Standing long jump 8 1908 - 07 - 23 Standing high jump 1924 - 07 - 13 Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics Team cross-country 1920 - 1 , 2 , 3 1924 - 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 9 1928 - 07 - 29 Athletics 10000 metres 1964 - 10 - 23 Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics Floor exercise 1956 - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 1960 - 5 , 6 , 7 1964 - 8 1972 - 09 - 04 Mark Spitz United States Swimming 4 × 100 metre medley relay 1968 - 1 , 2 1972 - 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 1996 - 07 - 29 Carl Lewis United States Athletics Long jump 1984 - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 1988 - 5 , 6 1992 - 7 , 8 2008 - 08 - 12 Michael Phelps United States Swimming 200 metre freestyle 2004 - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 2008 - 7 , 8 10 2008 - 08 - 13 200 metre butterfly 11 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay 12 2008 - 08 - 15 200 metre individual medley 13 2008 - 08 - 16 100 metre butterfly 14 2008 - 08 - 17 4 × 100 metre medley relay 15 2012 - 07 - 31 Swimming 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay 16 2012 - 08 - 02 200 metre individual medley 17 2012 - 08 - 03 100 metre butterfly 18 2012 - 08 - 04 4 × 100 metre medley relay 19 2016 - 08 - 07 Swimming 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay 20 2016 - 08 - 09 200 metre butterfly 21 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay 22 2016 - 08 - 11 200 metre individual medley 23 2016 - 08 - 13 4 × 100 metre medley relay List of most career gold medals in individual events ( edit ) This list currently includes all Olympians with three or more gold medals won as individuals ( not as part of a team of two or more ) . No . Athlete Nation Sport Years Games Gender Gold Silver Bronze Total Phelps , Michael Michael Phelps United States Swimming 2004 -- 2016 Summer 13 16 Ewry , Ray Ray Ewry United States Athletics 1900 -- 1908 Summer 8 0 0 8 Čáslavská , Věra Věra Čáslavská Czechoslovakia Gymnastics 1964 -- 1968 Summer 7 0 8 Lewis , Carl Carl Lewis United States Athletics 1984 -- 1996 Summer 7 0 8 5 Latynina , Larisa Larisa Latynina Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 6 5 14 6 Andrianov , Nikolai Nikolai Andrianov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1972 -- 1980 Summer 6 12 7 Dæhlie , Bjørn Bjørn Dæhlie Norway Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 6 0 9 Nurmi , Paavo Paavo Nurmi Finland Athletics 1920 -- 1928 Summer 6 0 9 9 Shakhlin , Boris Boris Shakhlin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 6 10 10 Bolt , Usain Usain Bolt Jamaica Athletics 2008 -- 2016 Summer 6 0 0 6 Skoblikova , Lidia Lidia Skoblikova Soviet Union Speed skating 1960 -- 1964 Winter 6 0 0 6 12 Bjørgen , Marit Marit Bjørgen Norway Cross-country skiing 2002 -- 2018 Winter 5 10 13 Bjørndalen , Ole Einar Ole Einar Bjørndalen Norway Biathlon 1998 -- 2014 Winter 5 9 Chukarin , Viktor Viktor Chukarin Soviet Union Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 5 9 Kato , Sawao Sawao Kato Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1976 Summer 5 9 16 Comăneci , Nadia Nadia Comăneci Romania Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 5 7 Egerszegi , Krisztina Krisztina Egerszegi Hungary Swimming 1988 -- 1996 Summer 5 7 Fredriksson , Gert Gert Fredriksson Sweden Canoeing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 5 7 Thunberg , Clas Clas Thunberg Finland Speed skating 1924 -- 1928 Winter 5 7 20 Scherbo , Vitaly Vitaly Scherbo Unified Team Belarus Gymnastics 1992 -- 1996 Summer 5 0 9 21 Blair , Bonnie Bonnie Blair United States Speed skating 1988 -- 1994 Winter 5 0 6 22 Heiden , Eric Eric Heiden United States Speed skating 1980 Winter 5 0 0 5 23 Wüst , Ireen Ireen Wüst Netherlands Speed skating 2006 -- 2018 Winter 9 24 Yegorova , Lyubov Lyubov Yegorova Unified Team Russia Cross-country skiing 1992 -- 1994 Winter 0 7 25 Aamodt , Kjetil André Kjetil André Aamodt Norway Alpine skiing 1992 -- 2006 Winter 8 Nakayama , Akinori Akinori Nakayama Japan Gymnastics 1968 -- 1972 Summer 8 Pechstein , Claudia Claudia Pechstein Germany Speed skating 1992 -- 2006 Winter 8 28 Ballangrud , Ivar Ivar Ballangrud Norway Speed skating 1928 -- 1936 Winter 7 29 Fourcade , Martin Martin Fourcade France Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 0 6 Jin Jong - oh South Korea Shooting 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 6 Kostelić , Janica Janica Kostelić Croatia Alpine skiing 2002 -- 2006 Winter 0 6 Van Innis , Hubert Hubert Van Innis Belgium Archery 1900 -- 1920 Summer 0 6 33 de Bruijn , Inge Inge de Bruijn Netherlands Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 6 Keleti , Ágnes Ágnes Keleti Hungary Gymnastics 1952 -- 1956 Summer 6 Spitz , Mark Mark Spitz United States Swimming 1968 -- 1972 Summer 6 van Moorsel , Leontien Leontien van Moorsel Netherlands Cycling 2000 -- 2004 Summer 6 37 Ainslie , Ben Ben Ainslie Great Britain Sailing 1996 -- 2012 Summer 0 5 Evans , Janet Janet Evans United States Swimming 1988 -- 1992 Summer 0 5 Grishin , Yevgeny Yevgeny Grishin Soviet Union Speed skating 1956 -- 1964 Winter 0 5 Heida , Anton Anton Heida United States Gymnastics 1904 Summer 0 5 Klochkova , Yana Yana Klochkova Ukraine Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 0 5 Koss , Johann Olav Johann Olav Koss Norway Speed skating 1992 -- 1994 Winter 0 5 Louganis , Greg Greg Louganis United States Diving 1976 -- 1988 Summer 0 5 Popov , Alexander Alexander Popov Unified Team Russia Swimming 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 5 Zátopek , Emil Emil Zátopek Czechoslovakia Athletics 1948 -- 1952 Summer 0 5 46 Ahn Hyun - Soo Viktor Ahn South Korea Russia Short track speed skating 2006 -- 2014 Winter 0 6 47 Hurley , Marcus Marcus Hurley United States Cycling 1904 Summer 0 5 Matthes , Roland Roland Matthes East Germany Swimming 1968 -- 1976 Summer 0 5 49 Ammann , Simon Simon Ammann Switzerland Ski jumping 2002 -- 2010 Winter 0 0 Cologna , Dario Dario Cologna Switzerland Cross-country skiing 2010 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Darnyi , Tamás Tamás Darnyi Hungary Swimming 1988 -- 1992 Summer 0 0 Elvstrøm , Paul Bert Paul Bert Elvstrøm Denmark Sailing 1948 -- 1960 Summer 0 0 Farah , Mohamed Mohamed Farah Great Britain Athletics 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Fu Mingxia China Diving 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Hoy , Chris Chris Hoy Great Britain Cycling 2004 -- 2012 Summer 0 0 Icho , Kaori Kaori Icho Japan Wrestling 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Kitajima , Kosuke Kosuke Kitajima Japan Swimming 2004 -- 2008 Summer 0 0 Kolehmainen , Hannes Hannes Kolehmainen Finland Athletics 1912 -- 1920 Summer 0 0 Korzeniowski , Robert Robert Korzeniowski Poland Athletics 1996 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Kraenzlein , Alvin Alvin Kraenzlein United States Athletics 1900 Summer 0 0 Ledecky , Katie Katie Ledecky United States Swimming 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 McCormick , Pat Pat McCormick United States Diving 1952 -- 1956 Summer 0 0 Oerter , Al Al Oerter United States Athletics 1956 -- 1968 Summer 0 0 Otto , Kristin Kristin Otto East Germany Swimming 1988 Summer 0 0 Virén , Lasse Lasse Virén Finland Athletics 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 0 66 Enke , Karin Karin Enke East Germany Speed skating 1980 -- 1988 Winter 8 Niemann - Stirnemann , Gunda Gunda Niemann - Stirnemann Germany Speed skating 1992 -- 1998 Winter 8 68 Ono , Takashi Takashi Ono Japan Gymnastics 1952 -- 1960 Summer 10 69 Jernberg , Sixten Sixten Jernberg Sweden Cross-country skiing 1956 -- 1964 Winter 7 70 Kuzmina , Anastasiya Anastasiya Kuzmina Slovakia Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 0 6 Ritola , Ville Ville Ritola Finland Athletics 1924 -- 1928 Summer 0 6 72 Nemov , Alexei Alexei Nemov Russia Gymnastics 1996 -- 2000 Summer 5 10 73 Eyser , George George Eyser United States Gymnastics 1904 Summer 6 Holmann , Knut Knut Holmann Norway Canoeing 1992 -- 2000 Summer 6 Rose , Ralph Ralph Rose United States Athletics 1904 -- 1912 Summer 6 Sáblíková , Martina Martina Sáblíková Czech Republic Speed skating 2010 -- 2018 Winter 6 77 Dibiasi , Klaus Klaus Dibiasi Italy Diving 1964 -- 1976 Summer 0 5 Hackl , Georg Georg Hackl West Germany Germany Luge 1988 -- 2002 Winter 0 5 Kramer , Sven Sven Kramer Netherlands Speed skating 2006 -- 2018 Winter 0 5 Miez , Georges Georges Miez Switzerland Gymnastics 1928 -- 1936 Summer 0 5 Peirsol , Aaron Aaron Peirsol United States Swimming 2000 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Schumann , Ralf Ralf Schumann East Germany Germany Shooting 1988 -- 2008 Summer 0 5 Yang , Sun Sun Yang China Swimming 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 5 Tomba , Alberto Alberto Tomba Italy Alpine skiing 1988 -- 1994 Winter 0 5 85 Grøttumsbråten , Johan Johan Grøttumsbråten Norway Nordic combined , Cross-country skiing 1924 -- 1932 Winter 6 Joyner - Kersee , Jackie Jackie Joyner - Kersee United States Athletics 1984 -- 1996 Summer 6 Rhode , Kim Kim Rhode United States Shooting 1996 -- 2016 Summer 6 88 Daniels , Charles Charles Daniels United States Swimming 1904 -- 1908 Summer 5 Domracheva , Darya Darya Domracheva Belarus Biathlon 2010 -- 2018 Winter 5 Gould , Shane Shane Gould Australia Swimming 1972 Summer 5 Li Ning China Gymnastics 1984 Summer 5 Schneider , Vreni Vreni Schneider Switzerland Alpine skiing 1988 -- 1994 Winter 5 Silivaş , Daniela Daniela Silivaş Romania Gymnastics 1988 Summer 5 Štukelj , Leon Leon Štukelj Yugoslavia Gymnastics 1924 -- 1936 Summer 5 Thorpe , Ian Ian Thorpe Australia Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 5 van den Hoogenband , Pieter Pieter van den Hoogenband Netherlands Swimming 2000 -- 2004 Summer 5 Vezzali , Valentina Valentina Vezzali Italy Fencing 1996 -- 2012 Summer 5 Wang Meng China Short track speed skating 2006 -- 2010 Winter 5 99 Artemov , Vladimir Vladimir Artemov Soviet Union Gymnastics 1988 Summer 0 Bekele , Kenenisa Kenenisa Bekele Ethiopia Athletics 2004 -- 2008 Summer 0 Campriani , Niccolò Niccolò Campriani Italy Shooting 2012 -- 2016 Summer 0 Compagnoni , Deborah Deborah Compagnoni Italy Alpine skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 0 Ender , Kornelia Kornelia Ender East Germany Swimming 1972 -- 1976 Summer 0 Flanagan , John John Flanagan United States Athletics 1900 -- 1908 Summer 0 Fonst , Ramón Ramón Fonst Cuba Fencing 1900 -- 1904 Summer 0 Fraser , Dawn Dawn Fraser Australia Swimming 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 Grafström , Gillis Gillis Grafström Sweden Figure skating 1920 -- 1932 Both 0 Groß , Michael Michael Groß West Germany Swimming 1984 -- 1988 Summer 0 Gustafson , Tomas Tomas Gustafson Sweden Speed skating 1984 -- 1988 Winter 0 Hillman , Harry Harry Hillman United States Athletics 1904 -- 1908 Summer 0 Höfl - Riesch , Maria Maria Höfl - Riesch Germany Alpine skiing 2010 -- 2014 Winter 0 Hosszú , Katinka Katinka Hosszú Hungary Swimming 2016 Summer 0 Karelin , Alexander Alexander Karelin Soviet Union Unified Team Russia Wrestling 1988 -- 2000 Summer 0 Kenny , Jason Jason Kenny Great Britain Cycling 2008 -- 2016 Summer 0 Kim , Nellie Nellie Kim Soviet Union Gymnastics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 0 Krämer , Ingrid Ingrid Krämer United Team of Germany Diving 1960 -- 1964 Summer 0 Nykänen , Matti Matti Nykänen Finland Ski jumping 1984 -- 1988 Winter 0 Press , Tamara Tamara Press Soviet Union Athletics 1960 -- 1964 Summer 0 Prinstein , Myer Myer Prinstein United States Athletics 1900 -- 1904 Summer 0 Rose , Murray Murray Rose Australia Swimming 1956 -- 1960 Summer 0 Saneyev , Viktor Viktor Saneyev Soviet Union Athletics 1968 -- 1980 Summer 0 Schenk , Ard Ard Schenk Netherlands Speed skating 1968 -- 1972 Winter 0 Szabo , Ecaterina Ecaterina Szabo Romania Gymnastics 1984 Summer 0 van Grunsven , Anky Anky van Grunsven Netherlands Equestrian 1996 -- 2008 Summer 0 Yoshida , Saori Saori Yoshida Japan Wrestling 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 Zelezny , Jan Jan Železný Czechoslovakia Czech Republic Athletics 1988 -- 2000 Summer 0 127 Dibaba , Tirunesh Tirunesh Dibaba Ethiopia Athletics 2004 -- 2016 Summer 0 6 128 Kirvesniemi , Marja - Liisa Marja - Liisa Kirvesniemi Finland Cross-country skiing 1984 -- 1994 Winter 0 5 Seizinger , Katja Katja Seizinger Germany Alpine skiing 1992 -- 1998 Winter 0 5 130 Biles , Simone Simone Biles United States Gymnastics 2016 Summer 0 Dimas , Pyrros Pyrros Dimas Greece Weightlifting 1992 -- 2004 Summer 0 Frigerio , Ugo Ugo Frigerio Italy Athletics 1920 -- 1932 Summer 0 Sheridan , Martin Martin Sheridan United States Athletics 1904 -- 1908 Summer 0 Smith , Michelle Michelle Smith Ireland Swimming Summer 0 Zou Kai China Gymnastics 2008 -- 2012 Summer 0 136 Alsgaard , Thomas Thomas Alsgaard Norway Cross-country skiing 1994 -- 2002 Winter 0 0 Andersen , Hjalmar Hjalmar Andersen Norway Speed skating 1952 Winter 0 0 Armstrong , Kristin Kristin Armstrong United States Cycling 2008 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Ballanger , Félicia Félicia Ballanger France Cycling 1996 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Bennett , Brooke Brooke Bennett United States Swimming 1996 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Blankers - Koen , Fanny Fanny Blankers - Koen Netherlands Athletics 1948 Summer 0 0 Burton , Mike Mike Burton United States Swimming 1968 -- 1972 Summer 0 0 Cuthbert , Betty Betty Cuthbert Australia Athletics 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 0 Estanguet , Tony Tony Estanguet France Canoeing 2000 -- 2012 Summer 0 0 Hahn , Archie Archie Hahn United States Athletics 1904 Summer 0 0 Haug , Thorleif Thorleif Haug Norway Cross-country skiing 1924 Winter 0 0 Henie , Sonja Sonja Henie Norway Figure skating 1928 -- 1936 Winter 0 0 Houser , Bud Bud Houser United States Athletics 1924 -- 1928 Summer 0 0 Ivanov , Vyacheslav Vyacheslav Ivanov Soviet Union Rowing 1956 -- 1964 Summer 0 0 Johansson , Ivar Ivar Johansson Sweden Wrestling 1932 -- 1936 Summer 0 0 Johnson , Michael Michael Johnson United States Athletics 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Kakhiashvili , Kakhi Kakhi Kakhiashvili Kakiasvilis , Akakios Akakios Kakiasvilis Unified Team Greece Weightlifting 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Karppinen , Pertti Pertti Karppinen Finland Rowing 1976 -- 1984 Summer 0 0 Kazankina , Tatyana Tatyana Kazankina Soviet Union Athletics 1976 -- 1980 Summer 0 0 Killy , Jean - Claude Jean - Claude Killy France Alpine skiing 1968 Winter 0 0 Lemming , Eric Eric Lemming Sweden Athletics 1908 -- 1912 Summer 0 0 Lightbody , James James Lightbody United States Athletics 1904 Summer 0 0 López , Mijaín Mijaín López Cuba Wrestling 2008 -- 2016 Summer 0 0 Masson , Paul Paul Masson France Cycling 1896 Summer 0 0 Medved , Alexander Alexander Medved Soviet Union Wrestling 1964 -- 1972 Summer 0 0 Meyer , Debbie Debbie Meyer United States Swimming 1968 Summer 0 0 Mutlu , Halil Halil Mutlu Turkey Weightlifting 1996 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Nadi , Nedo Nedo Nadi Italy Fencing 1912 -- 1920 Summer 0 0 Nomura , Tadahiro Tadahiro Nomura Japan Judo 1996 -- 2004 Summer 0 0 Owens , Jesse Jesse Owens United States Athletics 1936 Summer 0 0 Papp , László László Papp Hungary Boxing 1948 -- 1956 Summer 0 0 Pérec , Marie - José Marie - José Pérec France Athletics 1992 -- 1996 Summer 0 0 Sailer , Toni Toni Sailer Austria Alpine skiing 1956 Winter 0 0 Saitiev , Buvaisar Buvaisar Saitiev Russia Wrestling 1996 -- 2008 Summer 0 0 Salnikov , Vladimir Vladimir Salnikov Soviet Union Swimming 1980 -- 1988 Summer 0 0 Savón , Félix Félix Savón Cuba Boxing 1992 -- 2000 Summer 0 0 Snell , Peter Peter Snell New Zealand Athletics 1960 -- 1964 Summer 0 0 Stevenson , Teófilo Teófilo Stevenson Cuba Boxing 1972 -- 1980 Summer 0 0 Stoch , Kamil Kamil Stoch Poland Ski jumping 2014 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Süleymanoğlu , Naim Naim Süleymanoğlu Turkey Weightlifting 1988 -- 1996 Summer 0 0 Timmer , Marianne Marianne Timmer Netherlands Speed skating 1998 -- 2006 Winter 0 0 van Gennip , Yvonne Yvonne van Gennip Netherlands Speed skating 1988 Winter 0 0 Wehling , Ulrich Ulrich Wehling East Germany Nordic combined 1972 -- 1980 Winter 0 0 Weissmuller , Johnny Johnny Weissmuller United States Swimming 1924 -- 1928 Summer 0 0 Westergren , Carl Carl Westergren Sweden Wrestling 1920 -- 1932 Summer 0 0 White , Shaun Shaun White United States Snowboarding 2006 -- 2018 Winter 0 0 Wiggins , Bradley Bradley Wiggins Great Britain Cycling 2004 -- 2012 Summer 0 0 Zimyatov , Nikolay Nikolay Zimyatov Soviet Union Cross-country skiing 1980 -- 1984 Winter 0 0 See also ( edit ) List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event List of multiple Olympic medalists List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event List of multiple Paralympic gold medalists All - time Olympic Games medal table References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Coubertin , Pierre de ; Timoleon J. Philimon ; N.G. Politis ; Ch . Anninos ( 1897 ) . `` Second Part : The Olympic Games in 1896 '' ( PDF ) . The Olympic Games , B.C. 776 -- A.D. 1896 ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) . IOC official Olympic reports . translated by A. v. K. London : Grevel . pp. 55 -- 81 ( passim ) . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 13 . ( note : the source gives dates in the Julian calendar ; this table uses the Gregorian calendar ) `` Winners '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . `` databaseOlympics.com '' . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . See also references in the articles on each athlete . ( hide ) Olympics and Paralympics statistics Medalists and medal tables Lists of Olympic medalists Lists of Paralympic medalists All - time Olympic Games medal table All - time Paralympic Games medal table Multiple medalists Multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games in one event at Winter Olympics Multiple gold medalists Multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games in one event Multiple Paralympic gold medalists at a single Games Other statistics Olympic medals in different sports at Summer and Winter Olympics Most appearances at Olympic Games Medal sweeps in Olympic athletics Athletes at both the Summer and Winter Olympics Ties for medals at the Olympics Stripped Olympic medals Olympic medals by host nation Olympic medalist families Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_multiple_Olympic_gold_medalists&oldid=829592415 '' Categories : Lists of Olympic gold medalists Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Kapampangan Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 پنجابی Polski Português Русский Саха тыла Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 16 : 14 . 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who has won the most gold medals in the olympics
[ "\n\nNo.\nAthlete\nNation\nSport\nYears\nGames\nGender\nGold\nSilver\nBronze\nTotal\n\n\n1\nPhelps, MichaelMichael Phelps\n United States\nSwimming\n2004–2016\nSummer\nM\n23\n3\n2\n28\n\n\n2\nLatynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1956–1964\nSummer\nF\n9\n5\n4\n18\n\n\n3\nNurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi\n Finland\nAthletics\n1920–1928\nSummer\nM\n9\n3\n0\n12\n\n\n4\nSpitz, MarkMark Spitz\n United States\nSwimming\n1968–1972\nSummer\nM\n9\n1\n1\n11\n\n\n5\nLewis, CarlCarl Lewis\n United States\nAthletics\n1984–1996\nSummer\nM\n9\n1\n0\n10\n\n\n6\nBjørgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen\n Norway\nCross-country skiing\n2002–2018\nWinter\nF\n8\n4\n3\n15\n\n\n7\nBjørndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen\n Norway\nBiathlon\n1998–2014\nWinter\nM\n8\n4\n1\n13\n\n\n8\nDæhlie, BjørnBjørn Dæhlie\n Norway\nCross-country skiing\n1992–1998\nWinter\nM\n8\n4\n0\n12\n\n\nFischer, BirgitBirgit Fischer\n East Germany\n Germany\nCanoeing\n1980–2004\nSummer\nF\n8\n4\n0\n12\n\n\n10\nKato, SawaoSawao Kato\n Japan\nGymnastics\n1968–1976\nSummer\nM\n8\n3\n1\n12\n\n\nThompson, JennyJenny Thompson\n United States\nSwimming\n1992–2004\nSummer\nF\n8\n3\n1\n12\n\n\n12\nBiondi, MattMatt Biondi\n United States\nSwimming\n1984–1992\nSummer\nM\n8\n2\n1\n11\n\n\n13\nBolt, UsainUsain Bolt\n Jamaica\nAthletics\n2008–2016\nSummer\nM\n8\n0\n0\n8\n\n\nEwry, RayRay Ewry\n United States\nAthletics\n1900–1908\nSummer\nM\n8\n0\n0\n8\n\n\n15\nAndrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1972–1980\nSummer\nM\n7\n5\n3\n15\n\n\n16\nShakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1956–1964\nSummer\nM\n7\n4\n2\n13\n\n\n17\nČáslavská, VěraVěra Čáslavská\n Czechoslovakia\nGymnastics\n1960–1968\nSummer\nF\n7\n4\n0\n11\n\n\n18\nChukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1952–1956\nSummer\nM\n7\n3\n1\n11\n\n\n19\nGerevich, AladárAladár Gerevich\n Hungary\nFencing\n1932–1960\nSummer\nM\n7\n1\n2\n10\n\n\n20\nMangiarotti, EdoardoEdoardo Mangiarotti\n Italy\nFencing\n1936–1960\nSummer\nM\n6\n5\n2\n13\n\n\n21\nWerth, IsabellIsabell Werth\n Germany\nEquestrian\n1992–2016\nSummer\nF\n6\n4\n0\n10\n\n\n22\nLochte, RyanRyan Lochte\n United States\nSwimming\n2004–2016\nSummer\nM\n6\n3\n3\n12\n\n\n23\nFelix, AllysonAllyson Felix\n United States\nAthletics\n2004–2016\nSummer\nF\n6\n3\n0\n9\n\n\nVan Innis, HubertHubert Van Innis\n Belgium\nArchery\n1900–1920\nSummer\nM\n6\n3\n0\n9\n\n\nYegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova\n Unified Team\n Russia\nCross-country skiing\n1992–1994\nWinter\nF\n6\n3\n0\n9\n\n\n26\nNakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama\n Japan\nGymnastics\n1968–1972\nSummer\nM\n6\n2\n2\n10\n\n\n27\nVezzali, ValentinaValentina Vezzali\n Italy\nFencing\n1996–2012\nSummer\nF\n6\n1\n2\n9\n\n\n28\nFredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson\n Sweden\nCanoeing\n1948–1960\nSummer\nM\n6\n1\n1\n8\n\n\n29\nHoy, ChrisChris Hoy\n Great Britain\nCycling\n2000–2012\nSummer\nM\n6\n1\n0\n7\n\n\nKenny, JasonJason Kenny\n Great Britain\nCycling\n2008–2016\nSummer\nM\n6\n1\n0\n7\n\n\n31\nScherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo\n Unified Team\n Belarus\nGymnastics\n1992–1996\nSummer\nM\n6\n0\n4\n10\n\n\n32\nAhn Hyun-Soo\nViktor Ahn\n South Korea\n Russia\nShort track speed skating\n2006–2014\nWinter\nM\n6\n0\n2\n8\n\n\nKlimke, ReinerReiner Klimke\n United Team of Germany\n West Germany\nEquestrian\n1964–1988\nSummer\nM\n6\n0\n2\n8\n\n\n34\nKovács, PálPál Kovács\n Hungary\nFencing\n1936–1960\nSummer\nM\n6\n0\n1\n7\n\n\n35\nKárpáti, RudolfRudolf Kárpáti\n Hungary\nFencing\n1948–1960\nSummer\nM\n6\n0\n0\n6\n\n\nNadi, NedoNedo Nadi\n Italy\nFencing\n1912–1920\nSummer\nM\n6\n0\n0\n6\n\n\nOtto, KristinKristin Otto\n East Germany\nSwimming\n1988\nSummer\nF\n6\n0\n0\n6\n\n\nSkoblikova, LidiaLidia Skoblikova\n Soviet Union\nSpeed skating\n1960–1964\nWinter\nF\n6\n0\n0\n6\n\n\nVan Dyken, AmyAmy Van Dyken\n United States\nSwimming\n1996–2000\nSummer\nF\n6\n0\n0\n6\n\n\n40\nWüst, IreenIreen Wüst\n Netherlands\nSpeed skating\n2006–2018\nWinter\nF\n5\n5\n1\n11\n\n\n41\nOno, TakashiTakashi Ono\n Japan\nGymnastics\n1952–1964\nSummer\nM\n5\n4\n4\n13\n\n\n42\nOsburn, CarlCarl Osburn\n United States\nShooting\n1912–1924\nSummer\nM\n5\n4\n2\n11\n\n\n43\nHall, Jr., GaryGary Hall, Jr.\n United States\nSwimming\n1996–2004\nSummer\nM\n5\n3\n2\n10\n\n\nKeleti, ÁgnesÁgnes Keleti\n Hungary\nGymnastics\n1952–1956\nSummer\nF\n5\n3\n2\n10\n\n\n45\nComăneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci\n Romania\nGymnastics\n1976–1980\nSummer\nF\n5\n3\n1\n9\n\n\nThorpe, IanIan Thorpe\n Australia\nSwimming\n2000–2004\nSummer\nM\n5\n3\n1\n9\n\n\n47\nRitola, VilleVille Ritola\n Finland\nAthletics\n1924–1928\nSummer\nM\n5\n3\n0\n8\n\n\n48\nAstakhova, PolinaPolina Astakhova\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1956–1964\nSummer\nF\n5\n2\n3\n10\n\n\n49\nPechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein\n Germany\nSpeed skating\n1992–2006\nWinter\nF\n5\n2\n2\n9\n\n\n50\nLipă, ElisabetaElisabeta Lipă\n Romania\nRowing\n1984–2004\nSummer\nF\n5\n2\n1\n8\n\n\n51\nEndo, YukioYukio Endo\n Japan\nGymnastics\n1960–1968\nSummer\nM\n5\n2\n0\n7\n\n\nFourcade, MartinMartin Fourcade\n France\nBiathlon\n2014–2018\nWinter\nM\n5\n2\n0\n7\n\n\nPeirsol, AaronAaron Peirsol\n United States\nSwimming\n2000–2008\nSummer\nM\n5\n2\n0\n7\n\n\n54\nTsukahara, MitsuoMitsuo Tsukahara\n Japan\nGymnastics\n1968–1976\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n3\n9\n\n\n55\nAdrian, NathanNathan Adrian\n United States\nSwimming\n2008–2016\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n2\n8\n\n\nWiggins, BradleyBradley Wiggins\n Great Britain\nCycling\n2000–2016\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n2\n8\n\n\n57\nEgerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi\n Hungary\nSwimming\n1988–1996\nSummer\nF\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\nJager, TomTom Jager\n United States\nSwimming\n1984–1992\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\nLazutina, LarisaLarisa Lazutina\n Unified Team\n Russia\nCross-country skiing\n1992–1998\nWinter\nF\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\nLee, Willis A.Willis A. Lee\n United States\nShooting\n1920\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\nThunberg, ClasClas Thunberg\n Finland\nSpeed skating\n1924–1928\nWinter\nM\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\nVollmer, DanaDana Vollmer\n United States\nSwimming\n2004–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\nWinkler, Hans GünterHans Günter Winkler\n United Team of Germany\n West Germany\nEquestrian\n1956–1976\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\nWu Minxia\n China\nDiving\n2004–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n1\n1\n7\n\n\n65\nAlsgaard, ThomasThomas Alsgaard\n Norway\nCross-country skiing\n1994–2002\nWinter\nM\n5\n1\n0\n6\n\n\nHeida, AntonAnton Heida\n United States\nGymnastics\n1904\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n0\n6\n\n\nKim, NellieNellie Kim\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1976–1980\nSummer\nF\n5\n1\n0\n6\n\n\nKozák, DanutaDanuta Kozák\n Hungary\nCanoeing\n2008–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n1\n0\n6\n\n\nLedecky, KatieKatie Ledecky\n United States\nSwimming\n2012–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n1\n0\n6\n\n\nLilloe-Olsen, OleOle Lilloe-Olsen\n Norway\nShooting\n1920–1924\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n0\n6\n\n\nSchollander, DonDon Schollander\n United States\nSwimming\n1964–1968\nSummer\nM\n5\n1\n0\n6\n\n\n72\nBlair, BonnieBonnie Blair\n United States\nSpeed skating\n1988–1994\nWinter\nF\n5\n0\n1\n6\n\n\nDamian, GeorgetaGeorgeta Damian\n Romania\nRowing\n2000–2008\nSummer\nF\n5\n0\n1\n6\n\n\nFranklin, MissyMissy Franklin\n United States\nSwimming\n2012–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n0\n1\n6\n\n\nLane, AlfredAlfred Lane\n United States\nShooting\n1912–1920\nSummer\nM\n5\n0\n1\n6\n\n\nRedgrave, SteveSteve Redgrave\n Great Britain\nRowing\n1984–2000\nSummer\nM\n5\n0\n1\n6\n\n\nWeissmuller, JohnnyJohnny Weissmuller\n United States\nSwimming, Water polo\n1924–1928\nSummer\nM\n5\n0\n1\n6\n\n\nZou Kai\n China\nGymnastics\n2008–2012\nSummer\nM\n5\n0\n1\n6\n\n\n79\nChen Ruolin\n China\nDiving\n2008–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n0\n0\n5\n\n\nDavydova, AnastasiaAnastasia Davydova\n Russia\nSynchronized swimming\n2004–2012\nSummer\nF\n5\n0\n0\n5\n\n\nFisher, MorrisMorris Fisher\n United States\nShooting\n1920–1924\nSummer\nM\n5\n0\n0\n5\n\n\nHeiden, EricEric Heiden\n United States\nSpeed skating\n1980\nWinter\nM\n5\n0\n0\n5\n\n\nIshchenko, NataliaNatalia Ishchenko\n Russia\nSynchronized swimming\n2008–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n0\n0\n5\n\n\nRomashina, SvetlanaSvetlana Romashina\n Russia\nSynchronized swimming\n2008–2016\nSummer\nF\n5\n0\n0\n5\n\n\n85\nSmetanina, RaisaRaisa Smetanina\n Soviet Union\n Unified Team\nCross-country skiing\n1976–1992\nWinter\nF\n4\n5\n1\n10\n\n\n86\nPopov, AlexanderAlexander Popov\n Unified Team\n Russia\nSwimming\n1992–2000\nSummer\nM\n4\n5\n0\n9\n\n\n87\nTorres, DaraDara Torres\n United States\nSwimming\n1984–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n4\n4\n12\n\n\n88\nEnder, KorneliaKornelia Ender\n East Germany\nSwimming\n1972–1976\nSummer\nF\n4\n4\n0\n8\n\n\nFraser, DawnDawn Fraser\n Australia\nSwimming\n1956–1964\nSummer\nF\n4\n4\n0\n8\n\n\n90\nJernberg, SixtenSixten Jernberg\n Sweden\nCross-country skiing\n1956–1964\nWinter\nM\n4\n3\n2\n9\n\n\nTourischeva, LudmillaLudmilla Tourischeva\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1968–1976\nSummer\nF\n4\n3\n2\n9\n\n\n92\nGroß, RiccoRicco Groß\n Germany\nBiathlon\n1992–2006\nWinter\nM\n4\n3\n1\n8\n\n\nMiez, GeorgesGeorges Miez\n Switzerland\nGymnastics\n1924–1936\nSummer\nM\n4\n3\n1\n8\n\n\nOlsen, OttoOtto Olsen\n Norway\nShooting\n1920–1924\nSummer\nM\n4\n3\n1\n8\n\n\nSvendsen, Emil HegleEmil Hegle Svendsen\n Norway\nBiathlon\n2010–2018\nWinter\nM\n4\n3\n1\n8\n\n\n96\nPatzaichin, IvanIvan Patzaichin\n Romania\nCanoeing\n1968–1984\nSummer\nM\n4\n3\n0\n7\n\n\n97\nNemov, AlexeiAlexei Nemov\n Russia\nGymnastics\n1996–2000\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n6\n12\n\n\n98\nKramer, SvenSven Kramer\n Netherlands\nSpeed skating\n2006–2018\nWinter\nM\n4\n2\n3\n9\n\n\n99\nAamodt, Kjetil AndréKjetil André Aamodt\n Norway\nAlpine skiing\n1992–2006\nWinter\nM\n4\n2\n2\n8\n\n\nde Bruijn, IngeInge de Bruijn\n Netherlands\nSwimming\n2000–2004\nSummer\nF\n4\n2\n2\n8\n\n\nFischer, SvenSven Fischer\n Germany\nBiathlon\n1994–2006\nWinter\nM\n4\n2\n2\n8\n\n\nKulakova, GalinaGalina Kulakova\n Soviet Union\nCross-country skiing\n1972–1980\nWinter\nF\n4\n2\n2\n8\n\n\nLezak, JasonJason Lezak\n United States\nSwimming\n2000–2012\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n2\n8\n\n\nMatthes, RolandRoland Matthes\n East Germany\nSwimming\n1968–1976\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n2\n8\n\n\nSchmitt, AllisonAllison Schmitt\n United States\nSwimming\n2008–2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n2\n2\n8\n\n\n106\nBallangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud\n Norway\nSpeed skating\n1928–1936\nWinter\nM\n4\n2\n1\n7\n\n\nLiberg, EinarEinar Liberg\n Norway\nShooting\n1908–1924\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n1\n7\n\n\n108\nDelfino, GiuseppeGiuseppe Delfino\n Italy\nFencing\n1952–1964\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nd'Oriola, ChristianChristian d'Oriola\n France\nFencing\n1948–1956\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nGaudin, LucienLucien Gaudin\n France\nFencing\n1920–1928\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nGrevers, MattMatt Grevers\n United States\nSwimming\n2008–2012\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nGuo Jingjing\n China\nDiving\n2000–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nJong-oh, JinJin Jong-oh\n South Korea\nShooting\n2004–2016\nSummer\nM\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nKorbut, OlgaOlga Korbut\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1972–1976\nSummer\nF\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nKostelić, JanicaJanica Kostelić\n Croatia\nAlpine skiing\n2002–2006\nWinter\nF\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\nKuske, KevinKevin Kuske\n Germany\nBobsleigh\n2002–2018\nWinter\nM\n4\n2\n0\n6\n\n\n117\nTrillini, GiovannaGiovanna Trillini\n Italy\nFencing\n1992–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n3\n8\n\n\n118\nDaniels, CharlesCharles Daniels\n United States\nSwimming\n1904–1908\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n2\n7\n\n\nKitajima, KosukeKosuke Kitajima\n Japan\nSwimming\n2004–2012\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n2\n7\n\n\nSpooner, LloydLloyd Spooner\n United States\nShooting\n1920\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n2\n7\n\n\nTrickett, LibbyLibby Trickett\n Australia\nSwimming\n2004–2012\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n2\n7\n\n\n122\nDomracheva, DaryaDarya Domracheva\n Belarus\nBiathlon\n2010–2018\nWinter\nF\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nIgnat, DoinaDoina Ignat\n Romania\nRowing\n1992–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nKim Soo-Nyung\n South Korea\nArchery\n1988–2000\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nNovikova-Belova, ElenaElena Novikova-Belova\n Soviet Union\nFencing\n1968–1976\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nRose, MurrayMurray Rose\n Australia\nSwimming\n1956–1960\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nSidyak, ViktorViktor Sidyak\n Soviet Union\nFencing\n1968–1980\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nSvan, GundeGunde Svan\n Sweden\nCross-country skiing\n1984–1988\nWinter\nM\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nvan Moorsel, LeontienLeontien van Moorsel\n Netherlands\nCycling\n2000–2004\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nWagner-Augustin, KatrinKatrin Wagner-Augustin\n Germany\nCanoeing\n2000–2012\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\nWang Meng\n China\nShort track speed skating\n2006–2010\nWinter\nF\n4\n1\n1\n6\n\n\n132\nAinslie, BenBen Ainslie\n Great Britain\nSailing\n1996–2012\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nArtemov, VladimirVladimir Artemov\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1988\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nAshford, EvelynEvelyn Ashford\n United States\nAthletics\n1984–1992\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nEvans, JanetJanet Evans\n United States\nSwimming\n1988–1992\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nFerguson, IanIan Ferguson\n New Zealand\nCanoeing\n1984–1988\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nFonst, RamónRamón Fonst\n Cuba\nFencing\n1900–1904\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nFu Mingxia\n China\nDiving\n1992–2000\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nGrishin, YevgenyYevgeny Grishin\n Soviet Union\nSpeed skating\n1956–1964\nWinter\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nHefford, JaynaJayna Hefford\n Canada\nIce hockey\n1998–2014\nWinter\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nKlochkova, YanaYana Klochkova\n Ukraine\nSwimming\n2000–2004\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nKolehmainen, HannesHannes Kolehmainen\n Finland\nAthletics\n1912–1920\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nKoss, Johann OlavJohann Olav Koss\n Norway\nSpeed skating\n1992–1994\nWinter\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nLange, AndréAndré Lange\n Germany\nBobsleigh\n2002–2010\nWinter\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nLouganis, GregGreg Louganis\n United States\nDiving\n1976–1988\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nMuratov, ValentinValentin Muratov\n Soviet Union\nGymnastics\n1952–1956\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nNaber, JohnJohn Naber\n United States\nSwimming\n1976\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nNykänen, MattiMatti Nykänen\n Finland\nSki jumping\n1984–1988\nWinter\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nPahud de Mortanges, CharlesCharles Pahud de Mortanges\n Netherlands\nEquestrian\n1924–1936\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nSheppard, MelMel Sheppard\n United States\nAthletics\n1908–1912\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nSzabo, EcaterinaEcaterina Szabo\n Romania\nGymnastics\n1984\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nTikhonov, AlexanderAlexander Tikhonov\n Soviet Union\nBiathlon\n1968–1980\nWinter\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nWang Nan\n China\nTable tennis\n2000–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nWickenheiser, HayleyHayley Wickenheiser\n Canada\nIce hockey\n1998–2014\nWinter\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nWilliams, VenusVenus Williams\n United States\nTennis\n2000–2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nZátopek, EmilEmil Zátopek\n Czechoslovakia\nAthletics\n1948–1952\nSummer\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\nZimyatov, NikolayNikolay Zimyatov\n Soviet Union\nCross-country skiing\n1980–1984\nWinter\nM\n4\n1\n0\n5\n\n\n158\nKulcsár, GyőzőGyőző Kulcsár\n Hungary\nFencing\n1964–1976\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n2\n6\n\n\n159\nBeerbaum, LudgerLudger Beerbaum\n West Germany\n Germany\nEquestrian\n1988–2016\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nBiles, SimoneSimone Biles\n United States\nGymnastics\n2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nBoron, KathrinKathrin Boron\n Germany\nRowing\n1992–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nChun Lee-Kyung\n South Korea\nShort track speed skating\n1994–1998\nWinter\nF\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nEdwards, TeresaTeresa Edwards\n United States\nBasketball\n1984–2000\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nGeisenberger, NatalieNatalie Geisenberger\n Germany\nLuge\n2010–2018\nWinter\nF\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nHurley, MarcusMarcus Hurley\n United States\nCycling\n1904\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nLi Xiaopeng\n China\nGymnastics\n2000–2008\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nOlsen, JonJon Olsen\n United States\nSwimming\n1992–1996\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nPozdnyakov, StanislavStanislav Pozdnyakov\n Unified Team\n Russia\nFencing\n1992–2004\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nRichards-Ross, SanyaSanya Richards-Ross\n United States\nAthletics\n2004–2012\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nSusanu, VioricaViorica Susanu\n Romania\nRowing\n2000–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\nZampori, GiorgioGiorgio Zampori\n Italy\nGymnastics\n1912–1924\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n1\n5\n\n\n172\nAmmann, SimonSimon Ammann\n Switzerland\nSki jumping\n2002–2010\nWinter\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nArlt, TobiasTobias Arlt\n Germany\nLuge\n2014–2018\nWinter\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nBird, SueSue Bird\n United States\nBasketball\n2004–2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nBlankers-Koen, FannyFanny Blankers-Koen\n Netherlands\nAthletics\n1948\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nCatchings, TamikaTamika Catchings\n United States\nBasketball\n2004–2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nCologna, DarioDario Cologna\n Switzerland\nCross-country skiing\n2010–2018\nWinter\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nCuthbert, BettyBetty Cuthbert\n Australia\nAthletics\n1956–1964\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nDarnyi, TamásTamás Darnyi\n Hungary\nSwimming\n1988–1992\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nDeng Yaping\n China\nTable tennis\n1992–1996\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nDillard, HarrisonHarrison Dillard\n United States\nAthletics\n1948–1952\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nElvstrøm, Paul BertPaul Bert Elvstrøm\n Denmark\nSailing\n1948–1960\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nErmakova, AnastasiaAnastasia Ermakova\n Russia\nSynchronized swimming\n2004–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nFarah, MohamedMohamed Farah\n Great Britain\nAthletics\n2012–2016\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nFuchs, JenőJenő Fuchs\n Hungary\nFencing\n1908–1912\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nIcho, KaoriKaori Icho\n Japan\nWrestling\n2004–2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nJohnson, MichaelMichael Johnson\n United States\nAthletics\n1992–2000\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nKorzeniowski, RobertRobert Korzeniowski\n Poland\nAthletics\n1996–2004\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nKraenzlein, AlvinAlvin Kraenzlein\n United States\nAthletics\n1900\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nKrayzelburg, LennyLenny Krayzelburg\n United States\nSwimming\n2000–2004\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nKrovopuskov, ViktorViktor Krovopuskov\n Soviet Union\nFencing\n1976–1980\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nLeslie, LisaLisa Leslie\n United States\nBasketball\n1996–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nMcCormick, PatPat McCormick\n United States\nDiving\n1952–1956\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nOerter, AlAl Oerter\n United States\nAthletics\n1956–1968\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nOuellette, CarolineCaroline Ouellette\n Canada\nIce hockey\n2002–2014\nWinter\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nOwens, JesseJesse Owens\n United States\nAthletics\n1936\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nPavesi, CarloCarlo Pavesi\n Italy\nFencing\n1952–1960\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nPinsent, MatthewMatthew Pinsent\n Great Britain\nRowing\n1992–2004\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nRadmilovic, PauloPaulo Radmilovic\n Great Britain\nWater polo, Swimming\n1908–1920\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nSaint Cyr, HenriHenri Saint Cyr\n Sweden\nEquestrian\n1952–1956\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nSalnikov, VladimirVladimir Salnikov\n Soviet Union\nSwimming\n1980–1988\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nSchuhmann, CarlCarl Schuhmann\n Germany\nGymnastics, Wrestling\n1896\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nTaurasi, DianaDiana Taurasi\n United States\nBasketball\n2004–2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nTrott, LauraLaura Trott\n Great Britain\nCycling\n2012–2016\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nUphoff, NicoleNicole Uphoff\n West Germany\n Germany\nEquestrian\n1988–1992\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nVirén, LasseLasse Virén\n Finland\nAthletics\n1972–1976\nSummer\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nWassberg, ThomasThomas Wassberg\n Sweden\nCross-country skiing\n1980–1988\nWinter\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nWendl, TobiasTobias Wendl\n Germany\nLuge\n2014–2018\nWinter\nM\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nWilliams, SerenaSerena Williams\n United States\nTennis\n2000–2012\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nWöckel, BärbelBärbel Wöckel\n East Germany\nAthletics\n1976–1980\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n\nYining, ZhangZhang Yining\n China\nTable tennis\n2004–2008\nSummer\nF\n4\n0\n0\n4\n\n" ]
[ "Michael Phelps" ]
7683252686336226692
Esther
Esther - wikipedia Esther This article is about the heroine of the Book of Esther . For the book of Esther , see Book of Esther . For other uses , see Esther ( disambiguation ) . Esther Queen of Persia Queen Esther ( 1879 ) by Edwin Long Queen of Persia Reign c. 479 -- c. 465 BC Coronation c. 479 Predecessor Vashti Hadassah c. 492 BC Achaemenid Empire Burial Hamadan , Iran Spouse King Xerxes I of Persia House Persia Father Abihail ( biological ) , Mordecai ( adoptive ) Religion Judaism Esther is described in the Book of Esther as a Jewish queen of the Persian king Ahasuerus . In the narrative , Ahasuerus seeks a new wife after his queen , Vashti , refuses to obey him , and Esther is chosen for her beauty . The king 's chief advisor , Haman , is offended by Esther 's cousin and guardian , Mordecai , and gets permission from the king to have all the Jews in the kingdom killed . Esther foils the plan , and wins permission from the king for the Jews to kill their enemies , and they do so . Her story is the traditional basis for Purim , which is celebrated on the date given in the story for when Haman 's order was to go into effect , which is the same day that Jews kill their enemies after the plan is reversed . Contents 1 Etymology 2 In the Bible 3 Purim 4 Interpretations 4.1 Esther as rhetorical model 5 Persian culture 6 Depictions of Esther 7 Canonicity in Christianity 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links Etymology ( edit ) Esther may be derived from the theonym Ishtar . The Book of Daniel provides accounts of Jews in exile being assigned names relating to Babylonian gods and `` Mordecai '' is understood to mean servant of Marduk , a Babylonian god . `` Esther '' may have been a different Hebrew interpretation from the Proto - Semitic root `` star / ' morning / evening star ' '' , which descended with the / th / into the Ugaritic Athtiratu and Arabian Athtar . The derivation must then have been secondary for the initial ayin to be confused with an aleph ( both represented by vowels in Akkadian ) , and the second consonant descended as a / s / ( like in the Aramaic asthr `` bright star '' ) , rather than a / sh / as in Hebrew and most commonly in Akkadian . The Targum connects the name with the Persian word for `` star '' , setareh ( In Persian : ستاره ) , explaining that Esther was so named for being as beautiful as the Morning Star . In the Talmud ( Tractate Yoma 29a ) , Esther is compared to the `` morning star '' , and is considered the subject of Psalm 22 , because its introduction is a `` song for the morning star '' . A.S. Yahuda conjectured that the name Esther is derived from a reconstructed Median word astra meaning myrtle . This would match her Hebrew name as recorded in the Bible , Hadassah , also meaning `` myrtle '' . In the Bible ( edit ) Main article : Book of Esther The Feast of Esther by Johannes Spilberg the Younger In the narrative , King Ahasuerus is drunk at a festival and orders his queen , Vashti , to appear before him and his guests to display her beauty . When she refuses to come , he deposes her and seeks a new queen through a sort of beauty pageant . Esther , an orphan daughter of a Benjamite named Abihail and under the protection of her cousin Mordecai , who are members of the Jewish exile community in Persia , is chosen . Later , Mordecai refuses to bow to Haman the Agagite , who was recently made Ahasuerus ' highest advisor , and Haman requests and is given permission to order all the Jews in Persia to be killed . When Esther learns of this , Mordecai tells her to reveal to the king that she is Jewish and to ask him to repeal the order . Esther hesitates , saying that she could be put to death if she goes to the king without being summoned and the king does not want to see her ; Mordecai urges her to try . She goes to the king , and the king welcomes her , and says he will give her anything she wants . Instead of asking directly about the order , she invites the king and Haman to a banquet the next day . During the banquet , the king again asked Esther if there is anything she wants , and this time she asks the king to spare her life and that of all of the Jews . The king asks who was threatening them , and she names Haman . Haman throws himself at her feet ; the king thinks that Haman is attacking her and orders him to be put to death , and gives all Haman 's possessions to Esther . Esther tells the king about Mordecai 's role in her life , and the king makes Mordecai his highest advisor . Esther then asks the king to revoke the order , and king allows Esther and Mordecai to do so , however they wish . They send out an order in the king 's name that Jews can assemble and defend themselves , and can kill anyone who threatens them , and their families , and take their goods . On the thirteenth day of Adar , the same day that Haman had set for them to be killed , the Jews do so in one city , killing 500 people but not taking plunder , and they kill around 75,000 the next day again not taking plunder , and then they feast . Esther talking to Mordecai Ahasuerus and Haman at the Feast of Esther , by Rembrandt Esther denouncing Haman by Ernest Normand . Purim ( edit ) Main article : Purim The Jews established an annual feast , the feast of Purim , in memory of their deliverance . Haman set the date of Adar 13 to commence his campaign against the Jews . This determined the date of the festival of Purim . Interpretations ( edit ) Further information : Esther in rabbinic literature Dianne Tidball argues that while Vashti is a `` feminist icon '' , Esther is a post-feminist icon . Abraham Kuyper notes some `` disagreeable aspects '' to her character : that she should not have agreed to take Vashti 's place , that she refrained from saving her nation until her own life was threatened , and that she carries out bloodthirsty vengeance . The tale opens with Esther as beautiful and obedient , but also a relatively passive figure . During the course of the story , she evolves into someone who takes a decisive role in her own future and that of her people . According to Sidnie White Crawford , `` Esther 's position in a male court mirrors that of the Jews in a Gentile world , with the threat of danger ever present below the seemingly calm surface . '' Esther is related to Daniel in that both represent a `` type '' for Jews living in Diaspora , and hoping to live a successful life in an alien environment . Esther as rhetorical Model ( edit ) According to Susan Zaeske , by virtue of the fact that Esther used only rhetoric to convince the king to save her people , the story of Esther is a `` rhetoric of exile and empowerment that , for millennia , has notably shaped the discourse of marginalized peoples such as Jews , women , and African Americans '' , persuading those who have power over them . Persian culture ( edit ) The Shrine venerated as the tomb of Esther and Mordecai in Hamedan , Iran Interior of the structure venerated as the tomb of Esther and Mordecai Given the great historical link between Persian and Jewish history , modern day Persian Jews are called `` Esther 's Children '' . A building venerated as being the Tomb of Esther and Mordechai is located in Hamadan , Iran , although the village of Kfar Bar'am in northern Israel also claims to be the burial place of Queen Esther . Depictions of Esther ( edit ) See also : Book of Esther § Modern retelling There are several paintings depicting Esther , including one by Millais . Canonicity in Christianity ( edit ) The status of Esther as a canonical book of the Bible has historically been under dispute . For example , in the first several centuries of Christianity , Esther does not appear in the lists of books produced by Melito , Athanasius , Cyril , Gregory of Nazianzus , and others . Additionally , no copies of Esther were found at Qumran in the contents of the Dead Sea Scrolls . Nevertheless , by the fourth century CE , the majority of Western churches accepted Esther as a part of their Bibles . Esther is also commemorated as a matriarch in the Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod on May 24 . She is also recognized as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox and Coptic Orthodox Churches . `` The Septuagint edition of Esther contains six parts ( totaling 107 verses ) not found in the Hebrew Bible . Although these interpretations originally may have been composed in Hebrew , they survive only in Greek texts . Because the Hebrew Bible 's version of Esther 's story contains neither prayers nor even a single reference to God , Greek redactors apparently felt compelled to give this secular tale a more explicitly religious orientation , alluding to `` God '' or the ' Lord '' fifty times . '' The approximate dates for the Additions to Esther in the Apocrypha are : second or first century BCE . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( / ˈɛstər / ; Hebrew : אֶסְתֵּר ‎ , translit . ' Estēr ) , born Hadassah ( Hebrew : הֲדַסָּה , Modern : Hadasa , Tiberian : Haḏasā ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert J. Littman ( January 1975 ) . `` The Religious Policy of Xerxes and the Book of Esther '' . The Jewish Quarterly Review . Jump up ^ Huehnergard , John ( 2008 - 04 - 10 ) . `` Appendix 1 : Afro - Asiatic '' . In Woodard , Roger D . The Ancient Languages of Syria - Palestine and Arabia . Cambridge University Press . pp. 225 -- 246 . ISBN 9781139469340 . Jump up ^ Rahmouni , Aïcha ; Ford , J.N. ( 2008 ) . `` Section 1 , The Near and Middle East '' . Divine Epithets in the Ugaritic Alphabetic Texts . Brill . p. 86 . ISBN 9004157697 . Jump up ^ Offord , Joseph ( April 1915 ) . `` The Deity of the Crescent Venus in Ancient Western Asia '' . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland : 198 . JSTOR 25189307 . Jump up ^ Targum to Esther 2 : 7 Jump up ^ T. Abusch ( 1999 ) . `` Ishtar '' . In Karel van der Toom , Bob Becking , Pieter W. van der Horst , eds . Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible . Second Extensively Revised Edition . Brill . p. 455 . Jump up ^ Barton , John ; John Muddiman ( 2001 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Esther '' . The Oxford Bible Commentary . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198755005 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Emil G. ; Prince , John Dyneley ; Schechter , Solomon ( 1936 ) . `` Esther '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk & Wagnalls Co . Jump up ^ Crawford , Sidnie White . `` Esther : Bible '' , Jewish Women 's Archive Jump up ^ Tidball , Dianne ( 2001 ) . Esther , a True First Lady : A Post-Feminist Icon in a Secular World . Christian Focus Publications . ISBN 9781857926712 . Jump up ^ Kuyper , Abraham ( 2010 - 10 - 05 ) . Women of the Old Testament . Zondervan . pp. 175 -- 176 . ISBN 9780310864875 . Jump up ^ Coogan , Michael David ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ; Newsom , Carol Ann and Perkins , Pheme . The New Oxford Annotated Bible , Oxford University Press , 2007 ISBN 9780195288803 Jump up ^ Crawford , Sidnie White . `` Esther '' , Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible , ( James D.G. Dunn , John William Rogerson , eds . ) , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 2003 ISBN 9780802837110 Jump up ^ Zaeske , Susan ( 2003 ) . `` Unveiling Esther as a Pragmatic Radical Rhetoric '' . Philosophy and Rhetoric. 33 ( 3 ) : 194 . Jump up ^ Vahidmanesh , Parvaneh ( 5 May 2010 ) . `` Sad Fate of Iran 's Jews '' . Jump up ^ Schaalje , Jacqueline ( June 2001 ) . `` Ancient synagogues in Bar'am and Capernaum '' . Jewish Magazine . Jump up ^ McDonald , Lee Martin ( 2006 - 11 - 01 ) . The Biblical Canon : Its Origin , Transmission , and Authority . Baker Academic . pp. 56 , 109 , 128 , 131 . ISBN 9780801047107 . Jump up ^ The Old Testament : An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible ( p. 375 ) by Stephen Harris and Robert Platzner Jump up ^ The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls , p. 182 by James Vanderkam and Peter Flint Jump up ^ http://www.ecmarsh.com/lxx/Esther/index.htm . Sources ( edit ) Zaeske , Susan . `` Unveiling Esther as a Pragmatic Radical Rhetoric '' , Philosophy and Rhetoric , vol. 33 , issue 3 Further Reading ( edit ) Beal , Timothy K. ( 1997 - 12 - 11 ) . The Book of Hiding : Gender , Ethnicity , Annihilation , and Esther ( 1st ed . ) . London ; New York : Routledge . ISBN 9780415167802 ... Postmodern theoretical apparatus , e.g. , Jacques Derrida , Emmanuel Levinas Fox , Michael V. ( 2010 - 04 - 01 ) . Character and Ideology in the Book of Esther : Second Edition with a New Postscript on A Decade of Esther Scholarship ( 2nd ed . ) . Eugene , OR : Wipf & Stock . ISBN 9781608994953 . Sasson , Jack M. ( 1990 ) . `` Esther '' . In Alter , Robert ; Kermode , Frank . The Literary Guide to the Bible . Harvard University Press . pp. 335 -- 341 . ISBN 9780674875319 . Kahr , Madlyn Millner ( 1968 ) . The Book of Esther in Seventeenth - century Dutch Art . New York University . Webberley , Helen ( Feb 2008 ) . `` Rembrandt and The Purim Story '' . The Jewish Magazine . White , Sidnie Ann ( 1989 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Esther : A Feminine Model for Jewish Diaspora '' . In Day , Peggy Lynne . Gender and Difference in Ancient Israel . Fortress Press . ISBN 9781451415766 . Grossman , Jonathan ( 2011 ) . Esther : The Outer Narrative and the Hidden Reading . Eisenbrauns . ISBN 9781575062211 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Esther . `` Esther '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Esther in the Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints Fachartikel in : Michaela Bauks , Klaus Koenen ( Hgg . ) : Das wissenschaftliche Bibellexikon im Internet ( WiBiLex ) . 2007ff . Jewish Encyclopedia : Esther Prophets in the Hebrew Bible Pre-Patriarchal Abel Kenan Enoch Noah ( in rabbinic literature ) Patriarchs / Matriarchs Abraham Isaac Jacob Levi Joseph Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Israelite prophets in the Torah Moses ( in rabbinic literature ) Aaron Miriam Eldad and Medad Phinehas Mentioned in the Former Prophets Joshua Deborah Gideon Eli Elkanah Hannah Abigail Samuel Gad Nathan David Solomon Jeduthun Ahijah Shemaiah Elijah Elisha Iddo Hanani Jehu Micaiah Jahaziel Eliezer Zechariah ben Jehoiada Huldah Major Isaiah ( in rabbinic literature ) Jeremiah Ezekiel Daniel ( in rabbinic literature ) Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah ( in rabbinic literature ) Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Noahide Beor Balaam Job ( in rabbinic literature ) Other Amoz Beeri Baruch Agur Uriah Buzi Mordecai Esther ( in rabbinic literature ) Oded Azariah Italics indicate persons whose status as prophets is not universally accepted . Purim ( פּוּרִים ) Overview Gragger Purim spiel Purim Torah Foods Hamantash Fazuelos Kreplach Mishloach manot Background Book of Esther Esther ( in rabbinic literature ) Haman ( in rabbinic literature ) Mordecai Ahasuerus Bigthan and Teresh Vashti Zeresh Religious Fast of Esther Shushan Purim Purim HaMeshulash Purim Katan Second Purim WorldCat Identities GND : 118682431 VIAF : 37710366 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esther&oldid=866359727 '' Categories : Prophets of the Hebrew Bible Esther Women in the Hebrew Bible Jewish royalty Order of the Eastern Star People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar Christian female saints from the Old Testament Persian queens consort 5th - century BC Iranian people Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans تۆرکجه Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Malti Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש Zazaki 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 21 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who was the husband of esther in the bible
[ "Esther\nQueen of Persia \nQueen Esther (1879) by Edwin LongQueen of PersiaReign\nc. 479 – c. 465 BCCoronation\nc. 479Predecessor\nVashtiBorn\nHadassahc. 492 BCAchaemenid EmpireBurial\nHamadan, IranSpouse\nKing Xerxes I of Persia[1]House\nPersiaFather\nAbihail (biological), Mordecai (adoptive)Religion\nJudaism" ]
[ "King Xerxes I of Persia" ]
-2279915079750701929
Berlin Wall
Berlin Wall - Wikipedia Berlin Wall Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the Inner German border or the chess moves also known as the Berlin Defence . For the video game , see The Berlin Wall ( video game ) . Berlin Wall View from the West Berlin side of graffiti art on the Wall in 1986 . The Wall 's `` death strip '' , on the east side of the Wall , here follows the curve of the Luisenstadt Canal ( filled in 1932 ) . Map of the location of the Berlin Wall , showing checkpoints General information Type Wall Country East Germany East Berlin ( Soviet - occupied sector of Berlin ) Coordinates 52 ° 30 ′ 58 '' N 13 ° 22 ′ 37 '' E  /  52.516111 ° N 13.376944 ° E  / 52.516111 ; 13.376944 Coordinates : 52 ° 30 ′ 58 '' N 13 ° 22 ′ 37 '' E  /  52.516111 ° N 13.376944 ° E  / 52.516111 ; 13.376944 Construction started 13 August 1961 Other dimensions Border length around West Berlin : 155 km ( 96 mi ) Border length between West Berlin and East Germany : 111.9 km ( 69.5 mi ) Border length between West and East Berlin : 43.1 km ( 26.8 mi ) Border length through residential areas in East Berlin : 37 km ( 23 mi ) Concrete segment of wall height : 3.6 m ( 11.8 ft ) Concrete segment of wall length : 106 km ( 66 mi ) Wire mesh fencing : 66.5 km ( 41.3 mi ) Anti-vehicle trenches length : 105.5 km ( 65.6 mi ) Contact / signal fence length : 127.5 km ( 79.2 mi ) Column track width : 7 m ( 7.7 yd ) Column track length : 124.3 km ( 77.2 mi ) Number of watch towers : 302 Number of bunkers : 20 Technical details Size 155 km ( 96.3 mi ) Eastern Bloc Soviet Socialist Republics ( show ) Armenia Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia Lithuania Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan Allied states ( show ) Hungarian People 's Republic Polish People 's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Bulgaria Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( to 1948 ) People 's Socialist Republic of Albania ( to 1961 ) Republic of Cuba People 's Revolutionary Government of Grenada People 's Republic of Benin People 's Republic of the Congo People 's Republic of Angola People 's Republic of Mozambique People 's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Somali Democratic Republic ( to 1977 ) People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Mongolian People 's Republic People 's Republic of China ( to 1961 ) Democratic People 's Republic of Korea Socialist Republic of Vietnam Lao People 's Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Kampuchea Related organizations ( show ) Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) World Federation of Democratic Youth ( WFDY ) Dissent and opposition ( show ) Forest Brothers in Lithuania in Latvia in Estonia Operation `` Jungle '' Ukrainian Insurgent Army Goryani movement ( Bulgaria ) Romanian anti-communism Polish Cursed Soldiers 1953 uprisings in Plzeň in East Germany 1956 protests in Georgia in Poznań Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Novocherkassk massacre ( Russia ) 1968 events Prague Spring Invasion of Czechoslovakia Red Square demonstration Charter 77 ( Czechoslovakia ) Solidarity ( Poland ) Jeltoqsan ( Kazakhstan ) Braşov Rebellion ( Romania ) January Events ( Lithuania ) The Barricades ( Latvia ) April 9 tragedy ( Georgia ) Black January ( Azerbaijan ) Cold War events ( show ) Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup Tito -- Stalin split Berlin Blockade 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Cuban Missile Crisis 1980 Moscow Olympics Decline ( show ) Singing Revolution Polish Round Table Agreement Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall January 1991 in Lithuania in Latvia Breakup of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Wars End of the Soviet Union Fall of communism in Albania Satellite image of Berlin , with the Wall 's location marked in yellow West and East Berlin borders overlaying a current road map ( interactive map ) The Berlin Wall ( German : Berliner Mauer , pronounced ( bɛʁˈliːnɐ ˈmaʊ̯ɐ ) ( listen ) ) was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989 . Constructed by the German Democratic Republic ( GDR , East Germany ) , starting on 13 August 1961 , the Wall cut off ( by land ) West Berlin from virtually all of surrounding East Germany and East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989 . Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and finished in 1992 . The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , accompanied by a wide area ( later known as the `` death strip '' ) that contained anti-vehicle trenches , `` fakir beds '' and other defenses . The Eastern Bloc portrayed the Wall as protecting its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the `` will of the people '' in building a socialist state in East Germany . In practice , the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that had marked East Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period . GDR authorities officially referred to the Berlin Wall as the Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart ( German : Antifaschistischer Schutzwall ) , by implication equating the NATO countries ( and West Germany in particular ) with fascists . The West Berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the `` Wall of Shame '' , a term coined by mayor Willy Brandt in reference to the Wall 's restriction on freedom of movement . Along with the separate and much longer Inner German border ( IGB ) , which demarcated the border between East and West Germany , it came to symbolize physically the `` Iron Curtain '' that separated Western Europe and the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War . Before the Wall 's erection , 3.5 million East Germans circumvented Eastern Bloc emigration restrictions and defected from the GDR , many by crossing over the border from East Berlin into West Berlin ; from there they could then travel to West Germany and to other Western European countries . Between 1961 and 1989 the Wall prevented almost all such emigration . During this period over 100,000 people attempted to escape and over 5,000 people succeeded in escaping over the Wall , with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 to more than 200 in and around Berlin . In 1989 a series of revolutions in nearby Eastern Bloc countries -- Poland and Hungary in particular -- caused a chain reaction in East Germany that ultimately resulted in the demise of the Wall . After several weeks of civil unrest , the East German government announced on 9 November 1989 that all GDR citizens could visit West Germany and West Berlin . Crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed onto the Wall , joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . Over the next few weeks , euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the Wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . A fact standing out from the events leading up to the night of November 9 , 1989 is that this is an historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a `` peaceful civil resistance movement '' . Contrary to popular belief , the Wall 's actual demolition did not begin officially until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992 . The `` fall of the Berlin Wall '' paved the way for German reunification , which formally took place on 3 October 1990 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Post-war Germany 1.2 Eastern Bloc and the Berlin airlift 1.3 Emigration westward in the early 1950s 2 Erection of the inner German border 2.1 Berlin emigration loophole 2.2 Brain drain 3 Construction begins , 1961 3.1 Immediate effects 3.2 Secondary response 4 Structure and adjacent areas 4.1 Layout and modifications 4.2 Surrounding municipalities 5 Official crossings and usage 5.1 Crossing 5.2 Defection attempts 6 Concerts by Western artists and growing anti-Wall sentiment 6.1 David Bowie , 1987 6.2 Bruce Springsteen , 1988 6.3 David Hasselhoff , 1989 7 `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' and `` Mr. Gorbachev , tear down this Wall . '' 8 Fall of the Berlin Wall 8.1 Demolition 8.2 Opposition 8.3 Celebrations 8.4 20th anniversary celebrations 9 Legacy 9.1 Cultural differences 9.2 Wall segments around the world 9.3 50th anniversary commemoration 10 Related media 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Background Post-war Germany After the end of World War II in Europe , what remained of pre-war Germany west of the Oder - Neisse line was divided into four occupation zones ( as per the Potsdam Agreement ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying Allied powers : the United States , the United Kingdom , France and the Soviet Union . The capital of Berlin , as the seat of the Allied Control Council , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city 's location , which was fully within the Soviet zone . Within two years , political divisions increased between the Soviets and the other occupying powers . These included the Soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post-war Germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets . France , the United Kingdom , the United States and the Benelux countries later met to combine the non-Soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and to approve the extension of the Marshall Plan . Eastern Bloc and the Berlin airlift Further information : Eastern Bloc and Berlin Blockade Play media Brandenburg Gate in 1945 , after the end of World War II Following World War II , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin headed a group of nations on his Western border , the Eastern Bloc , that then included Poland , Hungary and Czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened Soviet - controlled Germany . As early as 1945 , Stalin revealed to German communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the British position within the British occupation zone , that the United States would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing would then stand in the way of a united communist Germany within the bloc . The major task of the ruling communist party in the Soviet zone was to channel Soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , which in turn would be presented as internal measures . Property and industry was nationalized in the East German zone . If statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and ( for persons outside public attention ) punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . Indoctrination of Marxism - Leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the West . The East Germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , including Soviet SMERSH secret police . In 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new German currency , Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin . The United States , the United Kingdom , France , Canada , Australia , New Zealand and several other countries began a massive `` airlift '' , supplying West Berlin with food and other supplies . The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the Western policy change . Communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , while 300,000 Berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . In May 1949 , Stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of Western shipments to Berlin . The German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) was declared on 7 October 1949 . By a secret treaty , the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs accorded the East German state administrative authority , but not autonomy . The Soviets permeated East German administrative , military and secret police structures and had full control . East Germany differed from West Germany ( Federal Republic of Germany ) , which developed into a Western capitalist country with a social market economy ( `` Soziale Marktwirtschaft '' in German ) and a democratic parliamentary government . Continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year `` economic miracle '' ( `` Wirtschaftswunder '' ) . As West Germany 's economy grew , and its standard of living steadily improved , many East Germans wanted to move to West Germany . Emigration westward in the early 1950s Main articles : Eastern Bloc emigration and defection and Eastern Bloc After the Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe at the end of World War II , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the Eastern Bloc aspired to independence and wanted the Soviets to leave . Taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in Germany , the number of GDR citizens moving to West Germany totaled 187,000 in 1950 ; 165,000 in 1951 ; 182,000 in 1952 ; and 331,000 in 1953 . One reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further Sovietization , given the increasingly paranoid actions of Joseph Stalin in late 1952 and early 1953 . 226,000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . Erection of the inner German border Further information : Inner German border and Eastern Bloc emigration and defection By the early 1950s , the Soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting emigration , was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc , including East Germany . The restrictions presented a quandary for some Eastern Bloc states , which had been more economically advanced and open than the Soviet Union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural -- especially where no prior border existed between East and West Germany . Up until 1952 , the demarcation lines between East Germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . On 1 April 1952 , East German leaders met the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in Moscow ; during the discussions Stalin 's foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov proposed that the East Germans should `` introduce a system of passes for visits of West Berlin residents to the territory of East Berlin ( so as to stop ) free movement of Western agents '' in the GDR . Stalin agreed , calling the situation `` intolerable '' . He advised the East Germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that `` The demarcation line between East and West Germany should be considered a border -- and not just any border , but a dangerous one ... The Germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . '' Consequently , the inner German border between the two German states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . The border between the Western and Eastern sectors of Berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the Soviet and the Western sectors was somewhat restricted . This resulted in Berlin becoming a magnet for East Germans desperate to escape life in the GDR , and also a flashpoint for tension between the United States and the Soviet Union . In 1955 , the Soviets gave East Germany authority over civilian movement in Berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the West . Initially , East Germany granted `` visits '' to allow its residents access to West Germany . However , following the defection of large numbers of East Germans under this regime , the new East German state legally restricted virtually all travel to the West in 1956 . Soviet East German ambassador Mikhail Pervukhin observed that `` the presence in Berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately does not always turn out in favour of Democratic ( East ) Berlin . '' Berlin emigration loophole With the closing of the inner German border officially in 1952 , the border in Berlin remained considerably more accessible then because it was administered by all four occupying powers . Accordingly , Berlin became the main route by which East Germans left for the West . On 11 December 1957 , East Germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving Eastern Germany . It had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through West Berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . Those caught trying to leave East Berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and subway train access still available to West Berlin , such measures were ineffective . The Berlin sector border was essentially a `` loophole '' through which Eastern Bloc citizens could still escape . The 3.5 million East Germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire East German population . An important reason that Crossing the inner German border was not stopped earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in East Germany . Construction of a new railway bypassing West Berlin , the Berlin outer ring , commenced in 1951 . Following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the border became a more practical proposition . ( See History of rail transport in Germany . ) Brain drain The emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the `` brain drain '' feared by officials in East Germany . Yuri Andropov , then the CPSU Director on Relations with Communist and Workers ' Parties of Socialist Countries , wrote an urgent letter on 28 August 1958 , to the Central Committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of East German intelligentsia among the refugees . Andropov reported that , while the East German leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . He stated `` the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . '' An East German SED propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of ' flight from the republic ' : Both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole German nation , leaving the GDR is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . Those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve West German Reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . Is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a `` guaranteed future '' one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favours a new war and destruction ? Is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labour in our republic to offer themselves to the American or British secret services or work for the West German factory owners , Junkers , or militarists ? Does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? ... ( W ) orkers throughout Germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the German Democratic Republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the German people , the imperialists and militarists . By 1960 , the combination of World War II and the massive emigration westward left East Germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70.5 % before the war . The loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . The direct cost of manpower losses to East Germany ( and corresponding gain to the West ) has been estimated at $7 billion to $9 billion , with East German party leader Walter Ulbricht later claiming that West Germany owed him $17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . In addition , the drain of East Germany 's young population potentially cost it over 22.5 billion marks in lost educational investment . The brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of East Germany that the re-securing of the German communist frontier was imperative . The exodus of emigrants from East Germany presented two minor potential benefits : an easy opportunity to smuggle East German secret agents to West Germany , and a reduction in the number of citizens hostile to the communist regime . Neither of these advantages , however , proved particularly useful . Construction begins , 1961 East German Combat Groups of the Working Class close the border on 13 August 1961 in preparation of the Berlin Wall construction . East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall , 20 November 1961 . On 15 June 1961 , First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party and GDR State Council chairman Walter Ulbricht stated in an international press conference , `` Niemand hat die Absicht , eine Mauer zu errichten ! '' ( No one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) . `` It was the first time the colloquial term Mauer ( wall ) had been used in this context '' . The transcript of a telephone call between Nikita Khrushchev and Ulbricht on 1 August in the same year , suggests that the initiative for the construction of the Wall came from Khrushchev . However , other sources suggest that Khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative Western reaction . What is beyond dispute , though , is that Ulbricht had pushed for a border closure for quite some time , arguing that East Germany 's very existence was at stake . Khrushchev had become emboldened upon seeing US President John F. Kennedy 's youth and inexperience show as weakness against Khrushchev 's brutal , undiplomatic aggression . This feeling of miscalculation and failure is admitted by Kennedy in the U.S. ambassador 's residence with New York Times columnist James `` Scotty '' Reston . Kennedy made the regrettable error of admitting that the US would not actively oppose this action in the Soviet sector of Berlin . On Saturday , 12 August 1961 , the leaders of the GDR attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in Döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of East Berlin . There Ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . At midnight , the police and units of the East German army began to close the border and , by Sunday morning , 13 August , the border with West Berlin was closed . East German troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 kilometres ( 97 mi ) around the three western sectors , and the 43 kilometres ( 27 mi ) that divided West and East Berlin . The date of 13 August became commonly referred to as Barbed Wire Sunday in Germany . The barrier was built inside East Berlin or East German territory to ensure that it did not encroach on West Berlin at any point . Generally , the Wall was only slightly inside East Berlin , but in a few places it was some distance from the legal border , most notably at Potsdamer Bahnhof and the Lenné Triangle that is now much of the Potsdamer Platz development . Later , the initial barrier was built up into the Wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on 17 August . During the construction of the Wall , National People 's Army ( NVA ) and Combat Groups of the Working Class ( KdA ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . Additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields and other obstacles were installed along the length of East Germany 's western border with West Germany proper . A huge no man 's land was cleared to provide a clear line of fire at fleeing refugees . Immediate effects US President John F. Kennedy visiting the Berlin Wall on 26 June 1963 With the closing of the East - West sector boundary in Berlin , the vast majority of East Germans could no longer travel or emigrate to West Germany . Berlin soon went from being the easiest place to make an unauthorized crossing between East and West Germany to being the most difficult . Many families were split , while East Berliners employed in the West were cut off from their jobs . West Berlin became an isolated exclave in a hostile land . West Berliners demonstrated against the Wall , led by their Mayor ( Oberbürgermeister ) Willy Brandt , who strongly criticized the United States for failing to respond . Allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . In 1961 , Secretary of State Dean Rusk proclaimed , `` The Wall certainly ought not to be a permanent feature of the European landscape . I see no reason why the Soviet Union should think it is -- it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . '' United States and UK sources had expected the Soviet sector to be sealed off from West Berlin , but were surprised by how long the East Germans took for such a move . They considered the Wall as an end to concerns about a GDR / Soviet retaking or capture of the whole of Berlin ; the Wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . Thus they concluded that the possibility of a Soviet military conflict over Berlin had decreased . The East German government claimed that the Wall was an `` anti-fascist protective rampart '' ( German : `` antifaschistischer Schutzwall '' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the West . Another official justification was the activities of Western agents in Eastern Europe . The Eastern German government also claimed that West Berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in East Berlin . East Germans and others greeted such statements with skepticism , as most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of East Germany traveling to the West , but not for residents of West Berlin travelling to the East . The construction of the Wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . Most people believed that the Wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of East Germany from entering or fleeing to West Berlin . Secondary response Play media Universal Newsreel of the 1st anniversary of the Berlin Wall The National Security Agency was the only American intelligence agency that was aware that East Germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem . On 9 August 1961 , the NSA intercepted an advance warning information of the Socialist Unity Party 's plan to close the intra-Berlin border between East and West Berlin completely for foot traffic . The interagency intelligence Berlin Watch Committee assessed that this intercept `` might be the first step in a plan to close the border . '' This warning did not reach U.S. President John F. Kennedy until noon on 13 August 1961 , while he was vacationing in his yacht off the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port , Massachusetts . While Kennedy was angry that he had no advance warning , he was relieved that the East Germans and the Soviets had only divided Berlin without taking any action against West Berlin 's access to the West . However , he denounced the Berlin Wall , whose erection worsened the relations between the United States and the Soviet Union . In response to the erection of the Berlin Wall , a retired general , Lucius D. Clay , was appointed by Kennedy as his special advisor and sent to Berlin with ambassadorial rank . Clay had been the Military Governor of the US Zone of Occupation in Germany during the period of the Berlin Blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the Berlin Airlift . He was immensely popular with the residents of West Berlin , and his appointment was an unambiguous sign that Kennedy would not compromise on the status of West Berlin . Clay and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson arrived at Tempelhof Airport on the afternoon of Saturday , 19 August 1961 . They arrived in a city defended by three Allied brigades -- one each from the UK , the US , and France ( the Forces Françaises à Berlin ) . On 16 August , Kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . Early on 19 August , the 1st Battle Group , 18th Infantry ( commanded by Colonel Glover S. Johns Jr . ) was alerted . On Sunday morning , U.S. troops marched from West Germany through East Germany , bound for West Berlin . Lead elements -- arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1,500 men , divided into five march units -- left the Helmstedt - Marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . At Marienborn , the Soviet checkpoint next to Helmstedt on the West German - East German border , US personnel were counted by guards . The column was 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) long , and covered 177 kilometres ( 110 mi ) from Marienborn to Berlin in full battle gear . East German police watched from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . The front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of Berlin just before noon , to be met by Clay and Johnson , before parading through the streets of Berlin in front of a large crowd . At 04 : 00 on 21 August , Lyndon Johnson left West Berlin in the hands of General Frederick O. Hartel and his brigade of 4,224 officers and men . `` For the next three and a half years , American battalions would rotate into West Berlin , by autobahn , at three month intervals to demonstrate Allied rights to the city '' . The creation of the Wall had important implications for both German states . By stemming the exodus of people from East Germany , the East German government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the Wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated . The economy in the GDR began to grow . But , the Wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . Western powers portrayed it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after East German border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . Such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified Germany . Structure and adjacent areas Layout and modifications The wall overview Length ( km ) Description 156.4 0 Bordering around West Berlin within 3.4 m and 4.2 m in height 111.9 0 Concrete walls 44.5 0 Metal mesh fence ( along death strip ) 112.7 0 Cross attachment in Potsdam 43.7 0 Cross attachment along the border of East and West Berlin 0.5 0 Remains of house fronts , land mansion bricks 58.95 Wall - shaped front wall with a height of 3.40 m 68.42 Expanded metal fence with a height of 2.90 m as a `` front barrier '' 161 00 Light strip 113.85 Limit signal and barrier fence ( GSSZ ) 127.5 0 Contact and signal fence 124.3 0 Border patrol Actual number Descriptions 186 Observation towers ( 302 in West - Berlin ) 31 Implementing agencies 259 Dog runs 20 Bunker East Berlin `` death strip '' of the Berlin Wall , as seen from the Axel Springer AG Building , 1984 . This section of the Wall 's `` death strip '' featured Czech hedgehogs , a guard tower and a cleared area , 1977 . The top of the Wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . The areas just outside the wall , including the sidewalk , are de jure Eastern Bloc territory . 1984 . Structure of the Berlin Wall . Position and course of the Berlin Wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) . The Berlin Wall was more than 140 kilometres ( 87 mi ) long . In June 1962 , a second , parallel fence was built some 100 metres ( 110 yd ) farther into East German territory . The houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing what later became known as the death strip . The death strip was covered with raked sand or gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice , easing the detection of trespassers and also enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; it offered no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the Wall guards . About 45.1 kilometres of the wall are at the centre strips of Berlin , and 112.7 kilometres crossing through the Berlin outer circle . 63.8 km of the frontier were in built , 32 km in wooded and 22.65 km in open terrain and 37.95 km of the boundary lay in or on rivers , lakes and canals . Most of them were dismantled beginning with the wall peckers as souvenirs from 11 November 1989 , then dismantling the metal mesh fence along the death strip all the way until 22 December 1989 . Observation towers began to be dismantled all the way till April 1990 . Dismantling of the wall is shown at the below mentioned section ( Demolition . Some of them were sold for scrap including the anti-tank wall , normal walls were sent to storage area in the southern part of Germany till it was auctioned and collected ( List of Berlin Wall segments ) . Through the years , the Berlin Wall evolved through four versions : Wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) Improved wire fence ( 1962 -- 1965 ) Improved concrete wall ( 1965 -- 1975 ) Grenzmauer 75 ( Border Wall 75 ) ( 1975 -- 1989 ) The `` fourth - generation Wall '' , known officially as `` Stützwandelement UL 12.11 '' ( retaining wall element UL 12.11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the Wall . Begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 , it was constructed from 45,000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3.6 metres ( 12 ft ) high and 1.2 metres ( 3.9 ft ) wide , and cost DDM 16,155,000 or about US $3,638,000 . The concrete provisions added to this version of the Wall were done to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . At strategic points , the Wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard , so that East German and Soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . The top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . The Wall was reinforced by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti-vehicle trenches , barbed wire , dogs on long lines , `` beds of nails '' ( also known as `` Stalin 's Carpet '' ) under balconies hanging over the `` death strip '' , over 116 watchtowers , and 20 bunkers with hundreds of guards . This version of the Wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of the Wall in Berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation Wall . The layout came to resemble the inner German border in most technical aspects , except that the Berlin Wall had no landmines nor spring - guns . Maintenance was performed on the outside of the wall by personnel who accessed the area outside it either via ladders or via hidden doors within the wall . These doors could not be opened by a single person , needing two separate keys in two separate keyholes to unlock . As was the case with the inner German border , an unfortified strip of Eastern territory was left outside the wall . This outer strip was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall Unlike the inner German border , however , the outer strip was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact location of the actual border in many places appears not even to have been marked . Also in contrast with the inner German border , little interest was shown by East German law enforcement in keeping outsiders off the outer strip ; sidewalks of West Berlin streets even ran inside it . Despite the East German government 's general policy of benign neglect , vandals were not unknown to have been pursued in the outer strip , and even arrested . In 1986 , defector and political activist Wolfram Hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when East German personnel emerged from one of the hidden doors to apprehend them . All but Hasch escaped back into the western sector . Hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the de jure border outside the wall . Noted graffiti artist Thierry Noir has reported having often been perused there by East German soldiers . While some graffiti artists were chased off the outer strip , others , such as Keith Haring , were seemingly tolerated . Surrounding municipalities Besides the sector - sector boundary within Berlin itself , the Wall also separated West Berlin from the present - day state of Brandenburg . The following present - day municipalities , listed in counter-clockwise direction , share a border with former West Berlin : Oberhavel : Mühlenbecker Land ( partially ) , Glienicke / Nordbahn , Hohen Neuendorf , Hennigsdorf Havelland : Schönwalde - Glien , Falkensee , Dallgow - Döberitz Potsdam ( urban district ) Potsdam - Mittelmark : Stahnsdorf , Kleinmachnow , Teltow Teltow - Fläming : Großbeeren , Blankenfelde - Mahlow Dahme - Spreewald : Schönefeld ( partially ) Official crossings and usage See also : Berlin border crossings A You Are Leaving sign at a border of the American sector Road sign delimiting the British zone of occupation in Berlin , 1984 There were nine border crossings between East and West Berlin . These allowed visits by West Berliners , other West Germans , Western foreigners and Allied personnel into East Berlin , as well as visits by GDR citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into West Berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . These crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( East Germans , West Germans , West Berliners , other countries ) . The most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of Friedrichstraße and Zimmerstraße , also known as Checkpoint Charlie , which was restricted to Allied personnel and foreigners . Several other border crossings existed between West Berlin and surrounding East Germany . These could be used for transit between West Germany and West Berlin , for visits by West Berliners into East Germany , for transit into countries neighbouring East Germany ( Poland , Czechoslovakia , Denmark ) , and for visits by East Germans into West Berlin carrying a permit . After the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow West Berlin waste to be transported into East German dumps , as well as some crossings for access to West Berlin 's exclaves ( see Steinstücken ) . Four autobahns connected West Berlin to West Germany , the most famous being the Berlin - Helmstedt autobahn , which entered East German territory between the towns of Helmstedt and Marienborn ( Checkpoint Alpha ) , and which entered West Berlin at Dreilinden ( Checkpoint Bravo for the Allied forces ) in southwestern Berlin . Access to West Berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . Non-German Westerners could cross the border at Friedrichstraße station in East Berlin and at Checkpoint Charlie . When the Wall was erected , Berlin 's complex public transit networks , the S - Bahn and U-Bahn , were divided with it . Some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . Three western lines traveled through brief sections of East Berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called Geisterbahnhöfe , or ghost stations ) without stopping . Both the eastern and western networks converged at Friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly Westerners ) with permission to cross . Crossing Travel orders to go to Berlin as used by U.S. forces in the 1980s . West Germans and citizens of other Western countries could generally visit East Germany , often after applying for a visa at an East German embassy several weeks in advance . Visas for day trips restricted to East Berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . However , East German authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . In the 1980s , visitors from the western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least DM 25 into East German currency at the poor exchange rate of 1 : 1 . It was forbidden to export East German currency from the East , but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . Tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost DM 5 ; West Berliners did not have to pay this . West Berliners initially could not visit East Berlin or East Germany at all -- all crossing points were closed to them between 26 August 1961 and 17 December 1963 . In 1963 , negotiations between East and West resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the Christmas season that year ( Passierscheinregelung ) . Similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . In 1971 , with the Four Power Agreement on Berlin , agreements were reached that allowed West Berliners to apply for visas to enter East Berlin and East Germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for West Germans . However , East German authorities could still refuse entry permits . East Berliners and East Germans could not , at first , travel to West Berlin or West Germany at all . This regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the Wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : Elderly pensioners could travel to the West starting in 1965 Visits of relatives for important family matters People who had to travel to the West for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) For each of these exceptions , GDR citizens had to apply for individual approval , which was never guaranteed . In addition , even if travel was approved , GDR travellers could exchange only a very small amount of East German Marks into Deutsche Marks ( DM ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the West . This led to the West German practice of granting a small amount of DM annually ( Begrüßungsgeld , or welcome money ) to GDR citizens visiting West Germany and West Berlin to help alleviate this situation . Citizens of other East European countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting Western countries as East Germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . Allied military personnel and civilian officials of the Allied forces could enter and exit East Berlin without submitting to East German passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . Likewise , Soviet military patrols could enter and exit West Berlin . This was a requirement of the post-war Four Powers Agreements . A particular area of concern for the Western Allies involved official dealings with East German authorities when crossing the border , since Allied policy did not recognize the authority of the GDR to regulate Allied military traffic to and from West Berlin , as well as the Allied presence within Greater Berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within East Berlin . The Allies held that only the Soviet Union , and not the GDR , had authority to regulate Allied personnel in such cases . For this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of East German authority when engaged in travel through the GDR and when in East Berlin . Special rules applied to travel by Western Allied military personnel assigned to the Military Liaison Missions accredited to the commander of Soviet forces in East Germany , located in Potsdam . Allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes : Transit between West Germany and West Berlin Road : the Helmstedt - Berlin autobahn ( A2 ) ( checkpoints Alpha and Bravo respectively ) . Soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed Allied personnel for travel between the two points . Military personnel were required to be in uniform when traveling in this manner . Rail : Western Allied military personnel and civilian officials of the Allied forces were forbidden to use commercial train service between West Germany and West Berlin , because of GDR passport and customs controls when using them . Instead , the Allied forces operated a series of official ( duty ) trains that traveled between their respective duty stations in West Germany and West Berlin . When transiting the GDR , the trains would follow the route between Helmstedt and Griebnitzsee , just outside West Berlin . In addition to persons traveling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . The trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , Soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ( See History of the Berlin S - Bahn . ) Entry into and exit from East Berlin Checkpoint Charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) As with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by diplomatic personnel of the Western Allies accredited to their respective embassies in the GDR . This was intended to prevent inadvertent recognition of East German authority when crossing between East and West Berlin , which could jeopardize the overall Allied position governing the freedom of movement by Allied forces personnel within all Berlin . Ordinary citizens of the Western Allied powers , not formally affiliated with the Allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through East Germany to and from West Berlin . Regarding travel to East Berlin , such persons could also use the Friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to Checkpoint Charlie . In these instances , such travelers , unlike Allied personnel , had to submit to East German border controls . Defection attempts Further information : List of deaths at the Berlin Wall NVA soldier Conrad Schumann defecting to West Berlin during the Wall 's early days in 1961 . During the years of the Wall , around 5,000 people successfully defected to West Berlin . The number of people who died trying to cross the Wall , or as a result of the Wall 's existence , has been disputed . The most vocal claims by Alexandra Hildebrandt , Director of the Checkpoint Charlie Museum and widow of the Museum 's founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 . A historic research group at the Center for Contemporary Historical Research ( ZZF ) in Potsdam has confirmed at least 140 deaths . Prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . The East German government issued shooting orders ( Schießbefehl ) to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as `` shoot to kill '' orders . GDR officials denied issuing the latter . In an October 1973 order later discovered by researchers , guards were instructed that people attempting to cross the Wall were criminals and needed to be shot : `` Do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used '' . Early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line , but these ended as the Wall was fortified . East German authorities no longer permitted apartments near the Wall to be occupied , and any building near the Wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . On 15 August 1961 , Conrad Schumann was the first East German border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to West Berlin . On 22 August 1961 , Ida Siekmann was the first casualty at the Berlin Wall : she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartment at 48 Bernauer Strasse . The first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to West Berlin was Günter Litfin , a twenty - four - year - old tailor . He attempted to swim across the Spree Canal to West Germany on 24 August 1961 , the same day that East German police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . Another dramatic escape was carried out on April 1963 by Wolfgang Engels , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the Nationale Volksarmee . Engels stole a Soviet armored personnel carrier from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the Wall . He was fired at and seriously wounded by border guards . But a West German policeman intervened , firing his weapon at the East German border guards . The policeman removed Engels from the vehicle , which had become entangled in the barbed wire . Memorial to the Victims of the Wall , with graffiti , 1982 . East Germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the Wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying ultralights and , in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . When a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of defection , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and windscreen to come away when it made contact with the beam . They lay flat and kept driving forward . The East Germans then built zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . The sewer system predated the Wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the Unternehmen Reisebüro . An airborne escape was made by Thomas Krüger , who landed a Zlin Z 42 M light aircraft of the Gesellschaft für Sport und Technik , an East German youth military training organization , at RAF Gatow . His aircraft , registration DDR - WOH , was dismantled and returned to the East Germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on it by RAF airmen , such as `` Wish you were here '' and `` Come back soon '' . DDR - WOH is still flying today , but under the registration D - EWOH . If an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the Western wall , Westerners could not intervene for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' Grepos ' , the East Berlin border guards . The guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , as in the most notorious failed attempt , that of Peter Fechter ( aged 18 ) . He was shot and bled to death , in full view of the Western media , on 17 August 1962 . Fechter 's death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of East Berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible `` would - be escapers '' . The last person to be shot and killed while trying to cross the border was Chris Gueffroy on 6 February 1989 , while the final person to die in an escape attempt was Winfried Freudenberg who was killed when his homemade natural gas - filled balloon crashed on 8 March 1989 . The Wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in East Berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident , who confided to her diary `` Our lives have lost their spirit ... we can do nothing to stop them . '' Concerts by Western artists and growing anti-wall sentiment Every stone bears witness to the moral bankruptcy of the society it encloses -- Margaret Thatcher commenting about the wall , West Berlin , 1982 David Bowie , 1987 On 6 June 1987 , David Bowie , who earlier for several years lived and recorded in West Berlin , played a concert close to the Wall . This was attended by thousands of Eastern concertgoers across the Wall , followed by violent rioting in East Berlin . According to Tobias Ruther , these protests in East Berlin were the first in the sequence of riots that led to those of November 1989 . Although other factors were probably more influential in the fall of the Wall , on his death , the German Foreign Office tweeted `` Good - bye , David Bowie . You are now among # Heroes . Thank you for helping to bring down the # wall . '' Bruce Springsteen , 1988 On 19 July 1988 , 16 months before the Wall came down , Bruce Springsteen and the E-Street Band , played Rocking the Wall , a live concert in East Berlin , which was attended by 300,000 in person and broadcast delayed on television . Springsteen spoke to the crowd in German , saying : `` I 'm not here for or against any government . I 've come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one day all the barriers will be torn down '' . East Germany and its FDJ youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . They hoped that by letting Springsteen in , they could improve their sentiment among East Germans . However , this strategy of `` one step backwards , two steps forwards '' backfired and the concert only made East Germans hungrier for more of the freedoms that Springsteen epitomized . While John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan delivered their famous speeches from the safety of West Berlin , Springsteen 's speaking out against the Wall in the middle of East Berlin added to the euphoria . David Hasselhoff , 1989 On 31 December 1989 , American TV actor and pop music singer David Hasselhoff was the headlining performer for the Freedom Tour Live concert , which was attended by over 500,000 people on both sides of the Wall . The live concert footage was directed by music video director Thomas Mignone and aired on broadcast television station Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen ZDF throughout Europe . During shooting film crew personnel pulled people up from both sides to stand and celebrate on top of the wall . Hasselhoff sang his Number One hit song `` Looking For Freedom '' on a platform at the end of a twenty - meter steel crane that swung above and over the Wall adjacent to the Brandenburg Gate . `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' and `` Mr. Gorbachev , tear down this Wall . '' Main articles : Ich bin ein Berliner and Tear down this wall ! Ich bin ein Berliner ( I am a Berliner ) speech Play media Speech from the Rathaus Schöneberg by John F. Kennedy , 26 June 1963 . Duration 9 : 01 . Ich bin ein Berliner ( `` I am a Berliner '' ) speech ( audio ) Audio - only version ( Duration 9 : 22 ) Problems playing these files ? See media help . Play media Complete speech by Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate , 12 June 1987 . Famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . On 26 June 1963 , 22 months after the erection of the Berlin Wall , U.S. President John F. Kennedy visited West Berlin . Speaking from a platform erected on the steps of Rathaus Schöneberg for an audience of 450,000 he declared in his Ich bin ein Berliner speech the support of the United States for West Germany and the people of West Berlin in particular : Two thousand years ago , the proudest boast was civis romanus sum ( `` I am a Roman citizen '' ) . Today , in the world of freedom , the proudest boast is `` Ich bin ein Berliner ! '' ... All free men , wherever they may live , are citizens of Berlin , and therefore , as a free man , I take pride in the words `` Ich bin ein Berliner ! '' The message was aimed as much at the Soviets as it was at Berliners and was a clear statement of U.S. policy in the wake of the construction of the Berlin Wall . The speech is considered one of Kennedy 's best , both a notable moment of the Cold War and a high point of the New Frontier . It was a great morale boost for West Berliners , who lived in an exclave deep inside East Germany and feared a possible East German occupation . In a speech at the Brandenburg Gate commemorating the 750th anniversary of Berlin on 12 June 1987 , U.S. President Ronald Reagan challenged Mikhail Gorbachev , then the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , to tear down the Wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the Eastern Bloc : We welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . General Secretary Gorbachev , if you seek peace , if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and eastern Europe , if you seek liberalization , come here to this gate . Mr. Gorbachev , open this gate . Mr. Gorbachev , tear down this Wall ! Fall of the Berlin Wall In June 1989 the Hungarian government began dismantling the electrified fence along its border with Austria ( with Western TV crews present ) , and then , in September , more than 13,000 East German tourists escaped through Hungary to Austria . This set up a chain of events . The Hungarians prevented many more East Germans from crossing the border and returned them to Budapest . These East Germans flooded the West German embassy and refused to return to East Germany . The East German government responded by disallowing any further travel to Hungary , but allowed those already there to return to East Germany . This triggered similar events in neighboring Czechoslovakia . This time , however , the East German authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they did so by train through East Germany . This was followed by mass demonstrations within East Germany itself . Protest demonstrations spread throughout East Germany in September 1989 . Initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the West , chanting `` Wir wollen raus ! '' ( `` We want out ! '' ) . Then protestors began to chant `` Wir bleiben hier ! '' ( `` We are staying here ! '' ) . This was the start of what East Germans generally call the `` Peaceful Revolution '' of late 1989 . The protest demonstrations grew considerably by early November . The movement neared its height on 4 November , when half a million people gathered to demand political change , at the Alexanderplatz demonstration , East Berlin 's large public square and transportation hub . The longtime leader of East Germany , Erich Honecker , resigned on 18 October 1989 and was replaced by Egon Krenz that day . Honecker had predicted in January of that year that the Wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . The wave of refugees leaving East Germany for the West kept increasing . By early November refugees were finding their way to Hungary via Czechoslovakia , or via the West German Embassy in Prague . This was tolerated by the new Krenz government , because of long - standing agreements with the communist Czechoslovak government , allowing free travel across their common border . However this movement of people grew so large it caused difficulties for both countries . To ease the difficulties , the politburo led by Krenz decided on 9 November to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between East Germany and West Germany , including between East and West Berlin . Later the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . The new regulations were to take effect the next day . Günter Schabowski , the party boss in East Berlin and the spokesman for the SED Politburo , had the task of announcing the new regulations . However , he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . Shortly before a press conference on 9 November , he was handed a note announcing the changes , but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . These regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . But this starting time delay was not communicated to Schabowski . At the end of the press conference , Schabowski read out loud the note he had been given . One of the reporters , ANSA 's Riccardo Ehrman , asked when the regulations would take effect . After a few seconds ' hesitation , Schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied , `` As far as I know , it takes effect immediately , without delay '' . After further questions from journalists , he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings through the Wall into West Berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . Excerpts from Schabowski 's press conference were the lead story on West Germany 's two main news programs that night -- at 7 : 17 p.m. on ZDF 's heute and at 8 p.m. on ARD 's Tagesschau . This meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of East Germany as well . Later that night , on ARD 's Tagesthemen , anchorman Hanns Joachim Friedrichs proclaimed , `` This 9 November is a historic day . The GDR has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . The gates in the Wall stand open wide . '' After hearing the broadcast , East Germans began gathering at the Wall , at the six checkpoints between East and West Berlin , demanding that border guards immediately open the gates . The surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem . At first , they were ordered to find the `` more aggressive '' people gathered at the gates and stamp their passports with a special stamp that barred them from returning to East Germany -- in effect , revoking their citizenship . However , this still left thousands of people demanding to be let through `` as Schabowski said we can '' . It soon became clear that no one among the East German authorities would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of East German citizens . Finally , at 10 : 45 p.m. , Harald Jäger , the commander of the Bornholmer Straße border crossing yielded , allowing for the guards to open the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . As the Ossis swarmed through , they were greeted by Wessis waiting with flowers and champagne amid wild rejoicing . Soon afterward , a crowd of West Berliners jumped on top of the Wall , and were soon joined by East German youngsters . They danced together to celebrate their new freedom . Walking through Checkpoint Charlie , 10 November 1989 Germans stand on top of the Wall in the days before it was torn down At the Brandenburg Gate , 10 November 1989 Juggling on the Wall on 16 November 1989 `` Mauerspecht '' ( November 1989 ) The Fall of the Wall ( November 1989 ) Another border crossing to the south may have been opened earlier . An account by Heinz Schäfer indicates that he also acted independently and ordered the opening of the gate at Waltersdorf - Rudow a couple of hours earlier . This may explain reports of East Berliners appearing in West Berlin earlier than the opening of the Bornholmer Straße border crossing . Demolition Play media A Berlin Wall segment in Los Angeles at 5900 Wilshire Boulevard . The fall of the Berlin Wall ( German : Mauerfall ) began the evening of 9 November 1989 and continued over the following days and weeks , with people nicknamed Mauerspechte ( wall woodpeckers ) using various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts in the process , and creating several unofficial border crossings . Television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the Wall on 9 November was soon followed by the East German regime announcing ten new border crossings , including the historically significant locations of Potsdamer Platz , Glienicker Brücke , and Bernauer Straße . Crowds gathered on both sides of the historic crossings waiting for hours to cheer the bulldozers that tore down portions of the Wall to reconnect the divided roads . While the Wall officially remained guarded at a decreasing intensity , new border crossings continued for some time , including the Brandenburg Gate on 22 December 1989 . Initially the East German military attempted repairing damage done by the `` Wall peckers '' ; gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and `` unauthorized '' border crossing through the holes . West Germans and West Berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 December . Until then , they could only visit East Germany and East Berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance and obligatory exchange of at least 25 DM per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . Thus , in the weeks between 9 November and 23 December , East Germans could actually travel more freely than Westerners . On 13 June 1990 , the East German military officially began dismantling the Wall , beginning in Bernauer Straße and around the Mitte district . From there , demolition continued through Prenzlauer Berg / Gesundbrunnen , Helligensee and throughout the city of Berlin until that December 1990 . According to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1.7 million tonnes of building rubble wasfall . Unofficially , the demolition of the Bornholmer Straße began because of construction work on the railway . This involved a total of 300 GDR border guards and - after 3 October 1990 - 600 Pioneers of the Bundeswehr . These were equipped with 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . Virtually every road that was severed by the Berlin Wall ( that links from West Berlin to East Berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 August 1990 . In Berlin alone , 184 km of wall , 154 km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . What remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . Various military units dismantled the Berlin / Brandenberg border wall , completing the job in November 1991 . Painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in Berlin and Monte Carlo . On 1 July , the day East Germany adopted the West German currency , all de jure border controls ceased , although the inter-German border had become meaningless for some time before that . The fall of the Wall marked the first critical step towards German reunification , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 October 1990 with the dissolution of East Germany and the official reunification of the German state along the democratic lines of the West German Basic Law . An East German guard talks to a Westerner through a broken seam in the wall in late November 1989 . A crane removes a section of the Wall near Brandenburg Gate on 21 December 1989 . Almost all of the remaining sections were rapidly chipped away . December 1990 . West Germans peer at East German border guards through a hole in the wall on 5 January 1990 . Short section of the Berlin Wall at Potsdamer Platz , March 2009 Souvenir chunk of concrete from the Wall Opposition In some European capitals at the time , there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified Germany . In September 1989 , British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher pleaded with Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev not to let the Berlin Wall fall and confided that she wanted the Soviet leader to do what he could to stop it . `` We do not want a united Germany . This would lead to a change to postwar borders and we can not allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security , '' Thatcher told Gorbachev . After the fall of the Berlin Wall , French President François Mitterrand warned Thatcher that a unified Germany could make more ground than Adolf Hitler ever had and that Europe would have to bear the consequences . Celebrations On 21 November 1989 , Crosby , Stills & Nash performed the song `` Chippin ' Away '' from Graham Nash 's 1986 solo album Innocent Eyes in front of the Brandenburg Gate . On 25 December 1989 , Leonard Bernstein gave a concert in Berlin celebrating the end of the Wall , including Beethoven 's 9th symphony ( Ode to Joy ) with the word `` Joy '' ( Freude ) changed to `` Freedom '' ( Freiheit ) in the lyrics sung . The poet Schiller may have originally written `` Freedom '' and changed it to `` Joy '' out of fear . The orchestra and choir were drawn from both East and West Germany , as well as the United Kingdom , France , the Soviet Union , and the United States . On New Year 's Eve 1989 , David Hasselhoff performed his song `` Looking for Freedom '' while standing atop the partly demolished wall . Roger Waters performed the Pink Floyd album The Wall just north of Potsdamer Platz on 21 July 1990 , with guests including Bon Jovi , Scorpions , Bryan Adams , Sinéad O'Connor , Cyndi Lauper , Thomas Dolby , Joni Mitchell , Marianne Faithfull , Levon Helm , Rick Danko and Van Morrison . Over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate as to whether 9 November would make a suitable German national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in East Germany , such as Werner Schulz . Besides being the emotional apogee of East Germany 's peaceful revolution , 9 November is also the date of the 1918 abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II and declaration of the Weimar Republic , the first German republic . However , 9 November is also the anniversary of the execution of Robert Blum in following the 1848 Vienna revolts , the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch and the infamous Kristallnacht pogroms of the Nazis in 1938 . Nobel Laureate Elie Wiesel criticized the first euphoria , noting that `` they forgot that 9 November has already entered into history -- 51 years earlier it marked the Kristallnacht . '' As reunification was not official and complete until 3 October , that day was finally chosen as German Unity Day . 20th anniversary celebrations On 9 November 2009 , Berlin celebrated the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall with a `` Festival of Freedom '' with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the Brandenburg Gate . A high point was when over 1,000 colourfully designed foam domino tiles , each over 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) tall , that were stacked along the former route of the Wall in the city center were toppled in stages , converging in front of the Brandenburg Gate . A Berlin Twitter Wall was set up to allow Twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . The Chinese government quickly shut down access to the Twitter Wall after masses of Chinese users began using it to protest the Great Firewall of China . In the United States , the German Embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto `` Freedom Without Walls '' , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall . The campaign was focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the Berlin Wall among current college students . Students at over 30 universities participated in `` Freedom Without Walls '' events in late 2009 . First place winner of the Freedom Without Walls Speaking Contest Robert Cannon received a free trip to Berlin for 2010 . An international project called Mauerreise ( Journey of the Wall ) took place in various countries . Twenty symbolic Wall bricks were sent from Berlin starting in May 2009 , with the destinations being Korea , Cyprus , Yemen , and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . In these places , the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the `` wall '' phenomenon . To commemorate the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall , Twinity reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the Wall in virtual Berlin . The MTV Europe Music Awards , on 5 November , had U2 and Tokio Hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the Berlin Wall . U2 performed at the Brandenburg Gate , and Tokio Hotel performed `` World Behind My Wall '' . Palestinians in the town of Kalandia , West Bank pulled down parts of the Israeli West Bank barrier , in a demonstration marking the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall . The International Spy Museum in Washington DC hosted a Trabant car rally where 20 Trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall . Rides were raffled every half - hour and a Trabant crashed through a Berlin Wall mock up . The Trabant was the East German people 's car that many used to leave DDR after the collapse . The Allied Museum in the Dahlem district of Berlin hosted a number of events to mark the Twentieth Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall . The museum held a Special Exhibition entitled `` Wall Patrol -- The Western Powers and the Berlin Wall 1961 -- 1990 '' which focused on the daily patrols deployed by the Western powers to observe the situation along the Berlin Wall and the fortifications on the GDR border . A sheet of `` Americans in Berlin '' Commemorative Cinderella stamps designed by T.H.E. Hill , the author of Voices Under Berlin , was presented to the Museum by David Guerra , Berlin veteran and webmaster of the site www.berlinbrigade.com . The stamps splendidly illustrate that even twenty years on , veterans of service in Berlin still regard their service there as one of the high points of their lives . Legacy Remaining stretch of the Wall near Ostbahnhof in Friedrichshain called East Side Gallery , August 2006 Remains of the Wall adjacent to the Topography of Terror , August 2007 A memorial of over a thousand crosses and a segment of the Wall for those who died trying to cross . The memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . A `` BERLINER MAUER 1961 -- 1989 '' plaque near Checkpoint Charlie signifying where the Wall stood Display of two sections of the Wall and a `` You are leaving '' sign at Fort Gordon , Georgia The Berlin Wall from the East Berlin side , 1967 A sign reading `` Until we see each other again in the capital of the GDR '' Czech hedgehog antitank obstacles and the Wall An exhibition dedicated to the 25th anniversary to the Berlin Wall destruction was located at Potsdamer Platz Arkaden Line indicating where the Wall once stood , just off Potsdamer Platz , in 2015 Little is left of the Wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost in its entirety . Three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre - long ( 260 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the Topography of Terror , site of the former Gestapo headquarters , halfway between Checkpoint Charlie and Potsdamer Platz ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the Spree River near the Oberbaumbrücke , nicknamed East Side Gallery ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at Bernauer Straße , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . Other isolated fragments , lampposts , other elements , and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . The former leadership in the Schlesischen Busch in the vicinity of the Puschkinallee -- the listed , twelve - meter high watchtower stands in a piece of the wall strip , which has been turned into a park , near the Lohmühleninsel The former `` Kieler Eck '' ( Kieler Eck ) on Kieler Strasse in Mitte , close to the Berlin - Spandau Schifffahrtskanal -- the tower is protected as a historic monument and now surrounded on three sides by new buildings . It houses a memorial site named after the Wallopfer Günter Litfin , who was shot at Humboldthafen in August 1961 . The memorial site , which is run by the initiative of his brother Jürgen Liftin , can be viewed after registration . The former management office at Nieder Neuendorf , in the district of Hennigsdorf of the same name -- here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two German states . The former management station at Bergfelde , today the district of Hohen Neuendorf -- The tower is located in an already reforested area of the border strip and is used together with surrounding terrain as a nature protection tower by the Deutschen Waldjugend . The only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( BT - 11 ) in the Erna - Berger - Strasse also in Mitte -- however , was moved by a few meters for construction work and is no longer in the original location ; There is an exhibition about the wall in the area of the Potsdamer Platz in planning . Nothing still accurately represents the Wall 's original appearance better than a very short stretch at Bernauer Straße associated with the Berlin Wall Documentation Center . Other remnants are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . Fragments of the Wall were taken and some were sold around the world . Appearing both with and without certificates of authenticity , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service eBay as well as German souvenir shops . Today , the eastern side is covered in graffiti that did not exist while the Wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of East Germany . Previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . Along some tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former Wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . In most places only the `` first '' wall is marked , except near Potsdamer Platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . After the fall of Berlin Wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as Berliner Mauerweg . It is part of the initiative by Berlin Senate since 2005 . Cultural differences For many years after reunification , people in Germany talked about cultural differences between East and West Germans ( colloquially Ossis and Wessis ) , sometimes described as Mauer im Kopf ( The wall in the head ) . A September 2004 poll found that 25 percent of West Germans and 12 percent of East Germans wished that East and West should be separated again by a `` Wall '' . A poll taken in October 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Wall indicated , however , that only about a tenth of the population was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the East ; 12 percent in the West ) . Although differences are still perceived between East and West , Germans make similar distinctions between North and South . A 2011 poll conducted by Russia 's VTsIOM , found that more than half of all Russians do not know who built the Berlin Wall . Ten percent of people surveyed thought Berlin residents built it themselves . Six percent said Western powers built it and four percent thought it was a `` bilateral initiative '' of the Soviet Union and the West . Fifty - eight percent said they did not know who built it , with just 24 percent correctly naming the Soviet Union and its then - communist ally East Germany . Wall segments around the World Segment of the Berlin wall in the Sanctuary of Fátima , Portugal Main article : List of Berlin Wall segments Not all segments of the Wall were ground up as the Wall was being torn down . Many segments have been given to various institutions in the world . They can be found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces in different countries of the world . Remains of the Berlin wall , still in its original spot , 2016 50th anniversary commemoration On 13 August 2011 , Germany marked the 50th anniversary of East Germany beginning the erection of the Berlin Wall . Chancellor Angela Merkel joined with President Christian Wulff and Berlin Mayor Klaus Wowereit at the Bernauer Straße memorial park to remember lives and liberty . Speeches extolled freedom and a minute of silence at noon honored those who died trying to flee to the West . `` It is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations as a reminder to stand up for freedom and democracy to ensure that such injustice may never happen again , '' entreated Mayor Wowereit . `` It has been shown once again : Freedom is invincible at the end . No wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom '' , proclaimed President Wulff . '' Related media Documentary films specifically about the Berlin Wall : The Tunnel , a NBC News Special documentary film broadcast in December 1962 The Road to the Wall , a 1962 documentary film Something to Do with the Wall , 1991 documentary about the fall of the Berlin Wall by Ross McElwee and Marilyn Levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . Rabbit à la Berlin , a 2009 documentary film , directed by Bartek Konopka , told from point of view of a group of wild rabbits that inhabited the zone between the two walls Fictional films featuring the Berlin Wall have included : The Spy Who Came in from the Cold , 1965 -- Cold War classic set on both sides of The Wall , from the book by John le Carré , directed by Martin Ritt The Boy and the Ball and the Hole in the Wall , Spanish - Mexican co-production , 1965 Funeral in Berlin , 1966 -- Spy movie starring Michael Caine , directed by Guy Hamilton Casino Royale , 1967 -- featuring a segment centred on a house apparently bisected by the Wall . The Wicked Dreams of Paula Schultz , 1968 -- Cold War spy farce about an Olympic athlete who defects . Director George Marshall Berlin Tunnel 21 , 1981 -- A made - for - TV movie about a former American officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath The Wall as a rescue route . The Soldier , 1982 -- A renegade KGB team put nuclear weapons in Saudi Arabia to force America to make the Israelis pull out of the West Bank or the bomb will make 50 % of the world 's oil radioactive for decades . The title character of the movie has a team break into a missile silo in Smith Center , Kansas to obtain independent launch capability , then he and an Israeli security agent drive an automobile from West Germany over the Berlin Wall into East Germany where he informs the KGB agents that if the nuke goes off in Saudi Arabia , his team in Kansas will nuke Moscow . The Innocent , 1993 -- About the joint CIA / MI6 operation to build a tunnel under East Berlin in the 1950s . Directed by John Schlesinger The Tunnel , 2001 -- Dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the Wall . Film by Roland Suso Richter In the 2015 film Bridge of Spies , Frederic Pryor , an American economics graduate student , visits his German girlfriend in East Berlin just as the Berlin Wall is being built . He tries to bring her back into West Berlin , but is stopped by Stasi agents and arrested as a spy . Some novels specifically about the Berlin Wall : John le Carré , The Spy Who Came in from the Cold , 1963 -- Classic Cold War spy fiction Len Deighton , Berlin Game , 1983 -- Classic Cold War spy fiction T.H.E. Hill , The Day Before the Berlin Wall : Could We Have Stopped It ? -- An Alternate History of Cold War Espionage , 2010 -- based on a legend told in Berlin in the 1970s John Marks , The Wall , 1999 NYT Review -- an American spy defects to the East just hours before the Wall falls Marcia Preston , West of the Wall ( published as Trudy 's Promise in North America ) , 2008 -- Left behind in East Berlin , the heroine waits for news of her husband after he makes his escape over the Berlin Wall Peter Schneider , The Wall Jumper , 1984 ( German : Der Mauerspringer , 1982 ) -- the Wall plays a central role in this novel set in Berlin of the 1980s Music related to the Berlin Wall `` West of the Wall , a 1962 top 40 hit by Toni Fisher , told the tale of two lovers separated by the newly - built Berlin Wall . `` Holidays in the Sun '' , a song by the English punk rock band The Sex Pistols prominently mentions the Wall , specifically singer Johnny Rotten 's fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . David Bowie 's `` Heroes '' was inspired by the image of a couple kissing at the Berlin Wall ( in reality , the couple was his producer Tony Visconti and backup singer Antonia Maaß ) . The song ( which , along with the album of the same name , were recorded in Berlin ) , makes lyrical references to the kissing couple , and to the `` Wall of Shame '' ( `` the shame was on the other side '' ) . Upon his death , the German Foreign Office paid homage to Bowie on Twitter , : see also above Over de muur ( nl ) , a 1984 song by Dutch pop band Klein Orkest ( nl ) , about the differences between East and West Berlin during the period of the Berlin Wall . `` Chippin ' Away '' , a song by Tom Fedora , as performed by Crosby , Stills & Nash on the Berlin Wall appeared on Graham Nash 's 1986 solo album Innocent Eyes . The music video for Liza Fox 's song `` Free '' ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the Berlin Wall . Art related to the Berlin Wall In the year 1982 the West - German artist Elsner ( de ) created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around West - Berlin as part of his work series `` Border Injuries '' . On one of his actions he even tore down a large part of the Wall , installed a prepared foil of 3x2m in it and finished the painting there before the border soldiers on patrol could detect him . This performance was even recorded on video . His actions are well - documented both in newspapers from that time and in recent scientific publications . Video games related to the Berlin Wall 1999 's SimCity 3000 featured a scenario taking place at the end of the Cold War , where the player must demolish the wall and re-unite East and West Berlin , being given 5 years in the game to complete the task . The longer it takes to complete the goals results in riots in the city . The `` First Strike '' downloadable content pack for 2010s Call of Duty : Black Ops includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the Berlin Wall ( `` Berlin Wall '' ) The introductory video to the Rise and Fall expansion for Civilization VI depicts a woman striking the wall with a sledgehammer . See also The Berlin Wall ( video game ) Brandenburg Gate Chapel of Reconciliation Checkpoint Charlie Checkpoint Charlie stand - off ( October 1961 ) Dissolution of the Soviet Union ( 1991 ) Green Line ( Beirut ) Inner German Border Korean Demilitarized Zone Military Demarcation Line List of walls Operation Gold Ostalgie Peace Lines ( Belfast ) Reunification of Jerusalem The Wall -- Live in Berlin ( rock opera / concert , 21 July 1990 ) References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Untangling 5 myths about the Berlin Wall '' . Chicago Tribune . 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Video : Berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1961 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` In Photos : 25 years ago todaythe Berlin Wall Fell '' . TheJournal.ie. 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jack Marck Archived 29 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . `` Over the Wall : A Once - in - a-Lifetime Experience '' American Heritage , October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/15/world/europe/berlin-wall-fast-facts/index.html Jump up ^ `` Berlin Wall : Five things you might not know '' . The Telegraph . 12 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom ! -- TIME '' . TIME. 20 November 1989 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forschungsprojekt `` Die Todesopfer an der Berliner Mauer , 1961 -- 1989 '' : BILANZ ( Stand : 7 . August 2008 ) ( in German ) `` . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Todesopfer an der Berliner Mauer '' ( Fatalities at the Berlin Wall ) ( in German ) . Chronik der Mauer . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mary Elise Sarotte , Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall , New York : Basic Books , 2014 Jump up ^ Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 2014 ) . The Collapse : The Accidental Opening Of The Berlin Wall . New York : Basic Books : . pp. xxv . Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 95 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 96 Jump up ^ The political process contrasted with that in West German zones occupied by France , the United Kingdom , and the United States , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( Turner , Henry Ashby . The Two Germanies Since 1945 : East and West , Yale University Press , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) Jump up ^ Turner 1987 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , pp. 65 -- 70 Jump up ^ Turner 1987 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Fritsch - Bournazel , Renata , Confronting the German Question : Germans on the East - West Divide , Berg Publishers , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , pp. 180 -- 81 Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , p. 179 Jump up ^ In a congratulatory telegram , Stalin emphasized that , with the creation of East Germany , the `` enslavement of European countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . '' ( Wettig , Gerhard , Stalin and the Cold War in Europe , Rowman & Littlefield , 2008 , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/berlin-wall-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-barrier-that-divided-east-and-west-9847347.html ^ Jump up to : Thackeray 2004 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Arbeit und Sozialordnung , Familie und Frauen , Statistik Spätaussiedler Dezember 2007 , p. 3 ( in German ) Jump up ^ Loescher 2001 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Loescher 2001 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Dale 2005 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p. 116 ^ Jump up to : Dowty 1989 , p. 121 Jump up ^ Harrison 2003 , p. 240 - fn Jump up ^ Harrison 2003 , p. 98 ^ Jump up to : Harrison 2003 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Paul Maddrell , Spying on Science : Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945 -- 1961 , p. 56 . Oxford University Press , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Dowty 1989 , p. 122 ^ Jump up to : Harrison 2003 , p. 100 Jump up ^ English translation of `` Wer die Deutsche Demokratische Republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die Seite der Kriegstreiber '' ( `` He Who Leaves the German Democratic Republic Joins the Warmongers '' , Notizbuch des Agitators ( `` Agitator 's Notebook '' ) , Berlin : Socialist Unity Party 's Agitation Department , November 1955 . Jump up ^ Volker Rolf Berghahn , Modern Germany : Society , Economy and Politics in the Twentieth Century , p. 227 . Cambridge University Press , 1987 Jump up ^ Pearson 1998 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Crozier , Brian ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Forum . p. 170 - 171 . ISBN 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon ( 2008 ) . The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961 - 1989 . Oxford UK : Osprey Publishing . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 184603 - 193 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wiegrefe , Klaus . `` Wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei Wochen Zeit '' , Spiegel Online -- einestages , May 2009 Jump up ^ `` Transcript of the telephone call between Khrushchev and Ulbricht on August 1 , 1961 '' ( in German ) . Welt.de. 30 May 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sebetsyen , Victor ( 2009 ) . Revolution 1989 : The Fall of the Soviet Empire . New York City : Pantheon Books . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 . Jump up ^ http://blogs.reuters.com/berlin1961/2011/05/27/the-worst-day-of-jfks-life/ Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group ( USA ) . p. 247 . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 . Jump up ^ http://www.historytoday.com/frederick-taylor/berlin-wall-secret-history Jump up ^ `` Exchanges of Territory '' . City of Berlin . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exchanges of Territory : Lenné - Dreieck '' . City of Berlin . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wall Goes Up in Berlin -- Events of 1961 -- Year in Review '' . UPI.com. 29 May 1998 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Keeling , Drew ( 2014 ) , business-of-migration.com `` Berlin Wall and Migration , '' Migration as a travel business Jump up ^ Taylor , Frederick . The Berlin Wall : 13 August 1961 -- 9 November 1989 . Bloomsbury 2006 Jump up ^ `` Goethe - Institut -- Topics -- German - German History Goethe - Institut '' . Web.archive.org. 9 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Die Regierungen der Warschauer Vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die Volkskammer und an die Regierung der DDR mit dem Vorschlag , an der Westberliner Grenze eine solche Ordnung einzuführen , durch die der Wühltätigkeit gegen die Länder des sozialistischen Lagers zuverlässig der Weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze Gebiet West - Berlins eine verlässliche Bewachung gewährleistet wird . '' Die Welt : Berlin wird geteilt Jump up ^ `` Neues Deutschland : Normales Leben in Berlin , 14 August 1961 '' ( in German ) . Zlb.de . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 2014 ) . The Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall . New York : Basic Books . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berlin Crisis After Dividing Berlin , August 1961 '' ( PDF ) . The National Security Archive at George Washington University in Washington , D.C . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Matthew M. Aid & William Burr ( 25 September 2013 ) . `` '' Disreputable if Not Outright Illegal `` : The National Security Agency versus Martin Luther King , Muhammad Ali , Art Buchwald , Frank Church , et al '' . The National Security Archive at the George Washington University in Washington , D.C . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ See also Hackworth , About Face Jump up ^ Evans , Ben ( 2014 ) . Escaping The Bonds of Earth : The Fifties and the Sixties . Chichester UK : Praxis Publishing . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 79093 - 0 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Micah ( 1996 ) `` After the Wall : The Legal Ramifications of the East German Border Guard Trials in Unified Germany , '' Cornell International Law Journal : Vol. 29 : Iss. 3 , Article 3 . p 728 Jump up ^ Berliner Mauer ( Stand 31 . Juli 1989 ) Polizeipräsident von Berlin . Jump up ^ Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung : Ministerium für Staatssicherheit der DDR , siehe : Statistiken + `` Grenzsicherung in Berlin `` 1989 . ^ Jump up to : According to Hagen Koch , former Stasi - officer , in Geert Mak 's documentary In Europa ( series ) , episode 1961 -- DDR , 25 January 2009 ^ Jump up to : https://www.thoughtco.com/the-berlin-wall-28-year-history-1779495 Jump up ^ Burkhardt , Heiko . `` Facts of Berlin Wall -- History of Berlin Wall '' . Dailysoft.com . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : P. Dousset ; A. Souquet ; S. Lelarge . `` Berlin Wall '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 13 September 2006 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Heiko Burkhardt . `` Fourth Generation of Berlin Wall -- History of Berlin Wall '' . Dailysoft.com . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rise and Fall of the Berlin Wall . History Channel , 2009 . DVD - ROM . Jump up ^ Popiolek . `` The Berlin wall : History of Berlin Wall : Facts '' . Die-berliner-mauer.de . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 20 October 2012 ) . `` The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961 - 89 '' . Bloomsbury Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=275&v=OwQsTzGkbiY Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 20 October 2012 ) . `` The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961 - 89 '' . Bloomsbury Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 20 October 2012 ) . `` The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961 - 89 '' . Bloomsbury Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 20 October 2012 ) . `` The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961 - 89 '' . Bloomsbury Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/01/09/Foreign-News-Briefs/9799537166800/ Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2014/apr/03/thierry-noir-graffiti-berlin-wall Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/nov/03/east-german-punks-berlin-wall-radical-art-stunt Jump up ^ Harrison 2003 , pp. 206 -- 14 ^ Jump up to : https://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-events/berlin-wall1.htm ^ Jump up to : https://mashable.com/2014/11/06/berlin-wall-fence/#h6xI9DEA5PqH Jump up ^ Willis , Jim ( 19 March 1946 ) . Daily Life behind the Iron Curtain . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9780313397639 . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . Jump up ^ https://mashable.com/2014/11/06/berlin-wall-fence/#h6xI9DEA5PqH Jump up ^ `` E German ' licence to kill ' found '' . BBC News . 12 August 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2007 . A newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says Germany 's director of Stasi files . Jump up ^ `` Conrad Schumann , 56 , Symbol of E. Berlin escapes '' ; North Sports Final Edition Associated Press . Chicago Tribune , Chicago , Ill. : 23 June 1998 . pg. 8 Jump up ^ `` Chronik der Mauer -- Bau und Fall der Berliner Mauer Opfer der Mauer '' . Chronik-der-mauer.de . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group ( USA ) . pp. 363 -- 367 . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hertle , Hans - Hermann ( 2008 ) . The Berlin Wall : Monument of the Cold War . Ch . Links Verlag , p. 72 . ISBN 3 - 86153 - 463 - 0 Jump up ^ https://www.thelocal.de/20141105/the-great-escape-across-the-berlin-wall Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/secret-tunnels-that-brought-freedom-from-berlins-wall-1804765.html Jump up ^ Taylor , Frederick . The Berlin Wall : A World Divided 1961 -- 1989 , London : Harper Perennial , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group ( USA ) . p. 394 . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 . Jump up ^ MRS . THATCHER VISITS THE BERLIN WALL , The New York Times , 30 October 1982 ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Max ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` David Bowie at the Berlin Wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history '' . Vox . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Did Bowie bring down the Berlin Wall ? '' . The Week . 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GERMANY : Thank you David Bowie for helping bring down the Berlin Wall '' . Business Insider Australia . 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Good - bye , David Bowie '' . German Foreign Office . 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Did Springsteen 's 1988 Berlin gig rock the Wall ? '' . The Local -- Germany 's News in English . The Local -- Germany 's News in English . 9 July 2013 . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Mr. Hasselhoff Tore Down This Wall '' . NPR . National Public Radio . 9 November 2014 . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reagan 's ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 '' . USA Today . 12 June 2007 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks at the Brandenberg Gate '' . Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation . Archived from the original on 22 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Michael ( 13 September 2009 ) . `` The picnic that brought down the Berlin Wall '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 14 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sie wird noch in 50 Jahren stehen '' . dpa. 22 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : unknown ( 2009 ) . `` 20 Jahre Mauerfall '' ( in German ) . Kulturprojekte Berlin GmbH . Retrieved 9 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Henslin , 07 Jump up ^ Schäfer , Hermann ( 2015 ) . Deutsche Geschichte in 100 Objekten . München , Berlin , Zürich : Piper . p. 570 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 492057028 . ^ Jump up to : Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 1 November 2009 ) `` How it went down : The little accident that toppled history '' The Washington Post . Retrieved 2 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Kirchner , Stephanie ( 19 April 2009 ) . `` Berlin Wall : Was the Fall Engineered by the GDR ? '' . TIME . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , Marcus ( 21 October 2009 ) `` Did Brinkmannship Fell Berlin 's Wall ? Brinkmann Says It Did '' The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` The Guard Who Opened the Berlin Wall : ' I Gave my People the Order -- Raise the Barrier ' '' . Spiegel Online . 9 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 2014 ) . The Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall . New York : Basic Books . pp. 146 -- 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 . Jump up ^ McElroy , Damien ( 7 November 2009 ) . `` East Germans may have arrived in West Berlin hours before previously thought '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berlin Wall '' . History.com . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 2014 ) . The Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall . New York : Basic Books . pp. xx -- xxi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 2014 ) . The Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall . New York : Basic Books . pp. 189 -- 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Margaret Thatcher pleaded with Gorbachev not to let the Berlin Wall fall out of london '' . Hasan Suroor . Chennai , India : Hindu . 15 September 2009 . Retrieved 8 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Gledhill , Ruth ; de Bruxelles , Simon ( 11 September 2009 ) . `` Thatcher told Gorbachev Britain did not want German reunification '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 8 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Gledhill , Ruth ; de Bruxelles , Simon ( 10 September 2009 ) . `` United Germany might allow another Hitler , Mitterrand told Thatcher '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills and Nash Sound a Positive Note at Berlin Wall '' . Los Angeles Times . 21 November 1989 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Naxos ( 2006 ) . `` Ode To Freedom -- Beethoven : Symphony No. 9 ( NTSC ) '' . Naxos.com Classical Music Catalogue . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . This is the publisher 's catalogue entry for a DVD of Bernstein 's Christmas 1989 `` Ode to Freedom '' concert . Jump up ^ `` Did David Hasselhoff really help end the Cold War ? '' . BBC News . 6 February 2004 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Kellerhof , Sven Felix ; Posener , Alan ( 2007 ) . `` Soll der 9 . November Nationalfeiertag werden ? '' . Die Welt Online . Archived from the original on 25 June 2009 . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Aberger , Jörg ( 7 September 2004 ) . `` Debatte : Thierse fordert neuen Nationalfeiertag '' . Der Spiegel . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Wiesel , Elie ( 17 November 1989 ) . `` Op - Ed in response to the fall of the wall '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ RSF.org Archived 8 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Hu , tear down this firewall ! '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . 26 October 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ MontrealGazette.com Jump up ^ `` German Missions in the United States -- Home '' . Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ unknown ( 2009 ) . `` Freedom Without Walls '' . Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany , Washington , DC . Retrieved 9 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Wall in the World 2009 -- 20th anniversary of the Fall of the Wall -- Goethe - Institut '' . Goethe.de . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Berlin Wall in Twinity '' . Twinity. 2009 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Palestinians break Israel 's wall -- Middle East '' . Al Jazeera English . 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Allied Museum ( 2009 ) . `` Wall Patrol -- The Western Powers and the Berlin Wall 1961 -- 1990 Special Exhibition '' . Allied Museum , Berlin , Germany . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Allied Museum ( 2009 ) . `` American Commemorative Stamps Presented to the Museum '' . Allied Museum , Berlin , Germany . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . ( ) Jump up ^ `` Flutgraben e.V. '' www.kunstfabrik.org . Jump up ^ `` Berlin Wall Memorial '' . Berlin Wall Foundation . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 8 September 2004 ) . `` One in 5 Germans wants Berlin Wall rebuilt '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on 13 June 2006 . Retrieved 23 February 2006 . Jump up ^ ZDF `` Wochenjournal '' ( 5 November 2009 ) . `` Große Zustimmung zur Wiedervereinigung '' . ZDF . Archived from the original on 14 December 2009 . Retrieved 6 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Solovyov , Dmitry ( 5 November 2009 ) . `` Who built Berlin Wall ? Most Russians do n't know Reuters '' . Uk.reuters.com . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Where in the World Is the Berlin Wall ? '' . Newsweek. 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Germany marks 50th anniversary of Berlin Wall '' . London : UK Telegraph . 13 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Germany Marks Construction of the Berlin Wall '' . Associated Press . 13 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reflecting on the Berlin Wall , 50 Years After Its Construction '' . History.com. 11 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Years Berlin Wall 1961 -- 1989 ( video clips ) '' . German World . 13 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Levine , Marilyn ; McElwee , Ross ( 1991 - 04 - 03 ) , Something to Do with the Wall , Marilyn Levine , Ross McElwee , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 16 Jump up ^ Gélin , Daniel ; Varela , Yolanda ; Arco , Nino Del ; Block , Karin ( 15 July 1965 ) , The Boy and the Ball and the Hole in the Wall , retrieved 12 May 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Day Before The Berlin Wall : Could We have Stopped It ? '' . Voicesunderberlin.com . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cold War Reheated '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Administrator . `` View the author 's website '' . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kollmeyer , Barbara ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` David Bowie death triggers tributes from Iggy Pop , Madonna -- even the Vatican and the German government '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Klein Orkest biography '' . Sweetslyrics.com . Archived from the original on 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Stills & Nash 1990 -- Chippin ' Away on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Liza Fox -- FREE ( Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Die Mauer als Muse '' . The Wall fell on July 18th 1982 . Lars von Törne in Der Tagesspiegel . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ELSNER 's Border Injuries '' . artworks & video documentation . galerie son . Jump up ^ `` ELSNER '' . press archive . galerie son . Bibliography Böcker , Anita ( 1998 ) . Regulation of Migration : International Experiences . Het Spinhuis . ISBN 90 - 5589 - 095 - 2 . Buckley , William F. , Jr. ( 2004 ) . The Fall of the Berlin Wall . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 . Cate , Curtis ( 1978 ) . `` The Ides of August : The Berlin Wall Crisis -- 1961 '' . New York City : M. Evans . Childs , David ( 2001 ) The Fall of the GDR : Germany 's Road To Unity , Longman , Pearsoned.co.uk 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , ISBN 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 Childs , David , The GDR : Moscow 's German Ally , ( Second Edition 1988 , First Edition 1983 , George Allen & Unwin , London ) ISBN 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . Childs , David , ( 2001 ) The Fall of the GDR , Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 Amazon.co.uk Childs , David , ( 2000 ) The Two Red Flags : European Social Democracy & Soviet Communism Since 1945 , Routledge . Informaworld.com Childs , David , ( 1991 ) Germany in the Twentieth Century , ( From pre-1918 to the restoration of German unity ) , Batsford , Third edition . 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Kennedy , John F. `` July 25 , 1961 speech '' . Archived from the original on 29 April 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Loescher , Gil ( 2001 ) . The UNHCR and World Politics : A Perilous Path . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829716 - 5 . Maclean , Rory ( 1992 ) . `` Stalin 's Nose : Across the Face of Europe '' . London : HarperCollins . Miller , Roger Gene ( 2000 ) . To Save a City : The Berlin Airlift , 1948 -- 1949 . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 967 - 1 . Mynz , Rainer ( 1995 ) . `` Where Did They All Come From ? Typology and Geography of European Mass Migration In the Twentieth Century ; European Population Conference Congress European de Démographie '' . United Nations Population Division . Pearson , Raymond ( 1998 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17407 - 1 . Schneider , Peter ( 2005 ) . `` The Wall Jumper '' . London : Penguin Classics . Schulte , Bennet ( 2011 ) . The Berlin Wall . Remains of a Lost Border . ( Die Berliner Mauer . Spuren einer verschwundenen Grenze ) . be. bra verlag , Berlin . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8148 - 0185 - 8 . Taylor , Frederick . The Berlin Wall : 13 August 1961 -- 9 November 1989 . Bloomsbury 2006 Thackeray , Frank W. ( 2004 ) . Events that changed Germany . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32814 - 5 . Friedrich , Thomas ( 1996 ) . Wo die Mauer War / Where was the Wall ? . Harry Hampel ( photos ) . Berlin : Nicolai . ISBN 3 - 87584 - 695 - 8 . Turner , Henry Ashby ( 1987 ) . The Two Germanies Since 1945 : East and West . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 . Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 . Luftbildatlas . Entlang der Berliner Mauer . Karten , Pläne und Fotos . Hans Wolfgang Hoffmann / Philipp Meuser ( eds . ) Berlin 2009 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 Sarotte , Mary Elise , Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall , New York : Basic Books , 2014 Sarotte , Mary Elise , 1989 : The Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe ( Second Edition ) Princeton : Princeton University Press , 2014 Crozier , Brian ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Forum . pp. 170 -- 171 . ISBN 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 . Further reading Hockenos , Paul ( 2017 ) . Berlin calling : a story of anarchy , music , the Wall , and the birth of the new Berlin . New York : The New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62097 - 195 - 6 . OCLC 959535547 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Berlin Wall Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berlin Wall . Look up Berlin Wall in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Official website `` Berlin Wall Memorial '' . Berlin Wall Foundation . `` Chronicle of the Berlin Wall '' . Deutschlandradio . `` The Berlin Wall : a Multimedia Story '' . Rundfunk Berlin - Brandenburg ( RRB ) . `` Berlin Wall collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . Works about Berlin Wall in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) `` Berlin Wall ( newsreel archives ) '' ( Adobe Flash video ) ) . Multimedia . British Pathe . Berlin Wall on OpenStreetMap ( zoomable and scrollable ) Other resources : Berlin Wall at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Berlin Wall image group on Flickr Berlin Wall Online , historical chronicle Nail , Norbert . `` Meine Mauer -- Deutsche Bilder aus der Vergangenheit '' ( My Wall -- German Pictures from the past ) ( in German ) . University of Marburg . 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7 SUDOC : 084361409 BNF : cb119380937 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berlin_Wall&oldid=831699815 '' Categories : Berlin Wall 1961 establishments in East Germany 1961 establishments in Germany 1961 in military history 1961 in politics 20th century in Berlin Allied occupation of Germany Buildings and structures completed in 1961 Buildings and structures demolished in 1989 Buildings and structures demolished in 1990 Cold War in popular culture Destroyed landmarks in Germany Eastern Bloc Former buildings and structures in Germany History of East Germany Inner German border Separation barriers Walls in Germany Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing German - language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - 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when did the berlin wall start being built
[ "The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer, pronounced [bɛʁˈliːnɐ ˈmaʊ̯ɐ] ( listen)) was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989.[1] Constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany), starting on 13 August 1961, the Wall cut off (by land) West Berlin from virtually all of surrounding East Germany and East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989.[2] Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and finished in 1992.[3] The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls,[4] accompanied by a wide area (later known as the \"death strip\") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, \"fakir beds\" and other defenses. The Eastern Bloc portrayed the Wall as protecting its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the \"will of the people\" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that had marked East Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.[5]" ]
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Stefan Salvatore
Stefan Salvatore - wikipedia Stefan Salvatore Jump to : navigation , search Stefan Salvatore The Vampire Diaries character First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Created by L.J. Smith ( book series ) Julie Plec Kevin Williamson ( television series ) Portrayed by Paul Wesley Sawyer Bell ( 10 years old ) Luke Judy ( Little Kid ) Information Species Vampire ( Seasons 1 - 8 ) Human ( Season 8 ) Doppelgänger ( Season 5 - 6 ) Gender Male Occupation High school student ( Seasons 1 - 4 ) Automobile repairman ( Season 6 ) Family Giuseppe Salvatore ( father ) Lillian ( Lily ) Salvatore ( mother ) Damon Salvatore ( brother ) Caroline Forbes - Salvatore ( wife ) Zach Salvatore ( nephew ) Silas ( ancestor ) Tom Avery ( doppelgänger of ) Significant other ( s ) Katherine Pierce ( ex-girlfriend ) Valerie Tulle ( ex-girlfriend ) Rebekah Mikaelson ( few encounters ) Elena Gilbert ( ex - girlfriend / friend ) Caroline Forbes ( wife ) Relatives Silas ( Doppelgänger of ) Sarah Salvatore ( great - niece ) Nationality American Status Deceased Stefan Salvatore is a fictional character from L.J. Smith 's novel series The Vampire Diaries . He is portrayed by Paul Wesley in the television series of the same name . Born on November 5 , 1846 , Stefan was turned into a vampire in 1864 , at the age of 17 , by Katherine Pierce , with his brother Damon Salvatore . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and reception 2 Development 2.1 Characterization 2.2 Relationships 2.3 Blood addiction 3 Television series 3.1 Backstory 3.2 Storyline 3.2. 1 Season 1 - 3 3.2. 2 Season 4 3.2. 3 Season 5 3.2. 4 Season 6 4 References 5 External links Casting and reception ( edit ) On March 27 , 2009 , The Hollywood Reporter announced that Paul Wesley had joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries as Stefan . He was the last main cast member whose casting was announced . Wesley has become popular with viewers . Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times noted that he spent `` 10 years as a successful but under - the - radar TV actor '' but shortly after the show premiered , he was `` everywhere '' . MacKenzie wrote : `` Last summer his face was on more than 30 `` Vampire Diaries '' posters at the Century City / Westfield mall alone , not to mention billboards over seemingly every major boulevard in Hollywood `` . In November 2011 , Wesley 's ex-wife Torrey DeVitto joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries in the recurring role of Dr. Meredith Fell , who is `` intrigued by '' Alaric Saltzman ( Matt Davis ) . Development ( edit ) Characterization ( edit ) Stefan was described as a `` beautiful young man '' who turns out to be a Vampire 162 years old , who develops a `` strong connection '' with `` tragic heroine '' Elena Gilbert ( Nina Dobrev ) . Wesley described the young Stefan as `` naive and willing to ride whatever wave life threw '' him , because he was `` easily manipulated '' and `` innocent '' with a `` beautiful young soul '' . However , Stefan at the age of 160 years has more wisdom in him . Stefan consumes animal blood , refusing to kill humans due to the guilt that he killed his own father . However , Damon on the other hand , does feed on humans . Relationships ( edit ) Stefan has a love - hate relationship with his brother , Damon Salvatore ( Ian Somerhalder ) . Wesley `` adores '' Somerhalder , who he said he has `` natural chemistry '' with . Wesley stated : `` The dynamic of the characters is so interesting because they love each other , but they hate each other ( ... ) There 's always this thing in Stefan 's head where he hopes that one day Damon can just be as normal and functioning as possible '' . However , he also described their relationship as `` beautiful '' in their flashbacks from the past , because they `` loved each other so much back then '' . Stefan begins a romance with Elena on the show 's first episode , without telling her he was a vampire . She was later shocked to find out that he was a vampire , and briefly ended their relationship before getting back together . As the show progressed , Elena began developing feelings for Damon as well . Wesley described Damon and Stefan as having a `` silent understanding of the fact that they both are in love with the same girl '' , and `` that was Stefan 's girl , and now Damon is suddenly a real factor , he 's really in the picture '' . Wesley 's favorite episode of The Vampire Diaries is `` The Turning Point '' because it was `` really beautiful '' for Stefan and Elena as a couple . In the episode , Stefan turns around `` because he 's ashamed of his face '' with blood rushing through his eyes and his veins popping out . Wesley said `` he 's terrified , and he hates himself for it . He runs from that part of himself , but she turns him around and tells him not to be afraid . She touches his face , and she thinks he 's beautiful . It 's so intimate , that moment , because she accepts the darkest part of him . '' Wesley with Nina Dobrev ( Elena ) and Ian Somerhalder ( Damon ) . When the original vampire Klaus Mikaelson ( Joseph Morgan ) is feared dead , it is revealed that everyone in his bloodline will die , including Stefan and Damon . In what International Business Times called `` the moment Vampire Diaries fans have been waiting for '' , Elena had to pick to say goodbye to Stefan or Damon . She ended up choosing Stefan . When Elena became a vampire , her feelings for Damon heightened , and it was later revealed that she had a sired bond to him . Elena and Stefan broke up , and she began a romance with Damon . Stefan became heartbroken , feeling angry and betrayed , and lashed out at Damon and Elena . Wesley urged fans of Stefan and Elena not to lose hope , stating : `` The fans should definitely maintain some hope . The thing to remember is that Stefan and Elena have this love that is so strong , and it was sort of the core of Season 1 -- you ca n't entirely disregard that '' . The show 's head writer , Julie Plec , said `` They love each other as deeply as two people can love each other , but that does n't mean that their relationship is infallible '' . Blood addiction ( edit ) In 1864 , Stefan `` had n't yet learned the careful control that rules his life now '' and was an avid consumer of human blood , which was considered a `` dark past '' by Zap2it . Of his blood addiction , Wesley said : `` It 's awesome . It 's a drug . He 's a drug addict . I get to play a drug addict , which I love . I 'm going back to his days of usage , heavy usage . When I 'm in my lustful state , it 's so much fun . I felt like I got to play a role that I 'd never played before . I felt like I was doing something different . I just love it , and I hope it comes out the way that I envisioned . '' The show 's executive producer Kevin Williamson revealed that he was `` looking forward to Stefan eventually falling off the wagon and drinking human blood again '' after spending decades of consuming only animal blood . Wesley said `` everybody has a dark side , especially a vampire , and it 'd be unrealistic not to explore that '' . Stefan became addicted to human blood again , but got it under control with the help of Elena , who began letting him feed off her in small amounts to build up discipline . However , in the show 's third season , Stefan 's addiction returned . His humanity was taken away by Klaus , and the audience met `` The Ripper '' , his `` bloodthirsty , ruthless alter - ego who had previously only been legend '' according to Zap2it , who found `` this sociopath version of our hero far more compelling than his usual compassionate martyr self '' . Wesley , who enjoyed `` Ripper Stefan '' more , said it `` bums me out '' when Stefan quit human blood again . He said `` Good Stefan does n't feel as natural in terms of what I want to be doing on screen , and what I want to be saying . I feel a little stifled , myself , whenever he 's resisting the urge to do vampiresque things . '' Television series ( edit ) Backstory ( edit ) Stefan Salvatore was born on November 5 , 1846 and raised in Mystic Falls , Virginia to Giuseppe Salvatore and Lily Salvatore . Stefan is the younger brother of Damon . When Stefan and Damon were human , they were very close and were best friends in life . Damon always confided and trusted in Stefan and they always defended each other , especially to their father , and was fiercely loyal to him . However , this all seemed to change when Stefan and Damon fell in love with the same girl , Katherine Pierce , who turned out to be a vampire . Stefan fell deeply in love with Katherine before finding out she was a vampire . Katherine , however , compelled Stefan to not be afraid , also to keep her secret and go on as they were . It was also revealed that Katherine compelled Stefan to drink her vampire blood against his will . Damon , on the other hand , drank Katherine 's blood willingly , wanting and desiring the immortal life in order to spend an eternity with Katherine . In 1864 , Stefan was turned into a vampire after being shot by his father , Giuseppe , along with his brother , Damon with Katherine 's blood in his system , before accidentally killing his father during a visit to tell him that he was going to let himself die . Damon , who turned into a vampire as well , promised Stefan an eternity of misery as he was angry that Stefan had forced him to turn and jealous that Katherine had also turned Stefan . A newborn vampire with uncontrollable blood lust , Stefan was unable to resist the temptations of human blood and became severely out of control and addicted ( later on known as the Ripper ) to the blood , killing many people because of his lack of control and extreme bloodlust . However , Stefan learned to change his ways when he was taught to control it by a vampire named Alexia `` Lexi '' Branson , who later on became Stefan 's best friend and companion . In 1942 , Stefan enlisted in the Army to fight in World War II ( 4x08 `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' ) . After decades of absence from the town he called home , Stefan returned to Mystic Falls to visit his home and Zach . On May 23 , 2009 , Stefan heard the Gilbert 's car accident at Wickery Bridge . It was then and there that Stefan fatefully encountered Elena Gilbert for the first time . After only being able to save Elena , Stefan noticed that she looked exactly like Katherine . Storyline ( edit ) Season 1 - 3 ( edit ) Stefan and Elena begin a relationship and he revealed to her that he is a vampire . However , Damon returns to Mystic Falls , too , and also falls in love with Elena . Further on in the series , Damon and Stefan start to bond as brothers again and it becomes apparent that they do love each other . Because of his addiction to human blood , Stefan only drank animal blood in the beginning of the series , which made him weaker than other vampires . In season two , Stefan starts to take small amounts of Elena 's blood each day to mitigate its effect on him and to increase his strength . When Katherine returns it is discovered that she had always loved Stefan and not Damon ; however , Stefan is in love with Elena and not interested in Katherine . Stefan starts to build a friendship with Caroline Forbes after she is turned into a vampire . After Klaus gives Stefan his blood to save Damon from a werewolf bite , he turns Stefan into a Ripper again . Stefan starts working for him as he agreed to do to save Damon , and hopes it might also protect Elena by making sure Klaus never returns to Mystic Falls , since he believes her to be dead . Klaus later finds out and compels Stefan to kill her , but when he is able to resist the compulsion , Klaus makes him turn his humanity and emotions off . However , he is later able to get his humanity back , which is seen when he saves Klaus 's life to protect Damon , but yet he pretends not to care about Elena anymore . He then takes it upon himself to kill Klaus . He steals Klaus 's family as retaliation , and uses them as blackmail , when that fails ( the witches give Klaus the coffins when he threatens to end the Bennett line ) , Stefan threatens to drive Elena off Wickery Bridge with vampire blood in her system if Klaus does n't get his hybrids out of town , Klaus agrees at the last minute . He and Elena get into a fight . In the season three finale , he kisses Elena . In the end , Elena chooses Stefan over Damon , but when Rebekah causes Matt 's truck to drive off Wickery Bridge , she is trapped underwater . Stefan barely gets there in time , but Elena makes him save Matt first and she drowns . It is later revealed Dr. Fell gave Elena vampire blood , meaning she died with vampire blood in her system . Then she became a vampire . Season 4 ( edit ) In the season four premiere , Stefan tries to get Bonnie to save her from becoming a full vampire , however , she along with several other vampires are captured by the Founder 's Council . As Elena begins to die and out of desperation to keep Elena alive , Stefan kills a guard and uses his blood to allow Elena to feed and to complete her transition into a vampire . Stefan gives Elena a daylight ring , which was made by Bonnie , in order to protect Elena from the sun . Stefan tries to assure Elena that everything will be okay and that they 'll take Elena 's newborn vampirism one day at a time . During the second episode of season 4 , Stefan tries to help Elena cope with her hunger for human blood . After his `` bunny diet '' disagrees with Elena stomach she seeks help from Damon to find an alternative blood source . When blood bags and Damon 's own blood fails too , she ends up feeding on Matt under extreme circumstances . Stefan then discovers from Klaus and Rebekah that there is a possible cure for vampirism . Stefan `` teams '' up with Klaus in order to find the possible cure , so that Stefan can give Elena the choice of becoming human again . Unfortunately , Klaus needs the vampire hunter Connor to stay alive because he holds the map to the cure in his tattoo , and Stefan must keep him alive at all costs when everyone else wants him dead . When Connor kidnaps Jeremy , April , and Matt , and keeps them hostage at the Grill , Stefan must stop Damon from rashly walking in and killing his chance at curing Elena . After tranquilizing Damon with vervain and taking his daylight ring , Stefan tries to take matters into his own hands and infiltrates the Grille by himself . With Jeremy at gunpoint , Elena comes in and takes Connor by surprise . Stefan manages to get Connor out , but Elena later kills him and is consumed with grief at being a murderer . When Elena begins to hallucinate because of Connor 's death , Klaus informs Stefan and Damon that she must be locked away to keep from killing herself , and kidnaps her before they can say no . Later , Stefan works with one of Klaus 's hybrids , Chris , to free Elena who stabs him in the neck and runs away . Stefan sends Damon to find her and goes with Bonnie to see if the Professor Shane knows how to end the hallucinations . He informs them that a potential hunter must kill a vampire so he may take the place of that dead hunter , which is virtually impossible . Luckily , Stefan realizes that Jeremy is a potential hunter , and tells him that to save his sister , he must kill a vampire . Jeremy kills the hybrid Chris who originally helped them free Elena , and in turn her hallucinations end , and she is safe , but only barely . Later then , Stefan breaks up with Elena because of her feelings for Damon . Stefan goes to Caroline for support since she loathes Damon , and they become closer . During the Miss Mystic Falls Pageant , Stefan Turns a criminal in the hospital and convinces Jeremy to kill him to make the hunter 's mark on his arm grow . Afterward , Jeremy becomes anti-vampire and attempts to kill Elena . Stefan is there and saves her , but has to apologize for making him crazy . Elena tries to tell him that she does n't need the cure if it means it hurts Jeremy . That night Elena comes to stay at the Salvatore house , and Stefan leaves to crash at Caroline 's . While there , he and Caroline realize that Elena is sired to Damon . When Stefan informs Damon of this , they go to New Orleans to find the witch that broke a sire bond years ago that Damon had . Stefan and Damon find that in order to break the bond , Damon has to convince Elena not to care about him , and leave her , which Damon agrees to do for Stefan . Post Jeremy 's death , Damon convinces Elena to switch off her humanity leading to her becoming brutal and ruthless . Stefan and Damon try constantly to make her feel something again . Later after Elena 's humanity comes back , she chooses Damon , leaving Stefan heartbroken . Then Stefan tries to dump Silas body in the river only to find that Silas is still alive . Silas then reveals that Stefan is his doppelganger . Silas was the one who created the immortality spell 2000 years ago however , as nature creates a balance for everything , it created a version of Silas that could be killed , a shadow - self which ends up being Stefan . Silas then locks Stefan into a vault and drowns him in the river . This incident tempts Stefan to turn his humanity off in order to escape . Stefan happens to be in the safe for 3 months where he keeps on hallucinating . Season 5 ( edit ) In season 5 , Damon and Elena manage to figure out that Silas has taken Stefan 's place and that Stefan is in that safe . When they go to rescue him , Stefan is n't there . Instead , a very powerful witch ( Qyetsiyah ) had opened the safe for him and fried his brain due to which he suffers from amnesia . Qyetsiyah ( or Tessa ) loved Silas but on the day of their marriage , he cheated on her and took the immortality spell for the women he actually loved , Amara , the original doppelgänger of Elena . Stefan returns to his old ways but when he saves Elena from Tessa , she wants revenge so he gives Stefan his memories back which gives Stefan Hallucinations of the safe . Caroline tries to help him but when that does n't work , Katherine comes back in the picture and manages to cure Stefan but they have a one - night stand , which leads Katherine to believe that Stefan still loves her , however he rejects her . Later on , Katherine takes over Elena 's body and breaks up with Damon so that she can get Stefan . After trying to woo him and failing , Stefan realises that Katherine is pretending to be Elena and Elena is with Nadia , Katherine 's daughter . They rescue her somehow by killing Katherine and sending her to some sort of hell . Then Stefan volunteers himself to the travellers to give his blood as they needed doppelganger blood . Caroline and Enzo try to find and kill Tom Avery , Stefan 's last doppelganger in order to save Stefan and they succeed due to which Stefan and Caroline grow even closer . Near the end of the season , Stefan and Elena keep seeing dreams of the two being together and of them as humans . They work out that the travellers planted those dreams there as it was always meant to be Stefan and Elena not Damon and Elena . Through the fight , Stefan and Elena are kidnapped by the travellers as they need their blood to finish their spell . However , Enzo and Caroline save them by killing Tom Avery , Stefan 's doppelgänger . In 5x21 , Stefan tries to save Caroline 's life from Tyler ( while a passenger , Julian , is in his body ) , during which Tyler kills him , sending him to the disintegrating Other Side . In the episode ' Home ' he is Resseructed because Liv did a spell due to which he and his other friends can get back but Damon and Bonnie are left there leaving everyone broken . Season 6 ( edit ) In season 6 , Stefan moves away from Mystic Falls because of Damon 's death and finds a new girlfriend called Ivy . However , Enzo and Caroline , find him and Caroline tells Stefan that he 's a coward and the worst friend ever . She starts crying so Enzo goes and kills Ivy . Stefan vows revenge . He comes back to Whitmore , and uses Elena 's help to find Enzo leaving him to be killed by a vampire hunter . However , Enzo survives . Ivy returns as a vampire and it is revealed that Enzo had fed her vampire blood against her will before killing her . Damon , then returns to Mystic Falls and meets Stefan first which brings Stefan back to his friends . To make things worse , Enzo tells the other vampire hunter about Ivy and all the other vampires and the vampire hunter kills Ivy but is killed by Damon before the vampire hunter would kill anyone else . Enzo , figures out that Stefan 's niece , Sarah is alive and that Damon had thought that he had killed Sarah before she was born but Sarah was born before her mother died however , Stefan kept this from Damon and Enzo uses this against Stefan . Meanwhile , the vampires have another threat , a psycho killer , Kai . Added on top of that , Sheriff Liz Forbes ( Caroline 's mother ) is diagnosed with cancer . Stefan supports Caroline through this in which they bond even more and share a passionate kiss however just then Liz dies . At the funeral , Stefan realises that he has fallen in love with Caroline but before he can confess , Caroline switches off her humanity switch after the funeral . Stefan and Elena try to bring Caroline back but it fails and Caroline vows revenge for them not giving her the year she wanted without any feelings . She kidnaps Stefan and Damon 's niece , Sarah Salvatore , and blackmails Stefan to turn off his humanity to save her . At the end of the episode ' The Downward Spiral ' , he does and joins Caroline . Stefan decides to ruin Caroline 's life because she has done the same to him . He wants her to lose control and become a Ripper . He eventually is able to and they sleep together for the first time . When Lily , Stefan and Damon 's mother , is rescued from the 1903 prison world and turns out to be a vampire , she manages to turn on Stefan 's humanity again . However , it later is revealed that Lily lied to get him back and does n't love her sons any more and only wants her travelling companions back . Stefan then pretends to still have his emotions off to get Caroline back and somehow succeeds , but Caroline tries to avoid him as she feels guilty for everything she had done . Stefan then also tries to talk Damon out of being a human again only to be with Elena but Damon decides to take the cure . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( 27 March 2009 ) . `` The CW 's final beast is risen '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( 28 January 2010 ) . `` Paul Wesley on his ' Vampire Diaries ' character 's addiction and more '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 9 November 2011 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Torrey DeVitto Joins Cast as Recurring Character ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( 9 November 2011 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Awkward Alert : Paul Wesley 's Wife to Seduce Another Man ! '' . E ! Online , Entertainment Television , LLC . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Barbie Kligman , Andrew Chambliss ( writers ) , David Von Ancken ( director ) ( 15 April 2010 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 18 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 18 . The CW . Jump up ^ Kevin Williamson , Julie Plec ( writers ) , Marcos Siega ( director ) ( 10 September 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 01 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 1 . The CW . Jump up ^ Sean Reycraft , Gabrielle Stanton ( writers ) , Kevin Bray ( director ) ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 05 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 5 . The CW . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( 14 March 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' star Paul Wesley tells us why it 's so good to be bad -- and spills on Stefan 's response to Damon / Elena '' . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Remling , Amanda ( 10 May 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries ? Season 3 Finale : Elena Turns Into A Vampire , Chooses Stefan Before She Dies '' . International Business Times , Etienne Uzac . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( 5 October 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Boss Previews Elena 's Dilemmas , Dueling Salvatores and a ' Lonely ' Damon '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 28 December 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Boss on Stefan 's Anger , Jeremy 's Killer Urges and Caroline and Tyler 's Future '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 21 March 2012 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries ' Paul Wesley Reveals Why Stefan / Elena Fans Should n't Lose Hope '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 11 October 2012 ) . `` Post Mortem : Vampire Diaries Boss on Explosive Premiere Cliffhanger , Klaus ' New Role and More ! '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( 26 January 2011 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' : Paul Wesley reveals Stefan 's ' lustful ' side '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Salvatore&oldid=832701545 '' Categories : Fictional vampires The Vampire Diaries characters Fictional characters introduced in 1991 Characters in American novels of the 20th century Fictional World War II veterans Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Magyar Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 14 : 41 . About Wikipedia
when does stefan turn his humanity off in season 6
[ "In season 6, Stefan moves away from Mystic Falls because of Damon's death and finds a new girlfriend called Ivy. However, Enzo and Caroline, find him and Caroline tells Stefan that he's a coward and the worst friend ever. She starts crying so Enzo goes and kills Ivy. Stefan vows revenge. He comes back to Whitmore, and uses Elena's help to find Enzo leaving him to be killed by a vampire hunter. However, Enzo survives. Ivy returns as a vampire and it is revealed that Enzo had fed her vampire blood against her will before killing her. Damon, then returns to Mystic Falls and meets Stefan first which brings Stefan back to his friends. To make things worse, Enzo tells the other vampire hunter about Ivy and all the other vampires and the vampire hunter kills Ivy but is killed by Damon before the vampire hunter would kill anyone else. Enzo, figures out that Stefan's niece, Sarah is alive and that Damon had thought that he had killed Sarah before she was born but Sarah was born before her mother died however, Stefan kept this from Damon and Enzo uses this against Stefan. Meanwhile, the vampires have another threat, a psycho killer, Kai. Added on top of that, Sheriff Liz Forbes (Caroline's mother) is diagnosed with cancer. Stefan supports Caroline through this in which they bond even more and share a passionate kiss however just then Liz dies. At the funeral, Stefan realises that he has fallen in love with Caroline but before he can confess, Caroline switches off her humanity switch after the funeral. Stefan and Elena try to bring Caroline back but it fails and Caroline vows revenge for them not giving her the year she wanted without any feelings. She kidnaps Stefan and Damon's niece, Sarah Salvatore, and blackmails Stefan to turn off his humanity to save her. At the end of the episode 'The Downward Spiral', he does and joins Caroline. Stefan decides to ruin Caroline's life because she has done the same to him. He wants her to lose control and become a Ripper. He eventually is able to and they sleep together for the first time. When Lily, Stefan and Damon's mother, is rescued from the 1903 prison world and turns out to be a vampire, she manages to turn on Stefan's humanity again. However, it later is revealed that Lily lied to get him back and doesn't love her sons any more and only wants her travelling companions back. Stefan then pretends to still have his emotions off to get Caroline back and somehow succeeds, but Caroline tries to avoid him as she feels guilty for everything she had done. Stefan then also tries to talk Damon out of being a human again only to be with Elena but Damon decides to take the cure." ]
[ "The Downward Spiral" ]
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Les Misérables (2012 film)
Les Misérables ( 2012 film ) - wikipedia Les Misérables ( 2012 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Les Misérables Theatrical release poster Directed by Tom Hooper Produced by Tim Bevan Eric Fellner Debra Hayward Cameron Mackintosh Screenplay by William Nicholson Alain Boublil Claude - Michel Schönberg Herbert Kretzmer Based on Les Misérables by Claude - Michel Schönberg Alain Boublil Les Misérables by Victor Hugo Starring Hugh Jackman Russell Crowe Anne Hathaway Amanda Seyfried Eddie Redmayne Helena Bonham Carter Sacha Baron Cohen Aaron Tveit Music by Claude - Michel Schönberg Cinematography Danny Cohen Edited by Melanie Ann Oliver Chris Dickens Production company Working Title Films Cameron Mackintosh Ltd . Relativity Media Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date 5 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) ( London premiere ) 25 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 25 ) ( United States ) 11 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 11 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 158 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $61 million Box office $441.8 million Les Misérables is a 2012 musical drama film directed by Tom Hooper and scripted by William Nicholson , Alain Boublil , Claude - Michel Schönberg , and Herbert Kretzmer , based on the musical of the same name by Boublil and Schönberg which is in turn based on the 1862 French novel by Victor Hugo . The film is a British and American venture produced by Working Title Films and Cameron Mackintosh Ltd. and distributed by Universal Pictures . The film stars an ensemble cast led by Hugh Jackman , Russell Crowe , Anne Hathaway , Samantha Barks , Eddie Redmayne , Amanda Seyfried , Helena Bonham Carter , and Sacha Baron Cohen . Set in France during the early 19th century , the film tells the story of Jean Valjean , an ex-convict who , inspired by a kindly bishop , decides to turn his life around . He eventually becomes mayor of a local town and owner of its factory . He is always alert to the risk of being captured again by police inspector Javert , who is ruthless in hunting down law - breakers , believing they can not change for the better . One of Valjean 's factory workers , Fantine , blames him for her being cast into a life of prostitution . When she dies , he feels responsible and agrees to take care of her illegitimate daughter Cosette -- though he must first escape Javert . Later , when Cosette is grown , they are swept up in the political turmoil in Paris , which culminates in the Paris Uprising of 1832 . In June 2011 , from a screenplay by Nicholson , production of the film officially began with Hooper and Mackintosh serving as director and producer , and the main characters were cast later that year . Principal photography commenced in March 2012 , and took place in various English locations , including Greenwich , London , Chatham , Winchester , Bath , and Portsmouth ; as well as in Gourdon , France . Les Misérables premiered in London 5 December 2012 , and was released 25 December 2012 in the United States and 11 January 2013 in the United Kingdom . The film received generally favourable reviews , with many critics praising the cast , with Jackman , Hathaway , Redmayne and Barks being the most often singled out for praise . The film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Jackman and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture for Hathaway . It also won four British Academy Film Awards ( BAFTA ) , including the Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Hathaway ) . It received eight Academy Award nominations including Best Picture ( the first musical nominated since 2002 's winner Chicago ) and Best Actor for Jackman , and won three , for Best Sound Mixing , Best Makeup and Hairstyling , and Best Supporting Actress for Hathaway . Additionally , the film received two nominations at the 18th Empire Awards including one for Best British Film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Pre-production 4.3 Filming 4.4 Post-production 5 Distribution 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Release 5.3 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1815 , French prisoner Jean Valjean is released on parole from the Bagne of Toulon after serving nineteen years for stealing a loaf of bread and trying to escape multiple times . On the outside , Valjean 's anger rises as his paroled status prevents him from getting work or accommodation . He is offered shelter by the kindly Bishop of Digne , but Valjean steals his silverware . Captured by police and taken to the Bishop , Valjean is shocked when the Bishop answers he offered him the silver , telling him to use it to do something worthwhile with his life . Valjean decides to break his parole and start a new life . Eight years later , Valjean is now a respected factory owner and mayor of Montreuil , Pas - de-Calais . He is shocked when Toulon prison guard Javert arrives as his new chief of police . Javert suspects Valjean 's real identity when he rescues an injured worker trapped under a heavy cart . One of Valjean 's workers , Fantine , is dismissed by the factory foreman upon learning she has an illegitimate daughter Cosette , that she left to live with the greedy innkeepers , the Thénardiers , and sends all her earnings to . To support her daughter , Fantine sells her hair , her teeth , becomes a prostitute and is arrested by Javert when she attacks an abusive customer . Valjean , learning who she is , rescues her and takes her to the hospital . Valjean learns a man has been wrongly identified as him , and decides to reveal his true identity to the court - before returning to the dying Fantine , promising to care for Cosette . Javert arrives but Valjean escapes , finds Cosette and pays Fantine 's debts to the Thénardiers . Valjean and Cosette flee from Javert , hiding in a convent , aided by the worker Valjean rescued before . Nine years later , Valjean has become a philanthropist and helps the poor in Paris . General Lamarque , the only government official sympathetic to the poor , dies , and a group of revolutionists called the Friends of the ABC plot to rebel against the monarchy . Marius Pontmercy , a member of the Friends , encounters Cosette and they fall in love . He asks Éponine , the Thénardiers ' daughter , to help find her . They finally meet and confess their love , leaving Éponine sad as she 's also in love with Marius . Thénardier plans on robbing Valjean 's house , but they are stopped by Éponine . Valjean , afraid Javert could be near , makes plans to flee to England with Cosette . Cosette leaves a letter for Marius , but Éponine finds it and hides it from him . During Lamarque 's funeral procession , the revolt begins and barricades are built across Paris . Javert pretends to be an ally to spy on the rebels but the street urchin Gavroche exposes him as a policeman . During the first skirmish against the soldiers , Éponine takes a bullet for Marius and dies in his arms , giving him Cosette 's letter and confessing her love . Marius ' answer to Cosette is intercepted by Valjean , who joins the revolution to guard Marius . Valjean offers to execute Javert but actually releases him , faking his death . By dawn , the soldiers are close to ending the revolution , storming the students ' barricade and execute everyone save Marius and Valjean , who escape into the sewers . Thénardier comes across Valjean and the unconscious Marius , stealing the latter 's ring , before pointing a way out . Valjean finds Javert waiting for him , ignoring his nemesis ' threats . Javert , morally confused by the mercy of Valjean , commits suicide by throwing himself in the Seine . Marius recovers but is traumatised by the death of his friends . Marius and Cosette are reunited but Valjean , concerned his presence would threaten their happiness , makes plans to leave and reveals his story to Marius , who promises to remain silent . Cosette and Marius marry but the Thénardiers crash the wedding to try and blackmail Marius : Thénardier says he witnessed Valjean carrying a murdered corpse and shows the stolen ring . Marius recognizes it as his own and understands Valjean saved him that night . Marius forces Thénardier who reveals where Valjean is . The dying Valjean reunites at the convent with Cosette and Marius , giving them letters of confession , before peacefully dying , guided away by Fantine and the Bishop 's spirits . Cast ( edit ) Actor Role Jackman , Hugh Hugh Jackman Valjean , Jean Jean Valjean Crowe , Russell Russell Crowe Javert , Javert Hathaway , Anne Anne Hathaway Fantine , Fantine Seyfried , Amanda Amanda Seyfried Cosette , Cosette Redmayne , Eddie Eddie Redmayne Pontmercy , Marius Marius Pontmercy Tveit , Aaron Aaron Tveit Enjolras , Enjolras Barks , Samantha Samantha Barks Éponine , Éponine Isabelle Allen , Isabelle Allen Young Cosette Daniel Huttlestone , Daniel Huttlestone Gavroche , Gavroche Wilkinson , Colm Colm Wilkinson Bishop Myriel , Bishop Myriel Bonham Carter , Helena Helena Bonham Carter Madame Thénardier , Madame Thénardier Baron Cohen , Sacha Sacha Baron Cohen Thénardier , Thénardier Blagden , George George Blagden Grantaire Carvel , Bertie Bertie Carvel Bamatabois Donnelly , Killian Killian Donnelly Combeferre , Combeferre Fee , Fra Fra Fee Courfeyrac , Courfeyrac Brammer , Alistair Alistair Brammer Prouvaire , Jean Jean Prouvaire Vick , Gabriel Gabriel Vick Feuilly , Feuilly Skinner , Hugh Hugh Skinner Joly , Joly Lewis , Iwan Iwan Lewis Bahorel , Bahorel Neal , Stuart Stuart Neal Lesgles , Lesgles Fraser , Hadley Hadley Fraser National Guard Leader , National Guard Leader Chasen , Heather Heather Chasen Madame Magloire , Madame Magloire Glen , Georgie Georgie Glen Mademoiselle Baptistine , Mademoiselle Baptistine Godfrey , Patrick Patrick Godfrey Monsieur Gillenormand , Monsieur Gillenormand Hugh Jackman as Jean Valjean , a Frenchman released from Toulon prison after 19 years of imprisonment for stealing bread and failed attempts at escaping from the prison . Around June 2011 , Jackman met with producer Cameron Mackintosh to audition in New York . To prepare for the role , Jackman lost 15 pounds ( 6.8 kg ) and later regained 30 pounds ( 14 kg ) to mirror his character 's success . He avoided drinking coffee , warmed up at least 15 minutes every day , kept Ricola lozenges , drank as much as seven litres of water per day , sat in steam three times a day , took cold baths and used a wet washcloth over his face while flying , citing the musical 's original co-director Trevor Nunn for his training . He worked extensively with vocal coach Joan Lader , and managed to extend his vocal range , which he originally categorised a high baritone , up to tenor . Russell Crowe as Javert , a police inspector dedicating his life to imprisoning Valjean once again . Before being cast as Javert , Crowe was initially dissatisfied with the character . On his way to Europe for a friend 's wedding , Crowe came to London and met with producer Cameron Mackintosh . On meeting with Tom Hooper , he told the director about his concerns about playing Javert , and after meeting with him , Crowe was `` determined to be involved in the project and play Javert . I think it had something to do with Tom 's passion for what he was about to undertake , and he clearly understood the problems and he clearly understood the challenge . '' On visiting Victor Hugo 's home in Paris , Crowe said , `` ( The house 's curator ) told me about ( 19th century detective Eugene Francois ) Vidocq , a man who had been both a prisoner and a policeman , the man credited with inventing undercover police work when he established the Brigade de Surete . '' Anne Hathaway and Amanda Seyfried play Fantine and Cosette respectively . Fantine is a struggling factory worker and mother of an illegitimate child , Cosette , who is kept by the Thénardiers until Valjean buys her from them . When Hathaway was cast , she stated , `` There was resistance because I was between their ideal ages for the parts -- maybe not mature enough for Fantine but past the point where I could believably play Cosette . '' On developing Cosette , Seyfried said , `` In the little time that I had to explain Cosette and give the audience a reason ( to see her ) a symbol of love and strength and light in this tragedy , I needed to be able to convey things you may not have connected with in the show . '' A vocal coach was enlisted to help her with the songs . Isabelle Allen as the young Cosette , a child . On working with her fellow actors , Allen said , `` They gave us lots of tips and mostly ( made ) sure we were all OK . They were really nice . '' Eddie Redmayne as Marius Pontmercy , a student revolutionary who is friends with the Thenardiers ' daughter , Éponine , but falls in love with Cosette . He found director Hooper 's vision `` incredibly helpful '' . On collaborating with Hooper , Redmayne said , `` He was incredibly collaborative . Certainly during the rehearsal process , we sat with Tom and the Victor Hugo book adding things . '' It was Redmayne who suggested to Hooper that his character 's song , `` Empty Chairs at Empty Tables '' , should begin a cappella in order to better express Marius ' guilt and pain . Helena Bonham Carter and Sacha Baron Cohen play the Thénardiers , a pair of swindling innkeepers . Hooper previously collaborated with Bonham Carter in The King 's Speech , in which she portrayed Queen Elizabeth , King George VI 's wife . Baron Cohen and Bonham Carter previously co-starred in the film adaptation of the musical Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street . When Baron Cohen accepted the role of Thénardier , he had to abandon Django Unchained . Samantha Barks as Éponine , the Thénardiers ' daughter . Having previously played the role at the 25th Anniversary concert and in the West End production , Barks said `` there was similarities in playing the role -- they 're the same character -- but Eponine in the novel and Eponine in the musical are two kind of different girls , so to me it was the thrill of merging those two together , to get something that still had that heart and soul that we all connect to in the musical , but also the awkward , self - loathing teenager that we see in the novel , trying to merge those two together . '' She found Jackman `` fascinating to learn from , and I feel like that 's the way it should be done '' . Aaron Tveit as Enjolras , the leader of Les Amis de l'ABC . Hoping to play Marius , Tveit submitted an audition tape in which he sang `` Empty Chairs at Empty Tables '' and `` In My Life '' . He had never performed any role in the musical . He also said of Enjolras that `` once I got more and more familiar with the material and when I read the novel , I was like , ' Wow this is a really , really great role , ' and I felt very much better suited for it . '' Tveit said the shooting of the film was `` almost as grueling as a marathon '' . Colm Wilkinson and Frances Ruffelle , two of the original cast members involved in the Broadway and West End productions of the English version ( as Jean Valjean and Éponine , respectively ) , make appearances . Wilkinson plays the Bishop of Digne , while Ruffelle plays a prostitute . Hadley Fraser , who previously played Grantaire in the 25th Anniversary Concert and Javert at West End , appears as the Army General . Another West End actor , Gina Beck , appears as one of the `` Turning Women '' . Michael Jibson plays the foreman of the factory in which Fantine works and is fired from . Several actors in the West End production of the musical appear members of the student society , including George Blagden as Grantaire ; Killian Donnelly as Combeferre ; Fra Fee as Courfeyrac ; Alistair Brammer as Jean Prouvaire ; Hugh Skinner as Joly ; Gabriel Vick as Feuilly ; Iwan Lewis as Bahorel ; and Stuart Neal as Bossuet . Blagden was cast in January 2012 . Other stage actors including Hannah Waddingham , Daniel Evans and Kerry Ellis have small parts in the film along with actors who previously starred in various productions of Les Misérables . Musical numbers ( edit ) See also : Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack A highlights soundtrack album was released via Universal Republic 21 December 2012 . Republic Records confirmed 25 January 2013 , via Twitter that a 2 - disc deluxe soundtrack was in production alongside the DVD and Blu - ray ; it was released 19 March 2013 . The film contains every song from the original stage musical with the exception of `` I Saw Him Once '' and `` Dog Eats Dog '' , although many songs have been partially or extensively cut . `` The Attack on Rue Plumet '' and `` Little People '' were especially shortened . In addition , the Bishop sings with Fantine during `` Valjean 's Death '' instead of Eponine , as was in the stage musical . `` Stars '' was also moved to before `` Look Down '' , which echoes the original 1985 London production . The lyrics of some songs were also changed to suit the changes in setting or narrative to the stage musical . In addition to the cuts , a new song , `` Suddenly '' was added , new music was composed for the battle scenes , and the order of several songs changed from the stage musical . Several major pieces , primarily as `` Who Am I ? '' , `` Stars '' , and the two `` Soliloquy '' pieces are performed in a different key than most recordings . `` Look Down '' -- Convicts , Javert , Valjean `` The Bishop '' -- Bishop of Digne `` Valjean 's Soliloquy '' -- Valjean `` At the End of the Day '' -- Poor , Foreman , Workers , Factory Women , Fantine , Valjean `` The Runaway Cart '' -- Valjean , Javert `` The Docks ( Lovely Ladies ) '' -- Sailors , Old Woman , Fantine , Crone , Whores , Pimp , Toothman `` I Dreamed a Dream '' -- Fantine `` Fantine 's Arrest '' -- Bamatabois , Fantine , Javert , Valjean `` Who Am I ? '' -- Valjean `` Fantine 's Death '' -- Fantine , Valjean `` The Confrontation '' -- Javert , Valjean `` Castle on a Cloud '' -- Young Cosette , Mme . Thénardier `` Master of the House '' -- Thénardier , Mme . Thénardier , Inn Patrons `` The Well Scene '' -- Valjean , Young Cosette `` The Bargain '' -- Valjean , Thénardier , Mme . Thénardier `` The Thénardier Waltz of Treachery '' -- Thénardier , Valjean , Mme . Thénardier , Young Cosette `` Suddenly '' -- Valjean `` The Convent '' -- Valjean `` Stars '' -- Javert `` Paris / Look Down '' -- Gavroche , Beggars , Enjolras , Marius , Students `` The Robbery '' -- Thénardier , Mme . Thénardier , Éponine , Valjean `` Javert 's Intervention '' -- Javert , Thénardier `` Éponine 's Errand '' - Éponine , Marius `` ABC Café / Red and Black '' -- Students , Enjolras , Marius , Grantaire , Gavroche `` In My Life '' -- Cosette , Valjean , Marius , Éponine `` A Heart Full of Love '' -- Marius , Cosette , Éponine `` The Attack on Rue Plumet '' -- Thénardier , Thieves , Éponine , Valjean `` On My Own '' -- Éponine `` One Day More '' -- Valjean , Marius , Cosette , Éponine , Enjolras , Javert , Thénardier , Mme . Thénardier , Cast of Les Misérables `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' -- Enjolras , Marius , Students , Beggars `` Building the Barricade ( Upon These Stones ) '' -- Enjolras , Javert , Gavroche , Students `` Javert 's Arrival '' -- Javert , Enjolras `` Little People '' -- Gavroche , Students , Enjolras , Javert `` A Little Fall of Rain '' -- Éponine , Marius `` Night of Anguish '' -- Enjolras , Marius , Valjean , Javert , Students `` Drink With Me '' -- Grantaire , Marius , Gavroche , Students `` Bring Him Home '' -- Valjean `` Dawn of Anguish '' -- Enjolras , Marius , Gavroche , Students `` The Second Attack ( Death of Gavroche ) '' -- Gavroche , Enjolras , Students , Army Officer `` The Sewers '' -- Valjean , Javert `` Javert 's Suicide '' -- Javert `` Turning '' -- Parisian women `` Empty Chairs at Empty Tables '' -- Marius `` A Heart Full of Love ( Reprise ) '' -- Marius , Cosette , Valjean , Gillenormand `` Valjean 's Confession '' -- Valjean , Marius `` Suddenly ( Reprise ) '' -- Marius , Cosette `` Wedding Chorale '' -- Chorus , Marius , Thérnardier , Mme . Thérnardier `` Beggars at the Feast '' -- Thénardier , Mme . Thénardier `` Valjean 's Death '' -- Valjean , Fantine , Cosette , Marius , Bishop of Digne `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? ( Reprise ) / Epilogue '' -- The Cast of Les Misérables Included on the highlights edition soundtrack Included on the deluxe edition soundtrack Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Following the release of Les Misérables ( 1980 ) , a French sung - through musical by Alain Boublil and Claude - Michel Schönberg based on the novel of the same name by Victor Hugo , the musical premiered at the Palais des Sports in Paris in 1980 . The English - language West End theatre production opened at the Barbican Arts Centre on 8 October 1985 . The subsequent Broadway production opened at the Broadway Theatre on 10 October 1990 and closed at the Imperial Theatre on 18 May 2003 after 6,680 performances . In 1988 , Alan Parker was considered to direct a film adaptation of the Les Misérables musical . In 1991 , Bruce Beresford signed on to be the film 's director . Producer Sir Cameron Mackintosh had an integral role in facilitating the production of the film . In 1992 , producer Cameron Mackintosh announced that the film would be co-produced by TriStar Pictures . However , the film was abandoned . In 2005 , Mackintosh later confirmed that interest in turning the musical into a film adaptation had resumed during the early months of that year . Mackintosh said that he wanted the film to be directed by `` someone who has a vision for the show that will put the show 's original team , including ( Mackintosh ) , back to work . '' He also said that he wanted the film audiences to make it `` fresh as the actual show '' . In 2009 , producer Eric Fellner began negotiations with Mackintosh to acquire the film 's rights and concluded it near the end of 2011 . Fellner , Tim Bevan , and Debra Hayward engaged William Nicholson to write a screenplay for the film . Nicholson wrote the draft within six weeks time . The DVD / Blu - ray release of Les Misérables : 25th Anniversary Concert confirmed an announcement of the musical 's film adaptation . Pre-production ( edit ) In March 2011 , director Tom Hooper began negotiations to direct Les Misérables from the screenplay by William Nicholson . Production on the film officially began in June that year , with Cameron Mackintosh and Working Title Films co-producing . Having already approached Hooper prior to production with the desire of playing Jean Valjean , Hugh Jackman began negotiations to star in the film alongside Paul Bettany as Javert . Other stars who became attached to the project included Hathaway and Helena Bonham Carter . In September 2011 , Jackman was officially cast as Jean Valjean and Russell Crowe was cast as Javert . The following month , Mackintosh confirmed that Fantine would be played by Hathaway . Before Hathaway was cast , Amy Adams , Jessica Biel , Tammy Blanchard , Kristin Kreuk , Marion Cotillard , Kate Winslet and Rebecca Hall were also considered for the part . For the role , Hathaway allowed her hair to be cut short on camera for a scene in which her character sells her hair , stating that the lengths she goes to for her roles `` do n't feel like sacrifices . Getting to transform is one of the best parts of ( acting ) . '' The role also required her to lose 25 pounds ( 11 kg ) . In addition to Hathaway 's weight loss , Hugh Jackman also lost an extreme amount of weight for the opening scene as Jean Valjean when he is imprisoned in a labor camp . To achieve an emaciated look , Jackman committed to a minimalistic diet and intense work outs . In an interview with Epix , Jackman revealed that he went on 45 minute morning runs on an empty stomach which Hathaway later used as a weight loss tactic with Jackman 's help , and he went on a 36 - hour liquid fast . This allowed him to rapidly lose ten pounds and caused his eyes and cheeks to sink severely . With these efforts , Jackman was able to successfully look unrecognizable as Jean Valjean in the opening scene . In November 2011 , Eddie Redmayne joined the cast as Marius Pontmercy . It was reported that the shortlist of actresses for the role of Éponine included Scarlett Johansson ( who also auditioned for the role of Fantine ) , Lea Michele , Tamsin Egerton , Taylor Swift , and Evan Rachel Wood . In January 2012 , the press reported that the role of Éponine had officially been offered to Taylor Swift , but Swift later stated that those reports were not entirely accurate . At the end of the month , Mackintosh made a special appearance during the curtain call of the Oliver ! UK tour at the Palace Theatre , Manchester , announcing that the tour 's Nancy , Samantha Barks , who had played Éponine in the West End production and in the 25th Anniversary concert , would reprise the role in the film . Barks had been auditioning for 15 weeks by that point . Originally , an unknown was sought for the role of Cosette , with an open casting call in New York City in December 2011 . In January 2012 , reports surfaced that Amanda Seyfried had been offered the role instead . Eddie Redmayne confirmed both Seyfried 's casting and that of Bonham Carter as Madame Thénardier in an interview on 12 January . Hooper confirmed that he would stick to the musical 's essentially sung - through form and would thus introduce very little additional dialogue . Hooper confirmed that the film would not be shot in 3D , expressing his opinion that it would not enhance the emotional narrative of the film and would distract audiences from the storytelling . Following this announcement , reports surfaced in the press that Sacha Baron Cohen had begun talks to join the cast as Thénardier and that Aaron Tveit had been cast as Enjolras . Later that month , the press officially confirmed Tveit 's casting as Enjolras . Colm Wilkinson and Frances Ruffelle ( the original Valjean and Éponine , respectively , in the West End and Broadway productions ) appeared in the film . Wilkinson played the Bishop of Digne , and Ruffelle had a cameo as a prostitute . George Blagden was cast as Grantaire . In an interview with BBC Radio 4 's Front Row , Tom Hooper revealed that Claude - Michel Schönberg will be composing one new song and additional music . The director also expanded on the performers singing live on set , which he felt would eliminate the need to recapture `` locked '' performances and allow more creative freedom . More details of this were confirmed by Eddie Redmayne in an interview . He stated that the cast would sing to piano tracks ( via earpiece ) and that the orchestra would be added in post-production . In February 2012 , casting auditions involving extras for the film took place at the University of Portsmouth and Chatham Maritime in Chatham . Several days later , Mackintosh officially confirmed that Bonham Carter would play Madame Thénardier . He also announced that the title of the newly created song for the film is `` Suddenly '' and that it `` beautifully explains what happens when Valjean takes Cosette from the inn and looks after her . '' At the end of the month , The Sun reported that the long - rumoured Baron Cohen had been cast in the role of Monsieur Thénardier . The cast began rehearsals in January 2012 , with principal photography due to begin in March . The press officially confirmed Baron Cohen 's casting during the latter month . No table read took place before filming . Filming ( edit ) Tom Hooper directing the second unit of Les Misérables on location in Winchester in April 2012 . The film 's set at Greenwich Naval College . With a production budget of $61 million , principal photography of the film began 8 March 2012 in Gourdon . Filming locations in England included Boughton House , Winchester College , Winchester Cathedral Close , Her Majesty 's Naval Base Portsmouth , Chatham Dockyard , St Mary the Virgin Church , Ewelme , South Oxfordshire and Pinewood Studios . In April 2012 , crews built a replica of the Elephant of the Bastille in Greenwich . In the novel , Gavroche lives in the decaying monument . On - location filming also took place at Gourdon , Alpes - Maritimes in France . Footage of Hathaway singing `` I Dreamed a Dream '' , a song from the musical , was shown at CinemaCon 26 April 2012 . Russell Crowe confirmed 5 June 2012 , on Twitter that he had finished filming . He was later followed by Samantha Barks , confirming that all of her scenes had too been completed . Jackman stated that all filming had been completed 23 June 2012 . Some late filming occurred in Bath , Somerset , in October 2012 where stunt shots for Javert 's suicide scene had to be reshot due to an error found with this footage during post-production . Bath was not the original filming location for this scene , but the late footage was captured at Pulteney Weir . Post-production ( edit ) The film 's vocals were recorded live on set using live piano accompaniments played through earpieces as a guide , with the orchestral accompaniment recorded in post-production , rather than the traditional method where the film 's musical soundtracks are usually pre-recorded and played back on set to which actors lip - sync . Production sound mixer Simon Hayes used 50 DPA 4071 lavalier microphones to record the vocals . Hooper explained his choice : `` I just felt ultimately , it was a more natural way of doing it . You know , when actors do dialogue , they have freedom in time , they have freedom in pacing . They can stop for a moment , they can speed up . I simply wanted to give the actors the normal freedoms that they would have . If they need a bit for an emotion or a feeling to form in the eyes before they sing , I can take that time . If they cry , they can cry through a song . When you 're doing it to playback , to the millisecond you have to copy what you do . You have no freedom in the moment -- and acting is the illusion of being free in the moment . '' Although this unique live recording method has been stated as `` a world 's first '' by the creative team , several film musicals have used this method before , including early talkies , as lip - syncing was n't perfected , the 1975 20th Century Fox film At Long Last Love , the adaptation of The Magic Flute that same year , and more recently in the 1995 adaptation of The Fantasticks , portions of the 1996 adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Evita , in the 2001 film version of Hedwig and the Angry Inch , and in the 2007 film Across the Universe with songs by The Beatles . Producers announced 27 August 2012 , that recording sessions for Les Misérables would begin in London 10 October and featured a 70 - piece orchestra . They also announced that composer Claude - Michel Schönberg was composing additional music to underscore the film . Universal Studios executives were granted a viewing of the rough cut of the film 9 September 2012 , without the orchestra tracks . They greeted the cut with `` extreme excitement '' . Distribution ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) The film 's first teaser trailer debuted online 30 May 2012 , and later in theatres with Snow White and the Huntsman , The Bourne Legacy and Argo . Producers released an extended first look on the film 's official Facebook page 20 September 2012 . This short introduces and explains Hooper 's method of recording vocals live on set , comparing it to the traditional method of pre-recording the vocals in a studio months in advance . Hugh Jackman stated that filming in this way allows him more creative freedom with the material and that he `` only has to worry about acting it . '' Both Hooper and the actors believe that this choice of production method will make the film feel much more emotional , raw , and real . The actors praised Hooper for his method and provide brief interviews throughout the video . Hooper mentions , `` I thought it was an amazing opportunity to do something genuinely groundbreaking . '' Clips of Jackman , Hathaway , Seyfried , Redmayne and Barks singing were received very positively , especially the teaser trailer 's presentation of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' by Hathaway . Producers released a new poster , featuring young Cosette ( in what is essentially a real - life version of the musical 's emblem ) , played by Isabelle Allen , 24 September 2012 , on the film 's official Facebook page . They released posters featuring Jean Valjean , Javert , Fantine , and Cosette 12 October , with additional posters of Thénardiers and Marius released 1 November 2012 . Release ( edit ) Les Misérables was originally to be released 7 December 2012 before the studio moved it to 14 December in the United States ; however , 18 September 2012 , they delayed the film 's release date to 25 December , so as not to conflict with the opening of The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey , which opened 14 December . Because of this , it opened alongside Django Unchained . Release date for the United Kingdom was 11 January 2013 . Les Misérables was screened for the first time at Lincoln Center in New York City , 23 November 2012 , and received a standing ovation from the crowd . This was followed by a screening the next day in Los Angeles , which also received positive reviews . Les Misérables premiered 5 December 2012 , at the Empire , Leicester Square in London . Red carpet footage was screened live online in an event hosted by Michael Ball , the original Marius of the West End . The film was released in select IMAX theatres in New York , Los Angeles , Toronto , and Montreal the same day as its domestic theatrical release , 25 December 2012 . Les Misérables was released internationally by IMAX theatres on 10 January 2013 . Home Media ( edit ) The film was confirmed for home release 13 May 2013 on DVD , Blu - ray , and VOD in the United Kingdom ; it was released in the United States 22 March 2013 . The DVD contains three featurettes : The Stars of Les Misérables , Creating the Perfect Paris , and The Original Masterwork : Victor Hugo 's Les Misérables , along with an audio commentary from director Tom Hooper . The Blu - ray has all DVD features including four additional featurettes : Les Misérables Singing Live , Battle at the Barricade , The West End Connection , and Les Misérables On Location . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Les Misérables earned $148,809,770 in North America and $293,000,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $441,809,770 . In North America , Les Misérables opened 25 December 2012 in 2,808 theatres , placing first at the box office with $18.1 million . This amount broke the record for the highest opening day gross for a musical film , previously held by High School Musical 3 : Senior Year , and was also the second highest opening day gross for a film released on Christmas Day . It earned $27.3 million in its opening weekend , placing third behind Django Unchained and The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey . The film was released in the United Kingdom 11 January 2013 and earned £ 8.1 ( $13.1 ) million in its opening weekend , making it the largest opening weekend for a musical film , as well as for Working Title . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 69 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.9 / 10 , based on an aggregation of 231 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : `` Impeccably mounted but occasionally bombastic , Les Misérables largely succeeds thanks to bravura performances from its distinguished cast . '' On Metacritic , the film achieved an average score of 63 out of 100 based on 41 reviews , signifying `` generally favorable reviews '' . The film was generally praised for its acting and ensemble cast , with Jackman , Hathaway , Bonham Carter and Barks being singled out for praise . The live singing , which was heavily promoted in marketing for the film , received a more divided response . Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film five stars : `` Les Misérables is a blockbuster , and the special effects are emotional : explosions of grief ; fireballs of romance ; million - buck conflagrations of heartbreak . Accordingly , you should see it in its opening week , on a gigantic screen , with a fanatical crowd . '' The Guardian 's Peter Bradshaw concurred : `` Even as a non-believer in this kind of `` sung - through '' musical , I was battered into submission by this mesmeric and sometimes compelling film ... `` . Kenneth Turan of Los Angeles Times gave a positive review , saying that the film `` is a clutch player that delivers an emotional wallop when it counts . You can walk into the theater as an agnostic , but you may just leave singing with the choir . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said , `` Besides being a feast for the eyes and ears , Les Misérables overflows with humor , heartbreak , rousing action and ravishing romance . Damn the imperfections , it 's perfectly marvelous . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` As the enduring success of this property has shown , there are large , emotionally susceptible segments of the population ready to swallow this sort of thing , but that does n't mean it 's good . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote : `` ( Director Tom ) Hooper can be very good with actors . But his inability to leave any lily ungilded -- to direct a scene without tilting or hurtling or throwing the camera around -- is bludgeoning and deadly . By the grand finale , when tout le monde is waving the French tricolor in victory , you may instead be raising the white flag in exhausted defeat . '' Justin Chang of Variety wrote that the film `` will more than satisfy the show 's legions of fans . '' Chang praised the performances of Jackman , Hathaway , Barks , Tveit and Seyfried ( i.e. , every leading cast member except Crowe and Redmayne ) but said that the film 's editing `` seems reluctant to slow down and let the viewer simply take in the performances . '' Callum Marsh of Slant Magazine gave the film 1 star , and wrote : `` Flaws -- and there are a great many that would have never made the cut were this a perfectible studio recording -- are conveniently swept under the rug of candid expression ... the worst quality of Les Misérables 's live singing is simply that it puts too much pressure on a handful of performers who frankly can not sing ... Fisheye lenses and poorly framed close - ups abound in Les Misérables , nearly every frame a revelation of one man 's bad taste ... One would be hard - pressed to describe this , despite the wealth of beauty on display , as anything but an ugly film , shot and cut ineptly . Everything in the film , songs included , is cranked to 11 , the melodrama of it all soaring . So it 's odd that this kind of showboating maximalism should be ultimately reduced to a few fisheye 'd faces , mugging for their close - up , as the people sing off - key and broken . '' Chicago Tribune critic Michael Philips gave the film only one and a half stars , writing : `` The camera bobs and weaves like a drunk , frantically . So you have hammering close - ups , combined with woozy insecurity each time more than two people are in the frame ... too little in this frenzied mess of a film registers because Hooper is trying to make everything register at the same nutty pitch . '' Some specific performances were reviewed very positively . Anne Hathaway 's performance of ballad `` I Dreamed a Dream '' was met with praise , with many comparing its showstopper - like quality to Jennifer Hudson 's performance of `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' from Dreamgirls . Christopher Orr of The Atlantic wrote that `` Hathaway gives it everything she has , beginning in quiet sorrow before building to a woebegone climax : she gasps , she weeps , she coughs . If you are blown away by the scene -- as many will be ; it will almost certainly earn Hathaway her first Oscar -- this may be the film for you . '' Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post writes that `` The centerpiece of a movie composed entirely of centerpieces belongs to Anne Hathaway , who as the tragic heroine Fantine sings another of the memorable numbers '' . Joy Tipping of The Dallas Morning News described Hathaway 's performance as `` angelic '' . Claudia Puig of USA Today describes her as `` superb as the tragic Fantine '' . Travers felt that `` A dynamite Hathaway shatters every heart when she sings how ' life has killed the dream I dreamed . ' Her volcanic performance has Oscar written all over it . '' Lou Lumenick , critic for New York Post , wrote that the film is `` worth seeing for Hathaway alone '' . She was widely considered to be the frontrunner for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , ultimately winning it . Eddie Redmayne also received considerable praise for his performance with Bloomberg News saying that `` Eddie Redmayne -- most recently seen as the eager young production assistant in My Week with Marilyn -- delivers by far the most moving and memorable performance in the film as the young firebrand Marius , who , along with his fellow students , is caught up in France 's political upheavals in the 19th century . '' Samantha Barks earned praise for her portrayal of Éponine , with Digital Journal saying : `` Samantha Barks plays Éponine with such grace , sweetness , and sadness that it is hard to imagine anyone else in the role '' , while Claudia Puig of USA Today calls her `` heartbreakingly soulful '' , Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times describes her performance as `` star - making '' , and Roger Friedman of Showbiz411.com says she `` just about steals the film '' . Crowe 's performance was less well received and even Crowe agreed that the film suffered from poor vocal performances . Emma Gosnell , writing for The Daily Telegraph , stated that she walked out of the showing due to the poor singing , specifically citing Crowe and Jackman as the cause . Playback singer Marni Nixon said `` ( Crowe ) was nothing . It was n't that he was choosing to sing like that , he just could n't do anything else '' and that Jackman acted well but `` could have done with a nobler voice '' . American Idol runner - up Adam Lambert tweeted several disparaging messages , including `` why not cast actors who could actually sound good ? '' and `` the singing was so distracting at times it pulled me out '' , to which Crowe replied via Twitter : `` I do n't disagree with Adam , sure it could have been sweetened , Hooper wanted it raw and real , that 's how it is '' . Nixon rebutted this : `` We 're talking about a musical . Is that real ? People do n't go around singing ' La la la la ' to each other all day ! '' In 2013 , the film was nominated for eight Academy Awards , including the Best Picture , Best Actor in a Leading Role for Hugh Jackman , and went on to win in three categories : Best Supporting Actress for Anne Hathaway , Best Makeup and Hairstyling , and Best Sound Mixing . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Nominee Result Ref Academy Awards 24 February 2013 Best Picture Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Debra Hayward , and Cameron Mackintosh Nominated Best Actor Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway Won Best Original Song `` Suddenly '' by Claude - Michel Schönberg , Herbert Kretzmer , and Alain Boublil Nominated Best Costume Design Paco Delgado Nominated Best Makeup and Hairstyling Lisa Westcott and Julie Dartnell Won Best Sound Mixing Andy Nelson , Mark Paterson , and Simon Hayes Won Best Production Design Production Design : Eve Stewart ; Set Decoration : Anna Lynch - Robinson Nominated American Film Institute 11 January 2013 Movies of the Year Won Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Award 28 January 2013 Best International Film Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Debra Hayward , and Cameron Mackintosh Nominated Best International Actor Hugh Jackman Nominated British Academy Film Award 10 February 2013 Best Film Nominated Best British Film Nominated Best Actor in a Leading Role Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role Anne Hathaway Won Best Cinematography Danny Cohen Nominated Best Costume Design Paco Delgado Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Lisa Westcott Won Best Sound Simon Hayes , Andy Nelson , Mark Paterson , Jonathan Allen , Lee Walpole , and John Warhurst Won Best Production Design Eve Stewart and Anna Lynch - Robinson Won Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 10 January 2013 Best Film Nominated Best Acting Ensemble The Cast of Les Misérables Nominated Best Actor Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway Won Best Director Tom Hooper Nominated Best Song `` Suddenly '' Nominated Best Cinematography Danny Cohen Nominated Best Art Direction Eve Stewart and Anna Lynch - Robinson Nominated Best Editing Chris Dickens and Melanie Oliver Nominated Best Costume Design Paco Delgado Nominated Best Makeup Lisa Westcott Won Chicago Film Critics Association 17 December 2012 Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway Nominated Best Art Direction Eve Stewart and Anna Lynch - Robinson Nominated Most Promising Performer Samantha Barks Nominated Directors Guild of America Award 2 February 2013 Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Tom Hooper Nominated Dorian Awards 17 January 2013 Film of the Year Nominated Film Performance of the Year - Actor Hugh Jackman Nominated Film Performance of the Year - Actress Anne Hathaway Won Visually Striking Film of the Year Nominated Golden Globe Award 13 January 2013 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Won Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Hugh Jackman Won Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Anne Hathaway Won Best Original Song `` Suddenly '' Nominated Grammy Awards 26 January 2014 Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Cameron Mackintosh , Lee McCutcheon , and Stephan Metcalfe Nominated Hollywood Film Festival 23 October 2012 Best Trailer Erin Wyatt Won Producer of the Year Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Debra Hayward , and Cameron Mackintosh Won Spotlight Award Samantha Barks Won Houston Film Critics Society 5 January 2013 Best Picture Nominated Best Director Tom Hooper Nominated Best Actor Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway Won Best Cinematography Danny Cohen Nominated Best Original Song `` Suddenly '' Won 5th Annual Lancashire Film Critics Awards 30 March 2013 Best Film Won Best Director Tom Hooper Won London Film Critics Circle 20 January 2013 British Film of the Year Nominated Actor of the Year Hugh Jackman Nominated Supporting Actress of the Year Anne Hathaway Won Young British Performer of the Year Samantha Barks Nominated Los Angeles Film Critics Association 9 December 2012 Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway ( also for The Dark Knight Rises ) Nominated MTV Movie Awards 14 April 2013 Best Female Performance Anne Hathaway Nominated Best Breakthrough Performance Eddie Redmayne Nominated Best Musical Moment Anne Hathaway Nominated New York Film Critics Circle Award 3 December 2012 Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway ( also for The Dark Knight Rises ) Nominated New York Film Critics Online 3 December 2012 Movies of the Year Won Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway Won Producers Guild of America Award 26 January 2013 Best Theatrical Motion Picture Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Debra Hayward , and Cameron Mackintosh Nominated Satellite Award 16 December 2012 Best Film Nominated Best Cast -- Motion Picture The Cast of Les Misérables Won Best Actor -- Motion Picture Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Eddie Redmayne Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Anne Hathaway Won Samantha Barks Nominated Best Art Direction and Production Design Eve Stewart and Anna Lynch - Robinson Nominated Best Costume Design Paco Delgado Nominated Best Editing Chris Dickens and Melanie Oliver Nominated Best Original Song `` Suddenly '' Won Best Sound John Warhurst , Lee Walpole , and Simon Hayes Won Saturn Awards 26 June 2013 Best Action / Adventure Nominated Best Actor Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway Nominated Best Performance by a Younger Actor Daniel Huttlestone Nominated Best Costume Paco Delgado Won Best Production Design Eve Stewart Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award 27 January 2013 Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture The Cast of Les Misérables Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Hugh Jackman Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Anne Hathaway Won Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association 10 December 2012 Best Film Nominated Best Acting Ensemble The Cast of Les Misérables Won Best Actor Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Supporting Actress Samantha Barks Nominated Anne Hathaway Won Best Director Tom Hooper Nominated Best Art Direction Eve Stewart and Anna Lynch - Robinson Nominated Best Cinematography Danny Cohen Nominated Young Artist Award 5 May 2013 Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor Daniel Huttlestone Nominated Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Ten and Under Isabelle Allen Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Production Notes '' ( PDF ) . Universal Pictures . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Miserables film gets world premiere in London '' . The Telegraph . 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables '' . British Board of Film Classification . 28 November 2012 . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . 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ComingSoon.net. 8 September 2011 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Galloway , Stephen ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` Inside the Fight to Bring ' Les Mis ' to the Screen '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randie ( 27 December 2012 ) . `` ' Les Miz ' : Hugh Jackman prepped with weights , washcloths , desire '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Jackman on Les Misérables , His Brutal Training Regimen , and His Javert Past '' . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 26 December 2012 ) . `` Russell Crowe reveals ' Les Misérables ' doubts : ' I did n't like Javert ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , Tara ; Reynolds , Simon ( 11 January 2012 ) . `` ' Les Misérables ' has an amazing cast , says Eddie Redmayne '' . Digital Spy . 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( 11 December 2012 ) . `` Meet the 10 - Year - Old Face of ' Les Miserables ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Labrecque , Jeff ( 1 November 2011 ) . `` Eddie Redmayne lands ' Les Misérables ' role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables Adds Eddie Redmayne '' . CommingSoon.net. 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eddie Redmayne flexes vocal chords for Les Misérables '' . BBC News . 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( 18 December 2012 ) . `` Eddie Redmayne , ' Les Miserables ' Star , On Sets That Smell Like Dead Fish & Singing Till You Bleed '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Redmayne On His Les Misérables ' Love - In ' With Amanda Seyfried and Helena Bonham Carter '' . Broadway.com. 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kenneth ( 9 February 2012 ) . `` Mistress of the House : Helena Bonham Carter Will Be Madame Thénardier in Les Miz Movie '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 13 November 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kenneth ( 16 March 2012 ) . `` Sacha Baron Cohen , Daniel Evans , Linzi Hateley and More Confirmed for ' Les Miz ' Film '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Helena Bonham Carter 's many faces '' . BBC News . 31 December 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( 3 January 2013 ) . `` Sacha Baron Cohen : ' Les Miserables ' Role Forced Him To Drop ' Django Unchained ' '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Samantha Barks to Play Éponine in film of Les Misérables '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 31 January 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( 11 December 2012 ) . `` ' Les Miserables ' Breakout Star Samantha Barks Takes Eponine From Stage to Screen '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Evans , Suzy ( 16 December 2012 ) . `` Aaron Tveit on ' Les Miz , ' His New TV Series , and His Broadway Dreams '' . Backstage . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bamigboye , Baz ( 27 January 2012 ) . `` Stars of original Les Misérables get an encore they join the cast of new big screen remake '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ge , Linda ( 29 January 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Newcomer George Blagden joins Tom Hooper 's ' Les Misérables ' as Grantaire '' . Up and Comers . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Skinner CV '' . MarkhamFroggattandIrwin.com . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gabriel Vick Official Twitter '' . Twitter.com. 9 April 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` George Blagden Signs On to Play Grantaire in LES MISERABLES Film '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 30 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` More Stage Vets Set for LES MISÉRABLES Film '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 15 March 2012 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables Film Soundtrack Will Have Dec. 26 Release '' . Playbill. 27 November 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / RepublicRecords '' . Twitter.com. 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Cox , David ( 20 May 2003 ) . `` Broadway Curtain Closes On Les Mis '' . The Scotsman . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Stephen ( 18 October 1991 ) . `` Musical Chairs -- Turning Musicals into Film -- ' Les Misérables ' , ' Cats ' , and ' Phantom of the Opera ' Have Had a Hard Time Making It to the Big Screen '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron Mackintosh 's Production of Les Misérables Celebrates Its 2,000 th Performance on Thursday , March 5 and Its Fifth Anniversary '' ( Press release ) . LesMis.com. 12 February 1992 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2006 . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables Hits Hollywood '' . ContactMusic.com. 2 October 2005 . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Les Misérables in Concert : The 25th Anniversary ( Blu - ray ) . London : Universal Pictures . 29 November 2010 . Coming Soon -- Universal Pictures proudly announce the musical motion picture of Les Misérables : A Working Title - Cameron Mackintosh Film Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 24 March 2011 ) . `` Hooper negotiating to direct ' Les Mis ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 15 June 2011 ) . `` Hugh Jackman in Talks to Star in ' Les Misérables ' Adaptation '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` If Hugh Jackman Plays Jean Valjean , Will Paul Bettany Play Javert In ' Les Misérables ' ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Uddin , Zakia ( 30 August 2011 ) . `` Anne Hathaway , Russell Crowe to star in ' Les Misérables ' ? '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( 9 September 2011 ) . `` Hugh Jackman Is Russell Crowe 's Quarry in Les Misérables Film '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron Mackintosh Confirms Anne Hathaway for LES MISÉRABLES Film '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 17 October 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Photos from The Dark Knight Rises '' . Yahoo ! Movies . 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Hathaway , Anne ; Jackman , Hugh . `` Les Misérables : Hugh Jackman & Anne Hathaway On Being Diet Buddies '' . YouTube . Epix . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( 30 November 2011 ) . `` ' Les Misérables ' Competition : Taylor Swift , Lea Michele , Scarlett Johansson & Evan Rachel Wood '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Wontorek , Paul . `` Cat Star Scarlett Johansson on Her Les Miz Film Audition , Her Dream Role and How Ben Walker 's Butt is the Ultimate Picker - Upper '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Mann , Camille ( 4 January 2012 ) . `` Taylor Swift reportedly offered role of Eponine in ' Les Mis ' film '' . CBS News . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amanda Seyfried & Taylor Swift Complete LES MISÉRABLES Film Cast '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Not Bothered About Losing Les Mis Role '' . ShowbizSpy.com. 19 February 2012 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . `` I did n't miss out on the role for Les Miserables because I never got the role , '' says Taylor . '' Jump up ^ Malkin , Marc ; Malec , Brett ( 19 February 2012 ) . `` Whitney Houston : `` She Was Relatable , '' Says Taylor Swift `` . E !. Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Things sometimes do n't happen and it happens all the time , that things do n't come together , '' she said . `` But the thing about my life is that everybody seems to know all these different versions of stories that may or may not be true . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Samantha Barks On Les Misérables '' . Awardsline. 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 13 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Want to Be Cosette in the LES MIS Film ? Open Call 12 / 10 in NYC '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Todd ( 3 January 2012 ) . `` Breaking : Amanda Seyfried Offered Cosette in Tom Hooper 's Les Misérables '' . TwitchFilm.com . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Masters , Tim ( 5 December 2011 ) . `` Tom Hooper rejects 3D for Les Misérables movie '' . BBC News . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( 8 December 2011 ) . `` Sacha Baron Cohen in talks for ' Les Misérables ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Tveit Joins LES MISÉRABLES Film as Enjolras '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 8 December 2011 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New song for Les Misérables '' . BBC News . 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Auditions held in Chatham today for Les Misérables '' . KentOnline.co.uk. 3 February 2012 . Retrieved 3 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Song More ! Les Miz Film Will Have New Song and Live Singing ; Cameron Mackintosh Reveals All '' . Playbill. 8 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Smart , Gordon ( 26 February 2012 ) . `` Sacha Baron Cohen Lands Part in Les Misérables '' . The Sun . London . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Jackman Confirms LES MISÉRABLES to Begin Rehearsing in January , Film in March '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 27 December 2011 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables ( 2013 ) '' . Kent Film Office . 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Pete ( 12 January 2013 ) . `` Hollywood thrills for village used in Les Mis blockbuster '' . Herald Series . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Mike ( 22 March 2012 ) . `` Why so Misérable ? Hugh Jackman looks glum and bedraggled as he films scenes for musical adaptation '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Smart , Gordon ( 24 March 2012 ) . `` Russell Crowe is so Miserables '' . The Sun . London . Retrieved 24 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables set for a different kind of stage '' . Pinewood Shepperton. 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 24 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Steve ( February 2013 ) . `` Film Review : Les Misérables '' . The Socialist Party of Great Britain . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Visit ' Les Miserables ' Movie Filming Sights in Paris , France & London '' . Inspired Diversions. 11 February 2013 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Jackman Official Twitter '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood comes to Bath as Les Miserables filmed at Pulteney Weir '' . Bath Chronicle. 23 October 2012 . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DPA Mics record Les Misérables '' . Digital Video . 21 ( 2 ) . New York : Newbay Media . February 2013 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Ryzik , Melena ( 3 December 2012 ) . `` The ' Les Miz ' Folks , Singing Even After Production Wraps '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ; Jones , Kenneth ( 27 August 2012 ) . `` Les Misérables Film to Feature 70 - Piece Orchestra ; Recording to Begin in October '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 30 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Les Misérables ' Trailer : Anne Hathaway Sings ! '' . ScreenCrush.com . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Les Misérables ' Extended First Look '' . YouTube.com . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Les Misérables ' Movie Poster released '' . CBS News . 25 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` 4 Character Posters for LES MISERABLES Featuring Hugh Jackman , Russell Crowe , Anne Hathaway , and Amanda Seyfried '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( 18 September 2012 ) . `` ' Les Misérables ' release date moved to Christmas Day in US '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( 24 November 2012 ) . `` ' Les Misérables ' Screening Earns Standing Ovation For Tom Hooper , Anne Hathaway '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( 23 November 2012 ) . `` ' Tom Hooper unveils ' Les Misérables ' to over-the - moon , theater - loving NYC audience '' . HitFix . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Mark ( 26 November 2012 ) . `` Tom Hooper reveals his song and dance with ' Les Miserables ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 27 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schou , Solvej ( 4 December 2012 ) . `` ' Les Miserables ' digitally remastered to open in select IMAX theaters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables Available on Blu - ray , DVD and On Demand March 22 '' . CraveOnline. 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( 24 December 2012 ) . `` ' Django Unchained ' vs. ' Les Miserables ' : Battle of Sexes at the Multiplexes '' . The Wrap News . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( 26 December 2012 ) . `` Christmas Report : Great Debuts for ' Les Mis , ' ' Django ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Hobbit ' Holds Off ' Django ' on Final Weekend of 2012 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( 14 January 2013 ) . `` Les Misérables hits high note at UK box office '' . Screen International . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` Les Misérables , review '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` Les Miserables -- review '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( 24 December 2012 ) . `` Review : Vive ' Les Miserables ' in all its over-the - top glory '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( 21 December 2012 ) . `` Les Misérables '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` Les Miserables : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( 24 December 2012 ) . `` The Wretched Lift Their Voices '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` Les Misérables '' . Variety . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Callum ( 7 December 2012 ) . `` Film Review : Les Misérables '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` ' Les Miserables ' : Looks like the front row '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables Review : Hit the High Notes ? '' . Movie Fanatic. 24 December 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Orr , Christopher . `` The Extravagant Melodrama of ' Les Miserables ' '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann . `` Critic Review for Les Miserables '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Tipping , Joy ( 24 December 2012 ) . `` ' Les Misérables ' gloriously uplifting , heartening and hopeful '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Puig , Claudia ( 26 December 2012 ) . `` ' Les Misérables ' is luminous , enchanting '' . USA Today . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Lumenick , Lou ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` ' Les Miserables ' movie review '' . New York Post . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reelviews Movie Reviews '' . Reelviews.net . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables review : Breakout performances but falls short overall '' . Voxxi . Bloomberg News . 26 December 2012 . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Chen - See , Sherene . `` Op - Ed : Samantha Barks is heavenly as Éponine in Les Misérables '' . Digitaljournal.com . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard . `` ' Les Miserables ' Review '' . Richard Roeper & The Movies . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( 23 November 2012 ) . `` First Review : `` Les Miserables '' Comes to Movies with Hugh Jackman , Russell Crowe , Anne Hathaway `` . Showbiz411.com . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why I walked out of Les Miserables '' . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' I do n't disagree ' : Russell Crowe backs Adam Lambert 's criticism of Les Miserables ' ' distracting ' singing '' . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Oscar Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . 10 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` ' The Dark Knight Rises ' ranks on American Film Institute 's best - movies list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Garry , Maddox ( 9 January 2013 ) . `` Jackman , Kidman up for AACTA awards '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lincoln leads Bafta shortlist with ten nominations '' . BBC News . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lincoln ' Leads the 18th Annual Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Nominations with a Record 13 Noms '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . 11 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 15 December 2012 . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Chicago Film Critics Awards '' . Chicago Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on 31 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 9 January 2013 ) . `` Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Announce Dorian Award Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gay Critics Name Hathaway , `` Argo '' ... And `` Liz & Dick '' Winners Of 2013 Dorian Awards `` . Queerty. 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Anisiobi , JJ ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` British stars lead the way as Helen Mirren , Benedict Cumberbatch and Adele are nominated for Golden Globe Awards '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 56th Annual Grammy Awards Nominees '' . The Recording Academy . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Film Awards to Honor LES MIS ' Samantha Barks '' . Broadway World . 17 October 2012 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Annual Lancashire Film Critics Awards - Awards Daily '' . Awards Daily . 30 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Warner , Denise ( 14 April 2013 ) . `` 2013 MTV Movie Awards winners list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Motion Picture Nominees Announced '' . Producers Guild of America . 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards 2012 '' . International Press Academy . 5 December 2012 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 39th Annual Saturn Awards '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 February 2013 . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 2012 Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . DH. 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 2012 WAFCA Awards '' . DC Film Critics . 9 December 2012 . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 34th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Les Misérables ( 2012 film ) Les Misérables on IMDb Les Misérables at the TCM Movie Database Les Misérables at Box Office Mojo Les Misérables at Rotten Tomatoes Les Misérables at Metacritic Les Misérables by Victor Hugo Characters Jean Valjean Javert Fantine Cosette Marius Éponine Enjolras Gavroche Thénardiers Bishop Myriel Patron - Minette Friends of the ABC Film adaptations 1909 1917 1925 1934 1935 1948 1952 1958 1978 1982 1995 1998 2012 Concerts 1995 Other adaptations Musical Radio Les Misérables : Shōjo Cosette Jean Val Jean Beedala Patlu ( 1950 ) Ezhai Padum Padu ( 1950 ) Kundan ( 1955 ) Duppathuge Dukka ( 1956 ) Beedala Patlu ( 1972 ) Gnana Oli ( 1972 ) Television adaptations 1974 telenovela 2000 miniseries 2014 telenovela Songs and soundtracks Songs from Les Misérables `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' `` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` On My Own '' `` One Day More '' `` Suddenly '' Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack Related Fantine ( 1886 painting ) Works directed by Tom Hooper Theatrical films Red Dust ( 2004 ) The Damned United ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) The Danish Girl ( 2015 ) Television Love in a Cold Climate ( 2001 ) Daniel Deronda ( 2002 ) Elizabeth I ( 2005 ) Longford ( 2006 ) John Adams ( 2008 ) Works by William Nicholson Novels Wind On Fire Noble Warriors The Secret Intensity of Everyday Life Plays The Retreat from Moscow Films & TV written Martin Luther , Heretic Shadowlands ( 1985 film ) Shadowlands ( 1993 film ) Nell First Knight Grey Owl Gladiator Elizabeth : The Golden Age Les Misérables Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom Unbroken Everest Breathe Films directed Firelight Awards for Les Misérables Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! 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who plays police inspector javert in the 2012 film les miserables
[ "\n\nActor\n\nRole\n\n\nJackman, HughHugh Jackman\n \nValjean, JeanJean Valjean\n\n\nCrowe, RussellRussell Crowe\n\nJavert, Javert\n\n\nHathaway, AnneAnne Hathaway\n\nFantine, Fantine\n\n\nSeyfried, AmandaAmanda Seyfried\n\nCosette, Cosette\n\n\nRedmayne, EddieEddie Redmayne\n\nPontmercy, MariusMarius Pontmercy\n\n\nTveit, AaronAaron Tveit\n\nEnjolras, Enjolras\n\n\nBarks, SamanthaSamantha Barks\n\nÉponine, Éponine\n\n\nIsabelle Allen, Isabelle Allen\n\nYoung Cosette\n\n\nDaniel Huttlestone, Daniel Huttlestone\n\nGavroche, Gavroche\n\n\nWilkinson, ColmColm Wilkinson\n\nBishop Myriel, Bishop Myriel\n\n\nBonham Carter, HelenaHelena Bonham Carter\n\nMadame Thénardier, Madame Thénardier\n\n\nBaron Cohen, SachaSacha Baron Cohen\n\nThénardier, Thénardier\n\n\nBlagden, GeorgeGeorge Blagden\n\nGrantaire\n\n\nCarvel, BertieBertie Carvel\n\nBamatabois\n\n\nDonnelly, KillianKillian Donnelly\n\nCombeferre, Combeferre\n\n\nFee, FraFra Fee\n\nCourfeyrac, Courfeyrac\n\n\nBrammer, AlistairAlistair Brammer\n\nProuvaire, JeanJean Prouvaire\n\n\nVick, GabrielGabriel Vick\n\nFeuilly, Feuilly\n\n\nSkinner, HughHugh Skinner\n\nJoly, Joly\n\n\nLewis, IwanIwan Lewis\n\nBahorel, Bahorel\n\n\nNeal, StuartStuart Neal\n\nLesgles, Lesgles\n\n\nFraser, HadleyHadley Fraser\n\nNational Guard Leader, National Guard Leader\n\n\nChasen, HeatherHeather Chasen\n\nMadame Magloire, Madame Magloire\n\n\nGlen, GeorgieGeorgie Glen\n\nMademoiselle Baptistine, Mademoiselle Baptistine\n\n\nGodfrey, PatrickPatrick Godfrey\n\nMonsieur Gillenormand, Monsieur Gillenormand\n\n" ]
[ "Russell Crowe" ]
193215381598745362
Corleone
Corleone - wikipedia Corleone For other uses of `` Corleone '' , see Corleone ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Comune in Sicily , Italy Corleone Comune Città di Corleone Coat of arms Corleone within the Metropolitan City of Palermo Corleone Location of Corleone in Italy Coordinates : 37 ° 49 ′ N 13 ° 18 ′ E  /  37.817 ° N 13.300 ° E  / 37.817 ; 13.300 Country Italy Region Sicily Metropolitan city Palermo ( PA ) Frazioni Ficuzza Government Mayor Leoluchina Savona , suspended since 12 August 2016 . Special commissioner : Giovanna Termini Area Total 229.46 km ( 88.60 sq mi ) Elevation 600 m ( 2,000 ft ) Population ( 1 January 2017 ) Total 11,158 Density 49 / km ( 130 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Corleonese ( i ) Time zone CET ( UTC + 1 ) Summer ( DST ) CEST ( UTC + 2 ) Postal code 90034 Dialing code 091 Patron saint St. Leoluca Website Official website Corleone ( Italian : ( korleˈoːne ) ; Sicilian : Cunigghiuni or Curliuni ) is an Italian town and comune of roughly 11,158 inhabitants in the Metropolitan City of Palermo , in Sicily . Several Mafia bosses have come from Corleone , including : Tommy Gagliano , Jack Dragna , Giuseppe Morello , Michele Navarra , Luciano Leggio , Leoluca Bagarella , Salvatore Riina and Bernardo Provenzano . It is also the birthplace of several fictional characters in Mario Puzo 's novel The Godfather , including the eponymous Vito ( Andolini ) Corleone . The local mafia clan , the Corleonesi , led the Mafia in the 1980s and 1990s , and were the most violent and ruthless group ever to take control of the organization . The Corleone municipality has an area of 22,912 hectares ( 56,620 acres ) with a population density of 49 inhabitants per square kilometer . It is located in an inland area of the mountain , in the valley between the Rocca di Maschi , the Castello Soprano and the Castello Sottano . Corleone is located at 542 metres ( 1,778 ft ) above sea level . Contents 1 History 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Antiquity 1.3 Middle Ages 1.4 Medieval history 1.5 Contemporary history 2 Geography 3 Main sights 3.1 Mother Church 3.2 Addolorata Church 3.2. 1 Other Churches 3.3 Mafia and anti-Mafia Museum of Corleone 3.4 Gorges of the Dragon 3.5 Due Rocche Waterfall 4 Corleone in literature and film 5 Notable people 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) The etymology of the name is uncertain , undergoing various modifications from the Ancient Greek Kouroullounè to the Arabic Kurulliùn \ Qurlayun of the Emirate of Sicily , from Latin Curilionum to the Norman Coraigliòn , from the Aragonese Conillon , Coriglione from which the Sicilian Cunigghiuni originated . The modern name ascends from 1556 . Another belief is that the name derives from an Arab fighter named Kurliyun ( Lionheart ) , who conquered it for the Aghlabids in 840 . Antiquity ( edit ) The territory of Corleone has been inhabited since prehistoric times . Recent research has identified several settlements distributed around two main areas : Pietralunga and The Old One ( La Vecchia ) . This name refers to a mountain that rises to about 1,000 metres ( 3,300 ft ) , and is about 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) from today 's town . The site of Pietralunga was occupied from the final Neolithic Period to the Bronze Age ( the presence of a glass bell decorated in pointillé ) while the site of The Old One has been inhabited since the Middle Ages ( the presence of an imposing castle with towers has recently been identified ) . However , the biggest part of the settlement was built in the archaic and classical period . `` A few materials relating to the Hellenistic period found at the site have supported the identification of the ancient town situated on the Old One with the ancient town of Schera , cited by Cicero , Cluverio and Ptolemy , although the archaeological remains on which this theory is based are still too unstable . ( D'Angelo - Spatafora ) . Middle Ages ( edit ) In 840 , Corleone was conquered by the North African Aghlabids during the Muslim conquest of Sicily . It was during the Muslim occupation that it gained economic , military and strategic importance . Even in the 1170s it was recorded that the majority of the population of the area was Muslim ( more than 80 % ) , including those bearing Arabo - Islamic names derived from Greek . There was also a mosque , called Masgid al - Barid , within the town . Following the large - scale anti-Muslim attacks by Lombard settlers in eastern Sicily in 1161 led by future King of Sicily , Tancred , the town became a refuge for many fleeing Muslims . In 1208 , a Muslim uprising succeeded in retaking the town from Christian rule . In 1222 , while speaking with the pope , Frederick II of Sicily cited the need to fight the Muslims of Corleone as a reason for his inability to send a large crusader army to Jerusalem . To this day , the rock formation , Castello Soprano , has a Saracen lookout tower on top of it . While the town 's other rock formation , Castello Sottano , did not preserve its own Saracen fortification , it is nonetheless still known as Castello di Saraceni . In 1080 the city was conquered by the Normans , and in 1095 it was annexed to the Diocese of Palermo . Nearly a century later , in 1180 , it was enfeoffed ( deeded ) to the new diocese of Monreale . In this period , Corleone was largely repopulated by Ghibellines from Alessandria ( modern Piedmont ) , Brescia and elsewhere -- `` Lombards '' led by Oddone de Camerana . The migrations were encouraged by Emperor Frederick II of Sicily , to strengthen his position against the Guelphs . In 1249 , however , he revoked the privilege and gave the city to the royal property , though the migration of the inhabitants from the Po Valley continued until the beginning of the Sicilian Vespers in 1282 . Another Camerana , named Boniface , distinguished himself in the revolution of the Sicilian Vespers . He led the insurrection against the Angevins with three thousand people from Corleone , in alliance with the city of Palermo . In recognition , the Senate of Palermo called Corleone soror mea ( my sister ) . During the reign of Frederick IV of Sicily , called The Simple , the city successfully rebelled against the crown but was recaptured in 1355 . Corleone was besieged from Ventimiglia in 1358 . During the reign of the four vicars , Corleone became the property of the powerful Chiaramonte family , but in 1391 was donated by Mary Queen of Sicily to Berardo Queralt , canon of Lerida , but he never took possession . Instead , it was occupied by Nicholas Peralta , vicar William 's son , but King Martin the Younger returned it to the royal property , confirming its privileges in 1397 and giving it some tax relief . Medieval history ( edit ) In March 1434 , King Alfonso the Magnanimous went to Corleone and conceded some tolls to the city with the aim of restoring the walls and to meet other needs , promising also the inalienability of the city to which he gave the title of Animosa Civitas ( brave city ) . However , in 1440 Corleone was sold to Federico Ventimiglia for 19,000 florins . This concession was revoked in May 1447 by King Alfonso , to be resold in the same year to a certain John of Bologna . In 1452 the city was finally granted to attorney James Pilaya . In 1516 , Corleone joined the revolutionary movements of Palermo against the Viceroy Moncada . The revolt of Corleone , led by Fabio La Porta , received popular support as its purpose was the request for tax relief . However , the revolt was violently repressed by the viceroy 's troops led by the Vicar General Gerardo Bonanno . Cardinal Anthony ' Bognor ' Iannazzo ( 1480 - 1516 ? ) , a native of Corleone , and a political ally of the Borgia family , otherwise known for a history of frequently terminating local clergy under his employ , tried unsuccessfully to quell the violence . His ship was lost at sea off the coast of North Africa in 1516 . Towards the end of the same century , social conditions in the city worsened further because of the plague of 1575 -- 77 and the famine of 1592 . On June 3 , 1625 , Corleone was sold , with other cities , to some Genoese merchants from whom Corleone redeemed itself upon payment of 15,200 florins . The terms of sale were , however , very serious . In 1648 , the city was sold to the jurist Joseph Sgarlata , who then accepted the redemption upon payment . Remarkable demographic growth was reported in the 15th and 16th centuries , following the arrival of several religious orders . Contemporary history ( edit ) Corleone contributed to the events of the Italian Risorgimento through Francesco Bentivegna who , after participating in the riots of 1848 , captained an insurrection against the Bourbons in the surrounding cities until he was arrested and then shot in Mezzojuso on December 20 , 1856 . On May 27 , 1860 , the city was the scene of a fierce battle between followers of Garibaldi , led by Colonel Vincenzo Giordano Orsini , and the bulk of the Bourbon army led by General Von Meckel , which had been diverted from Palermo via a ploy hatched by the same Garibaldi . On that occasion , a team of volunteers ( Picciotti , Sicilian for `` boys '' ) , led by Ferdinando Firmaturi , joined the march of Garibaldi in Palermo . The nineteenth century ended with the social action by Bernardino Verro , a leader of the social movement Fasci Siciliani . After founding the Fascio of Corleone on April 3 , 1893 , he founded the new Farm Lease that was entered into between farmers and agricultural Sicilian gabelloti in Congress on July 30 , 1893 , held in Corleone -- so much so that the city began to assume the title of `` peasant capital '' . Corleone contributed to the Great War with 105 deaths and numerous injuries on the field . After World War II , a peasant movement occupied vacant lands , led by trade unionist Placido Rizzotto , who was killed by the Mafia . In 1943 , the Duke of Aosta created the title of Count of Corleone , awarded to Arturo Faini for his valour during the Italian occupation of Ethiopia . Since World War II , Corleone has become notorious for being home to several dangerous bandits and mobsters ( including : Michael Navarra , Luciano Leggio , Bernardo Provenzano , Salvatore Riina and his brothers - in - law Calogero and Leoluca Bagarella ) who became the protagonists of a violent and bloody mafia power struggle . Linked to the Corleone clan was also the mayor of Palermo , Vito Ciancimino , born in Corleone . Geography ( edit ) Located in the southwestern area of its province , the municipality of Corleone has an area of 229.46 square kilometers ( 88.60 sq mi ) and is located in a basin in a mountainous inland area , approximately 600 metres ( 2,000 feet ) above sea level , 10 kilometres ( 6.2 miles ) south of the prominent Rocca Busambra . It borders the municipalities of Bisacquino , Campofelice di Fitalia , Campofiorito , Contessa Entellina , Chiusa Sclafani , Godrano , Mezzojuso , Monreale , Palazzo Adriano , Prizzi and Roccamena . Its only hamlet ( Frazione ) is the village of Ficuzza , an enclave in the municipal territory of Monreale . Main sights ( edit ) Mother church ( edit ) Work on the Chiesa Madre ( `` Mother Church '' ) , dedicated to the 4th - century French bishop Saint Martin of Tours , started in the late 14th century . Its appearance today has been influenced by numerous changes and renovations . The interior has a nave and aisles divided into various chapels containing artwork , including a wooden statue representing San Filippo d'Agira from the 17th century , a 16th - century statue representing San Biagio ( Saint Blaise ) and a fine marble panel depicting the Baptism of Christ ( also from this period ) . Addolorata church ( edit ) The Chiesa dell'Addolorata is from the 18th century , dedicated to the Basilian abbot and patron saint San Leoluca Other churches ( edit ) The Chiesa di Santa Rosalia , and the small Sant'Andrea ( the latter two from the 17th century ) , all with important frescoes and paintings , are notable landmarks . The Santuario della Madonna del Rosario di Tagliavia , a religious building from the 19th century , is now a destination for pilgrims on Ascension Day . Mafia and Antimafia museum of Corleone ( edit ) The CIDMA museum ( Centro Internazionale di Documentazione sulla Mafia e del Movimento Antimafia ) was inaugurated on 12 December 2000 , in the presence of the highest authorities of the Republic , including the President of the Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi and the deputy Secretary - General of the United Nations Pino Arlacchi , on behalf of Secretary - General Kofi Annan . The CIDMA intends to pursue `` Culture , Progress and Legality '' as its objectives . CIDMA has several rooms for visitors : Room of the Folders of the Maxi Trial ( Italian : Maxiprocesso di Palermo ) , the Room of the Messages , the Room of Pain and the final room dedicated to Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa , an Italian general who campaigned against terrorism and was assassinated by the Mafia . The first room contains Maxi - Trial documents which marked a milestone in the fight against Cosa Nostra . The documents , given to Corleone by the Criminal Chamber of the Court of Palermo , are a testimony to the work of magistrates like Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino who paid with their lives for their commitment to the fight against the Mafia . Among the folders there are the confessions of the famous pentito ( `` repentant '' ) Tommaso Buscetta to Judge Falcone . In the Room of the Messages , visitors may see the photos of the well - known , Sicilian photographer Letizia Battaglia who had the courage to go on site to capture tragic photographs of Mafia murders . She was able to capture significant details that made her shots documents detailing the murder methods used by the Mafia in the 1970s -- 1980s . The different positions of the bodies allow visitors to reconstruct the Mafia 's strategy . The Room of Pain houses a permanent exhibition of Shobha , Letizia Battaglia 's daughter , who followed in her mother 's footsteps , taking photos of the dismay , helplessness , and despair felt by those who have lost someone at the hands of the Mafia . In the room there are also photos of Letizia Battaglia documenting Mafia crimes . This approach allows visitors to understand the cause - effect relationships that exist between the crimes and the consequences they produce in the lives of affected families and the entire community . The room Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa is dedicated to General Dalla Chiesa . It contains photos of some of the main bosses of the Mafia placed side by side with those in the legal system who fought organized crime . Local guides also offer tours through the CIDMA . Gorges of the dragon ( edit ) The Gorges of the Dragon Along the road that connects Corleone with Ficuzza , following the old railway line connecting Palermo to San Carlo ( a hamlet of Chiusa Sclafani ) ( now the bike path ) , is an old bridge where the Frattina River streams between the limestone rocks . The erosive action of water has produced karst topography over time forming chasms , reels and small waterfalls where the abundant water first disappears and then reappears in the boulders and lush vegetation . Of considerable size are the `` pots of the Giants '' , i.e. cylindrical and deep holes where the water takes on a swirling pattern . Old mulberry trees , oranges , pomegranates , and figs are living testimony of the site where a mill once stood . In the section where the slope is gentler , clear water pools have formed allowing visitors to bathe surrounded by bracken , maidenhair ferns , willows and elms , in the company of tortoise , fish , and colorful dragonflies . The walls that enclose the slopes are clad in rock plants of great botanical interest such as wood spurge , cabbage mountain , the carnation , and capers . Among the crevices of the rock shelter are pigeons , jackdaws , and birds of prey such as kestrels and the peregrine falcon . Tours take visitors up to the top of the gorge where the Frattina River continues to flow , in a more gentle manner , down to the Belice . Due rocche waterfall ( edit ) Within the territory of Corleone , a short walk from the historic center of the city , is the `` Natural Park of the cascade of two fortresses . '' After going through a series of narrow streets in the district of San Giuliano visitors come to the front of a small church dedicated to Our Lady of precisely two fortresses . To the left of this church winds a path that leads between the poplars , willows , and elms to the falls . Comfortably seated on the ancient square blocks in the shade of mulberry trees , nuts and frassinisi visitors have an unimpeded view of the waterfall . The flow of the water in the river has formed a large puddle among rocks through its erosive action . The canyon contains eroded , yellow - green glauconitic rocks occupied by vegetation . Corleone in literature and film ( edit ) The name of the town was used as the adopted surname of the title character in Mario Puzo 's book and Francis Ford Coppola 's film The Godfather . In the novel , Vito Andolini emigrates from the village of Corleone . In the cinematic release of The Godfather , Part II , young Vito , shy and unable to speak English , can not respond when asked for his proper name , and is given the last surname Corleone by an immigration official at Ellis Island . Throughout the film series , various members of the Corleone family visit the town . In the films , the towns of Savoca and Forza d'Agrò were used as locations for those scenes set in Corleone . Michael Corleone is played by Al Pacino , whose real - life maternal grandparents were Corleonese . The adaptation of the town 's name into the name of a criminal gang leader in The Godfather is however predated by Graham Greene 's 1938 novel Brighton Rock , which was made into a popular film in 1947 . The leading character crosses the rival gang leader ' Colleoni ' in the English seaside town of Brighton . Notable people ( edit ) See also : Category : People from Corleone . Gangster Tommaso Gagliano ( 1883 -- 1951 ) Gangster Ignazio Dragna ( 1891 -- 1956 ) Gangster Giuseppe `` the Clutch Hand '' Morello ( 1867 -- 1930 ) Gangster Michele Navarra ( 1905 -- 1958 ) Gangster Luciano Leggio ( 1925 -- 1993 ) Gangster Leoluca Bagarella ( b . 1942 ) Gangster Salvatore Riina ( 1930 -- 2017 ) Gangster Bernardo Provenzano ( 1933 -- 2016 ) Gangster Gaetano Reina ( 1889 -- 1930 ) See also ( edit ) Mafia members from Corleone Royal Palace of Ficuzza References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Comune di Corleone - Sito Ufficiale '' . Comune.corleone.pa.it . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ John Follain ( 8 Jun 2009 ) . The Last Godfathers . Hachette UK . ISBN 9781848942493 . Corleone , whose name is believed to derive from Kurliyun ( Lionheart ) , an Arab fighter who conquered it in AD 840 , has a proud tradition of standing up for its rights , and violently so ... Jump up ^ Alexander Mikaberidze ( 22 Jul 2011 ) . Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World : A Historical Encyclopedia ( 2 volumes ) : A Historical Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 831 . ISBN 9781598843378 . Jump up ^ John Follain ( 8 Jun 2009 ) . The Last Godfathers . Hachette UK . ISBN 9781848942493 . A Saracen lookout tower is perched on another rocky outcrop , a relic from the time when the town was an important strategic point dominating the road from the Sicilian capital Palermo to the island 's southern coast . Jump up ^ Dana Facaros ; Michael Pauls ( 2008 ) . Sicily ( illustrated ed . ) . New Holland Publishers . p. 242 . ISBN 9781860113970 . Jump up ^ Touring Club of Italy ( 2005 ) . Authentic Sicily ( illustrated ed . ) . Touring Editore . p. 63 . ISBN 9788836534036 . Jump up ^ Alex Metcalfe ( 2009 ) . The Muslims of Medieval Italy ( illustrated ed . ) . Edinburgh University Press . p. 225 . ISBN 9780748620081 . Jump up ^ Alexander Metcalfe ( 21 Jan 2014 ) . Muslims and Christians in Norman Sicily : Arabic - Speakers and the End of Islam . Routledge . p. 68 . ISBN 9781317829256 . Jump up ^ El - Said M. Badawi ; Alaa Elgibali ( 1996 ) . Understanding Arabic : Essays in Contemporary Arabic Linguistics in Honor of El - Said Badawi . American Univ in Cairo Press . p. 35 . ISBN 9789774243721 . Jump up ^ Alexander Metcalfe ( 21 Jan 2014 ) . Muslims and Christians in Norman Sicily : Arabic - Speakers and the End of Islam . Routledge . p. 52 . ISBN 9781317829256 . Jump up ^ Ann Katherine Isaacs ( 2007 ) . Immigration and Emigration in Historical Perspective . Edizioni Plus . p. 71 . ISBN 9788884924988 . Jump up ^ Alexander Metcalfe ( 21 Jan 2014 ) . Muslims and Christians in Norman Sicily : Arabic - Speakers and the End of Islam . Routledge . p. 186 . ISBN 9781317829256 . Jump up ^ Aldo Gelso . Events in Sicily . Xlibris Corporation . p. 166 . ISBN 9781462821754 . Jump up ^ Touring Club of Italy ( 2005 ) . Authentic Sicily ( illustrated ed . ) . Touring Editore . p. 63 . ISBN 9788836534036 . Jump up ^ Robert V. Camuto ( 1 Sep 2010 ) . Palmento : A Sicilian Wine Odyssey . U of Nebraska Press . p. 133 . ISBN 9780803233997 . Jump up ^ Joanne Lane ( 6 Feb 2011 ) . Sicily 's Interior : Enna , Caltanisetta , Caltagirone and Beyond . Hunter Publishing , Inc . ISBN 9781556500565 . Beyond the museum you can see the Castello di Saraceni , also known as Castello Sottano . Corleone was built between two rocks on which two Saracen fortifications were built . Jump up ^ 39340 ( x a j h ) Corleone on OpenStreetMap Jump up ^ 113941372 Ficuzza on OpenStreetMap Jump up ^ 605499160 Ficuzza on OpenStreetMap Jump up ^ ( From Corleone SottoSopra ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Corleone . ( in Italian ) Corleone official website ( in Italian ) Corleone on comuni-italiani.it Sicily Comuni of the Metropolitan City of Palermo Alia Alimena Aliminusa Altavilla Milicia Altofonte Bagheria Balestrate Baucina Belmonte Mezzagno Bisacquino Blufi Bolognetta Bompietro Borgetto Caccamo Caltavuturo Campofelice di Fitalia Campofelice di Roccella Campofiorito Camporeale Capaci Carini Castelbuono Casteldaccia Castellana Sicula Castronovo di Sicilia Cefalà Diana Cefalù Cerda Chiusa Sclafani Ciminna Cinisi Collesano Contessa Entellina Corleone Ficarazzi Gangi Geraci Siculo Giardinello Giuliana Godrano Gratteri Isnello Isola delle Femmine Lascari Lercara Friddi Marineo Mezzojuso Misilmeri Monreale Montelepre Montemaggiore Belsito Palazzo Adriano Palermo Partinico Petralia Soprana Petralia Sottana Piana degli Albanesi Polizzi Generosa Pollina Prizzi Roccamena Roccapalumba San Cipirello San Giuseppe Jato San Mauro Castelverde Santa Cristina Gela Santa Flavia Sciara Scillato Sclafani Bagni Termini Imerese Terrasini Torretta Trabia Trappeto Ustica Valledolmo Ventimiglia di Sicilia Vicari Villabate Villafrati The Godfather Novels The Godfather The Sicilian The Godfather Returns The Godfather 's Revenge The Family Corleone Films The Godfather The Godfather Part II The Godfather Part III Video games The Godfather ( 1991 ) The Godfather ( 2006 ) The Godfather II ( 2009 ) Corleone family Vito Corleone Michael Corleone Tom Hagen Sonny Corleone Fredo Corleone Carmela Corleone Kay Adams - Corleone Connie Corleone Anthony Corleone Mary Corleone Vincent Corleone Sandra Corleone Family allies Luca Brasi Peter Clemenza Al Neri Frank Pentangeli Salvatore Tessio Family enemies Don Altobello Emilio Barzini Don Fanucci Moe Greene Carlo Rizzi Hyman Roth Joey Zasa Others Amerigo Bonasera Cardinal Lamberto Lucy Mancini Danny Shea Mickey Shea Billy Van Arsdale Aldo Trapani Albert Volpe Music The Godfather ( soundtrack ) The Godfather Part II ( soundtrack ) The Godfather Part III ( soundtrack ) `` Speak Softly , Love '' `` Promise Me You 'll Remember '' Miscellaneous List of minor characters in The Godfather series Mario Puzo Mark Winegardner Edward Falco Five Families Corleone The Godfather Effect The Godfather Papers and Other Confessions The Godfather Saga The Last Don Omertà The Sicilian Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corleone&oldid=836503993 '' Categories : Cities and towns in Sicily Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Palermo Corleone Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with short description Articles containing Italian - language text Italian commune articles with missing parameters Articles needing pronunciation Articles needing IPA cleanup All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Articles with Italian - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Shqip Sicilianu Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Tarandíne Türkçe Українська Volapük Winaray 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 05 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what town in sicily is the godfather from
[ "Several Mafia bosses have come from Corleone, including: Tommy Gagliano, Jack Dragna, Giuseppe Morello, Michele Navarra, Luciano Leggio, Leoluca Bagarella, Salvatore Riina and Bernardo Provenzano. It is also the birthplace of several fictional characters in Mario Puzo's novel The Godfather, including the eponymous Vito (Andolini) Corleone.\n" ]
[ "Corleone" ]
5730361846872523972
Thank God and Greyhound
Thank God and Greyhound - wikipedia Thank God and Greyhound `` Thank God and Greyhound '' Single by Roy Clark from the album I Never Picked Cotton Released September 1970 Format 7 '' Recorded 1969 Genre Country Length 2 : 37 Label Dot Records Songwriter ( s ) Larry Kingston and Earl Nix Roy Clark singles chronology `` I Never Picked Cotton '' ( 1970 ) `` Thank God and Greyhound '' ( 1970 ) `` Magnificent Sanctuary Band '' ( 1971 ) `` I Never Picked Cotton '' ( 1970 ) `` Thank God and Greyhound '' ( 1970 ) `` Magnificent Sanctuary Band '' ( 1971 ) `` Thank God and Greyhound '' is a song made famous by American country musician Roy Clark . Written by Larry Kingston and Earl Nix , the song was released in 1970 as the second single to the album I Never Picked Cotton . The song was a top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart that November and reached the lower ends of the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at # 90 . Song plot ( edit ) `` Thank God and Greyhound '' is a twin - tempoed song , the tempo reflecting the man 's emotions as the story plays out . The lyrics are told in first person by the protagonist , and tell of a relationship recently ended . In the first part of the song , the tempo is notably depressing . The singer tells how a woman -- the apparent dominant one in the relationship -- squandered his finances and belittled him to the point of humiliation , yet he puts up with her antagonistic behavior in the ultimately futile hope that she may change . One day , after three years in the relationship , the woman abruptly and tersely announces to the singer that she is leaving and gives no explanation . The singer watches her board a Greyhound bus which pulls away from the terminal . Following the line `` ... all I can think of ... is ... , '' the song 's tempo changes to an ironically more upbeat one , and completes the verse ( `` thank God and Greyhound you 're gone ! '' ) . At this point , the man is overjoyed and utterly relieved that his now ex-girlfriend is finally out of his life . Imagery of the bus pulling away ( the engine hum and the black exhaust cloud ) is used to underscore the man 's ecstasy over the now - ended relationship , rationalizing his feelings in this way : `` it may be kind of cruel , but I 've been silent too long . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles 6 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 90 Canadian RPM Country Tracks References ( edit ) Whitburn , Joel , `` Top Country Songs : 1944 - 2005 , '' 2006 . Allmusic -- Thank God and Greyhound by Roy Clark . Roy Clark Studio albums Roy Clark & Joe Pass Play Hank Williams Songs `` The Tip of My Fingers '' `` Alabama Jubilee '' `` Yesterday When I Was Young '' `` I Never Picked Cotton '' `` Thank God and Greyhound '' `` The Lawrence Welk - Hee Haw Counter-Revolution Polka '' `` Come Live with Me '' `` Honeymoon Feelin ' '' `` Tennessee Saturday Night '' `` Tobacco Road '' `` Here We Go Again '' Related Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thank_God_and_Greyhound&oldid=804234457 '' Categories : 1970 singles Roy Clark songs Songs about buses Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 17 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who wrote thank god and greyhound you're gone
[ "\"Thank God and Greyhound\" is a song made famous by American country musician Roy Clark. Written by Larry Kingston and Earl Nix, the song was released in 1970 as the second single to the album I Never Picked Cotton. The song was a top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart that November and reached the lower ends of the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #90.\n", "\"Thank God and Greyhound\" is a song made famous by American country musician Roy Clark. Written by Larry Kingston and Earl Nix, the song was released in 1970 as the second single to the album I Never Picked Cotton. The song was a top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart that November and reached the lower ends of the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #90.\n" ]
[ "Larry Kingston", "Earl Nix" ]
7134421781526758125
John the Apostle
John the Apostle - wikipedia John the Apostle Jump to : navigation , search Saint John the Apostle Apostle c . AD 6 Bethsaida , Galilee , Roman Empire c . AD 100 ( aged 93 or 94 ) Patmos , Greece , Roman Empire Venerated in Christianity Canonized Pre-congregation Feast 27 December ( Roman Catholic , Anglican ) 26 September ( Orthodox ) Attributes Book , a serpent in a chalice , cauldron , eagle Patronage Love , loyalty , friendships , authors , booksellers , burn - victims , poison - victims , art - dealers , editors , publishers , scribes , examinations , scholars , theologians John the Apostle ( Aramaic : ܝܘܚܢܢ ܫܠܝܚܐ ‎ ‎ Yohanan Shliha ; ; Koine Greek : Ἰωάννης ; Latin : Ioannes ; c . AD 6 - 100 ) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament , which refers to him as Ἰωάννης . He was the son of Zebedee and Salome . His brother was James , who was another of the Twelve Apostles . Christian tradition holds that he outlived the remaining apostles and that he was the only one to die of natural causes : Judas Iscariot died by suicide , while the other ten all are considered to have died a martyr 's death . This is because the Church Fathers considered him the same person as John the Evangelist , John of Patmos , John the Elder and the Beloved Disciple , although modern theologians and scholars have not formed a consensus on the relative identities of these men . The traditions of most Christian denominations have held that John the Apostle is the author of several books of the New Testament . Contents ( hide ) 1 New Testament author 1.1 Book of Revelation 2 References to John in the New Testament 2.1 Sons of thunder 2.2 Other references to John 2.3 The disciple whom Jesus loved 3 Extrabiblical traditions 4 Liturgical commemoration 5 Other views 5.1 Latter - day Saint view 5.2 Islamic view 6 In art 7 Gallery of art 8 See also 9 References 10 External links New Testament author ( edit ) Part of a series of articles on John in the Bible Johannine literature Gospel Epistles First Second Third Revelation Events Authorship Apostle Beloved disciple Evangelist Patmos Presbyter Related literature Apocryphon Acts Signs Gospel See also Johannine Christianity Logos Holy Spirit in Johannine literature John 's vision of the Son of Man New Testament people named John St. John at the Crucifixion of Jesus in a Stabat Mater by Pietro Perugino Rome , c. 1482 Lamentation of the Virgin . John the Apostle trying to console Mary Church tradition has held that John is the author of the Gospel of John and four other books of the New Testament -- the three Epistles of John and the Book of Revelation . In the Gospel , authorship is internally credited to the `` disciple whom Jesus loved '' ( ὁ μαθητὴς ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς , o mathētēs on ēgapa o Iēsous ) in John 20 : 2 . John 21 : 24 claims that the Gospel of John is based on the written testimony of the `` Beloved Disciple '' . The authorship of some Johannine literature has been debated since about the year 200 . Some doubt that the `` Gospel of John '' was even written by an individual named `` John '' ( Ἰωάννης or יוחנן ) . Nevertheless , the notion of `` John the Evangelist '' exists , and is still considered by some the same as the Apostle John . In his Ecclesiastical History , Eusebius says that the First Epistle of John and the Gospel of John are widely agreed upon as his . However , Eusebius mentions that the consensus is that the second and third epistles of John are not his but were written by some other John . Eusebius also goes to some length to establish with the reader that there is no general consensus regarding the revelation of John . The revelation of John could only be what is now called the book of Revelation . The Gospel according to John differs considerably from the Synoptic Gospels , which were likely written decades earlier . The bishops of Asia Minor supposedly requested him to write his gospel to deal with the heresy of the Ebionites , who asserted that Christ did not exist before Mary . John probably knew and undoubtedly approved of the Gospels of Matthew , Mark , and Luke , but these gospels spoke of Jesus primarily in the year following the imprisonment and death of John the Baptist . Around 600 , however , Sophronius of Jerusalem noted that `` two epistles bearing his name ... are considered by some to be the work of a certain John the Elder '' and , while stating that Revelation was written by John of Patmos , it was `` later translated by Justin Martyr and Irenaeus '' , presumably in an attempt to reconcile tradition with the obvious differences in Greek style . Until the 19th century , the authorship of the Gospel of John had been attributed to the Apostle John . However , most modern critical scholars have their doubts . Some scholars place the Gospel of John somewhere between AD 65 and 85 ; John Robinson proposes an initial edition by 50 -- 55 and then a final edition by 65 due to narrative similarities with Paul . Other scholars are of the opinion that the Gospel of John was composed in two or three stages . Most contemporary scholars consider that the Gospel was not written until the latter third of the first century AD , and with an earliest possible date of AD 75 - 80 . `` ... a date of AD 75 - 80 as the earliest possible date of composition for this Gospel '' . Other scholars think that an even later date , perhaps even the last decade of the first century AD right up to the start of the 2nd century ( i.e. 90 - 100 ) , is applicable . Nonetheless , today many theological scholars continue to accept the traditional authorship . Colin G. Kruse states that since John the Evangelist has been named consistently in the writings of early church fathers , `` it is hard to pass by this conclusion , despite widespread reluctance to accept it by many , but by no means all , modern scholars . '' The Gospel of John was written by an anonymous author . According to Paul N. Anderson , the gospel `` contains more direct claims to eyewitness origins than any of the other Gospel traditions '' . F.F. Bruce argues that 19 : 35 contains an `` emphatic and explicit claim to eyewitness authority '' . Bart D. Ehrman , however , does not think the gospel claims to have been written by direct witnesses to the reported events . Book of Revelation ( edit ) The author of the Book of Revelation identifies himself as `` Ἰωάννης '' ( `` John '' in standard English translation ) The early 2nd century writer , Justin Martyr , was the first to equate the author of Revelation with John the Apostle . However , most biblical scholars now contend that these were separate individuals . John the Presbyter , an obscure figure in the early church , has also been identified with the seer of the Book of Revelation by such authors as Eusebius in his Church History ( Book III , 39 ) and Jerome . John is considered to have been exiled to Patmos , during the persecutions under Emperor Domitian . Revelation 1 : 9 says that the author wrote the book on Patmos : `` I , John , both your brother and companion in tribulation ... was on the island that is called Patmos for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus Christ . '' Adela Yarbro Collins , a biblical scholar at Yale Divinity School , writes : Early tradition says that John was banished to Patmos by the Roman authorities . This tradition is credible because banishment was a common punishment used during the Imperial period for a number of offenses . Among such offenses were the practices of magic and astrology . Prophecy was viewed by the Romans as belonging to the same category , whether Pagan , Jewish , or Christian . Prophecy with political implications , like that expressed by John in the book of Revelation , would have been perceived as a threat to Roman political power and order . Three of the islands in the Sporades were places where political offenders were banished . ( Pliny Natural History 4.69 - 70 ; Tacitus Annals 4.30 ) Some modern higher critical scholars have raised the possibility that John the Apostle , John the Evangelist , and John of Patmos were three separate individuals . These scholars assert that John of Patmos wrote Revelation but neither the Gospel of John nor the Epistles of John . For one , the author of Revelation identifies himself as `` John '' several times , but the author of the Gospel of John never identifies himself directly . Some Catholic scholars state that `` vocabulary , grammar , and style make it doubtful that the book could have been put into its present form by the same person ( s ) responsible for the fourth gospel '' . References to John in the New Testament ( edit ) Russian Orthodox icon of the Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian , 18th century ( Iconostasis from the Church of the Transfiguration , Kizhi Monastery . Sons of thunder ( edit ) John the Apostle was the son of Zebedee and the younger brother of James , son of Zebedee ( James the Greater ) . According to Church tradition , their mother was Salome . Zebedee and his sons fished in the Sea of Galilee . The brothers were firstly disciples of John the Baptist . Jesus then called Peter , Andrew and these two sons of Zebedee to follow him . James and John are listed among the Twelve Apostles . Jesus referred to the pair as `` Boanerges '' ( translated `` sons of thunder '' ) ; although their nature was calm and gentle , when their patience was pushed to its limits their anger became wild and thunderous causing them to speak out like an untamed storm . A gospel story relates how the brothers wanted to call down heavenly fire on a Samaritan town , but Jesus rebuked them . John lived more than half a century after the martyrdom of James , who was the first Apostle to die a martyr 's death . Other references to John ( edit ) John the Evangelist and Peter by Albrecht Dürer Peter , James and John were the only witnesses of the raising of Daughter of Jairus . All three also witnessed the Transfiguration , and these same three witnessed the Agony in Gethsemane more closely than the other Apostles did . John was the disciple who reported to Jesus that they had ' forbidden ' a non-disciple from casting out demons in Jesus ' name , prompting Jesus to state that ' he who is not against us is on our side ' . Jesus sent only John and Peter into the city to make the preparation for the final Passover meal ( the Last Supper ) . At the meal itself , the `` disciple whom Jesus loved '' sat next to Jesus . It was customary to lie along upon couches at meals , and this disciple leaned on Jesus . Tradition identifies this disciple as Saint John . After the arrest of Jesus , Peter and the `` other disciple '' ( according to Sacred Tradition ) , John followed him into the palace of the high - priest . John alone among the Apostles remained near Jesus at the foot of the cross on Calvary alongside myrrhbearers and numerous other women ; following the instruction of Jesus from the Cross , John took Mary , the mother of Jesus , into his care as the last legacy of Jesus . After Jesus ' Ascension and the descent of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost , John , together with Peter , took a prominent part in the founding and guidance of the church . He was with Peter at the healing of the lame man at Solomon 's Porch in the Temple and he was also thrown into prison with Peter . He went with Peter to visit the newly converted believers in Samaria . While he remained in Judea and the surrounding area , the other disciples returned to Jerusalem for the Apostolic Council ( about AD 51 ) . Paul , in opposing his enemies in Galatia , recalls that John explicitly , along with Peter and James the Just , were referred to as `` pillars of the church '' and refers to the recognition that his Apostolic preaching of a gospel free from Jewish Law received from these three , the most prominent men of the messianic community at Jerusalem . According to the Book of Revelation , its author was on the island of Patmos `` for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus '' , when he was honoured with the vision contained in Revelation . The disciple whom Jesus loved ( edit ) Jesus and the Beloved Disciple The phrase the disciple whom Jesus loved ( Greek : ὁ μαθητὴς ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς , ho mathētēs hon ēgapā ho Iēsous ) or , in John 20 : 2 , the Beloved Disciple ( Greek : ὃν ἐφίλει ὁ Ἰησοῦς , hon ephilei ho Iēsous ) is used five times in the Gospel of John , but in no other New Testament accounts of Jesus . John 21 : 24 claims that the Gospel of John is based on the written testimony of this disciple . The disciple whom Jesus loved is referred to , specifically , six times in John 's gospel : It is this disciple who , while reclining beside Jesus at the Last Supper , asks Jesus , after being requested by Peter to do so , who it is that will betray him . Later at the crucifixion , Jesus tells his mother , `` Woman , here is your son '' , and to the Beloved Disciple he says , `` Here is your mother . '' When Mary Magdalene discovers the empty tomb , she runs to tell the Beloved Disciple and Peter . The two men rush to the empty tomb and the Beloved Disciple is the first to reach the empty tomb . However , Peter is the first to enter . In John 21 , the last chapter of the Gospel of John , the Beloved Disciple is one of seven fishermen involved in the miraculous catch of 153 fish . Also in the book 's final chapter , after Jesus hints to Peter how Peter will die , Peter sees the Beloved Disciple following them and asks , `` What about him ? '' Jesus answers , `` If I want him to remain until I come , what is that to you ? You follow Me ! '' Again in the gospel 's last chapter , it states that the very book itself is based on the written testimony of the disciple whom Jesus loved . None of the other Gospels has anyone in the parallel scenes that could be directly understood as the Beloved Disciple . For example , in Luke 24 : 12 , Peter alone runs to the tomb . Mark , Matthew and Luke do not mention any one of the twelve disciples having witnessed the crucifixion . There are also two references to an unnamed `` other disciple '' in John 1 : 35 - 40 and John 18 : 15 - 16 , which may be to the same person based on the wording in John 20 : 2 . Extrabiblical traditions ( edit ) Byzantine illumination depicting John dictating to his disciple , Prochorus ( c. 1100 ) . Tomb of St. John the Apostle , in St. John 's Basilica , Ephesus , near modern - day Selçuk , Turkey . There is no information in the Bible concerning the duration of John 's activity in Judea . According to tradition , John and the other Apostles remained some 12 years in this first field of labour . The persecution of Christians under Herod Agrippa I led to the scattering of the Apostles through the Roman Empire 's provinces . A messianic community existed at Ephesus before Paul 's first labours there ( cf . `` the brethren '' ) , in addition to Priscilla and Aquila . The original community was under the leadership of Apollos ( 1 Corinthians 1 : 12 ) . They were disciples of John the Baptist and were converted by Aquila and Priscilla . According to Church tradition , after the Assumption of Mary , John went to Ephesus . From there he wrote the three epistles attributed to him . John was allegedly banished by the Roman authorities to the Greek island of Patmos , where , according to tradition , he wrote the Book of Revelation . According to Tertullian ( in The Prescription of Heretics ) John was banished ( presumably to Patmos ) after being plunged into boiling oil in Rome and suffering nothing from it . It is said that all in the audience of Colosseum were converted to Christianity upon witnessing this miracle . This event would have occurred in the late 1st century , during the reign of the Emperor Domitian , who was known for his persecution of Christians . When John was aged , he trained Polycarp who later became Bishop of Smyrna . This was important because Polycarp was able to carry John 's message to future generations . Polycarp taught Irenaeus , passing on to him stories about John . Similar goes with Ignatius of Antioch , who was a student of John and later appointed by Saint Peter to be the Bishop of Antioch . In Against Heresies , Irenaeus relates how Polycarp told a story of John , the disciple of the Lord , going to bathe at Ephesus , and perceiving Cerinthus within , rushed out of the bath - house without bathing , exclaiming , `` Let us fly , lest even the bath - house fall down , because Cerinthus , the enemy of the truth , is within . '' It is traditionally believed that John was the youngest of the apostles and survived them . He is said to have lived to an old age , dying at Ephesus sometime after AD 98 . An alternative account of John 's death , ascribed by later Christian writers to the early second - century bishop Papias of Hierapolis , claims that he was slain by the Jews . Most Johannine scholars doubt the reliability of its ascription to Papias , but a minority , including B.W. Bacon , Martin Hengel and Henry Barclay Swete , maintain that these references to Papias are credible . Zahn argues that this reference is actually to John the Baptist . John 's traditional tomb is thought to be located at Selçuk , a small town in the vicinity of Ephesus . In art , John as the presumed author of the Gospel is often depicted with an eagle , which symbolizes the height he rose to in his gospel . In Orthodox icons , he is often depicted looking up into heaven and dictating his Gospel ( or the Book of Revelation ) e , from JPM LIbrary MS 748 ) . Liturgical commemoration ( edit ) The feast day of Saint John in the Roman Catholic Church , which calls him `` Saint John , Apostle and Evangelist '' , and in the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Calendars , which call him `` Saint John the Apostle and Evangelist '' , is on 27 December . In the Tridentine Calendar he was commemorated also on each of the following days up to and including 3 January , the Octave of the 27 December feast . This Octave was abolished by Pope Pius XII in 1955 . The traditional liturgical color is white . Until 1960 , another feast day which appeared in the General Roman Calendar is that of `` Saint John Before the Latin Gate '' on May 6 , celebrating a tradition recounted by Jerome that St John was brought to Rome during the reign of the Emperor Domitian , and was thrown in a vat of boiling oil , from which he was miraculously preserved unharmed . A church ( San Giovanni a Porta Latina ) dedicated to him was built near the Latin gate of Rome , the traditional site of this event . The Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite commemorate the `` Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian '' on September 26 . On May 8 they celebrate the `` Feast of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian '' , on which date Christians used to draw forth from his grave fine ashes which were believed to be effective for healing the sick . Other Christians highly revere him but do not canonize or venerate saints . Other views ( edit ) Latter - day Saint view ( edit ) The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) teaches that John received the promise of immortality from Jesus Christ , as recorded in John 21 : 21 -- 23 and the seventh chapter of the Doctrine and Covenants . It also teaches that in 1829 , along with the resurrected Peter and the resurrected James , John visited Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery and restored the priesthood authority with Apostolic succession to earth . John , along with the Three Nephites , will live to see the Second Coming of Christ as translated beings . The LDS Church teaches that John the Apostle is the same person as John the Evangelist , John of Patmos , and the Beloved Disciple . Islamic view ( edit ) The Quran also speaks of Jesus 's disciples but does not mention their names , instead referring to them as `` helpers to the work of God '' . Muslim exegesis and Quran commentary , however , names them and includes John among the disciples . An old tradition , which involves the legend of Habib the Carpenter , mentions that John was one of the three disciples sent to Antioch to preach to the people there . In Art ( edit ) As he was traditionally identified with the beloved apostle , the evangelist , and the author of the Revelation and several Epistles , John played an extremely prominent role in art from the early Christian period onward . He is traditionally depicted in one of two distinct ways : either as an aged man with a white or gray beard , or alternatively as a beardless youth . The first way of depicting him was more common in Byzantine art , where it was possibly influenced by antique depictions of Socrates ; the second was more common in the art of Medieval Western Europe , and can be dated back as far as 4th century Rome . Legends from the Acts of John contributed much to Medieval iconography ; it is the source of the idea that John became an apostle at a young age . One of John 's familiar attributes is the chalice , often with a snake emerging from it . According to one legend from the Acts of John , John was challenged to drink a cup of poison to demonstrate the power of his faith . Other common attributes include a book or scroll , in reference to the writings traditionally attributed to him , and an eagle . The eagle is argued to express the high - soaring , inspirational quality of the writings that were traditionally ascribed to him . In Medieval works of painting , sculpture and literature , Saint John is often presented in an androgynous or femininized manner . Historians have related such portrayals to the circumstances of the believers for whom they were intended . For instance , John 's feminine features are argued to have helped to make him more relatable to women . Likewise , Sarah McNamer argues that because of his status as an androgynous saint , John could function as an ' image of a third or mixed gender ' and ' a crucial figure with whom to identify ' for male believers who sought to cultivate an attitude of affective piety , a highly emotional style of devotion that , in late - medieval culture , was thought to be poorly compatible with masculinity . Gallery of art ( edit ) John the Apostle A portrait from the Book of Kells , c. 800 St John at Patmos by Pieter Paul Rubens John the Apostle and St Francis by El Greco Martyrdom of Saint John the Evangelist by Master of the Winkler Epitaph Valentin de Boulogne , John and Jesus St. John the Evangelist in meditation by Simone Cantarini ( 1612 - 1648 ) , Bologna Saint John and the Poisoned Cup by El Greco The Last Supper , anonymous painter See also ( edit ) Book : Apostle ( Christian ) See also : Acts of John Basilica of St. John Four evangelists Names of John St. John the Evangelist on Patmos Vision of St. John on Patmos , frescos by Antonio da Correggio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Saint John the Apostle '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Eusebius of Caesarea , Ecclesiastical History Book vi . Chapter xxv . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Apocalypse '' . Jump up ^ The History of the Church by Eusibius . Book three , point 24 . Jump up ^ Thomas Patrick Halton , On illustrious men , Volume 100 of The Fathers of the Church , CUA Press , 1999 . P. 19 . Jump up ^ Saint Sophronius of Jerusalem ( 2007 ) ( c. 600 ) , `` The Life of the Evangelist John '' , The Explanation of the Holy Gospel According to John , House Springs , Missouri , United States : Chrysostom Press , pp. 2 -- 3 , ISBN 1 - 889814 - 09 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Harris , Stephen L. , Understanding the Bible ( Palo Alto : Mayfield , 1985 ) p. 355 ^ Jump up to : Foley OFM , Leonard . `` Saint of the Day : Lives , Lessons and Feast '' , ( revised by Pat McCloskey , OFM ) , American Catholic.org Jump up ^ Harris , Stephen L. , Understanding the Bible . McGraw - Hill , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 296548 - 3 Jump up ^ Robinson , John A.T. ( 1977 ) . Redating the New Testament . SCM Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 334 - 02300 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mark Allan Powell . Jesus as a figure in history . Westminster John Knox Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 25703 - 8 / 978 - 0664257033 Jump up ^ Gail R O'Day , introduction to the Gospel of John in New Revised Standard Translation of the Bible , Abingdon Press , Nashville , 2003 , p. 1906 Jump up ^ Reading John , Francis J. Moloney , SDB , Dove Press , 1995 Jump up ^ Kruse , Colin G. The Gospel According to John : An Introduction and Commentary , Eerdmans , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2771 - 3 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ EP Sanders , The Historical Figure of Jesus , ( Penguin , 1995 ) page 63 - 64 . Jump up ^ Bart D. Ehrman ( 2000 : 43 ) The New Testament : a historical introduction to early Christian writings . Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Bart D. Ehrman ( 2005 : 235 ) Lost Christianities : the battles for scripture and the faiths we never knew Oxford University Press , New York . Jump up ^ Geoffrey W. Bromiley ( 1995 : 287 ) International Standard Bible Encyclopedia : K-P MATTHEW , GOSPEL ACCORDING TO . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . Quote : `` Matthew , like the other three Gospels is an anonymous document . '' Jump up ^ Donald Senior , Paul J. Achtemeier , Robert J. Karris ( 2002 : 328 ) Invitation to the Gospels Paulist Press . Jump up ^ Keith Fullerton Nickle ( 2001 : 43 ) The Synoptic Gospels : an introduction Westminster John Knox Press . Jump up ^ Ben Witherington ( 2004 : 44 ) The Gospel code : novel claims about Jesus , Mary Magdalene , and Da Vinci InterVarsity Press . Jump up ^ F.F. Bruce ( 1994 : 1 ) The Gospel of John Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . Jump up ^ Patrick J. Flannagan ( 1997 : 16 ) The Gospel of Mark Made Easy Paulist Press Jump up ^ Paul N. Anderson , The Riddles of the Fourth Gospel , p. 48 . Jump up ^ F.F. Bruce , The Gospel of John , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Bart D. Ehrman ( 2004 : 110 ) Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code : A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus , Mary Magdalene , and Constantine . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Bart D. Ehrman ( 2006 : 143 ) The lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot : a new look at betrayer and betrayed . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Revelation , Book of . '' Cross , F.L. , ed . The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church . New York : Oxford University Press . 2005 Jump up ^ Justin Martyr , Dialogue with Trypho , 81.4 Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2004 ) . The New Testament : A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings . New York : Oxford . p. 468 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515462 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Church History , Book III , Chapter 39 '' . The Fathers of the Church . NewAdvent.org . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ saint , Jerome . `` De Viris Illustribus ( On Illustrious Men ) Chapter 9 & 18 '' . newadvent.org . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Adela Collins . `` Patmos . '' Harper 's Bible Dictionary . Paul J. Achtemeier , gen . ed . San Francisco : Harper & Row , 1985 . p755 . Jump up ^ Griggs , C. Wilfred . `` John the Beloved '' in Ludlow , Daniel H. , ed . Selections from the Encyclopedia of Mormonism : Scriptures of the Church ( Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book , 1992 ) p. 379 . Griggs favors the `` one John '' theory but mentions that some modern scholars have hypothesized that there are multiple Johns . Jump up ^ Introduction . Saint Joseph Edition of the New American Bible : Translated from the Original Languages with Critical Use of All the Ancient Sources : including the Revised New Testament and the Revised Psalms . New York : Catholic Book Pub. , 1992 . 386 . Print . Jump up ^ By comparing Matthew 27 : 56 to Mark 15 : 40 ^ Jump up to : `` Fonck , Leopold . `` St. John the Evangelist . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 8 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1910 . 6 Feb. 2013 `` . Newadvent.org. 1910 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Butler , Alban . The Lives or the Fathers , Martyrs and Other Principal Saints , Vol. IV Jump up ^ Luke 9 : 49 - 50 NKJV Jump up ^ While Luke states that this is the Passover , the Gospel of John specifically states that the Passover meal is to be partaken of on Friday Jump up ^ John 13 : 23 , 19 : 26 , 20 : 2 , 21 : 7 , 21 : 20 Jump up ^ James D.G. Dunn and John William Rogerson , Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 2003 , p. 1210 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3711 - 5 . Jump up ^ Brown , Raymond E. 1970 . `` The Gospel According to John ( xiii - xxi ) '' . New York : Doubleday & Co . Pages 922 , 955 . Jump up ^ `` Vailhé , Siméon . `` Ephesus . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 5 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1909 . 6 Feb. 2013 `` . Newadvent.org. 1909 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Irenaeus , Against Heresies , III. 3.4 . ^ Jump up to : Zahn , T. `` John the Apostle '' , in Schaff , Philip . The New Schaff - Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge , Vol . VI : Innocents - Liudger , p. 203 Jump up ^ Cheyne , Thomas Kelly ( 1901 ) . Encyclopaedia Biblica , Volume 2 . Adam and Charles Black . pp. 2509 -- 11 . Although Papias ' works are no longer extant , the fifth century ecclesiastical historian Philip of Side and the ninth - century monk George Hamartolos both stated that Papias had written that John was `` slain by the Jews . '' Jump up ^ Rasimus , Tuomas ( 2010 ) . The Legacy of John : Second - Century Reception of the Fourth Gospel . BRILL . p. 5 . ISBN 9789004176331 . Rasimus finds corroborating evidence for this tradition in `` two martyrologies from Edessa and Carthage '' and writes that `` Mark 10 : 35 - 40 / / Matt . 20 : 20 - 23 can be taken to portray Jesus predicting the martyrdom of both the sons of Zebedee . '' Jump up ^ Culpepper , R. Alan ( 2000 ) . John , the Son of Zebedee : The Life of A Legend . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 172 . ISBN 9780567087423 . Jump up ^ Swete , Henry Barclay ( 1911 ) . The Apocalypse of St. John ( 3 ed . ) . Macmillan . pp. 179 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Procopius of Caesarea , On Buildings . General Index , trans . H.B. Dewing and Glanville Downey , vol. 7 , Loeb Classical Library 343 ( Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , 1940 ) , 319 Jump up ^ `` The Calendar '' . 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII Jump up ^ Saint Andrew Daily Missal with Vespers for Sundays and Feasts by Dom . Gaspar LeFebvre , O.S.B. , Saint Paul , MN : The E.M. Lohmann Co. , 1952 , p. 1325 - 1326 Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 27 : 12 ^ Jump up to : `` John '' , KJV ( LDS ) : Bible Dictionary , LDS Church , 1979 Jump up ^ Qur'an 3 : 49 - 53 Jump up ^ Historical Dictionary of Prophets In Islam And Judaism , Brandon M. Wheeler , Disciples of Christ : `` Muslim exegesis identifies the disciples as Peter , Andrew , Matthew , Thomas , Philip , John , James , Bartholomew , and Simon '' Jump up ^ Hughes Dictionary of Islam , Habib the Carpenter ^ Jump up to : James Hall , `` John the Evangelist , '' Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art , rev . ed . ( New York : Harper & Row , 1979 ) Jump up ^ Sources : James Hall , Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art , ( New York : Harper & Row , 1979 ) , 129 , 174 - 75 . Carolyn S. Jerousek , `` Christ and St. John the Evangelist as a Model of Medieval Mysticism , '' Cleveland Studies in the History of Art , Vol. 6 ( 2001 ) , 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saint John the Apostle '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Chicago , Illinois : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jadranka Prolović , `` Socrates and St. John the Apostle : the interchangеable similarity of their portraits '' Zograf , vol. 35 ( 2011 ) , 9 : `` It is difficult to locate when and where this iconography of John originated and what the prototype was , yet it is clearly visible that this iconography of John contains all of the main characteristics of well - known antique images of Socrates . This fact leads to the conclusion that Byzantine artists used depictions of Socrates as a model for the portrait of John . '' Jump up ^ J.K. Elliot ( ed . ) , A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Literature in an English Translation Based on M.R. James ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 / 2005 ) , 343 - 345 . Jump up ^ James Hall , Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art , ( New York : Harper & Row , 1979 ) , 129 , 174 - 75 . Jeffrey F. Hamburger , St. John the Divine : The Deified Evangelist in Medieval Art and Theology . ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 2002 ) , xxi - xxii ; ibidem , 159 - 160 . Carolyn S. Jerousek , `` Christ and St. John the Evangelist as a Model of Medieval Mysticism , '' Cleveland Studies in the History of Art , Vol. 6 ( 2001 ) , 16 . Annette Volfing , John the Evangelist and Medieval Writing : Imitating the Inimitable . ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2001 ) , 139 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey F. Hamburger , St. John the Divine : The Deified Evangelist in Medieval Art and Theology . ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 2002 ) , xxi - xxii . Carolyn S. Jerousek , `` Christ and St. John the Evangelist as a Model of Medieval Mysticism '' Cleveland Studies in the History of Art , Vol. 6 ( 2001 ) , 20 . Sarah McNamer , Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion , ( Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2010 ) , 142 - 148 . Annette Volfing , John the Evangelist and Medieval Writing : Imitating the Inimitable . ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2001 ) , 139 . Jump up ^ Carolyn S. Jerousek , `` Christ and St. John the Evangelist as a Model of Medieval Mysticism '' Cleveland Studies in the History of Art , Vol. 6 ( 2001 ) , 20 . Annette Volfing , John the Evangelist and Medieval Writing : Imitating the Inimitable . ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2001 ) , 139 . Jump up ^ Sarah McNamer , Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion , ( Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2010 ) , 142 . Jump up ^ Sarah McNamer , Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion , ( Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2010 ) , 145 . Jump up ^ Sarah McNamer , Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion , ( Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 2010 ) , 142 - 148 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : John the Evangelist Wikimedia Commons has media related to John the Evangelist . 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who was put in boiling oil in the bible
[ "A messianic community existed at Ephesus before Paul's first labours there (cf. \"the brethren\"),[Acts 18:27] in addition to Priscilla and Aquila. The original community was under the leadership of Apollos (1 Corinthians 1:12). They were disciples of John the Baptist and were converted by Aquila and Priscilla.[44] According to Church tradition, after the Assumption of Mary, John went to Ephesus. From there he wrote the three epistles attributed to him. John was allegedly banished by the Roman authorities to the Greek island of Patmos, where, according to tradition, he wrote the Book of Revelation. According to Tertullian (in The Prescription of Heretics) John was banished (presumably to Patmos) after being plunged into boiling oil in Rome and suffering nothing from it. It is said that all in the audience of Colosseum were converted to Christianity upon witnessing this miracle. This event would have occurred in the late 1st century, during the reign of the Emperor Domitian, who was known for his persecution of Christians." ]
[ "John" ]
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Life of the Party (Shawn Mendes song)
Life of the Party ( Shawn Mendes song ) - wikipedia Life of the Party ( Shawn Mendes song ) `` Life of the Party '' Single by Shawn Mendes from the album The Shawn Mendes EP and Handwritten Released June 26 , 2014 Format Digital download Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 35 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Ido Zmishlany Scott Harris Producer ( s ) Ido Zmishlany Shawn Mendes singles chronology `` Life of the Party '' ( 2014 ) `` Oh Cecilia ( Breaking My Heart ) '' ( 2014 ) `` Life of the Party '' ( 2014 ) `` Oh Cecilia ( Breaking My Heart ) '' ( 2014 ) `` Life of the Party '' is the debut single recorded by Canadian singer Shawn Mendes from his extended play ( EP ) The Shawn Mendes EP and debut studio album Handwritten ( 2015 ) . Written by Ido Zmishlany and Scott Harris , it was recorded in Toronto , Ontario and released on June 26 , 2014 . Contents 1 Music video 2 Background 3 Chart performance 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications 5 References Music Video ( edit ) A lyric video , released on June 30 , 2014 , is a long , one - shot zoom - in on Shawn Mendes in the George Street diner , who occasionally converses with the waitress of the diner as he is singing . Lyrics from the song appear in spots such as tables and hanging lights . It ends with the waitress reading a note left from Shawn , smiling as the scene fades . Background ( edit ) The title of the song , `` Life of the Party '' , may give the impression that it 's an upbeat dance song , but in an interview , Mendes described the song as not `` super happy , but it 's also not depressing '' . The lyrics represent being happy with yourself and figuring out who you are and who you want to be . It was written by two writers from New York , Ido Zmishlany and Scott Harris , though Mendes felt a strong connection to it . Chart performance ( edit ) The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart of July 12 , 2014 , at number 24 , making it his first entry in the chart and first top 40 hit . Mendes became the youngest artist to debut in the top 25 with a debut song on the Billboard Hot 100 at 15 years , 11 months and 4 days of age . The song debuted at number five on the Hot Digital Songs chart with 148,000 downloads . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 15 ) Peak position Australia Hitseekers ( ARIA ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 48 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 9 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 9 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 5 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 44 Ireland ( IRMA ) 34 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 89 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 46 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 37 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 99 US Billboard Hot 100 24 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 53 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - Life Of The Party ( Lyric Video ) '' . ShawnMendesVEVO . YouTube . June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abel , A. ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Get to know the next Ed Seeran , vine star Shawn Mendes - plus , get a sneak peek at his first single '' . Seventeen Magazine . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilman , Hannah ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive Premiere ! You Have to Watch Vine Star Shawn Mendes 's First Music Video : Swooning begins in 3 , 2 , 1 ... '' Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 2014 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Iggy Azalea Claims Longest Hot 100 Reign For A Female Rapper With ' Fancy ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes , 15 - Year - Old Vine Celebrity , Makes Record - Breaking Debut on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Idolator . July 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : Issue 1309 ( Week Commencing 30 March 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . p. 21 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shawn Mendes -- Life of the Party '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201438 into search . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 27 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Shawn Mendes -- Life of the Party '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201438 into search . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- Life of the Party '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year of 2014 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2017 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Life of the Party '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Life of the party '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Life of the Party '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - Life of the Party '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Life of the Party '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Shawn Mendes Awards and nominations Discography Studio albums Handwritten Illuminate Shawn Mendes Live albums Live at Madison Square Garden MTV Unplugged EPs The Shawn Mendes EP Singles `` Life of the Party '' `` Something Big '' `` Stitches '' `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` Treat You Better '' `` Mercy '' `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' `` In My Blood '' `` Lost in Japan '' `` Youth '' `` Where Were You in the Morning ? '' `` Nervous '' Featured singles `` Oh Cecilia ( Breaking My Heart ) '' Promotional singles `` Believe '' Concert tours # ShawnsFirstHeadlines Shawn Mendes World Tour Illuminate World Tour Shawn Mendes : The Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_of_the_Party_(Shawn_Mendes_song)&oldid=830147404 '' Categories : 2014 singles 2014 songs Debut singles Pop ballads Shawn Mendes songs Songs written by Scott Harris ( songwriter ) Island Records singles Songs written by Ido Zmishlany Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart making named ref Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 01 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when was life of the party released shawn mendes
[ "\"Life of the Party\" is the debut single recorded by Canadian singer Shawn Mendes from his extended play (EP) The Shawn Mendes EP and debut studio album Handwritten (2015). Written by Ido Zmishlany and Scott Harris, it was recorded in Toronto, Ontario and released on June 26, 2014. \n" ]
[ "June 26, 2014" ]
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List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language film - wikipedia List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language film Jump to : navigation , search Satyajit Ray has represented India three times in this competition , the most by any director . Seven films starring Kamal Haasan were submitted , including a directorial effort . Five of Aamir Khan 's films , four as an actor and three as a producer , were submitted , including a directorial effort . Lagaan , which he produced and starred in , received a nomination . India has submitted films for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film since 1957 , a year after the incorporation of the category . The award is given annually by the United States Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to a feature - length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue . The `` Best Foreign Language Film '' category was not created until 1956 ; however , between 1947 and 1955 , the Academy presented a non-competitive Honorary Award for the best foreign language films released in the United States . The Film Federation of India ( FFI ) appoints a committee to choose one film among those released that year to be submitted as India 's official entry to the Academy for a nomination for `` Best Foreign Language Film '' the following year . The chosen films , along with their English subtitles , are sent to the Academy , where they are screened for the jury . The 1957 Hindi film Mother India was India 's first submission . The film made it to the final shortlist and was nominated alongside four other films in the category . It came close to winning the Academy Award but lost to Nights of Cabiria by a single vote . Since 1984 , India has not submitted a film on only one occasion ; in 2003 , the FFI controversially chose not make an entry as they felt no film would be in a position to compete with films from other nations . As of 2014 , only three Indian films -- Mother India ( 1957 ) , Salaam Bombay ! ( 1988 ) and Lagaan ( 2001 ) -- have been nominated for the Academy Award for `` Best Foreign Language Film '' . In 2011 , the jury of the 58th National Film Awards made a recommendation that films winning Best Film at the annual National Film Awards should be the official entry . However , over the next three years , none of the `` Best Film '' winners was chosen as the official entry . For the 88th Academy Awards , Court , the `` Best Film '' winner at the 62nd National Film Awards , was submitted by India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Submissions 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Submissions ( edit ) India has sent more fifty films to the competition . Most of India 's submissions were Hindi films ( including Hindi - Urdu films ) , three of which received nominations . Tamil films were submitted by the committee on nine occasions . Three submissions were Marathi films , two were Bengali films , two Malayalam films , one Telugu film , and one Gujarati film . Bengali filmmaker Satyajit Ray has represented India three times in this competition , the most by any director . Tamil actor Kamal Haasan has most often represented the country as a performer , with seven films submitted -- including three consecutive films between 1985 and 1987 , one of which he directed himself . Aamir Khan has represented India four times as an actor , including once as a director and twice as a producer ; Lagaan ( 2001 ) , which he produced and starred in , received a nomination . Year ( Ceremony ) Film title used in nomination Original title Language Director ( s ) Result 1957 ( 30th ) Mother India Mother India ( मदर इंडिया ) Hindi - Urdu Khan , Mehboob Mehboob Khan Nominated 1958 ( 31st ) Madhumati Madhumati ( मधुमती ) Hindi - Urdu Roy , Bimal Bimal Roy Not Nominated 1959 ( 32nd ) World of Apu ! The World of Apu Apur sansār ( অপুর সংসার ) Bengali Ray , Satyajit Satyajit Ray Not Nominated 1962 ( 35th ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( साहिब बीबी और ग़ुलाम ) Hindi Urdu Alvi , Abrar Abrar Alvi Not Nominated 1963 ( 36th ) Metropolis Mahanagar ( মহানগর ) Bengali Ray , Satyajit Satyajit Ray Not Nominated 1965 ( 38th ) Guide ! The Guide Guide ( गाइड ) Hindi Anand , Vijay Vijay Anand Not Nominated 1966 ( 39th ) Amrapali Amrapali ( अम्रपल्ली ) Hindi Tandon , Lekh Lekh Tandon Not Nominated 1967 ( 40th ) Last Letter ! The Last Letter Aakhri Khat ( आखरी ख़त ) Hindi Anand , Chetan Chetan Anand Not Nominated 1968 ( 41st ) Elder Sister Majhli Didi ( मझली दीदी ) Hindi Mukherjee , Hrishikesh Hrishikesh Mukherjee Not Nominated 1969 ( 42nd ) Deiva Magan Deiva Magan ( தெய்வ மகன் ) Tamil Tirulokchandar , A.C. A.C. Tirulokchandar Not Nominated 1971 ( 44th ) Reshma Aur Shera Reshma Aur Shera ( रेशमा और शेरा ) Hindi Dutt , Sunil Sunil Dutt Not Nominated 1972 ( 45th ) Uphaar Uphaar ( उपहार ) Hindi Roy , Sudhendu Sudhendu Roy Not Nominated 1973 ( 46th ) Saudagar Saudagar ( सौदागर ) Hindi Roy , Sudhendu Sudhendu Roy Not Nominated ( 47th ) Hot Winds Garam Hawa ( गरम हवा ) Urdu Sathyu , M.S. M.S. Sathyu Not Nominated 1977 ( 50th ) Manthan Manthan ( मंथन ) Hindi Benegal , Shyam Shyam Benegal Not Nominated 1978 ( 51st ) Chess Players ! The Chess Players Shatranj Ke Khilari ( शतरंज के खिलाड़ी ) Hindi Urdu Ray , Satyajit Satyajit Ray Not Nominated 1980 ( 53rd ) Payal Ki Jhankaar Payal Ki Jhankaar ( पायल की झंकार ) Hindi Bose Satyen Bose Not Nominated 1984 ( 57th ) Saaransh Saaransh ( सारांश ) Hindi Bhatt , Mahesh Mahesh Bhatt Not Nominated 1985 ( 58th ) Saagar Saagar ( सागर ) Hindi Sippy , Ramesh Ramesh Sippy Not Nominated 1986 ( 59th ) Swati Mutyam Swati Mutyam ( స్వాతి ముత్యం ) Telugu Viswanath , Kasinadhuni Kasinadhuni Viswanath Not Nominated ( 60th ) Nayakan Nayakan ( நாயகன் ) Tamil Ratnam , Mani Mani Ratnam Not Nominated 1988 ( 61st ) Salaam Bombay ! Salaam Bombay ! ( सलाम बॉम्बे ) Hindi Nair , Mira Mira Nair Nominated 1989 ( 62nd ) Parinda Parinda ( परिंदा ) Hindi Chopra , Vidhu Vinod Vidhu Vinod Chopra Not Nominated 1990 ( 63rd ) Anjali Anjali ( அஞ்சலி ) Tamil Ratnam , Mani Mani Ratnam Not Nominated 1991 ( 64th ) Henna Henna ( हिना ) Hindi Urdu Kapoor , Randhir Randhir Kapoor Not Nominated 1992 ( 65th ) Thevar Magan Thevar Magan ( தேவர் மகன் ) Tamil , Bharathan Bharathan Not Nominated 1993 ( 66th ) Rudaali Rudaali ( रुदाली ) Hindi Lajmi , Kalpana Kalpana Lajmi Not Nominated 1994 ( 67th ) Bandit Queen Bandit Queen ( बैंडिट क्वीन ) Hindi Kapur , Shekhar Shekhar Kapur Not Nominated 1995 ( 68th ) Kuruthipunal Kuruthipunal ( குருதிப்புனல் ) Tamil Sreeram , P.C. P.C. Sreeram Not Nominated ( 69th ) Indian Indian ( இந்தியன் ) Tamil Shankar , S. S. Shankar Not Nominated 1997 ( 70th ) Guru Guru ( ഗുരു ) Malayalam Anchal , Rajiv Rajiv Anchal Not Nominated 1998 ( 71st ) Jeans Jeans ( ஜீன்ஸ் ) Tamil Shankar , S. S. Shankar Not Nominated 1999 ( 72nd ) Earth Earth ( अर्थ ) Hindi Mehta , Deepa Deepa Mehta Not Nominated 2000 ( 73rd ) Hey Ram Hey Ram ( ஹே ராம் हे राम ) Tamil Hindi Haasan , Kamal Kamal Haasan Not Nominated 2001 ( 74th ) Lagaan Lagaan ( लगान ) Hindi English Gowariker , Ashutosh Ashutosh Gowariker Nominated 2002 ( 75th ) Devdas Devdas ( देवदास ) Hindi Bhansali , Sanjay Leela Sanjay Leela Bhansali Not Nominated ( 77th ) Breath ! The Breath Shwaas ( श्वास ) Marathi Sawant , Sandeep Sandeep Sawant Not Nominated 2005 ( 78th ) Riddle Paheli ( पहेली ) Hindi Palekar , Amol Amol Palekar Not Nominated 2006 ( 79th ) Rang De Basanti Rang De Basanti ( रंग दे बसंती ) Hindi Mehra , Rakeysh Omprakash Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra Not Nominated 2007 ( 80th ) Eklavya : The Royal Guard Eklavya : The Royal Guard ( एकलव्य -- दी रॉयल गार्ड ) Hindi Chopra , Vidhu Vinod Vidhu Vinod Chopra Not Nominated 2008 ( 81st ) Like stars on Earth Taare Zameen Par ( तारे ज़मीन पर ) Hindi Khan , Aamir Aamir Khan Not Nominated 2009 ( 82nd ) Harishchandra 's Factory Harishchandrachi Factory ( हरिश्‍चंद्राची फॅक्टरी ) Marathi Mokashi , Paresh Paresh Mokashi Not Nominated ( 83rd ) Peepli Live Peepli Live ( लाइव ) Hindi Rizvi , Anusha Anusha Rizvi Not Nominated 2011 ( 84th ) Abu , Son of Adam Adaminte Makan Abu ( ആദാമിന്റെ മകൻ അബു ) Malayalam Ahamed , Salim Salim Ahamed Not Nominated 2012 ( 85th ) Barfi ! Barfi ! ( बर्फी ! ) Hindi Basu , Anurag Anurag Basu Not Nominated 2013 ( 86th ) The Good Road The Good Road Gujarati Correa , Gyan Gyan Correa Not Nominated 2014 ( 87th ) Liar 's Dice Liar 's Dice Hindi Mohandas , Geetu Geetu Mohandas Not Nominated 2015 ( 88th ) Court Court Marathi Tamhane , Chaitanya Chaitanya Tamhane Not Nominated 2016 ( 89th ) Interrogation Visaranai ( விசாரணை ) Tamil Vetrimaaran Not Nominated 2017 ( 90th ) Newton Newton Hindi Amit V Masurkar Not Nominated See also ( edit ) List of Academy Award winners and nominees from India List of Academy Award - winning foreign language films List of Academy Award winners and nominees for Best Foreign Language Film List of countries by number of Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The film lost to the Italian film Nights of Cabiria by one vote . Jump up ^ The film , India 's second accepted nomination in 31 years , lost to the Danish film Pelle the Conqueror . Jump up ^ The film , being India 's last accepted nomination to date , lost to the Bosnian film No Man 's Land . Jump up ^ Morning Raga , an English - Telugu film released during the same year , was submitted as an independent entry by its producers ; neither film received the nomination . Jump up ^ Lage Raho Munna Bhai , a Hindi film released during the same year , was submitted as an independent entry ; neither film received the nomination . References ( edit ) General `` List of Indian Submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film '' . Film Federation of India . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Specific Jump up ^ `` History of the Academy Awards -- Page 2 '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 6 April 2008 . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rule Thirteen : Special Rules for the Foreign Language Film Award '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 22 August 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Academy Awards -- Page 1 '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 13 April 2008 . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Malayalam film Adaminte Makan Abu is India 's Oscar entry '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . 23 September 2011 . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Roy , Piyush ( 17 January 2008 ) . `` India 's Oscar drill '' . The Indian Express . Indian Express Limited . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 30th Academy Awards ( 1958 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Khanna , Priyanka ( 24 February 2008 ) . `` For Bollywood , Oscar is a big yawn again '' . Thaindian News . Archived from the original on 30 September 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India 's Oscar entry in this decade -- Shwaas ( 2004 ) '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 25 September 2013 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` No Indian entry this year for Oscars '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . 28 September 2003 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for India '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 16 June 2013 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Awards jury 's new plans for Oscars '' . CNN - IBN. 7 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dubey , Bharti ( 23 September 2012 ) . `` Barfi ! to represent India at Oscars '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kamal Haasan 's Biography '' . Koimoi . Archived from the original on 3 May 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Pratibha ( 10 July 2010 ) . `` Hey Ram is my discovery of Gandhi : Kamal '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Aḵẖtar , Jāvīd ; Kabir , Nasreen Munni ( 2002 ) . Talking Films : Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar . Oxford University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 9780195664621 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . most of the writers working in this so - called Hindi cinema write in Urdu : Gulzar , or Rajinder Singh Bedi or Inder Raj Anand or Rahi Masoom Raza or Vahajat Mirza , who wrote dialogue for films like Mughal - e-Azam and Gunga Jumna and Mother India . So most dialogue - writers and most song - writers are from the Urdu discipline , even today . Jump up ^ `` The 61st Academy Awards ( 1989 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 74th Academy Awards ( 2002 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 9 November 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Saxena , Kashika ( 25 September 2012 ) . `` India 's Oscar race : Losers weepers ? '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Road nominated as India 's entry for Oscars '' . The Hindu . 21 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Soman , Deepa ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Geethu mohandas ' Liar 's Dice is India 's official entry to the Oscars ! '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 29 September 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Court is India 's official entry for Oscars '' . Indian Express . 23 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Visaranai ' falls out of the Oscar race '' . Times of India . 16 December 2016 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Newton ' is India 's official entry to Oscars 2018 '' . Times of India . 22 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) The Official Academy Awards Database IMDb Academy Awards Page Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film submissions Award winners and nominees ( by country ) Year 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cambodia Cameroon Canada Chad Chile China Colombia Congo , Democratic Republic of Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Greenland Guatemala Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Mauritania Malaysia Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Norway Pakistan Palestine Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Senegal Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa South Korea Soviet Union Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Yugoslavia Award winners in other categories Nominees in other categories Acting nominations for foreign language performances Indian submission for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film 1957 -- 1980 Mother India ( 1957 ) Madhumati ( 1958 ) The World of Apu ( 1959 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1962 ) Mahanagar ( 1963 ) Guide ( 1965 ) Amrapali ( 1966 ) Aakhri Khat ( 1967 ) Majhli Didi ( 1968 ) Deiva Magan ( 1969 ) Reshma Aur Shera ( 1971 ) Uphaar ( 1972 ) Saudagar ( 1973 ) Garm Hava ( 1974 ) Manthan ( 1977 ) The Chess Players ( 1978 ) Payal Ki Jhankaar ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Saaransh ( 1984 ) Saagar ( 1985 ) Swati Mutyam ( 1986 ) Nayakan ( 1987 ) Salaam Bombay ! ( 1988 ) Parinda ( 1989 ) Anjali ( 1990 ) Henna ( 1991 ) Thevar Magan ( 1992 ) Rudaali ( 1993 ) In Custody ( 1994 ) Kuruthipunal ( 1995 ) Indian ( 1996 ) Guru ( 1997 ) Jeans ( 1998 ) Earth ( 1999 ) Hey Ram ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Lagaan ( 2001 ) Devdas ( 2002 ) Shwaas ( 2004 ) Paheli ( 2005 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2006 ) Eklavya - The Royal Guard ( 2007 ) Taare Zameen Par ( 2008 ) Harishchandrachi Factory ( 2009 ) Peepli Live ( 2010 ) Adaminte Makan Abu ( 2011 ) Barfi ! ( 2012 ) The Good Road ( 2013 ) Liar 's Dice ( 2014 ) Court ( 2015 ) Visaranai ( 2016 ) Newton ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film&oldid=817183170 '' Categories : Best Foreign Language Film Academy Award submissions by country Lists of Indian films Hidden categories : Featured lists Use British English from January 2013 Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 18 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
which film is going to be the india's official entry to the oscar for this year 2017
[ "\n\nYear\n(Ceremony)\nFilm title used in nomination\nOriginal title\nLanguage\nDirector(s)\nResult\n\n\n1957\n(30th)\nMother India\nMother India (मदर इंडिया)\nHindi-Urdu[15]\nKhan, MehboobMehboob Khan\nNominated[Note 1]\n\n\n1958\n(31st)\nMadhumati\nMadhumati (मधुमती)\nHindi-Urdu[15]\nRoy, BimalBimal Roy\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1959\n(32nd)\nWorld of Apu !The World of Apu\nApur sansār (অপুর সংসার)\nBengali\nRay, SatyajitSatyajit Ray\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1962\n(35th)\nSahib Bibi Aur Ghulam\nSahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (साहिब बीबी और ग़ुलाम)\nHindi\nUrdu\nAlvi, AbrarAbrar Alvi\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1963\n(36th)\nMetropolis\nMahanagar (মহানগর)\nBengali\nRay, SatyajitSatyajit Ray\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1965\n(38th)\nGuide !The Guide\nGuide (गाइड)\nHindi\nAnand, VijayVijay Anand\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1966\n(39th)\nAmrapali\nAmrapali (अम्रपल्ली)\nHindi\nTandon, LekhLekh Tandon\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1967\n(40th)\nLast Letter !The Last Letter\nAakhri Khat (आखरी ख़त)\nHindi\nAnand, ChetanChetan Anand\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1968\n(41st)\nElder Sister\nMajhli Didi (मझली दीदी)\nHindi\nMukherjee, HrishikeshHrishikesh Mukherjee\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1969\n(42nd)\nDeiva Magan\nDeiva Magan (தெய்வ மகன்)\nTamil\nTirulokchandar, A. C.A. C. Tirulokchandar\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1971\n(44th)\nReshma Aur Shera\nReshma Aur Shera (रेशमा और शेरा)\nHindi\nDutt, SunilSunil Dutt\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1972\n(45th)\nUphaar\nUphaar (उपहार)\nHindi\nRoy, SudhenduSudhendu Roy\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1973\n(46th)\nSaudagar\nSaudagar (सौदागर)\nHindi\nRoy, SudhenduSudhendu Roy\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1974\n(47th)\nHot Winds\nGaram Hawa (गरम हवा)\nUrdu\nSathyu, M. S.M. S. Sathyu\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1977\n(50th)\nManthan\nManthan (मंथन)\nHindi\nBenegal, ShyamShyam Benegal\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1978\n(51st)\nChess Players !The Chess Players\nShatranj Ke Khilari (शतरंज के खिलाड़ी)\nHindi\nUrdu\nRay, SatyajitSatyajit Ray\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1980\n(53rd)\nPayal Ki Jhankaar\nPayal Ki Jhankaar (पायल की झंकार)\nHindi\nBoseSatyen Bose\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1984\n(57th)\nSaaransh\nSaaransh (सारांश)\nHindi\nBhatt, MaheshMahesh Bhatt\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1985\n(58th)\nSaagar\nSaagar (सागर)\nHindi\nSippy, RameshRamesh Sippy\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1986\n(59th)\nSwati Mutyam\nSwati Mutyam (స్వాతి ముత్యం)\nTelugu\nViswanath, KasinadhuniKasinadhuni Viswanath\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1987\n(60th)\nNayakan\nNayakan (நாயகன்)\nTamil\nRatnam, ManiMani Ratnam\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1988\n(61st)\nSalaam Bombay!\nSalaam Bombay! (सलाम बॉम्बे)\nHindi\nNair, MiraMira Nair\nNominated[Note 2]\n\n\n1989\n(62nd)\nParinda\nParinda (परिंदा)\nHindi\nChopra, Vidhu VinodVidhu Vinod Chopra\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1990\n(63rd)\nAnjali\nAnjali (அஞ்சலி)\nTamil\nRatnam, ManiMani Ratnam\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1991\n(64th)\nHenna\nHenna (हिना)\nHindi\nUrdu\nKapoor, RandhirRandhir Kapoor\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1992\n(65th)\nThevar Magan\nThevar Magan (தேவர் மகன்)\nTamil\n, BharathanBharathan\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1993\n(66th)\nRudaali\nRudaali (रुदाली)\nHindi\nLajmi, KalpanaKalpana Lajmi\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1994\n(67th)\nBandit Queen\nBandit Queen (बैंडिट क्वीन)\nHindi\nKapur, ShekharShekhar Kapur\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1995\n(68th)\nKuruthipunal\nKuruthipunal (குருதிப்புனல்)\nTamil\nSreeram, P. C.P. C. Sreeram\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1996\n(69th)\nIndian\nIndian (இந்தியன்)\nTamil\nShankar, S.S. Shankar\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1997\n(70th)\nGuru\nGuru (ഗുരു)\nMalayalam\nAnchal, RajivRajiv Anchal\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1998\n(71st)\nJeans\nJeans (ஜீன்ஸ்)\nTamil\nShankar, S.S. Shankar\nNot Nominated\n\n\n1999\n(72nd)\nEarth\nEarth (अर्थ)\nHindi\nMehta, DeepaDeepa Mehta\nNot Nominated\n\n\n2000\n(73rd)\nHey Ram\nHey Ram (ஹே ராம் हे राम)\nTamil\nHindi\nHaasan, KamalKamal Haasan\nNot Nominated\n\n\n2001\n(74th)\nLagaan\nLagaan (लगान)\nHindi\nEnglish\nGowariker, AshutoshAshutosh Gowariker\nNominated[Note 3]\n\n\n2002\n(75th)\nDevdas\nDevdas (देवदास)\nHindi\nBhansali, Sanjay LeelaSanjay Leela Bhansali\nNot Nominated\n\n\n2004\n(77th)\nBreath !The Breath\nShwaas (श्वास)\nMarathi\nSawant, SandeepSandeep Sawant\nNot Nominated\n\n\n2005\n(78th)\nRiddle\nPaheli (पहेली)\nHindi\nPalekar, AmolAmol Palekar\nNot Nominated[Note 4]\n\n\n2006\n(79th)\nRang De Basanti\nRang De Basanti (रंग दे बसंती)\nHindi\nMehra, Rakeysh OmprakashRakeysh Omprakash Mehra\nNot Nominated[Note 5]\n\n\n2007\n(80th)\nEklavya: The Royal Guard\nEklavya: The Royal Guard (एकलव्य – दी रॉयल गार्ड)\nHindi\nChopra, Vidhu VinodVidhu Vinod Chopra\nNot Nominated\n\n\n2008\n(81st)\nLike stars on Earth\nTaare Zameen Par (तारे ज़मीन पर)\nHindi\nKhan, AamirAamir Khan\nNot Nominated\n\n\n2009\n(82nd)\nHarishchandra's Factory\nHarishchandrachi Factory (हरिश्‍चंद्राची फॅक्टरी)\nMarathi\nMokashi, PareshParesh Mokashi\nNot Nominated\n\n\n2010\n(83rd)\nPeepli Live\nPeepli Live (लाइव)\nHindi\nRizvi, AnushaAnusha Rizvi\nNot Nominated\n\n\n2011\n(84th)\nAbu, Son of Adam\nAdaminte Makan Abu (ആദാമിന്റെ മകൻ അബു)\nMalayalam\nAhamed, SalimSalim Ahamed\nNot Nominated\n\n\n2012\n(85th)\nBarfi!\nBarfi! (बर्फी!)\nHindi\nBasu, AnuragAnurag Basu\nNot Nominated\n\n\n2013\n(86th)\nThe Good Road\nThe Good Road\nGujarati\nCorrea, GyanGyan Correa\nNot Nominated[19]\n\n\n2014\n(87th)\nLiar's Dice\nLiar's Dice\nHindi\nMohandas, GeetuGeetu Mohandas\nNot Nominated[20]\n\n\n2015\n(88th)\nCourt\nCourt\nMarathi\nTamhane, ChaitanyaChaitanya Tamhane\nNot Nominated[21]\n\n\n2016\n(89th)\nInterrogation\nVisaranai (விசாரணை)\nTamil\nVetrimaaran\nNot Nominated[22]\n\n\n2017\n(90th)\nNewton\nNewton\nHindi\nAmit V Masurkar\nNot Nominated[23]\n\n" ]
[ "Newton" ]
-6302326618867558319
Disney Princess
Disney Princess - wikipedia Disney Princess Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Disney Princess media franchise . For other uses , see List of Disney animated universe characters . Disney Princess The 2013 line - up of the Disney Princess franchise . From left to right : Mulan , Snow White , Tiana , Cinderella , Belle , Merida , Rapunzel , Ariel , Aurora , Jasmine , and Pocahontas Created by Andy Mooney Original work Animated films Print publications Book ( s ) Disney Princess Chapter Books A Jewel Story Novel ( s ) May 7 , 2005 -- present Comics Kilala Princess ( Manga ) Magazine ( s ) Disney Princess Films and television Film ( s ) Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams Animated series The Princess Power Hour block Sofia the First Whisker Haven Tales with the Palace Pets Games Video game ( s ) Enchanted Journey Fairytale Adventure Audio Original music Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Miscellaneous Toys Dolls Palace Pets extension Palace Pets Disney Princess , also called the Princess Line , is a media franchise owned by The Walt Disney Company . Created by Disney Consumer Products chairman Andy Mooney in the early 2000s , the franchise features a line - up of fictional female protagonists who have appeared in various Disney franchises . The franchise does not include all princess characters from the whole of Disney - owned media , but rather refers to specific characters from the company 's animated films . As of 2017 , the eleven characters considered part of the franchise are Snow White , Cinderella , Aurora , Ariel , Belle , Jasmine , Pocahontas , Mulan , Tiana , Rapunzel , and Merida . The franchise has released dolls , sing - along videos , apparel , home decor , toys , and a variety of other products featuring some of the Disney Princesses . Licensees for the franchise include Glidden ( wall paint ) , Stride Rite ( sparkly shoes ) , Hasbro ( games and dolls ) , and plastic Fisher - Price figurines . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Conception 1.2 Expansions 2 Disney Princesses 2.1 Classic era 2.1. 1 Snow White 2.1. 2 Cinderella 2.1. 3 Aurora 2.2 Renaissance era 2.2. 1 Ariel 2.2. 2 Belle 2.2. 3 Jasmine 2.2. 4 Pocahontas 2.2. 5 Mulan 2.3 Modern era 2.3. 1 Tiana 2.3. 2 Rapunzel 2.3. 3 Merida 3 Portrayals in culture and media 3.1 Theme park rides 3.1. 1 Disneyland 3.1. 2 Walt Disney World 3.2 Meet - and - greets and live events 3.2. 1 Disneyland 3.2. 1.1 Fantasy Faire 3.2. 2 Walt Disney World 3.2. 3 Shanghai Disneyland 3.3 Films and television 3.4 Literature 3.4. 1 Disney Princess Chapter Books 3.4. 1.1 A Jewel Story 3.5 Comic adaptation 3.6 Video games 3.6. 1 Kingdom Hearts 4 Reception 4.1 Ethnic reception 4.2 Feminist reception 5 Notes 6 External links History ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Standing in line in the arena ( of a Disney on Ice show ) , I was surrounded by little girls dressed head to toe as princesses ... They were n't even Disney products . They were generic princess products they 'd appended to a Halloween costume . And the light bulb went off . Clearly , there was latent demand here . So the next morning I said to my team , `` O.K. , let 's establish standards and a color palette and talk to licensees and get as much product out there as we possibly can that allows these girls to do what they 're doing anyway : projecting themselves into the characters from the classic movies . '' -- Mooney , on his creation of the Disney Princess franchise as reported by The New York Times Former Nike , Inc. executive Andy Mooney was appointed chairman of The Walt Disney Company 's Disney Consumer Products division in the late 1990s . While attending his first Disney on Ice show , Mooney noticed that several young girls attending the show were dressed in princess attire that were not authentic Disney products . `` They were generic princess products they 'd appended to a Halloween costume , '' Mooney told The New York Times . Concerned by this , Mooney addressed the company the following morning and encouraged them to commence work on a legitimate Disney Princess franchise in January 2000 . Walt 's nephew , Roy E. Disney , objected to the creation of the line , as the company has long `` avoided mingling characters from its classic fairy tales in other narratives , worrying that it would weaken the individual mythologies '' . The original line - up consisted of princesses Snow White , Cinderella , Aurora , Ariel , Belle , Jasmine , Pocahontas , Mulan and Tinker Bell . Five of them ( Snow White , Aurora , Jasmine , Pocahontas , and Ariel ) were royal by blood , two ( Cinderella and Belle ) married into royalty , and two ( Mulan and Tinker Bell ) fit the `` princess mythology . '' Tinker Bell was soon removed from the latter category and the overall line - up . This was the first time the characters would be marketed in a separate franchise than their original films . Mooney decided that , when featured on marketing advertisements such as posters , the princesses should never make eye contact with each other in an attempt to keep their individual `` mythologies '' intact . `` ( Each ) stares off in a slightly different direction as if unaware of the others ' presence . '' In an unconventional manner , Mooney and his team launched the Disney Princess line without utilizing any focus groups and with minimal marketing . By 2001 , Disney Consumer Products ( DCP ) generated about 300 million dollars , but by 2012 , the division had increased revenue to 3 billion dollars , making it the top seller of consumer entertainment products globally . DCP issued princess product licenses to Hasbro for games , Mattel dolls , and plastic Fisher - Price figurines in 2000 , allowing the franchise to meet the $1 billion mark in revenue in three years . Expansions ( edit ) Tiana became the first additional character to the Princess franchise officially on March 14 , 2010 , taking Tinker Bell 's short - lived place as the ninth member . Her coronation took place at the New York Palace . Tinker Bell was already heading up another franchise started in 2005 , Disney Fairies . Rapunzel was `` crowned '' and inducted into the Disney Princess franchise as the tenth member on October 2 , 2011 , at Kensington Palace in London , England . On May 11 , 2013 , Disney added the first Pixar character Merida as the 11th Princess to the franchise in a coronation ceremony in front of Cinderella Castle at Magic Kingdom in Walt Disney World . With Target Corporation as its marketing partner , Disney held the first National Princess Week the week of April 22 , 2012 . During the week , there was the release of The Princess Diaries Blu - ray and The Very Fairy Princess book . Harrod , already have a Disney stores within , followed with their Christmas theme being Disney Princess by having Oscar de la Renta designed dress for the Princess on display . In August , the dress were on display at D23 Expo before being auctioned on November 13 to benefit Great Ormond Street Hospital Children 's Charity . Mattel adding a Barbie princess - themed line in late - 2010 then the fair and fantasy store based Ever After High in 2013 . Mattel was only putting out Princesses Cinderella , Ariel and Belle plus Anna and Elsa during the last year or so of its license . With these competing lines and an expiration of the brand license at the end of 2015 , Disney gave Hasbro a chance to gain the license given their work on Star Wars which lead to a Descendants license . DCP was also attempting to evolve the brand by making them less as damsels and more as heroines . In September 2014 , Disney announced that Hasbro would be the licensed doll maker for the Disney Princess line starting on January 1 , 2016 . The June 2013 release of the Disney Princess Palace Pets app from Disney Publishing , led DCP to turn Palace Pets into a Disney Princess franchise extension , with the release of The Palace Pets toy line in August from licensee Blip Toys . The line was also selected by TimetoPlayMag.com for its Most Wanted List Holiday 2013 . In 2015 Disney Publishing released animated shorts series Whisker Haven Tales with the Palace Pets . The shorts journey to a magical world of Whisker Haven , a secret realm located in a fairy - tale space between the Disney Princess kingdoms . Disney Princesses ( edit ) Princesses were given an official number in the franchise lineup starting with Snow White as the first and original Disney princess , with Cinderella being the second , followed by Aurora and so on . Classic era ( edit ) Snow White ( edit ) Main article : Snow White ( Disney character ) Snow White is the first and original Disney Princess . A main character in Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 1st animated feature film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) , Snow White is a beautiful young princess , described by her evil stepmother 's Magic Mirror as having ' hair as black as ebony , lips as red as the rose , skin as white as snow ' and also dubbed by the Mirror as the ' Fairest Of Them All ' . She is forced to seek refuge in the home of the seven dwarfs where she hides from her evil stepmother , Queen Grimhilde , who got angered by the fact that Snow White 's beauty was greater than hers . She asked the Huntsman to kill the princess ; however , as an act of pity , he ends up setting her free and telling her the Evil Queen 's plan . Snow White is often described as a kind , optimistic , tidy and happy person who sees the good in everyone . Originally voiced by Adriana Caselotti and animated by Marc Davis and Les Clark , she and her movie are based on the heroine and story of the German fairy tale Snow White ( 1812 ) by the Brothers Grimm . She has also been voiced by Mary Kay Bergman , Carolyn Gardener , and most recently Katherine Von Till . A crisp , blood red apple has become her trademark with years of exposure . Snow White is often known as one of the most anti-feminist Disney princesses through her goodness , which leads to passivity , her living with the Seven Dwarfs , her tendency to clean , and her awaiting of a prince to save her from her oppressions , which critics have viewed as misogyny and a danger to young women who will want to replicate these behaviors in their own lives . While many argue that she was a reflection of the era in which she was created , others claim that the complexity of animation of the time made it too difficult to add complexity to the characters in the film . Janet Maslin of The New York Times claims , `` Aside from her great daintiness and her credentials as a fervent housekeeper , Snow White has no distinct personality . She exists only to be victimized by her wicked stepmother - a far more interesting character - and to wait for Mr. Right , '' that supports feminist theory , but despite public feminist responses to the character , Disney regards Snow White as kind , sweet and respectful , encouraging children to , `` be a friend to all , '' in the same way she is depicted in the film . Cinderella ( edit ) Main article : Cinderella ( Disney character ) Cinderella is the second Disney Princess . Her movie , Disney 's 12th animated feature film , is named after her , Cinderella , released in 1950 . She is often considered the `` Leader of the Disney Princesses '' . Forced into servitude by her evil stepmother , Lady Tremaine , and her two cruel stepsisters , Drizella and Anastasia , after her father 's death , her only source of happiness was her animal friends , which consists of birds and mice . While scrubbing the floors of her late father 's mansion , an invitation to the Prince 's ball is delivered , inviting all of the eligible women to attend so that he can find a wife . While Cinderella meets the requirements to attend , her stepfamily forbids her , going so far as to rip apart the clothes that the mice and birds had created for her as the carriage arrives . When all seems lost , her fairy godmother gives her the means to attend , where she falls in love with the Prince . Cinderella is based on the heroine of the French fairy tale Cinderella by Charles Perrault and the German fairy tale Ashputtel by the Brothers Grimm . Originally voiced by Ilene Woods and animated by Marc Davis , in recent animated features she is currently voiced by Jennifer Hale . In the original movie , Cinderella 's hair was intended to be more of a strawberry - blonde color , but today she is depicted as having blonde hair . Also , her iconic ball gown is depicted as light blue instead of silver in nearly all media and merchandise . Cinderella is also known as `` Cinderelly '' by the mice . These days , her legendary glass slipper , which was used by the Prince to find her , symbolizes Cinderella 's timeless character and tale . As part of a new launch of live - action Disney classic recreation films , Cinderella was portrayed by Lily James in the 2015 motion - picture . The film is commended for remaining close to the original plot line of the animated feature supplemented by added depth to give the original character more background and dimension . Reviews cite the movie 's usage of the mantra , `` have courage and be kind '' ( `` But at least ( Cinderella 's ) outward beauty is poignantly augmented by an inner kindness and courage , things she manages to hold on to despite the abuses heaped upon her by her stepmother and stepsisters '' ) , claiming it to support and to help modern audiences reinvigorate their admiration of one of the earliest Disney princesses . Like Snow White , Cinderella faces feminist criticism for chasing after a man for freedom , displaying household chores , and means of beauty as the only way to attract a man that viewers may see the need to perpetuate . Disney , however , cites Cinderella as a persistent princess in the light of injustice , believing she sends the message to `` never give up . '' Aurora ( edit ) Main article : Aurora ( Disney character ) Aurora , originally voiced by Mary Costa , is the third Disney Princess . She first appeared in Disney 's 16th animated feature film Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) . The motion picture is adapted from the French fairy tale The Sleeping Beauty by Charles Perrault ( 1697 ) , from the German fairy tale Little Briar Rose ( 1812 ) by The Brothers Grimm and from The Sleeping Beauty ballet by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ( 1890 ) . Aurora is a princess by birth , daughter of her kingdom 's rulers and betrothed to another kingdom 's prince . She is described as having hair of sunshine gold and lips that shame the red rose ; she is also often described as being kind , shy , sophisticated , and a hopeless romantic . At first , she is seen as a little naive and insecure as a result of being sheltered for most of her life but , unlike Snow White , she is somewhat pluckier and more opinionated . In later media , she is shown to have matured and become more self - assured , independent and confident . She was later voiced by Erin Torpey and Jennifer Hale , and is currently voiced by Kate Higgins . Aurora was also portrayed by Elle Fanning in the film Maleficent , the movie about the fairy 's backstory played by Angelina Jolie . This live - action film is a part of a new series that Disney has been launching in order to give their classic films modern twists to contemporary audiences . Like her counterparts in the first wave of animated Disney films , Aurora is criticized for feminist depictions , mainly in the fact that she had very little involvement both in the fairy tale and in her own Disney movie , where Princess Aurora only appears for about 30 minutes . In many bloggers ' opinions , `` Aurora in the film is not a person , per se ; she is the prize that the other characters fight over . She is an object , really , and that is not feminist at all , '' . Disney , on their Disney princesses website , claims Aurora to inspire young girls to `` always wonder . '' Renaissance era ( edit ) Ariel ( edit ) Main article : Ariel ( Disney ) Ariel is the fourth Disney Princess , as well as the title character in Disney 's 28th animated feature film The Little Mermaid , released in 1989 . She is the youngest of King Triton 's seven daughters . Ariel is a mermaid princess in the undersea kingdom Atlantica ( according to later media in the franchise ) . Fascinated by the human world and tired of life under the sea , Ariel makes a deal with Ursula , an evil sea witch , trading her voice for the chance to experience the human world . Based on the Danish fairy tale The Little Mermaid by Hans Christian Andersen , Ariel is voiced by Jodi Benson and animated by Glen Keane and Mark Henn . The character was inspired by the protagonist in Andersen 's story but was developed into a different personality for the film . Ariel is fiercely independent and a dreamer , which is notable in her collecting of human world treasures in her private grotto . She is bold and a risk - taker , distinguished by her bright red hair , purple / lavender seashell bra and green tail . The Little Mermaid was the first animated Disney Princess film following Sleeping Beauty from 1959 . As such , Ariel 's film marks a new `` Renaissance '' of Disney that created more progressive , independent princesses with higher levels of depth and complexity . However , of all of the progressive Princesses , Ariel is regarded as one of the least feminist ones depicted . She sings `` Part of Your World '' which pleads for a chance to explore her curiosity in the outside world , though critics cite that curiosity is largely driven by her desire to marry a man that she has never even spoken to . However , in direct contrast to this criticism , Ariel was depicted in the film as being interested in the human world and species and sang the song long before falling in love with Eric . Without her voice , many fear that she is reliant on her beauty and sexuality only and , in the end , is saved by her male lover , Prince Eric , only to spend the rest of her life on the human world . Disney , however , claims Ariel spreads a message of , `` explor ( ing ) new worlds , '' that many other viewers notice throughout the film . Belle ( edit ) Main article : Belle ( Disney ) Belle is the fifth Disney Princess , first introduced in Disney 's 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) . Based on the heroine of the French fairy tale by Jeanne - Marie Le Prince de Beaumont , Belle was created by screenwriter Linda Woolverton and originally animated by James Baxter and Mark Henn . Originally voiced by Paige O'Hara , Belle is currently voiced by Julie Nathanson . O'Hara will , however , return as the voice of Belle in the 2018 film Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 . Frustrated with her provincial village life , book - loving Belle longs for adventure . When her father Maurice is imprisoned by a hideous beast , Belle sacrifices her own freedom in return for his . At first frightened by the Beast 's physical appearance and repulsed by his selfishness , Belle learns to appreciate him after he rescues her from a pack of hungry wolves , expressing her gratitude by tending to his wounds . While the Beast 's love for Belle gradually results in him adapting a more friendly and civil manner , Belle befriends him , eventually managing to fall in love with him by the time the last petal falls off an enchanted rose , which ultimately breaks a spell cast on him and transforms him back into a handsome prince . Emma Watson portrays Belle in the live - action adaptation , which is also titled Beauty and the Beast . This live - action film is a part of a new series that Disney has been launching in order to give their classic films modern twists to contemporary audiences . Personality-wise , Belle has been regarded as an independent , intelligent , courageous and headstrong , as well as a feminist . The character has been universally lauded by critics , garnering specific praise and recognition for her intelligence and bravery . The Los Angeles Times hailed Belle as one of the Disney Princesses responsible for `` break ( ing ) the bonds of convention '' . The Globe and Mail praised the character , complimenting her intellect and labeling her the `` main attraction of Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly highlighted the character 's independence , calling her `` the hero '' of the film and accrediting her with making Beauty and the Beast the best Disney Princess film . The Washington Post described Belle as `` more mature , more womanly and less blandly asexual '' than previous Disney heroines . The American Film Institute nominated Belle for its list of 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains . Belle remains the best - received Disney Princess to - date . Disney cites Belle as a role model for the mantra , `` do n't judge a book by its cover . '' Jasmine ( edit ) Main article : Princess Jasmine Jasmine is the sixth Disney Princess and the leading lady of Disney 's 31st animated feature film Aladdin ( 1992 ) . Jasmine is fierce , bold , and confident , rarely allowing anyone to tell her how to live her life . Jasmine hungers for independence , tired of the restrictions laid before her by her father . She falls in love with Aladdin while he is disguised as a prince after he takes her on a romantic ride on a magic carpet . Aladdin 's genie companion is summoned by Jafar , who uses the genie 's magic to tyrannically overthrow Jasmine 's father , the Sultan . Luckily , after Jafar 's defeat , the Sultan permits Jasmine to wed Aladdin despite his lack of royal heritage . Princess Jasmine is voiced by Linda Larkin , animated by Mark Henn , and her singing voice is provided by Lea Salonga ( in the feature film ) and Liz Callaway ( in the direct - to - video sequel ) . Naomi Scott will star as Jasmine in a live - action film adaptation of Aladdin . Jasmine is based on Princess Badroulbadour from the One Thousand and One Nights tale of `` Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp '' . Jasmine is one of the first Disney princesses to identify as a minority and to be a part of a movie taking place in an area other than Europe . While a part of the new line of progressive princesses , shown by how Jasmine is more likely to leave the castle and has immense curiosity about the world beyond the palace walls , critics have judged her for her reliance on a man , sexuality that is displayed more than in the other princesses prior , and for her false representation of Middle Eastern culture . Her sexual depiction , particularly in a scene where she seduces the villain Jafar , as well as her Western features , makes critics fear the messages Disney is spreading about culture , as well as the continued image of women winning over men with their bodies : `` Other than skin tone , this feature appears to be the only signifier of racial difference . In terms of the body . Jasmine , although still small - waisted is `` filmed '' in more active sequences and appears , through both the physical presence and activity in scenes , more athletic . '' Disney claims its intention with Jasmine is to inspire viewers to `` see the good in others . '' Pocahontas ( edit ) Main article : Pocahontas ( character ) Pocahontas is the seventh Disney Princess and first appeared in Disney 's 33rd animated feature film Pocahontas ( 1995 ) . Based on the Native American chief 's daughter , Pocahontas ( c. 1595 -- 1617 ) , and the settlement of Jamestown , Virginia in 1607 . Pocahontas is displayed as a noble , independent and highly spiritual young woman . She expresses wisdom beyond her years and offers kindness and guidance to those around her . An adventurer and nature lover , in the film she appears to have shamanic powers since she was able to communicate with nature , spirits , and animals and understand foreign languages . In the sequel , Pocahontas , after hearing of John Smith 's assumed death , is heartbroken . Despite this , she keeps her independent spirit and playfulness and is even much more mature and self - assured than she was in the first film . During her stay in England , she nearly loses herself in the hustle and bustle of the new world , consequently falling victim to western culture assimilation . But in the end , she bravely intends to sacrifice herself for her people 's safety and returns to her homeland , finding herself , and love , once again . She was voiced by Irene Bedard and animated by Glen Keane while her singing was provided by Judy Kuhn . Like Jasmine , Pocahontas , and her film , are criticized for the depiction of over-sexualized females in a culturally diverse world . Both princesses are shown with small waists , large almond eyes , and incredible athletic ability that none of the other , caucasian Disney princesses represent . Further , the film has been met with criticism from the Native American community as heralding colonialism and an invalid , romanticized representation of an important figure to the Powhatan people . In terms of its 90s debut , Buescher and Ono in their critical review of the film claim that Pocahontas 's actions , `` appropriates contemporary social issues of feminism , environmentalism , and human freedom in order to make racial domination appear innocent and pure . '' Despite these issues , Pocahontas is the first Disney Princess to not continue her romantic relationship at the conclusion of the film and even plays a direct role in rescuing her lover , John Smith . She is considered to be one of the most independent Disney princesses . Disney claims Pocahontas as a role model to `` respect the earth . '' Pocahontas is the first Disney Princess based on a real person . Mulan ( edit ) Main article : Mulan ( Disney character ) Fa Mulan , or simply Mulan is the eighth Disney Princess and first appeared in Disney 's 36th animated feature film Mulan ( 1998 ) . The movie is adapted from the legend of Hua Mulan ( 6th century ; ' Northern and Southern Dynasties ' period ) . Mulan , atypical and unlike most previous female roles , is courageous and more self - reliant . She also does not fit in with the expectations of a young Chinese girl of the time ; despite her natural beauty , she is clumsy , outspoken , and independent rather than graceful , silent and demure . After her meeting with the matchmaker ended in chaos , the matchmaker claimed that even though she had the looks of a bride , she would never find a match . However , her courage , intelligence , and determination helped her through her adventures , in which she disguises herself as a male soldier in order to fight in the Chinese army in place of her wounded father . She was voiced by Ming - Na Wen and animated by Mark Henn while her singing was provided by Lea Salonga . Liu Yifei is set to portray Mulan in a live - action adaptation of the 1998 animated film . Mulan saves her people and is the hero of her own story . Because of this , many see Mulan as a positive role model in her determination , risk - taking , and her conclusion of saving all of China . Disney promotes Mulan as role model who can help `` find your inner warrior . '' Modern era ( edit ) Tiana ( edit ) Main article : Tiana ( Disney ) Tiana , voiced by Anika Noni Rose and animated by Mark Henn , is the ninth Disney Princess character to be incorporated into the franchise , appearing in Disney 's 49th animated feature film The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) . Her film is loosely based on the novel The Frog Princess by E.D. Baker , which is in turn based on the Brothers Grimm fairy tale The Frog Prince . Tiana is portrayed as being a hardworking , ambitious , and beautiful young woman who has no love interest ( at the start of the film ) . Living in New Orleans , Louisiana , Tiana strives to achieve her goal of opening her own restaurant ( an ambition inspired by the accomplishments of real - life restaurateur Leah Chase ) . However , she is transformed into a frog after trying to break a spell cast by a Bokor on Prince Naveen that had changed him into a frog also . Throughout the film , the pair must embark on a quest to find a way to break the spell . Tiana was officially `` coronated '' and became a member of the Disney Princess line - up on March 14 , 2010 , at the New York Palace Hotel in Manhattan , New York . Tiana marks the first princess in the `` fourth - wave '' feminist movement that initiated the most modern line of Disney films , including movies like Tangled , Brave and Frozen . Unlike her past counterparts , Tiana has received more praise than criticism for her depiction of female independence and of minority culture . Christopher Lehman , author of `` The Colored Cartoon , '' claims that , `` Princess and the Frog '' ( i ) sa step in the right direction because it deviates from those polarized caricatures with characters that are crafted with individuality , '' those characters being either `` mammy '' or over sexualized versions of female African Americans . Instead , Tiana offers a new perspective as simply a hard - working woman who bears no reliance on a man . Disney says Tiana represents `` mak ( ing ) a dream real . '' Rapunzel ( edit ) Main article : Rapunzel ( Disney ) Rapunzel is the tenth Disney Princess . First appearing in Disney 's 50th animated feature film Tangled ( 2010 ) , Rapunzel is based on the heroine of the German fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm . Created by screenwriter Dan Fogelman , Rapunzel was originally animated by Glen Keane and is voiced by recording artist and actress Mandy Moore . The character was `` coronated '' and inducted into the Disney Princess franchise on October 2 , 2011 , at Kensington Palace in London , England . A princess born with long , magical golden hair , Rapunzel , stolen from her parents , the King and Queen of Corona , at infancy , is raised by Mother Gothel , an evil and vain old woman and exploits her hair to remain young and beautiful . Incarcerated in an isolated tower for eighteen years , Rapunzel enlists the help of a wanted thief named Flynn Rider to see the floating lanterns in time for her 18th birthday . Rapunzel is notably the first Disney Princess to appear in a CGI film but is frequently revamped to a traditionally animated design when appearing in merchandising alongside fellow , classically animated Princesses . The character has been generally well received by most critics . Particular praise was awarded to her spirited personality and contemporaneity . The Los Angeles Times described Rapunzel as `` a very modern young woman '' . The New Yorker called Rapunzel a witty and intelligent character , while USA Today wrote , `` Rapunzel is more believable in her teenage histrionics '' than previous Disney heroines . However , some reviews , such as the two provided by Time Out , were less favorable in their opinions of the character , describing her as both a `` bland '' and `` synthetic '' character . Disney describes her as promoting `` jump ( ing ) into new adventures . '' Merida ( edit ) Main article : Merida ( Disney ) Merida is the eleventh Disney princess , first appearing in the Pixar film Brave ( 2012 ) . Voiced by Kelly Macdonald , the character 's singing voice is provided by Julie Fowlis . She was created by director and screenwriter Brenda Chapman . Merida is the 16 - year - old daughter of Queen Elinor , who rules the kingdom alongside King Fergus . Queen Elinor 's expectations of her daughter make Merida see her mother as being distant while also causing friction between the two . Despite Elinor 's desire to see Merida as a proper royal lady , Merida is an impetuous girl who wants to take control of her own destiny . She has honed her skill in archery and is one of the most skilled archers ever seen . She is also skilled in sword - fighting and cross-country horse riding on her horse , Angus . Merida was `` coronated '' and officially became a part of the Disney Princess franchise on May 11 , 2013 , at Walt Disney World 's Magic Kingdom . She is the first Disney princess in the line - up to not have a love interest in her film , and the first to not sing in her film . Further , her stubbornness and independence have generally resonated with feminists , as well as her near entire rejection of `` princess duties '' like marrying a man and looking proper . She is also the first Pixar and the second CGI princess . By her actions throughout the film , Disney makes Merida the spokesperson of bravery . Portrayals in culture and media ( edit ) Theme Park rides ( edit ) Disneyland ( edit ) Ariel has an attraction at the California Adventure park called `` Ariel 's Undersea Adventure '' which opened June 3 , 2011 . Guests in Paradise Pier hop in the `` clam - mobile '' and are taken under the sea into Ariel 's world . Snow White has her own ride at Disneyland , Tokyo Disneyland and Disneyland Paris known as `` Snow White 's Scary Adventures '' . Walt Disney World ( edit ) The `` Snow White 's Scary Adventures '' ride was also featured at the Walt Disney World Resort , however , it was removed in 2012 as part of the New Fantasyland expansion . An attraction opened in the Magic Kingdom 's New Fantasyland entitled `` Enchanted Tales with Belle '' on December 6 , 2012 . The 20 - minute attraction takes guests into Maurice 's cottage to meet Belle and reenact the story of the Beauty and the Beast . Under the Sea : Journey of the Little Mermaid , which is based on Disneyland 's The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Undersea Adventure , opened on December 6 , 2012 . The Magic Kingdom attraction has a different exterior and queue than the one in Disneyland . On May 28 , 2014 , the `` Seven Dwarfs Mine Train '' opened in Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort . The 2,000 - foot long steel roller coaster averages a speed of 34 mph and features two drops peaking at 41 feet . `` Just like in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , make your merry way across the rolling stone bridges and through a forest where you 'll find the Dwarfs ' cottage and all the stars from the film . '' Riders are brought through the classic tale in a runaway mine train alongside the Dwarfs through the forest , by the cottage , and into the diamond mine of the Dwarfs . The mine cave features what Disney Imagineers say are `` some of the most advanced Audio - Animatronics characters ever created . '' Meet - and - greets and live events ( edit ) Disneyland ( edit ) left to right : Snow White , The Prince ; Ariel , Prince Eric ; Tiana , Prince Naveen ; Rapunzel , Flynn Rider ; Cinderella , Prince Charming ; Prince Phillip , Aurora ; Aladdin , Jasmine ; Belle , the Beast ( before returning to his human form ) on February 14th , 2012 . Currently , all the princesses are available for meet - and - greets in Disneyland Resort in California . Additionally , In 2006 , as part of the `` Year of Million Dreams '' celebration , the Fantasyland Theater began hosting the Disneyland Princess Fantasy Faire , a show featuring Lords and Ladies that taught young boys and girls the proper etiquette to be a prince or princess and features appearances from the Disney Princesses . In 2010 , Rapunzel was given a Tangled meet - and - greet location . The Carnation Plaza Gardens bandstand , adjacent to Sleeping Beauty Castle , was closed to be replaced by a new Fantasy Faire area in the Spring of 2013 . Fantasy Faire ( edit ) Fantasy Faire Disneyland Area Fantasyland Status Operating Opening date 000000002013 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2013 Replaced Carnation Plaza Gardens Website Fantasy Faire Magic Kingdom Name Princess Fairytale Hall Area Fantasyland Status Operating Opening date September 2013 Replaced Snow White 's Adventures Website Princess Fairytale Hall Shanghai Disneyland Name Once Upon a Time General statistics Attraction type meet - and - greet location Theme Gothic - inspired village & fair source The Fantasy Faire area in Disneyland officially opened on March 12 , 2013 , as the permanent home for the Disney Princesses and consists of a Royal Hall , a Royal Theatre , Maurice 's Treats food cart and Fairytale Treasures gift shop . The theater features two small shows based on Beauty and the Beast and Tangled . The hall is used for meet and greets with the princesses , which have a rotation schedule with three princesses scheduled to appear at a time . Walt Disney World ( edit ) At Walt Disney World Resort , the princesses are available for meet - and - greets in more specific locations . Cinderella - based character dining and interaction , located at Cinderella 's Royal Table in her Magic Kingdom castle , as well as `` Cinderella 's Happily Ever After Dinner , '' ( formerly known as the Cinderella 's Gala Feast Dinner ) at 1900 Park Fare in the Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa are common places for Cinderella and other Disney characters to appear . The Princesses also can be found at the Princess Storybook meal at Epcot . On September 18 , 2013 , a new meet - and - greet attraction called Princess Fairytale Hall opened at the Magic Kingdom . Many shows and parades across the property feature the princesses , including Fantasmic , Main Street Electrical Parade , Dream Along with Mickey , the Festival of Fantasy Parade , Mickey 's Boo - to - You Halloween Parade and Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmastime Parade . A store named `` Bibbidi Bobbidi Boutique '' opened April 5 , 2006 , at the World of Disney store in Downtown Disney ( now Disney Springs ) at Walt Disney World ; this shop allows children to receive princess makeovers . A second location opened in Cinderella Castle on September 10 , 2007 . On January 22 , 2007 , the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort began its first Pirate and Princess Party . This hard ticketed event featured `` Disney 's Enchanted Adventures Parade '' and a specially themed fireworks spectacular called `` Magic , Music and Mayhem '' . The parade featured the six main Princesses attended by knights and dancers . Each land is themed accordingly to a pirate or princess , such as Jasmine 's Court in Adventureland , Ariel 's Court in Fantasyland and the Princess Pavilion in Mickey 's Toontown Fair . This event has since been discontinued . Shanghai Disneyland ( edit ) A Princess meet and greet location called Once Upon a Time was operational at Shanghai Disneyland 's opening and is located at Storybook Castle . Films and television ( edit ) The Disney Princesses ' television appearances were compiled into the Disney Princess Collection , a series of compilation DVDs containing episodes from Aladdin , The Little Mermaid and two Beauty and the Beast specials . A later DVD series was released , entitled Disney Princess Stories , featuring content similar to the previous release . Princess Party Palace ( formerly known as The Princess Power Hour ) was a programming block on Toon Disney from 2000 until 2007 and where it used to air episodes of The Little Mermaid and Aladdin . Belle had her own live - action television series called Sing Me a Story with Belle . The first eight Disney Princesses also made appearances on the animated TV series House of Mouse and Belle also made an appearance ( along with her husband , Beast ) on a short episode from the TV animated series Mickey Mouse . In early 2007 , Disney announced Disney Princess Enchanted Tales , a new series of direct - to - video features that feature new stories for the Disney Princesses . The first movie in the series entitled Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams , was released on September 4 , 2007 . It is a musical film featuring new tales about Princess Jasmine and the first new tale about Princess Aurora since the original Sleeping Beauty . Originally , Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : A Kingdom of Kindness was announced as the first film in the series , which contained a different Princess Aurora story , and had a Belle story rather than a Princess Jasmine story . Disney made this change without any sort of notice . Currently , the series is cancelled and only `` Follow Your Dreams '' exists . The TV series Once Upon a Time that airs on the Disney - owned ABC , featured live - action versions of Snow White , Cinderella , Belle , Aurora , Mulan , Ariel , Rapunzel , Merida , Jasmine and Tiana in addition to Anna and Elsa. Snow White and Belle were previously main characters while the rest made recurring and or guest appearances . Beginning in season 7 , Cinderella , Tiana and Rapunzel were main characters . Many of these characters are patterned after the Disney versions , but a few draw inspiration from older stories . The TV series Sofia the First premiered on January 11 , 2013 , on Disney Junior ; to date , Cinderella appeared in the first movie Once Upon A Princess . Princesses Jasmine , Belle , Aurora , Snow White , Mulan , Tiana , and Merida have appeared on the show , and Ariel and Rapunzel appeared in the TV Specials The Floating Palace and The Curse of Princess Ivy , respectively . There are plans to feature Pocahontas and Moana in future episodes . However , Sofia is a minor princess and not in the royal court . She is voiced by Modern Family star Ariel Winter . In the 2014 film Maleficent , Aurora is played by Elle Fanning . Lily James portrays Cinderella in the 2015 film of the same name . Emma Watson is seen as Belle in the 2017 film Beauty and the Beast . Naomi Scott is set to star as Jasmine in the upcoming film Aladdin . Liu Yifei has been cast as Mulan in an upcoming live - action adaptation of the 1998 film . The Princesses , along with Anna , Elsa and Moana , will make a cameo appearance in Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 . This will mark the first time the princesses would be interacting with each other in a feature film on - screen . Literature ( edit ) Disney Princess Chapter Books ( edit ) Ariel : The Birthday Surprise Belle : The Mysterious Message Cinderella : The Great Mouse Mistake Tiana : The Grand Opening Jasmine : The Missing Coin Aurora : The Perfect Party Rapunzel : A Day to Remember A Jewel Story ( edit ) Ariel : The Shimmering Star Necklace Cinderella : The Lost Tiara Belle : The Charming Gift Jasmine : The Jewel Orchard Tiana : The Stolen Jewel Merida : Legend of the Emeralds Comic adaptation ( edit ) In Kilala Princess , a Japanese fantasy / romance manga produced by Kodansha that debuted in Nakayoshi in April 2005 . The plot of the manga revolves around a girl named Kilala and her adventures to find her kidnapped friend with the help of the first six Disney Princesses , who are Snow White , Cinderella , Aurora , Ariel , Belle , and Jasmine , though Kilala herself is n't considered part of the franchise . Video games ( edit ) Disney Princesses have appeared in various other media , such as video games , including Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey , Disney Princess : Magical Jewels , and Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure . Rapunzel can be found as a character in the 2013 game Disney Infinity along with other non-franchise princesses . Anna and Elsa are also included but are not officially part of the Disney Princess Royal Court . Disney Infinity : 2.0 Edition has the addition of Merida and Jasmine . However , Merida is also included with Stitch in the Toy Box Starter Pack . Disney Infinity 3.0 includes the character Mulan . Kingdom Hearts ( edit ) In the Kingdom Hearts game series , the seven `` Princesses of Heart '' , are young ladies with entirely pure hearts who would open the way to Kingdom Hearts if gathered together . Five of these maidens - Cinderella , Belle , Aurora , Snow White and Jasmine are Disney Princesses . The remaining Princesses of Heart are Alice from Alice in Wonderland and game series ' heroine , Kairi , though the latter is only exclusive to the video game like Kilala . The Disney Princesses make various appearances throughout the series : While all seven Princesses of Heart and all then - six Disney princesses appear in the first game , only Belle , Ariel , and Jasmine reappeared in Kingdom Hearts II with Kairi , though the others are mentioned . Mulan , however , makes her first appearance as the player visits her world . She serves as a tradeable character in the party similarly to how Ariel was in the first Kingdom Hearts . Belle , Jasmine , Ariel and Alice appear in Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories as figments of Sora 's memory , but their roles as Princesses of Heart are not brought up ; they also appear in Kingdom Hearts : 358 / 2 Days when they each meet Roxas . In the prequel Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep , Snow White , Cinderella and Aurora appear as the game 's playable characters assume prominent positions in the princesses ' original stories . Digital versions of Alice and Jasmine appear in Kingdom Hearts coded . Reception ( edit ) The Disney Princess franchise has received mixed reception from critics and parents , particularity feminists . Ethnic reception ( edit ) Pocahontas was criticized by University of Puget Sound Communications Professor Derek Buescher and University of Utah Professor of Communication Kent Ono . In their paper Civilized Colonialism : Pocahontas as a Neocolonial Rhetoric , they call the film as an attempt to justify and purify colonization which implies that all Native American people are `` savages '' that are in need of white assimilation . Reception to Disney 's first African - American princess , Tiana , the star of The Princess and the Frog , was mostly positive , and considered `` a step in the right direction . '' However , the film 's New Orleans setting in the wake of Hurricane Katrina and references to voodoo drew criticism from parents and the media , as did Tiana 's romance with a `` Caucasian '' prince . Tiana 's love interest , Prince Naveen , has brown skin and has been interpreted as a non-white character . According to a Disney executive , Naveen 's `` background was made up ; he 's whatever ethnicity they have in ( Naveen 's ) fictional ( homeland of ) Maldonia . '' Feminist reception ( edit ) Tension has been present between The Walt Disney Company and feminists ever since the release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937 . The type of representations of women in Disney films reflect Walt Disney 's personal feelings about family life , which in turn also shaped the Disney Company . Another influence was the fact that Disney 's attitudes mirrored the patriarchal cultural beliefs of the 1940s about what roles women should play in society . On December 24 , 2006 , Peggy Orenstein published `` What 's Wrong With Cinderella ? '' in The New York Times . In her article , Orenstein discussed her concerns about the effects of princess figures on young girls . Orenstein used the Disney Princesses specifically to present many of her points . Orenstein also noted the pervasive nature of Princess merchandise and that every facet of play has its princess equivalent . Tamara Weston of Time magazine criticized the franchise , referring to the princesses as `` damsels in distress '' and negative role models for young girls . Anna Smith of The Guardian disliked that Disney princesses were typically drawn with slender figures and large eyes . Other sources have also voiced concern that the franchise could possibly give young girls the wrong message . However , other parents who have young daughters say that they would eventually grow out of this phase . Many articles describe Disney Princesses as the beginnings of feminism . In the Bustle article `` A Feminist Ranking Of All The Disney Princesses , Because Not Every Princess Was Down For Waiting For Anyone To Rescue Her , '' Chelsea Maze ranks Disney Princesses and how each one contributes to feminism in her own way . The first princess is Mulan and the last one is Aurora . These ranks connect to how they contribute to the man 's needs and also the main story plot in the films . Another recent article from Cracked.com explains how the Disney Princesses have always been feminist and has a deeper explanation as to how they are feminist . Kristi Harrison explains in her article `` 4 Ways Disney Princesses Created Modern Feminism '' . She explains how we should think of the princesses as protagonists instead of princesses . Most of their adventures began with the recognition that most of their adventures began with rebellion against the patriarchy . Another article from Highbrow Magazine titled `` How Fourth - Wave Feminism is Changing Disney Princesses '' explains how the connection of feminism and Disney Princesses and the waves of feminism shape the way film and TV illustrate women . The first wave of feminism took place during the time the first three Disney princess films were produced . As said in the article , for these original Disney princesses , their beauty is their most defining characteristic . In all three films , the prince falls in love with and saves / marries the princess based solely on her appearance . These princesses are beautiful women and suffer because of circumstances out of their control and finally find salvation in the love of a powerful man . Kaitlin Eberson , the author of the article , explains how the second waved of feminism that lasted until the 1980s went hand in hand with the civil rights movement and focused on women 's legal and social equality . During this time Ariel , Belle , Jasmine , Pocahontas , and Mulan illustrated the ideology of society 's drastically altered beliefs about who women are and how they should act , as each princess has a distinct personality . The earlier Disney princess films were criticized for their representation of domestication , romance , and dependence on a male hero . The next wave of Disney princess films , part of the so - called ' Progressive ' Disney of the studio 's renaissance era of animation , attempted to make more independent female characters , though romance still played a large role in all of these films . There was a long - time gap between the releases of Mulan and The Princess and the Frog , but the fourth wave of feminism discusses the issues faced by women and how women acknowledged the inequality between genders . During this wave , the films showed strong , independent women that were powerful and were not submissive to a patriarchal society . A.O. Scott of The New York Times in 2016 described the `` feisty '' and `` battle - ready '' Princess Leia as `` a foremother of Hermione Granger and Katniss Everdeen and of countless latter - day Disney princesses '' . Studies evaluating the prevalence of classic male and female qualities represented by varying characters in Disney animated films showed that the earlier films tended to have more of the female characters displaying feminine characteristics at 86 % , while the middle films were more along the lines of 58 % . The Princess and the Frog alone had 53 % of feminine qualities featured in its films in comparison to male characteristics , showing the progression that Disney has undergone in terms of feminism and escaping gendered norms . There is little data on the most recent films ; however , general viewer reception has been positive in regards to the `` feminist '' qualities that these princesses display . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Goldman Getzler , Wendy ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Disney nurtures Palace Pet project , tablet usage '' . Kidscreen / iKids . Brunico Communications Ltd . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Brooks ( November 25 , 2007 ) . `` The Line Between Homage and Parody '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Merida becomes Disney 's 11th Princess in a ceremony at the Magic Kingdom '' . Orlando Attractions Magazine . May 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Disney Princesses website '' . princess.disney.com . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fisher - Price Disney Princess Review '' . thehottoys.com . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Suddath , Claire ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` The $500 Million Battle Over Disney 's Princesses '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Orenstein , Peggy ( December 24 , 2006 ) . `` What 's Wrong With Cinderella ? '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` Disney 's Head of Consumer Products Resigns '' . The Hollywood Reporter . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Matthew . `` The Little Princess Syndrome : When Our Daughters Act Out Fairytales '' . Natural Life . Life Media . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NG , Vincent . `` How Disney Princesses Became a Multibillion Dollar Brand '' . MCNG Marketing . Word Press . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Princess Tiana Officially Joins the Disney Princess Royal Court at Star - Studded Crowning Event in New York City Archived December 14 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Business Wire , Retrieved December 15 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` What you do n't know about Disney princesses : Demoted princess '' . CBS News . p. 17 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Throws a Party in London for Rapunzel '' . Fox News . September 29 , 2011 . 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Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Script '' . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2014 . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Things Feminists Hate : Disney Princesses -- Snow White '' . The Snark Who Hunts Back . Word Press . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ball , Jackson . `` The Evolving Princess : The Progressive Feminism in Disney Films : Part One -- Snow White '' . Flickering Myth . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet . `` FiLM VIEW ; Snow White is No Feminist '' . New York Times . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White '' . Disney Princess . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holz , Adam . `` Cinderella Movie Review '' . Plugged In . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chastain , Elaina . `` Cinderella 's Representation of Gender and How its Changed '' . The Artifice . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Cinderella '' . Disney Princess . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff . `` Disney Sets New Release Dates for Fairy Tale Films , Live - Action Movies '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Leigh . `` How Sleeping Beauty Is Accidentally the Most Feminist Animated Movie Disney Ever Made '' . TOR . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aurora '' . Disney Princess . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ron Clements and John Musker ( directors ) ( 1989 ) . The Little Mermaid ( Film ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Walt Disney Pictures . ^ Jump up to : England , Dawn ; Descartes , Lara ; Collier - Meek , Melissa ( 10 February 2011 ) . `` Gender Role Portrayal and the Disney Princesses '' . Springer . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pickett , Leah . `` How growing up disney shapes gender roles '' . WBEZ . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lacroix , Celeste ( 2004 ) . `` Images of Animated Others : The Orientalization of Disney 's Cartoon Heroines From The Little Mermaid to the Hunchback of Notre Dame '' . Popular Communications . 2 ( 4 ) : 213 -- 229 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ariel '' . Disney Princess . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . 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Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Buescher , Derek ; Ono , Kent ( 1996 ) . `` Civilized Colonialism : Pocahontas as a Neocolonial Rhetoric '' . Women 's Studies in Communication . 19 ( 2 ) : 127 -- 153 . ^ Jump up to : Maze , Chelsea . `` A Feminist Ranking Of All The Disney Princesses , Because Not Every Princess Was Down For Waiting For Anyone To Rescue Her '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dill , Karen E. ( December 4 , 2009 ) . `` First Black Disney Princess Debuts , 70 + years after Snow White '' . Psychology Today . Sussex Directories , Inc . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sun , Rebecca ; Ford , Rebecca ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Mulan ' Finds Its Star ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Noyer , Jérémie ( June 1 , 2010 ) . `` The Princess And The Frog 's Directors John Musker and Ron Clements take us to `` the other side '' of animation ! `` . Animated Views . Animated Views . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hare , Breeanna . `` Parents : Disney ' Princess ' is a hop towards progress '' . CNN . Cable News Network . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryson , Carey ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Rapunzel Induction Ceremony This Weekend '' . Kid 's Movies and TV - About.com . About.com . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roseboom , Matt ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Rapunzel named 10th Disney Princess in ceremony at Kensington Palace in London '' . Orlando Attractions Magazine . Orlando Attractions Magazine . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` Movie review : ' Tangled ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Diones , Bruce ( 2010 ) . `` Tangled '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( November 26 , 2010 ) . `` ' Tangled ' gently teases Disney and its animated films '' . USA Today . Gannett Co. Inc . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Huddleston , Tom ( June 25 , 2011 ) . `` Tangled ( PG ) '' . Time Out . Time Out . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Uhlich , Keith ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` Tangled '' . Time Out . Time Out . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Merida becomes 11th Disney Princess in coronation ceremony with first - ever Queen Elinore appearance at Walt Disney World '' . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . 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External links ( edit ) Disney portal Official website Disney Princess on Disney Junior Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Disney 's Descendants Descendants 2 Descendants : Wicked World Descendants : School of Secrets The 7D Elena of Avalor Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media Licensing Disney Retail Disney Store Disney Publishing Worldwide Disney comics Disney English Disney Press Disney Hyperion Marvel Press ( joint w / Marvel ) Games and Interactive Experiences DCPI Labs The Muppets Studio Disney Interactive Studios Disney Mobile Playdom Franchises Disney Channels Worldwide Disney Junior Elena of Avalor Gravity Falls Kim Possible Phineas and Ferb Star vs. the Forces of Evil Disney comics Donald Duck universe Disney Fairies Disney Princess Disney Tsum Tsum Disney Villains Disney Interactive Club Penguin Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts Where 's My Water ? 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Disney Disney Princess Elena of Avalor Frozen Indiana Jones Marvel Legends Marvel Super Hero Squad Marvel Universe Spider - Man Classics Star Wars Idaten Jump Nickelodeon Sesame Street Strawberry Shortcake Sid the Science Kid The Simpsons Trolls Wolverine and the X-Men X-Men Origins : Wolverine Subsidiaries Entertainment and Licensing Hasbro Studios Boulder Media Discovery Family ( 40 % ) Wizards of the Coast Avalon Hill Backflip Studios ( 70 % ) Divisions and brands Nerf Playskool Tiger Electronics Tonka Related media Comics Films Television See also Hasbro Universe HasCon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disney_Princess&oldid=835647738 '' Categories : Operating amusement attractions Amusement rides introduced in 2018 Amusement rides introduced in 2013 Amusement rides by name Disney Princess Disney franchises Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using citations with format and no URL Use mdy dates from April 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 23 : 08 . 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number of pocahontas in the official disney princesses
[ "Pocahontas is the seventh Disney Princess and first appeared in Disney's 33rd animated feature film Pocahontas (1995). Based on the Native American chief's daughter, Pocahontas (c. 1595–1617), and the settlement of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Pocahontas is displayed as a noble, independent and highly spiritual young woman. She expresses wisdom beyond her years and offers kindness and guidance to those around her. An adventurer and nature lover, in the film she appears to have shamanic powers since she was able to communicate with nature, spirits, and animals and understand foreign languages. In the sequel, Pocahontas, after hearing of John Smith's assumed death, is heartbroken. Despite this, she keeps her independent spirit and playfulness and is even much more mature and self-assured than she was in the first film. During her stay in England, she nearly loses herself in the hustle and bustle of the new world, consequently falling victim to western culture assimilation. But in the end, she bravely intends to sacrifice herself for her people's safety and returns to her homeland, finding herself, and love, once again. She was voiced by Irene Bedard and animated by Glen Keane while her singing was provided by Judy Kuhn." ]
[ "the seventh Disney Princess" ]
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Government of the Philippines
Government of the Philippines - wikipedia Government of the Philippines Jump to : navigation , search Government of the Philippines Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas Formation 1898 ( official ) 1987 ( de jure ) Country Philippines Website gov.ph Legislative branch Legislature Congress Meeting place Batasang Pambansa Complex ( House of Representatives / Lower Chamber ) GSIS Building ( Senate / Upper Chamber ) Executive branch Leader President Appointment Election by popular vote Headquarters Malacañang Palace Main organ Cabinet Judicial branch Court Supreme Court Seat Manila Baguio City ( summer ) Philippines This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the Philippines Constitution ( show ) Charter Change Laws and legal codes Legislature ( show ) Congress Senate Senate President Aquilino Pimentel III House of Representatives Speaker Pantaleon Alvarez Districts Party - list representation Local legislatures ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Executive ( show ) President of the Philippines Rodrigo Duterte Vice President of the Philippines Leni Robredo Cabinet Executive departments Local government Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Acting Chief Justice Antonio Carpio Court of Appeals Court of Tax Appeals Sandiganbayan Ombudsman Regional Trial Courts Barangay justice Constitutional commissions ( show ) Civil Service Commission Commission on Elections Commission on Audit Commission on Human Rights Elections ( show ) Recent elections General : 2007 2013 2016 Political parties ( show ) Lakas Liberal Nacionalista NPC NUP PDP -- Laban UNA Administrative divisions ( show ) Capital Regions Provinces Cities Municipalities Barangays Poblacions Sitios Puroks Related topics ( show ) Foreign relations Human rights Taxation Other countries Atlas The Government of the Philippines ( Filipino : Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas ) is the national government of the Philippines . It is governed as unitary state under a presidential representative and democratic and a constitutional republic where the President function as both the head of state and the head of government of the country within a pluriform multi-party system . The government has three interdependent branches : the legislative branch , the executive branch , and the judicial branch . The powers of the branches are vested by the Constitution of the Philippines in the following : Legislative power is vested in the two - chamber Congress of the Philippines -- the Senate is the upper chamber and the House of Representatives is the lower chamber . Executive power is exercised by the government under the leadership of the President . Judicial power is vested in the courts with the Supreme Court of the Philippines as the highest judicial body . Contents ( hide ) 1 Legislative Power 2 Executive Power 3 Judicial Power 4 Constitutional Commissions 5 Office of the Ombudsman 6 Local government 7 See also 8 References Legislative power ( edit ) The legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Philippines which consists of the Senate of the Philippines Senate and House of Representatives . The upper house is located in Pasay City , while the lower house is located in Quezon City . Both are in Metro Manila . The district and sectoral representatives are elected for a term of three years . They can be re-elected but they may not run for a fourth consecutive term . Senators are elected to a term of six years . They can be re-elected but may not run for a third consecutive term . The House of Representatives may opt to pass for a vacancy of a legislative seat , which leads to a special election . The winner of the special election will serve the unfinished term of the previous district representative , and will be considered as one elective term . The same rule also applies in the Senate , however it only applies if the seat was vacated before a regular legislative election . The current President of the Senate is Vicente Sotto , III , while the current Speaker of the House of Representatives is Pantaleon Alvarez . Legislative Power : National Government Senate House of Representatives Local Government Sangguniang Panlalawigan Regional Legislative Assembly Sangguniang Panlungsod Sangguniang Bayan Sangguniang Barangay Executive power ( edit ) The executive power is vested in the President of the Philippines . The President is elected by popular vote . The principal workplace of the President is the Malacañang Palace in San Miguel , Manila . The executive branch is currently headed by President Rodrigo Duterte . The President is also the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines , The second highest official is elected separately from the President by popular vote . The Vice President is first in line to succession if the President resigns , is impeached or dies . The Vice President is usually , though not always , a member of the president 's cabinet . If there is a vacancy in the position of vice-president , the President will appoint any member of Congress ( usually a party member ) as the new Vice President . The appointment must then be validated by a three - fourths vote of the Congress . Executive leadership : National government President Vice-President Cabinet Secretaries Local government Provincial / Regional Governor Provincial / Regional Vice-Governor City / Municipal Mayor City / Municipal Vice-Mayor Barangay Captain / Barangay Upuan Judicial power ( edit ) The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court of the Philippines and lower courts established by law . The Supreme Court , which has a Chief Justice as its head and 14 Associate Justices , occupies the highest tier of the judiciary . The justices serve until the age of 70 . The justices are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council of the Philippines . The sitting Chief Justice is Maria Lourdes Sereno , the 24th to serve in that position ... Other court types of courts , of varying jurisdiction around the archipelago , are the : Lower Collegiate Courts : Court of Appeals Court of Tax Appeals Sandiganbayan Regular Courts : Regional Trial Courts Municipal Circuit Trial Courts Muslim Courts Sharia District Courts Sharia Circuit Courts yessy Constitutional commissions ( edit ) Article 9 of the Constitution of the Philippines establishes three constitutional commissions : the Civil Service Commission , the Commission on Elections , and the Commission on Audit . Office of the Ombudsman ( edit ) See also : Corruption in the Philippines The government and all three of its branches are independently monitored by the office of the Ombudsman ( Filipino : Tanodbayan ) . The Ombudsman is given the mandate to investigate and prosecute any government official allegedly guilty of crimes , especially Graft and Corruption . The Ombudsman is assisted by six deputies : the Overall Deputy , the Deputy for Luzon , the Deputy for Visayas , the Deputy for Mindanao , the Deputy for the Armed Forces , and the Special Prosecutor . Local government ( edit ) Main article : Administrative divisions of the Philippines Local government hierarchy . The dashed lines emanating from the president means that the President only exercises general supervision on local government . The Philippines has four main classes of elected administrative divisions , often lumped together as local government units ( LGUs ) . They are , from the highest to the lowest division : Autonomous regions Provinces ( lalawigan , probinsiya , kapuoran ) and independent cities ( lungsod , siyudad / ciudad , dakbayan , dakbanwa , lakanbalen ) Municipalities ( bayan , balen , bungto , banwa ) and component cities ( lungsod , siyudad / ciudad , dakbayan , dakbanwa , lakanbalen ) Barangays ( also known as barrio ) Beyond these , the national government groups provinces and independent cities into regions , e.g. Metro Manila or Region VI . The President has the prerogative to create , abolish and determine the composition of regions , which is done so most often in consultation with the local government units affected , with the exception of autonomous regions , where the residents of the local government units have to ratify in a plebiscite their inclusion in such a setup . See also ( edit ) Congress of the Philippines Senate of the Philippines House of Representatives of the Philippines President of the Philippines Executive departments of the Philippines Administrative divisions of the Philippines Supreme Court of the Philippines References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Exec . Order No. 1987 - 292 Book II Chapter 1 Section 1 ( 25 July 1987 ; in English ) President of the Philippines . Retrieved on 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Philippine Government Jump up ^ Redden , R.K. 1984 . Modern Legal System Cyclopedia - Asia Chapter 7 ( b ) `` The legal system of the Philippines '' W.B. Hein , Buffalo NY Philippines articles History Timeline Prehistory ( Pre-900 ) Archaic Era ( 900 -- 1521 ) Colonial era ( 1521 -- 1946 ) Spanish period ( 1521 -- 1898 ) American period ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Postcolonial era ( 1946 -- 1986 ) Third Republic ( 1946 -- 65 ) Marcos dictatorship ( 1965 -- 86 ) Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) By topic Archaeology Demographic Discoveries Economic history Inventions Military Geography Bays Biosphere reserves Climate Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Extreme points Island groups islands Lakes Landmarks Mountains National parks Protected areas Ramsar sites Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Government Executive President Executive Office Cabinet Civil service National Police Legislature Congress Senate Senate President President pro tem House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Supreme Court Judiciary Court of Appeals Law Constitution Philippine legal codes Human rights Intelligence National Bureau of Investigation National Counter-Terrorism Action Group National Intelligence Coordinating Agency Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Uniformed Armed Forces of the Philippines Philippine Air Force Philippine Army Philippine Navy Philippine Marine Corps Philippine Coast Guard Administrative divisions Elections Foreign relations Political parties Economy Agriculture Business process outsourcing Central Bank Energy Fiscal policy National debt Labor Peso Stock Exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Science and technology Water and Sanitation Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Income inequality Languages Poverty Provinces by HDI Refugees Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Cultural Properties Dance Fashion and clothing Festivals Historical Markers Literature Media Music Mythology Public holidays Psychology Sexuality Sports Traditional games Value system Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Arnis Flag Name Narra Philippine eagle Sampaguita Book Philippines portal Government of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_of_the_Philippines&oldid=842270667 '' Categories : Government of the Philippines Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles containing Filipino - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Ilokano Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 11 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
term of office judicial branch in the philippines
[ "The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court of the Philippines and lower courts established by law. The Supreme Court, which has a Chief Justice as its head and 14 Associate Justices, occupies the highest tier of the judiciary. The justices serve until the age of 70. The justices are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council of the Philippines.[3] The sitting Chief Justice is Maria Lourdes Sereno, the 24th to serve in that position..." ]
[ "until the age of 70" ]
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Blue Bloods (season 7)
Blue Bloods ( season 7 ) - wikipedia Blue Bloods ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Blue Bloods ( season 7 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network CBS Original release September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) -- May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 Next → Season 8 List of Blue Bloods episodes The seventh season of Blue Bloods , a police procedural drama series created by Robin Green and Mitchell Burgess , premiered on CBS on September 23 , 2016 . The season concluded on May 5 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Donnie Wahlberg ( Danny Reagan ) , Bridget Moynahan ( Erin Reagan ) , Will Estes ( Jamie Reagan ) , and Len Cariou ( Henry Reagan ) are first credited . Amy Carlson ( Linda Reagan ) and Sami Gayle ( Nicky Reagan - Boyle ) are credited next , marking the third season they have been included in the opening credits . Tom Selleck ( Frank Reagan ) receives an `` and '' billing at the close of the main title sequence . Marisa Ramirez , as Danny 's partner Detective Maria Baez , and Vanessa Ray , as Jamie 's partner Eddie Janko , continue to receive `` also starring '' billing for season 7 . Appearing regularly and receiving `` special guest star '' billing are Gregory Jbara as Deputy Commissioner of Public Information Garrett Moore , Robert Clohessy as Lt. Sidney Gormley , and Abigail Hawk as Detective Baker , Frank 's primary aide . Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 134 `` The Greater Good '' David M. Barrett Siobhan Byrne - O'Connor September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) 701 10.55 Danny 's world is rocked when Robert Lewis ( Michael Imperioli ) in the Attorney General 's office obtains new evidence against him in the self - defense shooting case of serial killer Thomas Wilder ( Louis Cancelmi ) . Also , Jamie and Eddie respond to a car accident involving a high - profile drunk driver , and Frank is asked by Grace Edwards ( Lori Loughlin ) , the wife of a slain police officer , to keep her only son off the police force for her safety . 135 `` Good Cop Bad Cop '' Kellie Cyrus Brian Burns September 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 30 ) 704 10.56 Danny and Baez investigate the murder of an elderly woman , shot in her home by a stray bullet . Also , Frank faces ridicule from his department when he disciplines a disrespectful cop , and Erin steps in to help her detective cohort , Anthony Abetemarco ( Steve Schirripa ) , find a legal solution for his mother after a con man bilks her out of her life savings . Meanwhile , Jack is in big trouble after ditching school to drink at a party . As punishment , Danny takes away his phone . 136 `` The Price of Justice '' John Behring Ian Biederman October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 702 9.85 Danny and Baez are determined to get justice for a traumatized young woman who was held hostage , despite her resistance to press charges . Also , Frank deals with a PR nightmare when a prominent NYPD donor ( Saul Rubinek ) is spotted speeding through Manhattan traffic in a fake police vehicle , and Jamie is offered a job as a technical advisor on a television crime show after working with the TV and Film unit . 137 `` Mob Rules '' Robert Harmon Peter Blauner October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) 703 10.22 Intent on bringing justice to Lieutenant Gormley after he is beaten by a mob outside his temporary rental home , Anthony offers to help Frank because he has a personal connection to the neighborhood where the attack occurred . Also , Eddie and Jamie witness a dishonest arrest involving an NYPD detective and an agent from Homeland Security , while Danny and Maria search for a witness to testify against a dangerous gang leader . 138 5 `` For the Community '' Peter Werner Teleplay by : Blair Singer & Kevin Wade Story by : Blair Singer October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) 705 10.03 Erin and Anthony try to prevent the deportation of a prominent community activist , Coryna Garza ( Judy Reyes ) , who is not a citizen . Frank must decide if the NYPD will participate in the U.S. Marshals ' high - profile raid of a local gang . Elsewhere , Eddie takes Jamie to see her 16 - year - old psychic , but the girl 's `` papa '' says she has disappeared . When they find the girl , Jamie and Eddie try to figure out why she ran . 139 6 `` Whistleblowers '' Eric Laneuville Kevin Riley and Kevin Wade October 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) 706 8.88 Frank is informed of a whistleblower within the NYPD who claims to have evidence of abuse of power in high crime neighborhoods . Danny and Baez investigate the case of a waitress at a popular Irish pub who was struck by a car under suspicious circumstances . 140 7 `` Guilt by Association '' Robert Harmon Siobhan Byrne O'Connor November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) 707 9.76 When a key witness in Danny 's murder case is killed just before testifying , Erin angers Danny by enlisting Anthony to help him find additional evidence to collar the murderer . Robert Lewis returns , trying to force Frank to publicly support the Attorney General 's investigation into the use of excessive force by police . During a joint press conference with Lewis , Frank accuses him of having political motivations for the probe . Lewis responds later by promising further investigations into NYPD chain of evidence issues . Meanwhile , Eddie and Jamie get a call for an attempted suicide . 141 8 `` Personal Business '' David M. Barrett Ian Biederman November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) 708 10.27 After Emily Harrison ( Danielle Savre ) tells Danny and Baez she 's concerned her abusive ex-boyfriend will repeat his behavior with his new girlfriend , Emily is accused of vigilantism when the guy is murdered . Eddie gets jealous when Jamie takes in a young professional woman who was forced to live on the street , letting her crash at his apartment . Meanwhile , Frank must decide how to discipline a sergeant after he fails to intercede during an armed robbery while off duty , as he was protecting his young daughter . 142 9 `` Confessions '' Alex Zakrzewski Brian Burns November 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) 709 10.36 Frank is left with minimal information to find a missing boy when a conflicted priest who could help wo n't break the seal of confession . Danny and Baez investigate the death of a prominent New York City socialite with a secret life . Elsewhere , Jamie and Eddie attend a wedding together while trying to hide their recently resurfaced romantic feelings for each other . Unfortunately , Jamie 's behavior towards one of the guests at the reception leads to a brawl on the dance floor and a destroyed wedding cake . Those involved spend the night in the slammer . 143 10 `` Unbearable Loss '' David M. Barrett Peter Blauner December 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) 710 10.18 When the son of Frank 's most outspoken critic in the African - American community , Reverend Darnell Potter ( Ato Essandoh ) , is killed , Potter must put aside his contentious relationship with the Reagan family in order to get justice for his son . Also , Erin and Anthony investigate when a convicted felon 's cause of death is inconsistent with injuries he sustained during a prisoner transport van accident , and Jamie learns that a mugger he shot in self - defense is the son of a trooper in the New York State Police . 144 11 `` Genetics '' Alex Chapple Allie Solomon January 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) 711 10.79 An adoption case gets complicated for Jamie and Eddie , so they turn to Erin for help in preventing the case from going to court . The case becomes more complicated because Erin does not know adoption law well . Frank deals with an NYPD sergeant who is helping cadets from military backgrounds cheat on the psychiatric portion of their exam . Meanwhile , Danny learns from a worried Linda that Jack plans to enter the Marines after graduation . 145 12 `` Not Fade Away '' Robert Harmon Kevin Wade and Blair Singer January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 712 10.48 Danny is asked to provide private security for Ernie `` Goodnight '' Mason ( Omar Dorsey ) , who spent 12 years in prison for his involvement in a murder . In return , Danny makes Mason help him locate the actual triggerman in the crime . Jamie and Eddie have to break up a public quarrel between two NYPD partners who have become romantically involved , making them evaluate their own complicated relationship . Elsewhere , Frank tries to make things right when Sid 's wife tells him that her husband feels underutilized . 146 13 `` The One That Got Away '' Jane Raab Siobhan Byrne O'Connor January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 713 9.77 When diplomatic immunity complicates a child abuse case for Danny and Baez , Frank intervenes , despite not having jurisdiction on the case . Also , a robbery occurs while Eddie and Jamie are on a double date with Eddie 's boyfriend and his sister , and they are forced to step in . 147 14 `` In and Out '' John Behring Ian Biederman February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 714 10.13 A parole officer 's romance with an ex-con leads to a possible cover up in a gang leader 's shooting . As Danny and Baez investigate the murder , Frank tries to prevent further violence by getting information from the rival gang leader ( Method Man ) serving prison time for killing police chief Donald Kent . Elsewhere , Jamie and Eddie are tired of responding to bogus calls , and try to track down the person who has tapped into the police frequency . 148 15 `` Lost Souls '' Alex Chapple Brian Burns February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) 715 10.65 A man is murdered 10 years after he killed a mother and son while driving drunk , and the investigation leaves Danny and Baez facing a dilemma . Anthony is put in a different position when Erin asks him to wear a wire as he meets with an old friend who has become involved with Russian mobsters . Meanwhile , Frank learns the NYPD community feels that he is the only thing holding Jamie back from a promotion . 149 16 `` Hard Bargain '' David M. Barrett Peter Blauner February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) 716 10.15 Linda 's brother Jimmy ( Kevin Dillon ) asks Danny for help after he lands in trouble with the mob . A lawyer whose pop star client , Osvaldo V , was tackled and arrested in a case of mistaken identity wants police officers ' disciplinary records to be made public . Nicky accompanies Jamie and Eddie on a ride along , and gets involved when the three encounter a battered wife . 150 17 `` Shadow of a Doubt '' P.J. Pesce Kevin Riley March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) 717 9.36 Jamie and Eddie suspect foul play when they respond to a distress call from a woman having an allergic reaction to her lifesaving medication , and learn that her husband is an EMT assigned to take her call , but did n't respond . Also , Erin realizes that a man she convicted years earlier might be innocent of the crime , and Frank handles a PR crisis in his department when an exposé on Garrett Moore is published . 151 18 `` A Deep Blue Goodbye '' David Barrett Kevin Wade March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 718 9.62 Danny investigates the circumstances of an ex-NYPD officer who goes missing the day after she revealed to him that she had planned to make amends to the woman she and her partner wrongfully convicted years ago . Elsewhere , Frank faces a dilemma when one of his peers , Chief Travis Jackson ( Isaiah Washington ) , refuses to retire , even though he 's hit the mandatory age . Also , Jamie and Eddie get involved in a prank war with another male - female officer partnership , which escalates to a near - brawl in the street . 152 19 `` Love Lost '' Ralph Hemecker Siobhan Byrne O'Connor April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 719 9.77 Once again , Erin faces off in court against her ex-husband , Jack Boyle ( Peter Hermann ) , who is representing the person she is attempting to convict of murder . Erin is also shocked to learn that Jack has been going out with a woman who is just a few years older than Nicky . Jack also has n't gotten over the habit of calling Erin by her marriage name . Danny and Baez investigate to see if a husband is behind the murder of his own wife , who was smothered in her sleep . Frank is confronted by a mother who accuses the NYPD of being negligent in solving her son 's murder , while Jamie rides with his temporary partner , Officer Brenda Patimkin ( Sarah Mezzanotte ) . 153 20 `` No Retreat No Surrender '' Jane Raab Brian Burns April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 720 9.43 When a witness in a former case of Erin 's asks her for help shutting down a drug operation in his Bronx apartment building , she makes it her mission to make the building safe for his family . While investigating a teen 's suicide , Danny and Baez uncover information that suggests the death was a homicide . Frank looks into potential misconduct in the Mayor 's office , possibly putting his job at risk . 154 21 `` Foreign Interference '' John Behring Peter Blauner April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) 721 8.74 Danny and Baez team up with two Russian operatives to search for a dangerous Russian man who entered the U.S. on a diplomatic visa . Also , Frank gets involved in a sensitive case involving Archbishop Kevin Kearns ( Stacy Keach ) , and Erin and Anthony scramble to find out who tampered with evidence in one of their cases . 155 22 `` The Thin Blue Line '' David M. Barrett Ian Biederman May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 722 9.24 After Danny intercepts a shipment of several million dollars that was heading to a drug cartel in Mexico , he and his family become targets when cartel members come back for revenge leaving the family homeless . Also , Jamie works independently to track down a serial killer who preys on the elderly , and Mayor Poole ( David Ramsey ) confides to Frank that he plans to retire . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Greater Good '' September 23 , 2016 1.3 / 6 10.55 0.8 4.32 14.87 `` Good Cop Bad Cop '' September 30 , 2016 1.3 / 6 10.56 N / A 4.00 N / A 14.56 `` The Price of Justice '' October 7 , 2016 1.2 / 5 9.85 0.7 3.90 1.9 13.73 `` Mob Rules '' October 14 , 2016 1.3 / 5 10.22 N / A 3.99 N / A 14.21 5 `` For the Community '' October 21 , 2016 1.1 / 5 10.03 0.8 4.02 1.9 14.06 6 `` Whistleblowers '' October 28 , 2016 1.1 / 4 8.88 0.7 4.40 1.8 13.28 7 `` Guilt by Association '' November 4 , 2016 1.1 / 4 9.76 0.7 4.12 1.8 13.88 8 `` Personal Business '' November 11 , 2016 1.3 / 5 10.27 0.7 4.04 2.0 14.31 9 `` Confessions '' November 18 , 2016 1.2 / 5 10.36 0.7 4.36 1.9 14.72 10 `` Unbearable Loss '' December 9 , 2016 1.2 / 5 10.18 0.7 4.35 1.9 14.53 11 `` Genetics '' January 6 , 2017 1.3 / 4 10.79 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` Not Fade Away '' January 13 , 2017 1.3 / 5 10.48 0.7 4.00 2.0 14.48 13 `` The One That Got Away '' January 20 , 2017 1.2 / 5 9.77 0.7 4.31 1.9 14.08 14 `` In and Out '' February 3 , 2017 1.1 / 5 10.13 0.8 4.35 1.9 14.48 15 `` Lost Souls '' February 10 , 2017 1.2 / 5 10.65 N / A 4.23 N / A 14.89 16 `` Hard Bargain '' February 17 , 2017 1.1 / 4 10.15 0.7 3.85 1.8 14.00 17 `` Shadow of a Doubt '' March 10 , 2017 1.0 / 4 9.36 0.8 4.36 1.8 13.79 18 `` A Deep Blue Goodbye '' March 31 , 2017 1.1 / 4 9.62 TBD TBD TBD TBD 19 `` Love Lost '' April 7 , 2017 1.0 / 4 9.77 TBD TBD TBD TBD 20 `` No Retreat No Surrender '' April 14 , 2017 1.0 / 4 9.43 TBD TBD TBD TBD 21 `` Foreign Interference '' April 28 , 2017 0.8 / 3 8.74 TBD TBD TBD TBD 22 `` The Thin Blue Line '' May 5 , 2017 1.0 / 4 9.24 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rawden , Jessica ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` 2 Broke Girls Is Renewed By CBS '' . Cinema Blend . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` CBS Sets Fall 2016 Premiere Dates , Slates JonBenet Ramsey Limited Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces Season Finale Airdates '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up , ' MacGyver ' and ' Exorcist ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' MacGyver ' and ' Exorcist ' adjust down , ' Last Man Standing ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank , ' ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Last Man Standing ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' MacGyver ' adjust down vs. World Series : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' The Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Last Man Standing ' adjusts up , all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up , ' Emerald City ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dateline ' adjusts up , ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Vampire Diaries ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Shark Tank ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Grimm ' adjust down , ' Vampire Diaries ' finale holds : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' finale adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' First Dates ' and everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' finale adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' is your premiere week DVR champion : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' This Is Us ' make big gains in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Blue Bloods episodes on IMDb List of Blue Bloods episodes at TV.com ( hide ) Blue Bloods Characters Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Bloods_(season_7)&oldid=805202730 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons Blue Bloods ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 19 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
last season's last episode of blue bloods
[ "\n155\n22\n\"The Thin Blue Line\"\nDavid M. Barrett\nIan Biederman\nMay 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)\n722\n9.24[25]\n" ]
[ "The Thin Blue Line" ]
-8666300720680583809
One (Harry Nilsson song)
One ( Harry Nilsson song ) - wikipedia One ( Harry Nilsson song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` One Is the Loneliest Number '' redirects here . For the novel , see Tom Clancy 's Net Force Explorers : One is the Loneliest Number . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` One '' Single by Harry Nilsson from the album Aerial Ballet B - side `` Sister Marie '' Released 1968 Recorded 1967 Genre Chamber pop Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Harry Nilsson Producer ( s ) Rick Jarrard Harry Nilsson singles chronology `` Good Old Desk '' ( 1967 ) `` One '' ( 1968 ) `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' ( 1968 ) `` Good Old Desk '' ( 1967 ) `` One '' ( 1968 ) `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' ( 1968 ) `` One '' is a song written by Harry Nilsson and made famous by Three Dog Night whose recording reached number five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 1969 and number four in Canada . The song is known for its opening line `` One is the loneliest number that you 'll ever do '' . Nilsson wrote the song after calling someone and getting a busy signal . He stayed on the line listening to the `` beep , beep , beep , beep ... '' tone , writing the song . The busy signal became the opening notes of the song . In 1968 , Al Kooper released the song on his debut album I Stand Alone . In 1969 , the song was recorded by Australian pop singer Johnny Farnham , reaching number four on the Go - Set National Top 40 Chart . `` One '' Single by Three Dog Night from the album Three Dog Night B - side `` Chest Fever '' Released April 1969 Recorded 1968 Length 3 : 06 Label Dunhill Songwriter ( s ) Harry Nilsson Producer ( s ) Gabriel Mekler Three Dog Night singles chronology `` Try a Little Tenderness '' ( 1969 ) `` One '' ( 1969 ) `` Easy to Be Hard '' ( 1969 ) `` Try a Little Tenderness '' ( 1969 ) `` One '' ( 1969 ) `` Easy to Be Hard '' ( 1969 ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Three Dog Night version 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Other versions 4 In media 5 References 6 External links Three Dog Night version ( edit ) `` One '' was released as the second single from Three Dog Night 's eponymous first album . It was a major North American hit and became their first of seven gold records over the next five years . The song reached number five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and spent three weeks at number two on the Cash Box Top 100 . It also reached number four in Canada . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position Australia Go - Set 39 Canada RPM New Zealand ( Listener ) 16 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Canada 20 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 11 U.S. Cash Box 16 Other versions ( edit ) John Farnham , released as a double - sided single with `` Mr. Whippy '' in 1969 . Mike Melvoin released an instrumental arrangement of `` One '' on his 1970 album The Plastic Cow Goes Moooooog . The New Seekers released a version on the 1971 album Beautiful People . In 1992 , it was recorded by the band Chainsaw Kittens on the single for the song `` High in High School '' . The song was recorded by Aimee Mann for the 1995 Nilsson tribute album For the Love of Harry : Everybody Sings Nilsson . Mann 's version also appears in the 1999 film Magnolia and on the film 's soundtrack . The song was recorded by the rock band Filter for the soundtrack to the 1998 film The X-Files : Fight the Future . There is also a scene in the movie where Mulder says to a bartender ( played by an uncredited Glenne Headly ) , `` You know , one is the loneliest number . '' Dokken included the song on their 1999 album Erase the Slate . The Beta Band closed their 2001 album Hot Shots II with `` Won '' , a hip - hop track built around extensive samples of Nilsson 's song . Alva Noto and Blixa Bargeld , working together for their ANBB project , included a version of this song on their 2010 album Mimikry . Mastodon recorded an arrangement of the song for the Army of Two trailer . Electric Six included the song on their cover album Mimicry and Memories ( 2015 ) . In media ( edit ) In 1995 , the song was sung briefly on The Drew Carey Show at the Warsaw Pub between both Carey and his boss , Mr. Bell , in the first - season episode `` Nature Abhors a Vacuum '' . This song was used in a 2002 episode of the animated comedy series Family Guy called `` Brian Wallows and Peter 's Swallows '' . This song was quoted by Robert Barone in an episode of Everybody Loves Raymond . In Disney 's Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) , the song is also played . The song was sung by Nathan Lane and was featured on the soundtrack Stuart Little 2 in 2002 . In 2004 , the song appears in the third episode of House ( `` Occam 's Razor '' ) . Dr. House references the song 's opening line during a discussion with his team , and the song later plays over the episode 's last scene . Also in 2004 , the song is briefly sung by Donkey in the film Shrek 2 . The Muppets and Jimmy Fallon performed an impromptu rendition of the song on the set of Late Night with Jimmy Fallon while rehearsing for the 2009 Christmas performance . In 2013 , Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic created a video using `` One '' to promote their US Open final match . In 2013 , Lisa Simpson sang the song at the beginning of episode 536 of The Simpsons , dated November 24 , 2013 . The Three Dog Night version of `` One '' was used in a winter of 2012 - 13 ad campaign for Ahold 's Stop & Shop , Giant of Landover , Giant of Carlisle , and Martin 's supermarket chains . In 2014 , the Three Dog Night cover of the song appeared in the teaser trailer for season five of the American crime drama Boardwalk Empire . In October 2016 , an original version recorded by Harry Nilsson was used in Masters of Sex TV series ( season four , called `` Coats or Keys '' ) . Also in October 2016 , the Harry version was used in The Blacklist TV series ( episode 6 , season four , called `` The Thrushes '' ) . The Three Dog Night version appeared in the 2016 video game Mafia 3 . In February 2017 , the song was featured in The LEGO Batman Movie . Three Dog Night 's version appears in a 2017 TV commercial for OraVet animal dental hygiene . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Playlist : Best Harry Nilsson songs for what would be his 75th birthday '' . Azcentral.com. 2016 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` One ( song by Three Dog Night ) Music VF , US & UK hits charts '' . Musicvf.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Nimmervoll , Ed ( 13 September 1969 ) . `` National Top 40 '' . Go - Set . Waverley Press . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/60s_files/19690719.html Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/60s_files/19690719.html Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6104&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/60s_files/1969YESP.html Jump up ^ `` Final track listing for Mimicry and Memories '' . Kickstarter.com . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . External links ( edit ) Review of `` One '' on allmusic.com Harry Nilsson Studio albums Spotlight on Nilsson Pandemonium Shadow Show Aerial Ballet Harry Nilsson Sings Newman The Point ! Nilsson Schmilsson Son of Schmilsson A Little Touch of Schmilsson in the Night Pussy Cats Duit on Mon Dei Sandman ... That 's the Way It Is Knnillssonn Flash Harry Soundtracks Skidoo The Point ! Son of Dracula Popeye Remixes Aerial Pandemonium Ballet Compilations Early Tymes A Touch More Schmilsson in the Night Nilsson ' 62 : The Debut Sessions Hollywood Dreamer Nilsson The RCA Albums Collection Singles `` All for the Beatles '' `` Sixteen Tons '' `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` River Deep -- Mountain High '' `` One '' `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' `` Me and My Arrow '' `` Without You '' `` Jump into the Fire '' `` Coconut '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` A Love Like Yours ( Do n't Come Knocking Everyday ) '' `` Sail Away '' `` Just One Look / Baby I 'm Yours ( medley ) '' Other songs `` This Could Be the Night '' `` Ten Little Indians '' `` The Puppy Song '' `` Old Dirt Road '' `` You 're Breakin ' My Heart '' Collaborations John Lennon Pussy Cats Every Man Has a Woman Ringo Starr Ringo Son of Dracula Goodnight Vienna Ringo 's Rotogravure Stop and Smell the Roses Keith Moon Two Sides of the Moon Hal Willner Stay Awake : Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films Related articles Discography RCA Victor The Monkees Midnight Cowboy Richard Perry The Hollywood Vampires The Lost Weekend The Telephone `` Pussy Cats '' Starring the Walkmen For the Love of Harry : Everybody Sings Nilsson Who Is Harry Nilsson ( And Why Is Everybody Talkin ' About Him ) ? Three Dog Night Danny Hutton Michael Allsup Paul Kingery Pat Bautz Eddie Reasoner David Morgan Cory Wells Chuck Negron Jimmy Greenspoon Floyd Sneed Joe Schermie Skip Konte Al Ciner Gary Moon Richard Campbell Studio albums Three Dog Night ( 1968 ) Suitable for Framing ( 1969 ) It Ai n't Easy ( 1970 ) Naturally ( 1970 ) Harmony ( 1971 ) Seven Separate Fools ( 1972 ) Cyan ( 1973 ) Hard Labor ( 1974 ) Coming Down Your Way ( 1975 ) American Pastime ( 1976 ) It 's a Jungle ( 1983 ) Live albums Captured Live at the Forum ( 1969 ) Around the World with Three Dog Night ( 1973 ) Compilations Golden Bisquits ( 1971 ) Joy to the World : Their Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of 3 Dog Night ( 1982 ) Celebrate : The Three Dog Night Story , 1965 -- 1975 ( 1993 ) 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Three Dog Night ( 1999 ) Singles `` Nobody '' `` Try a Little Tenderness '' `` One '' `` Easy to Be Hard '' `` Eli 's Coming '' `` Celebrate '' `` Mama Told Me ( Not to Come ) '' `` Out in the Country '' `` One Man Band '' `` Joy to the World '' `` Liar '' `` An Old Fashioned Love Song '' `` Never Been to Spain '' `` The Family of Man '' `` Black & White '' `` Pieces of April '' `` Shambala '' `` Let Me Serenade You '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Sure As I 'm Sittin ' Here '' `` Play Something Sweet ( Brickyard Blues ) '' `` Til the World Ends '' `` Everybody Is a Masterpiece '' `` It 's a Jungle Out There '' Discography Book John Farnham Studio albums Sadie ( 1968 ) Everybody Oughta Sing a Song ( 1968 ) Looking Through a Tear ( 1970 ) Christmas Is ... Johnny Farnham ( 1970 ) Johnny ( 1971 ) Together ( 1971 ) Johnny Farnham Sings the Shows ( 1972 ) Hits Magic & Rock ' N Roll ( 1973 ) Johnny Farnham Sings Hits from the Movies ( 1974 ) J.P. Farnham Sings ( 1975 ) Uncovered ( 1980 ) Whispering Jack ( 1986 ) Age of Reason ( 1988 ) Chain Reaction ( 1990 ) Then Again ... ( 1993 ) Romeo 's Heart ( 1996 ) 331⁄3 ( 2000 ) The Last Time ( 2002 ) I Remember When I Was Young : Songs from the Great Australian Songbook ( 2005 ) Jack ( 2010 ) Friends for Christmas ( 2016 ) Live albums Johnny Farnham Sings The Big Hits Of ' 73 Live ! ( 1973 ) Full House ( 1991 ) Live At The Regent Theatre ( 1999 ) Highlights from The Main Event ( 1999 ) John Farnham & Tom Jones -- Together in Concert ( 2005 ) The Acoustic Chapel Sessions ( 2011 ) Two Strong Hearts Live ( 2015 ) Compilation albums The Best of Johnny Farnham ( 1971 ) Johnny Farnham 's Greatest Hits ( 1976 ) The Best Of John Farnham ( 1980 ) The John Farnham Phenomenon ( 1987 ) Another Side of John Farnham ( 1987 ) Time Brings Change ( 1988 ) The Classic Gold Collection - Through The Years ( 1967 - 1985 ) ( 1995 ) Where Do I Begin ( 1995 ) Anthology 1 : Greatest Hits 1986 -- 1997 ( 1997 ) Anthology 2 : Classic Hits 1967 -- 1985 ( Recorded Live ) ( 1997 ) Anthology 3 : Rarities ( 1997 ) Love Songs ( 2002 ) One Voice : The Greatest Hits ( 2003 ) Collections ( 2008 ) The Essential ( 2009 ) The Essential 3.0 ( 2009 ) The Box Set Series ( 2014 ) Videos & DVDs Whispering Jack Live In Concert ( 1987 ) Classic Jack Live ! ( 1989 ) Chain Reaction Live in Concert ( 1990 ) Talk of the Town Tour ( 1994 ) The Main Event ( 1999 ) Anthology - The Videos ( 1999 ) 331⁄3 ( 2000 ) An Audience with John Farnham ( 2002 ) The Last Time ( 2002 ) One Voice : The Greatest Clips ( 2003 ) John Farnham & Tom Jones -- Together in Concert ( 2005 ) Classic Jack Live ! ( 2005 ) Chain Reaction Live in Concert ( 2005 ) With The Sydney Symphony Live at the Sydney Opera House ( 2006 ) Two Strong Hearts Live ( 2015 ) EPs & Singles `` Sadie ( The Cleaning Lady ) '' ( 1967 ) Johnny Farnham ( EP ) ( 1967 ) `` Underneath the Arches '' / `` Friday Kind of Monday '' ( 1968 ) `` Jamie '' / `` I Do n't Want To Love You '' ( 1968 ) `` Rose Coloured Glasses '' ( 1968 ) `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' ( 1968 ) `` One '' / `` Mr Whippy '' ( 1969 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' ( 1969 ) Number One ( EP ) ( 1970 ) `` Comic Conversation '' ( 1970 ) `` Christmas Happy '' ( 1970 ) `` Acapulco Sun '' ( 1971 ) `` Baby Without You '' ( 1971 ) `` Walking the Floor On My Hands '' ( 1971 ) `` For Christ 's Sake Help The Kids '' ( 1972 ) `` Rock Me Baby '' ( 1972 ) `` Charlie Girl '' ( 1972 ) `` Do n't You Know It 's Magic '' ( 1972 ) `` Everything Is Out of Season '' ( 1973 ) `` I Ca n't Dance to Your Music '' ( 1973 ) `` Shake a Hand '' ( 1973 ) `` Corner of the Sky '' ( 1974 ) `` One Minute Every Hour '' ( 1974 ) `` Things To Do '' ( 1975 ) `` Do n't Rock the Boat '' ( 1975 ) `` You Love Me Back To Life Again '' ( 1976 ) `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' ( 1977 ) `` Help ! '' ( 1980 ) `` She Says To Me '' ( 1980 ) `` She 's Everywhere '' ( 1980 ) `` Please Do n't Ask Me '' ( 1981 ) `` Too Much Too Soon '' ( 1981 ) `` That 's No Way To Love Someone '' ( 1981 ) `` Justice For One '' ( 1984 ) `` Love ( It 's Just The Way It Goes ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Break The Ice '' ( 1986 ) `` You 're the Voice '' ( 1986 ) `` Pressure Down '' ( 1986 ) `` A Touch of Paradise '' ( 1987 ) `` Reasons '' ( 1987 ) `` Age Of Reason '' ( 1988 ) `` Two Strong Hearts '' ( 1988 ) `` Beyond the Call '' ( 1988 ) `` We 're No Angels '' ( 1989 ) `` Communication '' ( 1989 ) `` Chain Reaction '' ( 1990 ) `` That 's Freedom '' ( 1990 ) `` Burn For You '' ( 1990 ) `` In Days To Come '' ( 1991 ) `` When Something Is Wrong with My Baby '' ( 1991 ) `` Please Do n't Ask Me ( Live ) '' ( 1991 ) `` Help ! ( Live ) '' ( 1991 ) `` You 're the Voice ( Live ) '' ( 1992 ) `` Everything 's Alright '' ( 1992 ) `` Angels '' ( 1993 ) `` Seemed Like A Good Idea ( At The Time ) '' ( 1993 ) `` Talk Of The Town '' ( 1993 ) `` Fight For Survival ( EP ) '' ( 1994 ) `` A Simple Life '' ( 1996 ) `` Heart 's On Fire '' ( 1996 ) `` Have A Little Faith ( In Us ) '' ( 1996 ) `` Everytime You Cry '' ( 1997 ) `` Trying To Live My Life Without You '' ( 2000 ) `` Man Of The Hour '' ( 2000 ) `` You 're The Only One '' ( 2000 ) `` Dare To Dream '' ( 2000 ) `` The Last Time '' ( 2002 ) `` Keep Talking '' ( 2002 ) `` No Ordinary World '' ( 2002 ) `` We Will Rock You '' ( 2003 ) `` Hold On I 'm Coming ( Live ) '' ( 2005 ) `` Downhearted '' ( 2005 ) `` Even When I 'm Sleeping '' ( 2005 ) `` Hit The Road Jack / Fever '' ( 2010 ) Soundtracks Charlie Girl ( 1972 ) Pippin ( 1974 ) Savage Streets ( 1984 ) Voyage of the Rock Aliens ( 1984 ) Fletch ( 1985 ) The Slugger 's Wife ( 1985 ) RAD ( 1986 ) Beyond My Reach ( 1990 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1992 ) The Real Macaw ( 1997 ) 102 Dalmatians ( 2000 ) Hot Rod ( 2007 ) Tours & Major Concerts John Farnham In Concert Tour ( 1987 ) Jack 's Back Tour ( 1987 - 1988 ) World Expo 88 ( 1988 ) Age Of Reason Tour ( 1988 - 1989 ) Summer Tour ( 1989 ) Chain Reaction Tour ( 1990 - 1991 ) Talk Of The Town Tour ( 1994 ) The Concert For Rwanda ( 1994 ) Jack of Hearts Tour ( 1996 ) The Main Event ( 1998 , 2001 ) I Ca n't Believe He 's 50 Tour ( 1999 ) 50th Birthday Concert ( 1999 ) Tour of Duty Concert ( 1999 ) 2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony ( 2000 ) Man Of The Hour Tour ( 2000 ) The Last Time Tour ( 2002 - 2003 ) John Farnham & Tom Jones - Together In Concert Tour ( 2005 ) John Farnham Symphony Tour ( 2006 ) John Farnham & Stevie Nicks Tour ( 2006 ) 2006 Commonwealth Games Closing Ceremony ( 2006 ) Sound Relief Concert ( 2009 ) Live By Demand Tour ( 2009 ) John Farnham Live ! ( 2010 ) Whispering Jack 25 Years On ( 2011 ) Lionel Richie & John Farnham ( 2014 ) Two Strong Hearts Live ( 2015 ) Related articles Discography Awards Little River Band Glenn Wheatley Filter Richard Patrick Jonathan Radtke Tim Kelleher Bobby Miller Frank Cavanagh Brian Liesegang Matt Walker Steve Gillis Alan Bailey Geno Lenardo Mitchell Marlow John Spiker Rob Patterson Mika Fineo Jeff Friedl Phil Buckman Jeff Fabb Studio albums Short Bus Title of Record The Amalgamut Anthems for the Damned The Trouble with Angels The Sun Comes Out Tonight Crazy Eyes Compilations The Very Best Things ( 1995 -- 2008 ) Singles `` Hey Man Nice Shot '' `` ( Ca n't You ) Trip Like I Do '' `` One '' `` Welcome to the Fold '' `` Take a Picture '' `` Where Do We Go from Here '' `` Soldiers of Misfortune '' `` Happy Together '' `` Gimme All Your Lovin ' '' `` What Do You Say '' Related articles Discography Army of Anyone The Damning Well Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_(Harry_Nilsson_song)&oldid=809649654 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1968 singles 1969 singles 1995 singles Songs written by Harry Nilsson Harry Nilsson songs Three Dog Night songs Filter ( band ) songs Song recordings produced by Rick Jarrard RCA Records singles Dunhill Records singles Reprise Records singles Songs about loneliness Chamber pop songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 14 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who wrote the song one by three dog night
[ "\"One\" is a song written by Harry Nilsson and made famous by Three Dog Night whose recording reached number five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100[2] in 1969 and number four in Canada. The song is known for its opening line \"One is the loneliest number that you'll ever do\". Nilsson wrote the song after calling someone and getting a busy signal. He stayed on the line listening to the \"beep, beep, beep, beep...\" tone, writing the song. The busy signal became the opening notes of the song." ]
[ "Harry Nilsson" ]
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List of Dallas Cowboys seasons
List of Dallas Cowboys seasons - wikipedia List of Dallas Cowboys seasons For complete team history , see History of the Dallas Cowboys . This article is a list of seasons completed by the Dallas Cowboys American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season - by - season records of the Cowboys ' franchise from 1960 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Cowboys franchise was founded in 1960 as an expansion team . The team has earned 31 postseason appearances , tied for second place with the Pittsburgh Steelers , the longest consecutive streak of winning seasons with 20 , the second-most appearances in the NFC Championship Game ( 14 , behind the San Francisco 49ers ' 15 ) and the second-most Super Bowl appearances ( 8 with the Denver Broncos and Steelers ) . The Cowboys have played for 10 NFL Championships and have won 5 , all five being Super Bowls . The Cowboys won Super Bowl VI , XII , XXVII , XXVIII and XXX . They also played in and lost Super Bowl V , X , and XIII . The franchise has experienced two major periods of continued success in their history . The first period of success came from 1966 -- 1985 when the Cowboys played in the postseason 18 times . During this period , they played in two NFL Championships and five Super Bowls , winning two of them , winning a total of 20 playoff games . The second period of success was between 1991 -- 1996 when the Cowboys captured five straight NFC East Division titles and won three Super Bowls going 11 -- 2 in the postseason . The Cowboys have also experienced failure in their history . The most notable period of failure was from their 1960 inaugural season to 1965 , during which the Cowboys did not have a single postseason appearance . They did not win a single game during their first season , compiling an 0 -- 11 -- 1 record that is still the worst in franchise history . Also , they did not have a single winning record in this period . Between 1986 and 1990 the Cowboys had losing records in each season as veteran coach Landry retired and the team was radically overhauled , with the low point being the NFL 's second 15 - loss season ( after the 1980 Saints ) in 1989 . After losing a Divisional playoff Game in 1996 , the Cowboys between 1997 and 2008 lost five consecutive playoff games , one after a franchise - record 13 -- 3 season in 2007 , during which most predicted the Cowboys would break this streak . This streak finally came to an end when the Cowboys finally beat their bitter rival , the Philadelphia Eagles 34 -- 14 after an 11 -- 5 season in 2009 . Seasons ( edit ) NFL Champions ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Super Bowl Champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason Results Awards Head coaches Finish Wins Losses Ties 1960 1960 NFL Western 7th 0 11 Tom Landry 1961 1961 NFL Eastern 6th 9 Tom Landry 1962 1962 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 Tom Landry 1963 1963 NFL Eastern 5th 10 0 Tom Landry 1964 1964 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 Tom Landry 1965 1965 NFL Eastern 2nd 7 7 0 Tom Landry 1966 1966 NFL Eastern 1st 10 Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 34 -- 27 Tom Landry ( COY ) Tom Landry 1967 1967 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 9 5 0 Won Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 52 -- 14 Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 21 -- 17 Tom Landry 1968 1968 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 12 0 Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 31 -- 20 Tom Landry 1969 1969 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 11 Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 38 -- 14 Calvin Hill ( OROY ) Tom Landry 1970 1970 NFL NFC East 1st 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 5 -- 0 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 17 -- 10 Lost Super Bowl V ( Colts ) 16 -- 13 Chuck Howley ( SB MVP ) Tom Landry 1971 1971 NFL NFC East 1st 11 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 20 -- 12 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 14 -- 3 Won Super Bowl VI ( 1 ) ( Dolphins ) 24 -- 3 Roger Staubach ( SB MVP ) Tom Landry 1972 1972 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( 49ers ) 30 -- 28 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 26 -- 3 Tom Landry 1973 1973 NFL NFC East 1st 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 27 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 Tom Landry NFL NFC East 3rd 8 6 0 Tom Landry NFL NFC East 2nd 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 17 -- 14 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 37 -- 7 Lost Super Bowl X ( Steelers ) 21 -- 17 Tom Landry 1976 1976 NFL NFC East 1st 11 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 14 -- 12 Tom Landry 1977 1977 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bears ) 37 -- 7 Won Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 23 -- 6 Won Super Bowl XII ( 2 ) ( Broncos ) 27 -- 10 Tony Dorsett ( OROY ) Harvey Martin ( DPOY , SB MVP ) Randy White ( SB MVP ) Tom Landry 1978 1978 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 27 -- 20 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 28 -- 0 Lost Super Bowl XIII ( Steelers ) 35 -- 31 Tom Landry 1979 1979 NFL NFC East 1st 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 21 -- 19 Tom Landry 1980 1980 NFL NFC East 2nd 12 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 34 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 30 -- 27 Lost Conference Championship ( Eagles ) 20 -- 7 Tom Landry 1981 1981 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 38 -- 0 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 28 -- 27 Tom Landry 1982 1982 NFL NFC 2nd 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 30 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 37 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 31 -- 17 Tom Landry NFL NFC East 2nd 12 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 24 -- 17 Tom Landry 1984 1984 NFL NFC East 4th 9 7 0 Tom Landry 1985 1985 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 20 -- 0 Tom Landry 1986 1986 NFL NFC East 3rd 7 9 0 Tom Landry NFL NFC East 4th 7 8 0 Tom Landry 1988 1988 NFL NFC East 5th 13 0 Tom Landry 1989 1989 NFL NFC East 5th 15 0 Jimmy Johnson 1990 1990 NFL NFC East 4th 7 9 0 Emmitt Smith ( OROY ) Jimmy Johnson ( COY ) Jimmy Johnson 1991 1991 NFL NFC East 2nd 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Bears ) 17 -- 13 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 38 -- 6 Jimmy Johnson 1992 1992 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 10 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 30 -- 20 Won Super Bowl XXVII ( 3 ) ( Bills ) 52 -- 17 Troy Aikman ( SB MVP ) Jimmy Johnson 1993 1993 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 27 -- 17 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 21 Won Super Bowl XXVIII ( 4 ) ( Bills ) 30 -- 13 Emmitt Smith ( MVP , SB MVP ) Jimmy Johnson 1994 1994 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 35 -- 9 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 28 Barry Switzer 1995 1995 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 30 -- 11 Won Conference Championship ( Packers ) 38 -- 27 Won Super Bowl XXX ( 5 ) ( Steelers ) 27 -- 17 Larry Brown ( SB MVP ) Barry Switzer NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 40 -- 15 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Panthers ) 26 -- 17 Barry Switzer 1997 1997 NFL NFC East 4th 6 10 0 Barry Switzer 1998 1998 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Cardinals ) 20 -- 7 Chan Gailey 1999 1999 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 8 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 Chan Gailey 2000 2000 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 Dave Campo 2001 2001 NFL NFC East 5th 5 11 0 Dave Campo 2002 2002 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 Dave Campo 2003 2003 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Panthers ) 29 -- 10 Bill Parcells NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 Bill Parcells 2005 2005 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 Bill Parcells 2006 2006 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Seahawks ) 21 -- 20 Bill Parcells 2007 2007 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Giants ) 21 -- 17 Greg Ellis ( CBPOY ) Wade Phillips 2008 2008 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 Wade Phillips 2009 2009 NFL NFC East 1st 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 14 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 34 -- 3 Wade Phillips NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 Wade Phillips ( 1 -- 7 ) Jason Garrett ( 5 -- 3 ) 2011 2011 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Garrett 2012 2012 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Witten ( WP MOY ) Jason Garrett 2013 2013 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 8 0 Jason Garrett 2014 2014 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Lions ) 24 -- 20 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 26 -- 21 DeMarco Murray ( OPOY ) Jason Garrett 2015 2015 NFL NFC East 4th 12 0 Jason Garrett 2016 2016 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 34 -- 31 Dak Prescott ( OROY ) Jason Garrett ( COY ) Jason Garrett 2017 2017 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Jason Garrett Total 502 374 6 All - time regular season record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 34 27 0 All - time postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 536 401 6 All - time regular season and postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 5 NFL Championships , 10 Conference Championships , 22 Divisional Championships Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys ' Official Website . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys ' Championship History '' . NFLTeamHistory.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Championship History '' . NFLTeamHistory.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Franchise History '' . SportsEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ The 1967 NFL season marks the first season in the league 's history where the league was divided into two conferences which were subdivided into two divisions . Up to 1967 , the league was either divided into two divisions , two conferences , or neither . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1973 season , the Cowboys and the Redskins finished the season with identical 10 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Washington in the NFC East based on better point differential in head - to - head games . Jump up ^ For the 1978 season , the NFL expanded from a 14 - game season to a 16 - game season . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1978 season , the Cowboys and the Los Angeles Rams finished the season with identical 12 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Los Angeles was the top NFC seed over Dallas based on a better head - to - head record . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1979 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on a better conference record . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1980 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 12 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Philadelphia finished ahead of Dallas in the NFC East based on better net points in division games . Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players ' strike . The NFL adopted a special 16 - team playoff tournament ; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1 -- 8 , and division standings were ignored . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1985 season , the Cowboys , Redskins , and the Giants finished the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of New York and Washington based on a better head - to - head record . Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players ' strike . Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled , and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6 . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1991 season , the Cowboys and the Bears finished the season with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Chicago was the first NFC Wild Card based on better conference record than Dallas . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1996 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better record against common opponents . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1999 season , the Cowboys , Lions , and the Panthers finished the season with identical 8 -- 8 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas was the second NFC Wild Card based on a better record than Detroit against common opponents and a better conference record than Carolina . Jump up ^ At the end of the 2009 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better head - to - head record . References ( edit ) `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . CBS Sportsline . Retrieved January 2007 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) `` NFL.com -- History -- Yearly Standings '' . National Football League Official website . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Pro Football Hall of Fame -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame Website . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- ) '' . databasefootball.com . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- Present ) '' . Sports E-Cyclopedia . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . JT-SW.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` History -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Hickoksports.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Franchise page -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Pro football reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . `` Dallas Cowboys Live -- Dallas Cowboys '' . cowboysgames.net . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Dallas Cowboys seasons 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Bold indicates Super Bowl victory Italics indicates Super Bowl appearance NFL team season lists American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dallas_Cowboys_seasons&oldid=844168723 '' Categories : National Football League teams seasons Dallas Cowboys seasons Dallas Cowboys lists Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 02 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when is the last time the cowboys made the playoffs
[ "\n\n\nSeason\n\nTeam\n\nLeague\n\nConference\n\nDivision\n\nRegular season\n\nPostseason Results\n\nAwards\n\nHead coaches\n\n\nFinish\n\nWins\n\nLosses\n\nTies\n\n\n1960\n\n1960\n\nNFL\n\nWestern\n\n\n\n7th\n\n0\n\n11\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1961\n\n1961\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\n\n\n6th\n\n4\n\n9\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1962\n\n1962\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\n\n\n5th\n\n5\n\n8\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1963\n\n1963\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\n\n\n5th\n\n4\n\n10\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1964\n\n1964\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\n\n\n5th\n\n5\n\n8\n\n1\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1965\n\n1965\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\n\n\n2nd\n\n7\n\n7\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1966\n\n1966\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\n\n\n1st\n\n10\n\n3\n\n1\n\nLost NFL Championship Game (Packers) 34–27\n\nTom Landry (COY)\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1967[6]\n\n1967\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\nCapitol\n\n1st\n\n9\n\n5\n\n0\n\nWon Conference Playoffs (Browns) 52–14Lost NFL Championship Game (Packers) 21–17\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1968\n\n1968\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\nCapitol\n\n1st\n\n12\n\n2\n\n0\n\nLost Conference Playoffs (Browns) 31–20\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1969\n\n1969\n\nNFL\n\nEastern\n\nCapitol\n\n1st\n\n11\n\n2\n\n1\n\nLost Conference Playoffs (Browns) 38–14\n\nCalvin Hill (OROY)\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1970\n\n1970\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n10\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Lions) 5–0Won Conference Championship (49ers) 17–10Lost Super Bowl V (Colts) 16–13\n\nChuck Howley (SB MVP)\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1971\n\n1971\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n11\n\n3\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 20–12Won Conference Championship (49ers) 14–3Won Super Bowl VI (1) (Dolphins) 24–3\n\nRoger Staubach (SB MVP)\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1972\n\n1972\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n10\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (49ers) 30–28Lost Conference Championship (Redskins) 26–3\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1973\n\n1973\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st[7]\n\n10\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 27–26Lost Conference Championship (Vikings) 27–10\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1974\n\n1974\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n8\n\n6\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1975\n\n1975\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n10\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 17–14Won Conference Championship (Rams) 37–7Lost Super Bowl X (Steelers) 21–17\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1976\n\n1976\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n11\n\n3\n\n0\n\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 14–12\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1977\n\n1977\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n12\n\n2\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Bears) 37–7Won Conference Championship (Vikings) 23–6Won Super Bowl XII (2) (Broncos) 27–10\n\nTony Dorsett (OROY)Harvey Martin (DPOY, SB MVP)Randy White (SB MVP)\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1978[8]\n\n1978\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st[9]\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 27–20Won Conference Championship (Rams) 28–0Lost Super Bowl XIII (Steelers) 35–31\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1979\n\n1979\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st[10]\n\n11\n\n5\n\n0\n\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 21–19\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1980\n\n1980\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd[11]\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Rams) 34–17Won Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 30–27Lost Conference Championship (Eagles) 20–7\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1981\n\n1981\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Buccaneers) 38–0Lost Conference Championship (49ers) 28–27\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1982[12]\n\n1982\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\n\n\n2nd\n\n6\n\n3\n\n0\n\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Buccaneers) 30–17Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 37–26Lost Conference Championship (Redskins) 31–17\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1983\n\n1983\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Rams) 24–17\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1984\n\n1984\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n9\n\n7\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1985\n\n1985\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st[13]\n\n10\n\n6\n\n0\n\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 20–0\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1986\n\n1986\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n7\n\n9\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1987[14]\n\n1987\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n7\n\n8\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1988\n\n1988\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n5th\n\n3\n\n13\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nTom Landry\n\n\n1989\n\n1989\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n5th\n\n1\n\n15\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nJimmy Johnson\n\n\n1990\n\n1990\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n7\n\n9\n\n0\n\n\n\nEmmitt Smith (OROY)Jimmy Johnson (COY)\n\nJimmy Johnson\n\n\n1991\n\n1991\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd[15]\n\n11\n\n5\n\n0\n\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Bears) 17–13Lost Divisional Playoffs (Lions) 38–6\n\n\n\nJimmy Johnson\n\n\n1992\n\n1992\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n13\n\n3\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Eagles) 34–10Won Conference Championship (49ers) 30–20Won Super Bowl XXVII (3) (Bills) 52–17\n\nTroy Aikman (SB MVP)\n\nJimmy Johnson\n\n\n1993\n\n1993\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 27–17Won Conference Championship (49ers) 38–21Won Super Bowl XXVIII (4) (Bills) 30–13\n\nEmmitt Smith (MVP, SB MVP)\n\nJimmy Johnson\n\n\n1994\n\n1994\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 35–9Lost Conference Championship (49ers) 38–28\n\n\n\nBarry Switzer\n\n\n1995\n\n1995\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Eagles) 30–11Won Conference Championship (Packers) 38–27Won Super Bowl XXX (5) (Steelers) 27–17\n\nLarry Brown (SB MVP)\n\nBarry Switzer\n\n\n1996\n\n1996\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st[16]\n\n10\n\n6\n\n0\n\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Vikings) 40–15Lost Divisional Playoffs (Panthers) 26–17\n\n\n\nBarry Switzer\n\n\n1997\n\n1997\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n6\n\n10\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nBarry Switzer\n\n\n1998\n\n1998\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n10\n\n6\n\n0\n\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Cardinals) 20–7\n\n\n\nChan Gailey\n\n\n1999\n\n1999\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd[17]\n\n8\n\n8\n\n0\n\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Vikings) 27–10\n\n\n\nChan Gailey\n\n\n2000\n\n2000\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n5\n\n11\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nDave Campo\n\n\n2001\n\n2001\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n5th\n\n5\n\n11\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nDave Campo\n\n\n2002\n\n2002\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n5\n\n11\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nDave Campo\n\n\n2003\n\n2003\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n10\n\n6\n\n0\n\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Panthers) 29–10\n\n\n\nBill Parcells\n\n\n2004\n\n2004\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n6\n\n10\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nBill Parcells\n\n\n2005\n\n2005\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n9\n\n7\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nBill Parcells\n\n\n2006\n\n2006\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n9\n\n7\n\n0\n\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Seahawks) 21–20\n\n\n\nBill Parcells\n\n\n2007\n\n2007\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n13\n\n3\n\n0\n\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Giants) 21–17\n\nGreg Ellis (CBPOY)\n\nWade Phillips\n\n\n2008\n\n2008\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n9\n\n7\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nWade Phillips\n\n\n2009\n\n2009\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st[18]\n\n11\n\n5\n\n0\n\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Eagles) 34–14 Lost Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 34–3\n\n\n\nWade Phillips\n\n\n2010\n\n2010\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n6\n\n10\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nWade Phillips (1–7) Jason Garrett (5–3)\n\n\n2011\n\n2011\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n8\n\n8\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nJason Garrett\n\n\n2012\n\n2012\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n3rd\n\n8\n\n8\n\n0\n\n\n\nJason Witten (WP MOY)\n\nJason Garrett\n\n\n2013\n\n2013\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n8\n\n8\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nJason Garrett\n\n\n2014\n\n2014\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n12\n\n4\n\n0\n\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Lions) 24–20Lost Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 26–21\n\nDeMarco Murray (OPOY)\n\nJason Garrett\n\n\n2015\n\n2015\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n4th\n\n4\n\n12\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nJason Garrett\n\n\n2016\n\n2016\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n1st\n\n13\n\n3\n\n0\n\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 34–31\n\nDak Prescott (OROY)Jason Garrett (COY)\n\nJason Garrett\n\n\n2017\n\n2017\n\nNFL\n\nNFC\n\nEast\n\n2nd\n\n9\n\n7\n\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nJason Garrett\n\n\nTotal\n\n502\n\n374\n\n6\n\nAll-time regular season record (1960–2017)\n\n\n34\n\n27\n\n0\n\nAll-time postseason record (1960–2017)\n\n\n536\n\n401\n\n6\n\nAll-time regular season and postseason record (1960–2017)\n\n\n5 NFL Championships, 10 Conference Championships, 22 Divisional Championships\n" ]
[ "2016" ]
-9090063751520046725
Iron mining in the United States
Iron mining in the United States - wikipedia Iron mining in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Iron mining in the United States produced 42.5 million metric tons of iron ore in 2015 , worth US $3.8 billion . Iron ore was the third - highest - value metal mined in the United States , after gold and copper . Iron ore was mined from nine active mines and three reclamation operations in Michigan , Minnesota , and Utah . Most of the iron ore was mined in northern Minnesota 's Mesabi Range . Net exports ( exports minus imports ) were 3.9 million tons . US iron ore made up 2.5 percent of the total mined worldwide in 2015 . Employment as of 2014 was 5,750 in iron mines and iron ore treatment plants . Processed taconite pellets as used in the steelmaking industry , with a US quarter shown for scale . US iron ore mining is dominated by the Precambrian banded iron formation deposits around Lake Superior , in Minnesota and Michigan ; such deposits were also formerly mined in Wisconsin . For the past 50 years , more than 90 percent of US iron ore production has been mined from the Lake Superior deposits . None of the iron ore now mined in the US is `` direct shipping '' ore ready to be fed into the iron - and steel - making process . The ore is concentrated to raise the iron content before use . All the iron ore currently mined is from open pits . Contents ( hide ) 1 Minnesota 2 Michigan 3 Utah 4 History of US iron ore mining 4.1 Colonial 4.2 Early republic 4.3 Lake Superior mining 4.4 Birmingham , Alabama 5 See also 6 References Minnesota ( edit ) Minnesota provides the great bulk of the iron ore mined in the US . Iron ore comes from seven open - pit mines , and two tailings reclamation operations , one in St. Louis County , and one in Itasca County . Three of the mines are operated by Cleveland Cliffs , two by U.S. Steel , and one each by Mesabi Nugget Delaware LLC and Arcelor Mittal S.A. The two reclamation projects are operated by Magnetation , Inc . Michigan ( edit ) Michigan iron ore came from two active mines on the Marquette Iron Range : the Tilden Mine , and the Empire Mine , both operated by Cleveland - Cliffs Iron Company . In 2014 , the two mines produced 12.1 million tons of pelletized iron ore concentrate . Utah ( edit ) The only recently operating iron mine in the US outside the Lake Superior area was the Iron Mountain mine , formerly called the Comstock - Mountain Lion mine , west of Cedar City , in Iron County , Utah . The mine shut down in October 2014 . Operated by CML Metals , Inc. the mine produced ore with 54 % iron . The ore was treated onsite , producing a concentrate containing 65 % iron . The concentrate was transported by rail to California , then shipped to China . History of US iron ore mining ( edit ) Graph of usable iron ore mined in the United States 1890 - 2014 , data from USGS In common with other commodities , the history of iron mining in the United States includes a shift to larger but lower - grade ore deposits , a shift from underground to open - pit mining , and a shift from labor - intensive mining to highly mechanized mining . Although in 2014 , the US mined only 1.8 percent of all iron ore mined worldwide , the US was previously a much larger factor in the world iron ore market . From 1937 through 1953 , US iron ore made up more than a third of the world 's iron ore production ; the proportion of world iron ore mined in the US peaked in 1945 at 56 percent . Colonial ( edit ) Iron mining in the United States began in 1608 , when a ship returning from the Jamestown Colony in Virginia carried a load of iron ore back to England . The manufacture of iron from ore apparently began in 1622 , in what is now Chesterfield County , Virginia , but was halted when Native Americans killed everyone in the establishment . John Winthrop , Jr. established an iron furnace at Braintree , Massachusetts , which started making iron in 1644 , but closed when it ran out of nearby ore in 1647 . A more successful effort was established at Saugus , Massachusetts . Iron production in the 1700s was done with charcoal , of which American forests could provide a seemingly endless supply . Numerous small iron mines supplied iron furnaces scattered throughout the colonies in the 1700s . Bog iron ore common around the Chesapeake Bay fed numerous iron furnaces in Maryland and Virginia set up to export to Britain . Early republic ( edit ) Although the bog iron ores mined in colonial days were widespread , the deposits were also small , and quickly exhausted . In the late 1700s the iron furnaces moved away from the bog iron ore of the coastal swamps , to larger iron ore deposits further inland . Inland locations also allowed the furnaces to be closer to sources of limestone , which was used as a flux in iron smelting . The proximity to larger ore deposits favored larger , more permanent iron smelters . Most US iron mining before 1850 took place in eastern Pennsylvania , New York , and northern New Jersey . New Jersey 's principal iron ore district , at Dover , began mining in 1710 . The Cornwall iron mine , the largest iron - producer in Pennsylvania , began mining in 1740 . The Adirondack district of New York began mining in 1775 . Starting about 1820 , coke from coal replaced charcoal as the fuel and reducing agent in iron furnaces . Coke has a higher crushing strength than charcoal , allowing larger smelting furnaces . Because iron and steel - making at the time consumed more coal than iron ore , the steel mills moved closer to the coal mines to minimize transportation costs . Although later overshadowed by production from the Lake Superior mines , iron ore mining in New Jersey and New York continued until the 1960s . Iron mining in Pennsylvania ended in 1973 . Lake Superior mining ( edit ) Lake Superior Iron Ranges Iron ore was discovered on the Marquette Range in 1844 , and mining started in 1848 . Mining increased after the opening of the ship canal at Sault Ste . Marie provided cheap water transportation between the iron mines to the lower Great Lakes . The Lake Superior iron deposits were the largest ever discovered in the United States , and by the late 1800s , dominated American iron mining . The Lake Superior iron ores occur in Precambrian banded iron formation , in long , linear belts called iron ranges . After the Marquette Range in Michigan , iron ore was discovered in the Menominee Range ( Michigan ) in 1867 , the Gogebic Range ( Michigan and Wisconsin ) in 1884 , Vermilion Range ( Minnesota ) in 1885 , Mesabi Range ( Minnesota ) in 1890 , and the Cuyuna Range ( Minnesota ) in 1903 . Prior to the start of iron mining on the Lake Superior iron ranges , US iron mining was done close to the iron furnaces . The large size of the Lake Superior deposits , and the access to cheap Great Lakes water transportation , enabled iron mining on a massive scale , located far from the iron furnaces . The Lake Superior iron ores , however , are located far from coal deposits , and the greater tonnage of coal required in steelmaking favored the location of furnaces closer to the coal mines . Favorable locations for steelworks using Lake Superior ore included Great Lakes ports such as Chicago , Cleveland , and Gary , as well as cities close to coal and with good water transportation , such as Pittsburgh . Although Lake Superior provides cheap shipping most of the year , from ports such as Duluth and Marquette , shipping by water halts in the winter months , and most ore is stockpiled until shipping resumes in the spring . In the 1950s , the Lake Superior mines were running out of the high - grade `` direct - shipping '' ore . Experiments in concentrating the ores had been ongoing since the 1915 . In 1954 the hematite ore ( jasper , or jaspilite ) began to be concentrated , and in 1956 , the magnetite ore ( taconite ) was concentrated on a large scale . The concentrated ore is commonly formed into pellets for ease of handling . Cliffs Mine on Marquette Range Through 1965 , the Lake Superior iron ranges had produced 3.66 billion tons of ore , about 70 percent of which came from the Mesabi Range . Totals through 1965 were : Mesabi Range 2,511 million tons Marquette Range 339 million tons Gogebic Range 323 million tons Menominee Range 290 million tons Vermilion Range 102 million tons Cuyuna Range 100 million tons Birmingham , Alabama ( edit ) The largest production of US iron ore outside the Great Lakes districts was the Birmingham , Alabama district . Sedimentary iron ore in the Red Mountain formation of Silurian age was first used to make iron in 1864 . Production was small until 1881 , when major steelmaking began in Birmingham . The last iron mine shut down in 1975 , after the district had produced 376 million long tons of ore . See also ( edit ) Iron and steel industry in the United States List of iron mines in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ US Geological Survey , Iron ore , Mineral Commodity Summary , January 2016 . Jump up ^ US Geological Survey , Iron ore , Jan. 2015 . Jump up ^ Cliffs Natural Resources , Michigan operations , accessed 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ US Geological Survey , Iron Ore in April 2015 , July 2015 . Jump up ^ Taylor Boden and others , Utah 's extractive industries in 2013 , Utah Geological Survey , Circular 118 , 2014 . Jump up ^ James A. Mulholland , A History of Metals in Colonial America ( University , Ala. : Univ of Alabama Press , 1981 ) 21 . Jump up ^ Norman J.G. Pounds and William N Parker , Coal and Steel in Western Europe ( Bloomington : Indiana Univ . Press , 1957 ) 22 . Jump up ^ US Geological Survey , 2001 , Silent reminders , Geologic Wonders of the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests , No. 3 . Jump up ^ John S. Brown , `` Ore deposits of the northeastern United States , '' in , John D. Ridge ( ed . ) , Ore Deposits of the United States , 1933 - 1967 ( New York : American Institute of Mining Engineers , 1970 ) 2 - 4 . Jump up ^ Martha S. Carr and Carl E. Dutton , 1959 , Iron - Ore Resources of the United States , Including Alaska and Puerto Rico , US Geological Survey , Bulletin 1082 - C , p. 66 - 67 . Jump up ^ W.H. Dennis , 100 Years of Metallurgy ( Chicago : Aldine , 1963 ) 79 - 80 . Jump up ^ Ralph W. Marsden , `` Geology of the iron ores of the Lake Superior region in the United States , '' in , John D. Ridge ( ed . ) , Ore Deposits of the United States , 1933 - 1967 ( New York : American Institute of Mining Engineers , 1970 ) 493 . Jump up ^ Thomas A. Simpson and Tunstall R. Gray , `` The Birmingham red - ore district , Alabama , '' in , John D. Ridge ( ed . ) , Ore Deposits of the United States , 1933 - 1967 ( New York : American Institute of Mining Engineers , 1970 ) 188 . Jump up ^ Lewis S. Dean , Minerals in the economy of Alabama 2007 Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , Alabama Geological Survey , 2008 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_mining_in_the_United_States&oldid=831180425 '' Categories : Iron mining Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 05 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is iron ore mined in the usa
[ "Iron mining in the United States produced 42.5 million metric tons of iron ore in 2015, worth US$3.8 billion. Iron ore was the third-highest-value metal mined in the United States, after gold and copper.[1] Iron ore was mined from nine active mines and three reclamation operations in Michigan, Minnesota, and Utah. Most of the iron ore was mined in northern Minnesota’s Mesabi Range. Net exports (exports minus imports) were 3.9 million tons. US iron ore made up 2.5 percent of the total mined worldwide in 2015. Employment as of 2014 was 5,750 in iron mines and iron ore treatment plants.[2]", "Iron mining in the United States produced 42.5 million metric tons of iron ore in 2015, worth US$3.8 billion. Iron ore was the third-highest-value metal mined in the United States, after gold and copper.[1] Iron ore was mined from nine active mines and three reclamation operations in Michigan, Minnesota, and Utah. Most of the iron ore was mined in northern Minnesota’s Mesabi Range. Net exports (exports minus imports) were 3.9 million tons. US iron ore made up 2.5 percent of the total mined worldwide in 2015. Employment as of 2014 was 5,750 in iron mines and iron ore treatment plants.[2]", "Iron mining in the United States produced 42.5 million metric tons of iron ore in 2015, worth US$3.8 billion. Iron ore was the third-highest-value metal mined in the United States, after gold and copper.[1] Iron ore was mined from nine active mines and three reclamation operations in Michigan, Minnesota, and Utah. Most of the iron ore was mined in northern Minnesota’s Mesabi Range. Net exports (exports minus imports) were 3.9 million tons. US iron ore made up 2.5 percent of the total mined worldwide in 2015. Employment as of 2014 was 5,750 in iron mines and iron ore treatment plants.[2]" ]
[ "Michigan", "Minnesota", "Utah" ]
-4578658203905833361
Pure Michigan
Pure Michigan - wikipedia Pure Michigan `` Pure Michigan '' state welcome sign Pure Michigan began as an advertising campaign launched in 2008 by the state of Michigan , featuring the voice of actor and comedian Tim Allen . The Pure Michigan campaign , which aims to market the state of Michigan as a travel and tourism destination , received state and international attention beginning in 2008 when Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm approved $45 million in additional funding for the Pure Michigan campaign from the 21st Century Jobs Trust Fund . The unprecedented tourism fund amount for the state allowed the Pure Michigan campaign to be broadcast on a national level beginning in March 2009 . Annual funding for fiscal 2014 was $29 million . Pure Michigan also refers to the brand created by Travel Michigan and embodied by the organization 's website . The site was relaunched in March 2008 to support the Pure Michigan brand . Travel Michigan is itself a division of the Michigan Economic Development Corporation , a state - funded economic development corporation founded in 1999 to support the economic development of Michigan . Campaign commercials and radio announcements depict Michigan as adventurous and rustic . In August 2012 , Secretary of State Ruth Johnson unveiled new license plates using the Pure Michigan logo . These plates were released to the public in April 2013 . The logo is also used on retail projects sold in the state . At the end of 2014 , legislation signed by Governor Rick Snyder extended the branding to the state 's heritage route program , renaming them Pure Michigan Byways . See also ( edit ) Michigan portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Borgstrom , Kirsten ( May 5 , 2008 ) . `` Pure Michigan Summer Advertising Campaign Launches Today '' ( Press release ) . Travel Michigan . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michigan Economic Development Corporation . `` Travel Marketing : Pure Michigan '' . Michigan Economic Development Corporation . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Holcomb , Anne ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` ' Pure Michigan ' Campaign Aims to Draw Out of State and Canadian Travelers '' . Kalamazoo Gazette . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gustafson , Sven ( July 3 , 2008 ) . `` Award - Winning ' Pure Michigan ' Travel Ads Pay Off '' . Business Review . Booth Newspapers . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michigan to Launch National and Canadian Ad Campaign in Face of Tourism Decline '' . USA Today . Associated Press . March 23 , 2009 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Creager , Ellen ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` Pure Michigan brings home the bacon : But will it halt downward slide in Michigan tourism ? '' . Detroit Free Press . Jump up ^ Youssef , Jennifer ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Ad Blitz Revs Up Virtual Visits to Michigan '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Liz ( April 8 , 2008 ) . `` Governor Granholm Signs Michigan Promotion Bills , Announces Historic Investment in Marketing Michigan '' ( Press release ) . Office of the Governor . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2008 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lane , Amy ( March 6 , 2013 ) . `` State Tourism Industry 's Plan for Next 5 Years : More than Pure Marketing '' . Crain 's Detroit Business . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Borgstrom , Kirsten ( March 18 , 2008 ) . `` New Michigan Tourism Web Site Launched '' ( Press release ) . Travel Michigan . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michigan Economic Development Corporation . `` About Michigan Economic Development Corporation '' . Michigan Economic Development Corporation . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oosting , Jonathan ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` Secretary of State Unveils New ' Pure Michigan ' License Plate to Replace Standard Offering '' . MLive . Booth Newspapers . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brush , Mark ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` New License Plate Pushes ' Pure Michigan ' '' . Michigan Radio . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anders , Melissa ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Pure Michigan Is Everywhere : Slogan on Everything from License Plates to Bars of Soap , Holiday Gifts '' . MLive . Booth Newspapers . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lehndorff , Becky ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Route US 23 Closer to Becoming Part of Pure Michigan Campaign '' . The Alpena News . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wurfel , Sara & Murray , Dave ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` Gov. Rick Snyder Signs Bills Focused on Creating Good Government Practices : Also Signs Memorial Highway , ' Pure Michigan Byways ' Bills '' ( Press release ) . Office of the Governor . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Michigan Economic Development Corporation website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pure_Michigan&oldid=813255638 '' Categories : Tourism campaigns Tourism in Michigan 2006 introductions Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 18 : 56 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who does the voice for the pure michigan ads
[ "Pure Michigan began as an advertising campaign launched in 2008[1] by the state of Michigan, featuring the voice of actor and comedian Tim Allen.[2] The Pure Michigan campaign, which aims to market the state of Michigan as a travel and tourism destination, received state and international attention beginning in 2008[3][4][5][6][7] when Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm approved $45 million in additional funding for the Pure Michigan campaign from the 21st Century Jobs Trust Fund.[8] The unprecedented tourism fund amount for the state allowed the Pure Michigan campaign to be broadcast on a national level beginning in March 2009.[5] Annual funding for fiscal 2014 was $29 million.[9]\n" ]
[ "Tim Allen" ]
-4169297796325134680
1990 FIFA World Cup
1990 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 1990 FIFA World Cup `` Italia 90 '' and `` Italy 1990 '' redirect here . For the video games , see World Cup Soccer : Italia ' 90 and Italy 1990 ( video game ) . `` 1990 World Cup '' redirects here . For other uses , see 1990 World Cup ( disambiguation ) . 1990 FIFA World Cup Coppa del Mondo FIFA Italia ' 90 1990 FIFA World Cup official logo Tournament details Host country Italy Dates 8 June -- 8 July ( 31 days ) Teams 24 ( from 5 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 12 ( in 12 host cities ) Final positions Champions West Germany ( 3rd title ) Runners - up Argentina Third place Italy Fourth place England Tournament statistics Matches played 52 Goals scored 115 ( 2.21 per match ) Attendance 2,516,215 ( 48,389 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Salvatore Schillaci ( 6 goals ) Best player Salvatore Schillaci Best young player Robert Prosinečki Fair play award England ← 1986 1994 → The 1990 FIFA World Cup was the 14th FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial international football tournament . It was held from 8 June to 8 July 1990 in Italy , the second country to host the event twice ( the first being Mexico in 1986 ) . Teams representing 116 national football associations entered and qualification began in April 1988 . 22 teams qualified from this process , along with host nation Italy and defending champions Argentina . The tournament was won by West Germany , their third World Cup title . They beat Argentina 1 -- 0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome , a rematch of the previous final four years earlier . Italy finished third and England fourth , after both lost their semi-finals in penalty shootouts . This was the last tournament to feature a team from West Germany , with the country being reunified with East Germany a few months later in October , as well as teams from the Eastern Bloc prior to the end of the Cold War in 1991 , as the Soviet Union , Romania , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia teams made appearances . Costa Rica , Ireland and the UAE made their first appearances in the finals . As of 2018 , this was the last time the UAE qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals . The official match ball was the Adidas Etrusco Unico . The 1990 World Cup is widely regarded as one of the poorest World Cups in terms of the games . It generated an average 2.2 goals per game -- a record low that still stands -- and a then - record 16 red cards , including the first ever dismissal in a final . Regarded as being the World Cup that has had perhaps the most lasting influence on the game as a whole , it saw the introduction of the pre-match Fair Play Flag ( then inscribed with `` Fair Play Please '' ) to encourage fair play . Defensive tactics led to the introduction of the back - pass rule in 1992 and three points for a win instead of two at future World Cups . The tournament also produced some of the World Cup 's best remembered moments and stories , including the emergence of African nations , in addition to what has become the World Cup soundtrack : `` Nessun dorma '' . The 1990 World Cup stands as one of the most watched events in television history , garnering an estimated 26.69 billion non-unique viewers over the course of the tournament . This was the first World Cup to be officially recorded and transmitted in HDTV by the Italian broadcaster RAI in association with Japan 's NHK . The huge success of the broadcasting model has also had a lasting impact on the sport . At the time it was the most watched World Cup in history in non-unique viewers , but was bettered by the 1994 and 2002 World Cups . Contents 1 Host selection 2 Qualification 2.1 List of qualified teams 3 Venues 4 Squads 5 Match officials 6 Groups 6.1 Seedings 6.2 Final draw 7 Tournament review 7.1 Negative tactics 7.2 Emergence of Cameroon 7.3 All - champion final four 8 Results 8.1 Group stage 8.1. 1 Group A 8.1. 2 Group B 8.1. 3 Group C 8.1. 4 Group D 8.1. 5 Group E 8.1. 6 Group F 8.1. 7 Ranking of third - placed teams 8.2 Knockout stage 8.2. 1 Round of 16 8.2. 2 Quarter - finals 8.2. 3 Semi-finals 8.2. 4 Third - place play - off 8.2. 5 Final 9 Goalscorers 10 Awards 10.1 All - star team 11 Final standings 12 Statistics 13 See also 14 References and footnotes 15 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts The vote to choose the hosts of the 1990 tournament was held on 19 May 1984 in Zürich , Switzerland . Here , the FIFA Executive Committee chose Italy ahead of the only rival bid , the USSR , by 11 votes to 5 . This awarding made Italy only the second nation to host two World Cup tournaments , after Mexico had also achieved this with their 1986 staging . Italy had previously had the event in 1934 , where they had won their first championship . Austria , England , France , Greece , West Germany and Yugoslavia also submitted initial applications for 31 July 1983 deadline . A month later , only England , Greece , Italy and the Soviet Union remained in the hunt after the other contenders all withdrew . All four bids were assessed by FIFA in late 1983 , with the final decision over-running into 1984 due to the volume of paperwork involved . In early 1984 , England and Greece also withdrew , leading to a two - horse race in the final vote . The Soviet boycott of the 1984 Olympic Games , announced on the eve of the World Cup decision , was speculated to have been a major factor behind Italy winning the vote so decisively , although this was denied by the FIFA President João Havelange . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification 116 teams entered the 1990 World Cup , including Italy as host nation and Argentina as reigning World Cup champions , who were both granted automatic qualification . Thus , the remaining 22 finals places were divided among the continental confederations , with 114 initially entering the qualification competition . Due to rejected entries and withdrawals , 103 teams eventually participated in the qualifying stages . Thirteen places were contested by UEFA teams ( Europe ) , two by CONMEBOL teams ( South America ) , two by CAF teams ( Africa ) , two by AFC teams ( Asia ) , and two by CONCACAF teams ( North and Central America and Caribbean ) . The remaining place was decided by a play - off between a CONMEBOL team and a team from the OFC ( Oceania ) . Both Mexico and Chile were disqualified during the qualification process ; the former for fielding an overage player in a prior youth tournament , the latter after goalkeeper Roberto Rojas faked injury from a firework thrown from the stands , which caused the match to be abandoned . Chile were also banned from the 1994 qualifiers for this offence . Three teams made their debuts , as this was the first World Cup to feature Costa Rica and the Republic of Ireland , and the only one to date to feature the United Arab Emirates . Returning after long absences were Egypt , who appeared for the first time since 1934 , the United States , who competed for the first time since 1950 , Colombia , who appeared for the first time since 1962 , Romania , who last appeared at the Finals in 1970 and Sweden and the Netherlands , both of which last qualified in 1978 . Austria , Cameroon , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia also returned after missing the 1986 tournament . Among the teams who failed to qualify were 1986 semi-finalists France ( missing out their first World Cup since 1974 ) , Denmark , Poland ( for the first time since 1970 ) , Portugal and Hungary . List of qualified teams ( edit ) The following 24 teams qualified for the final tournament . AFC ( 2 ) South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF ( 2 ) Egypt Cameroon OFC ( 0 ) None qualified CONCACAF ( 2 ) Costa Rica United States CONMEBOL ( 4 ) Argentina Brazil Colombia Uruguay UEFA ( 14 ) Austria Belgium Czechoslovakia England Italy ( hosts ) Netherlands Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union Spain Sweden West Germany Yugoslavia Countries qualified for World Cup Country failed to qualify Countries that did not enter the World Cup or were expelled from the tournament by FIFA prior to playing a match Country not a FIFA member Venues ( edit ) Twelve stadiums in twelve cities were selected to host matches at the 1990 World Cup . The Stadio San Nicola in Bari and Turin 's Stadio delle Alpi were completely new venues opened for the World Cup . The remaining ten venues all underwent extensive programmes of improvements in preparation for the tournament , forcing many of the club tenants of the stadia to move to temporary homes . Additional seating and roofs were added to most stadia , with further redevelopments seeing running tracks removed and new pitches laid . Due to structural constraints , several of the existing stadia had to be virtually rebuilt to implement the changes required . Like Espana ' 82 , the group stage of this tournament was organized in such a way where specific groups only played in two cities close in proximity to each other . Group A only played in Rome and Florence ( Hosts Italy played all their competitive matches in Rome , except for their semi-final and third place matches , which were played in Naples and Bari , respectively ) , Group B played their matches in Naples and Bari ( except for Argentina vs. Cameroon , which was the opening match of the tournament , played in Milan ) , Group C played their matches in Turin and Genoa , Group D played all their matches in Milan and Bologna , Group E played only in Udine and Verona , and Group F played on the island cities of Cagliari and Palermo . The cities that hosted the most World Cup matches were the two biggest cities in Italy : Rome and Milan , each hosting six matches , and Bari , Naples and Turin each hosted five matches . Cagliari , Udine and Palermo were the only cities of the 12 selected that did not host any knockout round matches . The England national team , at the British government 's request , were forced to play all their matches in Cagliari on the island of Sardinia . Hooliganism , rife in English football in the 1980s , had followed the national team while they played friendlies on the European continent -- the distrust of English fans was so high that the English FA 's reputation and even diplomatic relations between the UK and Italy were seen to be at risk if England played any group stage matches on the Italian mainland . Thanks largely to British Sports Minister Colin Moynihan 's negative remarks about English fans weeks before the match , security around Cagliari during England 's three matches there was extremely heavy -- in addition to 7,000 local police and Carabineri , highly trained Italian military special forces were also there patrolling the premises . The Italian authorities ' heavy presence proved to be justified as there were several riots during the time England were playing their matches in Cagliari , leading to a number of injuries , arrests and even deportations . Most of the construction cost in excess of their original estimates and total costs ended up being over £ 550 million ( approximately $935 million ) . Rome 's Stadio Olimpico which would host the final was the most expensive project overall , while Udine 's Stadio Friuli , the newest of the existing stadia ( opened 14 years prior ) , cost the least to redevelop . Milan Rome Turin Naples San Siro Stadio Olimpico Stadio delle Alpi Stadio San Paolo 45 ° 28 ′ 40.89 '' N 9 ° 7 ′ 27.14 '' E  /  45.4780250 ° N 9.1242056 ° E  / 45.4780250 ; 9.1242056  ( San Siro ) 41 ° 56 ′ 1.99 '' N 12 ° 27 ′ 17.23 '' E  /  41.9338861 ° N 12.4547861 ° E  / 41.9338861 ; 12.4547861  ( Stadio Olimpico ) 45 ° 06 ′ 34.42 '' N 7 ° 38 ′ 28.54 '' E  /  45.1095611 ° N 7.6412611 ° E  / 45.1095611 ; 7.6412611  ( Stadio delle Alpi ) 40 ° 49 ′ 40.68 '' N 14 ° 11 ′ 34.83 '' E  /  40.8279667 ° N 14.1930083 ° E  / 40.8279667 ; 14.1930083  ( Stadio San Paolo ) Capacity : 74,559 Capacity : 73,603 Capacity : 62,628 Capacity : 59,978 Bari Rome Milan Naples Turin Bari Verona Florence Cagliari Bologna Udine Palermo Genoa Florence Stadio San Nicola Stadio Comunale 41 ° 5 ′ 5.05 '' N 16 ° 50 ′ 24.26 '' E  /  41.0847361 ° N 16.8400722 ° E  / 41.0847361 ; 16.8400722  ( Stadio San Nicola ) 43 ° 46 ′ 50.96 '' N 11 ° 16 ′ 56.13 '' E  /  43.7808222 ° N 11.2822583 ° E  / 43.7808222 ; 11.2822583  ( Stadio Artemio Franchi ) Capacity : 51,426 Capacity : 38,971 Verona Udine Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi Stadio Friuli 45 ° 26 ′ 7.28 '' N 10 ° 58 ′ 7.13 '' E  /  45.4353556 ° N 10.9686472 ° E  / 45.4353556 ; 10.9686472  ( Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi ) 46 ° 4 ′ 53.77 '' N 13 ° 12 ′ 0.49 '' E  /  46.0816028 ° N 13.2001361 ° E  / 46.0816028 ; 13.2001361  ( Stadio Friuli ) Capacity : 35,950 Capacity : 35,713 Cagliari Bologna Palermo Genoa Stadio Sant'Elia Stadio Renato Dall'Ara Stadio La Favorita Stadio Luigi Ferraris 39 ° 11 ′ 57.82 '' N 9 ° 8 ′ 5.83 '' E  /  39.1993944 ° N 9.1349528 ° E  / 39.1993944 ; 9.1349528  ( Stadio Sant'Elia ) 44 ° 29 ′ 32.33 '' N 11 ° 18 ′ 34.80 '' E  /  44.4923139 ° N 11.3096667 ° E  / 44.4923139 ; 11.3096667  ( Stadio Renato Dall'Ara ) 38 ° 9 ′ 9.96 '' N 13 ° 20 ′ 32.19 '' E  /  38.1527667 ° N 13.3422750 ° E  / 38.1527667 ; 13.3422750  ( Stadio Renzo Barbera ) 44 ° 24 ′ 59.15 '' N 8 ° 57 ′ 8.74 '' E  /  44.4164306 ° N 8.9524278 ° E  / 44.4164306 ; 8.9524278  ( Stadio Luigi Ferraris ) Capacity : 35,238 Capacity : 34,520 Capacity : 33,288 Capacity : 31,823 Squads ( edit ) Further information : 1990 FIFA World Cup squads Squads for the 1990 World Cup consisted of 22 players , as for the previous tournament in 1986 . Replacement of injured players was permitted during the tournament at FIFA 's discretion . Two goalkeepers -- Argentina 's Ángel Comizzo and England 's Dave Beasant -- entered their respective squads during the tournament to replace injured players ( Nery Pumpido and David Seaman ) . Match officials ( edit ) 41 match officials from 34 countries were assigned to the tournament to serve as referees and assistant referees . Officials in italics were only used as assistants during the tournament . Referees dressed only in traditional black jerseys for the final time at a World Cup ( a red change shirt was used for two Group C games in which Scotland wore their navy blue shirts ) . show List of match officials Africa Mohamed Hansal Neji Jouini Jean - Fidèle Diramba Asia Jamal Al Sharif Jassim Mandi Shizuo Takada Europe Luigi Agnolin Emilio Soriano Aladrén George Courtney Pietro D'Elia Erik Fredriksson Siegfried Kirschen Helmut Kohl Tullio Lanese Michał Listkiewicz Rosario Lo Bello Carlo Longhi Pierluigi Magni Peter Mikkelsen Pierluigi Pairetto Zoran Petrović Joël Quiniou Kurt Röthlisberger Aron Schmidhuber Carlos Silva Valente George Smith Alan Snoddy Alexey Spirin Marcel Van Langenhove Michel Vautrot North and Central America Edgardo Codesal Vincent Mauro Berny Ulloa Morera Oceania Richard Lorenc South America Juan Daniel Cardellino Armando Pérez Hoyos Elías Jácome Juan Carlos Loustau Carlos Maciel Hernán Silva José Roberto Wright Groups ( edit ) Seedings ( edit ) The six seeded teams for the 1990 tournament were announced on 7 December 1989 . The seeds were then allocated to the six groups in order of their seeding rank ( 1st seed to Group A , 2nd seed to Group B , etc . ) . The seeds were decided by FIFA based on the nations ' performance in , primarily , the 1986 World Cup with the 1982 World Cup also considered as a secondary influence . Six of the final eight in 1986 had qualified for the 1990 tournament , the missing nations being Mexico ( quarter - final in 1986 ) and France ( third place ) . Italy -- who were seeded first as hosts -- had not reached the final eight in 1986 and this left FIFA needing to exclude one of the three ( qualified ) nations who were eliminated in the 1986 quarter - finals : Brazil , England or Spain . Owing to their performance in 1982 but also to their overall World Cup record , Brazil were seeded third and not considered to drop out of the seedings . FIFA opted to seed England ahead of Spain . Spain had only been eliminated in 1986 on penalties , albeit by fourth - placed Belgium , while England had been defeated in 90 minutes by eventual winners Argentina ; both countries had also reached the second stage in the 1982 event , playing in the same group in the second group stage with England ending up ahead of Spain , but Spain had also appeared in the 1978 event , while England had failed to qualify . FIFA President João Havelange had reportedly earlier stated that Spain would be seeded . Spanish officials believed the seeding was contrived to ensure England would be placed in Group F , the group to be held off the Italian mainland , in a bid to contain England 's hooliganism problems . Their coach Luis Suárez said , `` We feel we 've been cheated ... they wanted to seed England and to send it to Cagliari at all costs . So they invented this formula '' . FIFA countered that `` the formula was based on the teams ' respective showings during the previous two World Cups . England merited the sixth position . This is in no way a concession to English hooliganism '' . Meanwhile , the Netherlands also had an argument that on grounds of recent footballing form , they should be seeded , as the winners of the 1988 European Championship , in which both Spain and England had been eliminated in the group stages , while Belgium ( fourth in the 1986 World Cup after beating Spain , and thus seeded in 1990 ) had failed to even qualify : but this argument was countered by the fact that the Netherlands had themselves failed to qualify for both the 1982 and 1986 World Cups , which was considered the most important factor in the decision not to seed them . As it happened , the two teams considered the most unlucky not to be seeded , namely Spain and the Netherlands , were both drawn in groups against the two teams considered the weakest of the seeded nations , namely Belgium and England : and the arguments over the seeding positions fizzled out . England could be said to have justified their seeded position by narrowly winning their group ahead of the Netherlands : while Spain seemed to have made their own point about being worth a seeded position , by defeating Belgium to top their own group , in doing so gaining a measure of revenge for the fact that it was Belgium who had eliminated them in 1986 . Seeds Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Italy ( 1st ) Argentina ( 2nd ) Brazil ( 3rd ) West Germany ( 4th ) Belgium ( 5th ) England ( 6th ) Cameroon Costa Rica Egypt South Korea United Arab Emirates United States Colombia Czechoslovakia Republic of Ireland Romania Sweden Uruguay Austria Netherlands Scotland Spain Soviet Union Yugoslavia Final draw ( edit ) Ciao , a stick figure in the colours of the Italy Tricolore , was the mascot for the 1990 FIFA World Cup . On 9 December 1989 the draw was conducted at the Palazzetto dello Sport in Rome , where the teams were drawn out from the three pots to be placed with the seeded teams in their predetermined groups . The only stipulation of the draw was that no group could feature two South American teams . The ceremony was hosted by Italian television presenter Pippo Baudo , with Italian actress Sophia Loren and opera singer Luciano Pavarotti conducting the draw alongside FIFA general secretary Sepp Blatter . The draw show was FIFA 's most ambitious yet with Pelé , Bobby Moore and Karl - Heinz Rummenigge appearing , as well as a performance of the Italian version of the tournament 's official song `` To Be Number One '' by Giorgio Moroder , performed as `` Un'estate italiana '' by Edoardo Bennato and Gianna Nannini . The event also featured the official mascot of this World Cup , Ciao , a stick figure player with a football head and an Italian tricolor body that formed the word `` ITALIA '' when deconstructed and reconstructed . Its name is a greeting in Italian . Tournament review ( edit ) The finals tournament began in Italy on 8 June and concluded on 8 July . The format of the 1990 competition remained the same as in 1986 : 24 qualified teams were divided into six groups of four . The top two teams and four best third - place finishers from the six groups advanced to the knockout stage , which eliminated the teams until a winner emerged . In total , 52 games were played . Negative tactics ( edit ) The tournament generated a record low goals - per - game average and a then - record of 16 red cards were handed out . In the knockout stage , many teams played defensively for 120 minutes , with the intention of trying their luck in the penalty shoot - out , rather than risk going forward . Two exceptions were the eventual champions West Germany and hosts Italy , the only teams to win three of their four knockout matches in normal time . There were four penalty shoot - outs , a record subsequently equalled in the 2006 , 2014 and 2018 tournaments . Eight matches went to extra time , a record equalled in the 2014 tournament . Ireland and Argentina were prime examples of this trend of cautious defensive play ; the Irish team fell behind in two of their three group matches and only equalised late in both games . Losing finalists Argentina , meanwhile , scored only five goals in the entire tournament ( a record low for a finalist ) . Argentina also became the first team to advance twice on penalty shoot - outs and the first team to fail to score and have a player sent off in a World Cup final . Largely as a result of this trend FIFA introduced the back - pass rule in time for the 1994 tournament to make it harder for teams to time - waste by repeatedly passing the ball back for their goalkeepers to pick up . Three , rather than two points would be awarded for victories at future tournaments to help further encourage attacking play . Emergence of Cameroon ( edit ) Cameroon reached the quarter - finals , where they were narrowly defeated by England . They opened the tournament with a shock victory over reigning champions Argentina , before topping the group ahead of them , Romania and European Championship runners - up the Soviet Union . Their success was fired by the goals of Roger Milla , a 38 - year - old forward who came out of international retirement to join the national squad at the last moment after a personal request from Cameroonian President Paul Biya . Milla 's four goals and flamboyant goal celebrations made him one of the tournament 's biggest stars as well as taking Cameroon to the last eight . Most of Cameroon 's squad was made up of players who played in France 's premier football league , Ligue 1 - French is one of the officially spoken languages in Cameroon , it being a former French territory . In reaching this stage , they had gone further than any African nation had ever managed in a World Cup before ; a feat only equalled twice since ( by Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010 ) . Their success was African football 's biggest yet on the world stage and FIFA subsequently decided to allocate the CAF qualifying zone an additional place for the next World Cup tournament . All - champion final four ( edit ) Despite the performances of nations such as Cameroon , Colombia , Ireland , Romania and Costa Rica , the semi-finalists consisted of Argentina , England , Italy and West Germany , all previous World Cup winners , with eight previous titles between them . After the 1970 tournament , this is only the second time in the history of the World Cup this has occurred . The teams which finished first , second and third had also contested both the two previous World Cup Finals between themselves . Results ( edit ) Group stage ( edit ) All times are Central European Summer Time ( UTC + 2 ) Champion Runner - up Third place Fourth place Quarter - finals Round of 16 Group stage In the following tables : Pld = total games played W = total games won D = total games drawn ( tied ) L = total games lost GF = total goals scored ( goals for ) GA = total goals conceded ( goals against ) GD = goal difference ( GF − GA ) Pts = total points accumulated The Group stage saw the twenty - four teams divided into six groups of four teams . Each group was a round - robin of six games , where each team played one match against each of the other teams in the same group . Teams were awarded two points for a win , one point for a draw and none for a defeat . The teams coming first and second in each group qualified for the Round of 16 . The four best third - placed teams would also advance to the next stage . Typical of a World Cup staged in Europe , the matches all started at either 5 : 00 or 9 : 00 in the evening ; this allowed for the games to avoid being played in the heat of an Italian summer , which would soar past 86F ( 30C ) all over Italy . If teams were level on points , they were ranked on the following criteria in order : Greatest total goal difference in the three group matches Greatest number of goals scored in the three group matches If teams remained level after those criteria , a mini-group would be formed from those teams , who would be ranked on : Most points earned in matches against other teams in the tie Greatest goal difference in matches against other teams in the tie Greatest number of goals scored in matches against other teams in the tie If teams remained level after all these criteria , FIFA would hold a drawing of lots Group a ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group A Hosts Italy won Group A with a 100 percent record . They beat Austria 1 -- 0 thanks to substitute Salvatore ' Totò ' Schillaci , who had played only one international before but would become a star during the tournament . A second 1 -- 0 victory followed against a United States team already thumped 5 -- 1 by Czechoslovakia . The Czechoslovaks ended runners - up in the group , while the USA 's first appearance in a World Cup Finals since 1950 ended with three consecutive defeats . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Italy ( H ) 0 0 0 + 4 6 Advance to knockout stage Czechoslovakia 0 6 + 3 Austria 0 − 1 United States 0 0 8 − 6 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers ( H ) Host . 9 June 1990 Italy 1 -- 0 Austria Stadio Olimpico , Rome 10 June 1990 United States 1 -- 5 Czechoslovakia Stadio Comunale , Florence 14 June 1990 Italy 1 -- 0 United States Stadio Olimpico , Rome 15 June 1990 Austria 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Stadio Comunale , Florence 19 June 1990 Italy 2 -- 0 Czechoslovakia Stadio Olimpico , Rome Austria 2 -- 1 United States Stadio Comunale , Florence Group B ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group B Cameroon defeated reigning champions Argentina . Despite ending the match with only nine men , the African team held on for a shock 1 -- 0 win , with contrasting fortunes for the brothers Biyik : François Omam scoring the winning goal , shortly after seeing Andre Kana sent off for a serious foul . In their second game the introduction of Roger Milla was the catalyst for a 2 -- 1 win over Romania , Milla scoring twice from the bench ( making him the oldest goalscorer in the tournament ) . With progression assured , Cameroon slumped to a 4 -- 0 defeat in their final group game to the Soviet Union ( in what would be their last World Cup due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union ) , who were striving to stay in the tournament on goal difference after successive 2 -- 0 defeats . Argentina lost their veteran goalkeeper , Nery Pumpido , to a broken leg during their victory over the USSR : his replacement , Sergio Goycochea , proved to be one of the stars of their tournament . In the final match , a 1 -- 1 draw between Romania and Argentina sent both through , equal on points and on goal difference but Romania having the advantage on goals scored : Romania were thus second , Argentina qualified as one of the best third - placed teams . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Cameroon 0 5 − 2 Advance to knockout stage Romania + 1 Argentina + 1 Soviet Union 0 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 8 June 1990 Argentina 0 -- 1 Cameroon San Siro , Milan 9 June 1990 Soviet Union 0 -- 2 Romania Stadio San Nicola , Bari 13 June 1990 Argentina 2 -- 0 Soviet Union Stadio San Paolo , Naples 14 June 1990 Cameroon 2 -- 1 Romania Stadio San Nicola , Bari 18 June 1990 Argentina 1 -- 1 Romania Stadio San Paolo , Naples Cameroon 0 -- 4 Soviet Union Stadio San Nicola , Bari Group C ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group C Costa Rica beat Scotland 1 -- 0 in their first match , lost 1 -- 0 to Brazil in their second , then saw off Sweden 2 -- 1 to claim a place in the second round . Brazil took maximum points from the group . They began with a 2 -- 1 win over Sweden , then beat both Costa Rica and Scotland 1 -- 0 . Scotland 's 2 -- 1 win over Sweden was not enough to save them from an early return home as one of the two lowest - ranked third - placed teams . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 0 + 3 6 Advance to knockout stage Costa Rica 0 + 1 Scotland 0 − 1 Sweden 0 0 6 − 3 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 10 June 1990 Brazil 2 -- 1 Sweden Stadio delle Alpi , Turin 11 June 1990 Costa Rica 1 -- 0 Scotland Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa 16 June 1990 Brazil 1 -- 0 Costa Rica Stadio delle Alpi , Turin Sweden 1 -- 2 Scotland Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa 20 June 1990 Brazil 1 -- 0 Scotland Stadio delle Alpi , Turin Sweden 1 -- 2 Costa Rica Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa Group D ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group D Group D featured the most goals of all the groups , most due to two large wins of West Germany and defensive inadequacies of a United Arab Emirates team that lost 2 -- 0 to Colombia , 5 -- 1 to West Germany and 4 -- 1 to Yugoslavia . The West Germans topped the group after a 4 -- 1 opening victory over group runners - up Yugoslavia . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification West Germany 0 10 + 7 5 Advance to knockout stage Yugoslavia 0 6 5 + 1 Colombia + 1 United Arab Emirates 0 0 11 − 9 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 9 June 1990 United Arab Emirates 0 -- 2 Colombia Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , Bologna 10 June 1990 West Germany 4 -- 1 Yugoslavia San Siro , Milan 14 June 1990 Yugoslavia 1 -- 0 Colombia Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , Bologna 15 June 1990 West Germany 5 -- 1 United Arab Emirates San Siro , Milan 19 June 1990 West Germany 1 -- 1 Colombia San Siro , Milan Yugoslavia 4 -- 1 United Arab Emirates Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , Bologna Group E ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group E The winners of Group E were Spain , for whom Michel hit a hat - trick as they beat South Korea 3 -- 1 in an unbeaten group campaign . Belgium won their first two games against South Korea and Uruguay to ensure their progress ; Uruguay 's advance to the second round came with an injury time winner against South Korea to edge them through as the weakest of the third - placed sides to remain in the tournament . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Spain 0 5 + 3 5 Advance to knockout stage Belgium 0 6 + 3 Uruguay − 1 South Korea 0 0 6 − 5 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 12 June 1990 Belgium 2 -- 0 South Korea Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi , Verona 13 June 1990 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Spain Stadio Friuli , Udine 17 June 1990 Belgium 3 -- 1 Uruguay Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi , Verona South Korea 1 -- 3 Spain Stadio Friuli , Udine 21 June 1990 Belgium 1 -- 2 Spain Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi , Verona South Korea 0 -- 1 Uruguay Stadio Friuli , Udine Group F ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Group F Group F , featured the Netherlands , England , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt . In the six group games , no team managed to score more than once in a match . England beat Egypt 1 -- 0 , the only match with a decisive result , and that was enough to win the group . The group containing England , Ireland and the Netherlands was remarkably similar to the group stage of the 1988 European Championship , which had eventually been won by the Netherlands , with England crashing out with three losses ( to Ireland , the Netherlands and the USSR ) and Ireland also narrowly failing to progress after losing to the Netherlands and drawing with the USSR . The results of the 1990 group , however , were different : England took the lead with an early goal for Lineker against Ireland , but Sheedy 's late equalizer gave them a share of the spoils . The Netherlands failed to replicate their form of two years earlier , only drawing against Egypt : they had taken a 1 - 0 lead , but without impressing , and Egypt were well worth their equalizer courtesy of a penalty by Abdelghani . England then had much the better of their goalless draw with the Netherlands : indeed they had the ball in the net once , from a free - kick by Pearce , but it was disallowed . For the second World Cup in succession , however , England lost their captain Bryan Robson to an injury which put him out of the tournament , just over halfway through their second match . Ireland and Egypt barely registered a shot on goal between them in the other 0 - 0 draw : after the first four matches all four teams had equal records with 2 draws , 1 goal for and 1 goal against . England 's victory over Egypt , thanks to a 58th - minute goal from Mark Wright , put them top of the group : in the other match , Gullit gave the Netherlands the lead against Ireland , but Niall Quinn scored a second - half equalizer and the two teams finished in second and third , still with identical records . Both teams qualified but they had to draw lots to place the teams in second and third place . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 0 + 1 Advance to knockout stage Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 Egypt 0 − 1 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers The Republic of Ireland and the Netherlands finished with identical records . With both teams assured of progressing , they were split by the drawing of lots to determine second and third place . 11 June 1990 England 1 -- 1 Republic of Ireland Stadio Sant'Elia , Cagliari 12 June 1990 Netherlands 1 -- 1 Egypt Stadio La Favorita , Palermo 16 June 1990 England 0 -- 0 Netherlands Stadio Sant'Elia , Cagliari 17 June 1990 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 Egypt Stadio La Favorita , Palermo 21 June 1990 England 1 -- 0 Egypt Stadio Sant'Elia , Cagliari Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Netherlands Stadio La Favorita , Palermo Ranking of third - placed teams ( edit ) Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Argentina + 1 Advance to knockout stage Colombia + 1 Netherlands 0 0 0 Uruguay − 1 5 Austria 0 − 1 6 Scotland 0 − 1 Source : FIFA Ireland won the drawing of lots against the Netherlands for second place in Group F : the Netherlands were the only third - placed team not to have won any matches - or lost any : they progressed with three draws ( 3 points ) , ahead of Austria and Scotland who each had one win and two losses ( 2 points ) . Knockout stage ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup knockout stage The knockout stage involved the 16 teams that qualified from the group stage of the tournament . There were four rounds of matches , with each round eliminating half of the teams entering that round . The successive rounds were : round of 16 , quarter - finals , semi-finals , final . There was also a play - off to decide third / fourth place . For each game in the knockout stage , any draw at 90 minutes was followed by 30 minutes of extra time ; if scores were still level there would be a penalty shoot - out ( five penalties each , if neither team already had a decisive advantage , and more if necessary ) to determine who progressed to the next round . Scores after extra time are indicated by ( aet ) and penalty shoot - outs are indicated by ( p ) . Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 24 June -- Turin Brazil 0 30 June -- Florence Argentina Argentina ( p ) 0 ( 3 ) 26 June -- Verona Yugoslavia 0 ( 2 ) Spain 3 July -- Naples Yugoslavia ( aet ) Argentina ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) 25 June -- Genoa Italy 1 ( 3 ) Republic of Ireland ( p ) 0 ( 5 ) 30 June -- Rome Romania 0 ( 4 ) Republic of Ireland 0 25 June -- Rome Italy Italy 8 July -- Rome Uruguay 0 Argentina 0 23 June -- Bari West Germany Czechoslovakia 1 July -- Milan Costa Rica Czechoslovakia 0 24 June -- Milan West Germany West Germany 4 July -- Turin Netherlands West Germany ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) 23 June -- Naples England 1 ( 3 ) Third place Cameroon ( aet ) 1 July -- Naples 7 July -- Bari Colombia Cameroon Italy 26 June -- Bologna England ( aet ) England England ( aet ) Belgium 0 All times listed are local ( UTC + 2 ) Round of 16 ( edit ) Two of the ties -- Brazil vs Argentina and Italy vs Uruguay -- pitted former champion countries against each other and West Germany met the Netherlands in a rematch of the 1974 World Cup Final . The all - South American game was won for Argentina by a goal from Claudio Caniggia with 10 minutes remaining after a run through the Brazilian defence by Diego Maradona and an outstanding performance from their goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea . It would later come to light that Branco had been offered water spiked with tranquillisers by Maradona and Ricardo Giusti during half time , to slow him down in the second half . Initially discredited by the press , Branco would be publicly proven right years later , when Maradona confessed the episode on a TV show in Argentina . As for Italy , a strong second half showing saw the hosts beat Uruguay 2 -- 0 , thanks to another goal from Schillaci and one from Aldo Serena . The match between West Germany and the Netherlands was held in Milan , and both sides featured several notable players from the two Milanese clubs ( Germans Andreas Brehme , Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann for Internazionale , and Dutchmen Marco van Basten , Ruud Gullit and Frank Rijkaard for Milan ) . After 22 minutes Rudi Völler and Rijkaard were both dismissed after a number of incidents between the two players ( including Rijkaard spitting on Völler ) left the Argentine referee with no option but to send them both off . As the players walked off the pitch together , Rijkaard spat on Völler a second time . Early in the second half , Jürgen Klinsmann put the West Germans ahead and Andreas Brehme added a second with eight minutes left . A Ronald Koeman penalty for the Netherlands in the 89th minute narrowed the score to 2 -- 1 but the Germans saw the game out to gain some revenge for their exit to the Dutch in the previous European Championship . Meanwhile , the heroics of Cameroon and Roger Milla continued in their game with Colombia . Milla was introduced as a second - half substitute with the game goalless , eventually breaking the deadlock midway in extra time . Three minutes later he netted a second after Colombian goalkeeper , René Higuita was dispossessed by Milla while well out of his goal , leaving the striker free to slot the ball into the empty net . Though the deficit was soon reduced to 2 -- 1 , Cameroon held on to become the first African team ever to reach the World Cup quarter - finals . Costa Rica were comfortably beaten 4 -- 1 by Czechoslovakia , for whom Tomáš Skuhravý scored the tournament 's second and final hat - trick . The Republic of Ireland 's match with Romania remained goalless after extra time and the Irish side won 5 -- 4 on penalties . David O'Leary converted the penalty that clinched Ireland 's place in the quarter - finals . Ireland thus became the first team since Sweden in 1938 to reach the last eight in a World Cup finals tournament without winning a match outright . Yugoslavia beat Spain 2 -- 1 after extra time , with Dragan Stojković scoring both the Yugoslavs ' goals . England were the final qualifier against Belgium , as midfielder David Platt 's swivelling volley broke the stalemate with the game moments away from a penalty shoot - out . 23 June 1990 17 : 00 Cameroon 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Colombia Milla 106 ' , 108 ' Report Redín 115 ' Stadio San Paolo , Naples Attendance : 50,026 Referee : Tullio Lanese ( Italy ) 23 June 1990 21 : 00 Czechoslovakia 4 -- 1 Costa Rica Skuhravý 12 ' , 63 ' , 82 ' Kubík 75 ' Report González 54 ' Stadio San Nicola , Bari Attendance : 47,673 Referee : Siegfried Kirschen ( East Germany ) 24 June 1990 17 : 00 Brazil 0 -- 1 Argentina Report Caniggia 80 ' Stadio delle Alpi , Turin Attendance : 61,381 Referee : Joël Quiniou ( France ) 24 June 1990 21 : 00 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Klinsmann 51 ' Brehme 82 ' Report R. Koeman 89 ' ( pen . ) San Siro , Milan Attendance : 74,559 Referee : Juan Carlos Loustau ( Argentina ) 25 June 1990 17 : 00 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Romania Report Penalties Sheedy Houghton Townsend Cascarino O'Leary 5 -- 4 Hagi Lupu Rotariu Lupescu Timofte Stadio Luigi Ferraris , Genoa Attendance : 31,818 Referee : José Roberto Wright ( Brazil ) 25 June 1990 21 : 00 Italy 2 -- 0 Uruguay Schillaci 65 ' Serena 83 ' Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 73,303 Referee : George Courtney ( England ) 26 June 1990 17 : 00 Spain 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Yugoslavia Salinas 83 ' Report Stojković 78 ' , 92 ' Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi , Verona Attendance : 35,500 Referee : Aron Schmidhuber ( West Germany ) 26 June 1990 21 : 00 England 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Belgium Platt 119 ' Report Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , Bologna Attendance : 34,520 Referee : Peter Mikkelsen ( Denmark ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) The first game of the last 8 saw Argentina and a Yugoslav side , reduced to 10 men after only half an hour , play out a goalless stalemate . The holders reached the semi-finals after winning the penalty shoot - out 3 -- 2 , despite Maradona having his penalty saved . A second Argentine miss ( by Pedro Troglio ) looked to have eliminated them until goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea -- playing because first choice Nery Pumpido broke his leg during the group stage -- rescued his side by stopping the Yugoslavs ' final two spotkicks . The Republic of Ireland 's World Cup run was brought to an end by a single goal from Schillaci in the first half of their quarter - final with hosts Italy . West Germany beat Czechoslovakia with a 25th minute Lothar Matthäus penalty . The quarter - final between England and Cameroon was the only quarter - final to produce more than one goal . Despite Cameroon 's heroics earlier in the tournament , David Platt put England ahead in the 25th minute . At half - time , Milla was brought on . In the second half , the game was turned on its head during a five - minute stretch : first Cameroon were awarded a penalty from which Emmanuel Kunde scored the equaliser ; then in the 65th minute Eugene Ekeke put Cameroon ahead . Cameroon came within eight minutes of reaching the semi-finals before they conceded a penalty , which Gary Lineker converted . Midway through extra time , England were awarded another penalty and Lineker again scored from the spot . England were through to the semi-finals for the first time since the days of Bobby Moore 24 years prior . 30 June 1990 17 : 00 Argentina 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Yugoslavia Report Penalties Serrizuela Burruchaga Maradona Troglio Dezotti 3 -- 2 Stojković Prosinečki Savićević Brnović Hadžibegić Stadio Comunale , Florence Attendance : 38,971 Referee : Kurt Röthlisberger ( Switzerland ) 30 June 1990 21 : 00 Republic of Ireland 0 -- 1 Italy Report Schillaci 38 ' Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 73,303 Referee : Carlos Silva Valente ( Portugal ) 1 July 1990 17 : 00 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1 West Germany Report Matthäus 25 ' ( pen . ) San Siro , Milan Attendance : 73,347 Referee : Helmut Kohl ( Austria ) 1 July 1990 21 : 00 Cameroon 2 -- 3 ( a.e.t. ) England Kundé 61 ' ( pen . ) Ekéké 65 ' Report Platt 25 ' Lineker 83 ' ( pen . ) , 105 ' ( pen . ) Stadio San Paolo , Naples Attendance : 55,205 Referee : Edgardo Codesal ( Mexico ) Semi-finals ( edit ) The first semi-final featured the host nation , Italy , and the world champions , Argentina in Naples . ' Toto ' Schillaci scored yet again to put Italy ahead in the 17th minute , but Claudio Caniggia equalised midway through the second half , breaking Walter Zenga 's clean sheet streak throughout the tournament . There were no more goals in the 90 minutes or in extra time despite Maradona ( who played for Naples in Serie A at the time ) showing glimpses of magic , but there was a sending - off : Ricardo Giusti of Argentina was shown the red card in the 13th minute of extra time . Argentina went through on penalties , winning the shoot - out 4 -- 3 after more heroics from Goycochea . The semi-final between West Germany and England at Juventus 's home stadium in Turin was goalless at half - time . Then , in the 60th minute , a shot from Andreas Brehme was deflected by Paul Parker into his own net . England equalised with ten minutes left ; Gary Lineker was the scorer . The game ended 1 -- 1 . Extra time yielded more chances . Klinsmann was guilty of two glaring misses and both sides struck a post . England had another Platt goal disallowed for offside . The match went to penalties , and West Germany went on to win the shoot - out 4 -- 3 . 3 July 1990 20 : 00 Argentina 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Italy Caniggia 67 ' Report Schillaci 17 ' Penalties Serrizuela Burruchaga Olarticoechea Maradona 4 -- 3 Baresi Baggio De Agostini Donadoni Serena Stadio San Paolo , Naples Attendance : 59,978 Referee : Michel Vautrot ( France ) 4 July 1990 20 : 00 West Germany 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Brehme 60 ' Report Lineker 80 ' Penalties Brehme Matthäus Riedle Thon 4 -- 3 Lineker Beardsley Platt Pearce Waddle Stadio delle Alpi , Turin Attendance : 62,628 Referee : José Roberto Wright ( Brazil ) Third - place play - off ( edit ) The game saw three goals in a 15 - minute spell . Roberto Baggio opened the scoring after a rare mistake by England 's goalkeeper Peter Shilton , in his final game before international retirement , presented a simple opportunity . A header by David Platt levelled the game 10 minutes later but Schillaci was fouled in the penalty area five minutes later , leading to a penalty . Schillaci himself got up to convert the kick to win him the tournament 's Golden Boot for his six - goal tally . Nicola Berti had a goal ruled out minutes later , but the hosts claimed third place . England had the consolation prize of the Fair Play award , having received no red cards and the lowest average number of yellows per match . 7 July 1990 20 : 00 Italy 2 -- 1 England Baggio 71 ' Schillaci 86 ' ( pen . ) Report Platt 81 ' Stadio San Nicola , Bari Attendance : 51,426 Referee : Joël Quiniou ( France ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Final The final between West Germany and Argentina has been cited as the most cynical and lowest - quality of all World Cup Finals . In the 65th minute , Argentina 's Pedro Monzon - himself only recently on as a substitute - was sent off for a foul on Jürgen Klinsmann . Monzon was the first player ever to be sent off in a World Cup Final . Argentina , weakened by suspension and injury , offered little attacking threat throughout a contest dominated by the West Germans , who struggled to create many clear goalscoring opportunities . The only goal of the contest arrived in the 85th minute when Mexican referee Edgardo Codesal awarded a penalty to West Germany , after a foul on Rudi Völler by Roberto Sensini leading to Argentinian protests . Andreas Brehme converted the spot kick to settle the contest . In the closing moments , Argentina were reduced to nine after Gustavo Dezotti , who had already been yellow carded earlier in the match , received a red card when he hauled Jürgen Kohler to the ground during a stoppage in play . The 1 -- 0 scoreline provided another first : Argentina were the first team to fail to score in a World Cup Final . With its third title ( and three second - place finishes ) West Germany -- in its final tournament before national reunification -- became the most successful World Cup nation at the time . West German manager Franz Beckenbauer became the only man to both captain ( in 1974 ) and manage a World Cup winning team , and only the second man ( after Mário Zagallo of Brazil ) to win the World Cup as a player and as team manager . It was also the first time a team from UEFA won the final against a non-European team . 8 July 1990 20 : 00 West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Brehme 85 ' ( pen . ) Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 73,603 Referee : Edgardo Codesal ( Mexico ) Goalscorers ( edit ) Salvatore Schillaci received the Golden Boot award for scoring six goals in the World Cup . This made him the second Italian footballer to have this honour , after Paolo Rossi won the award in 1982 . In total , 115 goals were scored by 75 players ( none credited as own goals ) . 6 goals Salvatore Schillaci 5 goals Tomáš Skuhravý 4 goals Roger Milla Gary Lineker Míchel Lothar Matthäus 3 goals David Platt Andreas Brehme Jürgen Klinsmann Rudi Völler 2 goals Claudio Caniggia Careca Müller Bernardo Redín Michal Bílek Roberto Baggio Gabi Balint Marius Lăcătuș Davor Jozić Darko Pančev Dragan Stojković 1 goal Andreas Ogris Gerhard Rodax Jorge Burruchaga Pedro Monzón Pedro Troglio Jan Ceulemans Lei Clijsters Michel De Wolf Marc Degryse Enzo Scifo Patrick Vervoort Eugène Ekéké Emmanuel Kundé François Omam - Biyik Freddy Rincón Carlos Valderrama Juan Cayasso Róger Flores Rónald González Hernán Medford Ivan Hašek Luboš Kubík Milan Luhový Magdi Abdelghani Mark Wright Giuseppe Giannini Aldo Serena Ruud Gullit Wim Kieft Ronald Koeman Niall Quinn Kevin Sheedy Mo Johnston Stuart McCall Hwangbo Kwan Igor Dobrovolski Oleh Protasov Oleksandr Zavarov Andrei Zygmantovich Alberto Górriz Julio Salinas Tomas Brolin Johnny Ekström Glenn Strömberg Khalid Ismaïl Ali Thani Jumaa Paul Caligiuri Bruce Murray Pablo Bengoechea Daniel Fonseca Uwe Bein Pierre Littbarski Robert Prosinečki Safet Sušić Awards ( edit ) Golden Boot winner Golden Ball winner Best Young Player FIFA Fair Play Trophy Salvatore Schillaci Salvatore Schillaci Robert Prosinečki England All - star team ( edit ) Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards Sergio Goycochea Luis Gabelo Conejo Andreas Brehme Paolo Maldini Franco Baresi Diego Maradona Lothar Matthäus Dragan Stojković Paul Gascoigne Salvatore Schillaci Roger Milla Jürgen Klinsmann Final standings ( edit ) After the tournament , FIFA published a ranking of all teams that competed in the 1990 World Cup finals based on progress in the competition , overall results and quality of the opposition . Team GF GA GD Pts . West Germany 7 5 0 15 5 + 10 12 Argentina 7 5 + 1 7 Italy 7 6 0 10 + 8 13 England 7 8 6 + 2 9 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Yugoslavia 5 8 6 + 2 7 6 Czechoslovakia 5 0 10 5 + 5 6 7 Cameroon 5 0 7 9 - 2 6 8 Republic of Ireland 5 0 − 1 Eliminated in the round of 16 9 Brazil 0 + 2 6 10 Spain 6 + 2 5 11 Belgium 0 6 + 2 12 Romania + 1 13 Costa Rica 0 6 − 2 14 Colombia 0 15 Netherlands 0 − 1 16 Uruguay 5 − 3 Eliminated in the group stage 17 Soviet Union 0 0 18 Austria 0 − 1 Scotland 0 − 1 20 Egypt 0 − 1 21 Sweden 0 0 6 − 3 0 22 South Korea 0 0 6 − 5 0 23 United States 0 0 8 − 6 0 24 United Arab Emirates 0 0 11 − 9 0 Statistics ( edit ) Most wins : Italy ( 6 ) Most defeats : South Korea , Sweden , UAE , United States ( 3 ) First goal : François Omam Biyik ( for Cameroon vs Argentina ; Group B , 8 June ) Fastest goal in a match : 3 minutes 59 seconds -- Safet Sušić ( for Yugoslavia vs UAE ; Group D , 19 June ) Latest goal scored in a match ( apart from penalty shoot - outs ) : 119 minutes -- David Platt ( for England vs Belgium ; Round of 16 , 26 June ) Biggest win : 5 -- 1 -- by Czechoslovakia vs United States , and by West Germany vs UAE Most goals in the tournament ( team ) : West Germany ( 15 ) Most goals in the tournament ( player ) : Salvatore Schillaci ( Italy ) ( 6 ) Fewest goals in the tournament ( team ) : Egypt and South Korea ( 1 ) Most goals in a game : 6 ( United States 1 Czechoslovakia 5 ; West Germany 5 UAE 1 ) Most goals in a game ( player ) : 3 , by Míchel ( for Spain vs South Korea ) and Tomáš Skuhravý ( for Czechoslovakia vs Costa Rica ) Fewest goals conceded : Brazil , Egypt and Italy ( 2 ) Total goals scored : 115 ( average 2.21 goals per game , a record low in World Cup history ) Most clean sheets : Italy ( 5 ) Total penalties awarded : 18 ( 13 scored , 5 missed ) Most yellow cards in a game : 9 -- Austria vs United States ( Group A , 19 June ) Most yellow cards in the tournament : Argentina ( 22 ) Total yellow cards : 162 Most red cards in the tournament : Argentina ( 3 ) Total red cards : 16 ( a record high for a 24 team World Cup ) Highest attendance : 74,765 -- West Germany vs Yugoslavia ( Group D , 10 June ) Lowest attendance : 27,833 -- Yugoslavia vs UAE ( Group D , 19 June ) Average attendance : 48,391 ( 5th highest in World Cup history ) Oldest player : Peter Shilton ( England ) ( 40 years 292 days ) Youngest player : Rónald González Brenes ( Costa Rica ) ( 19 years 307 days ) Italy 's performance of 6 wins , 1 draw and 0 losses is the highest ever winning percentage for a team that did not win the World Cup . The Republic of Ireland became the second team in World Cup history to reach the last eight without winning a match ( Sweden progressed to the last eight by default in 1938 when Austria withdrew ) . See also ( edit ) Sir Bobby Robson Trophy match , a 2009 replay of the 1990 England Germany semi-final in honour of the England manager Bobby Robson References and footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Italy 1990 '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 1990 '' . ESPN Soccernet. 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . Jump up ^ Freddi , Cris ( 2006 ) . Complete Book of the World Cup . HarperSport . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 722916 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup TM Record -- Organisation '' . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A riot of colour , emotion and memories : the World Cup stands alone in the field of sport '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup and Television '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 6 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` L'Alta Definizione a Torino 1986 -- 2006 di Marzio Barbero e Natasha Shpuza '' . Crit.rai.it . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The FIFA World Cup TV viewing figures '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 27 November 2007 . Retrieved 31 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italy gain vote over Soviet rival '' . The Times . London . 21 May 1984 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Sports in brief '' . The Times . London . 3 August 1983 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Sports in brief '' . The Times . London . 2 September 1983 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup formats '' . The Times . London . 12 November 1983 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Romania could join the boycott '' . The Times . London . 22 May 1984 . p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico given ban in soccer '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 1 July 1988 . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/17/sports/world-cup-90-fan-violence-at-world-cup-finals.html Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1990-06-11/sports/sp-210_1_riot-police ^ Jump up to : `` WM 1990 Sonderheft '' . Kicker ( in German ) . May -- June 1990 . p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup ' 90 : The Complete Collection '' . Orbis . ^ Jump up to : `` England Is Seeded Sixth in 1990 World Cup in Italy '' . The New York Times . 8 December 1989 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cup seedings revealed '' . The New York Times . 30 November 1989 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Times guide to the draw for the World Cup finals '' . The Times . London . 9 December 1989 . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Paul ( 10 December 1989 ) . `` U.S. must face Italy in cup '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The FIFA World Cup Final Draw history '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mascots '' . FIFA . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Como Maradona `` envenenou '' Branco na Copa de 90 `` . UOL . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` England v West Germany at Italia ' 90 -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . p. 303 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( 9 July 1990 ) . `` Winning Ugly , Losing Ugly , Just Plain Ugly '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A poor display bare of class '' . The Times . London . 9 July 1990 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2018 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber and Faber . p. 326 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 32556 - 6 . After half - time , the game grew harsher , when Klaus Augenthaler was blantanly tripped in the box by Goycoecha , Germany had far stronger claims for a penalty than that which won the match . Sensini bought down Völler in the area Codesal gave a penalty , Argentina protested furiously , and seemed to have a pretty good case . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1990 in Italy - World Cup Brazil 2014 Guide '' . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : Milestones , facts & figures . Statistical Kit 7 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Figure does not include shoot - outs ; penalties were missed during games by : Michal Bílek ( Czechoslovakia v USA ) , Rubén Sosa ( Uruguay v Spain ) , Faruk Hadžibegić ( Yugoslavia v Colombia ) , Gianluca Vialli ( Italy v USA ) and Enzo Scifo ( Belgium v Spain ) Jump up ^ Figure does not include second yellow cards that led to a red card Jump up ^ Argentina defeated Italy in the semi-finals by a penalty shoot - out which , by FIFA regulations counts as a draw for statistical reasons . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 1990 . 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM , FIFA.com Details at RSSSF FIFA Technical Report ( Part 1 ) , ( Part 2 ) , ( Part 3 ) , ( Part 4 ) , ( Part 5 ) and ( Part 6 ) Planet World Cup -- Italy 1990 1990 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Knockout stage Cameroon v Colombia Final General information Qualification Squads Matches Discipline 1990 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions West Germany Runners - up Argentina Third place Italy Fourth place England Quarter - finals Cameroon Czechoslovakia Republic of Ireland Yugoslavia Round of 16 Belgium Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Netherlands Romania Spain Uruguay Group stage Austria Egypt Scotland South Korea Soviet Union Sweden United Arab Emirates United States 1990 FIFA World Cup stadiums San Nicola ( Bari ) Renato Dall'Ara ( Bologna ) Sant'Elia ( Cagliari ) Comunale ( Florence ) Luigi Ferraris ( Genoa ) San Siro ( Milan ) San Paolo ( Napoli ) La Favorita ( Palermo ) Olimpico ( Rome ) Stadio delle Alpi ( Turin ) Friuli ( Udine ) Marcantonio Bentegodi ( Verona ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . 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who did england play in the semifinals 1990
[ "The semi-final between West Germany and England at Juventus's home stadium in Turin was goalless at half-time. Then, in the 60th minute, a shot from Andreas Brehme was deflected by Paul Parker into his own net. England equalised with ten minutes left; Gary Lineker was the scorer. The game ended 1–1. Extra time yielded more chances. Klinsmann was guilty of two glaring misses and both sides struck a post. England had another Platt goal disallowed for offside. The match went to penalties, and West Germany went on to win the shoot-out 4–3.[27]\t\n" ]
[ "West Germany" ]
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Second Temple
Second Temple - wikipedia Second Temple Jump to : navigation , search Second Temple בית ־ המקדש השני Model of Herod 's Temple ( a renovation of the Second Temple ) in the Israel Museum , created in 1966 as part of the Holyland Model of Jerusalem . The model was inspired by the writings of Josephus . Alternate name Herod 's Temple Location Jerusalem 31 ° 46 ′ 41 '' N 35 ° 14 ′ 07 '' E  /  31.778013 ° N 35.235367 ° E  / 31.778013 ; 35.235367 Type Temple Part of Herodian Temple Mount Height 45.72 metres ( 150.0 ft ) History Builder Likely Zerubbabel , largely renovated by Herod the Great . Material local limestone Founded c. 537 - 516 BCE Abandoned 70 CE ( destroyed ) Periods Early Roman Empire Site notes Excavation dates 1930 , 1967 , 1968 , 1970 -- 1978 , 1996 -- 1999 , 2007 Archaeologists Charles Warren , Benjamin Mazar , Ronny Reich , Eli Shukron , Yaakov Billig Condition Ruin , archaeological park Ownership Disputed , currently managed by the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf Public access Yes ( limited ) The Second Temple ( Hebrew : בֵּית ־ הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי ‎ ‎ , Beit HaMikdash HaSheni ) was the Jewish Holy Temple which stood on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem during the Second Temple period , between 516 BCE and 70 CE . According to Jewish tradition , it replaced Solomon 's Temple ( the First Temple ) , which was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE , when Jerusalem was conquered and part of the population of the Kingdom of Judah was taken into exile to Babylon . Jewish eschatology includes a belief that the Second Temple will be replaced by a future Third Temple . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biblical narrative 2 Rabbinical literature 3 Rededication by the Maccabees 4 Hasmonean dynasty and Roman conquest 5 Herod 's Temple 5.1 Construction 5.2 Platform 5.3 Court of the Gentiles 5.4 Pinnacle 5.5 Inside the Soreg 5.6 Temple sanctuary 6 Pilgrimages 7 Destruction 8 Archaeology 9 Second Temple Judaism 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Biblical narrative ( edit ) Main article : Second Temple period The accession of Cyrus the Great of the Persian Empire in 559 BCE made the re-establishment of the city of Jerusalem and the rebuilding of the Temple possible . According to the Bible , when the Jewish exiles returned to Jerusalem following a decree from Cyrus the Great ( Ezra 1 : 1 -- 4 , 2 Chron 36 : 22 -- 23 ) , construction started at the original site of Solomon 's Temple . After a relatively brief halt due to opposition from peoples who had filled the vacuum during the Jewish captivity ( Ezra 4 ) , work resumed ca . 521 BCE under Darius the Great ( Ezra 5 ) and was completed during the sixth year of his reign ( ca . 516 BCE ) , with the temple dedication taking place the following year . The events take place in the second half of the 5th century BCE . Listed together with the Book of Ezra as Ezra - Nehemiah , it represents the final chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible . The original core of the book , the first - person memoir , may have been combined with the core of the Book of Ezra around 400 BCE . Further editing probably continued into the Hellenistic era . The book tells how Nehemiah , at the court of the king in Susa , is informed that Jerusalem is without walls and resolves to restore them . The king appoints him as governor of the province Yehud Medinata and he travels to Jerusalem . There he rebuilds the walls , despite the opposition of Israel 's enemies , and reforms the community in conformity with the law of Moses . After 12 years in Jerusalem , he returns to Susa but subsequently revisits Jerusalem . He finds that the Israelites have been backsliding and taking non-Jewish wives , and he stays in Jerusalem to enforce the Law . Based on the biblical account , after the return from Babylonian captivity , arrangements were immediately made to reorganize the desolated Yehud Province after the demise of the Kingdom of Judah seventy years earlier . The body of pilgrims , forming a band of 42,360 , having completed the long and dreary journey of some four months , from the banks of the Euphrates to Jerusalem , were animated in all their proceedings by a strong religious impulse , and therefore one of their first concerns was to restore their ancient house of worship by rebuilding their destroyed Temple and reinstituting the sacrificial rituals known as the korbanot . On the invitation of Zerubbabel , the governor , who showed them a remarkable example of liberality by contributing personally 1,000 golden darics , besides other gifts , the people poured their gifts into the sacred treasury with great enthusiasm . First they erected and dedicated the altar of God on the exact spot where it had formerly stood , and they then cleared away the charred heaps of debris which occupied the site of the old temple ; and in the second month of the second year ( 535 BCE ) , amid great public excitement and rejoicing , the foundations of the Second Temple were laid . A wide interest was felt in this great movement , although it was regarded with mixed feelings by the spectators ( Haggai 2 : 3 , Zechariah 4 : 10 < / ref > ) . The Samaritans made proposals for co-operation in the work . Zerubbabel and the elders , however , declined all such cooperation , feeling that the Jews must build the Temple without help . Immediately evil reports were spread regarding the Jews . According to Ezra 4 : 5 , the Samaritans sought to `` frustrate their purpose '' and sent messengers to Ecbatana and Susa , with the result that the work was suspended . Seven years later , Cyrus the Great , who allowed the Jews to return to their homeland and rebuild the Temple , died ( 2 Chronicles 36 : 22 -- 23 ) and was succeeded by his son Cambyses . On his death , the `` false Smerdis , '' an impostor , occupied the throne for some seven or eight months , and then Darius became king ( 522 BCE ) . In the second year of his rule the work of rebuilding the temple was resumed and carried forward to its completion ( Ezra 5 : 6 -- 6 : 15 ) , under the stimulus of the earnest counsels and admonitions of the prophets Haggai and Zechariah . It was ready for consecration in the spring of 516 BCE , more than twenty years after the return from captivity . The Temple was completed on the third day of the month Adar , in the sixth year of the reign of Darius , amid great rejoicings on the part of all the people ( Ezra 6 : 15 , 16 ) , although it was evident that the Jews were no longer an independent people , but were subject to a foreign power . The Book of Haggai includes a prediction that the glory of the second temple would be greater than that of the first ( Haggai 2 : 9 ) . Some of the original artifacts from the Temple of Solomon are not mentioned in the sources after its destruction in 597 BCE , and are presumed lost . The Second Temple lacked the following holy articles : The Ark of the Covenant containing the Tablets of Stone , before which were placed the pot of manna and Aaron 's rod The Urim and Thummim ( divination objects contained in the Hoshen ) The holy oil The sacred fire . In the Second Temple , the Kodesh Hakodashim ( Holy of Holies ) was separated by curtains rather than a wall as in the First Temple . Still , as in the Tabernacle , the Second Temple included : The Menorah ( golden lamp ) for the Hekhal The Table of Showbread The golden altar of incense , with golden censers . According to the Mishnah ( Middot iii. 6 ) , the `` Foundation Stone '' stood where the Ark used to be , and the High Priest put his censer on it on Yom Kippur . The Second Temple also included many of the original vessels of gold that had been taken by the Babylonians but restored by Cyrus the Great . According to the Babylonian Talmud ( Yoma 22b ) , however , the Temple lacked the Shekinah , the dwelling or settling divine presence of God , and the Ruach HaKodesh , the Spirit of Holiness , present in the first . Rabbinical literature ( edit ) Traditional rabbinic literature state that the Second Temple stood for 420 years and based on the 2nd - century work Seder Olam Rabbah , placed construction in 350 BCE ( 3408 AM ) , 166 years later than secular estimates , and destruction in 70 CE ( 3829 AM ) . Rededication by the Maccabees ( edit ) Following the conquest of Judea by Alexander the Great , it became part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt until 200 BCE , when King Antiochus III the Great of Syria defeated King Ptolemy V Epiphanes of Egypt at the Battle of Paneion . Judea became at that moment part of the Seleucid empire of Syria . When the Second Temple in Jerusalem was looted and its religious services stopped , Judaism was effectively outlawed . In 167 BCE , Antiochus IV Epiphanes ordered an altar to Zeus erected in the Temple . He also banned circumcision and ordered pigs to be sacrificed at the altar of the Temple . Following the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid empire , the Second Temple was rededicated and became the religious pillar of the Jewish Hasmonean kingdom , as well as culturally associated with the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah . Hasmonean dynasty and Roman conquest ( edit ) There is some evidence from archaeology that further changes to the structure of the Temple and its surroundings were made during the Hasmonean rule . Salome Alexandra , the queen of Hasmonean Kingdom appointed her elder son Hyrcanus II as the high priest of Judaea . Her younger son Aristobulus II was determined to have the throne , and as soon as she died he seized the throne . Hyrcanus , who was in line to be the king , agreed to be contented with being the high priest . Antipater , the governor of Idumæa , encouraged Hyrcanus not to give up his throne . Eventually Hyrcanus fled to Aretas III , king of the Nabateans , and returned with an army to take back the throne . He defeated Aristobulus and besieged Jerusalem . The Roman general Pompey , who was in Syria fighting against the Armenians in the Third Mithridatic War , sent his lieutenant to investigate the conflict in Judaea . Both Hyrcanus and Aristobulus appealed to him for support . Pompey was not diligent in making a decision about this which caused Aristobulus to march off . He was pursued by Pompey and surrendered but his followers closed Jerusalem to Pompey 's forces . The Romans besieged and took the city in 63 BCE . The priests continued with the religious practices inside the Temple during the siege . The temple was not looted or harmed by the Romans . Pompey himself , perhaps inadvertently , went into the Holy of Holies and the next day ordered the priests to repurify the Temple and resume the religious practices . Solomon 's Temple which was on the site prior to the building of the Second Temple Herod 's Temple ( edit ) This picture shows the temple as imagined in 1966 in the Holyland Model of Jerusalem . Reconstruction of the temple under Herod began with a massive expansion of the Temple Mount . Religious worship and temple rituals continued during the construction process . When the Roman emperor Caligula planned to place his own statue inside the temple , Herod 's grandson Agrippa I was able to intervene and convince him against this . Construction ( edit ) James Tissot -- Reconstruction of Jerusalem and the Temple of Herod -- Brooklyn Museum A model of the southern wall and Royal Colonnade or Stoa Eastern portion of the southern wall of the Temple Mount Remains of the Hulda Gates Marwan Mosque on the site of Solomon 's Stables Herod 's Temple was one of the larger construction projects of the 1st century BCE . Josephus records that Herod was interested in perpetuating his name through building projects , that his construction programs were extensive and paid for by heavy taxes , but that his masterpiece was the Temple of Jerusalem . The old temple built by Zerubbabel was replaced by a magnificent edifice . An agreement was made between Herod and the Jewish religious authorities : the sacrificial rituals , called offerings , were to be continued unabated for the entire time of construction , and the Temple itself would be constructed by the priests . Later the Exodus 30 : 13 sanctuary shekel was reinstituted to support the temple as the temple tax . Platform ( edit ) Mt . Moriah had a plateau at the northern end , and steeply declined on the southern slope . It was Herod 's plan that the entire mountain be turned into a giant square platform . The Temple Mount was originally intended to be 1600 feet wide by 900 feet broad by 9 stories high , with walls up to 16 feet thick , but had never been finished . To complete it , a trench was dug around the mountain , and huge stone `` bricks '' were laid . Some of these weighed well over 100 tons , the largest measuring 44.6 feet by 11 feet by 16.5 feet and weighing approximately 567 to 628 tons , while most were in the range of 2.5 by 3.5 by 15 feet ( approximately 28 tons ) . King Herod had architects from Greece , Rome and Egypt plan the construction . The blocks were presumably quarried by using pickaxes to create channels . Then they hammered in wooden beams and flushed them with water to force them out . Once they were removed , they were carved into precise squares and numbered at the quarry to show where they would be installed . The final carving would have been done by using harder stones to grind or chisel them to create precise joints . They would have been transported using oxen and specialized carts . Since the quarry was uphill from the temple they had gravity on their side but care needed to be taken to control the descent . Final installation would have been done using pulleys or cranes . Roman pulleys and cranes were n't strong enough to lift the blocks alone so they may have used multiple cranes and levers to position them . As the mountainside began to rise , the western side was carved away to a vertical wall and bricks were carved to create a virtual continuation of the brick face , which was continued for a while until the northern slope reached ground level . Part of the Antonian hill to the north of Moriah was annexed to the complex and the area between was filled up with landfill . The project began with the building of giant underground vaults upon which the temple would be built so it could be larger than the small flat area on top of Mount Moriah . Ground level at the time was at least 20 ft. ( 6m ) below the current level , as can be seen by walking the Western Wall tunnels . Legend has it that the construction of the entire complex lasted only three years , but other sources such as Josephus say that it took far longer , although the Temple itself may have taken that long . During a Passover visit by Jesus the Jews replied that it had been under construction for 46 years . It is possible that the complex was only a few years completed when the future Emperor Titus destroyed the Temple in 70 CE . Court of the Gentiles ( edit ) This area was primarily a bazaar , with vendors selling souvenirs , sacrificial animals , food , as well as currency changers , exchanging Roman for Tyrian money because the Jews were not allowed to coin their own money and they viewed Roman currency as an abomination to the Lord , as also mentioned in the New Testament account of Jesus and the Money Changers when Jerusalem was packed with Jews who had come for Passover , perhaps numbering 300,000 to 400,000 pilgrims . Guides that provided tours of the premises were also available . Jewish males had the unique opportunity to be shown inside the temple itself . The priests , in their white linen robes and tubular hats , were everywhere , directing pilgrims and advising them on what kinds of sacrifices were to be performed . Behind them , as they entered the Court of the Gentiles from the south through the Huldah Gates , was the Royal Porch , which contained a marketplace , administrative quarters , and a synagogue . On the upper floors , the great Jewish sages held court , priests and Levites performed various chores , and from there , tourists were able to observe the events . The Royal Porch is widely accepted to be part of Herod 's work ; however , recent archaeological finds in the Western Wall tunnels suggest that it was built in the first century during the reign of Agripas , as opposed to the first century BCE , while the theory that Herod began the extension and the Royal Porch is based mainly on Josephus 's possibly politically motivated claim . During Herod 's reign the porch was not yet open to the public ) To the east of the court was Solomon 's Porch , and to the north , the soreg , the `` middle wall of separation '' , a stone wall separating the public area from the inner sanctuary where only Jews could enter , described as being 3 cubits high by Josephus ( Wars 5.5. 2 ( 3b ) 6.2. 4 ) . Pinnacle ( edit ) The accounts of Jesus ' temptations in Matthew 's and Luke 's gospels both suggest that the Second Temple had one or more pinnacles ( Greek : το πτερυγιον του ιερου ) : `` Then he ( Satan ) brought Him to Jerusalem , set Him on the pinnacle of the temple , and said to Him , `` If You are the Son of God , throw Yourself down from here '' . Inside the soreg ( edit ) According to Josephus , there were ten entrances into the inner courts , four on the south , four on the north , one on the east and one leading east to west from the Court of Women to the court of the Israelites , named the Nicanor Gate . The gates were : On the south side ( going from west to east ) the Fuel Gate , the Firstling Gate , the Water Gate . On the north side , from west to east , are the Jeconiah Gate , the Offering Gate , the Women 's Gate and the Song Gate . On the Eastern side , the Nicanor gate , which is where most Jewish visitors entered . A few pieces of the Soreg have survived to the present day . Within this area was the Court of the Women , open to all Jews , male and female . Even a ritually unclean Cohen could enter to perform various housekeeping duties . There was also a place for lepers ( considered ritually unclean ) , as well as a ritual barbershop for Nazirites . In this , the largest of the temple courts , one could see constant dancing , singing and music . Only men were allowed to enter the Court of the Israelites , where they could observe sacrifices of the high priest in the Court of the Priests . The Court of the Priests was reserved for Levite priests . Temple sanctuary ( edit ) The Foundation Stone under the Dome of the Rock , a possible historical location for the Kodesh Hakodashim Between the entrance of the building and the curtain veiling the Holy of Holies were the famous vessels of the temple : the menorah , the incense - burning altar , and various other implements . Pilgrimages ( edit ) Proposed reconstruction of Robinson 's Arch Roman triumphal procession with spoils from the Temple , depicted on the inside wall of the Arch of Titus in Rome The Madaba Map depiction of 6th - century Aelia Capitolina has the Cardo Maximus , the town 's main street , beginning at the northern gate , today 's Damascus Gate , and traversing the city in a straight line from north to south to `` Nea Church '' . Robinson 's Arch -- remains of the entrance built by Herod to the Royal Colonnade Remnants of the 1st century Stairs of Ascent , discovered by archaeologist Benjamin Mazar , to the entrance of the Temple Courtyard . Pilgrims coming to make sacrifices at the Temple would have entered and exited by this stairway . Stones from the Western Wall thrown down by Roman soldiers in 70 CE See also : Pilgrimage § Judaism Jews from distant parts of the Roman Empire would arrive by boat at the port of Jaffa ( now part of Tel Aviv ) , where they would join a caravan for the three - day trek to the Holy City and would then find lodgings in one of the many hotels or hostelries . Then they changed some of their money from the profane standard Greek and Roman currency for Jewish and Tyrian money , the latter two considered religious . The pilgrims would purchase sacrificial animals , usually a pigeon or a lamb , in preparation for the following day 's events . The first thing pilgrims would do would be to approach the public entrance on the south side of the Temple Mount complex . They would check their animals , then visit a mikveh , where they would ritually cleanse and purify themselves . The pilgrims would then retrieve their sacrificial animals , and head to the Huldah gates . After ascending a staircase three stories in height , and passing through the gate , the pilgrims would find themselves in the Court of the Gentiles . Destruction ( edit ) Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans ( 1850 painting by David Roberts ) . Looking southwest View of Temple Mount looking southwest View of the southern part of Temple Mount Main article : Siege of Jerusalem ( AD 70 ) In 66 CE the Jewish population rebelled against the Roman Empire . Four years later , in 70 CE , Roman legions under Titus retook and destroyed much of Jerusalem and the Second Temple . The Arch of Titus , located in Rome and built to commemorate Titus ' victory in Judea , depicts a Roman victory procession with soldiers carrying spoils from the Temple , including the Menorah . According to an inscription on the Colosseum , Emperor Vespasian built the Colosseum with war spoils in 79 CE - possibly from the spoils of the Second Temple . The sects of Judaism that had their base in the Temple dwindled in importance , including the priesthood and the Sadducees . The destruction date according to the Hebrew calendar was the 9th of Av , also known as Tisha B'Av . The Temple itself was located on the site of what today is the Dome of the Rock . The gates let out close to Al - Aqsa Mosque ( which came much later ) . Although Jews continued to inhabit the destroyed city , Emperor Hadrian established a new city called Aelia Capitolina . At the end of the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE , many of the Jewish communities were massacred and Jews were banned from living inside Jerusalem . A pagan Roman temple was set up on the former site of Herod 's Temple . Archaeology ( edit ) In 1871 , a hewn stone measuring 60 × 90 cm. and engraved with Greek uncials was discovered near a court on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem and identified by Charles Simon Clermont - Ganneau as being the Temple Warning inscription . The stone inscription outlined the prohibition extended unto those who were not of the Jewish nation to proceed beyond the soreg separating the larger Court of the Gentiles and the inner courts . The inscription read in seven lines : ΜΗΟΕΝΑΑΛΛΟΓΕΝΗΕΙΣΠΟ ΡΕΥΕΣΟΑΙΕΝΤΟΣΤΟΥΠΕ ΡΙΤΟΙΕΡΟΝΤΡΥΦΑΚΤΟΥΚΑΙ ΠΕΡΙΒΟΛΟΥΟΣΔΑΝΛΗ ΦΘΗΕΑΥΤΩΙΑΙΤΙΟΣΕΣ ΤΑΙΔΙΑΤΟΕΞΑΚΟΛΟΥ ΘΕΙΝΘΑΝΑΤΟΝ Translation : `` Let no foreigner enter within the parapet and the partition which surrounds the Temple precincts . Anyone caught ( violating ) will be held accountable for his ensuing death . '' Today , the stone is preserved in Istanbul 's Museum of Antiquities . In 1936 a fragment of a similar Temple warning inscription was found . After 1967 , archaeologists found that the wall extended all the way around the Temple Mount and is part of the city wall near the Lions ' Gate . Thus , the Western Wall is not the only remaining part of the Temple Mount . Currently , Robinson 's Arch ( named after American Edward Robinson ) remains as the beginning of an arch that spanned the gap between the top of the platform and the higher ground farther away . This had been used by the priests as an entrance . Commoners had entered through the still - extant , but now plugged , gates on the southern side which led through colonnades to the top of the platform . One of these colonnades is still extant and reachable through the Temple Mount . The Southern wall was designed as a grand entrance . Recent archeological digs have found thousands of mikvehs ( ceremonial bathtubs ) for the ritual purification of the worshipers , as well as a grand stairway leading to the now blocked entrance . Inside the walls , the platform was supported by a series of vaulted archways , now called Solomon 's Stables , which still exist and whose current renovation by the Waqf is extremely controversial . The temple itself was constructed of imported white marble that gleamed in the daylight . On September 25 , 2007 Yuval Baruch , archaeologist with the Israeli Antiquities Authority announced the discovery of a quarry compound which may have provided King Herod with the stones to build his Temple on the Temple Mount . Coins , pottery and an iron stake found proved the date of the quarrying to be about 19 BCE . Archaeologist Ehud Netzer confirmed that the large outlines of the stone cuts is evidence that it was a massive public project worked by hundreds of slaves . The Magdala stone , is thought to be a representation of the Second Temple carved before its destruction in the year 70 . Magdala Stone Bar Kokhba tetradracm showing the Jerusalem Temple façade 132 -- 135 CE Arch of Titus showing spoils of Jerusalem Temple The upper corner of Herod 's temple colonnade with ancient Hebrew inscription The Warning Inscription found in 1871 A copy of the inscription found in 1871 Fragment of Second Temple Warning The Trumpeting Place inscription , a stone ( 2.43 x1 m ) with Hebrew inscription `` To the Trumpeting Place '' excavated by Benjamin Mazar at the southern foot of the Temple Mount is believed to be a part of the Second Temple . Second Temple Judaism ( edit ) Main article : Second Temple Judaism The period between the construction of the Second Temple in 515 BCE and its destruction by the Romans in 70 CE witnessed major historical upheavals and significant religious changes that would affect most subsequent Abrahamic religions . The origins of the authority of scripture , of the centrality of law and morality in religion , of the synagogue and of apocalyptic expectations for the future all developed in the Judaism of this period . See also ( edit ) Herodian architecture Jerusalem stone List of artifacts significant to the Bible List of megalithic sites Replicas of the Jewish Temple Temple of Peace , Rome Timeline of Jewish history Archaeological remnants of the Jerusalem Temple References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Albright , William ( 1963 ) . The Biblical Period from Abraham to Ezra : An Historical Survey . HarperCollins College Division . ASIN 0061301027 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 130102 - 7 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Singer , Isidore ; et al. , eds. ( 1901 -- 1906 ) . `` Temple , The Second '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk & Wagnalls Company . Jump up ^ Paul Cartledge , Peter Garnsey , Erich S. Gruen ( editors ) , Hellenistic Constructs : Essays In Culture , History , and Historiography , p. 92 ( University of California Press , 1997 ) . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20676 - 2 Jump up ^ Ezra 2 : 65 ^ Jump up to : Easton , Matthew George ( 1897 ) . `` Temple , the Second '' . Easton 's Bible Dictionary ( New and revised ed . ) . T. Nelson and Sons . Jump up ^ Ezra 2 Jump up ^ Maimonides . `` Mishneh Torah , Sefer Avodah , Beis Habechirah , Chapter 4 , Halacha 1 '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ezra 1 : 7 -- 11 Jump up ^ Goldwurm , Hersh . History of the Jewish people : the Second Temple era , Mesorah Publications , 1982 . Appendix : Year of the Destruction , p. 213 . ISBN 0 - 89906 - 454 - X Jump up ^ De Bellis Antiquitatis ( DBA ) The Battle of Panion ( 200 BC ) Jump up ^ Flavius Josephus , The Wars of the Jews Jewish War i . 34 ^ Jump up to : Lester L. Grabbe ( 2010 ) . An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism : History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah , the Maccabees , Hillel , and Jesus . A&C Black . pp. 19 -- 20 , 26 -- 29 . ISBN 9780567552488 . ^ Jump up to : Secrets of Jerusalem 's Temple Mount , Leen Ritmeyer , Kathleen Ritmeyer , 1998 ^ Jump up to : Flavius Josephus : The Jewish War Jump up ^ The History Channel cited the 16.5 depth 567 ton estimate in `` Lost Worlds of King Herod '' Jump up ^ Dan Bahat : Touching the Stones of our Heritage , Israeli ministry of Religious Affairs , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Modern Marvels : Bible tech '' History channel Jump up ^ Gospel of John 2 : 20 Jump up ^ Beasley - Murray , G. ( 1999 ) . Word biblical commentary : John ( 2 ed. , Vol. 36 ) . Nashville , Tennessee : Thomas Nelson . Jump up ^ Sanders , E.P. The historical figure of Jesus . Penguin , 1993 . p. 249 Jump up ^ Funk , Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar . The acts of Jesus : the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus . HarperSanFrancisco. 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Antiquities Authority '' . Jump up ^ In verse 14 of Ephesians 2 : 11 -- 18 Jump up ^ Luke 4 : 9 Jump up ^ Josephus , War 5.5. 2 ; 198 ; m . Mid . 1.4 Jump up ^ Sanders , E.P. The historical figure of Jesus . Penguin , 1993 . Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart D ... Jesus , Interrupted , HarperCollins , 2009 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 117393 - 2 Jump up ^ Rome , By Bruce Johnston in . `` Colosseum ' built with loot from sack of Jerusalem temple ' '' . Jump up ^ Alföldy , Géza ( 1995 ) . `` Eine Bauinschrift aus dem Colosseum '' . Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 109 : 195 -- 226 . JSTOR 20189648 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Shraga . `` Tisha B'Av -- Ninth of Av '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gaffney , Sean ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) . `` USATODAY.com , Report : Herod 's Temple quarry found '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Kershner , Isabel ( 8 December 2015 ) . `` A Carved Stone Block Upends Assumptions About Ancient Judaism '' . New York Times . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Second Jewish temple in Jerusalem . Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Second Temple Jerusalem The Jewish History Resource Center , Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jewish Encyclopedia : Temple , The Second 4 Enoch : The Online Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism Jerusalem Videos The Southern & Western walls in Jerusalem -- The Temple Mount Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Second Temple Jerusalem The Jewish History Resource Center , Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Temple Mount Photos The Temple Mount photos including sites below the Mount itself , off limits to any non-Muslims Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Herod and the Herodian Dynasty The Jewish History Resource Center -- Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jewish Encyclopedia : Temple of Herod PBS Frontline : Temple Culture Picture gallery of a model of the temple Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Second Temple Jerusalem The Jewish History Resource Center , Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jewish Encyclopedia : Temple , The Second 4 Enoch : The Online Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism Temple Mount Al - Aqsa Mosque Al - Qibli Chapel Fountain of Qasim Pasha Murabitat Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Walls Western Wall Little Western Wall Dung Gate Heritage Foundation Modesty guard Mughrabi Bridge Paratroopers at the Western Wall Placing notes Platoon of the Wall Pro -- Wailing Wall Committee Western Stone Western Wall camera Wilson 's Arch Women for the Wall Western Wall Tunnel Other walls Eastern Wall Southern Wall Hall of Hewn Stones Temples Solomon 's Temple Second Temple Third Temple The Temple Institute Archaeological remnants Dome of the Rock Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Fountain of Qayt Bay Antiquities Foundation Stone Acra Antonia Fortress Birket Israel Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount Excavations Hasmonean Baris Minarets Monastery of the Virgins Pool of Raranj Ptolemaic Baris Robinson 's Arch Royal Stoa Solomon 's Stables Struthion Pool Temple Mount Sifting Project Gates Al - Mawazin Golden Gate Huldah Gates Warren 's Gate Conflicts 1990 Temple Mount riots 2009 Temple Mount riots 2017 Temple Mount crisis 2017 Temple Mount shooting See also Status quo of Holy Land sites Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites Islamic Museum Islamization Jerusalem Islamic Waqf Temple Mount and Eretz Yisrael Faithful Movement Entry restrictions Templum Domini Temple Denial Well of Souls Temple in Jerusalem Structures Tabernacle First Temple / Solomon 's Temple Second Temple / Ezra 's Temple / Herod 's Temple Third Temple / Ezekiel 's Temple Elements Altar Ark of the Covenant Shekhinah Holy of Holies Seven - branched candelabrum Foundation Stone Mercy seat Solomon 's Porch Temple treasury Boaz and Jachin Western Wall Warren 's Gate Western Stone Wilson 's Arch The Sanctuary Molten Sea Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer Priesthood Priestly sash Ephod Holy anointing oil Priestly breastplate Priestly tunic High Priest Sacrifice Priestly robe Priestly undergarments Priestly turban Priestly divisions Shemen Afarsimon Priestly crown Urim and Thummim Priestly covenant History Bar Kokhba revolt Siege of Jerusalem Tisha B'Av Judaea Capta coinage Temple Mount Gates Excavations Mount Zion City of David See also Replicas of the Jewish Temple Navel of the World Temple Denial Hanukkah Traditions Symbols Menorah ( Hanukiah ) Dreidel ( Sevivon ) Gelt Public menorah Foods Latkes ( Levivot ) Sufganiyah Buñuelos Music `` Ma'oz Tzur ( Rock of Ages ) '' `` Dreidel Song '' `` Oh Chanukah '' `` The Chanukah Song '' Other Chrismukkah Thanksgivukkah Hanukkah bush Maccabean Revolt Events Seleucid Empire Temple in Jerusalem Maccabees Hasmonean Kingdom Historical accounts 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Miracle of the cruse of oil People Mattathias Simeon Eleazar Jonathan Judah Antiochus IV Epiphanes List of rulers Battles Ma'aleh Levona Beth Horon Emmaus Beth Zur Beth Zechariah Adasa Dathema Elasa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Temple&oldid=801203960 '' Categories : Second Temple 1st - century BC religious buildings 1st - century disestablishments 6th - century BC establishments 6th - century BC religious buildings 515 BC 70 disestablishments Ancient Israel and Judah Ancient Jewish Greek history Ancient Jewish history of Roman Republic and Roman Empire eras Ancient Jewish Persian history Ancient Hebrew pilgrimage sites Classical sites in Jerusalem Destroyed temples Ezra -- Nehemiah Herod the Great Jewish Persian and Iranian history Return to Zion Tabernacle and Temples in Jerusalem Cyrus the Great Darius I Hidden categories : CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Eesti Esperanto فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Македонски 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் 吴语 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 09 : 00 . 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when was the second temple in jerusalem built
[ "The Second Temple (Hebrew: בֵּית־הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי‎‎, Beit HaMikdash HaSheni) was the Jewish Holy Temple which stood on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem during the Second Temple period, between 516 BCE and 70 CE. According to Jewish tradition, it replaced Solomon's Temple (the First Temple), which was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE, when Jerusalem was conquered and part of the population of the Kingdom of Judah was taken into exile to Babylon." ]
[ "516 BCE" ]
5405090630295275681
New International Version
New International Version - wikipedia New International Version Jump to : navigation , search `` NIV '' redirects here . For the ventilation process , see non-invasive ventilation . New International Version Cover of an NIV Bible Full name New International Version Other names Nueva Versión Internacional ( Spanish ) ; Nova Versão Internacional ( Portuguese ) Abbreviation NIV ( Spanish : NVI ) ( Portuguese : NVI - PT ) OT published 1978 NT published 1973 Complete Bible published 1978 ( Spanish : 1999 ) ( Portuguese : 1993 ) Authorship Biblica , ( formerly International Bible Society ) Textual basis NT : Nestle - Aland Greek New Testament . OT : Biblia Hebraica Masoretic Hebrew Text , Dead Sea Scrolls , Samaritan Pentateuch , Aquila , Symmachus and Theodotion , Latin Vulgate , Syriac Peshitta , Aramaic Targums , for Psalms Juxta Hebraica of Jerome . Translation type Mixed formal & dynamic equivalence Reading level 7.80 Revision 1984 , 2011 Publisher Biblica ( Worldwide ) , Zondervan ( US ) , Hodder & Stoughton ( UK ) and others Copyright Copyright 1973 , 1978 , 1984 , 2011 Biblica Religious affiliation Protestant Website http://www.biblica.com/bible/niv-bible/ Genesis 1 : 1 -- 3 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth . Now the earth was formless and empty , darkness was over the surface of the deep , and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters . And God said , `` Let there be light , '' and there was light . Genesis 1 : 1 in other translations John 3 : 16 For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son , that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life . John 3 : 16 in other translations The New International Version ( NIV ) is an English translation of the Bible first published in 1978 by Biblica ( formerly the International Bible Society ) . Many popular , earlier versions of the Bible , such as the King James Bible , were themselves based on earlier translations of average quality . Since then many discoveries had been made . The NIV was published to meet the need for a modern translation done by Bible scholars using the earliest , highest quality scriptures available . Of equal importance was that the Bible be expressed in broadly understood modern English . A team of 15 biblical scholars , representing a variety of denominations , worked from the oldest copies of reliable scripture , variously written in Hebrew , Aramaic , and Greek . Each section was subjected to multiple translations and revisions , and those assessed in detail to produce the best option . Everyday Bible readers were used to provide feedback on ease of understanding and comprehensibility . Finally , plans were made to continue revision of the Bible as new discoveries were made and as changes the use of the English language occurred . The NIV is published by Zondervan in the United States and Hodder & Stoughton in the UK . The NIV was updated in 1984 and 2011 , and has become one of the most popular and best selling modern translations . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2011 update 1.2 Derivative versions 1.2. 1 Plain English version ( NIrV ) 1.2. 2 Spanish version ( NVI ) 2 Textual basis 3 Translation methodology 4 Circulation 5 Reception 5.1 2011 revision 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Cover of a 1984 New International Version Bible The NIV began in 1956 with the formation of a small committee to study the value of producing a translation in the common language of the American people . The project was formally started after a meeting in 1965 at Trinity Christian College in Palos Heights , Illinois , of the Christian Reformed Church , National Association of Evangelicals , and a group of international scholars . The initial `` Committee on Bible Translation '' consisted of E. Leslie Carlson , Edmund Clowney , Ralph Earle , Jr. , Burton L. Goddard , R. Laird Harris , Earl S. Kalland , Kenneth Kantzer , Robert H. Mounce , Charles F. Pfeiffer , Charles Caldwell Ryrie , Francis R. Steele , John H. Stek , J.C. Wenger , Stephen W. Paine , and Marten Woudstra . The New York Bible Society ( now Biblica ) was selected to do the translation . The New Testament was released in 1973 and the full Bible in 1978 . The NIV underwent a minor revision in 1984 . In 1997 a new version was published in the UK as the New International Version Inclusive Language Edition , but was not published in the U.S. because of opposition from conservative evangelical groups there to inclusive language . A revised English edition titled Today 's New International Version ( TNIV ) released a New Testament in March 2002 , with the complete Bible published February 2005 . 2011 update ( edit ) In 2011 , an updated version of the NIV was released . The update modified and dropped some of the gender - neutral language of the TNIV ( such as going back to using `` mankind '' and `` man '' instead of `` human beings '' and `` people '' ) , along with other changes . Translational issues with Paul 's letters were also addressed . Keith Danby , president and chief executive officer of Biblica , speaking of the TNIV , said they had failed to convince people revisions were needed and underestimated readers ' loyalty to the 1984 edition . Derivative versions ( edit ) Plain English Version ( NIrV ) ( edit ) An ' easy - reader ' version , New International Reader 's Version ( NIrV ) , was published in 1996 ; it was written at a third grade reading level . Spanish Version ( NVI ) ( edit ) In 1979 it was decided to produce a version of the New Testament in Spanish with the title La Santa Biblia , Nueva Versión Internacional ( often abbreviated NVI ) though at this point this version was based only on the former English translation of the historic manuscripts . In 1990 the committee on Bible translation headed by Drs . René Padilla and Luciano Jaramillo conducted a translation from the historic manuscripts directly into Spanish of both testaments , bypassing English altogether and producing a complete Spanish NVI Bible in 1999 . Textual basis ( edit ) The manuscript base for the Old Testament was the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia Masoretic Hebrew Text . Other ancient texts consulted were the Dead Sea Scrolls , the Samaritan Pentateuch , the Aquila , Symmachus and Theodotion , the Latin Vulgate , the Syriac Peshitta , the Aramaic Targum , and for the Psalms the Juxta Hebraica of Jerome . The manuscript base for the New Testament was the Koine Greek language editions of the United Bible Societies and of Nestle - Aland . The deuterocanonical books are not included in the translation . Translation methodology ( edit ) The core translation group consisted of fifteen Biblical scholars using Hebrew , Aramaic , and Greek texts whose goal was to produce a more modern English language text than the King James Version . The translation took ten years and involved a team of over 100 scholars . from the United States , Canada , the United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa . The range of those participating included many different denominations such as Anglicans , Assemblies of God , Baptist , Christian Reformed , Lutheran and Presbyterian . The NIV is a balance between word - for - word and thought - for - thought or literal and phrase by phrase translations . Recent archaeological and linguistic discoveries helped in understanding passages that have traditionally been difficult to translate . Familiar spellings of traditional translations were generally retained . In Genesis 2 : 19 a translation such as the NRSV uses `` formed '' in a plain past tense `` So out of the ground the LORD God formed every animal ... '' . Some have questioned the NIV choice of pluperfect `` Now the LORD God had formed out of the ground all the wild animals ... '' to try to make it appear that the animals had already been created . Theologian John Sailhamer states `` Not only is such a translation ... hardly possible ... but it misses the very point of the narrative , namely , that the animals were created in response to God 's declaration that it was not good that the man should be alone . '' Biblical scholar Bruce M. Metzger criticized the NIV 1984 edition for the addition of just into Jeremiah 7 : 22 so the verse becomes `` For when I brought your forefathers / ancestors out of Egypt and spoke to them , I did not just give them commands about burnt offerings and sacrifices . '' Metzger also criticized the addition of your into Matthew 13 : 32 , so it becomes `` Though it ( the mustard seed ) is the smallest of all your seeds . '' The usage of your was removed in the TNIV and did not return in the 2011 revision . Circulation ( edit ) According to the Association for Christian Retail ( CBA ) , the New International Version has become the most popular selling English translation of the Bible in CBA bookstores , having sold more than 450 million copies worldwide . There are numerous study Bibles available with extensive notes on the text and background information to make the Biblical stories more comprehensible . Among these are the NIV Spirit of the Reformation Study Bible , Concordia Study Bible , the Zondervan published NIV Study Bible , the Wesleyan revision , Reflecting God Study Bible , as well as the Life Application Study Bible . Reception ( edit ) In 2009 , the New Testament scholar N.T. Wright wrote that the NIV obscured what Paul the Apostle was saying , making sure that Paul 's words conformed to Protestant and Evangelical tradition . Wright believes that due to paraphrasing and interpretation , Protestants and Evangelicals will never understand what Paul was talking about if they rely on the NIV . According to Wright , this happens in several of Paul 's letters , including Galatians and Romans . 2011 revision ( edit ) Professor of New Testament Studies Daniel B. Wallace has praised the 2011 update , stating : `` it is a well - thought out translation , with checks and balances through rigorous testing , overlapping committees to ensure consistency and accuracy '' . The Southern Baptist Convention rejected the 2011 update because of gender - neutral language , although it had dropped some gender - neutral language of the 2005 revision . Southern Baptist publisher LifeWay declined the SBC 's censor request to remove the NIV from their stores . While the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod rejected its use , some in the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod ( WELS ) believe many of the translations changes are right and defensible . Professor of New Testament Studies , Rodney J. Decker wrote in Themelios Journal review of the NIV 2011 that , By taking a mediating position between formal and functional equivalence ( though tending , I think , closer to the formal end of the spectrum ) , the NIV has been able to produce a text that is clearer than many translations , especially those weighted more heavily with formal equivalence ... If we are serious about making the word of God a vital tool in the lives of English - speaking Christians , then we must aim for a translation that communicates clearly in the language of the average English - speaking person . It is here that the NIV excels . It not only communicates the meaning of God 's revelation accurately , but does so in English that is easily understood by a wide range of English speakers . It is as well - suited for expository preaching as it is for public reading and use in Bible classes and children 's ministries . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The New International Reader 's Version : What , Who , and Why '' . International Society of Bible Collectors . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` New International Version : : Official Site '' . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` About The NIV , Version Information '' . BibleGateway.com . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` August 2009 CBA Best Sellers '' ( PDF ) . Christian Booksellers Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 14 . New International Version # 1 in dollar and unit sales Jump up ^ Ronald F. Youngblood ; Glen G. Scorgie ; Mark L. Strauss ; Steven M. Voth , eds. ( 2003 ) . The Challenge of Bible Translation : Communicating God 's Word to the World . Zondervan . pp. 236 -- 245 . ISBN 0310246857 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Update of popular ' NIV ' Bible due in 2011 '' . USA TODAY. 2009 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Phan , Katherine T. ( March 13 , 2011 ) . `` New NIV Bible to Debut Amid Ongoing Concern '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Smietana , Bob . `` New Bible drops gender - neutral language of ' 05 version '' . About USATODAY.com . USA TODAY , a division of Gannett Co. Inc . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . But they also made changes -- like going back to using words like `` mankind '' and `` man '' instead of `` human beings '' and `` people '' -- in order to appease critics . Jump up ^ `` Updated NIV Text Available for Online Viewing November 1 '' . Zondervan . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ World 's most popular Bible to be revised , MSN.com , 1 September 2009 , retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 Jump up ^ `` Nueva Versión Internacional - Version Information - BibleGateway.com '' . Jump up ^ Irwin , Ben ( 2002 ) . History of the English Bible . Zondervan . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Barker , Kenneth L. ( 1991 ) . The NIV The Making of a Contemporary Translation . International Bible Society . p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` About the NIV '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the New International Version '' . About.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Irwin , Ben ( 2002 ) . History of the English Bible . Zondervan . p. 60 . Jump up ^ `` Bible Translation Chart '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Background of the New International Version ( NIV ) Bible '' . `` Although archaeological and linguistic discoveries in this century aid in understanding difficult passages '' , `` As for other proper nouns , the familiar spellings of the King James Version are generally retained '' Paragraphs 14 & 17 Jump up ^ Mariottini , Claude F. ( 2013 ) . Rereading the Biblical Text : Searching for Meaning and Understanding . Wipf and Stock . ISBN 978 - 1620328279 . Jump up ^ Sailhamer , John H. The Expositor 's Bible Commentary . Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0310364405 . ^ Jump up to : Metzger , Bruce M. ( 2001 ) . The Bible in Translation : Ancient and English Versions . Grand Rapids , MI : Baker Academic . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 2282 - 1 . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Menzie , Nicola ( 27 March 2013 ) . `` NIV remains the bestselling Bible translation '' . Christian Today . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Wright , N.T. ( 2009 ) . Justification : God 's Plan and Paul 's Vision . Downers Grove , Ill. : IVP Academic . pp. 51 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 3863 - 9 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DTS faculty '' . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Dan . `` A Review of the New International Version 2011 '' . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Samuel . `` LifeWay Tells Critics of 2011 NIV Bible : ' Trust the Trustees ' '' . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Marty King . `` LifeWay to continue selling NIV ; trustees select new leadership '' . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Audrey Barrick . `` Lutherans Latest to Reject New NIV Bible Over Gender Language '' . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Cherney , Jr . `` Gender - Neutral Language , with Special Reference to NIV 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://tgc-documents.s3.amazonaws.com/themelios/36-3/Themelios36.3.pdf#page=73 Jump up ^ http://tgc-documents.s3.amazonaws.com/themelios/36-3/Themelios36.3.pdf#page=74 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : New International Version Official website Committee on Bible Translation ( CBT ) Biblica Read the New International Version ( NIV ) Bible `` Is Your Modern Translation Corrupt ? '' , Dr. James R. White , Christian Research Institute The NIV : The Making of a Contemporary Translation , Barker , Kenneth L. ( ed . ) , Biblica ( hide ) English - language translations of the Bible 5th -- 11th century Wessex Gospels Hatton gospels Old English Hexateuch Old English Bible translations Middle English Wycliffe Middle English Bible translations 16th -- 17th century Tyndale Coverdale Matthew Great Bible Taverner Geneva Bishops ' Douay -- Rheims ( DRV ) King James ( KJV ) 18th -- 19th century Challoner Webster 's Young 's Literal ( YLT ) Revised ( RV ) Living Oracles Darby Emphatic Diaglott Joseph Smith Quaker Julia E. Smith Parker Translation 20th century American Standard ( ASV ) Rotherham 's Emphasized Ferrar Fenton Worrell New Testament Moffatt , New Translation Knox Basic English ( BBE ) Revised Standard ( RSV ) Anchor New World ( NWT ) Modern Language ( MLB ) New English ( NEB ) Living English ( BLE ) New American Standard ( NASB ) Good News ( GNB ) Jerusalem ( JB ) New American ( NAB ) Living New International ( NIV ) New Century ( NCV ) Bethel New King James ( NKJV ) New Jerusalem ( NJB ) Green 's Literal Translation ( GLT ) Recovery Christian Community ( CCB ) New Revised Standard ( NRSV ) Revised English ( REB ) Contemporary English ( CEV ) The Message ( MSG ) Clear Word ( TCW ) New Life ( NLV ) 21st Century King James ( KJ21 ) Third Millennium ( TMB ) New International Reader 's ( NIrV ) New International Inclusive Language God 's Word New Living ( NLT ) Heinz Cassirer 's translation Complete Jewish Bible International Standard ( ISV ) Holman Christian Standard ( HCSB ) 21st century World English ( WEB ) World Messianic English Standard ( ESV ) Today 's New International ( TNIV ) New English ( NET ) Ignatius ( RSV2CE ) New English Translation of the Septuagint The Voice Common English ( CEB ) Apostolic Bible Polyglot Open English ( OEB ) Eastern Orthodox New American Bible Revised Edition ( NABRE ) Lexham English The Orthodox Jewish Original Aramaic Bible in Plain English Divine Name King James Names of God Tree of Life Bible Modern English ( MEV ) Literal English ( LEV ) Christian Standard ( CSB ) Revised New Jerusalem ( RNJB ) Evangelical Heritage ( EHV ) Study Bibles Life Application Study Bible Oxford Annotated Bible Reformation Study Bible Scofield Reference Bible Thompson Chain - Reference Bible Dake Annotated Reference Bible Logos International Study Bible Hebrew - Greek Key Word Study Bible MacArthur Study Bible Ryrie Study Bible The Wesley Study Bible Lutheran Study Bible Orthodox Study Bible NIV Study Bible ESV Study Bible NLT Study Bible Good News Study Bible NASB Study Bible New Interpreter 's Study Bible Reflecting God Study Bible Archaeological Study Bible The Life with God Study Bible The Green Bible Notable publishers Cambridge University Press Oxford University Press American Bible Society Zondervan Thomas Nelson Tyndale House HarperCollins Holman Lockman Foundation Crossway Hendrickson Publisher Ignatius Press Saint Benedict Press Baronius Press Additional lists List of English Bible translations Old English ( pre-1066 ) Middle English ( 1066 -- 1500 ) Early Modern English ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Modern Christian ( 1800 -- ) Modern Jewish ( 1853 -- ) Miscellaneous Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_International_Version&oldid=835133773 '' Categories : New International Version 1978 books 1978 in Christianity Bible translations into English Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Svenska Tagalog 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 19 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the niv translation of the bible
[ "The New International Version (NIV) is an English translation of the Bible first published in 1978 by Biblica (formerly the International Bible Society). Many popular, earlier versions of the Bible, such as the King James Bible, were themselves based on earlier translations of average quality. Since then many discoveries had been made. The NIV was published to meet the need for a modern translation done by Bible scholars using the earliest, highest quality scriptures available. Of equal importance was that the Bible be expressed in broadly understood modern English." ]
[ "an English translation of the Bible first published in 1978 by Biblica (formerly the International Bible Society)" ]
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Monster Trucks (film)
Monster Trucks ( film ) - wikipedia Monster Trucks ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the comedy film . For other uses , see Monster Truck ( disambiguation ) . Monster Trucks Theatrical release poster Directed by Chris Wedge Produced by Mary Parent Denis L. Stewart Screenplay by Derek Connolly Story by Matthew Robinson Jonathan Aibel Glenn Berger Starring Lucas Till Jane Levy Amy Ryan Rob Lowe Danny Glover Barry Pepper Holt McCallany Music by Dave Sardy Cinematography Don Burgess Edited by Conrad Buff IV Production companies Paramount Animation Nickelodeon Movies Disruption Entertainment Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date December 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 21 ) ( France ) January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $125 million Box office $64.5 million Monster Trucks is a 2016 American comedy film produced by Paramount Animation , Nickelodeon Movies and Disruption Entertainment for Paramount Pictures . It was directed by Chris Wedge and written by Derek Connolly , from a story by Jonathan Aibel , Glenn Berger and Matthew Robinson . The film stars Lucas Till , Jane Levy , Amy Ryan , Rob Lowe , Danny Glover , Barry Pepper and Holt McCallany , and follows a high schooler who finds an escaped monster living in his truck . Principal photography of the film began on April 4 , 2014 , in Kamloops , British Columbia , Canada . It was released by Paramount Pictures in the United States on January 13 , 2017 , and received mixed reviews from critics . Monster Trucks grossed $64 million worldwide against its $125 million budget , leading Forbes and The Los Angeles Times to label it as a box office bomb . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Terravex Oil is in the midst of a fracking operation near a lake in North Dakota , overseen by CEO Reece Tenneson and geologist Jim Dowd . The operation releases three subterranean creatures and destroys the drilling rig . Two are captured by Terravex , but one of them escapes the site . Meanwhile , high school senior Tripp Coley is looking for something to do to escape the life of his family ; his parents are divorced , his mother Cindy is in a relationship with Rick the town 's sheriff , who fails to take him seriously , and has taken up a part - time job at a local junkyard , where he builds a pickup truck in hopes of being able to leave his town . One night , Tripp encounters the escaped creature in the junkyard and captures it , but the creature escapes before he can seek authorities . The next day Tripp , along with classmate Meredith , finds the creature has a diet of oil and it takes shelter within the hood of his truck . He quickly befriends him , names him Creech , and promises to help him get home . Tripp modifies the truck to give Creech more control over the truck as a makeshift engine , and Meredith becomes quite impressed and surprised at Creech 's speed and talent . Meanwhile , Tenneson is still concerned about the incident at the drilling rig that exposed Creech , since similar experiments have revealed the other two creatures . He decides to protect the company 's image by drilling poison into a hole leading to the underwater tunnels , and by sending hired mercenary Burke to kill their captured creatures , to the objection of Jim , as he finds the monsters have significant intelligence and emotions . Tripp and Meredith go see Tripp 's dad Wade to seek help . When Tripp goes to check on Wade , however , he realizes he sold him out to Burke , and Tripp and Meredith escape in the truck with Creech , but not before destroying Wade 's trailer . Tripp , Meredith , and Creech are chased by Burke and his team and Rick . Tripp , Meredith , and Creech manage to escape by jumping over a train , and camp at a hunting cabin owned by Meredith 's father near the lake , while Rick chastises Burke for attempting to follow them himself . When Creech gets the sense something bad will happen to the other creatures , he heads to the Terravex headquarters where the other creatures are being held captive . Tripp and Meredith follow Creech using Meredith 's cellphone , as Trip left his phone in the truck . When they arrive , they find Creech 's parents , but are attacked by Terravex workers . Creech arrives and is captured ; Tripp and Meredith are taken to Tenneson , and he tells them to forget about Creech and his parents and has Burke escort them out . Sympathetic to the creatures ' plight , Jim decides to help Tripp and Meredith rescue the creatures . With the help of Tripp 's junkyard boss , Mr. Weathers , they acquire two more trucks , one being a repossession from a rich teen who had failed to make payments , and another being the birthday present of his friend Sam Geldon , whose father owns a local car dealership . They modify the trucks for Creech 's parents to control similar to Creech in Tripp 's truck . Jim helps the group by stealing the Terravex truck on which the monsters , Creech 's parents , are loaded on . At the dealership , the creatures take control of the modified trucks and the group make their escape up the mountain leading to the tunnels . Terravex gives chase up the mountain and the group escape by using the trucks to jump over the edge of the mountain . On the way , Rick helps Tripp and the group escape from Burke . After realizing the poison has been inserted , Tripp gets into a head - on battle with Burke , who attempts to push him into the drilling hole , and Tripp overturns Burke 's truck , destroying the poison machine , but not without falling into the hole . Creech saves him from drowning before he and his parents depart back home and Terravex is exposed by the group for the experimentation that was harming the creature 's habitat . Tenneson is arrested , Tripp and Rick develop on good terms and together build a new engine for the truck , and Tripp and Meredith begin a relationship . Cast ( edit ) Lucas Till as Tripp Coley , a high school senior . Jane Levy as Meredith , Tripp 's tutor and love interest . Amy Ryan as Cindy Coley , Tripp 's mother . Rob Lowe as Reece Tenneson , the film 's main antagonist . Danny Glover as Mr. Weathers , Tripp 's paraplegic boss . Barry Pepper as Rick , the local sheriff and Cindy 's new live - in boyfriend . Holt McCallany as Burke , Reece 's henchman and one of the film 's villains . Frank Whaley as Wade Coley , Tripp 's estranged father and Cindy 's ex-husband . Thomas Lennon as Dr. Jim Dowd , a scientist . Tucker Albrizzi as Sam Geldon , Tripp 's friend . Samara Weaving as Brianne Daniel Bacon as Technician Production ( edit ) On July 31 , 2013 , Paramount Animation announced that they were developing a new live - action / animated franchise , with an entry film titled Monster Trucks , and Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger set to write film 's script . Chris Wedge was set to direct the film , which was produced by Mary Parent , with an initial release date set for May 29 , 2015 . Production took place in Vancouver Film Studios in Vancouver . On February 19 , 2014 , Jane Levy and Lucas Till joined the cast of the film . On March 24 , Amy Ryan was cast in a role , and later that week , Holt McCallany joined the cast as a villain . On April 1 , Frank Whaley and Danny Glover joined the cast of the film . Later that month , Thomas Lennon joined as well , and on April 14 , Barry Pepper joined the cast . On April 24 , Tucker Albrizzi , who starred in Big Time Rush , joined the cast , with Rob Lowe added five days later . In December 2013 , it was announced that the film 's production would begin in early April 2014 in Vancouver , with filming wrapping up in mid-July , and the studio Vancouver Film Studios was booked for the production . Principal photography began on April 4 , 2014 , in Kamloops , British Columbia . Filming was spotted on May 13 , 2014 in downtown Chilliwack , Canada . Release ( edit ) The release date was shifted several times . It was initially set for May 29 , 2015 , but on January 26 , 2015 , the film was pushed back to December 25 , 2015 , a date first assigned for Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation . On May 5 , 2015 , the film was pushed back again , to March 18 , 2016 . On November 10 , 2015 , the film 's release date was pushed back again , to January 13 , 2017 . On September 21 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter stated Paramount would take a $115 million writedown on the film due to its expected poor performance at the box office . Home media ( edit ) Monster Trucks was released on Digital HD on March 28 , 2017 and on Blu - ray and DVD on April 11 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Monster Trucks grossed $33.4 million in the United States and Canada and $31.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $64.5 million . In North America , Monster Trucks was released alongside the openings of The Bye Bye Man and Sleepless , as well as the wide releases of Silence , Patriots Day and Live by Night , and was expected to gross $8 -- 10 million from 3,119 theaters in its opening weekend . It ended up making $11 million ( $14.2 million over the four - day MLK weekend ) , finishing 7th at the box office . Due to its $125 million budget , as well as additional amounts spent on promotion , the film was labeled a box office bomb . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 31 % based on 83 reviews and an average rating of 4.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Despite flashes of inspiration , the singularly high - concept Monster Trucks shows that it takes more than monsters and trucks to create a compelling feature film . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 41 out of 100 based on 23 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Monster Trucks ( 2D ) ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David Lieberman ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Monster Trucks ' Drove Viacom 's $115 M Charge Even Before Its Release '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monster Trucks ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( 31 July 2013 ) . `` Paramount Animation Plans ' Monster Trucks ' Live Action - Toon Franchise : In Final Talks With Blue Sky 's Chris Wedge To Direct '' . deadline.com . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Faughnder , Ryan ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 's first big flop ? How Paramount 's ' Monster Trucks ' went awry '' . Latimes.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forbes Welcome '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hidden Figures , ' ' Patriot 's Day ' in Tight Race , ' Monster Trucks , ' ' Live by Night ' Brace to Flop '' . Variety.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paramount Wants Lucas Till & Jane Levy in ' Monster Trucks ' Toy Movie '' . firstshowing.net . February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amy Ryan Gears Up For ' Monster Trucks ' ; Blake Jenner Creeps Into ' Crawlspace ; ' Pablo Larrain Helms ' Scarface ' '' . www.deadline.com . May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rob Lowe driving Monster Trucks '' . moviehole.net. April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frank Whaley , Danny Glover Joining Lucas Till in ' Monster Trucks ' ( Exclusive ) '' . www.hollywoodreporter.com. 2014 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paramount 's ' Monster Trucks ' Adds Barry Pepper '' . deadline.com. April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Holt McCallany Revs Up Villainous Role In Paramount 's ' Monster Trucks ' '' . www.deadline.com . May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thomas Lennon Straps In For Paramount 's ' Monster Trucks ' '' . deadline.com. April 10 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrissie Fit Cast In ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ ; Shohreh Aghdashloo To Narrate ' Alam High School ' ; Tucker Albrizzi Joins ' Monster Trucks ' '' . deadline.com. April 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Animation Looking to Tackle Monster Trucks '' . comingsoon.net. 1 August 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big - budget ' Monster Trucks ' to roll into Vancouver in April '' . globalnews.ca. 29 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lucas Till - Lucas Till and Jane Levy to star in Monster Trucks '' . contactmusic. April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Lowe Joins ' Monster Trucks ' '' . April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Updated production office info for Chris Wedge 's MONSTER TRUCKS filming in Vancouver to begin early April '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` START : Big - Budget Live - Action Movie MONSTER TRUCKS Begins Filming '' . yvrshoots . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Hellinger , Mike ( 12 May 2014 ) . `` Chilliwack buzzing with film shoot downtown this week '' . starfm.com . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ J. Henderson , Paul ( 15 May 2014 ) . `` Downtown Chilliwack turns into Monster Trucks movie set '' . chilliwacktimes.com . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock . `` Paramount Shifts ' Mission : Impossible 5 ' Release Date to Summer 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary . `` Monster Trucks Release Date Pushed Back to 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Paramount Sets ' SpongeBob 3 ' for 2019 , Delays ' Monster Trucks ' to 2017 '' . variety.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; Masters , Kim ( 21 September 2016 ) . `` ' Monster Trucks ' Leads Viacom to Take $115 M Write - Down '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monster Trucks ( 2016 ) '' . DVDs Release Date . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Bill . `` Planet Earth II 4K official , plus Monster Trucks , Saturday Night Fever update & Star Wars : Ralph McQuarrie book deal '' . The Digital Bits . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Wahlberg 's ' Patriots Day ' and ' La La Land ' to battle ' Hidden Figures ' for box office win '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` ' Hidden Figures ' Stays Smart , But Why Are So Many Movies Bombing Over MLK Weekend ? '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Monster Trucks ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monster Trucks reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore . com . External links ( edit ) Official website Monster Trucks on IMDb Monster Trucks at Box Office Mojo Monster Trucks at Rotten Tomatoes Monster Trucks at Metacritic Films directed by Chris Wedge Bunny ( 1998 ) Ice Age ( 2002 ) Robots ( 2005 ) Epic ( 2013 ) Monster Trucks ( 2016 ) Nickelodeon Movies Feature films Animated The Rugrats Movie ( 1998 ) Rugrats in Paris : The Movie ( 2000 ) Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius ( 2001 ) Hey Arnold ! : The Movie ( 2002 ) The Wild Thornberrys Movie ( 2002 ) Rugrats Go Wild ( 2003 ) The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie ( 2004 ) Barnyard ( 2006 ) Rango ( 2011 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) Amusement Park ( 2019 ) The Loud House Movie ( 2020 ) Live - action Harriet the Spy ( 1996 ) Good Burger ( 1997 ) Snow Day ( 2000 ) Clockstoppers ( 2002 ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) Mad Hot Ballroom ( 2005 ) Yours , Mine & Ours ( 2005 ) Nacho Libre ( 2006 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) The Spiderwick Chronicles ( 2008 ) Hotel for Dogs ( 2009 ) Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging ( 2009 ) Imagine That ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) Fun Size ( 2012 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) Monster Trucks ( 2017 ) Film franchises Rugrats ( 1998 -- 2003 ) The Wild Thornberrys ( 2002 -- 03 ) SpongeBob SquarePants ( 2004 -- present ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 -- present ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 -- 16 ) Book Paramount Animation Feature films The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) Monster Trucks ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Gnomeo & Juliet : Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) Amusement Park ( 2019 ) SpongeBob SquarePants 3 ( 2019 ) The Loud House Movie ( 2020 ) Related animation studios Nickelodeon Animation Studio MTV Animation Fleischer Studios Famous Studios Rainbow S.r.l. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monster_Trucks_(film)&oldid=804729723 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 3D films 2016 computer - animated films 2010s action films 2010s comedy films 2010s science fiction films American films American action comedy films American comedy science fiction films American computer - animated films American science fiction action films Films shot in British Columbia Films with live action and animation Paramount Animation films Nickelodeon Movies films Paramount Pictures animated films Films set in North Dakota Film scores by David Sardy Films directed by Chris Wedge Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 19 : 56 . 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when did monster trucks come out in theaters
[ "\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nDecember 21, 2016 (2016-12-21) (France)\nJanuary 13, 2017 (2017-01-13) (United States)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)" ]
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SAT
SAT - wikipedia SAT This article is about the college admission test in the United States Of America . For the exams in England colloquially known as SATs , see National Curriculum assessment . For other uses , see SAT ( disambiguation ) . This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) SAT Type Paper - based standardized test Developer / administrator College Board , Educational Testing Service . Knowledge / skills tested Writing , critical reading , mathematics . Purpose Admission to undergraduate programs of universities or colleges . Year started 1926 ( 1926 ) Duration 3 to 4 hours Score / grade range Test scored on scale of 200 -- 800 , ( in 10 - point increments ) , on each of two sections ( total 400 -- 1600 ) . Essay scored on scale of 2 -- 8 , in 1 - point increments , on each of three criteria ( total 6 -- 24 ) . Offered 4 times annually outside USA and 7 times annually within USA Countries / regions Worldwide Languages English Annual number of test takers Over 2.1 million high school graduates in the class of 2018 Prerequisites / eligibility criteria No official prerequisite . Intended for high school students . Fluency in English assumed . Fee US $ 52.50 to US $101.50 , depending on country . Scores / grades used by Most universities and colleges offering undergraduate programs in the U.S. Website sat.collegeboard.org The SAT ( / ˌɛsˌeɪˈtiː / ess - ay - TEE ) is a standardized test widely used for college admissions in the United States . Introduced in 1926 , its name and scoring have changed several times ; originally called the Scholastic Aptitude Test , it was later called the Scholastic Assessment Test , then the SAT I : Reasoning Test , then the SAT Reasoning Test , and now , simply the SAT . The SAT is owned , developed , and published by the College Board , a private , non-profit organization in the United States . It is administered on behalf of the College Board by the Educational Testing Service , which until recently developed the SAT as well . The test is intended to assess students ' readiness for college . The SAT was originally designed not to be aligned with high school curricula , but several adjustments were made for the version of the SAT introduced in 2016 , and College Board president , David Coleman , has said that he also wanted to make the test reflect more closely what students learned in high school . On March 5 , 2014 , the College Board announced that a redesigned version of the SAT would be administered for the first time in 2016 . The current SAT , introduced in 2016 , takes three hours to finish , plus 50 minutes for the SAT with essay , and as of 2017 costs US $45 ( US $57 with the optional essay ) , excluding late fees , with additional processing fees if the SAT is taken outside the United States . Scores on the SAT range from 400 to 1600 , combining test results from two 800 - point sections : mathematics , and critical reading and writing . Although taking the SAT , or its competitor the ACT , is required for freshman entry to many colleges and universities in the United States many colleges and universities are experimenting with test - optional admission requirements and alternatives to the SAT and ACT . Starting with the 2015 -- 16 school year , the College Board began working with Khan Academy to provide free SAT preparation . Contents 1 Function 2 Structure 2.1 Reading Test 2.2 Writing and Language Test 2.3 Mathematics 2.3. 1 Calculator use 2.4 Style of questions 3 Logistics 4 Raw scores , scaled scores , and percentiles 5 SAT - ACT score comparisons 6 History 6.1 1901 essay exams 6.2 1926 test 6.3 1928 and 1929 tests 6.4 1930 test and 1936 changes 6.5 1941 and 1942 score scales 6.6 1946 test and associated changes 6.7 1960s and 1970s score declines 6.8 1994 changes 6.9 1995 recentering ( raising mean score back to 500 ) 6.10 1995 re-centering controversy 6.11 2002 changes -- Score Choice 6.12 2005 changes , including a new 2400 - point score 6.13 Scoring problems of October 2005 tests 6.14 2008 changes 6.15 2012 changes 6.16 2016 changes , including the return to a 1600 - point score 7 Name changes 8 Math -- verbal achievement gap 9 Reuse of old SAT exams 10 Elucidation 10.1 Association with culture 10.2 Association with family income 10.3 Association with gender 10.4 Association with race and ethnicity 11 Perception 11.1 Optional SAT 11.2 IQ studies 11.3 Preparation 11.4 Use by high - IQ societies 11.5 Writing section 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Function ( edit ) Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Pre-kindergarten -- Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal The SAT is typically taken by high school juniors and seniors . The College Board states that the SAT measures literacy , numeracy and writing skills that are needed for academic success in college . They state that the SAT assesses how well the test takers analyze and solve problems -- skills they learned in school that they will need in college . However , the test is administered under a tight time limit ( speeded ) to help produce a range of scores . The College Board also states that use of the SAT in combination with high school grade point average ( GPA ) provides a better indicator of success in college than high school grades alone , as measured by college freshman GPA . Various studies conducted over the lifetime of the SAT show a statistically significant increase in correlation of high school grades and college freshman grades when the SAT is factored in . A large independent validity study on the SAT 's ability to predict college freshman GPA was performed by the University of California . The results of this study found how well various predictor variables could explain the variance in college freshman GPA . It found that independently high school GPA could explain 15.4 % of the variance in college freshman GPA , SAT I ( the SAT Math and Verbal sections ) could explain 13.3 % of the variance in college freshman GPA , and SAT II ( also known as the SAT subject tests -- in the UC 's case specifically Writing , Mathematics IC or IIC , plus a third subject test of the student 's choice ) could explain 16 % of the variance in college freshman GPA . When high school GPA and the SAT I were combined , they explained 20.8 % of the variance in college freshman GPA . When high school GPA and the SAT II were combined , they explained 22.2 % of the variance in college freshman GPA . When SAT I was added to the combination of high school GPA and SAT II , it added a . 1 percentage point increase in explaining the variance in college freshman GPA for a total of 22.3 % . There are substantial differences in funding , curricula , grading , and difficulty among U.S. secondary schools due to U.S. federalism , local control , and the prevalence of private , distance , and home schooled students . SAT ( and ACT ) scores are intended to supplement the secondary school record and help admission officers put local data -- such as course work , grades , and class rank -- in a national perspective . However , independent research has shown that high school GPA is better than the SAT at predicting college grades regardless of high school type or quality . This map of the United States shows the states in which ( blue color ) more seniors in the class of 2006 took the SAT than the ACT , and the states in which ( red color ) more seniors took the ACT than the SAT . This map of the United States shows the states in which ( blue color ) more seniors in the class of 2017 took the SAT than the ACT , and the states in which ( red color ) more seniors took the ACT than the SAT . Historically , the SAT was more widely used by students living in coastal states and the ACT was more widely used by students in the Midwest and South ; in recent years , however , an increasing number of students on the East and West coasts have been taking the ACT . Since 2007 , all four - year colleges and universities in the United States that require a test as part of an application for admission will accept either the SAT or ACT , and over 950 four - year colleges and universities do not require any standardized test scores at all for admission . Structure ( edit ) The SAT has four sections : Reading , Writing and Language , Math ( no calculator ) , and Math ( calculator allowed ) . The test taker may optionally write an essay which , in that case , is the fifth test section . The total time for the scored portion of the SAT is three hours ( or three hours and fifty minutes if the optional essay section is taken ) . Some test takers who are not taking the essay may also have a fifth section , which is used , at least in part , for the pretesting of questions that may appear on future administrations of the SAT . ( These questions are not included in the computation of the SAT score . ) Two section scores result from taking the SAT : Evidence - Based Reading and Writing , and Math . Section scores are reported on a scale of 200 to 800 , and each section score is a multiple of ten . A total score for the SAT is calculated by adding the two section scores , resulting in total scores that range from 400 to 1600 . There is no penalty for guessing on the SAT : scores are based on the number of questions answered correctly . In addition to the two section scores , three `` test '' scores on a scale of 10 to 40 are reported , one for each of Reading , Writing and Language , and Math . The essay , if taken , is scored separately from the two section scores . Reading test ( edit ) The Reading Test of the SAT is made up of one section with 52 questions and a time limit of 65 minutes . All questions are multiple - choice and based on reading passages . Tables , graphs , and charts may accompany some passages , but no math is required to correctly answer the corresponding questions . There are five passages ( up to two of which may be a pair of smaller passages ) on the Reading Test and 10 - 11 questions per passage or passage pair . SAT Reading passages draw from three main fields : history , social studies , and science . Each SAT Reading Test always includes : one passage from U.S. or world literature ; one passage from either a U.S. founding document or a related text ; one passage about economics , psychology , sociology , or another social science ; and , two science passages . Answers to all of the questions are based only on the content stated in or implied by the passage or passage pair . Writing and Language test ( edit ) The Writing and Language Test of the SAT is made up of one section with 44 multiple - choice questions and a time limit of 35 minutes . As with the Reading Test , all questions are based on reading passages which may be accompanied by tables , graphs , and charts . The test taker will be asked to read the passages , find mistakes or weaknesses in writing , and to provide corrections or improvements . Reading passages on this test range in content from topic arguments to nonfiction narratives in a variety of subjects . The skills being evaluated include : increasing the clarity of argument ; improving word choice ; improving analysis of topics in social studies and science ; changing sentence or word structure to increase organizational quality and impact of writing ; and , fixing or improving sentence structure , word usage , and punctuation . Mathematics ( edit ) An example of an SAT `` grid - in '' math question and the correctly gridded answer . The mathematics portion of the SAT is divided into two sections : Math Test -- Calculator and Math Test -- No Calculator . In total , the SAT math test is 80 minutes long and includes 58 questions : 45 multiple choice questions and 13 grid - in questions . The multiple choice questions have four possible answers ; the grid - in questions are free response and require the test taker to provide an answer . The Math Test -- No Calculator section has 20 questions ( 15 multiple choice and 5 grid - in ) and lasts 25 minutes . The Math Test -- Calculator section has 38 questions ( 30 multiple choice and 8 grid - in ) and lasts 55 minutes . Several scores are provided to the test taker for the math test . A subscore ( on a scale of 1 to 15 ) is reported for each of three categories of math content : `` Heart of Algebra '' ( linear equations , systems of linear equations , and linear functions ) , `` Problem Solving and Data Analysis '' ( statistics , modeling , and problem - solving skills ) , and `` Passport to Advanced Math '' ( non-linear expressions , radicals , exponentials and other topics that form the basis of more advanced math ) . A test score for the math test is reported on a scale of 10 to 40 , and a section score ( equal to the test score multiplied by 20 ) is reported on a scale of 200 to 800 . Calculator use ( edit ) All scientific and most graphing calculators , including Computer Algebra System ( CAS ) calculators , are permitted on the SAT Math -- Calculator section only . All four - function calculators are allowed as well ; however , these devices are not recommended . All mobile phone and smartphone calculators , calculators with typewriter - like ( QWERTY ) keyboards , laptops and other portable computers , and calculators capable of accessing the Internet are not permitted . Research was conducted by the College Board to study the effect of calculator use on SAT I : Reasoning Test math scores . The study found that performance on the math section was associated with the extent of calculator use : those using calculators on about one third to one half of the items averaged higher scores than those using calculators more or less frequently . However , the effect was `` more likely to have been the result of able students using calculators differently than less able students rather than calculator use per se . '' There is some evidence that the frequent use of a calculator in school outside of the testing situation has a positive effect on test performance compared to those who do not use calculators in school . Style of questions ( edit ) Most of the questions on the SAT , except for the optional essay and the grid - in math responses , are multiple choice ; all multiple - choice questions have four answer choices , one of which is correct . Thirteen of the questions on the math portion of the SAT ( about 22 % of all the math questions ) are not multiple choice . They instead require the test taker to bubble in a number in a four - column grid . All questions on each section of the SAT are weighted equally . For each correct answer , one raw point is added . No points are deducted for incorrect answers . The final score is derived from the raw score ; the precise conversion chart varies between test administrations . Section Average Score Time ( Minutes ) Content Mathematics 531 80 Number and operations ; algebra and functions ; geometry ; statistics , probability , and data analysis Evidence - Based Reading and Writing 536 100 Vocabulary , Critical reading , sentence - level reading , Grammar , usage , and diction . Logistics ( edit ) The SAT is offered seven times a year in the United States : in August , October , November , December , March , May , and June . For international students SAT is offered four times a year out of USA : in October , December , March and May. The test is typically offered on the first Saturday of the month for the October , November , December , May , and June administrations . The test was taken by 2,136,539 high school graduates in the class of 2018 . Candidates wishing to take the test may register online at the College Board 's website or by mail at least three weeks before the test date . The SAT costs $45 ( $57 with the optional essay ) , plus additional fees if testing outside the United States ) as of 2017 . The College Board makes fee waivers available for low income students . Additional fees apply for late registration , standby testing , registration changes , scores by telephone , and extra score reports ( beyond the four provided for free ) . Candidates whose religious beliefs prevent them from taking the test on a Saturday may request to take the test on the following day , except for the October test date in which the Sunday test date is eight days after the main test offering . Such requests must be made at the time of registration and are subject to denial . Students with verifiable disabilities , including physical and learning disabilities , are eligible to take the SAT with accommodations . The standard time increase for students requiring additional time due to learning disabilities or physical handicaps is time + 50 % ; time + 100 % is also offered . Raw scores , scaled scores , and percentiles ( edit ) Students receive their online score reports approximately three weeks after test administration ( six weeks for mailed , paper scores ) , with each section graded on a scale of 200 -- 800 and two sub scores for the writing section : the essay score and the multiple choice sub score . In addition to their score , students receive their percentile ( the percentage of other test takers with lower scores ) . The raw score , or the number of points gained from correct answers and lost from incorrect answers is also included . Students may also receive , for an additional fee , the Question and Answer Service , which provides the student 's answer , the correct answer to each question , and online resources explaining each question . The corresponding percentile of each scaled score varies from test to test -- for example , in 2003 , a scaled score of 800 in both sections of the SAT Reasoning Test corresponded to a percentile of 99.9 , while a scaled score of 800 in the SAT Physics Test corresponded to the 94th percentile . The differences in what scores mean with regard to percentiles are due to the content of the exam and the caliber of students choosing to take each exam . Subject Tests are subject to intensive study ( often in the form of an AP , which is relatively more difficult ) , and only those who know they will perform well tend to take these tests , creating a skewed distribution of scores . The percentiles that various SAT scores for college - bound seniors correspond to are summarized in the following chart : Percentile Score , 1600 Scale ( official , 2006 ) Score , 2400 Scale ( official , 2006 ) 99.93 / 99.98 * 1600 2400 99.5 ≥ 1540 ≥ 2280 99 ≥ 1480 ≥ 2200 98 ≥ 1450 ≥ 2140 97 ≥ 1420 ≥ 2100 93 ≥ 1340 ≥ 1990 88 ≥ 1280 ≥ 1900 81 ≥ 1220 ≥ 1800 72 ≥ 1150 ≥ 1700 61 ≥ 1090 ≥ 1600 48 ≥ 1010 ≥ 1500 36 ≥ 950 ≥ 1400 24 ≥ 870 ≥ 1300 15 ≥ 810 ≥ 1200 8 ≥ 730 ≥ 1090 ≥ 650 ≥ 990 ≥ 590 ≥ 890 * The percentile of the perfect score was 99.98 on the 2400 scale and 99.93 on the 1600 scale . The older SAT ( before 1995 ) had a very high ceiling . In any given year , only seven of the million test - takers scored above 1580 . A score above 1580 was equivalent to the 99.9995 percentile . In 2015 the average score for the Class of 2015 was 1490 out of a maximum 2400 . That was down 7 points from the previous class 's mark and was the lowest composite score of the past decade . SAT - ACT score comparisons ( edit ) The College Board and ACT , Inc. conducted a joint study of students who took both the SAT and the ACT between September 2004 ( for the ACT ) or March 2005 ( for the SAT ) and June 2006 . Tables were provided to concord scores for students taking the SAT after January 2005 and before March 2016 . In May , 2016 , the College Board released concordance tables to concord scores on the SAT used from March 2005 through January 2016 to the SAT used since March 2016 , as well as tables to concord scores on the SAT used since March 2016 to the ACT . History ( edit ) Mean SAT Scores by year Year of exam Reading / Verbal Score Math Score 1972 530 509 1973 523 506 521 505 512 498 1976 509 497 1977 507 496 1978 507 494 1979 505 493 1980 502 492 1981 502 492 1982 504 493 503 494 1984 504 497 1985 509 500 1986 509 500 507 501 505 501 504 502 500 501 1991 499 500 500 501 500 503 499 504 1995 504 506 505 508 505 511 1998 505 512 1999 505 511 2000 505 514 506 514 2002 504 516 2003 507 519 508 518 2005 508 520 2006 503 518 2007 502 515 2008 502 515 2009 501 515 501 516 2011 497 514 2012 496 514 2013 496 514 2014 497 513 2015 495 511 2016 494 508 2017 533 527 2018 536 531 Historical average SAT scores of college - bound seniors . Many college entrance exams in the early 1900s were specific to each school and required candidates to travel to the school to take the tests . The College Board , a consortium of colleges in the northeastern United States , was formed in 1900 to establish a nationally administered , uniform set of essay tests based on the curricula of the boarding schools that typically provided graduates to the colleges of the Ivy League and Seven Sisters , among others . In the same time period , Lewis Terman and others began to promote the use of tests such as Alfred Binet 's in American schools . Terman in particular thought that such tests could identify an innate `` intelligence quotient '' ( IQ ) in a person . The results of an IQ test could then be used to find an elite group of students who would be given the chance to finish high school and go on to college . By the mid-1920s , the increasing use of IQ tests , such as the Army Alpha test administered to recruits in World War I , led the College Board to commission the development of the SAT . The commission , headed by Carl Brigham , argued that the test predicted success in higher education by identifying candidates primarily on the basis of intellectual promise rather than on specific accomplishment in high school subjects . In 1934 , James Conant and Henry Chauncey used the SAT as a means to identify recipients for scholarships to Harvard University . Specifically , Conant wanted to find students , other than those from the traditional northeastern private schools , that could do well at Harvard . The success of the scholarship program and the advent of World War II led to the end of the College Board essay exams and to the SAT being used as the only admissions test for College Board member colleges . The SAT rose in prominence after World War II due to several factors . Machine - based scoring of multiple - choice tests taken by pencil had made it possible to rapidly process the exams . The G.I. Bill produced an influx of millions of veterans into higher education . The formation of the Educational Testing Service ( ETS ) also played a significant role in the expansion of the SAT beyond the roughly fifty colleges that made up the College Board at the time . The ETS was formed in 1947 by the College Board , Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , and the American Council on Education , to consolidate respectively the operations of the SAT , the GRE , and the achievement tests developed by Ben Wood for use with Conant 's scholarship exams . The new organization was to be philosophically grounded in the concepts of open - minded , scientific research in testing with no doctrine to sell and with an eye toward public service . The ETS was chartered after the death of Brigham , who had opposed the creation of such an entity . Brigham felt that the interests of a consolidated testing agency would be more aligned with sales or marketing than with research into the science of testing . It has been argued that the interest of the ETS in expanding the SAT in order to support its operations aligned with the desire of public college and university faculties to have smaller , diversified , and more academic student bodies as a means to increase research activities . In 1951 , about 80,000 SATs were taken ; in 1961 , about 800,000 ; and by 1971 , about 1.5 million SATs were being taken each year . A timeline of notable events in the history of the SAT follows . 1901 essay exams ( edit ) On June 17 , 1901 , the first exams of the College Board were administered to 973 students across 67 locations in the United States , and two in Europe . Although those taking the test came from a variety of backgrounds , approximately one third were from New York , New Jersey , or Pennsylvania . The majority of those taking the test were from private schools , academies , or endowed schools . About 60 % of those taking the test applied to Columbia University . The test contained sections on English , French , German , Latin , Greek , history , mathematics , chemistry , and physics . The test was not multiple choice , but instead was evaluated based on essay responses as `` excellent '' , `` good '' , `` doubtful '' , `` poor '' or `` very poor '' . 1926 test ( edit ) The first administration of the SAT occurred on June 23 , 1926 , when it was known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test . This test , prepared by a committee headed by Princeton psychologist Carl Campbell Brigham , had sections of definitions , arithmetic , classification , artificial language , antonyms , number series , analogies , logical inference , and paragraph reading . It was administered to over 8,000 students at over 300 test centers . Men composed 60 % of the test - takers . Slightly over a quarter of males and females applied to Yale University and Smith College . The test was paced rather quickly , test - takers being given only a little over 90 minutes to answer 315 questions . The raw score of each participating student was converted to a score scale with a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 100 . This scale was effectively equivalent to a 200 to 800 scale , although students could score more than 800 and less than 200 . 1928 and 1929 tests ( edit ) In 1928 , the number of sections on the SAT was reduced to seven , and the time limit was increased to slightly under two hours . In 1929 , the number of sections was again reduced , this time to six . These changes were designed in part to give test - takers more time per question . For these two years , all of the sections tested verbal ability : math was eliminated entirely from the SAT . 1930 test and 1936 changes ( edit ) In 1930 the SAT was first split into the verbal and math sections , a structure that would continue through 2004 . The verbal section of the 1930 test covered a more narrow range of content than its predecessors , examining only antonyms , double definitions ( somewhat similar to sentence completions ) , and paragraph reading . In 1936 , analogies were re-added . Between 1936 and 1946 , students had between 80 and 115 minutes to answer 250 verbal questions ( over a third of which were on antonyms ) . The mathematics test introduced in 1930 contained 100 free response questions to be answered in 80 minutes , and focused primarily on speed . From 1936 to 1941 , like the 1928 and 1929 tests , the mathematics section was eliminated entirely . When the mathematics portion of the test was re-added in 1942 , it consisted of multiple choice questions . 1941 and 1942 score Scales ( edit ) Until 1941 , the scores on all SATs had been scaled to a mean of 500 with a standard deviation of 100 . Although one test - taker could be compared to another for a given test date , comparisons from one year to another could not be made . For example , a score of 500 achieved on an SAT taken in one year could reflect a different ability level than a score of 500 achieved in another year . By 1940 , it had become clear that setting the mean SAT score to 500 every year was unfair to those students who happened to take the SAT with a group of higher average ability . In order to make cross-year score comparisons possible , in April 1941 the SAT verbal section was scaled to a mean of 500 , and a standard deviation of 100 , and the June 1941 SAT verbal section was equated ( linked ) to the April 1941 test . All SAT verbal sections after 1941 were equated to previous tests so that the same scores on different SATs would be comparable . Similarly , in June 1942 the SAT math section was equated to the April 1942 math section , which itself was linked to the 1942 SAT verbal section , and all SAT math sections after 1942 would be equated to previous tests . From this point forward , SAT mean scores could change over time , depending on the average ability of the group taking the test compared to the roughly 10,600 students taking the SAT in April 1941 . The 1941 and 1942 score scales would remain in use until 1995 . 1946 test and associated changes ( edit ) Paragraph reading was eliminated from the verbal portion of the SAT in 1946 , and replaced with reading comprehension , and `` double definition '' questions were replaced with sentence completions . Between 1946 and 1957 , students were given 90 to 100 minutes to complete 107 to 170 verbal questions . Starting in 1958 , time limits became more stable , and for 17 years , until 1975 , students had 75 minutes to answer 90 questions . In 1959 , questions on data sufficiency were introduced to the mathematics section , and then replaced with quantitative comparisons in 1974 . In 1974 , both verbal and math sections were reduced from 75 minutes to 60 minutes each , with changes in test composition compensating for the decreased time . 1960s and 1970s score declines ( edit ) From 1926 to 1941 , scores on the SAT were scaled to make 500 the mean score on each section . In 1941 and 1942 , SAT scores were standardized via test equating , and as a consequence , average verbal and math scores could vary from that time forward . In 1952 , mean verbal and math scores were 476 and 494 , respectively , and scores were generally stable in the 1950s and early 1960s . However , starting in the mid-1960s and continuing until the early 1980s , SAT scores declined : the average verbal score dropped by about 50 points , and the average math score fell by about 30 points . By the late 1970s , only the upper third of test takers were doing as well as the upper half of those taking the SAT in 1963 . From 1961 to 1977 , the number of SATs taken per year doubled , suggesting that the decline could be explained by demographic changes in the group of students taking the SAT . Commissioned by the College Board , an independent study of the decline found that most ( up to about 75 % ) of the test decline in the 1960s could be explained by compositional changes in the group of students taking the test ; however , only about 25 percent of the 1970s decrease in test scores could similarly be explained . Later analyses suggested that up to 40 percent of the 1970s decline in scores could be explained by demographic changes , leaving unknown at least some of the reasons for the decline . 1994 changes ( edit ) In early 1994 , substantial changes were made to the SAT . Antonyms were removed from the verbal section in order to make rote memorization of vocabulary less useful . Also , the fraction of verbal questions devoted to passage - based reading material was increased from about 30 % to about 50 % , and the passages were chosen to be more like typical college - level reading material , compared to previous SAT reading passages . The changes for increased emphasis on analytical reading were made in response to a 1990 report issued by a commission established by the College Board . The commission recommended that the SAT should , among other things , `` approximate more closely the skills used in college and high school work '' . A mandatory essay had been considered as well for the new version of the SAT ; however , criticism from minority groups as well as a concomitant increase in the cost of the test necessary to grade the essay led the College Board to drop it from the planned changes . Major changes were also made to the SAT mathematics section at this time , due in part to the influence of suggestions made by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics . Test - takers were now permitted to use calculators on the math sections of the SAT . Also , for the first time since 1935 , the SAT would now include some math questions that were not multiple choice , instead requiring students to supply the answers . Additionally , some of these `` student - produced response '' questions could have more than one correct answer . The tested mathematics content on the SAT was expanded to include concepts of slope of a line , probability , elementary statistics including median and mode , and counting problems . 1995 re-centering ( raising mean score back to 500 ) ( edit ) By the early 1990s , average total SAT scores were around 900 ( typically , 425 on the verbal and 475 on the math ) . The average scores on the 1994 modification of the SAT I were similar : 428 on the verbal and 482 on the math . SAT scores for admitted applicants to highly selective colleges in the United States were typically much higher . For example , the score ranges of the middle 50 % of admitted applicants to Princeton University in 1985 were 600 to 720 ( verbal ) and 660 to 750 ( math ) . Similarly , median scores on the modified 1994 SAT for freshmen entering Yale University in the fall of 1995 were 670 ( verbal ) and 720 ( math ) . For the majority of SAT takers , however , verbal and math scores were below 500 : In 1992 , half of the college - bound seniors taking the SAT were scoring between 340 and 500 on the verbal section and between 380 and 560 on the math section , with corresponding median scores of 420 and 470 , respectively . The drop in SAT verbal scores , in particular , meant that the usefulness of the SAT score scale ( 200 to 800 ) had become degraded . At the top end of the verbal scale , significant gaps were occurring between raw scores and uncorrected scaled scores : a perfect raw score no longer corresponded to an 800 , and a single omission out of 85 questions could lead to a drop of 30 or 40 points in the scaled score . Corrections to scores above 700 had been necessary to reduce the size of the gaps and to make a perfect raw score result in an 800 . At the other end of the scale , about 1.5 percent of test takers would have scored below 200 on the verbal section if that had not been the reported minimum score . Although the math score averages were closer to the center of the scale ( 500 ) than the verbal scores , the distribution of math scores was no longer well approximated by a normal distribution . These problems , among others , suggested that the original score scale and its reference group of about 10,000 students taking the SAT in 1941 needed to be replaced . Beginning with the test administered in April 1995 , the SAT score scale was recentered to return the average math and verbal scores close to 500 . Although only 25 students had received perfect scores of 1600 in all of 1994 , 137 students taking the April test scored a 1600 . The new scale used a reference group of about one million seniors in the class of 1990 : the scale was designed so that the SAT scores of this cohort would have a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 110 . Because the new scale would not be directly comparable to the old scale , scores awarded on April 1995 and later were officially reported with an `` R '' ( for example , `` 560R '' ) to reflect the change in scale , a practice that was continued until 2001 . Scores awarded before April 1995 may be compared to those on the recentered scale by using official College Board tables . For example , verbal and math scores of 500 received before 1995 correspond to scores of 580 and 520 , respectively , on the 1995 scale . 1995 re-centering controversy ( edit ) Certain educational organizations viewed the SAT re-centering initiative as an attempt to stave off international embarrassment in regards to continuously declining test scores , even among top students . As evidence , it was presented that the number of pupils who scored above 600 on the verbal portion of the test had fallen from a peak of 112,530 in 1972 to 73,080 in 1993 , a 36 % backslide , despite the fact that the total number of test - takers had risen to over 500,000 . Other authors have argued that the evidence for a decline in student quality is mixed , citing that the reduced use of the SAT by elite colleges has decreased the number of high scorers on that test , that top scorers on the ACT have shown little change in the same period , and that the proportion of 17 - year - olds scoring at the highest performance level on the NAEP long - term trend assessment has been roughly stable for decades . 2002 changes -- score choice ( edit ) Since 1993 , using a policy referred to as `` Score Choice '' , students taking the SAT - II subject exams were able to choose whether or not to report the resulting scores to a college to which the student was applying . In October 2002 , the College Board dropped the Score Choice option for SAT - II exams , matching the score policy for the traditional SAT tests that required students to release all scores to colleges . The College Board said that , under the old score policy , many students who waited to release scores would forget to do so and miss admissions deadlines . It was also suggested that the old policy of allowing students the option of which scores to report favored students who could afford to retake the tests . 2005 changes , including a New 2400 - point score ( edit ) In 2005 , the test was changed again , largely in response to criticism by the University of California system . In order to have the SAT more closely reflect high school curricula , certain types of questions were eliminated , including analogies from the verbal section and quantitative comparison items from the math section . A new writing section , with an essay , based on the former SAT II Writing Subject Test , was added , in part to increase the chances of closing the opening gap between the highest and midrange scores . Other factors included the desire to test the writing ability of each student ; hence the essay . The essay section added an additional maximum 800 points to the score , which increased the new maximum score to 2400 . The `` New SAT '' was first offered on March 12 , 2005 , after the last administration of the `` old '' SAT in January 2005 . The mathematics section was expanded to cover three years of high school mathematics . To emphasize the importance of reading , the verbal section 's name was changed to the Critical Reading section . Scoring problems of October 2005 tests ( edit ) In March 2006 , it was announced that a small percentage of the SATs taken in October 2005 had been scored incorrectly due to the test papers ' being moist and not scanning properly , and that some students had received erroneous scores . The College Board announced they would change the scores for the students who were given a lower score than they earned , but at this point many of those students had already applied to colleges using their original scores . The College Board decided not to change the scores for the students who were given a higher score than they earned . A lawsuit was filed in 2006 on behalf of the 4,411 students who received an incorrect score on the SAT . The class - action suit was settled in August 2007 , when the College Board and Pearson Educational Measurement , the company that scored the SATs , announced they would pay $2.85 million into a settlement fund . Under the agreement , each student could either elect to receive $275 or submit a claim for more money if he or she felt the damage was greater . A similar scoring error occurred on a secondary school admission test in 2010 -- 2011 , when the ERB ( Educational Records Bureau ) announced , after the admission process was over , that an error had been made in the scoring of the tests of 2010 students ( 17 % ) , who had taken the Independent School Entrance Examination for admission to private secondary schools for 2011 . Commenting on the effect of the error on students ' school applications in The New York Times , David Clune , President of the ERB stated `` It is a lesson we all learn at some point -- that life is n't fair . '' 2008 changes ( edit ) As part of an effort to `` reduce student stress and improve the test - day experience '' , in late 2008 the College Board announced that the Score Choice option , recently dropped for SAT subject exams , would be available for both the SAT subject tests and the SAT starting in March , 2009 . At the time , some college admissions officials agreed that the new policy would help to alleviate student test anxiety , while others questioned whether the change was primarily an attempt to make the SAT more competitive with the ACT , which had long had a comparable score choice policy . Recognizing that some colleges would want to see the scores from all tests taken by a student , under this new policy , the College Board would encourage but not force students to follow the requirements of each college to which scores would be sent . A number of highly selective colleges and universities , including Yale , the University of Pennsylvania , Cornell , and Stanford , rejected the Score Choice option at the time and continue to require applicants to submit all scores . Others , such as MIT and Harvard , allow students to choose which scores they submit , and use only the highest score from each section when making admission decisions . Still others , such as Oregon State University and University of Iowa , allow students to choose which scores they submit , considering only the test date with the highest combined score when making admission decisions . 2012 changes ( edit ) Beginning in the fall of 2012 , test takers were required to submit a current , recognizable photo during registration . In order to be admitted to their designated test center , students were required to present their photo admission ticket -- or another acceptable form of photo ID -- for comparison to the one submitted by the student at the time of registration . The changes were made in response to a series of cheating incidents , primarily at high schools in Long Island , New York , in which high - scoring test takers were using fake photo IDs to take the SAT for other students . In addition to the registration photo stipulation , test takers were required to identify their high school , to which their scores as well as the submitted photos would be sent . In the event of an investigation involving the validity of a student 's test scores , his or her photo may be made available to institutions to which they have sent scores . Any college that is granted access to a student 's photo is first required to certify that they are all admitted students . 2016 changes , including the return to a 1600 - point score ( edit ) On March 5 , 2014 , the College Board announced its plan to redesign the SAT in order to link the exam more closely to the work high school students encounter in the classroom . The new exam was administered for the first time in March 2016 . Some of the major changes are : an emphasis on the use of evidence to support answers , a shift away from obscure vocabulary to words that students are more likely to encounter in college and career , a math section that is focused on fewer areas , a return to the 1600 - point score scale , an optional essay , and the removal of penalty for wrong answers ( rights - only scoring ) . To combat the perceived advantage of costly test preparation courses , the College Board announced a new partnership with Khan Academy to offer free online practice problems and instructional videos . Name changes ( edit ) The SAT has been renamed several times since its introduction in 1926 . It was originally known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test . In 1990 , a commission set up by the College Board to review the proposed changes to the SAT program recommended that the meaning of the initialism SAT be changed to `` Scholastic Assessment Test '' because a `` test that integrates measures of achievement as well as developed ability can no longer be accurately described as a test of aptitude '' . In 1993 , the College Board changed the name of the test to SAT I : Reasoning Test ; at the same time , the name of the Achievement Tests was changed to SAT II : Subject Tests . The Reasoning Test and Subject Tests were to be collectively known as the Scholastic Assessment Tests . According to the president of the College Board at the time , the name change was meant `` to correct the impression among some people that the SAT measures something that is innate and impervious to change regardless of effort or instruction . '' The new SAT debuted in March 1994 , and was referred to as the Scholastic Assessment Test by major news organizations . However , in 1997 , the College Board announced that the SAT could not properly be called the Scholastic Assessment Test , and that the letters SAT did not stand for anything . In 2004 , the Roman numeral in SAT I : Reasoning Test was dropped , making SAT Reasoning Test the new name of the SAT . Math -- verbal achievement gap ( edit ) Main article : Math -- verbal achievement gap In 2002 , Richard Rothstein ( education scholar and columnist ) wrote in The New York Times that the U.S. math averages on the SAT and ACT continued their decade - long rise over national verbal averages on the tests . Reuse of old SAT exams ( edit ) The College Board has been accused of completely reusing old SAT papers previously given in the United States . The recycling of questions from previous exams has been exploited to allow for cheating on exams and impugned the validity of some students ' test scores , according to college officials . Test preparation companies in Asia have been found to provide test questions to students within hours of a new SAT exam 's administration . On August 25 , 2018 , the SAT test given in America was discovered to be a recycled October 2017 international SAT test given in China . The leaked PDF file was on the internet before the August 25 , 2018 exam . Elucidation ( edit ) Association with culture ( edit ) For decades many critics have accused designers of the verbal SAT of cultural bias as an explanation for the disparity in scores between poorer and wealthier test - takers . A famous ( and long past ) example of this bias in the SAT I was the oarsman -- regatta analogy question . The object of the question was to find the pair of terms that had the relationship most similar to the relationship between `` runner '' and `` marathon '' . The correct answer was `` oarsman '' and `` regatta '' . The choice of the correct answer was thought to have presupposed students ' familiarity with rowing , a sport popular with the wealthy . However , according to Murray and Herrnstein , the black - white gap is smaller in culture - loaded questions like this one than in questions that appear to be culturally neutral . Analogy questions have since been replaced by short reading passages . Association with family income ( edit ) A report from The New York Times stated that family income can explain much of the variance in SAT scores . In response , Lisa Wade , contributor at the website The Society Pages , commented that those with higher family income , `` tend to have better teachers , more resource - rich educational environments , more educated parents who can help them with school and , sometimes , expensive SAT tutoring . '' However , University of California system research found that after controlling for family income and parental education , the already low ability of the SAT to measure aptitude and college readiness fell sharply while the more substantial aptitude and college readiness measuring abilities of high school GPA and the SAT II each remained undiminished ( and even slightly increased ) . The University of California system required both the SAT and the SAT II from applicants to the UC system during the four years included in the study . They further found that , after controlling for family income and parental education , the so - called achievement tests known as the SAT II measure aptitude and college readiness 10 times higher than the SAT . As with racial bias , correlation with income could also be due to the social class of the makers of the test , although according to the authors of The Bell Curve , empirical research suggests that poorer students actually perform worse on questions the authors believed to be `` neutral '' compared to the ones they termed as `` privileged . '' Association with gender ( edit ) The largest association with gender on the SAT is found in the math section , where male students , on average , score higher than female students by approximately 30 points . In 2013 , the American College Testing Board released a report stating that boys outperformed girls on the mathematics section of the test . Some researchers believe that the difference in scores for both race and gender is closely related to psychological phenomenon known as stereotype threat . Stereotype threat happens when an individual who identifies themselves within a subgroup of people , is taking a test and comes across a stereotype ( usually of American origin ) regarding their subgroup . This along with additional test anxiety , will usually cause a low test performance for that individual or group affected . This is because the individual is under increased pressure to overcome the stereotype threat and prove it wrong. This form of stereotype can be translated into a form of gender or race bias and is found in numerous SAT tests spanning throughout the years it has existed . Gender bias of the SAT tests can happen within certain sections which include the questions or passages themselves . This bias itself is usually for that against females . Specific examples of this can be seen in the demographics , verbal / reading and mathematics portions of the SAT tests. . Other researchers question this assertion , and point to evidence in support of greater male variability in spatial ability and mathematics . Greater male variability has been found in both body weight , height , and cognitive abilities across cultures , leading to a larger number of males in the lowest and highest distributions of testing . This results in a higher number of males scoring in the upper extremes of mathematics tests such as the SAT , resulting in the gender discrepancy . For the demographics example , students are often asked to identify their race or gender before taking the exam , just this alone is enough to create the threat since this puts the issues regarding their gender or race in front and center of their mind . For the mathematics example , a question in the May 2016 SAT test involved a chart which identified more boys than girls in mathematics classes overall . Due to this , the girls taking the test might feel that mathematics is not for them and may even feel as if they are not intelligent enough to complete to engage in mathematics and / or the question itself . This is also based on the common stereotype that `` men are better at math than women , '' For the verbal / reading example , a question in the May 2016 SAT test asked students to analyze and interpret a 19 century polemic arguing that women 's place was at home . The reading passage itself was paired with 1837 's `` Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism '' by Catherine E. Beecher with a 183 reply from Angelina E Grimké who was an abolitionist at the time . The Beecher essays argued that women have a lower stature than men and are able to be their best when in domestic situations while Grimké argue that no one 's right 's should be crippled just because of their gender . The questions regarding the passages are considered by critics to be of mutual ground but it 's the placement of these passages that may have been the real issue . Since the passages were in the beginning it may have allowed this new information to linger in the minds of the test takers for the rest of their test taking time , especially the females who may now have the new thought as to not being intellectually competent of doing things other than house work and chores . Studies suggest that teaching about stereotype threat might offer a practical means of reducing its detrimental effects . It can be shown when women were informed about stereotype threat problems in standardized tests , they tend to achieve higher scores . Thus , informing women about stereotype threat may be a useful intervention to improve their performance in a threatening testing situation . This is also known as a stereotype threat mitigation . The main study that supports these findings comes from two well - known professionals on Education known as Claude Steele and Steve Spencer . For their study , they created a test which was a close replication to the math portion on SAT or GRE exams . With this test , one group from each gender would be given the test with an intro sentence. The other group within each gender would not be given this sentence . The sentence itself stated : you may have heard that women do n't do as well as men on difficult standardized math tests , but that 's not true for the particular standardized math test ; on this particular test , women always do as well as men . The results were as follows : among participants who were n't given the intro sentence , where the women could still feel the threat of stigma confirmation , women did worse than equally skilled men . But among participants who were given the intro sentence that stated the test did not show gender differences , where the women were free of confirming anything about being a woman , woman performed at the same high level as equally skilled men . Their under - performance was eliminated . In another study , researchers created a similar mock SAT math section exam which had both men and women complete difficult math problems described either as a problem - solving task or as a math test . In a third ( teaching - intervention ) condition , the test was also described as a math test , but participants were additionally informed that stereotype threat could interfere with women 's math performance and that the threat itself should n't be considered to be true for any woman . Results showed that women performed worse than men when the problems were described as a math test ( where the stereotype threat was not discussed ) , but did not differ from men in the problem - solving condition or the men that learned about stereotype threat . For the women in the teaching - intervention condition in which they learned about the threat , they indeed had a greater overall performance than the women without this treatment . Although aspects of testing such as stereotype are a concern , research on the predictive validity of the SAT has demonstrated that it tends to be a more accurate predictor of female GPA in university as compared to male GPA . Association with race and ethnicity ( edit ) African American , Hispanic , and Native American students , on average , perform an order of one standard deviation lower on the SAT than white and Asian students . Researchers believe that the difference in scores is closely related to the overall achievement gap in American society between students of different racial groups . This gap may be explainable in part by the fact that students of disadvantaged racial groups tend to go to schools that provide lower educational quality . This view is supported by evidence that the black - white gap is higher in cities and neighborhoods that are more racially segregated . It has also been suggested that stereotype threat has a significant effect on lowering achievement of minority students . For example , African Americans perform worse on a test when they are told that the test measures `` verbal reasoning ability '' , than when no mention of the test subject is made . Other research cites poorer minority proficiency in key coursework relevant to the SAT ( English and math ) , as well as peer pressure against students who try to focus on their schoolwork ( `` acting white '' ) . Cultural issues are also evident among black students in wealthier households , with high achieving parents . John Ogbu , a Nigerian - American professor of anthropology , found that instead of looking to their parents as role models , black youth chose other models like rappers and did not put forth the effort to be a good student . One set of studies has reported differential item functioning -- namely , some test questions function differently based on the racial group of the test taker , reflecting some kind of systematic difference in a groups ability to understand certain test questions or to acquire the knowledge required to answer them . In 2003 Freedle published data showing that Black students have had a slight advantage on the verbal questions that are labeled as difficult on the SAT , whereas white and Asian students tended to have a slight advantage on questions labeled as easy . Freedle argued that these findings suggest that `` easy '' test items use vocabulary that is easier to understand for white middle class students than for minorities , who often use a different language in the home environment , whereas the difficult items use complex language learned only through lectures and textbooks , giving both student groups equal opportunities to acquiring it . The study was severely criticized by the ETS board , but the findings were replicated in a subsequent study by Santelices and Wilson in 2010 . There is no evidence that SAT scores systematically underestimate future performance of minority students . However , the predictive validity of the SAT has been shown to depend on the dominant ethnic and racial composition of the college . Some studies have also shown that African American students under - perform in college relative to their white peers with the same SAT scores ; researchers have argued that this is likely because white students tend to benefit from social advantages outside of the educational environment ( for example , high parental involvement in their education , inclusion in campus academic activities , positive bias from same - race teachers and peers ) which result in better grades . Christopher Jencks concludes that as a group African Americans have been harmed by the introduction of standardized entrance exams such as the SAT . This , according to him , is not because the tests themselves are flawed , but because of labeling bias and selection bias ; the tests measure the skills that African Americans are less likely to develop in their socialization , rather than the skills they are more likely to develop . Furthermore , standardized entrance exams are often labeled as tests of general ability , rather than of certain aspects of ability . Thus , a situation is produced in which African American ability is consistently underestimated within the education and workplace environments , contributing in turn to selection bias against them which exacerbates underachievement . Perception ( edit ) Optional SAT ( edit ) In the 1960s and 1970s there was a movement to drop achievement scores . After a period of time , the countries , states and provinces that reintroduced them agreed that academic standards had dropped , students had studied less , and had taken their studying less seriously . They reintroduced the tests after studies and research concluded that the high - stakes tests produced benefits that outweighed the costs . In a 2001 speech to the American Council on Education , Richard C. Atkinson , the president of the University of California , urged dropping the SAT as a college admissions requirement : Anyone involved in education should be concerned about how overemphasis on the SAT is distorting educational priorities and practices , how the test is perceived by many as unfair , and how it can have a devastating impact on the self - esteem and aspirations of young students . There is widespread agreement that overemphasis on the SAT harms American education . Even now , no firm conclusions can be reached regarding the SAT 's usefulness in the admissions process . It may or may not be biased , and it may or may not serve as a check on grade inflation in secondary schools . IQ studies ( edit ) Frey and Detterman ( 2003 ) investigated associations of SAT scores with intelligence test scores . Using an estimate of general mental ability , or g , based on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery , which can be best thought of as representing crystallized intelligence ( learned abilities ) , they found SAT scores to be highly correlated with g ( r =. 82 in their sample , . 857 when adjusted for non-linearity ) in their sample taken from a 1979 national probability survey . Additionally , they investigated the correlation between SAT results , using the revised and recentered form of the test , and scores on the Raven 's Advanced Progressive Matrices , a test of fluid intelligence ( reasoning ) , this time using a non-random sample . They found that the correlation of SAT results with scores on the Raven 's Advanced Progressive Matrices was . 483 . They estimated that this latter correlation would have been about 0.72 were it not for the restriction of ability range in the sample . They also noted that there appeared to be a ceiling effect on the Raven 's scores which may have suppressed the correlation . Beaujean and colleagues ( 2006 ) have reached similar conclusions to those reached by Frey and Detterman . Preparation ( edit ) SAT preparation is a highly lucrative field . The field was pioneered by Stanley Kaplan , whose SAT preparation course began in 1946 as a 64 - hour course . Many companies and organizations offer test preparation in the form of books , classes , online courses , and tutoring . The test preparation industry began almost simultaneously with the introduction of university entrance exams in the U.S. and flourished from the start . The College Board maintains that the SAT is essentially uncoachable and research by the College Board and the National Association of College Admission Counseling suggests that tutoring courses result in an average increase of about 20 points on the math section and 10 points on the verbal section . Other studies have shown significantly different results . A longitudinal study from Ohio State showed that taking private SAT prep classes correlated with scores higher by ~ 60 points . A study from Oxford showed that coaching courses boosted scores by an average of 56 points . Montgomery and Lilly ( 2012 ) performed a systematic literature review of all published SAT coaching research in search of high quality studies ( defined as those with randomized controlled trials ) . They found that the randomized treatments resulted in V / M gains of + 23 / 32 points for a total of + 56 ; the high quality study that showed the highest score increase was Johnson ( 1984 ; San Francisco ) which was based on a 30 - hour prep course that showed an average increase of 178 points . The Johnson San Francisco study was also the only high quality study found on a prep course of 30 hours or more in length , although validity of this outlier study is uncertain due to the attrition of half the participants . Use by high - IQ societies ( edit ) Certain high IQ societies , like Mensa , the Prometheus Society and the Triple Nine Society , use scores from certain years as one of their admission tests . For instance , the Triple Nine Society accepts scores ( verbal and math combined ) of 1450 or greater on SAT tests taken before April 1995 , and scores of at least 1520 on tests taken between April 1995 and February 2005 . The SAT is sometimes given to students younger than 13 by organizations such as the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth , Johns Hopkins Center for Talented Youth , Duke TIP , and other organizations who use the results to select , study and mentor students of exceptional ability . Writing section ( edit ) In 2005 , MIT Writing Director Pavan Sreekireddy plotted essay length versus essay score on the new SAT from released essays and found a high correlation between them . After studying over 50 graded essays , he found that longer essays consistently produced higher scores . In fact , he argues that by simply gauging the length of an essay without reading it , the given score of an essay could likely be determined correctly over 90 % of the time . He also discovered that several of these essays were full of factual errors ; the College Board does not claim to grade for factual accuracy . Perelman , along with the National Council of Teachers of English also criticized the 25 - minute writing section of the test for damaging standards of writing teaching in the classroom . They say that writing teachers training their students for the SAT will not focus on revision , depth , accuracy , but will instead produce long , formulaic , and wordy pieces . `` You 're getting teachers to train students to be bad writers '' , concluded Perelman . See also ( edit ) ACT ( test ) , a college entrance exam , competitor to the SAT College admissions in the United States List of admissions tests PSAT / NMSQT SAT Subject Tests References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 SAT Suite of Assessments Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . College Board . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fees And Costs '' . The College Board . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About ETS '' . ETS . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Massive ' breach exposes hundreds of questions for upcoming SAT exams '' . Reuters . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Baird , Katherine ( 2012 ) . Trapped in Mediocrity : Why Our Schools Are n't World - Class and What We Can Do About It . Lanham : Rowman and Littlefield Publishers . `` And a separate process that began in 1926 was complete by 1942 : the much easier SAT -- a test not aligned to any particular curriculum and thus better suited to a nation where high school students did not take a common curriculum -- replaced the old college boards as the nations 's college entrance exam . This broke the once tight link between academic coursework and college admission , a break that remains to this day . '' Jump up ^ Lewin , Tamar ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` A New SAT Aims to Realign With Schoolwork '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . He said he also wanted to make the test reflect more closely what students did in high school ^ Jump up to : Lewin , Tamar ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` A New SAT Aims to Realign With Schoolwork '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` SAT Registration Fees '' . 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Jump up ^ https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED582459.pdf Jump up ^ Status and Trends in the Education of Racial and Ethnic Minorities : Average SAT scores for 12th - grade SAT - taking population , by race / ethnicity : 2006 Jump up ^ `` Average SAT scores for 12th - grade SAT - taking population , by race / ethnicity : 2006 '' . Institute of Educational Sciences . The College Board , College Bound Seniors , 2006 . 2006 . Jump up ^ Abigail Thernstrom & Stephan Thernstrom. 2004 . No Excuses : Closing the Racial Gap in Learning . Simon and Schuster Jump up ^ Jaschik , S ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` New Evidence of Racial Bias on the SAT '' . Inside Higher ED . Jump up ^ Card , D. ; Rothstein , Ol ( 2007 ) . `` Racial segregation and the black -- white test score gap '' . Journal of Public Economics ( Submitted manuscript ) . 91 ( 11 ) : 2158 -- 2184 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpubeco. 2007.03. 006 . ^ Jump up to : Jencks , C. ( 1998 ) . Racial bias in testing . 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Jump up ^ Buckley , Jack ; Letukas , Lynn ; Wildavsky , Ben ( 2017 ) , Measuring Success : Testing , Grades , and the Future of College Admissions , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , p. 344 , ISBN 9781421424965 Jump up ^ Frey , M.C. ; Detterman , D.K. ( 2003 ) . `` Scholastic Assessment or g ? The Relationship Between the Scholastic Assessment Test and General Cognitive Ability '' ( PDF ) . Psychological Science . 15 ( 6 ) : 373 -- 378 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0956 - 7976.2004. 00687. x . PMID 15147489 . Jump up ^ Beaujean , A.A. ; Firmin , M.W. ; Knoop , A. Ol ; Michonski , Ol D. ; Berry , T.B. ; Lowrie , R.E. ( 2006 ) . `` Validation of the Frey and Detterman ( 2004 ) IQ prediction equations using the Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales '' ( PDF ) . Personality and Individual Differences. 41 : 353 -- 357 . doi : 10.1016 / Olpaid. 2006.01. 014 ( inactive 2018 - 09 - 23 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 13 . 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Jump up ^ `` Qualifying Scores for the Triple Nine Society '' . Jump up ^ Winerip , Michael ( May 4 , 2005 ) . `` SAT Essay Test Rewards Length and Ignores Errors '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Harris , Lynn ( May 17 , 2005 ) . `` Testing , testing '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Balf , Todd ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Story Behind the SAT Overhaul '' . The New York Times Magazine . Lewin , Tamar ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` A New SAT Aims to Realign With Schoolwork '' . The New York Times . `` Key shifts of the SAT redesign '' . The Washington Post . March 5 , 2014 . Coyle , T.R. & Pillow , D.R. ( 2008 ) . `` SAT and ACT predict college GPA after removing g '' . Intelligence . 36 ( 6 ) : 719 -- 729 . doi : 10.1016 / Olintell. 2008.05. 001 ( inactive 2018 - 09 - 23 ) . Coyle , T. ; Snyder , A. ; Pillow , D. ; Kochunov , P. ( 2011 ) . `` SAT predicts GPA better for high ability subjects : Implications for Spearman 's Law of Diminishing Returns '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 50 ( 4 ) : 470 -- 474 . doi : 10.1016 / j. paid. 2010.11. 009 . PMC 3090148 . PMID 21562615 . Frey , M.C. ; Detterman , D.K. ( 2003 ) . `` Scholastic Assessment or g ? The Relationship Between the Scholastic Assessment Test and General Cognitive Ability '' ( PDF ) . Psychological Science . 15 ( 6 ) : 373 -- 378 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0956 - 7976.2004. 00687. x . PMID 15147489 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 05 . Gould , Stephen Jay ( 1996 ) . The Mismeasure of Man ( Rev / Expd ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31425 - 0 . Hoffman , Banesh ( 1962 ) . The Tyranny of Testing . Orig . pub . Collier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 43091 - 1 . ( and others ) Hubin , David R. ( 1988 ) . The Scholastic Aptitude Test : Its Development and Introduction , 1900 -- 1948 . Ph. D. dissertation in American History at the University of Oregon . Owen , David ( 1999 ) . None of the Above : The Truth Behind the SATs ( Revised ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9507 - 2 . Sacks , Peter ( 2001 ) . Standardized Minds : The High Price of America 's Testing Culture and What We Can Do to Change It . Perseus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7382 - 0433 - 8 . Zwick , Rebecca ( 2002 ) . Fair Game ? The Use of Standardized Admissions Tests in Higher Education . Falmer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92560 - 0 . Gladwell , Malcolm ( December 17 , 2001 ) . `` Examined Life : What Stanley H. Kaplan taught us about the S.A.T. '' The New Yorker . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : SAT Study Guide Wikimedia Commons has media related to SAT . Official website Admission tests to colleges and universities Africa South Africa : Matriculation in South Africa Tunisia : Tunisian Baccalaureate Americas Brazil : Vestibular , ENEM Canada : Alberta Diploma Exam Chile : PSU Colombia : ICFES United States : SAT , ACT Asia - Pacific Australia : ATAR , STAT China : Gaokao Hong Kong : HKDSE ( JUPAS ) India : JEE - Advanced , JEE - Main , EAMCET Indonesia : UN , SBMPTN Iran : Concours Israel : The Psychometry Japan : NCTUA , EJU Kazakhstan : UBT Malaysia : STPM Myanmar : University Entrance Examination Philippines : UPCAT , PUPCET Singapore : GCE - O , GCE - A South Korea : Suneung Taiwan : GSAT , DRT Thailand : GAT , PAT Europe Belarus : CTRB Denmark : Studentereksamen Estonia : Küpsuseksamid Finland : Ylioppilastutkinto France : Baccalauréat Germany : Abitur Ireland : Leaving Certificate Netherlands : Eindexamen Portugal : ENES Romania : Bacalaureat Russia : Unified State Exam ( EGE ) Spain : Selectividad Sweden : Högskoleprovet Turkey : YGS - LYS Ukraine : External independent evaluation ( ZNO ) United Kingdom : A-Level , Higher Albania , Austria , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Czech Republic , Hungary , Italy , Kosovo , Liechtenstein , Republic of Macedonia , Montenegro , Poland , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Switzerland : Matura College Board Presidents Gaston Caperton ( 1999 -- 2012 ) David Coleman ( 2012 -- present ) SAT Tests Main Tests SAT PSAT / NMSQT Subject Tests Biology E / M Chemistry English Language Proficiency ( discontinued ) French Literature Mathematics Level 1 Mathematics Level 2 Physics U.S. History World History AP exams Arts Art History Music Theory Studio Art : 2 - D Design Studio Art : 3 - D Design Studio Art : Drawing English English Language English Literature History & Social Science Comparative Government and Politics European History Human Geography Macroeconomics Microeconomics Psychology U.S. History U.S. Government and Politics World History Math & Computer Science Calculus AB Calculus BC Computer Science A Computer Science Principles Statistics Sciences Biology Chemistry Environmental Science Physics 1 : Algebra - Based Physics 2 : Algebra - Based AP Physics B ( discontinued ) Physics C : Mechanics Electricity and Magnetism World Languages & Cultures Chinese French French Literature ( discontinued ) German Italian Japanese Latin Latin Literature ( discontinued ) Russian ( in development ) Spanish Spanish Literature Programs & apps Advanced Placement College Level Examination CSS PROFILE Related Educational Testing Service Math -- verbal achievement gap National Merit Scholarship Corporation Glossaries of science and engineering Aerospace engineering Archaeology Architecture Artificial intelligence Astronomy Biology Botany Calculus Chemistry Civil engineering Clinical research Computer science Ecology Economics Electrical and electronics engineering Engineering Entomology Environmental science Genetics Geography Geology Machine vision Mathematics Mechanical engineering Medicine Meteorology Physics Probability and statistics Psychiatry Robotics Speciation Structural engineering Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SAT&oldid=866408272 '' Categories : Standardized tests in the United States 1901 introductions Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages with DOIs inactive since 2018 Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 03 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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when did the sat go from 2400 to 1600
[ "On March 5, 2014, the College Board announced its plan to redesign the SAT in order to link the exam more closely to the work high school students encounter in the classroom.[7] The new exam was administered for the first time in March 2016.[83] Some of the major changes are: an emphasis on the use of evidence to support answers, a shift away from obscure vocabulary to words that students are more likely to encounter in college and career, a math section that is focused on fewer areas, a return to the 1600-point score scale, an optional essay, and the removal of penalty for wrong answers (rights-only scoring).[84] To combat the perceived advantage of costly test preparation courses, the College Board announced a new partnership with Khan Academy to offer free online practice problems and instructional videos.[7]\n" ]
[ "March 2016" ]
-5916043393664122782
Flag of Ohio
Flag of Ohio - wikipedia Flag of Ohio Jump to : navigation , search Ohio Name The Ohio burgee Use Civil and state flag Proportion 8 : 13 Adopted May 9 , 1902 ; 115 years ago ( 1902 - 05 - 09 ) Design Guidon consisting of 5 horizontal stripes alternating between red and white . The chevron is azure containing a white and red `` O '' and 17 white stars . Designed by John Eisenmann The Ohio Burgee is the official flag of the U.S. state of Ohio . Ohio 's swallowtail flag is the only non-rectangular U.S. state flag . Its red , white , and blue elements symbolize the state 's natural features and order of admission into the Union . A prominent disc in the flag 's triangular canton is suggestive of the state 's name . The flag was designed in 1901 by John Eisenmann for the Pan-American Exposition and adopted in 1902 . Before that , for nearly a century after statehood , Ohio did not have a legally - authorized state flag . One unsuccessful proposal called for a design based on the state seal . Ohio has adopted an official salute to the flag and a 17 - step procedure for folding it . The Ohio flag has influenced a number of logos and municipal flags within the state . A scarlet - colored gubernatorial flag is based on the state seal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 History 2.1 Arsenal flag 2.2 Eisenmann 's guidon 3 Usage 3.1 Salute 3.2 Folding the flag 3.3 Derivations 4 Flag of the Governor 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Design ( edit ) An Ohio flag flies above Sawyer Point in Cincinnati . The Ohio state flag 's design is defined in the Ohio Revised Code , section 5.01 : The flag of the state shall be burgee - shaped . It shall have three red and two white horizontal stripes that represent the roads and waterways of the state . The union of the flag shall be seventeen five - pointed stars , white in a blue triangular field that represents the state 's hills and valleys , the base of which shall be the staff end or vertical edge of the flag , and the apex of which shall be the center of the middle red stripe . The stars shall be grouped around a red disc superimposed upon a white circular `` O . '' The thirteen stars grouped around the `` O '' represent the original states of the United States and the four stars added to the peak of the triangle symbolize that Ohio was the seventeenth state admitted to the union . The `` O '' represents the `` O '' in `` Ohio '' and suggests the state 's nickname , the buckeye state . The proportional dimensions of the flag and of its various parts shall be according to the official design on file in the office of the secretary of state . A typical 34 - star Union guidon , carried by many Ohio cavalry units during the Civil War . In addition to resembling the letter O and a buckeye nut , the flag 's annulus also represents `` the original territory of Ohio '' in the Northwest Territory . Ohio 's flag is the only non-rectangular U.S. state flag . It is a rare example of a non-quadrilateral civil flag , another well - known example being the flag of Nepal . According to vexillologist Whitney Smith , it may be loosely based upon cavalry flags of the Civil War and Spanish -- American War . The flag has been officially defined as a `` burgee '' since 2002 , even though burgees are typically used as maritime flags . Its shape , lack of text , and mirror symmetry allow it to be flown or hung in various orientations without affecting legibility . On account of the flag 's uncommon shape , foreign manufacturers have occasionally set the entire design against a white , rectangular field . History ( edit ) For nearly a century after statehood , Ohio had no legally authorized state flag . The state militia carried regimental colors based on the Stars and Stripes , with the addition of `` a large eagle , with the number of the regiment and the prescribed number of stars above '' . Arsenal flag ( edit ) From 1831 to 1865 , the design of the state seal was unregulated , but common embellishments included a flatboat or canal boat . By the early 1850s , Ohioans expressed interest in adopting a state flag , as several other states had already done . In late 1860 , Qtr . Mr. Gen. David L. Wood and Adj. Gen. Henry B. Carrington devised a flag consisting of the state seal upon a white field . They had it flown above the Ohio State Arsenal in Columbus , in hopes that it might someday become the state flag . On January 17 , 1861 , at a banquet organized by the Columbus Typographical Union Local # 5 , future U.S. President James A. Garfield gave a speech defending the national flag as the only flag Ohio 's soldiers would march to battle under . The generals , in attendance , were moved to set aside their proposal and hoist the Stars and Stripes in its place . Later that year , Wood and Carrington joined fellow Ohioans in battle under the 34 - star Union flag , which would serve as the inspiration for a state banner decades later . Eisenmann 's guidon ( edit ) Eisenmann 's original specification In 1901 , Cleveland architect John Eisenmann was commissioned to design an exhibition hall for his state at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo , New York . He developed a distinctive flag to fly over each corner of the Ohio Building . The wool flags officially represented the Ohio Pan-American Exposition Commission rather than the state . On July 18 , Governor George K. Nash visited the exposition , where he was presented with one of the flags , which is now held in the Ohio History Connection collections . Eisenmann secured a U.S. design patent for his design , which he described as `` a triangular forked or swallow - tailed flag corresponding to the shape generally known as a ' cavalry - guidon ' or ' broad pennant . ' '' In 1902 , State Representative William S. McKinnon , a member of the Ohio Pan-American Exposition Commission , introduced House Bill 213 designating Eisenmann 's design as the official flag . It became law on May 9 , making it the 20th U.S. state flag or banner . ( Eisenmann had assigned his patent , which had a term of three and a half years , to the State of Ohio on April 24 . ) The Ohio Building at the 1901 Pan-American Exposition Because Eisenmann 's design deviated from the `` seal on a bedsheet '' design then nearly universal among state flags , the press looked overseas for precedents : the layout was likened to either the flag of Cuba or of the Philippines , while the red and white annulus was derided for its similarity to the sun on the Japanese flag . Initially , Ohio 's flag was seldom used , in part due to the prevailing opinion that the Stars and Stripes should hold a monopoly on patriotic displays . Similar sentiment hindered the adoption of municipal flags in Cleveland and Cincinnati , to the extent that both were downplaced as mere `` banners '' for promotional purposes . In 1903 , it was reported that , among state politicians , only Governor Nash displayed the guidon . In the century following its adoption , the guidon gained significant popularity , being flown not only by the state but frequently also by its residents and businesses . In 2001 , the North American Vexillological Association surveyed its members on the best design among the 72 official flags of the U.S. states and territories and Canadian provinces . Ohio 's ranked 15th . Usage ( edit ) Salute ( edit ) In 2002 , the Ohio General Assembly commemorated the 100th anniversary of the state flag 's adoption by adopting a salute to the flag , to be recited after the Pledge of Allegiance : I salute the flag of the state of Ohio and pledge to the Buckeye State respect and loyalty . -- Ohio Rev. Code § 5.013 . `` Pledge to the state flag '' . Folding the flag ( edit ) The flag of Ohio is officially folded in 17 steps . A method of folding the flag of Ohio was created by Alex Weinstock , an Ohio Boy Scout , for his Eagle Scout service project . It requires two people . The procedure was passed by the 125th Ohio General Assembly as House Bill 552 and signed into law by Governor Bob Taft on February 15 , 2005 : The general assembly hereby establishes a recommended procedure for the folding of the state flag by two people . The procedure is as follows : With the flag unfolded , fold the flag in half lengthwise so that the points of the flag are aligned . Fold the flag in half lengthwise a second time to form a long strip with the red disc facing the ground . Next , fold the pointed end back onto itself to form a rectangle . These steps entail three folds . Starting on the end formed by the fold of the pointed end back onto itself , fold two inches of the flag onto itself for a flag with a three - foot hoist and a five - foot fly , or another appropriate width of fold for a flag of a different size . Repeat the folds a total of fourteen times , alternating the folds in a fan - like manner . The result is a total of seventeen folds symbolizing that Ohio was the seventeenth state admitted to the Union . Finally , neatly and snugly wrap the remaining length of flag around the fan - folds to form a compact rectangle . -- Ohio Rev. Code § 5.014 . `` Procedure for folding state flag '' . Ohio is not the only state that has designated a folding procedure for its flag ; however , Ohio 's procedure takes on special importance due to the flag 's irregular shape . A flag vendor in Arkansas has described the procedure as `` quite a challenge '' . Derivations ( edit ) Ohio 's flag is regularly flown during football games by The Ohio State University Marching Band 's `` JI - Row '' as the percussion section 's row mascot . The Columbus Blue Jackets logo and Cincinnati Bengals fan flag are both based on the state flag . A number of municipalities and counties in Ohio have adopted pennants and swallowtails based on the state burgee . The city of Mentor and Adams County have flags that essentially replace the annulus with a seal and modify the pattern of stars in the triangular union . Flag of the Governor ( edit ) See also : Flags of governors of the U.S. states The Flag of the Governor of Ohio , incorporating the 1996 state coat of arms The flag of the Governor of Ohio consists of the Great Seal of Ohio encircled with 13 white stars on a scarlet field , with a five - point star in each corner . Like the state flag , it has 17 stars in total . The Adjutant General 's office adopted this design in 1905 to represent the Governor on official occasions . One such flag hangs in the Rutherford B. Hayes Center Library , a memorial to the 32nd Ohio Governor and 19th U.S. President . The design was officially recognized by the 96th General Assembly effective October 3 , 1945 : It shall have a white star in each of the four corners on an oblong scarlet background with the official seal of the state of Ohio in the center surrounded by thirteen white stars . The proportional dimensions of the flag and of its various parts shall be according to a design approved by the adjutant general and in accordance with the governor 's flag used by the adjutant general 's office for over thirty years . -- 96 HJR 49 Since September 30 , 1963 , the flag has been defined in greater detail : The flag of the governor of this state will be of scarlet wool bunting , six feet eight inches hoist by ten feet six inches fly . In each of the four corners will be a white five - pointed star with one point upward . The centers of these stars will be twelve inches from the long edges and seventeen inches from the short edges of the flag . In the center of the flag will be a reproduction of the great seal of Ohio in proper colors , three feet in diameter , surrounded by thirteen white stars equally spaced with their centers on an imaginary circle four feet three inches in diameter . All stars shall be of such size that their points would lie on the circumference of an imaginary circle ten inches in diameter . -- Ohio Rev. Code § 5.011 . `` Ohio governor 's flag '' . The Ohio Revised Code also specifies smaller versions of this design to be used as the governor 's naval flag and automobile flag . See also ( edit ) Ohio portal Flag of Cincinnati Flag of Cleveland List of Ohio state symbols Seal of Ohio Flags of the U.S. states References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ohio Rev. Code § 5.01 ^ Jump up to : Eisenmann , John ( 1901 ) . `` The Ohio State Flag '' -- via Ohio Memory . ^ Jump up to : Purcell , John M. ( July 23 , 2001 ) . The Centennial of Ohio 's Flag : From Obscurity to Esteem ( PDF ) . International Congress of Vexillology . York : International Federation of Vexillological Associations . pp. 181 -- 184 . Jump up ^ Smith , Whitney ( 2014 ) . `` flag of Ohio ( United States state flag ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` State Flag of Ohio : The Ohio Burgee '' . Profile Ohio . Columbus , Ohio : Ohio Secretary of State . 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 124 SB 240 Jump up ^ `` Ohio Day at Pan-American Exposition '' . Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly . Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society . 10 ( 2 ) : 144 . October 21 , 1901 . Jump up ^ Preble , George Henry ( 1880 ) . History of the Flag of the United States of America ( 2nd revised ed . ) . Boston : A. Williams & Co. p. 639 . Jump up ^ Sloane , Rush R. ( 1903 ) . `` The Organization and Admission of Ohio into the Union and the Great Seal of the State '' . Ohio Centennial Anniversary Celebration at Chillicothe , May 20 -- 21 , 1903 , under the auspices of the Ohio State Archælogical and Historical Society : complete proceedings . Ohio Centennial Anniversary Celebration . Chillicothe , Ohio : Ohio State Archæological and Historical Society . pp. 90 -- 119 . LCCN 04018527 . OCLC 855752 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Smith , William Henry ( November 25 , 1865 ) . Report of the Secretary of State . Columbus , Ohio . pp. 435 -- 441 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Hodge , Orlando John ( April 19 , 1904 ) . Speech by State Regent O.J. Hodge ( Speech ) . Thirteenth Continental Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution . Washington , D.C. -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Hodge , Orlando John ( 1902 ) . Reminiscences. 1 . The Imperial Press . pp. 117 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Eisenmann , John ( 1901 ) . `` Flag Burgee '' . OCLC 70657823 -- via Ohio Memory . Jump up ^ US patent D34810S , John Eisenmann , `` Design for a flag '' , issued 1901 - 07 - 23 ( US D34810 S via Google Patents ) ^ Jump up to : Huntington , Webster Perit , ed . ( July 1906 ) . `` The Flag of Ohio ( editorial ) '' . The Ohio Illustrated Magazine . Vol. 1 no . 1 . pp. 96 -- 97 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Eisenmann , John ( April 24 , 1902 ) . `` Assignment for patent of design for Ohio flag '' ( Letter ) . Letter to the Ohio Secretary of State . Jump up ^ Galbreath , Charles Burleigh ( 1902 ) . `` Seals and Ohio flag '' . Monthly Bulletins of the Ohio State Library . Columbus , Ohio : Ohio Board of Library Commissioners. 2 ( 4 ) : 1 -- 5 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Smites ( April 19 , 1903 ) . `` Himself on the Jawbone Every Time He Looks at the Bundle of Ohio Flag For Which There Is No Call . '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer. 60 ( 109 ) . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . A sample flag done in silk hung in the office of the Governor for months . Most of the people who saw it were under the impression that it was a Filipino trophy sent home by some daring Ohio soldier who had captured it in Balignan from the Society of the Katipunan. ... The only flag , as state , seen in these parts was the one that hung in the Executive chambers . Jump up ^ `` Against It Are Citizens Generally '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer. 53 ( 28 ) . January 28 , 1896 . p. 8 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ' Well , there does seem to be a lot of people who object to the idea of Cincinnati having a flag , ' was ( Mayor Caldwell 's ) answer , ' but I think that the question is not properly understood. ... In fact , it is not a flag . It is merely a banner , which may be taken on excursions by Cincinnati people to advertise the city . It can be worn in miniature in the buttonhole . ' Jump up ^ Kaye , Ted ( June 10 , 2001 ) . `` New Mexico tops state / provincial flags survey , Georgia loses by wide margin '' ( Press release ) . North American Vexillological Association . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 125 HB 552 Jump up ^ For example , Texas , as prescribed in `` Folded state flag '' ( Texas Government Code § 3100.073 ) , and Minnesota , per 2013 Minnesota Statutes 1.141 Subd. 6 . Jump up ^ McCoy , Kerry ( January 25 , 2005 ) . `` It 's tricky folding the state flag of Ohio '' . Kerry 's business blog . FlagandBanner.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Instrumentation '' . The Ohio State University Marching & Athletic Bands . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . The American Flag accompanies JI - Row 's Ohio Flag in the stands to show the Pride in our country and to honor the military tradition of the OSUMB . Jump up ^ `` Jackets unveil new uniforms '' . The Columbus Dispatch. 23 June 2007 . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Fan Flag Winners - PHOTOS '' . KSDK . St. Louis . September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` County Flags '' . Ohio Statehouse . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Slagle , Craig D. ( 1945 ) . `` H.J.R. No. 49 : Providing for the designation of a governor 's flag '' . House Journal . Ohio Legislative Service Commission : 548 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Whitney ( 1975 ) . The Flag Book of the United States . New York City : William Morrow and Company . p. 164 . Smith notes that the prior design had a ratio of 40 × 63 , equivalent to the modern specification . Jump up ^ Keeler , Lucy E. , ed. ( 1916 ) . Dedication of the Hayes Memorial Library and Museum in Honor of Rutherford Birchard Hayes at Spiegel Grove State Park , Fremont , Ohio , May 30 , 1916 . Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society . p. 77 . Additionally , a glimpse of the flag can be seen in a photograph of the rotunda opposite page 22 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ohio state flag . State Flag of Ohio -- brochure by the Ohio Secretary of State 's office Ohio at Flags of the World 125th General Assembly of Ohio , H.B. 552 Ohio 's State Flag ( 1901 ) -- Ohio History Central Ohio Flag folding instructions in PDF form Ohio county flags -- Ohio Statehouse Flags of the U.S. states , federal district , and other political divisions States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa The Marianas Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying Islands Johnson Atoll Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Historic CSA Cuba Philippines ( Commonwealth ) California Republic Panama Canal Zone Texas ( Republic ) TTPI USCA Ryukyu Islands Vermont Republic West Florida ( Republic ) Book Portal State of Ohio Columbus ( capital ) Topics History Geography People Government Administrative divisions Law Elections Delegations Colleges and universities Motto Tourist attractions Portal Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Allegheny Plateau Appalachian Ohio Black Swamp The Bluegrass Extreme Northwest Ohio Glacial till plains Lake Erie Lake Erie Islands Mahoning Valley Miami Valley Northeast Ohio Northwest Ohio Vacationland Western Reserve Metro areas Akron Canton Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Dayton Findlay - Tiffin Huntington - Ashland Lima Mansfield Steubenville Toledo Youngstown - Warren Largest cities Akron Canton Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Cuyahoga Falls Dayton Elyria Euclid Hamilton Kettering Lakewood Lorain Mansfield Mentor Middletown Newark Parma Springfield Toledo Youngstown Counties Adams Allen Ashland Ashtabula Athens Auglaize Belmont Brown Butler Carroll Champaign Clark Clermont Clinton Columbiana Coshocton Crawford Cuyahoga Darke Defiance Delaware Erie Fairfield Fayette Franklin Fulton Gallia Geauga Greene Guernsey Hamilton Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry Highland Hocking Holmes Huron Jackson Jefferson Knox Lake Lawrence Licking Logan Lorain Lucas Madison Mahoning Marion Medina Meigs Mercer Miami Monroe Montgomery Morgan Morrow Muskingum Noble Ottawa Paulding Perry Pickaway Pike Portage Preble Putnam Richland Ross Sandusky Scioto Seneca Shelby Stark Summit Trumbull Tuscarawas Union Van Wert Vinton Warren Washington Wayne Williams Wood Wyandot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Ohio&oldid=800450349 '' Categories : United States state flags Symbols of Ohio Flags of Ohio Ohio culture Flags introduced in 1901 Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 16 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what is the shape of the ohio flag called
[ "The Ohio Burgee is the official flag of the U.S. state of Ohio. Ohio's swallowtail flag is the only non-rectangular U.S. state flag. Its red, white, and blue elements symbolize the state's natural features and order of admission into the Union. A prominent disc in the flag's triangular canton is suggestive of the state's name." ]
[ "swallowtail" ]
-8926782683153099084
To Kill a Mockingbird (film)
To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) - wikipedia To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search To Kill a Mockingbird Theatrical release poster Directed by Robert Mulligan Produced by Alan J. Pakula Screenplay by Horton Foote Based on To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Starring Gregory Peck Mary Badham Phillip Alford John Megna Ruth White Paul Fix Brock Peters Frank Overton Narrated by Kim Stanley Music by Elmer Bernstein Cinematography Russell Harlan , A.S.C. Edited by Aaron Stell , A.C.E. Production companies Brentwood Productions Pakula - Mulligan Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date December 25 , 1962 ( 1962 - 12 - 25 ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2 million Box office $13.1 million To Kill a Mockingbird is a 1962 American drama film directed by Robert Mulligan . The screenplay by Horton Foote is based on Harper Lee 's 1960 Pulitzer Prize - winning novel of the same name . It stars Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch and Mary Badham as Scout . The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics and was a box - office success , earning more than 10 times its budget . The film won three Academy Awards , including Best Actor for Peck , and was nominated for eight , including Best Picture . In 1995 , the film was listed in the National Film Registry . In 2003 , the American Film Institute named Atticus Finch the greatest movie hero of the 20th century . In 2007 the film ranked twenty - fifth on the AFI 's 10th anniversary list of the greatest American movies of all time . To Kill a Mockingbird marked the film debuts of Robert Duvall , William Windom , and Alice Ghostley . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Music 4 Critical response 4.1 Gregory Peck 5 Awards and honors 5.1 Academy Awards 5.2 Golden Globe Awards 5.3 Cannes Film Festival 6 Restoration 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The film 's young protagonists , Jean Louise `` Scout '' Finch ( Mary Badham ) and her brother Jeremy Atticus `` Jem '' Finch ( Phillip Alford ) , live in the fictional town of Maycomb , Alabama , during the early 1930s . The story covers three years , during which Scout and Jem undergo changes in their lives . They are innocent children , spending their days happily playing games with each other and spying on Arthur `` Boo '' Radley ( Robert Duvall ) who has not left his home for many years and about whom many rumors circulate . Their widowed father , Atticus ( Gregory Peck ) , is a town lawyer and has strong beliefs that all people are to be treated fairly , to turn the other cheek , and to stand for what you believe . He also allows his children to call him by his first name . Early in the film , the children see their father accept hickory nuts , and other produce , from Mr. Cunningham ( Crahan Denton ) for legal work because the client has no money . Through their father 's work as a lawyer , Scout and Jem begin to learn of the racism and evil in their town , aggravated by poverty ; they mature quickly as they are exposed to it . The local judge ( Paul Fix ) appoints Atticus to defend a black man , Tom Robinson ( Brock Peters ) , against an accusation of rape of a white girl , Mayella Ewell ( Collin Wilcox ) . Atticus accepts the case . Jem and Scout experience schoolyard taunts for their father 's decision . Later , as Atticus is sitting in front of the local jail to safeguard Robinson , a lynch mob arrives , which includes Mr. Cunningham . Scout , Jem and their friend , Dill ( John Megna ) , interrupt the confrontation . Scout , unaware of the mob 's purpose , recognizes Cunningham as the man who paid her father in hickory nuts and tells him to say hello to his son , who is her schoolmate . Cunningham becomes embarrassed and the mob disperses . At the trial , it is undisputed that Tom came to Mayella 's home at her request to help with the chopping up of a chifforobe , and that Mayella showed signs of having been beaten around that time . Among Atticus ' chief arguments is that Tom has a crippled left arm , yet the supposed rapist would have had to make extensive use of his left hand in assaulting Mayella before raping her . Atticus then points out that Mayella 's father , Bob Ewell ( James Anderson ) , is left handed , implying that he -- rather than Tom -- was the one who beat Mayella . Atticus also states that the girl had not been examined by a doctor to check for signs of rape after the supposed assault . In his closing argument Atticus asks the all - white male jury to cast aside their prejudices and instead focus on Tom 's obvious innocence . In taking the stand in his own defense , Tom denies he attacked Mayella , but states she kissed him . He testifies he voluntarily assisted Mayella because `` I felt sorry for her because ... '' . Although Tom does not finish his sentence , the prosecutor ( William Windom ) hammers home the point that he was a black man feeling sorry for a white woman . In a town where whites are viewed as superior to blacks , Tom 's sympathy for Mayella dooms his case , and he is found guilty . As Atticus leaves the courtroom , the black spectators in the balcony rise to their feet as a sign of respect and appreciation . Reverend Sykes says to Scout , `` Miss Jean Louise , stand up . Your father 's passing . '' When Atticus arrives home , Sheriff Heck Tate ( Frank Overton ) tells him that Tom has been killed by a deputy during his transfer to prison . According to this deputy , Tom was trying to escape , `` running like a crazy man '' before he was shot . Atticus and Jem go to the Robinson family home to inform them of Tom 's death . Bob Ewell , Mayella 's father , appears and spits in Atticus ' face while Jem waits in the car . Atticus wipes his face and leaves . Autumn arrives , and Scout and Jem attend a nighttime Halloween pageant at their school . Scout wears a large hard - shelled ham costume , portraying one of Maycomb county 's products . At some point during the pageant , Scout 's dress and shoes are misplaced . She is forced to walk home without shoes , wearing her ham costume . While cutting through the woods , Scout and Jem are attacked by an unidentified man who has been following them . Scout 's costume , like an awkward suit of armor , protects her from the attack but restricts her movement and severely restricts her vision . Jem is knocked unconscious and Scout escapes unharmed in a brief but violent struggle . Their attacker is thwarted and overcome by another unidentified man . Scout escapes her costume in time to see the second man carrying Jem to their home . Scout follows the stranger inside and runs into the arms of a concerned Atticus . Doc Reynolds comes over and treats the broken arm of an unconscious Jem . When Sheriff Tate asks Scout what happened , she sees a man standing quietly in the corner behind the door of Jem 's room . Atticus formally introduces Scout to Arthur Radley , whom she has known as Boo , the man who came to the aid of Jem and Scout in the woods . It is revealed that their attacker was Bob Ewell , who Boo overpowered , before carrying Jem home . The sheriff reports that Ewell was discovered dead at the scene of the attack with a knife in his ribs . Atticus assumes that Jem killed Ewell in self - defense . Sheriff Tate , however , believes that Boo killed Ewell in defense of the children , and he tells Atticus that to drag the shy and reserved Boo into the spotlight for his heroism would be `` a sin '' . To protect Boo , Sheriff Tate suggests that Ewell `` fell on his knife '' . Scout draws a startlingly precocious analogy , to likening unwelcome public attention to Boo to the killing of a mockingbird . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters In the order of the film 's opening credits : Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch John Megna as Charles Baker `` Dill '' Harris Frank Overton as Sheriff Heck Tate Rosemary Murphy as Miss Maudie Atkinson Ruth White as Mrs Dubose Brock Peters as Tom Robinson Estelle Evans as Calpurnia Paul Fix as Judge John Taylor Collin Wilcox as Mayella Violet Ewell James Anderson as Robert E. Lee `` Bob '' Ewell Alice Ghostley as Aunt Stephanie Crawford Robert Duvall as Arthur `` Boo '' Radley William Windom as Horace Gilmer , District Attorney Crahan Denton as Walter Cunningham Richard Hale as Nathan Radley Mary Badham as Jean Louise `` Scout '' Finch Phillip Alford as Jeremy Atticus `` Jem '' Finch Uncredited roles ( in order of appearance ) Kim Stanley - The narrator , as the voice of the adult Scout Paulene Myers - Dubose 's servant , sitting close to her on the Dubose porch . Jamie Forster - Townsend , sitting on a bench , wit h three men , near the courthouse . Steve Condit - Cunningham 's son Walter , at dinner with the Finch family . David Crawford - David , Tom Robinson 's son , sitting on the steps to the Robinsons ' shack . Kim Hamilton - Helen , Tom Robinson 's wife , inside the Robinsons ' shack . Dan White - Mob leader approaching as Atticus Finch sits in front of the jailhouse . Kelly Thordsen - Member of the mob who grabs and picks up Jem . William `` Bill '' Walker - Reverend Sykes , at the courthouse for Tom Robinson 's trial . Charles Fredericks - Court clerk at Tom Robinson 's trial . Guy Wilkerson - Jury foreman at Tom Robinson 's trial . Jay Sullivan - Court reporter at Tom Robinson 's trial . Jester Hairston - Spence , Tom Robinson 's father in front of the Robinsons ' shack . Hugh Sanders - Doctor Scott Reynolds , who examines Jem 's arm . Music ( edit ) To Kill a Mockingbird Soundtrack album by Elmer Bernstein Released Early April 1963 Recorded August 1 -- 2 , 1996 , City Halls , Glasgow Label Varèse Sarabande Elmer Bernstein 's score for To Kill a Mockingbird is regarded as one of the greatest film scores and has been recorded three times . It was first released in April 1963 on Ava ; then Bernstein re-recorded it in the 1970s for his Film Music Collection series ; and finally , he recorded the complete score ( below ) in 1996 with the Royal Scottish National Orchestra for the Varese Sarabande Film Classics series . `` Main Title '' -- 3 : 21 `` Remember Mama '' -- 1 : 08 `` Atticus Accepts The Case -- Roll in the Tire '' -- 2 : 06 `` Creepy Caper -- Peek - A-Boo '' -- 4 : 10 `` Ewell 's Hatred '' -- 3 : 33 `` Jem 's Discovery '' -- 3 : 47 `` Tree Treasure '' -- 4 : 23 `` Lynch Mob '' -- 3 : 04 `` Guilty Verdict '' -- 3 : 10 `` Ewell Regret It '' -- 2 : 11 `` Footsteps in the Dark '' -- 2 : 07 `` Assault in the Shadows '' -- 2 : 28 `` Boo Who '' -- 3 : 00 `` End Title '' -- 3 : 25 Critical response ( edit ) The film received widespread critical acclaim . As of March 2017 , it maintains a 91 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 56 reviews . According to Bosley Crowther : `` Horton Foote 's script and the direction of Mr. Mulligan may not penetrate that deeply , but they do allow Mr. Peck and little Miss Badham and Master Alford to portray delightful characters . Their charming enactments of a father and his children in that close relationship , which can occur at only one brief period , are worth all the footage of the film . Rosemary Murphy as a neighbor , Brock Peters as the Negro on trial , and Frank Overton as a troubled sheriff are good as locality characters , too . James Anderson and Collin Wilcox as Southern bigots are almost caricatures . But those are minor shortcomings in a rewarding film . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times criticized the film for focusing less on the blacks , denouncing the cliché of the honest , white man standing for a helpless black : `` It expresses the liberal pieties of a more innocent time , the early 1960s , and it goes very easy on the realities of small - town Alabama in the 1930s . One of the most dramatic scenes shows a lynch mob facing Atticus , who is all by himself on the jailhouse steps the night before Tom Robinson 's trial . The mob is armed and prepared to break in and hang Robinson , but Scout bursts onto the scene , recognizes a poor farmer who has been befriended by her father , and shames him ( and all the other men ) into leaving . Her speech is a calculated strategic exercise , masked as the innocent words of a child ; one shot of her eyes shows she realizes exactly what she 's doing . Could a child turn away a lynch mob at that time , in that place ? Is n't it nice to think so . '' Gregory Peck 's performance became synonymous with the role and character of Atticus Finch . Producer Alan J. Pakula remembered hearing from Peck when he was first approached with the role : `` He called back immediately . No maybes . ( ... ) I must say the man and the character he played were not unalike '' . Peck later said in an interview that he was drawn to the role because the book reminded him of growing up in La Jolla , California . `` Hardly a day passes that I do n't think how lucky I was to be cast in that film '' , Peck said in a 1997 interview . `` I recently sat at a dinner next to a woman who saw it when she was 14 years old , and she said it changed her life . I hear things like that all the time '' . Gregory Peck ( edit ) The 1962 softcover edition of the novel opens with the following : The Southern town of Maycomb , Alabama , reminds me of the California town I grew up in . The characters of the novel are like people I knew as a boy . I think perhaps the great appeal of the novel is that it reminds readers everywhere of a person or a town they have known . It is to me a universal story -- moving , passionate and told with great humor and tenderness . Gregory Peck . Harper Lee , in liner notes written for the film 's DVD re-release by Universal , wrote : `` When I learned that Gregory Peck would play Atticus Finch in the film production of To Kill a Mockingbird , I was of course delighted : here was a fine actor who had made great films -- what more could a writer ask for ? ... The years told me his secret . When he played Atticus Finch , he had played himself , and time has told all of us something more : when he played himself , he touched the world '' . Upon Peck 's death in 2003 , Brock Peters , who played Tom Robinson in the film version , quoted Harper Lee at Peck 's eulogy , saying , `` Atticus Finch gave him an opportunity to play himself '' . Peters concluded his eulogy stating , `` To my friend Gregory Peck , to my friend Atticus Finch , vaya con Dios '' . Peters remembered the role of Tom Robinson when he recalled , `` It certainly is one of my proudest achievements in life , one of the happiest participations in film or theater I have experienced '' . Peters remained friends not only with Peck but with Mary Badham throughout his life . Peck himself admitted that many people have reminded him of this film more than any other film he has ever done . Awards and honors ( edit ) In 1995 To Kill a Mockingbird was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It is also Robert Duvall 's big - screen debut , as the misunderstood recluse Boo Radley . Duvall was cast on the recommendation of screenwriter Horton Foote , who met him at Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City where Duvall starred in a 1957 production of Foote 's play , The Midnight Caller . The American Film Institute named Atticus Finch the greatest movie hero of the 20th century . Additionally , the AFI ranked the movie second on their 100 Years ... 100 Cheers list , behind It 's a Wonderful Life . The film was ranked number 34 on AFI 's list of the 100 greatest movies of all time , but moved up to number 25 on the 10th Anniversary list . In June 2008 , the AFI revealed its `` Ten top Ten '' -- the best ten films in ten `` classic '' American film genres -- after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community . To Kill a Mockingbird was acknowledged as the best film in the courtroom drama genre . In 2007 Hamilton was honored by the Harlem community for her part in the movie . She was the last surviving African - American adult who had a speaking part in the movie . When told of the award , she said , `` I think it is terrific . I 'm very pleased and very surprised '' . American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 34 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Atticus Finch -- # 1 Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Miss Jean Louise , stand up . Your father 's passing . '' -- Nominated `` You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view , until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it . -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- # 17 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 2 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies : 10th Anniversary Edition -- # 25 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- # 1 Courtroom Drama Academy Awards ( edit ) The film won three Academy Awards out of the eight for which it was nominated . Academy Award for Best Actor -- Gregory Peck ( The award was presented to Peck by Sophia Loren ) Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay -- Horton Foote Academy Award for Best Art Direction -- Set Decoration , Black - and - White -- ( Henry Bumstead , Alexander Golitzen , and Oliver Emert ) Other nominations were for Best Picture ( Producer , Alan J. Pakula ) Best Director ( Robert Mulligan ) Best Cinematography , Black - and - White ( Russell Harlan ) , Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Mary Badham ) Best Music , Score -- Substantially Original ( Elmer Bernstein ) Its main competition was Lawrence of Arabia , which won the Oscar for Best Picture , Best Director and Best Original Score . Peter O'Toole had been nominated for Best Actor for his performance as T.E. Lawrence , but Peck won for Mockingbird . The Longest Day claimed the award for Best Cinematography , while Patty Duke was awarded Best Supporting Actress for her work in The Miracle Worker . Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama -- Gregory Peck Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score -- Motion Picture -- Elmer Bernstein Golden Globe Award for Best Film Promoting International Understanding -- To Kill a Mockingbird Cannes film Festival ( edit ) The film was selected for the 1963 Cannes Film Festival in feature film category , winning the Gary Cooper Award . Restoration ( edit ) The film was restored and released on Blu - ray and DVD in 2012 as part of the 100th anniversary of Universal Pictures . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1962 La Joven ( The Young One ) , the 1960 film Trial film White savior narrative in film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD ( A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 20 , 1962 . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` To Kill A Mockingbird -- Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harper Lee . `` To Kill a Mockingbird : Chapters 2 -- 3 '' . SparkNotes . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Billboard Apr 13 , 1963 Jump up ^ Erikson , Matthew . `` Elmer Bernstein : ' One of the Greatest Film Composers Ever ' '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` To Kill A Mockingbird '' . www.rottentomatoes.com. 1962 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( February 15 , 1963 ) . `` One Adult Omission in a Fine Film : 2 Superb Discoveries Add to Delight '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Peter . `` Time Ca n't Kill ' Mockingbird ' ; ( Review ) . '' New York Times : February 27 , 1998 . pg . E. 1 Jump up ^ King , Susan . `` How the Finch Stole Christmas ; Q & A WITH GREGORY PECK . '' Los Angeles Times : December 22 , 1997 . pg. 1 Jump up ^ Bobbin , Jay . `` Gregory Peck is Atticus Finch in Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird . '' Birmingham News ( Alabama ) : December 21 , 1997 Pg . 1F . Jump up ^ Universal Pictures Legacy Series DVD 2005 Jump up ^ Hoffman , Allison , Rubin , H. `` Peck Memorial Honors Beloved Actor and Man ; The longtime star is remembered for his integrity and constancy '' . Los Angeles Times : June 17 , 2003 . pg . B. 1 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Myrna . `` Obituaries ; Brock Peters , 78 ; Stage , Screen , TV Actor Noted for Role in ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' ; '' Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , Calif. : August 24 , 2005 . pg . B. 8 . Jump up ^ Gregory Peck Interview with Jimmy Carter at YouTube Jump up ^ To Kill a Mockingbird -- Awards -- IMDb Jump up ^ Robert Duvall ( actor ) , Gary Hertz ( director ) ( 2002 - 04 - 16 ) . Miracles & Mercies ( Documentary ) . West Hollywood , California : Blue Underground . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/handv100.pdf?docID=246 Jump up ^ http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/cheers100.pdf?docID=202 Jump up ^ http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/100Movies.pdf?docID=301 Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 '' . American Film Institute . 2008 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Harlem community honors ' Mockingbird ' actress '' from the USA Today . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NY Times : To Kill a Mockingbird '' . NY Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : To Kill a Mockingbird '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 Cannes Film Festival '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Appelo , Tim ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) . `` Universal Celebrates 100th Birthday With New Logo and 13 Film Restorations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) '' dated 2017 - 04 - 13 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) To Kill a Mockingbird on IMDb To Kill a Mockingbird at the TCM Movie Database To Kill a Mockingbird at Box Office Mojo To Kill a Mockingbird at Rotten Tomatoes To Kill a Mockingbird at the American Film Institute Catalog To Kill a Mockingbird study notes Atticus Finch 's closing argument in text and audio from AmericanRhetoric.com To Kill A Mockingbird location and production notes Films directed by Robert Mulligan Fear Strikes Out ( 1957 ) The Rat Race ( 1960 ) The Great Impostor ( 1961 ) Come September ( 1961 ) The Spiral Road ( 1962 ) To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) Love with the Proper Stranger ( 1963 ) Baby the Rain Must Fall ( 1965 ) Inside Daisy Clover ( 1965 ) Up the Down Staircase ( 1967 ) The Stalking Moon ( 1968 ) The Pursuit of Happiness ( 1971 ) Summer of ' 42 ( 1971 ) The Other ( 1972 ) The Nickel Ride ( 1974 ) Bloodbrothers ( 1978 ) Same Time , Next Year ( 1978 ) Kiss Me Goodbye ( 1982 ) Clara 's Heart ( 1988 ) The Man in the Moon ( 1991 ) Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) Characters Atticus Finch Film To Kill a Mockingbird Prequel Go Set a Watchman Other characters popular culture Broken `` '' Hey , Boo `` : Harper Lee and To Kill A Mockingbird '' VIAF : 316752024 GND : 7657026 - 5 SUDOC : 159296595 BNF : cb16267813t ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_(film)&oldid=801560515 '' Categories : 1962 films English - language films To Kill a Mockingbird American films 1960s drama films American black - and - white films American drama films American legal films American legal drama films Courtroom films Film scores by Elmer Bernstein Films about miscarriage of justice Films about race and ethnicity Films about racism Films based on American novels Films directed by Robert Mulligan Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films set in Alabama Films set in the 1930s Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Great Depression films Screenplays by Horton Foote Southern Gothic films United States National Film Registry films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2015 Film articles using image size parameter Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Spoken articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 12 : 28 . 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who played the judge in to kill a mockingbird
[ "The local judge (Paul Fix) appoints Atticus to defend a black man, Tom Robinson (Brock Peters), against an accusation of rape of a white girl, Mayella Ewell (Collin Wilcox). Atticus accepts the case. Jem and Scout experience schoolyard taunts for their father's decision. Later, as Atticus is sitting in front of the local jail to safeguard Robinson, a lynch mob arrives, which includes Mr. Cunningham. Scout, Jem and their friend, Dill (John Megna), interrupt the confrontation. Scout, unaware of the mob's purpose, recognizes Cunningham as the man who paid her father in hickory nuts and tells him to say hello to his son, who is her schoolmate. Cunningham becomes embarrassed and the mob disperses." ]
[ "Paul Fix" ]
-3247793995304937465
New Soul
New Soul - wikipedia New Soul For the genre , see Neo soul . `` New Soul '' Single by Yael Naïm from the album Yael Naim Released February 15 , 2008 ( Europe ) February 18 , 2008 ( UK ) March 4 , 2008 ( U.S. ) Format Digital download Recorded 2007 Genre Indie folk Length 3 : 34 ( Album Version ) 3 : 44 ( Single Version ) Label Tôt ou tard Songwriter ( s ) Yael Naïm Producer ( s ) Yael Naïm , David Donatien Yael Naïm singles chronology `` Toxic '' ( 2007 ) `` New Soul '' ( 2008 ) `` Too Long '' ( 2008 ) `` Toxic '' ( 2007 ) `` New Soul '' ( 2008 ) `` Too Long '' ( 2008 ) `` New Soul '' is a song by the French - Israeli R&B / soul singer Yael Naïm , from her self - titled second album . The song gained popularity in the United States following its use by Apple in an advertisement for their MacBook Air laptop . In the song Naïm sings of being a new soul who has come into the world to learn `` a bit ' bout how to give and take . '' However , she finds that things are harder than they seem . The song , also featured in the films The House Bunny and Wild Target , features a prominent `` la la la la '' section as its hook . It remains Naïm 's biggest hit single in the U.S. to date , and her only one to reach the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 . `` New Soul '' was mixed and mastered by S. Husky Höskulds at Groundlift Studios , Reykjavik and Los Angeles . Contents 1 Music video 2 Chart performance 3 Charts 3.1 Year - end charts 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Music video ( edit ) The video shows Naïm moving into an empty apartment . She covers the walls in wallpaper depicting a lake surrounded by forest . She then begins unpacking several other things , including furniture , a piano , a goldfish in a bowl and a number of photographs of people , which she hangs on the wall . As she hangs the photographs , the people in the pictures are shown in real life , in the setting depicted in the pictures . Naïm then begins painting on the photographs , and whatever she paints appears with the people in real life . She removes one of the pictures to discover a hole in the wall , revealing the actual forest setting shown in the wallpaper . She pushes on the wall , and it falls away into the lake . The remaining walls fall onto the water leaving the floor of the apartment like a raft floating on the lake , together with her furniture . The people from her pictures reach her by boat . They climb onto the makeshift raft with her , as they all celebrate , dancing and playing instruments , whilst she empties the goldfish bowl into the lake . In 2008 , the video received strong airplay on MTV . Chart performance ( edit ) In the issue dated February 16 , 2008 , `` New Soul '' debuted on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 at number 9 , giving Naïm her first single ever to enter any U.S. chart . It reached number 7 on the Hot 100 before falling to number 42 the following week . It later rebounded due to being featured on the Apple MacBook Air commercials , but nonetheless the song spent a total of 19 weeks on the chart . It debuted at number 44 on the Canadian Hot 100 , and jumped to number 7 on the chart the following week . In her birth country of France , the single hit number 1 on the French Singles Chart . In February 2008 , it debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 42 and reached a peak of number 30 one month later . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 29 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 7 France ( SNEP ) Hungarian Airplay Chart 7 Italy ( FIMI ) 6 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 11 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 21 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 30 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 16 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Rank German Singles Chart 33 See also ( edit ) Ultratop 40 number - one hits of 2008 List of number - one hits of 2008 ( France ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yael Naim - Keep listening Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Yael Naim -- New Soul '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Yael Naim -- New Soul '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Yael Naim -- New Soul '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Yael Naim -- New Soul '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yael Naim -- Chart history '' European Hot 100 for Yael Naim . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yael Naim Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Yael Naim -- New Soul '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hungarian Airplay Chart Archived 2008 - 07 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... mahasz.hu . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Yael Naim -- New Soul '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot 100 - Charts - Billboard JAPAN '' . billboard-japan.com . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Yael Naim -- New Soul '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Yael Naim -- New Soul '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yael Naim : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yael Naim Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yael Naim Chart History ( Adult Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yael Naim Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.mtv.de/charts/Jahrescharts2008 External links ( edit ) Official video Yael Naim on MySpace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Soul&oldid=848396956 '' Categories : 2008 singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Wallonia ) number - one singles Yael Naim songs 2008 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 17 : 19 ( UTC ) . 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what movie is the song new soul in
[ "\"New Soul\" is a song by the French-Israeli R&B/soul singer Yael Naïm, from her self-titled second album. The song gained popularity in the United States following its use by Apple in an advertisement for their MacBook Air laptop. In the song Naïm sings of being a new soul who has come into the world to learn \"a bit 'bout how to give and take.\" However, she finds that things are harder than they seem. The song, also featured in the films The House Bunny and Wild Target, features a prominent \"la la la la\" section as its hook. It remains Naïm's biggest hit single in the U.S. to date, and her only one to reach the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100.\n", "\"New Soul\" is a song by the French-Israeli R&B/soul singer Yael Naïm, from her self-titled second album. The song gained popularity in the United States following its use by Apple in an advertisement for their MacBook Air laptop. In the song Naïm sings of being a new soul who has come into the world to learn \"a bit 'bout how to give and take.\" However, she finds that things are harder than they seem. The song, also featured in the films The House Bunny and Wild Target, features a prominent \"la la la la\" section as its hook. It remains Naïm's biggest hit single in the U.S. to date, and her only one to reach the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100.\n" ]
[ "The House Bunny", "Wild Target" ]
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Eleven (Stranger Things)
Eleven ( Stranger Things ) - wikipedia Eleven ( Stranger Things ) Jump to : navigation , search This television - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Eleven Stranger Things character First appearance `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Created by The Duffer Brothers Portrayed by Millie Bobby Brown Information Full name Jane Hopper Nickname ( s ) El , The Weirdo Aliases Eleven Jane Ives ( birth name ) Gender Female Family Jim Hopper ( adoptive father ) Terry Ives ( mother ) Becky Ives ( maternal aunt ) Martin Brenner ( former guardian ) Jane Hopper , also known as Eleven , is a fictional character from the Netflix series Stranger Things . Portrayed by Millie Bobby Brown , she is a girl with psychokinetic and telepathic abilities and a limited vocabulary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fictional character biography 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 2 Reception 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Fictional character biography ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Eleven is the daughter of Teresa `` Terry '' Ives , a participant in the Project MKUltra experiments conducted by the United States Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . Eleven was taken from her mother at birth by Dr. Martin Brenner and was raised in the Hawkins National Laboratory in Hawkins , Indiana , as a test subject to develop her psychokinetic skills . When placed in a sensory deprivation tank she can engage in astral projection and access other dimensions , primarily for the purposes of international espionage . Eleven encounters a creature living in the Upside Down dimension , and on the evening of November 6 , 1983 , she finally makes contact with it . In efforts to make contact , Eleven opens a gate between the Hawkins Laboratory and the Upside Down dimension and the creature gains the ability to travel between the human world and the Upside Down . She then escapes from Hawkins Laboratory and attempts to steal food from a local restaurant but the owner calls social services . The responding social worker , actually a Hawkins Laboratory CIA agent , kills the owner , causing Eleven to flee . She is then found by Mike Wheeler , Lucas Sinclair and Dustin Henderson , who are looking for their missing friend , Will Byers . Mike allows Eleven to live in his basement . Eleven , fearing capture , asks Mike not to tell any adults about her . Eleven helps to locate Will using her supernatural abilities , and determines that he is trapped in the Upside Down . However , the use of her abilities temporarily weakens her and gives her nosebleeds . The group sets out to find Will using their compasses , but Eleven interferes with their search when she realizes that they are being led towards the laboratory . Lucas , noticing her deception , becomes angry at her ( having mistrusted her from the beginning ) . She flees , steals boxes of frozen waffles from a store , and consumes them in a forest . When Mike and Dustin are threatened by bullies , Eleven returns and saves them . Mike , Dustin , and Eleven reunite with Lucas and make amends , and they travel to their middle school with Dr. Brenner and his associates in close pursuit . During the chase , Eleven uses her powers to cause a laboratory van to flip through the air . The group , aided by Joyce Byers , Chief Jim Hopper , Nancy Wheeler , and Jonathan Byers , produce a makeshift isolation tank with a pool and bags of salt . Eleven accesses the Upside Down and confirms that Will is alive . As laboratory personnel close in on the school , Mike tells Eleven that she can be a part of his family and asks her to the school dance . He then kisses her after struggling to explain his feelings towards her . Eleven helps the group escape by using her powers to kill most of the agents , although doing so leaves her drained . The monster from the Upside Down makes its way into their dimension , and Eleven seemingly sacrifices herself to destroy the creature and save her friends . One month later , after a Christmas party , Hopper leaves the police station and drives to the woods . There , he leaves waffles in a concealed box . The whereabouts or condition of Eleven are left ambiguous . Season 2 ( edit ) It is revealed that Eleven woke up in the Upside Down shortly after having destroyed the creature , and returned to the human world ; however , with the government forces still searching for her , she was forced to flee into the forest , where she struggled to survive . She found the eggos Hopper left for her , and followed them to him . After this , the two move into a cabin in the woods where he forbids her to leave , fearing for her safety . Hopper hides Eleven for almost a year , telling no one of her whereabouts . During this time , Eleven has managed to gain better control over her powers ; she is less weakened by the use of her telekinesis , and she is now able to project her mind into other dimensions without the use of a sensory deprivation tank . She uses the latter ability to listen to Mike 's attempts to contact her , though she is increasingly frustrated at her inability to reply . Eleven also significantly expands her vocabulary during this time , learning from Hopper and television . Eleven becomes restless and longs to reunite with Mike , and this causes tension between her and Hopper . She runs away from home one day and travels to Hawkins Middle School . When she finds Mike , he is with Max , a new student . Eleven mistakenly thinks that Max is Mike 's new girlfriend and , out of spite , uses her powers to knock her off of her skateboard before leaving . Upon returning to the cabin , she gets into a heated argument with Hopper over her leaving the cabin , ending with her using her powers to damage the cabin out of anger . The next day , cleaning the mess she made of the cabin , she discovers by looking through records in the cabin 's basement that her birth mother is alive , a contradiction to what Hopper had told her . She then goes to meet her birth mother , Terry , and her aunt , Becky , and discovers what happened to Terry at Hawkins Laboratory . While there , she realizes Terry is trying to talk with her , but due to her catatonic state , is unable to . Eleven , using her powers , views a flashback from her mother . Terry , after her daughter was taken from her , attempted to force her way into Hawkins Lab to save her . As a response , Brenner and his assistants captured her and subjected her to electroshock therapy , resulting in her current condition . Eleven then uses her abilities to find out she has a `` sister '' -- another gifted girl taken by Dr. Brenner for experimentations -- and sets out to find her . Using her abilities once again , Eleven locates her sister and discovers that she is an older girl named Kali ( `` Eight '' ) , with the ability to cause people to have visual hallucinations . Eleven stays with Kali and her friends -- runaways who are determined to take revenge on people who have hurt them . Kali tells Eleven that while using her powers , she needs to think about what makes her most angry . When they go to get revenge on Brenner 's assistant who helped hurt Eleven 's mother , Eleven begins to choke him to death but stops upon realizing that he has two daughters . She then stops Kali from shooting him . While they are about to flee , Eleven realizes she needs to go back to her friends because they need her help . Eleven goes back to Hawkins and is reunited with Mike and her friends after saving them from a Demodog . The group realizes that she needs to close the gate to the Upside Down , and she and Hopper head to Hawkins Laboratory . There , Eleven uses Kali 's advice and focuses her anger into her powers , closing the gate and draining her powers . Afterward , it is discovered that Dr. Owens has forged a birth certificate allowing for Hopper to become her legal adoptive father as a way to help keep Eleven in hiding . Eleven 's new legal name is Jane Hopper . Though she is still not allowed out for her safety , Hopper lets her attend the Snow Ball at Hawkins Middle School . She meets up with Mike , dances with him , and they share a second kiss . Reception ( edit ) Millie Bobby Brown has received critical acclaim for her performance as Eleven The character and Brown 's performance has received highly positive reviews . Alice Vincent of The Telegraph wrote that `` Millie Bobby Brown continues to be the star of the show : she has inspired fan art and tattoos , a worldwide acknowlegment of Eggos , the waffles her character devours and given a whole new life to the phrase ' mouth breather ' '' . Ashley Hoffman of TIME magazine recommended Eleven as a mascot for National Waffle Day . However , Lenika Cruz of The Atlantic stated that `` despite a rich backstory , Eleven is the show 's most thinly sketched protagonist '' . At the 69th ceremony of the Primetime Emmy Awards in 2016 , Brown received a nomination for the category Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . She won the MTV Movie & TV Award for Best Actor in a Show and Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series , and was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series . See also ( edit ) Psychokinesis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things ' Millie Bobby Brown on Playing Eleven , Her Love - Hate Relationship With Scary Movies , and Acting Without Speaking '' . Vulture . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Finale : Duffer Brothers Talk Cliffhangers , Death and Season 2 '' . Variety . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Emily ( 29 July 2016 ) . `` On Stranger Things ' season finale , promises are made to be broken '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( 24 September 2016 ) . `` Eleven out of 10 : how Stranger Things star Millie Bobby Brown charmed the world '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Ashley ( 24 August 2016 ) . `` Why Eleven From Stranger Things Is the Perfect National Waffle Day Mascot '' . TIME . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Lenika ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` Where Stranger Things Loses Its Magic '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . External links ( edit ) Eleven on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleven_(Stranger_Things)&oldid=821810776 '' Categories : Child characters in television Female characters in television Fictional characters from Indiana Fictional characters introduced in 2016 Fictional telekinetics Fictional telepaths Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from January 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Português Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 19 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who's the girl that plays 11 on stranger things
[ "Jane Hopper, also known as Eleven, is a fictional character from the Netflix series Stranger Things. Portrayed by Millie Bobby Brown, she is a girl with psychokinetic and telepathic abilities and a limited vocabulary.[1]" ]
[ "Millie Bobby Brown" ]
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Oil reserves in Canada
Oil reserves in Canada - wikipedia Oil reserves in Canada This article is part of a series on Petroleum in Canada Early history Story of natural gas Oil sands and heavy oil The frontiers Gas liquids Resources and producers Oil reserves Petroleum companies Categories Oil fields Oil refineries Oil companies Economy of Canada Energy policy of Canada Canada proved oil reserves : conventional crude oil in red ( data from OPEC ) and total proved reserves including from oil sands in black ( data from US Energy Information Administration ) Conventional crude oil reserves in Canada ( excludes condensate , natural gas liquids , and petroleum from oil sands ) . Oil reserves in Canada were estimated at 172 billion barrels ( 27 × 10 ^ m ) as of the start of 2015 . This figure includes the oil sands reserves that are estimated by government regulators to be economically producible at current prices using current technology . According to this figure , Canada 's reserves are third only to Venezuela and Saudi Arabia . Over 95 % of these reserves are in the oil sands deposits in the province of Alberta . Alberta contains nearly all of Canada 's oil sands and much of its conventional oil reserves . The balance is concentrated in several other provinces and territories . Saskatchewan and offshore areas of Newfoundland in particular have substantial oil production and reserves . Alberta has 39 % of Canada 's remaining conventional oil reserves , offshore Newfoundland 28 % and Saskatchewan 27 % , but if oil sands are included , Alberta 's share is over 98 % . Contents 1 Status 2 See also 3 External links 4 References Status ( edit ) Canadian conventional oil production peaked in 1973 , but oil sands production is forecast to increase to at least 2020 Canada has a highly sophisticated energy industry and is both an importer and exporter of oil and refined products . In 2006 , in addition to producing 1.2 billion barrels ( 190 × 10 ^ m ) , Canada imported 440 million barrels ( 70 × 10 ^ m ) , consumed 800 million barrels ( 130 × 10 ^ m ) itself , and exported 840 million barrels ( 134 × 10 ^ m ) to the U.S. The excess of exports over imports was 400 million barrels ( 64 × 10 ^ m ) . Over 99 % of Canadian oil exports are sent to the United States , and Canada is the United States ' largest supplier of oil . The decision of accounting 174 billion barrels ( 28 × 10 ^ m ) of the Alberta oil sands deposits as proven reserves was made by the Energy Resources Conservation Board ( ERCB ) , now known as the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board ( AEUB ) . Although now widely accepted , this addition was controversial at the time because oil sands contain an extremely heavy form of crude oil known as bitumen which will not flow toward a well under reservoir conditions . Instead , it must be mined , heated , or diluted with solvents to allow it to be produced , and must be upgraded to lighter oil to be usable by refineries . Historically known as bituminous sands or sometimes as `` tar sands '' , the deposits were exposed as major rivers cut through the oil - bearing formations to reveal the bitumen in the river banks . In recent years technological breakthroughs have overcome the economical and technical difficulties of producing the oil sands , and by 2007 64 % of Alberta 's petroleum production of 1.86 million barrels per day ( 296,000 m / d ) was from oil sands rather than conventional oil fields . The ERCB estimates that by 2017 oil sands production will make up 88 % of Alberta 's predicted oil production of 3.4 million barrels per day ( 540,000 m / d ) . The fivefold increase in oil prices from 1998 to 2007 made Canadian oil sands production profitable . Analysts estimate that a price of $30 to $40 per barrel is required to make new oil sands production profitable . In recent years prices have greatly exceeded those levels and the Alberta government expects $116 billion worth of new oil sands projects to be undertaken between 2008 and 2017 . However the biggest constraint on oil sands development is a serious labor and housing shortage in Alberta as a whole and the oil sands centre of Fort McMurray in particular . According to Statistics Canada , by September , 2006 unemployment rates in Alberta had fallen to record low levels and per - capita incomes had risen to double the Canadian average . Another hurdle has been Canada 's capacity to rapidly increase its export pipelines . The National Energy Board indicated that exporters faced pipeline apportionment in 2007 . However , surging crude oil prices sparked a jump in applications for oil pipelines in 2007 , and new pipelines were planned to carry Canadian oil as far south as U.S. refineries on the Gulf of Mexico . Up until 2010 Canada was the only major oil producer in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) to have an increase in oil production in recent years . Production in the other major OECD producers ( the United States , United Kingdom , Norway and Mexico ) at that time have been declining , as was conventional oil production in Canada . Total crude oil production in Canada was projected to increase by an average of 8.6 percent per year from 2008 to 2011 as a result of new non-conventional oil projects . See also ( edit ) Athabasca Oil Sands History of the petroleum industry in Canada ( oil sands and heavy oil ) External links ( edit ) Map of Canadian Oil and gas infrastructure References ( edit ) Jump up ^ EIA ( 2015 ) . `` International Energy Statistics '' . Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : EIA ( 2007 ) . `` Country Analysis Brief : Canada '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ USask ( 2006 ) . `` Canadian frontier petroleum '' ( DOC ) . University of Saskatchewan . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ NEB ( May 2008 ) . `` Canadian Energy Overview 2007 '' . National Energy Board of Canada . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ EIA ( 2007 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Crude Oil and Total Petroleum Imports Top 15 Countries October 2007 Import Highlights : Released on December 28 , 2007 '' . Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : ERCB ( 2008 ) . `` ST98 : Alberta 's Energy Reserves 2007 and Supply / Demand Outlook 2008 - 2017 '' . Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Cross , Philip ; Geoff Bowlby ( September 2006 ) . `` The Alberta economic juggernaut '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Economic Observer . Statistics Canada . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ NEB ( July 2007 ) . `` Capacity constraints coming '' . 2007 Canadian Hydrocarbon Transportation System Assessment . National Energy Board of Canada . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ NEB ( 6 May 2008 ) . `` Surging crude oil prices sparked a jump in applications for oil pipelines in 2007 '' . National Energy Board of Canada . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Clavet , Frederic ( February 2007 ) . `` Canada 's Oil Extraction Industry : Industrial Outlook , Winter 2007 '' . The Conference Board of Canada . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 01 . Oil reserves by country Listing List of countries by proven oil reserves Countries Canada Cuba Ghana Iran Iraq Kuwait Libya Mexico Nigeria Russia Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates United States Venezuela Canada History Year list ( Timeline ) Pre-colonization New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) British Canada ( 1763 -- 1867 ) Post-Confederation ( 1867 -- 1914 ) World Wars and Interwar Years ( 1914 -- 1945 ) Modern times : 1945 -- 1960 1960 -- 1981 1982 -- 1992 since 1992 Topics Constitutional Crown & Aboriginals Economic Etymology Former colonies & territories Immigration Military Monarchical National Historic Sites Persons of significance Territorial evolution Women Provinces and territories Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Government Law Constitution Monarch Governor General Parliament ( Senate House of Commons ) Prime Minister list Courts Supreme Court Military Local government Foreign relations Law enforcement Politics Elections LGBT rights Multiculturalism Geography Regions ( west to east ) Pacific Northwest Western Canada Great Plains Canadian Prairies Northern Canada Canadian Shield Great Lakes Central Canada The Maritimes Eastern Canada Atlantic Canada Topics Animals Cities Earthquakes Islands Mountains National Parks Plants Great Lakes Regions Rivers Volcanoes Economy Agriculture Banking Bank of Canada Dollar Communications Companies Energy Fishing Oil Stock exchange Taxation Tourism Transportation Science and technology Social programs Poverty Society Education Healthcare Crime Values Demographics Topics Canadians Immigration Languages Religion 2001 Census 2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Population Top 100s Metropolitan areas and agglomerations Population centres Municipalities Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Festivals Folklore People Holidays Identity Literature Music Nationalisms Online media Protectionism Sports Theatre Symbols Coat of arms Flags Provincial and territorial Royal Heraldic Article overviews Index Outline Topics Research Bibliography Historiography Book Portal Economy of Canada General topics Advance Commercial Information Bay Street Branch plant economy CHRP ( Designation ) Canada Development Corporation Canadian Agreement on Internal Trade Canadian public debt Canadian transfer payments Credit Institute of Canada Crow Rate Economic impact of immigration to Canada Comparison of Canadian and American economies Equalization payments in Canada Federal Contractors ' Program Federal financing for small businesses in Canada International rankings of Canada LLQP Land ownership in Canada Great Recession in the Americas Montreal Exchange NAFTA superhighway NASDAQ Canada National Child Benefit National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy Oil reserves in Canada Canadian Payroll Association List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product Canada Savings Bond Canadian Securities Course Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America Student Connections Student Connections Red River College 3rd Summit of the Americas System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval Industry Athabasca oil sands Automotive industry in Canada Nuclear industry in Canada Tax Canadian import duties List of tariffs in Canada Taxation in Canada Labour Canadian labour law Minimum wage in Canada Social Union Framework Agreement Social welfare in Canada Indices Canadian Index of Consumer Confidence International rankings of Canada Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oil_reserves_in_Canada&oldid=830908579 '' Categories : Petroleum industry in Canada Economic history of Canada Oil companies of Canada History of Alberta Energy in Canada Oil fields of Alberta Bituminous sands of Canada Oil reserves by country Geology of Canada Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 16 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where in canada are most of our oil/gas reserves
[ "Oil reserves in Canada were estimated at 172 billion barrels (27×10^9 m3) as of the start of 2015. This figure includes the oil sands reserves that are estimated by government regulators to be economically producible at current prices using current technology.[1] According to this figure, Canada's reserves are third only to Venezuela and Saudi Arabia. Over 95% of these reserves are in the oil sands deposits in the province of Alberta.[2] Alberta contains nearly all of Canada's oil sands and much of its conventional oil reserves. The balance is concentrated in several other provinces and territories. Saskatchewan and offshore areas of Newfoundland in particular have substantial oil production and reserves.[3] Alberta has 39% of Canada's remaining conventional oil reserves, offshore Newfoundland 28% and Saskatchewan 27%, but if oil sands are included, Alberta's share is over 98%.[4]\n" ]
[ "oil sands deposits in the province of Alberta" ]
-366291320137071148
Super Bowl LII halftime show
Super Bowl LII halftime show - Wikipedia Super Bowl LII halftime show Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl LII halftime show Date February 4 , 2018 Location Minneapolis , Minnesota , U.S. Venue U.S. Bank Stadium Headliner Justin Timberlake Special guests The Tennessee Kids , University of Minnesota Marching Band Sponsor Pepsi Director Hamish Hamilton Producer Ricky Kirshner Super Bowl halftime show chronology LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) The Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ( officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ) took place on February 4 , 2018 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , as part of Super Bowl LII . Justin Timberlake was the featured performer , as confirmed by the National Football League ( NFL ) on October 22 , 2017 . It was televised nationally by NBC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Background 3 Development 4 Critical response 5 Commercial reception 6 Setlist 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Timberlake with dancers during the halftime performance Timberlake during halftime show Timberlake performing `` Suit & Tie '' with the University of Minnesota Marching Band The show began with Jimmy Fallon introducing Justin Timberlake , followed by a video screen depicting Timberlake performing `` Filthy '' in a club setting below the field level of the stadium . He then walked up a staircase and appeared on a ramp stage extending outward into the field , descending into a series of stages surrounded by a crowd . Timberlake proceeded to move through the crowd performing `` Rock Your Body '' with a troupe of female backup dancers , abruptly stopping short of the end of the song and shifting to `` Señorita '' on a small stage with his backing dancers . Upon reaching the main stage , he performed a number of songs , including `` SexyBack '' , `` My Love '' , and `` Cry Me a River '' , which featured a dance break mid-field . Upon reaching the next stage , Timberlake performed his hit song `` Suit & Tie '' as the University of Minnesota Marching Band , wearing black tuxedos , played backup instrumentals and marched out to meet him . The Stadium and the city of Minneapolis were shown to be lit purple during Timberlake 's tribute to Prince Dancers fill the field during Timberlake 's performance of `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' Timberlake proceeded to walk up to a white grand piano while performing `` Until the End of Time '' , then segued into `` I Would Die 4 U '' as a tribute to Minneapolis - native Prince . A video of Prince performing the song played in the background , projected onto on a large multi-story sheet . An aerial shot showed downtown Minneapolis covered in purple lighting that morphed into Prince 's trademark Love Symbol , with the stadium at the center . He then returned to the main stage to perform `` Mirrors '' , as hundreds of dancers and members of the marching band performed choreography with large mirrors , creating bright reflections in the broadcast and across the roof of the stadium . Timberlake closed the show with `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' , entering the stands at the conclusion of the song . For the first time since the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show in Indianapolis in 2012 , no pyrotechnics were used throughout the performance . The show relied mostly on lasers and video screens for visual effects . Background ( edit ) Field being set up for Timberlake 's performance In July 2017 , multiple media outlets reported that Britney Spears was in talks to perform at Halftime , but Pepsi quickly denied it a few days later . During August and September 2017 , several publications informed that Timberlake was the frontrunner to performer at the Super Bowl LII halftime , first along with his frequent - collaborator Jay - Z as co-headliner , and then as the solo performer . A spokesperson from the NFL stated at the time , `` along with Pepsi , we know that we will put on a spectacular show . When it is time to announce her name we will do it . Or his name . Or their names . '' The NFL confirmed the announcement on October 22 with a video starring Timberlake and Jimmy Fallon . This was Timberlake 's third appearance in a Super Bowl halftime show . As a member of NSYNC , Timberlake appeared in the Super Bowl XXXV ( 2001 ) halftime show , and as a guest artist in the Super Bowl XXXVIII ( 2004 ) , which performance featured a controversial incident where Timberlake accidentally exposed one of Janet Jackson 's breasts on national television , described as a wardrobe malfunction . The Parents Television Council penned an open letter to Timberlake asking to keep the performance `` family - friendly . '' While the organization acknowledged that Timberlake apologized for the 2004 incident , they asked him to stay true to his word , saying `` we are heartened by your response that the events of 2004 are not going to happen in 2018 , '' as the singer stated in a prior interview that `` we are not going to do that again . '' In an interview with Billboard , Pepsi executives expressed : We are all big fans of Justin Timberlake . We 've kind of felt that Justin deserves , and has for a number of years , to be the main artist for the halftime show because previously he was n't the main artist . It was just about the timing . To be honest , we have discussed Justin for the last number of years for coming and doing halftime , and this year just felt really right to us . He is hands down one of the greatest entertainers currently alive , it was a no - brainer . We know he 's gon na bring it . The Halftime Show included a remembrance for Indianapolis Colts linebacker Edwin Jackson , who died just hours before Super Bowl LII after being struck by a vehicle . Development ( edit ) The U.S. Bank Stadium , where Super Bowl and the halftime show was held . During the performance , Timberlake wore an outfit designed by Stella McCartney , which consists of `` alter nappa fringed jacket with a shirt , featuring a landscape artwork by British artist Martin Ridley , '' according to a press release . Also part of the look is a Prince of Wales - check and camouflage splatter - print suit and matching jacket . As usual for McCartney , these pieces were made from animal - free leather and organic cotton . Timberlake stated in a press conference that there would be no guest musicians in the halftime show and that the event would focus solely on himself and his backing band , the Tennessee Kids . Regarding the Prince tribute , the performance 's creative visual lead , Fireplay 's Nick Whitehouse , told Rolling Stone : Paying tribute to Prince was something JT highlighted as an important moment for this show , and we spent quite a bit of time ensuring this moment would be true to his legacy . Ultimately , Justin decided that the only person who could do Prince justice is Prince . The band held 50 - hours worth of rehearsals in preparation for the show . Prince had previously stated he did not want to be included in new music after death in a 1998 interview , citing The Beatles ' `` Free as a Bird '' as an example of a practice he considered to be `` demonic . '' His family granted permission to use Prince 's likeness on the condition that it not be used in a hologram , and they approved of the final result . Sheila E , a former bandmate of Prince 's who was involved in negotiations over the use of his likeness , stated that `` a bigger company '' ( she declined to specify whether it was Pepsi or the NFL ) had insisted on including the Prince apparition and that the notion was not originally Timberlake 's idea . Despite the lack of an individual guest artist , the more than 300 - member University of Minnesota Marching Band was featured in the show . The band 's drumline , brass , and saxophone sections pre-recorded and performed with Timberlake during his performance of `` Suit & Tie . '' The upper woodwind and auxiliary sections led drill formations and held large mirrors during Timberlake 's performance of his song `` Mirrors '' , and acted as fans and dancers throughout other portions of the show , including the club scene at the show 's opening . All members of the band were featured on the field in the show 's finale , `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' . The band had previously performed in the halftime show of Super Bowl XXVI . Critical response ( edit ) Timberlake 's performance received mixed reviews . In a positive review , Bruce R. Miller of Sioux City Journal wrote `` Timberlake is a masterful live performer -- which made Sunday 's Super Bowl performance about the only sure bet , '' he continued commenting the performer `` did a lot of infectious dancing and managed to play with the crowd like no other . '' Although it did not have a moment that `` stuck , '' he considered the Prince tribute the best moment of the show . In a similarly positive review , Taylor Weatherby of Billboard said `` there is no denying that Timberlake absolutely rocked his first headlining ( halftime ) '' , further adding `` Timberlake 's halftime show was undeniably mesmerizing . From starting in the concourse to making his way into the crowd ( and making # SelfieKid an instant superstar ) for the ending . '' She also considered it `` is made for a TV experience '' rather than for the public in the stadium , mainly for the sound quality difficulties , but also criticized him for including Rock Your Body in the set list . From the same magazine , Nina Braca wrote `` his moves were on point , '' and Andrew Ubterberger said two things were `` relatively certain '' about the performance . `` most of America would love it , and most of the Internet would hate it , '' and added Timberlake was `` in a situation that was both a ca n't - lose and a ca n't - win . It would 've been virtually impossible for him to please the critics he 'd alienated over the last couple years . '' Also from Billboard , Andrew Unterberge wrote , `` Timberlake 's audio was somewhat lacking throughout ... but the choreography , live - band energy and song selection were all pretty impeccable '' . Chris Willman of Variety stated that , `` Timberlake turned in a more enjoyably physical performance than just about anybody else who 's done the Bowl show ... and if it was more a feat of athleticism than aestheticism , you ca n't say that 's entirely inappropriate for the occasion . '' Willman also wrote that the show , `` was n't one for the ages , but was impressive as a show of athleticism '' Jon Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that Timberlake 's performance was , `` heavy on dance spectacle , light on vocal authority '' . Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called the show , `` energetic , but also entirely lacking in live excitement . '' Feinberg criticized the show for largely lacking spontaneity and live vocals . Feinberg wrote that Timberlake delivered , `` one of the most over-planned , least surprising performances imaginable . '' Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly graded Timberlake 's performance a `` C '' , calling it , `` dutiful , and empty '' . Franich faulted Timberlake for playing too safe with his performance . Similarly , Fran Guan of Vulture.com wrote , `` Technically speaking , Timberlake 's set was a testament to precision '' . Guan , however , criticized Timberlake 's performance from lacking in personality , and regarded his performance as unmemorable . The Guardian gave Timberlake 3 out of 5 stars , calling his performance forgettable but flashy . In an interview with NPR , Ann Powers said that `` the entire performance was shrouded in the sense of Timberlake not being right for this moment -- and the Janet Jackson controversy haunted it . '' Daniel D'Addarrio of Time.com gave the performance a negative review , criticizing Timberlake for singing Cry Me A River in addition to Rock Your Body , calling the song 's lyrics about an evil promiscuous woman out of step with the national mood , and said that the only message from Timberlake 's performance was that he loves his back catalog Deadline felt `` but you could see the motions more than you felt the music . '' Chris Richards of The Washington Post regarded Timberlake 's performance as , `` unambiguously underwhelming '' . USA Today and Vulture compared Timberlake 's performance unfavorably to Prince 's own 2007 halftime show . Amanda Petrusich of The New Yorker wrote that Timberlake 's decision to omit the end of `` Rock Your Body '' ( which was performed during the controversial 2004 halftime ) felt , `` less like an apology than yet more spineless deflection '' . However , Andrew Unterberge of Billboard considered Timberlake 's decision to cut the song short to be wise . Timberlake 's Stella McCartney - designed outfit received negative reviews , with some critics regarding it as `` tacky '' . The LA Times also gave a very critical review , one which also stated that Timberlake had nothing to say in his performance , and said that it lacked soul and meaning . The Digital Journal gave him 2 / 5 stars and called it lackluster . Commercial reception ( edit ) The Super Bowl LII halftime show was seen by 106.6 million television viewers in the United States , 9 % less than Lady Gaga 's in 2017 . It had higher average viewership than the game itself , and the decline for the halftime show was roughly in line with that of the game as a whole , which had lost 7 % compared to the previous year . According to initial sales reports from Nielsen Music , sales of the songs Timberlake performed during the halftime show gained 534 % in the United States on February 4 , the day of the Super Bowl , compared to Feb. 3 , while his streams on Spotify gained 214 % . Janet Jackson likewise gained 150 % on Spotify . Setlist ( edit ) Timberlake performing alongside a video projection of Prince `` Filthy '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Señorita '' `` SexyBack '' ( with elements of `` Supplies '' ) `` My Love '' `` Cry Me a River '' ( with elements of `` Kashmir '' ) `` Suit & Tie '' ( with elements of `` Pusher Love Girl '' ) ( featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band ) `` Until the End of Time '' `` I Would Die 4 U '' ( along with a pre-recorded video of Prince , displayed on a projection screen ) `` Mirrors '' `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' See also ( edit ) 2018 in American television References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schad , Tom ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Headline Super Bowl LII Halftime Show '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` No hologram , but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake 's halftime show '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ NFL ( February 4 , 2018 ) , Justin Timberlake 's FULL Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ! NFL Highlights , retrieved February 5 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` U of M Marching Band steals the halftime show '' . KARE . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and everything but the football -- Super Bowl half - time show as it happened '' . Guardian . 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl halftime show : Here 's who Justin Timberlake 's guest performers might be '' . CBS Sports . February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake reportedly ' finalizing ' deal to headline Super Bowl LII halftime show '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Headlines Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halfitme Show '' . National Football League . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aniftos , Rania ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` The Parents Television Council Pens Open Letter to Justin Timberlake Asking to Keep Super Bowl Performance Appropriate ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Set to Deliver ' Mesmerizing ' Super Bowl Halftime Show : Pepsi Execs Reveal It 's ' Justin at His Best ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sebra , Matt ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Finally Gets the Super Bowl Halftime Show Outfit He Deserves '' . GQ . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Sarah ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake to wear Stella McCartney at the Super Bowl '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2018 Justin Timberlake press conference highlights '' . People . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl LII : Watch Justin Timberlake Honor Prince in Halftime Spectacle '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilstein , Matt ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Prince 's Family Approves of Justin Timberlake Super Bowl Halftime Tribute '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sheila E. says Justin Timberlake was n't behind Prince hologram idea '' . TMZ . February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Braca , Nina ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` From ' Cry Me a River ' to ' Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! , ' Justin Timberlake 's 10 Best Live Performances : Critic 's Picks '' . www.billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bruce R. ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` REVIEW : Justin Timberlake does a great Super Bowl job , even without NSYNC '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherby , Taylor ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show : 5 Takeaways From Seeing It In Person '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits , Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh - of - Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberge , Andrew ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits , Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh - of - Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance '' . www.billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Willman , Chris ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Halftime Review : Justin Timberlake Emerges Fumble - Free After Bad Pre-Game PR '' . Variety . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays It Safe , Seeking Super Bowl Redemption '' . www.nytimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Daniel ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Performance Is Light on Singing , Spontaneity '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl halftime show was dutiful , and empty : EW review '' . www.ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Guan , Fran ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` It Was His Halftime Show , But Justin Timberlake Was the Least Memorable Musician at the Super Bowl '' . www.vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nevins , Jake ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl performance : a forgettable but flashy medley of hits '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` As The Pop World Seeks Accountability , Justin Timberlake Seems Lost In The Woods '' . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Was a Man in the Weeds at His Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Time . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely -- Review '' . Jump up ^ Richards , Chris ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` This is how Justin Timberlake lost the Super Bowl '' . www.washingtonpost.com . Washington Post . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Compared with Prince 's , Justin Timberlake 's halftime show was a wimpy joke '' . www. usatoday . USA Today . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petrusich , Amanda ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show , Reviewed '' . www.newyorker.com . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael . `` Justin Timberlake had nothing to say at the Super Bowl and would n't stop saying it '' . latimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Review : Justin Timberlake lackluster at Super Bowl halftime performance ( Includes first - hand account ) '' . February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Eagles ' 1st Super Bowl Win Draws 103.4 M Viewers , Smallest Audience In Nine Years -- Update '' . Deadline . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Caufield , Keith ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show Spurs 534 % Sales Gain '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krzaczek , Katie ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Bump : Justin Timberlake Streams Jump 214 Percent on Spotify '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Janet Jackson 's Spotify Streams Surge After Super Bowl LII '' . February 5 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Super Bowl LII halftime show at Wikimedia Commons Justin Timberlake Awards Discography Songs Performances Videography Studio albums Justified FutureSex / LoveSounds The 20 / 20 Experience The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 Man of the Woods Compilation albums 12 '' Masters -- The Essential Mixes The 20 / 20 Experience -- The Complete Experience Video albums Justin Timberlake : Live from London FutureSex / LoveShow : Live from Madison Square Garden Justin Timberlake + The Tennessee Kids Concert tours The Justified World Tour Justified and Stripped Tour FutureSex / LoveShow Legends of the Summer The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour Man of the Woods Tour Related Tennman Records Jessica Biel NSYNC Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy Super Bowl LII halftime show Book Super Bowl halftime shows 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) Other Counterprogramming Minnesota portal National Football League portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_LII_halftime_show&oldid=832806565 '' Categories : 2018 in American music 2018 in American television 2018 in sports in Minnesota February 2018 events in the United States Justin Timberlake Prince ( musician ) Super Bowl halftime shows Hidden categories : Pages with citations having redundant parameters Use American English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 02 : 57 . 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who is performing the super bowl 2018 halftime show
[ "The Super Bowl LII Halftime Show (officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show) took place on February 4, 2018 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota, as part of Super Bowl LII. Justin Timberlake was the featured performer, as confirmed by the National Football League (NFL) on October 22, 2017.[1] It was televised nationally by NBC." ]
[ "Justin Timberlake" ]
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Blue Planet II
Blue Planet II - wikipedia Blue Planet II Jump to : navigation , search Blue Planet II Series title card Genre Nature documentary Presented by David Attenborough Composer ( s ) Hans Zimmer David Fleming Jacob Shea Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 7 Production Executive producer ( s ) James Honeyborne Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) BBC Natural History Unit BBC Studios The Open University BBC America WDR France Télévisions Tencent CCTV - 9 Release Original network BBC One BBC One HD BBC Earth Picture format 16 : 9 576i ( SDTV ) 16 : 9 1080i ( HDTV ) 16 : 9 2160p ( 4K UHD ) Audio format Stereo ( SD ) Dolby Digital ( HD & 4K ) Original release 29 October ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) -- 10 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) Chronology Preceded by The Blue Planet Related shows Planet Earth II External links Website Blue Planet II is a 2017 British nature documentary series on marine life produced by the BBC Natural History Unit . Like its predecessor , The Blue Planet ( 2001 ) , it is narrated and presented by naturalist Sir David Attenborough , while the main music score was composed by Hans Zimmer . The series was debuted on 29 October 2017 and was simulcast on BBC One , BBC One HD and BBC Earth , making it the first natural history series to premiere on the same day in the United Kingdom , Nordic regions , Europe and in Asia . In the United States , the series premiered on Saturday , January 20 , 2018 , at 9 PM as part of a five - network simulcast on BBC America , AMC , IFC , Sundance , and WE tv . Subsequent episodes aired on successive Saturdays on BBC America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music 3 Broadcast 3.1 British television 3.2 International 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 6 Merchandise 6.1 DVD and Blu - ray 6.2 Book 6.3 Open University poster 7 Soundtrack 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The series was announced by the BBC in 2013 with the working title Oceans , but the title was later changed to Blue Planet II as it revealed on 19 February 2017 . Filming took place over a course of more than four years ; involving 125 expeditions across 39 countries and produced more than 6,000 hours of underwater dive footage from over an estimated 4000 dives . A boxset of the Blue Planet II DVDs , with a private letter from presenter Sir David Attenborough , was presented by Theresa May to Chinese leader Xi Jinping during her visit to China on 1 February 2018 , expressing the determination to end the plastic pollution with China . Music ( edit ) Composer Hans Zimmer returned to score the series . In September 2017 , the BBC announced that the English rock band Radiohead had collaborated with Zimmer to record a new version of `` Bloom '' , a song from their 2011 album The King of Limbs . The new track , `` ( ocean ) Bloom '' , was recorded alongside the BBC Concert Orchestra . In a press release , Radiohead singer Thom Yorke said : `` ' Bloom ' was inspired by the original Blue Planet series so it 's great to be able to come full circle with the song . '' Broadcast ( edit ) British television ( edit ) The premiere of the series took place at Bristol 's Cinema de Lux on 11 October 2017 , with special guest appearance by Attenborough alongside with the producers and wildlife experts . Bristol has been the global home of BBC 's Natural History programme making for the past 60 years . The series was first broadcast on 29 October 2017 ( from 20 : 00 GMT to 21 : 00 GMT ) on BBC One and BBC One HD . The first six episodes included a 10 - minute making - of documentary called Into the Blue . The previous week 's episode was repeated in an earlier time slot the following Sunday . The series was critically acclaimed and gained the highest UK viewing figure for 2017 , 14.1 million . International ( edit ) The BBC pre-sold the series to several overseas broadcasters , which includes Canada ( Blue Ant Media 's licensed channel for BBC Earth ) , Australia ( Channel Nine ) and New Zealand ( TVNZ ) , to Europe with Denmark ( DR ) , Netherlands ( NPO ) , Sweden ( SVT ) , Spain ( Telefonica 's BBC Earth block ) , Discovery Channel for Latin America and co-production partnerships with BBC America , Germany 's WDR , France Télévisions , China 's Tencent and CCTV - 9 . The series was eventually sold to more than 30 countries . The series is set to broadcast internationally on BBC Earth channel , and also commercial television channels in various countries , besides . The series debuted in Nordic regions and other European countries on 29 October 2017 . In Asia , the series began to premiere on each early Monday ( from 04 : 05 SGT to 05 : 05 SGT ) starting from 30 October 2017 , the episode was then repeated on following each Tuesday evening ( from 20 : 00 SGT ) . In Poland , it premiered on 16 November 2017 . As for South Africa , it aired from 4 February 2018 . In China , the premiere took place at Shanghai 's East China Normal University on 27 October 2017 , with guest appearance by the producer Orla Doherty and Mike Gunton , the executive producer of Planet Earth II . The series is streaming broadcast at Tencent 's QQLive from 30 October 2017 , with episodes updating every Monday at 18 : 00 CST . It would also be broadcast on the state owned China Central Television 's documentary channel , CCTV - 9 , with episodes airing each Monday from 6 November 2017 at 21 : 00 CST . In the Netherlands , the series is airing on the Dutch channel NPO 1 , with episodes airing each Thursday from 28 December 2017 . In Belgium , it will air on the Flemish channel Canvas , with episodes airing each Saturday starting from 2 January 2018 . The series is airing in Canada and the United States on 20 January 2018 . In Canada , it will broadcast with a three - network simulcast across BBC Earth , Cottage Life and T + E channel . In the United States , the series will premier the first episode - with a five - network simulcast across BBC America , AMC , IFC , WE tv and Sundance TV , while the remaining episodes will continue to be air every Saturday on BBC America . It is also available on BBCAmerica.com and the BBCA app . As for Australia , the series will premiere on Nine Network and 9Now on 17 February 2018 . In New Zealand , it premiered on 12 November 2017 on TVNZ 1 . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Produced by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) - `` The Prequel '' N / A 27 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) N / A A 5 - minute clip introduction which focus for the upcoming stories from the ocean depths . `` One Ocean '' Jonathan Smith 29 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 14.01 `` The Deep '' Orla Doherty 5 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 13.97 `` Coral Reefs '' Jonathan Smith 12 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 13.45 `` Big Blue '' John Ruthven 19 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 13.11 5 `` Green Seas '' Kathryn Jeffs 26 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 12.62 6 `` Coasts '' Miles Barton 3 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 11.45 7 `` Our Blue Planet '' Orla Doherty , Will Ridgeon 10 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 11.91 Examining the role of human anthropogenic activity on the oceans . Microplastics and pollution are an increasing problem for the world 's seas , threatening the lives of marine life and ultimately affecting the ecosystem . Can humans reverse their activity to protect the seas and the wildlife that inhabit it ? - `` Oceans of Wonder '' N / A 1 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) N / A A 90 - minute compilation episode which highlights the wonders of our world 's oceans as well as filming some extraordinary animal behaviours which were never seen before . Reception ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Ref . 2018 National Television Awards Impact Award Blue Planet II & David Attenborough Won Merchandise ( edit ) DVD and Blu - Ray ( edit ) The series was released as a three - disc DVD set as well as a standard Blu - ray set on 27 November 2017 , and as a six - disc 4K UHD Blu - ray + Blu - ray set on 15 January 2018 . It is distributed by BBC Worldwide in the UK . In the US and Canada , the DVD , Blu - ray and 4K UHD Blu Ray sets were released on 6 March 2018 and distributed by BBC Worldwide Americas . Book ( edit ) An accompanying hardback book was written by James Honeyborne and Mark Brownlow , with foreword by David Attenborough . It was published by BBC Books ( ISBN 978 - 1849909679 ) . The book was released on 19 October 2017 in the UK and on 1 January 2018 in the US . Open University poster ( edit ) A free poster was made available through the Open University 's OpenLearn website . Soundtrack ( edit ) Blue Planet II Soundtrack album by Hans Zimmer , David Fleming & Jacob Shea Released 29 October 2017 ( Digital ) 1 December 2017 ( Audio CD ) Genre Soundtrack , Classical music Length 1 : 11 : 29 Label Silva Screen Records Producer BBC Worldwide BBC Earth The musical score and songs featured in the series were composed by Hans Zimmer , Jacob Shea and David Fleming for Bleeding Fingers Music . A digital soundtrack was released on 29 October 2017 , while a single physical disc will be available on 1 December 2017 in the UK . The soundtrack will be released as special edition LP for Record Store Day on 21 April 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jackson , Jasper . `` Sir David Attenborough to return for BBC 's Blue Planet II '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Academy Award Winner Hans Zimmer & Bleeding Fingers Music To Create The Score For Blue Planet II '' . BBC Media Centre . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC commissions Blue Planet follow up '' . BBC News . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sir David Attenborough to present Blue Planet II for BBC One '' . BBC Media Centre . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II explores underwater realms , spotlights ocean 's plight '' . CBC News . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Connett , David ; Elgot , Jessica ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` Blue Planet gift from Theresa May to remind Beijing of plastic waste '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Steve ; Dunn , Tom Newton ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` PM to give Chinese leader Blue Planet DVDs and letter from Sir David Attenborough demanding action on plastics '' . The Sun . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Association , Press ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) . `` The ultimate chill out song ? Radiohead record new music for David Attenborough 's Blue Planet 2 '' . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II : Preview Screening '' . BBC Shows & Tours . Jump up ^ `` David Attenborough coming to Bristol for Blue Planet II premiere '' . Bristol 24 / 7 . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sir David Attenborough is hosting a screening of Blue Planet II in Bristol '' . Bristol Post . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Hans Zimmer and Radiohead transformed `` Bloom '' for Blue Planet II `` . Vox Media . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II : 22 things to know about the new series '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Times top 40 TV shows of 2017 '' . Radio Times . 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II is year 's most watched British TV show '' . The Guardian . 2017 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC Worldwide makes waves with Blue Planet II sales '' . BBC Media Centre . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC Worldwide signs Blue Planet II co-production deal with Tencent in China '' . BBC Media Centre . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II on BBC Earth Nordic '' ( in Finnish ) . Canal Digital . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FOTO . Planeta Albastra II va fi pe BBC Earth România , în același timp cu premiera mondială '' ( in Romanian ) . Pagina de media . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II on BBC Earth '' ( in Greek ) . Cosmote TV Official YouTube channel . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II '' ( in Bosnian ) . Crnogorski Telekom . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Movistar+ estrena ' Planeta Azul II ' : la historia de los oceános del mundo '' ( in Spanish ) . Ecoteuve.es . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide - 30 - 10 - 2017 '' . BBC Asia . ^ Jump up to : `` Blue Planet II on BBC Earth Asia '' . StarHub . ^ Jump up to : `` David Attenborough talks about the making of Blue Planet II , and the peril of plastic in our oceans '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II on BBC Earth Asia '' . StarHub Official YouTube channel . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Błękitna Planeta II niebawem w BBC Earth Polska '' ( in Polish ) . Geekweek . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II splashing onto BBC Earth in February '' . Channel24 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 《 蓝 色 星球 2 》 要 上线 了 , BBC 的 口碑 纪录片 是 怎么 诞生 的 ? '' ( in Chinese ) . Qdaily . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 纪录片 《 蓝 色 星球 2 》 10.30 腾讯 视频 独家 播 出 '' ( in Chinese ) . 腾讯 娱乐 ( QQ Entertainment ) . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC 最美 纪录片 《 蓝 色 星球 》 第 二 季 回归 '' ( in Chinese ) . 网易 娱乐 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 蓝 色 星球 2 播放 预告 '' ( in Chinese ) . CCTV - 9 Official Sina Weibo Page . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II in december op NPO 1 '' ( in Dutch ) . TVGids . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canvas zendt `` Blue planet II '' uit vanaf 2 januari , bekijk hier de trailer '' ( in Dutch ) . VRT News . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC Earth to Premiere the Worldwide Phenomenon Planet Earth : Blue Planet II in Early 2018 '' . BBC Worldwide North America Press Room . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oceans Make Up 70 Percent of the Earth , 100 Percent of AMC Networks will Carry the Premiere of the Worldwide Phenonmenon Planet Earth : Blue Planet II Next Month '' . BBC Worldwide North America Press Room . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Planet Earth : Blue Planet II ' : BBC America & 4 Sibling Nets To Premiere Documentary Series Next Month '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbcamerica.com/shows/planet-earth-blue-planet-ii/full-episodes/season-1/episode-01-one-ocean Jump up ^ `` David Attenborough Returns In The UK 's Highest Rating Series Of 2017 '' . Nine Entertainment . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Airdate : Blue Planet II '' . TV Tonight Australia . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II '' . TVNZ . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II Due Soon '' . ScreenScribe . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . BARB . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . ( data available for Blue Planet II broadcast weeks by searching archive ) Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II , The Prequel '' . BBC One . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II - The Prequel '' . BBC Earth Youtube Channel . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II - Episode 1 : One Ocean '' . BBC Media Centre . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II - Episode 2 : The Deep '' . BBC Media Centre . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II - Episode 3 : Coral Reefs '' . BBC Media Centre . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II - Episode 4 : Big Blue '' . BBC Media Centre . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II - Episode 5 : Green Seas '' . BBC Media Centre . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II - Episode 6 : Coasts '' . BBC Media Centre . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet 2 : How plastic is slowly killing our sea creatures , fish and birds '' . BBC News . 19 November 2017 . Episode 7 looks at how tiny plastic particles ( micro-plastics ) may play a role in the uptake of industrial pollution in marine life . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II - Episode 7 : Our Blue Planet '' . BBC Media Centre . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II , Oceans of Wonder '' . BBC One . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emotional Blue Planet chief reveals incredible truth behind heartbreaking sperm whale intervention '' . Mirror UK . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NTAs 2018 : Ant and Dec win big with three awards and full list of winners '' . BBC News . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NTAs : David Attenborough on Blue Planet II 's Impact '' . BBC News . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( 4K UHD Blu - Ray + Blu - Ray ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( DVD ) '' . BBC Shop US . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( Blu - Ray ) '' . BBC Shop US . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( 4K UHD Blu - Ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( 4K UHD Blu - Ray ) '' . BBC Shop US . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( Hardback ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II ( Hardback ) '' . Penguin Books . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II : A New World of Hidden Depths ( Hardback ) '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II - Order your free ' Oceans ' poster '' . Open University . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II Soundtrack Announced '' . Film Music Reporter . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II Soundtrack Release For Series Premiere October 29th '' . Silva Screen Records . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II Original Television Soundtrack '' . Hans Zimmer . Jump up ^ `` Blue Planet II Original Soundtrack ( Audio Disc ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ http://recordstoreday.nl/album/blue-planet-2-rsd/ External links ( edit ) Blue Planet II at BBC Programmes Blue Planet II at BBC Earth Blue Planet II at BBC Earth Asia Blue Planet II at BBC Media Centre Blue Planet II OpenLearn at The Open University Blue Planet II on IMDb BBC Natural History Unit Television Landmarks The Blue Planet Planet Earth Nature 's Great Events Life Human Planet Frozen Planet Africa Life Story Shark The Hunt Planet Earth II Blue Planet II Life series Life on Earth The Living Planet The Trials of Life Life in the Freezer The Private Life of Plants The Life of Birds The Life of Mammals Life in the Undergrowth Life in Cold Blood Walking with ... series Walking with Dinosaurs The Ballad of Big Al Walking with Beasts Walking with Cavemen Chased by Dinosaurs Sea Monsters Walking with Monsters Prehistoric Park British wildlife Bellamy 's Backyard Safari Living Britain British Isles Springwatch The Nature of Britain The Great British Year The One Show Continents Land of the Eagle Spirits of the Jaguar Land of the Tiger Andes to Amazon Wild Africa Wild New World Wild Down Under Europe Wild Caribbean Wild China South Pacific Wild Arabia Wild Brazil Wild West Locations The First Eden Congo Nile Galapagos Ganges Yellowstone The Great Rift : Africa 's Wild Heart Madagascar Great Barrier Reef Wild Burma : Nature 's Lost Kingdom Alaska : Earth 's Frozen Kingdom Japan : Earth 's Enchanted Islands Atlantic : The Wildest Ocean on Earth Patagonia : Earth 's Secret Paradise New Zealand : Earth 's Mythical Islands Thailand : Earth 's Tropical Paradise Wild Ireland : The Edge of the World Mexico : Earth 's Festival of Life Expeditions Amazon Abyss Expedition Borneo Pacific Abyss Lost Land of the Jaguar Lost Land of the Volcano Lost Land of the Tiger The Dark : Nature 's Nighttime World Prehistoric Life Wild New World Planet Dinosaur Ice Age Giants Rise of Animals : Triumph of the Vertebrates Children 's TV Animal Magic The Really Wild Show Roar Deadly 60 Inside Life Other Wildlife on One The World About Us Natural World BBC Wildlife Specials Supersense Sea Trek Lifesense Big Cat Diary Supernatural Cousins State of the Planet Dragons Alive Planet Earth : The Future Orangutan Diary Saving Planet Earth The Secret Life of Elephants The Museum of Life Mountain Gorilla The Bear Family & Me Unnatural Histories Ocean Giants Earthflight Planet Earth Live Nature 's Microworlds The Polar Bear Family & Me Hidden Kingdoms Monkey Planet Wonders of the Monsoon Nature 's Greatest Dancers India : Nature 's Wonderland Nature 's Wonderlands Earth 's Greatest Spectacles Extreme Mountain Challenge Tribes , Predators & Me Life in the Air Nature 's Epic Journeys Earth 's Seasonal Secrets Animal Babies Elephant Family & Me Life in the Snow Yellowstone : Wildest Winter to Blazing Summer Spy in the Wild Mountain : Life at the Extreme Radio World on the Move David Attenborough 's Life Stories The Living World Saving Species Film Earth : One Amazing Day Deep Blue Earth The Meerkats One Life Walking with Dinosaurs 3D Walking with Dinosaurs : Prehistoric Planet 3D Tiny Giants 3D Enchanted Kingdom 3D Heads of the NHU Bruce Campbell Christopher Parsons Alastair Fothergill Keith Scholey Neil Nightingale Wendy Darke Julian Hector David Attenborough Filmography The Life series Life on Earth ( 1979 ) The Living Planet ( 1984 ) The Trials of Life ( 1990 ) Life in the Freezer ( 1993 ) The Private Life of Plants ( 1995 ) The Life of Birds ( 1998 ) The Life of Mammals ( 2002 ) Life in the Undergrowth ( 2005 ) Life in Cold Blood ( 2008 ) Other TV series and programmes Zoo Quest ( 1954 -- 63 ) The People of Paradise ( 1960 ) The World About Us ( 1967 ) The Miracle of Bali ( 1969 ) The Tribal Eye ( 1975 ) Wildlife on One ( 1977 ) The First Eden ( 1987 ) Lost Worlds , Vanished Lives ( 1989 ) BBC Wildlife Specials ( 1995 -- 2008 ) State of the Planet ( 2000 ) The Blue Planet ( 2001 ) Planet Earth ( 2006 ) Are We Changing Planet Earth ? ( 2006 ) Charles Darwin and the Tree of Life ( 2009 ) Nature 's Great Events ( 2009 ) Life ( 2009 ) First Life ( 2010 ) Madagascar ( 2011 ) Frozen Planet ( 2011 ) Attenborough : 60 Years in the Wild ( 2012 ) Africa ( 2013 ) David Attenborough 's Natural Curiosities ( episodes ) ( 2013 -- ) David Attenborough 's Rise of Animals : Triumph of the Vertebrates ( 2013 ) When Björk Met Attenborough ( 2013 ) Life Story ( 2014 ) The Hunt ( 2015 ) Great Barrier Reef ( 2015 ) Planet Earth II ( 2016 ) Blue Planet II ( 2017 ) 3D programmes and films Flying Monsters 3D ( 2010 ) The Bachelor King 3D ( 2011 ) Kingdom of Plants 3D ( 2012 ) Galapagos 3D ( 2013 ) David Attenborough 's Natural History Museum Alive ( 2014 ) David Attenborough 's Conquest of the Skies 3D ( 2015 ) DVD collections Great Wildlife Moments ( 2003 ) Attenborough in Paradise ( 2005 ) The Life Collection ( 2005 ) Life on Land ( 2008 ) Radio David Attenborough 's Life Stories ( 2009 -- 11 ) Tweet of the Day ( 2013 -- 14 ) Related Frederick Attenborough ( father ) Richard Attenborough ( brother ) John Attenborough ( brother ) Michael Attenborough ( nephew ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Planet_II&oldid=834436704 '' Categories : 2017 British television programme debuts 2017 British television programme endings 2010s British documentary television series BBC high definition programmes BBC television documentaries BBC Television programmes David Attenborough Documentary films about nature English - language television programs Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Bosnian - language sources ( bs ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use dmy dates from October 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters BBC programme ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch עברית മലയാളം Nederlands 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 18 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how many episodes of blue planet 2 will there be
[ "\n\nNo.\nTitle\nProduced by\nOriginal air date\nUK viewers\n(millions) [43]\n\n\n-\n\"The Prequel\"\nN/A\n27 September 2017 (2017-09-27)[44][45]\nN/A\n\n\nA 5-minute clip introduction which focus for the upcoming stories from the ocean depths.\n\n\n1\n\"One Ocean\"\nJonathan Smith\n29 October 2017 (2017-10-29)[46]\n14.01\n\n\n2\n\"The Deep\"\nOrla Doherty\n5 November 2017 (2017-11-05)[47]\n13.97\n\n\n3\n\"Coral Reefs\"\nJonathan Smith\n12 November 2017 (2017-11-12)[48]\n13.45\n\n\n4\n\"Big Blue\"\nJohn Ruthven\n19 November 2017 (2017-11-19)[49]\n13.11\n\n\n5\n\"Green Seas\"\nKathryn Jeffs\n26 November 2017 (2017-11-26)[50]\n12.62\n\n\n6\n\"Coasts\"\nMiles Barton\n3 December 2017 (2017-12-03)[51]\n11.45\n\n\n7\n\"Our Blue Planet\"\nOrla Doherty, Will Ridgeon\n10 December 2017 (2017-12-10)[53]\n11.91\n\n\nExamining the role of human anthropogenic activity on the oceans. Microplastics and pollution are an increasing problem for the world's seas, threatening the lives of marine life and ultimately affecting the ecosystem. Can humans reverse their activity to protect the seas and the wildlife that inhabit it?[52]\n\n\n-\n\"Oceans of Wonder\"\nN/A\n1 January 2018 (2018-01-01)[54]\nN/A\n\n\nA 90-minute compilation episode which highlights the wonders of our world's oceans as well as filming some extraordinary animal behaviours which were never seen before.\n\n" ]
[ "7" ]
-4972429831347688958
Three-point field goal
Three - point field goal - wikipedia Three - point field goal This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In American and Canadian football , a field goal happens to be worth three points . Sara Giauro shoots a three - point shot at the 2005 FIBA Europe Cup Women 's Finals A three - point field goal ( also 3 - pointer or informally , trey ) is a field goal in a basketball game made from beyond the three - point line , a designated arc surrounding the basket . A successful attempt is worth three points , in contrast to the two points awarded for field goals made within the three - point line and the one point for each made free throw . The distance from the basket to the three - point line varies by competition level : in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) the arc is 23 feet 9 inches ( 7.24 m ) from the basket ; in FIBA and the WNBA ( the latter uses FIBA 's three - point line standard ) the arc is 6.75 metres or 22 feet 1 ⁄ inches from the basket ; and in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) the arc is 20 feet 9 inches ( 6.32 m ) from the basket . In the NBA and FIBA / WNBA , the three - point line becomes parallel to each sideline at the points where the arc is 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) from each sideline ; as a result the distance from the basket gradually decreases to a minimum of 22 feet ( 6.71 m ) . In the NCAA the arc is continuous for 180 ° around the basket . There are more variations ( see main article ) . In 3x3 , a FIBA - sanctioned variant of the half - court 3 - on - 3 game , the `` three - point '' line exists , but shots from behind the line are only worth 2 points . All other shots are worth 1 point . Contents 1 History 2 Rule specifications 3 Related concepts 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The three - point line was first tested at the collegiate level in a 1945 NCAA game between Columbia and Fordham but it was not kept as a rule . At the direction of Abe Saperstein , the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961 . Its three - point line was a radius of 25 feet ( 7.62 m ) from the baskets , except along the sides . The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963 -- 64 season . The three - point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) , introduced in its inaugural 1967 -- 68 season . ABA commissioner George Mikan stated the three - pointer `` would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans . '' During the 1970s , the ABA used the three - point shot , along with the slam dunk , as a marketing tool to compete with the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The official scorer 's report showing the first three - point field goal in NBA history on October 12 , 1979 In the 1979 -- 80 season , after having tested it in the previous pre-season , the NBA adopted the three - point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick . Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three - point shot in NBA history on October 12 , 1979 , a game more noted for the debut of Larry Bird ( and two new head coaches ) . Rick Barry of the Houston Rockets , in his final season , also made one in the same game , and Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets made one that Friday night as well . The sport 's international governing body , FIBA , introduced the three - point line in 1984 , at 6.25 m ( 20 ft 6 in ) . The NCAA 's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three - point rule , adopting a 22 - foot ( 6.71 m ) line for the 1980 -- 81 season . Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three - point field goal in college basketball history on November 29 , 1980 . Over the following five years , NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three - pointer . The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in ( 5.41 m ) in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) , and as far away as 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) in the Big Sky . Used only in conference play for several years , it was adopted by the NCAA in April 1986 for the 1986 -- 87 season at 19 ft 9 in ( 6.02 m ) , and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987 . In the same 1986 -- 87 season , the NCAA adopted the three - pointer in women 's basketball on an experimental basis , using the same distance , and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987 -- 88 . In 2007 , the NCAA lengthened the men 's distance by a foot to 20 ft 9 in ( 6.32 m ) , effective with the 2008 -- 09 season , and the women 's line was moved to match the men 's in 2011 -- 12 . American high schools , along with elementary and middle schools , adopted a 19 ft 9 in ( 6.02 m ) line nationally in 1987 , a year after the NCAA . The NCAA used the FIBA three - point line ( see below ) in the National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) in 2018 . During the 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , and 1996 -- 97 seasons , the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in ( 7.24 m ) ( 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) at the corners ) to a uniform 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) around the basket . From the 1997 -- 98 season on , the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in ( 22 ft at the corners , with a 3 inch differential ) . Ray Allen is currently the NBA all - time leader in career made three - pointers with 2,973 . In 2008 , FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm ( 19.69 in ) to 6.75 m ( 22 ft 1 ⁄ in ) , with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010 . In December 2012 , the WNBA announced that it would be using FIBA 's distance , too , as of the 2013 season . The NBA has discussed adding a four - point line , according to president Rod Thorn . In the NBA , three - point field goals have become increasingly more frequent along the years , with effectiveness increasing slightly . The 1979 - 80 season had an average 2.2 three - point goals per game and 6.6 attempts ( 33 % effectiveness ) . The 1989 - 90 season had an average 4.8 three - point goals per game and 13.7 attempts ( 35 % effectiveness ) . The 2009 - 10 season had an average 6.4 three - point goals per game and 18.1 attempts ( 36 % effectiveness ) . The 2016 - 17 season had an average 9.7 three - point goals per game and 27.0 attempts ( 36 % effectiveness ) . Rule specifications ( edit ) A three - point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket , and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc . In the NBA and FIBA standard , the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline . The three - point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline . The unusual formation of the three - point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three - point shot at the corners of the court ; the arc would be less than 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc . In the NCAA and American high school standards , the arc spans 180 ° around the basket , then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline ( 5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres ) . The distance of the three - point line to the center of the hoop varies by level : Arc radius Minimum distance from sidelines National Basketball Association 23 feet 9 inches ( 7.24 m ) 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) FIBA ( also used by WNBA ) 22 feet 2 inches ( 6.76 m ) 4 feet 1 inch ( 1.24 m ) National Collegiate Athletic Association 20 feet 9 inches ( 6.32 m ) 4 feet 3 inches ( 1.30 m ) American high school basketball 19 feet 9 inches ( 6.02 m ) 5 feet 3 inches ( 1.60 m ) A player 's feet must be completely behind the three - point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three - point attempt ; if the player 's feet are on or in front of the line , it is a two - point attempt . A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three - point attempt , as long as the ball is released in mid-air . An official raises his / her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt . If the attempt is successful , he / she raises his / her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three - point goal . The official must recognize it for it to count as three points . Instant replay has sometimes been used , depending on league rules . The NBA , WNBA , FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose . In NBA , FIBA , and WNBA games , video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot ; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game , after reviewing the video . However , in late game situations , play may be paused pending a review . If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three - pointer and subsequently misses the shot , the shooter is awarded three free - throw attempts . If a player completes a three - pointer while being fouled , the player is awarded one free - throw for a possible 4 - point play . Conceivably , if a player completed a three - pointer while being fouled , and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul , the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5 - point play . Related concepts ( edit ) Major League Lacrosse features a two - point line which forms a 15 - yard ( 14 m ) arc around the front of the goal . Shots taken from behind this line count for two points , as opposed to the standard one point . In gridiron football , a standard field goal is worth three points ; various professional and semi-pro leagues have experimented with four - point field goals . NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball 's three - point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals ; in both leagues any field goal of 50 yards ( 46 m ) or more was worth four points . The Arena Football League awards four points for any successful drop kicked field goal ( like the three - point shot , the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick , as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable , and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does ) . During the existence of the World Hockey Association in the 1970s , there were proposals for two - point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance ( one proposal was a 44 - foot ( 13.4 m ) arc , which would have intersected the faceoff circles ) , but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the NHL . It was widely believed that long - distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill ( usually resulting more from goalies ' vision being screened or obscured ) , plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two - point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game . The Super Goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football , in which a 50 - meter ( 55 yd ) arc determines the value of a goal ; within the arc , it is the usual 6 points , but 9 points are scored for a `` super goal '' scored from outside the arc . To date the super goal is only used in pre-season games and not in the season proper . The National Professional Soccer League II , which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play , also used a three - point line , drawn 45 feet ( 14 m ) from the goal . It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues . See also ( edit ) 50 -- 40 -- 90 club , exclusive group of players who have made at least 50 % of two - pointers , 40 % of three - pointers , and 90 % of free throws in a season . List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Article 5 : Scoring '' ( PDF ) . 3x3 Official Rules of the Game . FIBA . January 2016 . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Frazier , Walt ; Sachare , Alex ( 1998 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Basketball . New York City : Penguin Group . Jump up ^ `` 4 - Point Play Gets Approval By ABA '' . Associated Press . July 11 , 1967 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the 3 - Pointer - iHoops '' . Web.archive.org. 16 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2010 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Bird only ' so - so , ' but Celts win over Houston '' . Deseret News . ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) . UPI . October 13 , 1979 . p. 4A . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtics , 114 - 106 '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . October 13 , 1979 . p. 5C . Jump up ^ `` NBA standings ( and boxscores ) '' . Deseret News . ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) . October 13 , 1979 . p. 5A . Jump up ^ Sanders , Steve ( February 9 , 1981 ) . `` 22 will get you 3 '' . Spartanburg Herald . South Carolina . p . B1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Basketball '' . Southern Conference . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Carr 's shot makes cage Hall of Fame '' . Gadsden Times . Alabama . Associated Press . May 31 , 1981 . p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Three - pointer turns 25 '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . December 3 , 2005 . p . B3 . Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack ( November 29 , 1982 ) . `` It will be one testy season '' . Sports Illustrated : 42 . Jump up ^ `` Monson not so high on the 3 - point shot '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . ( Idaho ) . wire services . November 11 , 1982 . p. 6B . Jump up ^ `` Debate over 3 - pointer Continues '' . Web.archive.org. 26 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack ( January 5 , 1987 ) . `` The three - point uproar '' . Sports Illustrated : 40 . Jump up ^ Butts , David ( April 3 , 1986 ) . `` NCAA adds three - point basket '' . Bryan Times Agency = UPI . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` NCAA Women 's Basketball Playing Rules History '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Important Rules Changes by Year '' ( PDF ) . NCAA Men 's Basketball Record Book . NCAA . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , John ( 27 March 1987 ) . `` High School Basketball Draws Line , Adopts 3 - Point Rule '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Bonagura , Kyle ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` NIT to experiment with new rules this season '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Career Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA has discussed bigger court , 4 - point shot '' . Espn.go.com. 2014 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ NBA League Averages - Basketball Reference Jump up ^ `` Rule No. 1 -- - Court Dimensions -- Equipment '' . NBA Official Rules . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Basketball Rules 2010 '' . FIBA . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Court Diagram '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball Court Diagram '' ( PDF ) . Nebraska School Activities Association . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Description of the NBA 's new instant replay rules '' . NBA.com . October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved 16 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Denham , Greg ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` NAB Cup 's ruck and holding rules may run season '' . The Australian . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) NBA. com 's Top 10 three - pointers from past 25 years Article on Columbia 's experimentation with the three - point field goal decades before its official introduction `` Long Live the Three '' by Steve Shutt , Basketball Hall of Fame Basketball Outline of basketball General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Basketball statistics Basic Games played Games started Minute Point Rebound ( Offensive Defensive ) Assist Steal Block Foul Turnover Field goal & free throw Field goal made 3 - point field goal made Free throw made Field goal attempted 3 - point field goal attempted Free throw attempted Field goal percentage 3 - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Doubles Double - double Triple - double Quadruple - double Quintuple - double Five - by - five Advanced statistics Offense efficiency rating Player efficiency rating Offensive rating Defensive rating Effective field goal percentage True shooting percentage Rebound rate Economy Performance Index Rating Efficiency Player tracking Tendex Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-point_field_goal&oldid=854765869 '' Categories : Basketball terminology American Basketball Association American Basketball League ( 1961 -- 63 ) Scoring ( sport ) 1961 introductions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 16 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the three point shot start in high school
[ "Used only in conference play for several years, it was adopted by the NCAA in April 1986 for the 1986–87 season at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m),[15] and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987.[16] In the same 1986–87 season, the NCAA adopted the three-pointer in women's basketball on an experimental basis, using the same distance, and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987–88.[17] In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's distance by a foot to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), effective with the 2008–09 season,[18] and the women's line was moved to match the men's in 2011–12.[17] American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA.[19] The NCAA used the FIBA three-point line (see below) in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in 2018.[20]\n" ]
[ "1987" ]
5110819737677740525
2018 FIFA World Cup statistics
2018 FIFA World Cup statistics - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics These are the statistics for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , which took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018 . Goals scored from penalty shoot - outs are not counted , and matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . Contents 1 Goalscorers 2 Assists 3 Scoring 3.1 Overall 3.2 Timing 3.3 Teams 3.4 Individual 4 Wins and losses 5 Match awards 5.1 Man of the Match 5.2 Clean sheets 6 Squads 6.1 Coaches 6.2 Players 7 Discipline 8 Multiple World Cups 9 Overall results 9.1 By team 9.2 By confederation 10 Stadiums 10.1 Attendance records 11 References 12 External links Goalscorers ( edit ) There were 169 goals scored in 64 matches , for an average of 2.64 goals per match . Twelve own goals were scored during the tournament , doubling the record of six set in 1998 . 6 goals Harry Kane 4 goals Romelu Lukaku Antoine Griezmann Kylian Mbappé Cristiano Ronaldo Denis Cheryshev 3 goals Eden Hazard Yerry Mina Mario Mandžukić Ivan Perišić Artem Dzyuba Diego Costa Edinson Cavani 2 goals Sergio Agüero Mile Jedinak Philippe Coutinho Neymar Luka Modrić Mohamed Salah John Stones Takashi Inui Ahmed Musa Son Heung - min Andreas Granqvist Wahbi Khazri Luis Suárez 1 goal Ángel Di María Gabriel Mercado Lionel Messi Marcos Rojo Michy Batshuayi Nacer Chadli Kevin De Bruyne Marouane Fellaini Adnan Januzaj Dries Mertens Thomas Meunier Jan Vertonghen Roberto Firmino Paulinho Renato Augusto Thiago Silva Juan Cuadrado Radamel Falcao Juan Fernando Quintero Kendall Waston Milan Badelj Andrej Kramarić Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Domagoj Vida Christian Eriksen Mathias Jørgensen Yussuf Poulsen Dele Alli Jesse Lingard Harry Maguire Kieran Trippier Benjamin Pavard Paul Pogba Samuel Umtiti Raphaël Varane Toni Kroos Marco Reus Alfreð Finnbogason Gylfi Sigurðsson Karim Ansarifard Genki Haraguchi Keisuke Honda Shinji Kagawa Yuya Osako Javier Hernández Hirving Lozano Carlos Vela Khalid Boutaïb Youssef En - Nesyri Victor Moses Felipe Baloy André Carrillo Paolo Guerrero Jan Bednarek Grzegorz Krychowiak Pepe Ricardo Quaresma Mário Fernandes Yury Gazinsky Aleksandr Golovin Salem Al - Dawsari Salman Al - Faraj Sadio Mané M'Baye Niang Moussa Wagué Aleksandar Kolarov Aleksandar Mitrović Kim Young - gwon Iago Aspas Isco Nacho Ludwig Augustinsson Emil Forsberg Ola Toivonen Josip Drmić Blerim Džemaili Xherdan Shaqiri Granit Xhaka Steven Zuber Dylan Bronn Ferjani Sassi Fakhreddine Ben Youssef José Giménez 1 own goal Aziz Behich ( against France ) Fernandinho ( against Belgium ) Mario Mandžukić ( against France ) Ahmed Fathy ( against Russia ) Edson Álvarez ( against Sweden ) Aziz Bouhaddouz ( against Iran ) Oghenekaro Etebo ( against Croatia ) Thiago Cionek ( against Senegal ) Denis Cheryshev ( against Uruguay ) Sergei Ignashevich ( against Spain ) Yann Sommer ( against Costa Rica ) Yassine Meriah ( against Panama ) Source : FIFA Assists ( edit ) 2 assists Éver Banega Lionel Messi Kevin De Bruyne Eden Hazard Thomas Meunier Youri Tielemans Philippe Coutinho Juan Fernando Quintero James Rodríguez Antoine Griezmann Lucas Hernández Artem Dzyuba Aleksandr Golovin Viktor Claesson Wahbi Khazri Carlos Sánchez 1 assist Gabriel Mercado Marcos Rojo Toby Alderweireld Nacer Chadli Romelu Lukaku Dries Mertens Douglas Costa Gabriel Jesus Neymar Willian Juan Cuadrado Joel Campbell Milan Badelj Marcelo Brozović Mateo Kovačić Mario Mandžukić Luka Modrić Ivan Perišić Josip Pivarić Domagoj Vida Šime Vrsaljko Thomas Delaney Christian Eriksen Nicolai Jørgensen Abdallah Said Jesse Lingard Harry Maguire Raheem Sterling Kieran Trippier Ashley Young Olivier Giroud Corentin Tolisso Mario Gómez Marco Reus Keisuke Honda Takashi Inui Shinji Kagawa Yuto Nagatomo Gaku Shibasaki Javier Hernández Hirving Lozano Fayçal Fajr Victor Moses Kenneth Omeruo Ricardo Ávila Paolo Guerrero Kamil Grosicki Rafał Kurzawa Gonçalo Guedes Raphaël Guerreiro João Moutinho Adrien Silva Alan Dzagoev Mário Fernandes Ilya Kutepov Roman Zobnin Abdullah Otayf M'Baye Niang Dušan Tadić Lee Jae - sung Ju Se - jong Sergio Busquets Dani Carvajal Andrés Iniesta Ola Toivonen Breel Embolo Mario Gavranović Xherdan Shaqiri Denis Zakaria Oussama Haddadi Hamdi Nagguez Rodrigo Bentancur Luis Suárez Source : FIFA Scoring ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Total number of goals scored : 169 Average goals per match : 2.64 Total number of braces : 10 Edinson Cavani , Denis Cheryshev , Diego Costa , Eden Hazard , Harry Kane , Romelu Lukaku ( 2 ) , Kylian Mbappé , Ahmed Musa , John Stones Total number of hat - tricks : 2 Harry Kane , Cristiano Ronaldo Total number of penalty kicks awarded : 29 Total number of penalty kicks scored : 22 Salman Al - Faraj , Karim Ansarifard , Artem Dzyuba , Andreas Granqvist ( 2 ) , Antoine Griezmann ( 3 ) , Eden Hazard , Mile Jedinak ( 2 ) , Shinji Kagawa , Harry Kane ( 3 ) , Luka Modrić , Victor Moses , Cristiano Ronaldo , Mohamed Salah , Ferjani Sassi , Gylfi Sigurðsson , Carlos Vela Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved : 7 Fahad Al - Muwallad , Christian Cueva , Lionel Messi , Luka Modrić , Cristiano Ronaldo , Bryan Ruiz , Gylfi Sigurðsson Penalty kick success rate : 7001758600000000000 ♠ 75.86 % Own goals scored : 12 Edson Álvarez , Aziz Behich , Aziz Bouhaddouz , Denis Cheryshev , Thiago Cionek , Oghenekaro Etebo , Ahmed Fathy , Fernandinho , Sergei Ignashevich , Mario Mandžukić , Yassine Meriah , Yann Sommer Timing ( edit ) First goal of the tournament : Yury Gazinsky for Russia against Saudi Arabia First brace of the tournament : Denis Cheryshev for Russia against Saudi Arabia First hat - trick of the tournament : Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain Last goal of the tournament : Mario Mandžukić for Croatia against France Last brace of the tournament : Edinson Cavani for Uruguay against Portugal Last hat - trick of the tournament : Harry Kane for England against Panama Fastest goal in a match from kickoff : 1st minute Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute : 1st minute Latest goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 7th minute Latest goal in a match with extra time : 115th minute Latest winning goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 5th minute Aziz Bouhaddouz ( own goal ) for Iran against Morocco , Toni Kroos for Germany against Sweden , Salem Al - Dawsari for Saudi Arabia against Egypt Latest winning goal in a match with extra time : 109th minute Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match : 3 minutes Diego Costa and Nacho for Spain against Portugal Teams ( edit ) Most goals scored by a team : 16 Belgium Fewest goals scored by a team : 2 Australia , Costa Rica , Egypt , Germany , Iceland , Iran , Morocco , Panama , Peru , Poland , Saudi Arabia , Serbia Most goals conceded by a team : 11 Panama Fewest goals conceded by a team : 2 Denmark , Iran , Peru Best goal difference : + 10 Belgium Worst goal difference : - 9 Panama Most goals scored in a match by both teams : 7 Belgium 5 -- 2 Tunisia , England 6 -- 1 Panama , France 4 -- 3 Argentina Most goals scored in a match by one team : 6 England against Panama Most goals scored in a match by the losing team : 3 Argentina against France Biggest margin of victory : 5 goals Russia 5 -- 0 Saudi Arabia , England 6 -- 1 Panama Most clean sheets achieved by a team : 4 France Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team : 0 Argentina , Australia , Costa Rica , Egypt , Germany , Iceland , Japan , Morocco , Panama , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Switzerland , Tunisia Most clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Costa Rica , England , Germany , Mexico , Morocco , Peru , Saudi Arabia Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team : 0 Brazil , Colombia , Croatia , Portugal , Spain , Tunisia Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team : 3 Brazil , Uruguay Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Costa Rica , Mexico , Morocco , Peru , Saudi Arabia Individual ( edit ) Most goals scored by an individual : 6 Harry Kane Most assists provided by an individual : 2 Éver Banega , Nacer Chadli , Viktor Claesson , Philippe Coutinho , Kevin De Bruyne , Artem Dzyuba , Aleksandr Golovin , Antoine Griezmann , Eden Hazard , Lucas Hernández , Lionel Messi , Thomas Meunier , Juan Fernando Quintero , James Rodríguez , Carlos Andrés Sánchez , Youri Tielemans , Wahbi Khazri Most goals and assists produced by an individual : 6 Antoine Griezmann ( 4 goals , 2 assists ) , Harry Kane ( 6 goals ) Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 3 Alisson , Thibaut Courtois , Hugo Lloris , Fernando Muslera , Robin Olsen Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 3 Alisson , Fernando Muslera Most goals scored by one player in a match : 3 Harry Kane for England against Panama , Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain Oldest goal scorer : 37 years , 120 days Felipe Baloy for Panama against England Youngest goal scorer : 19 years , 183 days Kylian Mbappé for France against Peru Wins and losses ( edit ) Most wins : 6 -- Belgium , France , Croatia Fewest wins : 0 -- Australia , Costa Rica , Egypt , Iceland , Morocco , Panama Most losses : 3 -- Egypt , England , Panama Fewest losses : 0 -- Denmark , France , Spain Most draws : 3 -- Denmark , Spain Fewest draws : 0 -- Belgium , Egypt , Germany , Mexico , Nigeria , Panama , Peru , Poland , Saudi Arabia , Serbia , South Korea , Sweden , Tunisia , Uruguay Most points in the group stage : 9 -- Belgium , Croatia , Uruguay Fewest points in the group stage : 0 -- Egypt , Panama Match awards ( edit ) Man of the Match ( edit ) Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Antoine Griezmann France Australia ( GS ) , Uruguay ( QF ) , Croatia ( F ) Eden Hazard Belgium Tunisia ( GS ) , Japan ( R16 ) , England ( TP ) Harry Kane England Tunisia ( GS ) , Panama ( GS ) , Colombia ( R16 ) Luka Modrić Croatia Nigeria ( GS ) , Argentina ( GS ) , Russia ( QF ) 5 Denis Cheryshev Russia Saudi Arabia ( GS ) , Egypt ( GS ) Philippe Coutinho Brazil Switzerland ( GS ) , Costa Rica ( GS ) Kylian Mbappé France Peru ( GS ) , Argentina ( R16 ) Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Spain ( GS ) , Morocco ( GS ) Luis Suárez Uruguay Saudi Arabia ( GS ) , Russia ( GS ) 10 Igor Akinfeev Russia Spain ( R16 ) Ludwig Augustinsson Sweden Mexico ( GS ) Milan Badelj Croatia Iceland ( GS ) Jan Bednarek Poland Japan ( GS ) Fakhreddine Ben Youssef Tunisia Panama ( GS ) André Carrillo Peru Australia ( GS ) Edinson Cavani Uruguay Portugal ( R16 ) Cho Hyun - woo South Korea Germany ( GS ) Diego Costa Spain Iran ( GS ) Kevin De Bruyne Belgium Brazil ( QF ) Blerim Džemaili Switzerland Costa Rica ( GS ) Mohamed El - Shenawy Egypt Uruguay ( GS ) Christian Eriksen Denmark Australia ( GS ) Emil Forsberg Sweden Switzerland ( R16 ) Andreas Granqvist Sweden South Korea ( GS ) Hannes Þór Halldórsson Iceland Argentina ( GS ) Amine Harit Morocco Iran ( GS ) Javier Hernández Mexico South Korea ( GS ) Isco Spain Morocco ( GS ) Adnan Januzaj Belgium England ( GS ) N'Golo Kanté France Denmark ( GS ) Aleksandar Kolarov Serbia Costa Rica ( GS ) Hirving Lozano Mexico Germany ( GS ) Romelu Lukaku Belgium Panama ( GS ) Sadio Mané Senegal Japan ( GS ) Lionel Messi Argentina Nigeria ( GS ) Yerry Mina Colombia Senegal ( GS ) Ahmed Musa Nigeria Iceland ( GS ) Neymar Brazil Mexico ( R16 ) M'Baye Niang Senegal Poland ( GS ) Yuya Osako Japan Colombia ( GS ) Paulinho Brazil Serbia ( GS ) Ivan Perišić Croatia England ( SF ) Jordan Pickford England Sweden ( QF ) Yussuf Poulsen Denmark Peru ( GS ) Ricardo Quaresma Portugal Iran ( GS ) Marco Reus Germany Sweden ( GS ) James Rodríguez Colombia Poland ( GS ) Mohamed Salah Egypt Saudi Arabia ( GS ) Kasper Schmeichel Denmark Croatia ( R16 ) Xherdan Shaqiri Switzerland Serbia ( GS ) Samuel Umtiti France Belgium ( SF ) Clean sheets ( edit ) Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Alisson Brazil Costa Rica ( GS ) , Serbia ( GS ) , Mexico ( R16 ) Thibaut Courtois Belgium Panama ( GS ) , England ( GS ) , England ( TP ) Hugo Lloris France Peru ( GS ) , Uruguay ( QF ) , Belgium ( SF ) Fernando Muslera Uruguay Egypt ( GS ) , Saudi Arabia ( GS ) , Russia ( GS ) Robin Olsen Sweden South Korea ( GS ) , Mexico ( GS ) , Switzerland ( R16 ) 6 David Ospina Colombia Poland ( GS ) , Senegal ( GS ) Kasper Schmeichel Denmark Peru ( GS ) , France ( GS ) Danijel Subašić Croatia Nigeria ( GS ) , Argentina ( GS ) 9 Igor Akinfeev Russia Saudi Arabia ( GS ) Alireza Beiranvand Iran Morocco ( GS ) David de Gea Spain Iran ( GS ) Łukasz Fabiański Poland Japan ( GS ) Pedro Gallese Peru Australia ( GS ) Jo Hyeon - woo South Korea Germany ( GS ) Steve Mandanda France Denmark ( GS ) Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Germany ( GS ) Rui Patrício Portugal Morocco ( GS ) Jordan Pickford England Sweden ( QF ) Vladimir Stojković Serbia Costa Rica ( GS ) Francis Uzoho Nigeria Iceland ( GS ) Squads ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup squads Coaches ( edit ) Oldest coach : Óscar Tabárez Uruguay - 71 years and 104 days in the first game against Egypt , after Otto Rehhagel ( 71 years and 317 days at the 2010 World Cup ) , he is the second oldest World Cup coach . Youngest coach : Aliou Cissé Senegal - 42 years and 87 days in the first game against Poland . Country with most coaches : Argentina with four coaches , alongside Argentina , Egypt , Colombia and Peru are coached by Argentines . This is followed by Spain with three coaches ( Belgium , Saudi Arabia and Spain ) , then Germany , France , Colombia ( with the Colombian coaches serving only other teams as in 2014 ) and Portugal with two coaches each . Teams with foreign coaches : Twelve teams are trained by foreign coaches , including two teams ( Australia and Denmark ) of coaches whose home countries ( Netherlands and Norway ) did not qualify for the 2018 World Cup . Longest serving coach : As in 2014 , the longest serving team coaches of the World Cup are Joachim Löw and Óscar Tabárez , who have been in charge of the German and Uruguayan national teams since 2006 . Tabárez , however , was previously coach of Uruguay from 1988 to 1990 , while Löw have worked as an assistant coach for Germany since 2004 . Besides them , Didier Deschamps France , José Pékerman Colombia and Carlos Queiroz Iran were at the 2014 World Cup with their current teams and Jorge Sampaoli Argentina with Chile and Fernando Santos Portugal with Greece at the 2014 World Cup . Shortest serving coach : The coach having the shortest time in charge is Fernando Hierro Spain , who became in charge only two days before his team 's first game . In addition to him were Mladen Krstajić Serbia , Bert van Marwijk Australia , Akira Nishino Japan and Juan Antonio Pizzi Saudi Arabia who resumed duty as coach only after the successful qualification of their current teams . Of these , however , van Marwijk had qualified with Saudi Arabia for the World Cup , but then refused to renew his contract . Coaches who were former players : Didier Deschamps ( France / 1998 ) became world champion having previously contested as a player , equaling the record of Mário Zagallo and Franz Beckenbauer . Beside him , Aliou Cissé ( Senegal / 2002 ) , Gareth Southgate ( England / 1998 ) , Óscar Ramírez ( Costa Rica / 1990 ) , Adam Nawałka ( Poland / 1978 ) , Stanislav Cherchesov ( Russia / 1994 and unused in 2002 ) and Mladen Krstajić ( Serbia / 2006 with Serbia & Montenegro ) were also coaches who previously played at the World Cup . Players ( edit ) Appearance record : Rafael Márquez Mexico participated in the World Cup for the fifth time , equaling the record of compatriot Antonio Carbajal and Germany player Lothar Matthäus Oldest player : At 45 years and five months , Essam El - Hadary Egypt is the oldest player ever to be nominated for a World Cup finals . By his use in the last group match on June 25 , he was 45 years and 161 days , thereby becoming the oldest World Cup player . Youngest player : Daniel Arzani Australia is the youngest player at the age of 19 years and 163 days . He came on in the group match against France in the 84th minute . Sofyan Amrabat Morocco , who came on as a substitute for his brother Nordin Amrabat in the 76th minute in the group match against Iran , is the first player in World Cup history to come in for his brother . Aleksandr Yerokhin Russia is the first player to feature as the fourth substitute player in a World Cup match - coming on in the 97th minute of extra time in the Round of 16 match against Spain . This match is also the first ever World Cup match in which eight players have been substituted . 30 teams nominated at least one player from the domestic league , but only England exclusively fielded players of its own domestic league . By contrast , Sweden and Senegal nominated only players from foreign leagues . The most number of players ( 129 ) are active in clubs based in England , the majority of them in the Premier League , with some in the lower leagues . In total 27 of the 32 team squads have players who play in England . One player each plays in the leagues of Finland , Guinea , Honduras , Norway , Paraguay , Romania , Slovakia and South Africa . From the leagues of countries that did not qualify for the World Cup , the Italian Serie A have the strongest representation with 58 players . Discipline ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record Total number of yellow cards : 219 Average yellow cards per match : 3.42 Total number of red cards : 4 Average red cards per match : 0.06 First yellow card of the tournament : Aleksandr Golovin for Russia against Saudi Arabia First red card of the tournament : Carlos Sánchez Moreno for Colombia against Japan Fastest yellow card from kick off : 1st minute Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute : 1st minute Latest yellow card in a match without extra time : 90 + 8th minute Aleksandar Prijović for Serbia against Costa Rica , Cédric Soares for Portugal against Iran Latest yellow card in a match with extra time : 118th minute Fastest dismissal from kick off : 3rd minute Latest dismissal in a match without extra time : 90 + 4th minute Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player : 9 minutes Igor Smolnikov for Russia against Uruguay ( booked in the 27th minute and again in the 36th minute ) Most yellow cards ( team ) : 15 Croatia Most red cards ( team ) : 1 Colombia , Germany , Russia , Switzerland Fewest yellow cards ( team ) : 1 Saudi Arabia Most yellow cards ( player ) : 3 Sebastian Larsson Most red cards ( player ) : 1 Jérôme Boateng , Michael Lang , Carlos Sánchez Moreno , Igor Smolnikov Most yellow cards ( match ) : 8 Belgium vs Panama , France vs Argentina , Colombia vs England Most red cards ( match ) : 1 Colombia vs Japan , Germany vs Sweden , Uruguay vs Russia , Sweden vs Switzerland Fewest yellow cards ( match ) : 0 Argentina vs Iceland , Uruguay vs Saudi Arabia Most cards in one match : 8 yellow cards Belgium vs Panama , France vs Argentina , Colombia vs England Multiple World Cups ( edit ) Scoring at four World Cups Name 2006 2014 2018 Total goals Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Cristiano Ronaldo IRN PRK GHA ESP ( 3 ) , MAR 7 Scoring at three World Cups Name 2006 2014 2018 Total goals Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Edinson Cavani N / A GER CRC RUS , POR ( 2 ) 5 Javier Hernández N / A FRA , ARG CRO KOR Keisuke Honda N / A CMR , DEN CIV SEN Lionel Messi SCG 0 N / A BIH , IRN , NGA ( 2 ) NGA 6 Luis Suárez N / A MEX , KOR ( 2 ) ENG ( 2 ) KSA , RUS 7 Messi played in 2010 but did not score . Appearing in five World Cups Name 2002 2006 2014 2018 Total Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Rafael Márquez CRO , ECU , ITA , USA IRN , ANG , POR , ARG RSA , FRA , URU , ARG CMR , BRA , CRO , NED GER , KOR , BRA 19 Márquez became the first player to captain his team in five different World Cups . Appearing in four World Cups Name 2006 2014 2018 Total Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Valon Behrami KOR CHI ECU , FRA , HON , ARG BRA , SRB , CRC , SWE 10 Tim Cahill JPN , BRA , CRO , ITA GER , SRB CHI , NED PER 9 Andrés Guardado ARG RSA , URU , ARG CMR , BRA , CRO , NED GER , KOR , SWE , BRA 12 Andrés Iniesta KSA 6 SUI , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED , CHI , AUS POR , IRN , MAR , RUS 14 Javier Mascherano 5 CIV , SCG , NED , MEX , GER NGA , KOR , MEX , GER 7 BIH , IRN , NGA , SUI , BEL , NED , GER ISL , CRO , NGA , FRA 20 Lionel Messi SCG , NED , MEX 5 NGA , KOR , GRE , MEX , GER 7 BIH , IRN , NGA , SUI , BEL , NED , GER ISL , CRO , NGA , FRA 19 Sergio Ramos UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED , CHI , AUS POR , IRN , MAR , RUS 17 Cristiano Ronaldo 6 ANG , IRN , NED , ENG , FRA , GER CIV , PRK , BRA , ESP GER , USA , GHA ESP , MAR , IRN , URU 17 Overall results ( edit ) Bold numbers indicate the maximum values in each column . By team ( edit ) Team Pld Pts APts GF AGF GA AGA GD AGD CS ACS YC AYC RC ARC Argentina 1.00 6 1.50 9 2.25 - 3 - 0.75 0 0.00 11 2.75 0 0.00 Australia 0 0.33 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 7 2.33 0 0.00 Belgium 7 6 0 18 2.57 16 2.29 6 0.86 + 10 1.43 0.43 11 1.57 0 0.00 Brazil 5 10 2.00 8 1.60 0.60 + 5 1.00 0.60 7 1.40 0 0.00 Colombia 7 1.75 6 1.50 0.75 + 3 0.75 0.50 9 2.25 0.25 Costa Rica 0 0.33 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Croatia 7 14 2.00 14 2.00 9 1.29 + 5 0.71 0.29 15 2.14 0 0.00 Denmark 0 6 1.50 0.75 0.50 + 1 0.25 0.50 6 1.50 0 0.00 Egypt 0 0 0 0.00 0.67 6 2.00 - 4 - 1.33 0 0.00 5 1.67 0 0.00 England 7 10 1.43 12 1.71 8 1.14 + 4 0.57 0.14 8 1.14 0 0.00 France 7 6 0 19 2.71 14 2.00 6 0.86 + 8 1.14 0.57 12 1.71 0 0.00 Germany 0 1.00 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0 0.00 0.67 0.33 Iceland 0 0.33 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00 Iran 1.33 0.67 0.67 0 0.00 0.33 7 2.33 0 0.00 Japan 1.00 6 1.50 7 1.75 - 1 - 0.25 0 0.00 5 1.25 0 0.00 Mexico 0 6 1.50 0.75 6 1.50 - 3 - 0.75 0.25 9 2.25 0 0.00 Morocco 0 0.33 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0 0.00 8 2.67 0 0.00 Nigeria 0 1.00 1.00 1.33 - 1 - 0.33 0.33 1.33 0 0.00 Panama 0 0 0 0.00 0.67 11 3.67 - 9 - 3.00 0 0.00 11 3.67 0 0.00 Peru 0 1.00 0.67 0.67 0 0.00 0.33 5 1.67 0 0.00 Poland 0 1.00 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0.33 1.00 0 0.00 Portugal 5 1.25 6 1.50 6 1.50 0 0.00 0.25 7 1.75 0 0.00 Russia 5 8 1.60 11 2.20 7 1.40 + 4 0.80 0.20 6 1.20 0.20 Saudi Arabia 0 1.00 0.67 7 2.33 - 5 - 1.67 0 0.00 0.33 0 0.00 Senegal 1.33 1.33 1.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Serbia 0 1.00 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0.33 9 3.00 0 0.00 South Korea 0 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 0.00 0.33 10 3.33 0 0.00 Spain 0 6 1.50 7 1.75 6 1.50 + 1 0.25 0.25 0.50 0 0.00 Sweden 5 0 9 1.80 6 1.20 0.80 + 2 0.40 0.60 8 1.60 0 0.00 Switzerland 5 1.25 5 1.25 5 1.25 0 0.00 0 0.00 9 2.25 0.25 Tunisia 0 1.00 5 1.67 8 2.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 1.33 0 0.00 Uruguay 5 0 12 2.40 7 1.40 0.60 + 4 0.80 0.60 0.60 0 0.00 Total 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 169 1.32 169 1.32 0 0.00 33 0.26 219 1.71 0.03 Team ( s ) rendered in italics represent ( s ) the host nation ( s ) . The competition 's winning team is rendered in bold . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played ( total games lost = total games won ) -- Total number of games drawn ( tied ) for all teams = Total number of games drawn ( tied ) ÷ 2 ( both teams involved ) -- As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . By confederation ( edit ) Confederation Pld Pts APts Pts / T AFC 5 16 9 15 0.94 3.00 CAF 5 15 10 11 0.73 2.20 CONCACAF 10 7 7 0.70 2.33 CONMEBOL 5 21 11 7 36 1.71 7.20 UEFA 14 66 31 17 18 110 1.67 7.86 Total 32 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 5.59 Host nation ( s ) are situated in the region ( s ) rendered in italics . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played ( total games lost = total games won ) -- Total number of games drawn ( tied ) for all teams = Total number of games drawn ( tied ) ÷ 2 ( both teams involved ) -- As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . Stadiums ( edit ) Stadium City Capacity Elevation Matches played Overall attendance Average attendance per match Average attendance as % of capacity Overall goals scored Average goals scored per match Central Stadium Yekaterinburg 33,061 273 m 125,437 31,359 94.85 % 9 2.25 Cosmos Arena Samara 41,970 163 m 6 248,060 41,343 98.51 % 11 1.83 Fisht Olympic Stadium Sochi 44,287 1 m 6 264,057 44,010 99.37 % 21 3.50 Kaliningrad Stadium Kaliningrad 33,973 0 m 132,249 33,062 97.32 % 10 2.50 Kazan Arena Kazan 42,873 51 m 6 254,451 42,409 98.92 % 19 3.17 Krestovsky Stadium Saint Petersburg 64,468 13 m 7 448,686 64,098 99.43 % 14 2.00 Luzhniki Stadium Moscow 78,011 151 m 7 546,077 78,011 100.00 % 18 2.57 Mordovia Arena Saransk 41,685 126 m 160,237 40,059 96.10 % 9 2.25 Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Nizhny Novgorod 43,319 73 m 6 256,427 42,738 98.66 % 19 3.17 Otkritie Arena Moscow 44,190 125 m 5 220,950 44,190 100.00 % 16 3.20 Rostov Arena Rostov - on - Don 43,472 0 m 5 214,197 42,839 98.54 % 14 2.80 Volgograd Arena Volgograd 43,713 31 m 160,980 40,245 92.07 % 9 2.25 Total 3,080,085 64 3,031,768 47,371 98.43 % 169 2.64 Attendance records ( edit ) Top 10 highest attendances . Rank Attendance Match Venue City Date Ref 78,011 Russia vs Saudi Arabia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow 14 June 2018 Germany vs Mexico 17 June 2018 Portugal vs Morocco 20 June 2018 Denmark vs France 26 June 2018 Spain vs Russia 1 July 2018 Croatia vs England 11 July 2018 France vs Croatia 15 July 2018 8 64,468 Russia vs Egypt Krestovsky Stadium Saint Petersburg 19 June 2018 Brazil vs Costa Rica 22 June 2018 Nigeria vs Argentina 26 June 2018 Lowest attendance : 27,015 -- Egypt vs Uruguay , Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg , 15 June 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kelly , Ryan ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Mandzukic makes World Cup history with own goal against France in Russia 2018 final '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Players : Goals scored '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Australia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v France -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium vs Tunisia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium v Japan -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tunisia vs England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England vs Panama -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia v Nigeria -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia v Saudi Arabia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia v Egypt -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Switzerland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Costa Rica -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France vs Peru -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Argentina -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain v Portugal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal v Morocco -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v Saudi Arabia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v Russia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain v Russia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico v Sweden -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iceland v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japan v Poland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panama v Tunisia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia vs Peru -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v Portugal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea v Germany -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iran vs Spain -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Belgium -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Switzerland v Costa Rica -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt v Uruguay -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark v Australia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden v Switzerland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden v South Korea -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina v Iceland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco v Iran -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea v Mexico -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IR Spain v Morocco -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England v Belgium -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Denmark v France -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica v Serbia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany v Mexico -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium v Panama -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japan vs Senegal - Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria v Argentina -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Senegal v Colombia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria vs Iceland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Mexico -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Poland vs Senegal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia v Japan -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia vBrazil -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peru v Denmark -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IR Iran v Portugal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany v Sweden -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Poland vs Colombia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia v Egpyt -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia v Denmark -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia v Switzerland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Belgium -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stats of the Day -- 16 June 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stats of the Day -- 26 June 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018_ A late own goal gives France victory over Australia - BBC Sport '' . BBC.com . BBC Sport. 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stats of the Day - 2 July 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The squads in stats '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 5 June 2018 . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ekaterinburg Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ulitsa Repina '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Samara Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ulitsa Dal'nyaya '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fisht Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fisht Olympic Stadium '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kaliningrad Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kazan Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kazan , Tatarstan '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Petersburg Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zenit Arena '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mordovia Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volgogradskaya Ulitsa '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nizhny Novgorod Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ulitsa Dolzhanskaya '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spartak Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volokolamskoye Shosse '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rostov Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volgograd Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Central Stadium '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Russia vs. Saudi Arabia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Germany vs. Mexico '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Portugal vs. Morocco '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Denmark vs. France '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Spain vs. Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Croatia vs. England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - France vs. Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Russia vs. Egypt '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Brazil vs. Costa Rica '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Nigeria vs. Argentina '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Egypt v Uruguay '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) 2018 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions France Runners - up Croatia Third place Belgium Fourth place England Quarter - finals Brazil Russia Sweden Uruguay Round of 16 Argentina Colombia Denmark Japan Mexico Portugal Spain Switzerland Group stage Australia Costa Rica Egypt Germany Iceland Iran Morocco Nigeria Panama Peru Poland Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia South Korea Tunisia FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_statistics&oldid=857046890 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup statistics Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه বাংলা Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Português Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 06 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who has conceded the least goals in the world cup 2018
[ "Most goals scored by a team: 16 Belgium\nFewest goals scored by a team: 2 Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Iran, Morocco, Panama, Peru, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia\nMost goals conceded by a team: 11 Panama\nFewest goals conceded by a team: 2 Denmark, Iran, Peru\nBest goal difference: +10 Belgium\nWorst goal difference: -9 Panama\nMost goals scored in a match by both teams: 7 Belgium 5–2 Tunisia, England 6–1 Panama, France 4–3 Argentina\nMost goals scored in a match by one team: 6 England against Panama\nMost goals scored in a match by the losing team: 3 Argentina against France\nBiggest margin of victory: 5 goals Russia 5–0 Saudi Arabia, England 6–1 Panama\nMost clean sheets achieved by a team: 4 France\nFewest clean sheets achieved by a team: 0 Argentina, Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Morocco, Panama, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Switzerland, Tunisia\nMost clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2 Costa Rica, England, Germany, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia\nFewest clean sheets given by an opposing team: 0 Brazil, Colombia, Croatia, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia\nMost consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team: 3 Brazil, Uruguay\nMost consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2 Costa Rica, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia", "Most goals scored by a team: 16 Belgium\nFewest goals scored by a team: 2 Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Iran, Morocco, Panama, Peru, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia\nMost goals conceded by a team: 11 Panama\nFewest goals conceded by a team: 2 Denmark, Iran, Peru\nBest goal difference: +10 Belgium\nWorst goal difference: -9 Panama\nMost goals scored in a match by both teams: 7 Belgium 5–2 Tunisia, England 6–1 Panama, France 4–3 Argentina\nMost goals scored in a match by one team: 6 England against Panama\nMost goals scored in a match by the losing team: 3 Argentina against France\nBiggest margin of victory: 5 goals Russia 5–0 Saudi Arabia, England 6–1 Panama\nMost clean sheets achieved by a team: 4 France\nFewest clean sheets achieved by a team: 0 Argentina, Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Morocco, Panama, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Switzerland, Tunisia\nMost clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2 Costa Rica, England, Germany, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia\nFewest clean sheets given by an opposing team: 0 Brazil, Colombia, Croatia, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia\nMost consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team: 3 Brazil, Uruguay\nMost consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2 Costa Rica, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia", "Most goals scored by a team: 16 Belgium\nFewest goals scored by a team: 2 Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Iran, Morocco, Panama, Peru, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia\nMost goals conceded by a team: 11 Panama\nFewest goals conceded by a team: 2 Denmark, Iran, Peru\nBest goal difference: +10 Belgium\nWorst goal difference: -9 Panama\nMost goals scored in a match by both teams: 7 Belgium 5–2 Tunisia, England 6–1 Panama, France 4–3 Argentina\nMost goals scored in a match by one team: 6 England against Panama\nMost goals scored in a match by the losing team: 3 Argentina against France\nBiggest margin of victory: 5 goals Russia 5–0 Saudi Arabia, England 6–1 Panama\nMost clean sheets achieved by a team: 4 France\nFewest clean sheets achieved by a team: 0 Argentina, Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Morocco, Panama, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Switzerland, Tunisia\nMost clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2 Costa Rica, England, Germany, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia\nFewest clean sheets given by an opposing team: 0 Brazil, Colombia, Croatia, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia\nMost consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team: 3 Brazil, Uruguay\nMost consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2 Costa Rica, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia" ]
[ "Denmark", "Iran", "Peru" ]
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Into the Woods (film)
Into the Woods ( film ) - wikipedia Into the Woods ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2014 film . For other uses , see Into the Woods ( disambiguation ) . Into the Woods Theatrical release poster Directed by Rob Marshall Produced by Rob Marshall John DeLuca Marc Platt Callum McDougall Screenplay by James Lapine Based on Into the Woods by Stephen Sondheim James Lapine Starring Meryl Streep Emily Blunt James Corden Anna Kendrick Chris Pine Tracey Ullman Christine Baranski Johnny Depp Narrated by James Corden Music by Stephen Sondheim Cinematography Dion Beebe Edited by Wyatt Smith Production company Walt Disney Pictures Lucamar Productions Marc Platt Productions Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) ( Ziegfeld Theatre ) December 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 124 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50 million Box office $213.1 million Into the Woods is a 2014 American musical fantasy film directed by Rob Marshall , and adapted to the screen by James Lapine from his and Stephen Sondheim 's Broadway musical of the same name . A Walt Disney Pictures production , it features an ensemble cast that includes Meryl Streep , Emily Blunt , James Corden , Anna Kendrick , Chris Pine , Tracey Ullman , Christine Baranski , Lilla Crawford , Daniel Huttlestone , MacKenzie Mauzy , Billy Magnussen , and Johnny Depp . Inspired by the Grimm Brothers ' fairy tales of `` Little Red Riding Hood '' , `` Cinderella '' , `` Jack and the Beanstalk '' , and `` Rapunzel '' , the film is a fantasy genre centered on a childless couple , who set out to end a curse placed on them by a vengeful witch . Ultimately , the characters are forced to rectify the consequences of their actions . After several unsuccessful attempts by other studios and producers to adapt the musical to film , Disney announced in 2012 that it was producing an adaptation , with Marshall directing and John DeLuca serving as producer . Principal photography commenced in September 2013 , and took place entirely in the United Kingdom , including at Shepperton Studios in London . Into the Woods held its world premiere at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 8 , 2014 , and was released theatrically in the United States on December 25 , 2014 . The film was commercially successful and received generally positive reviews , receiving praise for its acting performances and production merits , but was criticized for its lighter tone compared to the source material and the changes made for the translation . It grossed $213 million worldwide . Into the Woods received three Academy Award nominations at the 87th Academy Awards , including a Best Supporting Actress nomination for Streep , as well as three Golden Globe Award nominations , including Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Stage - to - screen changes 4 Production 4.1 Early development 4.2 Development at Disney 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) A Baker ( James Corden ) and his Wife ( Emily Blunt ) wish for a child but suffer under a curse laid upon the Baker 's family by a Witch ( Meryl Streep ) who found the Baker 's father robbing her garden when his mother was pregnant . The Baker 's father also stole some beans which caused the Witch 's mother to punish her with the curse of ugliness . The Witch offers to lift the curse , but only if the Baker and his Wife obtain four critical items for her : a cow as white as milk , a cape as red as blood , a hair as yellow as corn , and a slipper as pure as gold . The Witch later tells the Baker that she asked him to do this task for her because she is not allowed to touch any of the objects . The Witch 's demands eventually bring the Baker and his Wife into contact with Jack ( Daniel Huttlestone ) , who is selling his beloved cow , Milky - White , and to whom the Baker offers magic beans left him by his father ( which were stolen from the Witch ) which grow into a large beanstalk ; with Red Riding Hood ( Lilla Crawford ) , whose ruby cape the couple notices when she stops to buy sweets on her way to grandmother 's house ; with Rapunzel ( MacKenzie Mauzy ) , whose tower the Baker 's Wife passes in the woods ; and with Cinderella ( Anna Kendrick ) , who also runs into the Baker 's Wife while fleeing from the pursuing Prince ( Chris Pine ) . After a series of failed attempts and misadventures , the Baker and his Wife finally are able to gather the items necessary to break the spell . Meanwhile , each of the other characters receive their `` happy endings '' : Cinderella marries the Prince ; Jack provides for his mother by stealing riches from the Giant in the sky , and kills the pursuing Giant by cutting down the beanstalk ; Little Red Riding Hood and her Grandmother are saved from the Big Bad Wolf ( Johnny Depp ) ; and the Witch regains her youth and beauty after drinking the potion . However , each of the characters learns their `` happily ever after '' is not very happy : the Baker is worried he is a poor father to his newborn baby ; the Baker 's Wife is temporarily seduced by the Prince ; Cinderella is disenchanted by the cheating Prince ; and the Witch learns that she has lost her powers with her restored youth and beauty . The growth of a second beanstalk from the last remaining magic bean allows the Giant 's Wife to climb down and threaten the kingdom and its inhabitants if they do not deliver Jack in retribution for killing her husband . The characters debate the morality of handing Jack over . In the process , Red Riding Hood 's Mother and Grandmother , Jack 's Mother , and the Baker 's Wife are killed . The characters blame each other for their individual actions that lead to the tragedy , ultimately blaming the Witch for raising the beans in the first place . She curses them for their inability to accept their individual responsibilities . Casting all her remaining beans away , she begs her mother to punish her again and disappears into a large pit of boiling tar . The remaining characters resolve to kill the threatening Giant 's Wife , though Cinderella and the Baker try to explain to the distraught Red Riding Hood and Jack the complicated morality of retribution and revenge . The characters lure the Giant 's Wife into stepping in the tar pit where she ultimately trips and falls to her death . The Giant 's Wife is killed , and the characters move forward with their ruined lives . The Baker , thinking of his Wife , is determined to be a good father . Cinderella decides to leave the Prince and help the Baker , and Jack and Red Riding Hood , now orphans , are living with the Baker and Cinderella . The Baker comforts his son after he begins to cry by telling a story as the movie ends with the Witch 's moral , meaning that children can change due to the parent 's actions and behaviors . Cast ( edit ) Meryl Streep as The Witch Emily Blunt as The Baker 's Wife James Corden as The Baker Anna Kendrick as Cinderella Chris Pine as Cinderella 's Prince Tracey Ullman as Jack 's Mother Christine Baranski as Cinderella 's Stepmother Johnny Depp as The Big Bad Wolf Lilla Crawford as Little Red Riding Hood Daniel Huttlestone as Jack MacKenzie Mauzy as Rapunzel Billy Magnussen as Rapunzel 's Prince Tammy Blanchard as Florinda Lucy Punch as Lucinda Frances de la Tour as the Giant 's Wife Richard Glover as the Steward Joanna Riding as Cinderella 's Mother Annette Crosbie as Little Red Riding Hood 's Grandmother Simon Russell Beale as the Baker 's Father Tug as Milky - White Stage - to - screen changes ( edit ) While it was initially reported that Disney had decided to make some major plot changes for the film version in order to make it more family - friendly , Stephen Sondheim revealed that this was not the case and that any changes in the film version had been approved by him and James Lapine . Thus , the film does slightly differ from the stage production . The songs `` I Guess This Is Goodbye '' , `` Maybe They 're Magic '' , `` First Midnight '' and `` Second Midnight '' interludes , `` Ever After '' ( Act I finale of the original play ) , `` So Happy '' , `` Into the Woods '' Reprise , `` Agony '' Reprise and `` No More '' ( performed by the Baker ) were cut from the film , although both `` Ever After '' and `` No More '' are used as instrumentals in the film . Meanwhile , many of the songs in the film have slightly different lyrics than their stage counterparts due to the slight tweaking of storylines . Other changes include a major reduction of the significant role of the `` Mysterious Man '' , who manipulates much of the action in the first act and is eventually revealed to be the Baker 's father . Also , the character of the Narrator is deleted , and the film is instead narrated by the Baker . The minor role of Cinderella 's Father was cut , and he is instead mentioned as deceased . Due to the film 's compressed storyline , Rapunzel 's pregnancy is eliminated , as is the subplot where the two princes have affairs with Snow White and Sleeping Beauty . In the film , the Giant 's Wife attacks during the marriages of Cinderella and Rapunzel to their respective Princes , no more than a few weeks after the events of act one , while in the stage show , nearly a year passes between the first and second acts . Rapunzel 's ultimate fate is also changed : rather than being killed by the giant , she refuses to cooperate with the Witch and flees with her prince . Similarly , much of the violence and sexual content is slightly toned down from the original musical . The death of Jack 's Mother is less violent in the film ; on stage , the Steward clubs her to death with his staff , in the film , he simply shoves her to the ground and she hits her head on a log . The death of the Baker 's Wife is not explicitly shown in the film , and the cause of her death is changed from being crushed by a tree in the Giant 's Wife 's wake to accidentally backing off the edge of a cliff while fleeing from the Giant 's Wife . Production ( edit ) Early development ( edit ) Early attempts of adapting Into the Woods to film occurred in the early 1990s , with a script written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel . A reading was held with a cast that included Robin Williams as The Baker , Goldie Hawn as The Baker 's Wife , Cher as The Witch , Danny DeVito as The Giant , Steve Martin as The Wolf , and Roseanne Barr as Jack 's Mother . By 1991 , Columbia Pictures and Jim Henson Productions were also developing a film adaptation with Craig Zadan as producer and Rob Minkoff as director . In 1997 , Columbia put the film into turnaround , with Minkoff still attached as director , and Billy Crystal , Meg Ryan , and Susan Sarandon reportedly in talks to star . After the report by Variety , a film adaptation of Into the Woods remained inactive for 15 years . Development at Disney ( edit ) After the critical and commercial success of Chicago in 2002 , director Rob Marshall approached Stephen Sondheim as he was interested in adapting one of his musicals such as Follies and Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street , although Sondheim suggested Into the Woods instead . Marshall concurred , but development of the project was then postponed while he focused on directing Memoirs of a Geisha and Nine . In 2011 , Marshall 's interest in the project was rekindled when he heard a speech by President Barack Obama on the tenth anniversary of the September 11th attacks to the families of the 9 / 11 victims , which seemed to evoke the same message as the musical 's most important song , `` No One Is Alone '' . Marshall firmly believed that Into the Woods was `` a fairy tale for the post-9 / 11 generation '' . In January 2012 , Marshall approached Walt Disney Pictures -- for whom he had just directed Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides -- and pitched the idea to the studio , with Lapine writing the script and Sondheim `` expected '' to write new songs . Academy Award - winner Dion Beebe , who previously collaborated with Marshall on Chicago , Memoirs of a Geisha , and Nine , served as cinematographer . Sondheim confirmed that a new song had been written for the film . With Disney 's backing , a three - day reading of the entire updated screenplay took place in New York in October 2012 under Marshall 's direction , with Nina Arianda as the Baker 's Wife , Victoria Clark as Cinderella 's Mother / Granny / Giant , James Corden as the Baker , Donna Murphy as the Witch , Christine Baranski as Cinderella 's Stepmother , Tammy Blanchard as Florinda , Ivan Hernandez as the Wolf , Megan Hilty as Lucinda , Cheyenne Jackson as Rapunzel 's Prince , Allison Janney as Jack 's Mother , Anna Kendrick as Cinderella , Michael McGrath as Steward / Mysterious Man , Laura Osnes as Rapunzel , Taylor Trensch as Jack , Casey Whyland as Little Red Riding Hood , and Patrick Wilson as Cinderella 's Prince . It was this reading which ultimately convinced Walt Disney Studios president Sean Bailey to green - light the film despite ongoing concerns about the dark nature of the original musical ( which Disney executives had begun to understand since Marshall 's original pitch ) . However , Disney ( which self - finances all its films ) provided only a relatively small production budget of $50 million ( relative to other feature - length fantasy films on its development slate ) , in turn forcing both cast and crew to accept pay cuts to work on the film . Reports subsequently surfaced in January 2013 that Meryl Streep had been cast to play the Witch . Streep had instituted a personal `` no witch '' rule after she turned 40 and was offered three witch roles , but ultimately broke her own rule to do a Sondheim role again . ( As a young Yale University student , she had participated in the original production of Sondheim 's The Frogs . ) During the same month , it was reported that Janney had been confirmed to join the film as well . Five months later , however , Tracey Ullman was cast as Jack 's Mother instead . Rapunzel 's tower under construction at Waverley Abbey in Farnham , Surrey . In April 2013 , Johnny Depp was in final negotiations , along with Streep , to join the film . The Hollywood Reporter reported that to help make the film on such a tight budget , Depp agreed as a favor to Disney and to Marshall ( whom he had just worked with in On Stranger Tides ) to a `` boarding '' arrangement , in which he would appear in a minor role for a fee of $1 million , instead of his typical fee of $20 million for a starring role . In May , James Corden , who took part in the reading of the screenplay , was in talks to play the role of the Baker . On May 10 , 2013 , Disney confirmed the casting of Streep , Depp , and Corden as the Witch , the Big Bad Wolf , and the Baker , respectively . That same month , Emily Blunt and Christine Baranski were cast , respectively , as the Baker 's Wife and Cinderella 's Stepmother . Marshall later confirmed that Blunt was selected for her `` warm ( th ) '' and likeability to ensure the emotional impact of the sudden death of the Baker 's Wife : `` ( T ) hat 's very important for that character because it 's the heart of the piece and you really have to love her so when she 's gone it should feel like a kick in the gut . '' After she was cast , Blunt discovered she was pregnant and her costume and choreography had to be adjusted accordingly . However , her `` overweight '' appearance during production actually fit in with the role of the Baker 's Wife ; as she explained , `` I feel like she would have eaten a lot of carbs working in the bakery . '' Also in May , Jake Gyllenhaal and Chris Pine entered negotiations to play the Princes . However , Gyllenhaal dropped out of the film due to scheduling conflicts with another film , Nightcrawler , and was subsequently replaced by Billy Magnussen . One month later , Anna Kendrick began talks to play Cinderella in the film . In June 2013 , Walt Disney Studios publicly announced that the film had been greenlighted , and scheduled a release date for Christmas Day 2014 . In July , MacKenzie Mauzy , Tammy Blanchard , Lucy Punch and Daniel Huttlestone joined the cast . In early August , Sophia Grace Brownlee 's representatives announced that she had been cast as Little Red Riding Hood . The announcement of Brownlee 's casting , which was widely reported but never confirmed by Disney , was criticized as `` a stunt '' and was met with concern due to her age and the sexual undertones present between Little Red and the Wolf . Mauzy later revealed that she first auditioned for Cinderella but did not get the part . However , director Marshall saw her audition tape and brought her back in for Rapunzel , after recognizing `` the ' vulnerability ' and ' emotion ' Mauzy could bring to Rapunzel after she read just one line '' , as he recalled . The film 's plot synopsis and the official casting of lead actors Meryl Streep , Johnny Depp , Anna Kendrick , Chris Pine , and Emily Blunt were revealed at the D23 Expo on August 10 , 2013 . On September 16 , 2013 , Lilla Crawford was confirmed as playing the character of Little Red Riding Hood , despite previous reports suggesting Brownlee . Crawford auditioned for Marshall via Skype , who offered her the role within two hours ; she was on a flight to London the next day . Later on , Dominic Brownlee spoke about the withdrawal of his daughter Sophia Grace from the movie : `` After careful consideration , we the parents of Sophia Grace , felt that as rehearsals progressed that she was too young for this part . It was a joint decision between us and the director and producer of Into the Woods to withdraw Sophia Grace from the film . '' Apart from Crawford , the casting of Richard Glover , Frances de la Tour , Simon Russell Beale , Joanna Riding , and Annette Crosbie in other roles was also separately announced later on September 16 . Filming ( edit ) Dover Castle in Kent was used as the exterior for the Prince 's castle . In July 2013 , before filming began , Marshall put the cast through six weeks of rehearsals on a soundstage and blocked their scenes . In August , the cast members visited Angel Recording Studios to separately record their respective parts in the presence of Sondheim himself . Over 90 % of the vocal tracks in the final version of the film are from the recording studio sessions , while the rest were recorded on location or on the set . The advantage of blocking and rehearsing all scenes first was that the cast members could then precisely calibrate their voices in the recording studio to the planned appearance of each scene when later filmed , thereby minimizing the slightly disconcerting disconnection between vocals and choreography typical of music videos . Principal photography took place at London 's Shepperton Studios in September 2013 , with additional filming taking place at Dover Castle , Hambleden , Waverley Abbey : and Richmond Park . A forest of ancient pine trees in Windsor Great Park was used for many of the scenes in the woods . Marshall struggled with how to stage the melodramatic duet `` Agony '' in the forest until discovering online that Windsor had an artificial waterfall at Virginia Water Lake , which turned out to be the perfect location for the song . The production was shot digitally , using Arri Alexa cameras configured in a two - camera setup . Footage was edited together in Avid Media Composer . The exterior of Byfleet Manor in Surrey served as Cinderella 's home . The filmmakers spent a whole day shooting scenes which involved Rapunzel 's hair being climbed upon . Mauzy claimed that the filmmakers wanted to take advantage of her blonde hair , and that the top of Rapunzel 's hair appeared in the film was her own real hair ; make - up artists only braided it into the extension . This hair extension was engineered by hair designer Peter King . After testing loose , flowing hair which King found `` uncontrollable '' , he decided to have twenty - seven wefts of real hair woven together into a 30 - foot braid , a design which took inspiration from an Arthur Rackham illustration of Rapunzel . In order to bring in enough real Russian hair strands needed for the extension , King and his team had to work with several distributors from Germany and England . The hair - braiding process required three people , each holding a separate strand and weaving in and out . King also dyed the wefts for them to match Mauzy 's champagne blonde hair color , and blended together six different shades from ash and strawberry to create realistic gradations and highlights . Between scenes , Mauzy had to `` wrap ( the hair ) around her arm like huge rolls of wool '' , as recalled by King . A stuntman was employed to shoot hair - climbing scenes . Thin rope and metal rings were the only additional tools concealed within the braid to hold the weight of a person climbing up . The film 's final shot , which essentially merges into and links back to its first shot , actually transitions digitally between three shots : a Technocrane on location lifting as high as possible into the sky , an aerial drone flying down a valley in Wales , and a shot of an overcast sky in Manhattan , New York City . Filming concluded on November 27 , 2013 . On July 14 , 2014 , Steve Baldwin posted on a social networking site that reshoots were made during the whole month of July . The following month , however , Rob Marshall denied the film went through re-shoots . Instead , they spent three days shooting new material that had been cut and re-added to the script after Disney screened the movie . For his role as the Wolf , Depp worked closely with the film 's costume designer Colleen Atwood to create a Tex Avery - inspired costume , complete with zoot suit and fedora . Music ( edit ) Main article : Into the Woods ( soundtrack ) As noted above , the majority of the songs were pre-recorded by the cast . Music producer Mike Higham , who had previously worked with Sondheim on Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street , recorded the film 's score with the London Symphony Orchestra and London Philharmonic . Music supervisor and conductor Paul Gemignani instructed the actors on how to sing , including singing live to a camera on set , to prerecorded music in studio , and with a live studio orchestra . Jonathan Tunick orchestrated Sondheim 's original music . The key to the song , `` Hello , Little Girl , '' was altered to better suit Johnny Depp 's lower vocal range . In regards to the song 's musical arrangement , Higham explained ; `` we emphasized the woodwinds to make it feel a little lighter , especially the flutes . And we just made it a little jazzier -- played more on the walking bass line . Inherently , when it has a jazz feel , it just feels lighter . '' The film 's soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on December 15 , 2014 . While it was initially reported that the film version would feature two new songs : a duet for the Baker and his Wife , titled `` Rainbows '' -- originally written for a 1992 film adaptation that was never made -- and a new song for the Witch , eventually titled `` She 'll Be Back '' . In the end , neither song appears in the finished film : `` Rainbows '' was cut before shooting began and `` She 'll Be Back '' , though filmed , was cut from the film on the grounds that it slowed the story down . `` She 'll Be Back '' was included as a bonus feature on the film 's home media release . Release ( edit ) The first official company presentation took place at the 2013 Disney D23 expo . The official teaser trailer debuted on July 31 , 2014 . A featurette was released showing behind - the - scenes clips and the vocals of Streep , Kendrick , Blunt and others . A second trailer was released on November 6 , 2014 . The film held its world premiere at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 8 , 2014 . It was released theatrically in the United States on December 25 , 2014 . Home Media ( edit ) Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on Blu - ray , DVD , and digital download in North America on March 24 , 2015 . The film debuted in second place on the home media charts behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies . The home media version includes Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine 's original song `` She 'll Be Back '' . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Into the Woods grossed $128 million in North America , and $85.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $213.1 million , against a budget of $50 million . Into the Woods began playing across North American theaters on December 24 , 2014 , and earned $1.1 million from late - night Christmas Eve showings and $15.08 million on its opening day ( including previews ) from 2,440 theaters . Its opening day gross was the fourth - biggest Christmas Day debut and the sixth - biggest Christmas Day gross ever . The film was among one of four films put into wide release on December 25 , 2014 , the other three being Universal Pictures ' Unbroken ( 3,131 theaters ) , Paramount Pictures ' The Gambler ( 2,478 theaters ) , and TWC 's Big Eyes ( 1,307 theaters ) . It earned $31.1 million in its traditional three - day opening ( $46.1 million including its Christmas Day gross ) debuting at # 2 at the box office behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , achieving the highest opening weekend for a film based on a Broadway musical ( previously held by Mamma Mia ! ) . The film 's $3.5 million debut in Japan marked the largest opening for a 21st - century live - action musical film . Critical Response ( edit ) Despite early screenings prior to the film 's release , Disney issued an embargo on professional reviews of the film until two weeks before general theatrical release . Into the Woods received generally positive reviews from critics . The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 71 % of critics gave the film a positive review based on 196 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` On the whole , this Disney adaptation of the Sondheim classic sits comfortably at the corner of Hollywood and Broadway -- even if it darkens to its detriment in the final act . '' The cast -- particularly the performances by Streep , Blunt and Pine -- received wide acclaim as well as its production design , and costume design Another review aggregator , Metacritic , calculates a score of 69 out of 100 , based on 41 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave Into the Woods an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Streep was immensely applauded for her performance as the Witch , with many critics and audiences believing she was the film 's heart . Lou Lumenick of the New York Post called her and Blunt 's portrayals as `` two of the greatest female performances of the year '' . For her performance , Streep received Academy Award , Golden Globe Award , Screen Actors Guild Award , and Broadcast Film Critics Association Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress . The Hollywood Reporter wrote that the film `` benefits from respect for the source material , enticing production values and a populous gallery of sharp character portraits from a delightful cast '' . Stephen Holden of The New York Times lauded the film , writing ; `` Into the Woods , the splendid Disney screen adaptation of the Stephen Sondheim - James Lapine musical , infuses new vitality into the tired marketing concept of entertainment for ' children of all ages ' '' . Leonard Maltin called the movie as `` one of the year 's best films '' . Similarly , Pete Hammond of Deadline praised the film as `` the most dazzling movie musical since Marshall 's own Chicago . '' and praised the performance of the cast , particularly Streep . Lou Lumerick of the New York Post called the film `` this century 's best musical '' and lauded the performances of Streep and Blunt as the best female performances of the year . Scott Mendelson of Forbes gave a positive review declaring the film `` Rob Marshall 's best movie ever '' and praised it for its genuine entertainment and strong cast performances . Richard Corliss of Time gave a positive review , stating that the film was a `` smart , appealing , upside - down children 's story for adults of all ages '' . Gregory Ellwood of HitFix tipped Streep as an Academy Award contender in the Best Supporting Actress category , and also praised the performance of Chris Pine . Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair , Karen D'Souza of the San Jose Mercury News , and Dana Stevens of Slate all published critical reviews of the film . All three found much to like in the acting ( especially Blunt and Pine 's performances ) , but all three also concluded that after the various cuts and changes , the final version of the film had failed to adequately preserve the power of the dark existentialist message at the heart of the original musical 's second act . Stevens characterized the result as a `` generic dystopian bummer , '' while Lawson criticized the film as a `` dutiful but perfunctory adaptation '' which lacked `` genuine heart '' . Paul Katz of The Huffington Post felt the change in tone between the last two acts was too abrupt , and also criticized the film 's faithfulness to the stage musical . Conversely , Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post disliked the performances by Streep and Depp , while simultaneously calling the film 's first two acts a `` surprising delight '' . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Academy Awards February 22 , 2015 Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Best Production Design Production Design : Dennis Gassner ; Set Decoration : Anna Pinnock Nominated Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Nominated AACTA International Awards January 31 , 2015 Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards January 31 , 2015 Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Dennis Gassner Nominated American Cinema Editors January 30 , 2015 Best Edited Feature Film -- Comedy or Musical Wyatt Smith Nominated American Film Institute December 9 , 2014 Top Eleven Films of the Year Into the Woods Won British Academy Film Awards February 8 , 2015 Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Peter Swords King , J. Roy Helland Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association January 15 , 2015 Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Best Acting Ensemble The Cast of Into the Woods Nominated Best Art Direction Dennis Gassner / Production Designer , Anna Pinnock / Set Decorator Nominated Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Nominated Best Hair & Makeup Nominated Casting Society of America January 22 , 2015 Big Budget Comedy Francine Maisler , Bernard Telsey , Tiffany Little Canfield Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association December 15 , 2014 Best Art direction / Production Design Dennis Gassner , Anna Pinnock Nominated Costume Designers Guild February 17 , 2015 Excellence in Fantasy Film Colleen Atwood Won Detroit Film Critics Society December 15 , 2014 Best Ensemble The Cast of Into the Woods Nominated Empire Awards March 29 , 2015 Best Male Newcomer Daniel Huttlestone Nominated Florida Film Critics Circle December 19 , 2014 Best Art Direction / Production Design Dennis Gassner , Anna Pinnock Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 11 , 2015 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Into the Woods Nominated Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Comedy or Musical Emily Blunt Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Meryl Streep Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards March 28 , 2015 Best Villain Meryl Streep Nominated MPSE Golden Reel Awards February 15 , 2015 Feature Musical Mike Higham , Jennifer Dunnington Nominated MTV Movie Awards April 12 , 2015 Best Villain Meryl Streep Won San Diego Film Critics Society December 15 , 2014 Best Production Design Dennis Gassner , Anna Pinnock Nominated Satellite Awards February 15 , 2015 Best Ensemble -- Motion Picture Meryl Streep , Emily Blunt , James Corden , Anna Kendrick , Chris Pine , Johnny Depp , Lilla Crawford , Daniel Huttlestone , MacKenzie Mauzy , Tracey Ullman , Christine Baranski , Tammy Blanchard , Lucy Punch , Billy Magnussen , and Frances de la Tour Won Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Nominated Best Sound ( Editing and Mixing ) Blake Leyh , John Casali , Michael Keller , Michael Prestwoood Smith , and Renee Tondelli Nominated Best Visual Effects Christian Irles , Matt Johnson , and Stefano Pepin Nominated Saturn Awards June 25 , 2015 Best Fantasy Film Into the Woods Nominated Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Best Production Design Dennis Gassner Nominated Best Costume Colleen Atwood Nominated Best Make - up Peter King and Matthew Smith Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards January 25 , 2015 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Meryl Streep Nominated St. Louis Film Critics December 15 , 2014 Best Music Soundtrack Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards December 8 , 2014 Best Ensemble Nominated Best Art Direction Dennis Gassner and Anna Pinnock Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` INTO THE WOODS ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Rob Marshall Boldly Explores Disney 's Take on Twisted Tale ' Into the Woods ' '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Into the Woods '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ng , David ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Sam Mendes , Rob Marshall will revive their revival of ' Cabaret ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Tatiana Siegel ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pine , Jake Gyllenhaal Circling Musical ' Into the Woods ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schillaci , Sophie ; Pamela McClintock ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Dates Musical ' Into the Woods ' Opposite ' Annie ' in December 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Piccalo , Gina ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Record - breaking ' Into the Woods ' is a surprise hit '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tony - Nominated Tammy Blanchard Headed ' Into The Woods ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Johnny Depp And Meryl Streep `` Deals Almost Wrapped '' For ' Into The Woods ' Movie `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Abramovitch , Seth ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Broadway Star Joins Johnny Depp in ' Into the Woods ' '' . Broadway World . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Anna Kendrick in Talks to Play Cinderella in Disney 's ' Into the Woods ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Two princes kneel before you : Jake Gyllenhaal , Chris Pine in talks to join ' Into the Woods ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Tracey Ullman in Talks to Join Disney 's ' Into the Woods ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Good Wife ' Star Christine Baranski to Reteam With ' Chicago ' Director on Disney 's ' Into the Woods ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Tatiana ; Borys Kit ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Johnny Depp to Star in Disney Musical ' Into the Woods ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Breaking News : Lilla Crawford Joins INTO THE WOODS Film as ' Little Red ' ; Stephen Sondheim Pens New Song '' . Broadway World . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr. , Mike ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Daniel Huttlestone Goes From ' Les Mis ' To ' Into The Woods ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Into The Woods ' Casts Its Rapunzel '' . Deadline Hollywood . July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr. , Mike ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` Billy Magnussen Ventures ' Into The Woods ' To Replace Jake Gyllenhaal '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Production Begins on Disney 's Musical INTO THE WOODS Starring Meryl Streep , Emily Blunt , Johnny Depp , Chris Pine , and Anna Kendrick '' . Collider . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Into the Woods : Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ; Gioia , Michael ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Sondheim Reveals Plot Changes for Disney Into the Woods Film '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2014 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` Sondheim Issues Response Following Report of Disney Into the Woods Film Changes '' . Playbill . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` Stephen Sondheim releases statement after backlash over ' Into the Woods ' comments '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Watkins , Gwynne ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Into the Woods ' : How the Movie Differs from the Stage Musical '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo ! Inc . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Gioia ; Adam Hetrick ; Carey Purcell ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star - Studded `` Into the Woods '' Film Brings in $140 Million Worldwide `` . Playbill . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . The big - screen adaptation welcomes songs from the stage musical , including `` Children Will Listen , '' `` Giants in the Sky , '' `` On the Steps of the Palace , '' `` No One Is Alone '' and `` Agony , '' among others . The film cuts songs such as `` I Guess This Is Goodbye / Maybe They 're Magic , '' `` Ever After '' and `` No More , '' among others . Jump up ^ Stevens , Dana ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Into the Woods : Great cast . Great score . So why is Rob Marshall 's adaptation so lost in the woods ? '' . Slate . The Slate Group LLC . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( December 26 , 2014 ) . `` How Disney wrecked `` Into The Woods '' `` . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Whyte , Marama ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Five ' Into the Woods ' stage - to - screen changes '' . Hypable.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` BWW EXCLUSIVE : Stephen Sondheim Talks Past , Present & Future '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Willman , David ( July 26 , 1992 ) . `` Jim Henson 's Children Put Together a String of Big Deals to Keep Alive : The Muppet Legacy '' . The Los Angeles Times . pp. 3 of 3 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Movie To Mix Live Actors , Jim Henson Characters '' . The New York Times . September 30 , 1991 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( January 22 , 1997 ) . `` ' Bliss ' sticks in ratings mire ; Col chops ' Woods ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Abramovitch , Seth ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Perverted Wolves , Cheating Wives and a Fired 10 - Year - Old : The Dark Path to Disney 's ' Into the Woods ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Scott ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Rob Marshall on Movie Musicals and His Journey ' Into the Woods ' ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gray , Tim ( November 22 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Into the Woods ' Enters Awards Season on High Note '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Sets Rob Marshall To Direct Adaptation Of ' Into The Woods ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Honors and Hires : Oscar Winning DP Dion Beebe Goes ' Into the Woods ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Matt ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Stephen Sondheim : An audience with a theatre legend '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Nina Arianda , Victoria Clark , Patrick Wilson , Cheyenne Jackson , James Corden Part of Into the Woods Film Reading '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` Disney CFO Outlines Strategy , Explains Forgoing Third Party Financing '' ( The Hollywood Reporter ) . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boughton , Kathryn ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Roxbury Composer 's Future : New Town , Working with Meryl Streep as a Witch '' . Litchfield County Times . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Puchko , Kristy . `` Meryl Streep Will Head Into The Woods With Rob Marshall '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kasperowicz , Leslie . `` The West Wing 's Allison Janney To Play Anna Faris ' Mom In Chuck Lorre 's Comedy Pilot '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . She was also recently cast in the fairy - tale fantasy movie Into the Woods which is also rumored to have Meryl Streep on board . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` How Johnny Depp Made $1 Million in a Week '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` One Man , Two Guvnors Star James Corden in Talks for Into the Woods Film Adaptation '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abramovitch , Seth ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Emily Blunt Circling Disney 's ' Into the Woods ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Emily Blunt to Sing Better in Into the Woods Than She Did in That Karaoke Video '' . Vulture . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gioia , Michael ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Emily Blunt On Hiding Her Real - Life Baby Bump , Vocal Nerves and the Much - Talked - About `` Moment '' in the `` Woods '' `` . Playbill.com . Playbill , Inc . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snieder , Jeff ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Jake Gyllenhaal Exits ' Into the Woods ' as ' Nightcrawler ' Gets Greenlight ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rome , Emily ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Inside Movies ' Muppets ' sequel gets new title , ' Into the Woods ' gets release date , and more Disney updates '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Updated : YouTube Personality Sophia Grace Brownlee Confirmed for `` Into the Woods '' Film `` . Playbill . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter feed of Lucas Brownlee : `` Its official , @ PrincessSGB ( sophia grace brownlee ) has landed the part of little red riding hood in the disney movie in to the wood , '' `` . August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Sophia Grace Is Everything That 's Wrong with the ' Into The Woods ' Movie '' . The Atlantic Wire . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Internet Child Sophia Grace Cast in Into the Woods '' . Vulture . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Typically Little Red is a bit older than 10 , given that the character experiences a sexual awakening -- at the menacing and kind of rape - y hands of The ( Big Bad ) Wolf , who will be played in this incarnation by Johnny Depp . Yes , 50 - year - old Johnny Depp is going to sing `` Hello , Little Girl '' ( `` Look at that flesh / pink and plump '' ) to Sophia Grace . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Viral video star Sophia Grace Brownlee joins ' Into the Woods ' as ... '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Maresca , Rachel ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` MacKenzie Mauzy scores ' dream ' role of Rapunzel in Disney 's ' Into the Woods ' thanks to her hair '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Complete Disney INTO THE WOODS Presentation At D23 ! '' . Broadway World . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 10 , 2013 ) . `` D23 Expo : Disney Shows No Force But Plenty of Films '' . Variety . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sophia Grace INTO THE WOODS Exit Explained ; Dad Comments Retrieved September 17 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Marchant , Beth ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Editor Wyatt Smith Goes Into the Woods to Cut Sound , Picture and Song '' . StudioDaily . Access Intelligence . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kent Film Office . `` Kent Film Office Into the Woods Article '' . Jump up ^ Verrier , Richard ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` Disney film ' Into the Woods ' begins production in U.K. '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat ( September 6 , 2013 ) . `` INTO THE WOODS Movie Filming At Dover Castle Soon ? '' . Broadway World . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meryl Streep ; Oscar Isaac ; Sundance festival ; National Trust film locations '' . The Film Programme . BBC Radio 4 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Streep praises ' magical ' park '' . Richmond and Twickenham Times . February 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McElroy , Steven ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` One Day Your Prince Will Come ( Whining ) '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . p . AR15 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/into-the-woods/into-the-woods-the-journey-from-stage-to-screen-20150116-12rnwc.html ^ Jump up to : Novak , Lexi ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` The Story of Rapunzel 's Hair From Into the Woods '' . Allure . Condé Nast . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Failes , Ian ( December 26 , 2014 ) . `` Into the Woods : full of effects surprises '' . FXGuide . FXGuide.com , LLC . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` Filming Wraps On INTO THE WOODS Movie ! James Corden & More Tweet From Set '' . Broadway World . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` INTO THE WOODS Movie Set For Reshoots ? '' . Broadway World . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Into the Woods ' director Rob Marshall answers all your burning questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thilman , James ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Oscar Winning Costume Designer Colleen Atwood Vies For Yet Another Nomination '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( December 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' Into the Woods ' : How Disney Tiptoed Around Johnny Depp 's Creepy , Sexualized Song '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records Set To Release Into The Woods Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and Into The Woods Deluxe Edition On December 16th '' ( Press release ) . Burbank , California : PRNewswire . November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zack ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's Into the Woods Features Major Plot Changes , Stephen Sondheim Reveals -- Spoilers Ahead ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael . `` Title of Meryl Streep 's Cut Song from Into the Woods Revealed '' Playbill.com , November 4 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Robbins , Caryn ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` VIDEO : Meryl Streep Performs INTO THE WOODS Deleted Song ' She 'll Be Back ' ! '' . Broadway World . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cerasero , Pat ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Complete Disney INTO THE WOODS Presentation At D23 ! '' . Broadway World . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' Into the Woods ' teaser trailer : No one sings , but everyone wishes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the First Trailer for Disney 's Into the Woods ! '' . comingsoon.net . July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Extended INTO THE WOODS Featurette Provides Plenty of New Footage from the Upcoming Musical '' . Collider . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` New ' Into the Woods ' trailer : Now with more singing '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Meryl Streep , Anna Kendrick Share the Many ' Into the Woods ' Morals for Adult Moviegoers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Murray , Noel ( March 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Into the Woods ' leaps from musical theater to movie theaters '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Leads Pack of New Home Video Releases '' . Variety . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 25 , 2014 ) . `` Christmas Box Office : ' Into The Woods ' , ' Unbroken ' Looking Bright '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 25 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Into the Woods ' Starts Strong with $1.1 Million at Latenight Shows '' . Variety . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro and Brian Brooks ( December 26 , 2014 ) . `` ' Unbroken ' Leads But ' Into The Woods ' Back In Race -- Christmas B.O. Update '' . Deadlone.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( December 26 , 2014 ) . `` Christmas Box Office : ' Unbroken , ' ' Into The Woods ' Score Above , ' Selma , ' ' American Sniper ' Score Below '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( December 27 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Box Office : Jolie 's ' Unbroken ' Tops ' Into The Woods , ' ' The Interview ' Drops Hard '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pat Cerasaro ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` Official Numbers Now In ! INTO THE WOODS # 2 At Box Office & Biggest Broadway Movie Musical Opening Ever '' . Broadway World . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Gioia , Vichet Chum ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` '' Into the Woods '' Slides Into Second Place in Domestic Box - Office Totals , Beating `` Unbroken '' `` . Playbill . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . As previously reported , the Rob Marshall - directed film has become the biggest launch of a Broadway adaptation since `` Mamma Mia ! '' ( $27.8 million ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Blair , Gavin ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Into the Woods ' Has Best Opening for Live - Action Musical Since Millennium '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pete Hammond . `` ' Into The Woods ' Comes Out For Awards Season -- What Are Its Chances ? - Deadline '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Into the Woods '' . December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Into the Woods Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( December 28 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report ( cont . ) : Huge Limited Debuts for ' American Sniper , ' ' Selma ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rooney , David . `` ' Into the Woods ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` The Quest for Storybook Endings in a Scary but Magical World '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Disney 's ' Into The Woods ' Hits A Sour Note '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( December 27 , 2014 ) . `` REVIEW : Into the Woods : A Disney Musical for Adults of All Ages '' . Time . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gregory Ellwood ( November 23 , 2014 ) . `` Can Meryl Streep Actually Win A Fourth Oscar For Into The Woods ? '' . Hitfix.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lawson , Richard ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Into the Woods Is a Fairy - Tale Musical Without Much Magic '' . Vanity Fair . Conde Nast . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : D'Souza , Karen ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Into the Woods ' impressive , but a bit too tame '' . San Jose Mercury News . Bay Area News Group . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens , Dana ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Into the Woods '' . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Katz , Paul ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` Into the Woods ( Review ) '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( December 26 , 2014 ) . `` How Disney wrecked `` Into The Woods '' `` . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Oscars 2015 : Full list of nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hawker , Philippa ; Boyle , Finlay ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` AACTA international nominations 2015 : The Babadook a surprise inclusion '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birdman ' , ' Foxcatcher ' Among Art Directors Guild Nominees '' . Deadline.com . January 5 , 2015 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Cinema Editors announce nominees '' . Awards Daily . January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI List of Top Ten Films Expands to Include 11 Movies '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` BAFTA Nominations : ' Grand Budapest Hotel ' Leads With 11 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Birdman ' , ' Budapest ' And ' Boyhood ' Get Key Oscar Boost To Lead Critics Choice Movie Award Nominations ; Jolie Rebounds From Globe Snub '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Society Unveils Artios Film Nominees '' . Deadline.com . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Costume Designers Guild Awards : ' Birdman ' , ' Boyhood ' , ' Grand Budapest Hotel ' Among Nominees '' . Deadline.com . January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ THE JAMESON EMPIRE AWARDS 2015 Jump up ^ Gray , Tim ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Globes : ' Birdman , ' ' Fargo ' Top Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meryl Streep gets her first Kids ' Choice Awards nomination : See the full list '' ew.com , accessed March 18 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` ' Birdman , ' ' Apes ' Top 2015 Golden Reel Nominations '' . Deadline.com . January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees '' , MTV . Retrieved on 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Movie Awards : Winners list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Birdman ' Leads Satellite Awards Nominations '' . The Wrap . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards 2014 '' . Satellite Awards . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards : List of 2015 nominations '' . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees Announced for the 21st Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards ® '' . SAG - AFTRA . December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ryan ( December 6 , 2014 ) . `` Washington DC Film Critics announce 2014 Award Nominees '' . The Awards Circuit . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Into the Woods ( 2014 film ) . Official website Into the Woods on IMDb Into the Woods at Box Office Mojo Into the Woods at Rotten Tomatoes Into the Woods at Metacritic Films directed by Rob Marshall Annie ( 1999 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Nine ( 2009 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) Into the Woods ( 2014 ) Mary Poppins Returns ( 2018 ) `` Rapunzel '' by the Brothers Grimm Literature Grimms ' Fairy Tales ( 1812 ) Rapunzel ( 1998 ) Related myths and tales Danaë Rudaba Petrosinella Adaptations Film Barbie as Rapunzel ( 2002 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Tangled Ever After ( 2012 ) Tangled : Before Ever After ( 2017 ) Literary adaptations Rapunzel ( 1998 ) Cress ( 2014 ) Television The Mind Robber ( 1968 ) `` The Tower '' ( 2014 ) Tangled : The Series ( 2017 ) Video games Tangled : The Video Game Kingdom Hearts III See also Märchenbilder Golem in the Gears Rapunzel ( Disney ) Rapunzel syndrome Into the Woods ( stage ) Into the Woods ( film ) Cinderella by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm Characters Buttons Cinderella Ugly sisters Fairy godmother Wicked stepmother Prince Charming Films Cinderella ( 1899 ) Cinderella or the Glass Slipper ( 1912 ) Cinderella ( 1914 ) A Lowland Cinderella ( 1921 ) Ella Cinders ( 1926 ) The Cookie Carnival ( 1935 ) The Magic Shoes ( 1935 ) First Love ( 1939 ) Cinderella ( 1947 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) The Glass Slipper ( 1955 ) Cinderfella ( 1960 ) Stop ! Look ! and Laugh ( 1960 ) More Than a Miracle ( 1967 ) Tři oříšky pro Popelku ( 1973 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) Cinderella ( 1979 ) Cinderella ' 80 ( 1984 ) Maid to Order ( 1987 ) If the Shoe Fits ( 1990 ) Cinderella ( 1994 ) Ever After ( 1998 ) A Cinderella Story ( 2004 ) Ella Enchanted ( 2004 ) Cinderella ( 2006 ) Elle : A Modern Cinderella Tale ( 2010 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) Animation Cinderella Blues ( 1931 ) Poor Cinderella ( 1934 ) Cinderella Meets Fella ( 1938 ) Swing Shift Cinderella ( 1945 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Señorella and the Glass Huarache ( 1964 ) Cinderella ( 1979 ) The Tender Tale of Cinderella Penguin ( 1981 ) The Magic Riddle ( 1991 ) Happily N'Ever After ( 2007 ) Year of the Fish ( 2008 ) Charming ( 2017 ) Sequels Princess Cinderella ( 1941 ) Cinderella II : Dreams Come True ( 2002 ) Cinderella III : A Twist in Time ( 2007 ) Another Cinderella Story ( 2008 ) A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song ( 2011 ) A Cinderella Story : If the Shoe Fits ( 2016 ) Television Hey , Cinderella ! ( 1968 ) Cindy ( 1978 ) Cinderella Monogatari ( 1996 ) Cinderella ( 1997 ) CinderElmo ( 1999 ) Cinderella ( 2000 ) La Cenicienta ( 2003 ) Bawang Merah Bawang Putih ( 2004 ) Floricienta ( 2004 ) Floribella ( 2005 Brazil ) Floribella ( 2006 Portugal ) Grazilda ( 2010 ) Rags ( 2012 ) Aik Nayee Cinderella ( 2012 ) Literary adaptations Celestina ( 1791 ) Cinderella , or the Little Glass Slipper ( 1954 ) Nine Coaches Waiting ( 1958 ) Carrie ( 1974 ) The Coachman Rat ( 1989 ) Witches Abroad ( 1991 ) Ella Enchanted ( 1997 ) I Was a Rat ! or The Scarlet Slippers ( 1999 ) Just Ella ( 1999 ) Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister ( 1999 ) Chinese Cinderella ( 1999 ) The Fairy Godmother ( 2004 ) Phoenix and Ashes ( 2004 ) Bella at Midnight ( 2006 ) Ash ( 2009 ) Princess of Glass ( 2010 ) Cinder ( 2012 ) Opera Cendrillon ( 1810 Isouard ) La Cenerentola ( 1817 Rossini ) Cendrillon ( 1899 Massenet ) Cendrillon ( 1904 Viardot ) La Cenicienta ( 1966 Hen ) Ballet Cinderella ( 1893 Fitinhof - Schell ) Aschenbrödel ( 1900 Strauss - Bayer ) Cinderella ( 1945 Prokofiev ) Cinderella ( 1948 Ashton ) Musicals Cinderella and the Prince , or The Castle of Heart 's Desire ( 1904 ) Stubborn Cinderella ( 1909 ) Mr. Cinders ( 1929 ) Cinderella ( 1957 ) Cindy ( 1964 ) The Penny Friend ( 1966 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Soho Cinders ( 2008 ) Cinderella ( 2013 ) Plays A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1916 ) Comics Cinderella : From Fabletown with Love Cinderalla Songs `` Spread a Little Happiness '' ( 1929 ) `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' ( 1949 ) `` A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' ( 1950 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 1987 ) `` Hey Cinderella '' ( 1993 ) `` It 's Midnight Cinderella '' ( 1996 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2001 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2002 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2003 ) `` Stealing Cinderella '' ( 2007 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2007 ) `` C \ C ( Cinderella \ Complex ) '' ( 2008 ) Albums A Cinderella Story ( 2004 soundtrack ) Disney 's Princess Favorites ( 2002 ) Sociology Cinderella complex Cinderella effect The Cinderella Movement Commercials A Coach for Cinderella A Ride for Cinderella Adult Cinder Ellen up too Late Cinderella ( 1977 ) Naughty Cinderella National variation Bawang Merah Bawang Putih ( Malay and Indonesian ) Beauty and Pock Face ( Chinese ) Chūjō - hime ( Japanese ) Fair , Brown and Trembling ( Irish ) Finette Cendron ( French ) The Green Knight ( Danish ) Katie Woodencloak ( Norwegian ) Kongji and Patzzi ( Korean ) Ochikubo Monogatari ( Japanese ) `` Rhodopis '' ( Greek ) Rushen Coatie ( Scottish ) The Sharp Grey Sheep ( Scottish ) The Story of Tam and Cam ( Vietnamese ) Sumiyoshi Monogatari ( Japanese ) The True Bride ( German ) The Wonderful Birch ( Russian ) Ye Xian ( Chinese ) Games Cinders Related Catskin Into the Woods Into the Woods ( 2014 film ) A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1925 film ) Politically Correct Bedtime Stories Disney 's characters Stop ! Look ! and Laugh Waltz Suite Black Cinderella Two Goes East Cinderella Monogatari Cinderella 's Sister Cinderella ( sports ) Lying to Be Perfect Cinderella 's Eyes ( 2011 ) Jack Jack and the Beanstalk Film Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1902 ) Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1952 ) Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1974 ) Jack the Giant Slayer ( 2013 ) Into the Woods ( 2014 ) Gigantic ( 2020 ) Television `` Beanstalks and Bad Eggs '' ( 1997 episode ) Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story ( 2001 miniseries ) Once Upon a Time : `` Tallahassee '' ( 2012 ) `` Tiny '' ( 2013 ) Cartoon Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1931 ) Giantland ( 1933 ) Jack - Wabbit and the Beanstalk ( 1943 ) Beanstalk Bunny ( 1955 ) Tweety and the Beanstalk ( 1957 ) Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure ( 2013 ) Video games Jumpin ' Kid : Jack to Mame no Ki Monogatari The Simpsons : Bart & the Beanstalk Tiny Toon Adventures : Buster and the Beanstalk Tiny Toon Adventures : The Great Beanstalk Related articles Fee - fi - fo - fum Fun and Fancy Free Into the Woods The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales Politically Correct Bedtime Stories Jack the Giant Killer Characters Blunderbore Cormoran Thunderdell Film Jack the Giant Killer ( 1962 ) Jack the Giant Slayer ( 2013 ) Jack the Giant Killer ( 2013 ) Novel Jack , the Giant Killer Video games Jack the Giantkiller Musicals by Stephen Sondheim Saturday Night West Side Story Gypsy A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum Anyone Can Whistle Do I Hear a Waltz ? Evening Primrose The Race to Urga Company Follies A Little Night Music The Frogs Pacific Overtures Side by Side by Sondheim Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Marry Me a Little Merrily We Roll Along Sunday in the Park with George Into the Woods Assassins Putting It Together Passion Road Show Sondheim on Sondheim Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Motion Picture Sideways Thomas Haden Church Paul Giamatti Virginia Madsen Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Chris Bridges Sandra Bullock Don Cheadle Matt Dillon Jennifer Esposito William Fichtner Brendan Fraser Terrence Howard Thandie Newton Ryan Phillippe Larenz Tate 2006 The Departed Anthony Anderson Alec Baldwin Matt Damon Leonardo DiCaprio Vera Farmiga Jack Nicholson Martin Sheen Mark Wahlberg Ray Winstone 2007 Before the Devil Knows You 're Dead Albert Finney Rosemary Harris Ethan Hawke Philip Seymour Hoffman Brían F. O'Byrne Amy Ryan Michael Shannon Marisa Tomei 2009 Nine Marion Cotillard Penélope Cruz Daniel Day - Lewis Judi Dench Fergie Kate Hudson Nicole Kidman Sophia Loren 2011 The Help Anna Camp Jessica Chastain Viola Davis Nelsan Ellis Aunjanue Ellis Bryce Dallas Howard Dana Ivey Allison Janney Leslie Jordan Brian Kerwin Chris Lowell Ahna O'Reilly David Oyelowo Sissy Spacek Octavia Spencer Mary Steenburgen Emma Stone Cicely Tyson Mike Vogel 2012 Les Miserábles Samantha Barks Sacha Baron Cohen Helena Bonham Carter Russell Crowe Anne Hathaway Hugh Jackman Eddie Redmayne Amanda Seyfried Aaron Tveit 2013 Nebraska Bruce Dern Missy Doty Will Forte Rance Howard Stacy Keach Angela McEwan Bob Odenkirk Devin Ratray Melinda Simonsen June Squibb Roger Stuckwisch Mary Louise Wilson 2014 Into the Woods Christine Baranski Tammy Blanchard Emily Blunt James Corden Lilla Crawford Frances de la Tour Johnny Depp Daniel Huttlestone Anna Kendrick Billy Magnussen MacKenzie Mauzy Chris Pine Lucy Punch Meryl Streep Tracey Ullman 2015 Spotlight Brian d'Arcy James Michael Keaton Rachel McAdams Mark Ruffalo Liev Schreiber John Slattery Stanley Tucci 2016 Hidden Figures Mahershala Ali Kevin Costner Kirsten Dunst Taraji P. Henson Aldis Hodge Janelle Monáe Jim Parsons Glen Powell Kimberly Quinn Octavia Spencer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Into_the_Woods_(film)&oldid=798321822 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s drama films 2010s fantasy films 2010s musical films American films American fantasy films American musical drama films American musical fantasy films Films directed by Rob Marshall Performance capture in film Adultery in films Dark fantasy films Films about death Films about babies Films about children Films about curses Films about families Films about orphans Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films about wish fulfillment Films based on musicals Films based on Grimms ' Fairy Tales Films based on Cinderella Films based on Jack and the Beanstalk Films based on Little Red Riding Hood Films based on Rapunzel Films produced by Marc E. Platt Films set in forests Films shot in London Films shot in Buckinghamshire Films shot in Kent Films shot in Surrey Shepperton Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use mdy dates from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 06 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played the wolf in into the woods
[ "Johnny Depp as The Big Bad Wolf[15]" ]
[ "Johnny Depp" ]
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Fish
Fish - wikipedia Fish Jump to : navigation , search For fish as eaten by humans , see Fish as food . For other uses , see Fish ( disambiguation ) . Fish Fossil range : Mid Cambrian -- Recent PreЄ Є Pg Giant grouper swimming among schools of other fish Head - on view of a red lionfish Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata ( unranked ) Craniata Included groups Jawless fish † Armoured fish Cartilaginous fish Ray - finned fish ( inc . Teleosts ) Lobe - finned fishes Cladistically included but traditionally excluded groups Tetrapods Fish are the gill - bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits . They form a sister group to the tunicates , together forming the olfactores . Included in this definition are the living hagfish , lampreys , and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups . Tetrapods emerged within lobe - finned fishes , so cladistically they are fish as well . However , traditionally fish are rendered paraphyletic by excluding the tetrapods ( i.e. , the amphibians , reptiles , birds and mammals which all descended from within the same ancestry ) . Because in this manner the term `` fish '' is defined negatively as a paraphyletic group , it is not considered a formal taxonomic grouping in systematic biology . The traditional term pisces ( also ichthyes ) is considered a typological , but not a phylogenetic classification . The earliest organisms that can be classified as fish were soft - bodied chordates that first appeared during the Cambrian period . Although they lacked a true spine , they possessed notochords which allowed them to be more agile than their invertebrate counterparts . Fish would continue to evolve through the Paleozoic era , diversifying into a wide variety of forms . Many fish of the Paleozoic developed external armor that protected them from predators . The first fish with jaws appeared in the Silurian period , after which many ( such as sharks ) became formidable marine predators rather than just the prey of arthropods . Most fish are ectothermic ( `` cold - blooded '' ) , allowing their body temperatures to vary as ambient temperatures change , though some of the large active swimmers like white shark and tuna can hold a higher core temperature . Fish can communicate in their underwater environments through the use of acoustic communication . Acoustic communication in fish involves the transmission of acoustic signals from one individual of a species to another . The production of sounds as a means of communication among fish is most often used in the context of feeding , aggression or courtship behaviour . The sounds emitted by fish can vary depending on the species and stimulus involved . They can produce either stridulatory sounds by moving components of the skeletal system , or can produce non-stridulatory sounds by manipulating specialized organs such as the swimbladder . Fish are abundant in most bodies of water . They can be found in nearly all aquatic environments , from high mountain streams ( e.g. , char and gudgeon ) to the abyssal and even hadal depths of the deepest oceans ( e.g. , gulpers and anglerfish ) . With 33,600 described species , fish exhibit greater species diversity than any other group of vertebrates . Fish are an important resource for humans worldwide , especially as food . Commercial and subsistence fishers hunt fish in wild fisheries ( see fishing ) or farm them in ponds or in cages in the ocean ( see aquaculture ) . They are also caught by recreational fishers , kept as pets , raised by fishkeepers , and exhibited in public aquaria . Fish have had a role in culture through the ages , serving as deities , religious symbols , and as the subjects of art , books and movies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Evolution 1.1 Taxonomy 2 Diversity 3 Anatomy and physiology 3.1 Respiration 3.1. 1 Gills 3.1. 2 Air breathing 3.2 Circulation 3.3 Digestion 3.4 Excretion 3.5 Scales 3.6 Sensory and nervous system 3.6. 1 Central nervous system 3.6. 2 Sense organs 3.6. 2.1 Vision 3.6. 2.2 Hearing 3.6. 3 Capacity for pain 3.7 Muscular system 3.7. 1 Endothermy 3.8 Reproductive system 4 Acoustic communication in fish 4.1 Stridulatory sound producing mechanisms 4.2 Non-stridulatory sound producing mechanisms 5 Diseases 5.1 Immune system 6 Conservation 6.1 Overfishing 6.2 Habitat destruction 6.3 Exotic species 7 Importance to humans 7.1 Economic importance 7.2 Recreation 7.3 Culture 8 Terminology 8.1 Fish or fishes 8.2 True fish and finfish 8.3 Shoal or school 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Evolution Main article : Evolution of fish Dunkleosteus was a gigantic , 10 - metre ( 33 ft ) long prehistoric fish of class Placodermi . Fish do not represent a monophyletic group , and therefore the `` evolution of fish '' is not studied as a single event . Early fish from the fossil record are represented by a group of small , jawless , armored fish known as ostracoderms . Jawless fish lineages are mostly extinct . An extant clade , the lampreys may approximate ancient pre-jawed fish . The first jaws are found in Placodermi fossils . The diversity of jawed vertebrates may indicate the evolutionary advantage of a jawed mouth . It is unclear if the advantage of a hinged jaw is greater biting force , improved respiration , or a combination of factors . Fish may have evolved from a creature similar to a coral - like sea squirt , whose larvae resemble primitive fish in important ways . The first ancestors of fish may have kept the larval form into adulthood ( as some sea squirts do today ) , although perhaps the reverse is the case . Taxonomy Fish are a paraphyletic group : that is , any clade containing all fish also contains the tetrapods , which are not fish . For this reason , groups such as the `` Class Pisces '' seen in older reference works are no longer used in formal classifications . Traditional classification divide fish into three extant classes , and with extinct forms sometimes classified within the tree , sometimes as their own classes : Class Agnatha ( jawless fish ) Subclass Cyclostomata ( hagfish and lampreys ) Subclass Ostracodermi ( armoured jawless fish ) † Class Chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fish ) Subclass Elasmobranchii ( sharks and rays ) Subclass Holocephali ( chimaeras and extinct relatives ) Class Placodermi ( armoured fish ) † Class Acanthodii ( `` spiny sharks '' , sometimes classified under bony fishes ) † Leedsichthys ( left ) , of the subclass Actinopterygii , is the largest known fish , with estimates in 2005 putting its maximum size at 16 metres ( 52 ft ) Class Osteichthyes ( bony fish ) Subclass Actinopterygii ( ray finned fishes ) Subclass Sarcopterygii ( fleshy finned fishes , ancestors of tetrapods ) The above scheme is the one most commonly encountered in non-specialist and general works . Many of the above groups are paraphyletic , in that they have given rise to successive groups : Agnathans are ancestral to Chondrichthyes , who again have given rise to Acanthodiians , the ancestors of Osteichthyes . With the arrival of phylogenetic nomenclature , the fishes has been split up into a more detailed scheme , with the following major groups : Class Myxini ( hagfish ) Class Pteraspidomorphi † ( early jawless fish ) Class Thelodonti † Class Anaspida † Class Petromyzontida or Hyperoartia Petromyzontidae ( lampreys ) Class Conodonta ( conodonts ) † Class Cephalaspidomorphi † ( early jawless fish ) ( unranked ) Galeaspida † ( unranked ) Pituriaspida † ( unranked ) Osteostraci † Infraphylum Gnathostomata ( jawed vertebrates ) Class Placodermi † ( armoured fish ) Class Chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fish ) Class Acanthodii † ( spiny sharks ) Superclass Osteichthyes ( bony fish ) Class Actinopterygii ( ray - finned fish ) Subclass Chondrostei Order Acipenseriformes ( sturgeons and paddlefishes ) Order Polypteriformes ( reedfishes and bichirs ) . Subclass Neopterygii Infraclass Holostei ( gars and bowfins ) Infraclass Teleostei ( many orders of common fish ) Class Sarcopterygii ( lobe - finned fish ) Subclass Actinistia ( coelacanths ) Subclass Dipnoi ( lungfish ) † -- indicates extinct taxon Some palaeontologists contend that because Conodonta are chordates , they are primitive fish . For a fuller treatment of this taxonomy , see the vertebrate article . The position of hagfish in the phylum Chordata is not settled . Phylogenetic research in 1998 and 1999 supported the idea that the hagfish and the lampreys form a natural group , the Cyclostomata , that is a sister group of the Gnathostomata . The various fish groups account for more than half of vertebrate species . There are almost 28,000 known extant species , of which almost 27,000 are bony fish , with 970 sharks , rays , and chimeras and about 108 hagfish and lampreys . A third of these species fall within the nine largest families ; from largest to smallest , these families are Cyprinidae , Gobiidae , Cichlidae , Characidae , Loricariidae , Balitoridae , Serranidae , Labridae , and Scorpaenidae . About 64 families are monotypic , containing only one species . The final total of extant species may grow to exceed 32,500 . Diversity Main article : Diversity of fish Agnatha ( Pacific hagfish ) Chondrichthyes ( Horn shark ) Actinopterygii ( Brown trout ) Sarcopterygii ( Coelacanth ) The term `` fish '' most precisely describes any non-tetrapod craniate ( i.e. an animal with a skull and in most cases a backbone ) that has gills throughout life and whose limbs , if any , are in the shape of fins . Unlike groupings such as birds or mammals , fish are not a single clade but a paraphyletic collection of taxa , including hagfishes , lampreys , sharks and rays , ray - finned fish , coelacanths , and lungfish . Indeed , lungfish and coelacanths are closer relatives of tetrapods ( such as mammals , birds , amphibians , etc . ) than of other fish such as ray - finned fish or sharks , so the last common ancestor of all fish is also an ancestor to tetrapods . As paraphyletic groups are no longer recognised in modern systematic biology , the use of the term `` fish '' as a biological group must be avoided . Many types of aquatic animals commonly referred to as `` fish '' are not fish in the sense given above ; examples include shellfish , cuttlefish , starfish , crayfish and jellyfish . In earlier times , even biologists did not make a distinction -- sixteenth century natural historians classified also seals , whales , amphibians , crocodiles , even hippopotamuses , as well as a host of aquatic invertebrates , as fish . However , according to the definition above , all mammals , including cetaceans like whales and dolphins , are not fish . In some contexts , especially in aquaculture , the true fish are referred to as finfish ( or fin fish ) to distinguish them from these other animals . A relative of the seahorses , the leafy seadragon 's appendages allow it to camouflage ( in the form of crypsis ) with the surrounding seaweed . A typical fish is ectothermic , has a streamlined body for rapid swimming , extracts oxygen from water using gills or uses an accessory breathing organ to breathe atmospheric oxygen , has two sets of paired fins , usually one or two ( rarely three ) dorsal fins , an anal fin , and a tail fin , has jaws , has skin that is usually covered with scales , and lays eggs . Each criterion has exceptions . Tuna , swordfish , and some species of sharks show some warm - blooded adaptations -- they can heat their bodies significantly above ambient water temperature . Streamlining and swimming performance varies from fish such as tuna , salmon , and jacks that can cover 10 -- 20 body - lengths per second to species such as eels and rays that swim no more than 0.5 body - lengths per second . Many groups of freshwater fish extract oxygen from the air as well as from the water using a variety of different structures . Lungfish have paired lungs similar to those of tetrapods , gouramis have a structure called the labyrinth organ that performs a similar function , while many catfish , such as Corydoras extract oxygen via the intestine or stomach . Body shape and the arrangement of the fins is highly variable , covering such seemingly un-fishlike forms as seahorses , pufferfish , anglerfish , and gulpers . Similarly , the surface of the skin may be naked ( as in moray eels ) , or covered with scales of a variety of different types usually defined as placoid ( typical of sharks and rays ) , cosmoid ( fossil lungfish and coelacanths ) , ganoid ( various fossil fish but also living gars and bichirs ) , cycloid , and ctenoid ( these last two are found on most bony fish ) . There are even fish that live mostly on land or lay their eggs on land near water . Mudskippers feed and interact with one another on mudflats and go underwater to hide in their burrows . A single , undescribed species of Phreatobius , has been called a true `` land fish '' as this worm - like catfish strictly lives among waterlogged leaf litter . Many species live in underground lakes , underground rivers or aquifers and are popularly known as cavefish . Fish range in size from the huge 16 - metre ( 52 ft ) whale shark to the tiny 8 - millimetre ( 0.3 in ) stout infantfish . Fish species diversity is roughly divided equally between marine ( oceanic ) and freshwater ecosystems . Coral reefs in the Indo - Pacific constitute the center of diversity for marine fishes , whereas continental freshwater fishes are most diverse in large river basins of tropical rainforests , especially the Amazon , Congo , and Mekong basins . More than 5,600 fish species inhabit Neotropical freshwaters alone , such that Neotropical fishes represent about 10 % of all vertebrate species on the Earth . Exceptionally rich sites in the Amazon basin , such as Cantão State Park , can contain more freshwater fish species than occur in all of Europe . Anatomy and Physiology Further information : Fish anatomy and Fish physiology The anatomy of Lampanyctodes hectoris ( 1 ) -- operculum ( gill cover ) , ( 2 ) -- lateral line , ( 3 ) -- dorsal fin , ( 4 ) -- fat fin , ( 5 ) -- caudal peduncle , ( 6 ) -- caudal fin , ( 7 ) -- anal fin , ( 8 ) -- photophores , ( 9 ) -- pelvic fins ( paired ) , ( 10 ) -- pectoral fins ( paired ) Respiration See also : Aquatic respiration Gills Most fish exchange gases using gills on either side of the pharynx . Gills consist of threadlike structures called filaments . Each filament contains a capillary network that provides a large surface area for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide . Fish exchange gases by pulling oxygen - rich water through their mouths and pumping it over their gills . In some fish , capillary blood flows in the opposite direction to the water , causing countercurrent exchange . The gills push the oxygen - poor water out through openings in the sides of the pharynx . Some fish , like sharks and lampreys , possess multiple gill openings . However , bony fish have a single gill opening on each side . This opening is hidden beneath a protective bony cover called an operculum . Juvenile bichirs have external gills , a very primitive feature that they share with larval amphibians . Air breathing Tuna gills inside the head . The fish head is oriented snout - downwards , with the view looking towards the mouth . Fish from multiple groups can live out of the water for extended periods . Amphibious fish such as the mudskipper can live and move about on land for up to several days , or live in stagnant or otherwise oxygen depleted water . Many such fish can breathe air via a variety of mechanisms . The skin of anguillid eels may absorb oxygen directly . The buccal cavity of the electric eel may breathe air . Catfish of the families Loricariidae , Callichthyidae , and Scoloplacidae absorb air through their digestive tracts . Lungfish , with the exception of the Australian lungfish , and bichirs have paired lungs similar to those of tetrapods and must surface to gulp fresh air through the mouth and pass spent air out through the gills . Gar and bowfin have a vascularized swim bladder that functions in the same way . Loaches , trahiras , and many catfish breathe by passing air through the gut . Mudskippers breathe by absorbing oxygen across the skin ( similar to frogs ) . A number of fish have evolved so - called accessory breathing organs that extract oxygen from the air . Labyrinth fish ( such as gouramis and bettas ) have a labyrinth organ above the gills that performs this function . A few other fish have structures resembling labyrinth organs in form and function , most notably snakeheads , pikeheads , and the Clariidae catfish family . Breathing air is primarily of use to fish that inhabit shallow , seasonally variable waters where the water 's oxygen concentration may seasonally decline . Fish dependent solely on dissolved oxygen , such as perch and cichlids , quickly suffocate , while air - breathers survive for much longer , in some cases in water that is little more than wet mud . At the most extreme , some air - breathing fish are able to survive in damp burrows for weeks without water , entering a state of aestivation ( summertime hibernation ) until water returns . Air breathing fish can be divided into obligate air breathers and facultative air breathers . Obligate air breathers , such as the African lungfish , must breathe air periodically or they suffocate . Facultative air breathers , such as the catfish Hypostomus plecostomus , only breathe air if they need to and will otherwise rely on their gills for oxygen . Most air breathing fish are facultative air breathers that avoid the energetic cost of rising to the surface and the fitness cost of exposure to surface predators . Circulation Didactic model of a fish heart . Fish have a closed - loop circulatory system . The heart pumps the blood in a single loop throughout the body . In most fish , the heart consists of four parts , including two chambers and an entrance and exit . The first part is the sinus venosus , a thin - walled sac that collects blood from the fish 's veins before allowing it to flow to the second part , the atrium , which is a large muscular chamber . The atrium serves as a one - way antechamber , sends blood to the third part , ventricle . The ventricle is another thick - walled , muscular chamber and it pumps the blood , first to the fourth part , bulbus arteriosus , a large tube , and then out of the heart . The bulbus arteriosus connects to the aorta , through which blood flows to the gills for oxygenation . Digestion Jaws allow fish to eat a wide variety of food , including plants and other organisms . Fish ingest food through the mouth and break it down in the esophagus . In the stomach , food is further digested and , in many fish , processed in finger - shaped pouches called pyloric caeca , which secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients . Organs such as the liver and pancreas add enzymes and various chemicals as the food moves through the digestive tract . The intestine completes the process of digestion and nutrient absorption . Excretion As with many aquatic animals , most fish release their nitrogenous wastes as ammonia . Some of the wastes diffuse through the gills . Blood wastes are filtered by the kidneys . Saltwater fish tend to lose water because of osmosis . Their kidneys return water to the body . The reverse happens in freshwater fish : they tend to gain water osmotically . Their kidneys produce dilute urine for excretion . Some fish have specially adapted kidneys that vary in function , allowing them to move from freshwater to saltwater . Scales Main article : Fish scale The scales of fish originate from the mesoderm ( skin ) ; they may be similar in structure to teeth . Sensory and nervous system Dorsal view of the brain of the rainbow trout Central nervous system Fish typically have quite small brains relative to body size compared with other vertebrates , typically one - fifteenth the brain mass of a similarly sized bird or mammal . However , some fish have relatively large brains , most notably mormyrids and sharks , which have brains about as massive relative to body weight as birds and marsupials . Fish brains are divided into several regions . At the front are the olfactory lobes , a pair of structures that receive and process signals from the nostrils via the two olfactory nerves . The olfactory lobes are very large in fish that hunt primarily by smell , such as hagfish , sharks , and catfish . Behind the olfactory lobes is the two - lobed telencephalon , the structural equivalent to the cerebrum in higher vertebrates . In fish the telencephalon is concerned mostly with olfaction . Together these structures form the forebrain . Connecting the forebrain to the midbrain is the diencephalon ( in the diagram , this structure is below the optic lobes and consequently not visible ) . The diencephalon performs functions associated with hormones and homeostasis . The pineal body lies just above the diencephalon . This structure detects light , maintains circadian rhythms , and controls color changes . The midbrain ( or mesencephalon ) contains the two optic lobes . These are very large in species that hunt by sight , such as rainbow trout and cichlids . The hindbrain ( or metencephalon ) is particularly involved in swimming and balance . The cerebellum is a single - lobed structure that is typically the biggest part of the brain . Hagfish and lampreys have relatively small cerebellae , while the mormyrid cerebellum is massive and apparently involved in their electrical sense . The brain stem ( or myelencephalon ) is the brain 's posterior . As well as controlling some muscles and body organs , in bony fish at least , the brain stem governs respiration and osmoregulation . Sense organs Most fish possess highly developed sense organs . Nearly all daylight fish have color vision that is at least as good as a human 's ( see vision in fishes ) . Many fish also have chemoreceptors that are responsible for extraordinary senses of taste and smell . Although they have ears , many fish may not hear very well . Most fish have sensitive receptors that form the lateral line system , which detects gentle currents and vibrations , and senses the motion of nearby fish and prey . Some fish , such as catfish and sharks , have the Ampullae of Lorenzini , organs that detect weak electric currents on the order of millivolt . Other fish , like the South American electric fishes Gymnotiformes , can produce weak electric currents , which they use in navigation and social communication . Fish orient themselves using landmarks and may use mental maps based on multiple landmarks or symbols . Fish behavior in mazes reveals that they possess spatial memory and visual discrimination . Vision Main article : Vision in fishes Vision is an important sensory system for most species of fish . Fish eyes are similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates like birds and mammals , but have a more spherical lens . Their retinas generally have both rods and cones ( for scotopic and photopic vision ) , and most species have colour vision . Some fish can see ultraviolet and some can see polarized light . Amongst jawless fish , the lamprey has well - developed eyes , while the hagfish has only primitive eyespots . Fish vision shows adaptation to their visual environment , for example deep sea fishes have eyes suited to the dark environment . Hearing See also : Sensory systems in fish § Hearing Hearing is an important sensory system for most species of fish . Fish sense sound using their lateral lines and their ears . Capacity for pain Further information : Pain in fish Experiments done by William Tavolga provide evidence that fish have pain and fear responses . For instance , in Tavolga 's experiments , toadfish grunted when electrically shocked and over time they came to grunt at the mere sight of an electrode . In 2003 , Scottish scientists at the University of Edinburgh and the Roslin Institute concluded that rainbow trout exhibit behaviors often associated with pain in other animals . Bee venom and acetic acid injected into the lips resulted in fish rocking their bodies and rubbing their lips along the sides and floors of their tanks , which the researchers concluded were attempts to relieve pain , similar to what mammals would do . Neurons fired in a pattern resembling human neuronal patterns . Professor James D. Rose of the University of Wyoming claimed the study was flawed since it did not provide proof that fish possess `` conscious awareness , particularly a kind of awareness that is meaningfully like ours '' . Rose argues that since fish brains are so different from human brains , fish are probably not conscious in the manner humans are , so that reactions similar to human reactions to pain instead have other causes . Rose had published a study a year earlier arguing that fish can not feel pain because their brains lack a neocortex . However , animal behaviorist Temple Grandin argues that fish could still have consciousness without a neocortex because `` different species can use different brain structures and systems to handle the same functions . '' Animal welfare advocates raise concerns about the possible suffering of fish caused by angling . Some countries , such as Germany have banned specific types of fishing , and the British RSPCA now formally prosecutes individuals who are cruel to fish . Muscular system Main article : Fish locomotion Swim bladder of a rudd ( Scardinius erythrophthalmus ) Most fish move by alternately contracting paired sets of muscles on either side of the backbone . These contractions form S - shaped curves that move down the body . As each curve reaches the back fin , backward force is applied to the water , and in conjunction with the fins , moves the fish forward . The fish 's fins function like an airplane 's flaps . Fins also increase the tail 's surface area , increasing speed . The streamlined body of the fish decreases the amount of friction from the water . Since body tissue is denser than water , fish must compensate for the difference or they will sink . Many bony fish have an internal organ called a swim bladder that adjusts their buoyancy through manipulation of gases . Endothermy Although most fish are exclusively ectothermic , there are exceptions . The only known bony fishes ( infraclass Teleostei ) that exhibit endothermy are in the suborder Scombroidei -- which includes the billfishes , tunas , and the butterfly kingfish , a basal species of mackerel -- and also the opah . The opah , a lampriform , was demonstrated in 2015 to utilize `` whole - body endothermy '' , generating heat with its swimming muscles to warm its body while countercurrent exchange ( as in respiration ) minimizes heat loss . It is able to actively hunt prey such as squid and swim for long distances due to the ability to warm its entire body , including its heart , which is a trait typically found in only mammals and birds ( in the form of homeothermy ) . In the cartilaginous fishes ( class Chondrichthyes ) , sharks of the families Lamnidae ( porbeagle , mackerel , salmon , and great white sharks ) and Alopiidae ( thresher sharks ) exhibit endothermy . The degree of endothermy varies from the billfishes , which warm only their eyes and brain , to the bluefin tuna and the porbeagle shark , which maintain body temperatures in excess of 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) above ambient water temperatures . Endothermy , though metabolically costly , is thought to provide advantages such as increased muscle strength , higher rates of central nervous system processing , and higher rates of digestion . Reproductive system Further information : Fish reproduction and Spawn ( biology ) Organs : 1 . Liver , 2 . Gas bladder , 3 . Roe , 4 . Pyloric caeca , 5 . Stomach , 6 . Intestine Fish reproductive organs include testicles and ovaries . In most species , gonads are paired organs of similar size , which can be partially or totally fused . There may also be a range of secondary organs that increase reproductive fitness . In terms of spermatogonia distribution , the structure of teleosts testes has two types : in the most common , spermatogonia occur all along the seminiferous tubules , while in atherinomorph fish they are confined to the distal portion of these structures . Fish can present cystic or semi-cystic spermatogenesis in relation to the release phase of germ cells in cysts to the seminiferous tubules lumen . Fish ovaries may be of three types : gymnovarian , secondary gymnovarian or cystovarian . In the first type , the oocytes are released directly into the coelomic cavity and then enter the ostium , then through the oviduct and are eliminated . Secondary gymnovarian ovaries shed ova into the coelom from which they go directly into the oviduct . In the third type , the oocytes are conveyed to the exterior through the oviduct . Gymnovaries are the primitive condition found in lungfish , sturgeon , and bowfin . Cystovaries characterize most teleosts , where the ovary lumen has continuity with the oviduct . Secondary gymnovaries are found in salmonids and a few other teleosts . Oogonia development in teleosts fish varies according to the group , and the determination of oogenesis dynamics allows the understanding of maturation and fertilization processes . Changes in the nucleus , ooplasm , and the surrounding layers characterize the oocyte maturation process . Postovulatory follicles are structures formed after oocyte release ; they do not have endocrine function , present a wide irregular lumen , and are rapidly reabsorbed in a process involving the apoptosis of follicular cells . A degenerative process called follicular atresia reabsorbs vitellogenic oocytes not spawned . This process can also occur , but less frequently , in oocytes in other development stages . Some fish , like the California sheephead , are hermaphrodites , having both testes and ovaries either at different phases in their life cycle or , as in hamlets , have them simultaneously . Over 97 % of all known fish are oviparous , that is , the eggs develop outside the mother 's body . Examples of oviparous fish include salmon , goldfish , cichlids , tuna , and eels . In the majority of these species , fertilisation takes place outside the mother 's body , with the male and female fish shedding their gametes into the surrounding water . However , a few oviparous fish practice internal fertilization , with the male using some sort of intromittent organ to deliver sperm into the genital opening of the female , most notably the oviparous sharks , such as the horn shark , and oviparous rays , such as skates . In these cases , the male is equipped with a pair of modified pelvic fins known as claspers . Marine fish can produce high numbers of eggs which are often released into the open water column . The eggs have an average diameter of 1 millimetre ( 0.039 in ) . Egg of lamprey Egg of catshark ( mermaids ' purse ) Egg of bullhead shark Egg of chimaera Ovary of fish ( Corumbatá ) . The newly hatched young of oviparous fish are called larvae . They are usually poorly formed , carry a large yolk sac ( for nourishment ) , and are very different in appearance from juvenile and adult specimens . The larval period in oviparous fish is relatively short ( usually only several weeks ) , and larvae rapidly grow and change appearance and structure ( a process termed metamorphosis ) to become juveniles . During this transition larvae must switch from their yolk sac to feeding on zooplankton prey , a process which depends on typically inadequate zooplankton density , starving many larvae . In ovoviviparous fish the eggs develop inside the mother 's body after internal fertilization but receive little or no nourishment directly from the mother , depending instead on the yolk . Each embryo develops in its own egg . Familiar examples of ovoviviparous fish include guppies , angel sharks , and coelacanths . Some species of fish are viviparous . In such species the mother retains the eggs and nourishes the embryos . Typically , viviparous fish have a structure analogous to the placenta seen in mammals connecting the mother 's blood supply with that of the embryo . Examples of viviparous fish include the surf - perches , splitfins , and lemon shark . Some viviparous fish exhibit oophagy , in which the developing embryos eat other eggs produced by the mother . This has been observed primarily among sharks , such as the shortfin mako and porbeagle , but is known for a few bony fish as well , such as the halfbeak Nomorhamphus ebrardtii . Intrauterine cannibalism is an even more unusual mode of vivipary , in which the largest embryos eat weaker and smaller siblings . This behavior is also most commonly found among sharks , such as the grey nurse shark , but has also been reported for Nomorhamphus ebrardtii . Aquarists commonly refer to ovoviviparous and viviparous fish as livebearers . Acoustic communication in fish Acoustic communication in fish involves the transmission of acoustic signals from one individual of a species to another . The production of sounds as a means of communication among fish is most often used in the context of feeding , aggression or courtship behaviour . The sounds emitted can vary depending on the species and stimulus involved . Fish can produce either stridulatory sounds by moving components of the skeletal system , or can produce non-stridulatory sounds by manipulating specialized organs such as the swimbladder . Stridulatory sound producing mechanisms French grunts - Haemulon flavolineatum There are some species of fish that can produce sounds by rubbing or grinding their bones together . These noises produced by bone - on - bone interactions are known as ' stridulatory sounds ' . An example of this is seen in Haemulon flavolineatum , a species commonly referred to as the ' French grunt fish ' , as it produces a grunting noise by grinding its teeth together . This behaviour is most pronounced when the H. flavolineatum is in distress situations . The grunts produced by this species of fishes generate a frequency of approximately 700 Hz , and last approximately 47 milliseconds . The H. flavolineatum does not emit sounds with frequencies greater than 1000 Hz , and does not detect sounds that have frequencies greater than 1050 Hz . In a study conducted by Oliveira et al. ( 2014 ) , the longsnout seahorse , Hippocampus reidi , was recorded producing two different categories of sounds ; ' clicks ' and ' growls ' . The sounds emitted by the H. reidi are accomplished by rubbing their coronet bone across the grooved section of their neurocranium . ' Clicking ' sounds were found to be primarily produced during courtship and feeding , and the frequencies of clicks were within the range of 50 Hz - 800 Hz . The frequencies were noted to be on the higher end of the range during spawning periods , when the female and male fishes were less than fifteen centimeters apart . Growl sounds were produced when the H. reidi encountered stressful situations , such as handling by researchers . The ' growl ' sounds consist of a series of sound pulses and are emitted simultaneously with body vibrations . Non-stridulatory sound producing mechanisms Oyster Toadfish Some fish species can create noise by engaging specialized muscles that contract and cause swimbladder vibrations . The fish species Opsanus tao , commonly known as ' oyster toadfish ' , produce loud ' grunting ' sounds by contracting muscles located along the sides of their swim bladder , known as sonic muscles Female and male toadfishes emit short - duration grunts , often as a fright response . In addition to short - duration grunts , male toadfishes produce `` boat whistle calls '' . These calls are longer in duration , lower in frequency , and are primarily used to attract mates . The sounds emitted by the O. tao have frequency range of 140 Hz to 260 Hz . The frequencies of the calls depend on the rate at which the sonic muscles contract . The red drum , Sciaenops ocellatus , produces drumming sounds by vibrating its swimbladder . Vibrations are caused by the rapid contraction of sonic muscles that surround the dorsal aspect of the swimbladder . These vibrations result in repeated sounds with frequencies that range from 100 to > 200 Hz . The S. Ocellatus can produce different calls depending on the stimuli involved . The sounds created in courtship situations are different from those made during distressing events such as predatorial attacks . Unlike the males of the S. Ocellatus species , the females of this species do n't produce sounds and lack sound - producing ( sonic ) muscles . Diseases Main article : Fish diseases and parasites Like other animals , fish suffer from diseases and parasites . To prevent disease they have a variety of defenses . Non-specific defenses include the skin and scales , as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps and inhibits the growth of microorganisms . If pathogens breach these defenses , fish can develop an inflammatory response that increases blood flow to the infected region and delivers white blood cells that attempt to destroy pathogens . Specific defenses respond to particular pathogens recognised by the fish 's body , i.e. , an immune response . In recent years , vaccines have become widely used in aquaculture and also with ornamental fish , for example furunculosis vaccines in farmed salmon and koi herpes virus in koi . Some species use cleaner fish to remove external parasites . The best known of these are the Bluestreak cleaner wrasses of the genus Labroides found on coral reefs in the Indian and Pacific oceans . These small fish maintain so - called `` cleaning stations '' where other fish congregate and perform specific movements to attract the attention of the cleaners . Cleaning behaviors have been observed in a number of fish groups , including an interesting case between two cichlids of the same genus , Etroplus maculatus , the cleaner , and the much larger Etroplus suratensis . Immune system Immune organs vary by type of fish . In the jawless fish ( lampreys and hagfish ) , true lymphoid organs are absent . These fish rely on regions of lymphoid tissue within other organs to produce immune cells . For example , erythrocytes , macrophages and plasma cells are produced in the anterior kidney ( or pronephros ) and some areas of the gut ( where granulocytes mature . ) They resemble primitive bone marrow in hagfish . Cartilaginous fish ( sharks and rays ) have a more advanced immune system . They have three specialized organs that are unique to Chondrichthyes ; the epigonal organs ( lymphoid tissue similar to mammalian bone ) that surround the gonads , the Leydig 's organ within the walls of their esophagus , and a spiral valve in their intestine . These organs house typical immune cells ( granulocytes , lymphocytes and plasma cells ) . They also possess an identifiable thymus and a well - developed spleen ( their most important immune organ ) where various lymphocytes , plasma cells and macrophages develop and are stored . Chondrostean fish ( sturgeons , paddlefish , and bichirs ) possess a major site for the production of granulocytes within a mass that is associated with the meninges ( membranes surrounding the central nervous system . ) Their heart is frequently covered with tissue that contains lymphocytes , reticular cells and a small number of macrophages . The chondrostean kidney is an important hemopoietic organ ; where erythrocytes , granulocytes , lymphocytes and macrophages develop . Like chondrostean fish , the major immune tissues of bony fish ( or teleostei ) include the kidney ( especially the anterior kidney ) , which houses many different immune cells . In addition , teleost fish possess a thymus , spleen and scattered immune areas within mucosal tissues ( e.g. in the skin , gills , gut and gonads ) . Much like the mammalian immune system , teleost erythrocytes , neutrophils and granulocytes are believed to reside in the spleen whereas lymphocytes are the major cell type found in the thymus . In 2006 , a lymphatic system similar to that in mammals was described in one species of teleost fish , the zebrafish . Although not confirmed as yet , this system presumably will be where naive ( unstimulated ) T cells accumulate while waiting to encounter an antigen . B and T lymphocytes bearing immunoglobulins and T cell receptors , respectively , are found in all jawed fishes . Indeed , the adaptive immune system as a whole evolved in an ancestor of all jawed vertebrate . Conservation The 2006 IUCN Red List names 1,173 fish species that are threatened with extinction . Included are species such as Atlantic cod , Devil 's Hole pupfish , coelacanths , and great white sharks . Because fish live underwater they are more difficult to study than terrestrial animals and plants , and information about fish populations is often lacking . However , freshwater fish seem particularly threatened because they often live in relatively small water bodies . For example , the Devil 's Hole pupfish occupies only a single 3 by 6 metres ( 10 by 20 ft ) pool . Overfishing Whale sharks , the largest species of fish , are classified as vulnerable . Main article : Overfishing Overfishing is a major threat to edible fish such as cod and tuna . Overfishing eventually causes population ( known as stock ) collapse because the survivors can not produce enough young to replace those removed . Such commercial extinction does not mean that the species is extinct , merely that it can no longer sustain a fishery . One well - studied example of fishery collapse is the Pacific sardine Sadinops sagax caerulues fishery off the California coast . From a 1937 peak of 790,000 long tons ( 800,000 t ) the catch steadily declined to only 24,000 long tons ( 24,000 t ) in 1968 , after which the fishery was no longer economically viable . The main tension between fisheries science and the fishing industry is that the two groups have different views on the resiliency of fisheries to intensive fishing . In places such as Scotland , Newfoundland , and Alaska the fishing industry is a major employer , so governments are predisposed to support it . On the other hand , scientists and conservationists push for stringent protection , warning that many stocks could be wiped out within fifty years . Habitat destruction See also : Environmental impact of fishing A key stress on both freshwater and marine ecosystems is habitat degradation including water pollution , the building of dams , removal of water for use by humans , and the introduction of exotic species . An example of a fish that has become endangered because of habitat change is the pallid sturgeon , a North American freshwater fish that lives in rivers damaged by human activity . Exotic species Introduction of non-native species has occurred in many habitats . One of the best studied examples is the introduction of Nile perch into Lake Victoria in the 1960s . Nile perch gradually exterminated the lake 's 500 endemic cichlid species . Some of them survive now in captive breeding programmes , but others are probably extinct . Carp , snakeheads , tilapia , European perch , brown trout , rainbow trout , and sea lampreys are other examples of fish that have caused problems by being introduced into alien environments . Importance to humans Economic importance Main articles : Fishing industry , Aquaculture , and Fish farming These fish - farming ponds were created as a cooperative project in a rural village . Throughout history , humans have utilized fish as a food source . Historically and today , most fish protein has come by means of catching wild fish . However , aquaculture , or fish farming , which has been practiced since about 3,500 BCE. in China , is becoming increasingly important in many nations . Overall , about one - sixth of the world 's protein is estimated to be provided by fish . That proportion is considerably elevated in some developing nations and regions heavily dependent on the sea . In a similar manner , fish have been tied to trade . Catching fish for the purpose of food or sport is known as fishing , while the organized effort by humans to catch fish is called a fishery . Fisheries are a huge global business and provide income for millions of people . The annual yield from all fisheries worldwide is about 154 million tons , with popular species including herring , cod , anchovy , tuna , flounder , and salmon . However , the term fishery is broadly applied , and includes more organisms than just fish , such as mollusks and crustaceans , which are often called `` fish '' when used as food . Recreation Main articles : Fishkeeping , Recreational fishing , and Angling Fish have been recognized as a source of beauty for almost as long as used for food , appearing in cave art , being raised as ornamental fish in ponds , and displayed in aquariums in homes , offices , or public settings . Recreational fishing is fishing for pleasure or competition ; it can be contrasted with commercial fishing , which is fishing for profit . The most common form of recreational fishing is done with a rod , reel , line , hooks and any one of a wide range of baits . Angling is a method of fishing , specifically the practice of catching fish by means of an `` angle '' ( hook ) . Anglers must select the right hook , cast accurately , and retrieve at the right speed while considering water and weather conditions , species , fish response , time of the day , and other factors . Culture Main article : Fish in culture Avatar of Vishnu as a Matsya Fish feature prominently in art and literature , in movies such as Finding Nemo and books such as The Old Man and the Sea . Large fish , particularly sharks , have frequently been the subject of horror movies and thrillers , most notably the novel Jaws , which spawned a series of films of the same name that in turn inspired similar films or parodies such as Shark Tale and Snakehead Terror . Piranhas are shown in a similar light to sharks in films such as Piranha ; however , contrary to popular belief , the red - bellied piranha is actually a generally timid scavenger species that is unlikely to harm humans . In the Book of Jonah a `` great fish '' swallowed Jonah the Prophet . Legends of half - human , half - fish mermaids have featured in folklore , including the stories of Hans Christian Andersen . The ichthus is a Christian symbol of a fish signifying that the person who uses it is a Christian . Fish themes have symbolic significance in many religions . The fish is used often as a symbol by Christians to represent Jesus , or Christianity in general ; the gospels also refer to `` fishers of men '' and feeding the multitude . In the dhamma of Buddhism the fish symbolize happiness as they have complete freedom of movement in the water . Often drawn in the form of carp which are regarded in the Orient as sacred on account of their elegant beauty , size and life - span . In ancient Mesopotamia , fish offerings were made to the gods from the very earliest times . Fish were also a major symbol of Enki , the god of water . Fish frequently appear as filling motifs in cylinder seals from the Old Babylonian and Neo-Assyrian periods . Starting during the Kassite Period and lasting until the early Persian Period , healers and exorcists dressed in ritual garb resembling the bodies of fish . During the Seleucid Period , the legendary Babylonian culture hero Oannes , described by Berossus , was said to have dressed in the skin of a fish . Among the deities said to take the form of a fish are Ika - Roa of the Polynesians , Dagon of various ancient Semitic peoples , the shark - gods of Hawai ʻi and Matsya of the Hindus . The astrological symbol Pisces is based on a constellation of the same name , but there is also a second fish constellation in the night sky , Piscis Austrinus . Terminology Fish or fishes Though often used interchangeably , in biology these words have different meanings . Fish is used as a singular noun , or as a plural to describe multiple individuals from a single species . Fishes is used to describe different species or species groups . Thus a pond that contained a single species might be said to contain 120 fish . But if the pond contained a total of 120 fish from three different species , it would be said to contain three fishes . The distinction is similar to that between people and peoples . True fish and finfish In biology , the term fish is most strictly used to describe any animal with a backbone that has gills throughout life and has limbs , if any , in the shape of fins . Many types of aquatic animals with common names ending in `` fish '' are not fish in this sense ; examples include shellfish , cuttlefish , starfish , crayfish and jellyfish . In earlier times , even biologists did not make a distinction -- sixteenth century natural historians classified also seals , whales , amphibians , crocodiles , even hippopotamuses , as well as a host of aquatic invertebrates , as fish . In fisheries , the term fish is used as a collective term , and includes mollusks , crustaceans and any aquatic animal which is harvested . The strict biological definition of a fish , above , is sometimes called a true fish . True fish are also referred to as finfish or fin fish to distinguish them from other aquatic life harvested in fisheries or aquaculture . Shoal or school Main article : Shoaling and schooling These goldband fusiliers are schooling because their swimming is synchronised A random assemblage of fish merely using some localised resource such as food or nesting sites is known simply as an aggregation . When fish come together in an interactive , social grouping , then they may be forming either a shoal or a school depending on the degree of organisation . A shoal is a loosely organised group where each fish swims and forages independently but is attracted to other members of the group and adjusts its behaviour , such as swimming speed , so that it remains close to the other members of the group . Schools of fish are much more tightly organised , synchronising their swimming so that all fish move at the same speed and in the same direction . Shoaling and schooling behaviour is believed to provide a variety of advantages . Examples : Cichlids congregating at lekking sites form an aggregation . Many minnows and characins form shoals . Anchovies , herrings and silversides are classic examples of schooling fish . While the words `` school '' and `` shoal '' have different meanings within biology , the distinctions are often ignored by non-specialists who treat the words as synonyms . Thus speakers of British English commonly use `` shoal '' to describe any grouping of fish , and speakers of American English commonly use `` school '' just as loosely . See also Fish portal Main article : Outline of fish For a topical guide to sharks , see Outline of sharks Angling ( sport fishing ) Aquaculture Aquarium Catch and release Deep sea fish Fish acute toxicity syndrome Fish anatomy Fish as food Fish development Fishing ( fishing for food ) Fish intelligence Fishkeeping Forage fish Ichthyology List of fish common names List of fish families Marine biology Marine vertebrates Mercury in fish Otolith ( Bone used for determining the age of a fish ) Pregnancy ( fish ) Seafood Walking fish Notes Jump up ^ Goldman , K.J. ( 1997 ) . `` Regulation of body temperature in the white shark , Carcharodon carcharias '' . Journal of Comparative Physiology . B Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology. 167 ( 6 ) : 423 -- 429 . doi : 10.1007 / s003600050092 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2012 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Carey , F.G. ; Lawson , K.D. ( February 1973 ) . `` Temperature regulation in free - swimming bluefin tuna '' . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 44 ( 2 ) : 375 -- 392 . doi : 10.1016 / 0300 - 9629 ( 73 ) 90490 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Weinmann , S.R. ; Black , A.N. ; Richter , M.L. ; Itzkowitz , M ; Burger , R. M ( February 2017 ) . `` Territorial vocalization in sympatric damselfish : acoustic characteristics and intruder discrimination '' . Bioacoustics. 27 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 102 . doi : 10.1080 / 09524622.2017. 1286263 . ^ Jump up to : Bertucci , F. ; Ruppé , L. ; Wassenbergh , S.V. ; Compère , P. ; Parmentier , E. ( 29 October 2014 ) . `` New Insights into the Role of the Pharyngeal Jaw Apparatus in the Sound - Producing Mechanism of Haemulon Flavolineatum ( Haemulidae ) '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 217 ( 21 ) : 3862 -- 3869 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 109025 . Jump up ^ `` FishBase '' . FishBase . August 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2017 . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monster fish crushed opposition with strongest bite ever '' . Smh.com.au. 30 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ G. Lecointre & H. Le Guyader , 2007 , The Tree of Life : A Phylogenetic Classification , Harvard University Press Reference Library Jump up ^ Romer , A.S . & T.S. Parsons. 1977 . The Vertebrate Body . 5th ed . Saunders , Philadelphia . ( 6th ed. 1985 ) Jump up ^ Benton , M.J. ( 1998 ) The quality of the fossil record of vertebrates . Pp. 269 -- 303 , in Donovan , S.K. and Paul , C.R.C. ( eds ) , The adequacy of the fossil record , Fig. 2 . Wiley , New York , 312 pp . Jump up ^ Shigehiro Kuraku , Daisuke Hoshiyama , Kazutaka Katoh , Hiroshi Suga , Takashi Miyata ( 1999 ) Monophyly of Lampreys and Hagfishes Supported by Nuclear DNA -- Coded Genes J Mol Evol ( 1999 ) 49 : 729 -- 735 Jump up ^ J. Mallatt , J. Sullivan ( 1998 ) 28S and 18S rDNA sequences support the monophyly of lampreys and hagfishes Molecular Biology and Evolution V 15 , Issue 12 , pp 1706 -- 1718 Jump up ^ Nelson 2006 , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Nelson 2006 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Nelson 2006 , p. 2 ^ Jump up to : Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Tree of life web project -- Chordates Archived 24 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... ^ Jump up to : Cleveland P. Hickman , Jr. ; Larry S. Roberts ; Allan L. Larson ( 2001 ) . Integrated Principles of Zoology . McGraw - Hill Publishing Co . ISBN 0 - 07 - 290961 - 7 . Jump up ^ Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , p. 103 Jump up ^ Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , pp. 53 -- 57 Jump up ^ Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , pp. 33 -- 36 Jump up ^ Martin , K.L.M. ( 2014 ) . Beach - Spawning Fishes : Reproduction in an Endangered Ecosystem . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 1482207972 . Jump up ^ Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2006 ) . `` Periophthalmus barbarus '' in FishBase . November 2006 version . Jump up ^ Planet Catfish . `` Cat - eLog : Heptapteridae : Phreatobius : Phreatobius sp. ( 1 ) '' . Planet Catfish . Archived from the original on 23 October 2006 . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Henderson , P.A. ; and I. Walker ( 1990 ) . `` Spatial organization and population density of the fish community of the litter banks within a central Amazonian blackwater stream '' . Journal of Fish Biology . 37 : 401 -- 411 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1990. tb05871. x . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Aldemaro , R. , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Biology of Hypogean Fishes . Developments in environmental biology of fishes. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1402000768 . Jump up ^ Estudo das Espécies Ícticas do Parque Estadual do Cantão Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , fish species survey of Cantão ( in Portuguese ) ^ Jump up to : Armbruster , Jonathan W. ( 1998 ) . `` Modifications of the Digestive Tract for Holding Air in Loricariid and Scoloplacid Catfishes '' ( PDF ) . Copeia. 1998 ( 3 ) : 663 -- 675 . doi : 10.2307 / 1447796 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 25 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Setaro , John F. ( 1999 ) . Circulatory System . Microsoft Encarta 99 . ^ Jump up to : Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Orr , James ( 1999 ) . Fish . Microsoft Encarta 99 . ISBN 0 - 8114 - 2346 - 8 . Jump up ^ Albert , J.S. , and W.G.R. Crampton. 2005 . Electroreception and electrogenesis . pp. 431 -- 472 in The Physiology of Fishes , 3rd Edition . D.H. Evans and J.B. Claiborne ( eds . ) . CRC Press . Jump up ^ Sciences , Journal of Undergraduate Life . `` Appropriate maze methodology to study learning in fish '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 June 2009 . Retrieved 28 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Neil A. ; Reece , Jane B. ( 2005 ) . Biology ( Seventh ed . ) . San Francisco : Benjamin Cummings . Jump up ^ Dunayer , Joan , `` Fish : Sensitivity Beyond the Captor 's Grasp , '' The Animals ' Agenda , July / August 1991 , pp. 12 -- 18 Jump up ^ Kirby , Alex ( 30 April 2003 ) . `` Fish do feel pain , scientists say '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 15 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Grandin , Temple ; Johnson , Catherine ( 2005 ) . Animals in Translation . New York City : Scribner . pp. 183 -- 184 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4769 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Rose , J.D. 2003 . A Critique of the paper : `` Do fish have nociceptors : Evidence for the evolution of a vertebrate sensory system '' '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Rose , James D. ( 2002 ) . `` Do Fish Feel Pain ? '' . Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Times & The Sunday Times '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Block , BA ; Finnerty , JR ( 1993 ) . `` Endothermy in fishes : a phylogenetic analysis of constraints , predispositions , and selection pressures '' ( PDF ) . Environmental Biology of Fishes. 40 ( 3 ) : 283 -- 302 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00002518 . Jump up ^ Wegner , Nicholas C. ; Snodgrass , Owyn E. ; Dewar , Heidi ; Hyde , John R. ( 2015 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Whole - body endothermy in a mesopelagic fish , the opah , Lampris guttatus '' . Science . 348 ( 6236 ) : 786 -- 789 . doi : 10.1126 / science. aaa8902 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 25977549 . Jump up ^ `` Warm Blood Makes Opah an Agile Predator '' . Southwest Fisheries Science Center . 2015 - 05 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Guimaraes - Cruz , Rodrigo J. , Rodrigo J. ; Santos , José E. dos ; Santos , Gilmar B. ( July -- September 2005 ) . `` Gonadal structure and gametogenesis of Loricaria lentiginosa Isbrücker ( Pisces , Teleostei , Siluriformes ) '' . Rev. Bras . Zool. 22 ( 3 ) : 556 -- 564 . doi : 10.1590 / S0101 - 81752005000300005 . ISSN 0101 - 8175 . Jump up ^ Brito , M.F.G. ; Bazzoli , N. ( 2003 ) . `` Reproduction of the surubim catfish ( Pisces , Pimelodidae ) in the São Francisco River , Pirapora Region , Minas Gerais , Brazil '' . Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. 55 ( 5 ) : 624 -- 633 . doi : 10.1590 / S0102 - 09352003000500018 . ISSN 0102 - 0935 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Peter Scott : Livebearing Fishes , p. 13 . Tetra Press 1997 . ISBN 1 - 56465 - 193 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Meisner , A & Burns , J : Viviparity in the Halfbeak Genera Dermogenys and Nomorhamphus ( Teleostei : Hemiramphidae ) '' Journal of Morphology 234 , pp. 295 -- 317 , 1997 Jump up ^ Colson , D.J. ; Patek , S.N. ; Brainerd , E.L. ; Lewis , S.M. ( February 1998 ) . `` Sound production during feeding in Hippocampus seahorses ( Syngnathidae ) '' . Environmental Biology of Fishes. 51 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 229 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1007434714122 . ^ Jump up to : Oliveira , T.P.R. ; Ladich , F. ; Abed - Navandi , D. ; Souto , A.S. ; Rosa , I.L. ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` Sounds produced by the longsnout seahorse : a study of their structure and functions '' . Journal of Zoology. 294 ( 2 ) : 114 -- 121 . doi : 10.1111 / jzo. 12160 . ^ Jump up to : Fine , L.F. ; King , C.B. ; Cameron , T.M. ( 16 October 2009 ) . `` Acoustical properties of the swimbladder in the oyster toadfish Opsanus tau '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 212 ( 21 ) : 3542 -- 3552 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 033423 . Jump up ^ Fine , M.L. ; Waybright , T.D. ( 15 October 2015 ) . `` Grunt variation in the oyster toadfish Opsanus tau : effect of size and sex '' . PeerJ. 3 ( 1330 ) . doi : 10.7717 / peerj. 1330 . ^ Jump up to : Ricci , S.W. ; Bohnenstiehl , D.R. ; Eggleston , D.B. ; Kellogg , M.L. ; Lyon , R.P. ( 8 August 2017 ) . `` Oyster toadfish ( Opsanus tau ) boatwhistle call detection and patterns within a large - scale oyster restoration site '' . PLOS ONE . 12 ( 8 ) . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0182757 . Jump up ^ Skoglund , C.R. ( 1 August 1961 ) . `` Functional analysis of swimbladder muscles engaged in sound productivity of the toadfish '' . Journal of Cell Biology . 10 ( 4 ) : 187 -- 200 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 10.4. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Parmentier , E. ; Tock , J. ; Falguière , J.C. ; Beauchaud , M. ( 22 May 2014 ) . `` Sound production in Sciaenops ocellatus : Preliminary study for the development of acoustic cues in aquaculture '' . Elsevier . 432 : 204 -- 211 . doi : 10.1016 / j. aquaculture. 2014.05. 017 . Jump up ^ Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , pp. 95 -- 96 Jump up ^ R.C. Cipriano ( 2001 ) , Furunculosis And Other Diseases Caused By Aeromonas salmonicida . Fish Disease Leaflet 66 . U.S. Department of the Interior . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 May 2009 . Retrieved 3 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Hartman , KH ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Koi Herpes Virus ( KHV ) Disease : Fact Sheet VM - 149 '' ( PDF ) . University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , p. 380 Jump up ^ Wyman , Richard L. ; Ward , Jack A. ( 1972 ) . `` A Cleaning Symbiosis between the Cichlid Fishes Etroplus maculatus and Etroplus suratensis . I. Description and Possible Evolution '' . Copeia. 1972 ( 4 ) : 834 -- 838 . doi : 10.2307 / 1442742 . Jump up ^ A.G. Zapata , A. Chiba and A. Vara . Cells and tissues of the immune system of fish . In : The Fish Immune System : Organism , Pathogen and Environment . Fish Immunology Series . ( eds . G. Iwama and T. Nakanishi , ) , New York , Academic Press , 1996 , pp. 1 -- 55 . Jump up ^ D.P. Anderson . Fish Immunology . ( S.F. Snieszko and H.R. Axelrod , eds ) , Hong Kong : TFH Publications , Inc. Ltd. , 1977 . Jump up ^ Chilmonczyk , S. ( 1992 ) . `` The thymus in fish : development and possible function in the immune response '' . Annual Review of Fish Diseases . 2 : 181 -- 200 . doi : 10.1016 / 0959 - 8030 ( 92 ) 90063 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hansen , J.D. ; Zapata , A.G. ( 1998 ) . `` Lymphocyte development in fish and amphibians '' . Immunological Reviews . 166 : 199 -- 220 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 065x. 1998. tb01264. x . Jump up ^ Kucher ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Development of the zebrafish lymphatic system requires VegFc signalling '' . 16 . Current Biology : 1244 -- 1248 . Jump up ^ Flajnik , M.F. ; Kasahara , M. ( 2009 ) . `` Origin and evolution of the adaptive immune system : genetic events and selective pressures '' . Nature Reviews Genetics . 11 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 59 . doi : 10.1038 / nrg2703 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 : Numbers of threatened species by major groups of organisms ( 1996 -- 2004 ) '' . iucnredlist.org . Archived from the original on 30 June 2006 . Retrieved 18 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Gadus morhua ( Atlantic Cod ) '' . Iucnredlist.org . Archived from the original on 26 September 2008 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cyprinodon diabolis ( Devils Hole Pupfish ) '' . Iucnredlist.org . Archived from the original on 27 June 2008 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Latimeria chalumnae ( Coelacanth , Gombessa ) '' . Iucnredlist.org . Archived from the original on 26 September 2008 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carcharodon carcharias ( Great White Shark ) '' . Iucnredlist.org . Archived from the original on 14 September 2008 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , pp. 449 -- 450 Jump up ^ `` Call to halt cod ' over-fishing ' '' . BBC News . 5 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2007 . Retrieved 18 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Tuna groups tackle overfishing '' . BBC News . 26 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2009 . Retrieved 18 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , p. 462 Jump up ^ `` UK ' must shield fishing industry ' '' . BBC News . 3 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 30 November 2006 . Retrieved 18 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` EU fish quota deal hammered out '' . BBC News . 21 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 December 2006 . Retrieved 18 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ocean study predicts the collapse of all seafood fisheries by 2050 '' . Archived from the original on 15 March 2007 . Retrieved 13 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic bluefin tuna could soon be commercially extinct '' . Archived from the original on 30 April 2007 . Retrieved 18 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , p. 463 Jump up ^ `` Threatened and Endangered Species : Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus Fact Sheet '' . Archived from the original on 26 November 2005 . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Spinney , Laura ( 4 August 2005 ) . `` The little fish fight back '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Stop That Fish ! '' . The Washington Post . 3 July 2002 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2012 . Retrieved 26 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Spalding , Mark ( 11 July 2013 ) . `` Sustainable Ancient Aquaculture '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Helfman , Gene S. ( 2007 ) . Fish Conservation : A Guide to Understanding and Restoring Global Aquatic Biodiversity and Fishery Resources . Island Press . p. 11 . ISBN 1597267600 . Jump up ^ `` World Review of Fisheries and Aquaculture '' ( PDF ) . fao.org . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 August 2015 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Zollinger , Sue Anne ( 3 July 2009 ) . `` Piranha -- Ferocious Fighter or Scavenging Softie ? '' . A Moment of Science . Indiana Public Media . Archived from the original on 17 October 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Coffman , Elesha ( 8 August 2008 ) . `` What is the origin of the Christian fish symbol ? '' . Christianity Today . Archived from the original on 29 August 2015 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Matthew 4 : 19 ^ Jump up to : Black , Jeremy ; Green , Anthony ( 1992 ) . Gods , Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia : An Illustrated Dictionary . The British Museum Press . pp. 82 -- 83 . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 1705 - 6 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Piscis Austrinus '' . allthesky.com . The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations . Archived from the original on 25 November 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Pauly , Daniel ( 13 May 2004 ) . `` Fish ( es ) '' . Darwin 's Fishes : An Encyclopedia of Ichthyology , Ecology , and Evolution . Cambridge University Press . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 45181 - 9 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Joseph S and Paetz , Martin Joseph ( 1992 ) The Fishes of Alberta Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine. page 400 , University of Alberta . ISBN 9780888642363 . Jump up ^ Helfman , Collette & Facey 1997 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Nelson , Joseph S. ( 2006 ) . Fishes of the World . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 25031 - 7 . Jump up ^ FAO : Fisheries glossary Archived 29 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Helfman , G. ; Collette , B. ; Facey , D. ( 1997 ) . The Diversity of Fishes . Blackwell Publishing . p. 375 . ISBN 0 - 86542 - 256 - 7 . Jump up ^ Pitcher T.J. and Parish J.K. ( 1993 ) `` Functions of shoaling behaviour in teleosts '' Archived 5 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine . In : Pitcher T.J. ( Ed ) Behaviour of teleost fishes . Chapman and Hall , New York , pp 363 -- 440 References Eschmeyer , William N. ; Fong , Jon David ( 2013 ) . `` Catalog of Fishes '' . California Academy of Sciences . Helfman , G. ; Collette , B. ; Facey , D. ( 1997 ) . The Diversity of Fishes ( 1st ed . ) . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86542 - 256 - 8 . Moyle , Peter B. ; Cech , Joseph J. ( 2003 ) . Fishes , An Introduction to Ichthyology ( 5th ed . ) . Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 100847 - 2 . Nelson , Joseph S. ( 2006 ) . Fishes of the World ( PDF ) ( 4th ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9780471756446 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 March 2013 . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Further reading Helfman , G. ; Collette , B. ; Facey , D. ; Bowen , B. ( 2009 ) . The Diversity of Fishes : Biology , Evolution , and Ecology ( 2nd ed . ) . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2494 - 2 . Moyle , Peter B. ( 1993 ) Fish : An Enthusiast 's Guide University of California Press . ISBN 9780520916654 -- good lay text . Shubin , Neil ( 2009 ) Your inner fish : A journey into the 3.5 billion year history of the human body Vintage Books . ISBN 9780307277459 . UCTV interview External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fish , Actinopterygii , Marine aquarium fish and Freshwater aquarium fish . Look up fish in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikispecies has information related to Actinopterygii Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Fish . ANGFA -- Illustrated database of freshwater fishes of Australia and New Guinea Fischinfos.de -- Illustrated database of the freshwater fishes of Germany ( in German ) at the Wayback Machine ( archived 2011 - 11 - 30 ) FishBase online -- Comprehensive database with information on over 29,000 fish species Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center -- Data outlet for fisheries and aquaculture research center in the central US at Archive.is ( archived 15 December 2012 ) Philippines Fishes -- Database with thousands of Philippine Fishes photographed in natural habitat The Native Fish Conservancy -- Conservation and study of North American freshwater fishes United Nation -- Fisheries and Aquaculture Department : Fish and seafood utilization University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections -- Digital collection of freshwater and marine fish images Davenport , Charles B. ; Ingersoll , Ernest ( 1905 ) . `` Fish '' . New International Encyclopedia . Live webcam feed of a goldfish tank at Archive.is ( archived 16 December 2014 ) ( hide ) Fish About fish Diversity Ethnoichthyology Evolution Diseases and parasites Fisheries Fishing Fish as food Fear of fish FishBase Fish kill Hypoxia in fish Ichthyology Anatomy and physiology Fish anatomy Fish physiology Estimating age Anguilliformity Bone dermal intramembranous ossification Cleithrum Chromatophore Fins dorsal fin Gill branchial arch gill raker gill slit pharyngeal arch pharyngeal slit pseudobranch Glossohyal Jaw hyomandibula pharyngeal jaw Leydig 's organ Mauthner cell Meristics Operculum papillare Papilla Photophore Root effect Shark cartilage Scales ganoine Spiral valve Suckermouth Swim bladder physoclisti physostome Teeth pharyngeal teeth shark teeth Teleost leptins Digital Library Sensory systems Sensory systems in fish Ampullae of Lorenzini Barbel Hydrodynamic reception Electrocommunication Electroreception Jamming avoidance response Lateral line Otolith Passive electrolocation Capacity for pain Schreckstoff Surface wave detection Vision Weberian apparatus Reproduction Fish reproduction Bubble nest Clasper Egg case Fish development Ichthyoplankton Juvenile fish Life history theory Milt Mouthbrooder Polyandry in fish Pregnancy Roe Sequential hermaphroditism Spawning triggers Locomotion Fish locomotion Fin and flipper locomotion Amphibious fish Walking fish Flying fish Undulatory locomotion Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water RoboTuna Other behaviour Aquatic predation Aquatic respiration Bait ball Bottom feeders Cleaner fish Corallivory Diel vertical migration Electric fish Filter feeders Forage fish Migrating fish Paedophagy Predatory fish Salmon run Sardine run Scale eaters Schooling fish Sleep in fish Venomous fish Fish intelligence By habitat Cave Coastal Coldwater Coral reef Deep sea Demersal Euryhaline Freshwater Groundfish Pelagic Tropical Other types Bait Coarse Diversity Game Genetically modified Hallucinogenic Oily Poisonous Rough Whitefish Commercial Fish farming Carp Salmonids Tilapia Wild fisheries Predatory fish billfish mackerel salmon tuna Forage fish anchovy herring sardine sprats Demersal fish cod flatfish pollock Major groups Jawless fish hagfish lampreys Cartilaginous fish chimaeras sharks rays Bony fish spiny - finned fleshy - finned Lists Aquarium life Blind fish Fish common names Fish families Fish on stamps Glossary of ichthyology Large fish Threatened rays sharks Prehistoric fish more lists ... Portal WikiProject Evolution of fish Forerunners Cephalochordate † Pikaia † Cathaymyrus Lancelet Olfactores † Haikouella Tunicate † Myllokunmingiidae ? † Zhongxiniscus ? Jawless fish Cyclostomata Hagfish Hyperoartia † Haikouichthys Lamprey † Conodonts † Protoconodonta ? † Paraconodontida † Prioniodontida † Promissum † Ostracoderms † Pteraspidomorphi † Thelodonti † Anaspida † Cephalaspidomorphi † Galeaspida † Pituriaspida † Osteostraci Jawed fish † Placoderms † Antiarchi † Arthrodira † Brindabellaspida † Petalichthyida † Phyllolepida † Ptyctodontida † Rhenanida † Acanthothoraci † † Pseudopetalichthyida ? † Stensioellida ? † Spiny sharks † Climatiiformes † Ischnacanthiformes Cartilaginous Elasmobranchii Holocephali Bony Lobe - finned † Onychodontida Actinistia Coelacanth Dipnomorpha † Porolepiformes Lungfish Tetrapodomorpha Ray - finned Cladistii Chondrostei Neopterygii † Semionotiformes Holostei Teleostei Lists Lists of prehistoric fish spiny sharks placoderms cartilaginous bony lobe - finned List of transitional fossils Related Prehistoric life Transitional fossils Vertebrate paleontology † extinct Living things in culture Academic disciplines Anthrozoology Ethnobiology Ethnobotany Ethnoecology Ethnoentomology Ethnoherpetology Ethnoichthyology Ethnolichenology Ethnomycology Ethnoornithology Ethnoprimatology Ethnozoology Groups Animals Arthropods Insects Topics Beekeeping Entomophagy Flea circus Insects in art Insects in literature Insects in medicine Insects in music Insects in mythology Insects in religion Sericulture Types Ant Bee Mythology Beetle Beetlewing Butterfly Cicada Cricket Dragonfly Flea Flea circus Fly Grasshopper Ladybird Louse Praying mantis Scarab Termite Wasp Woodworm Other Arthropods in film Crab Lobster Scorpion Spider Arachnophobia Tarantella Tick Molluscs Cephalopods in popular culture Conch ( instrument ) Conchology Edible molluscs Octopus Pearl Scallop Seashell Sea silk Shell money Shipworm Tyrian purple Venus shell Vertebrates Amphibians Frog Salamander Toad Toadstone Birds Aviculture Birdwatching Bird conservation Birds in culture Cockfighting Falconry Game bird Pigeon racing Poultry Archaeopteryx Barnacle goose Eagle Fish Fishing History Fish farming Fishkeeping Recreational fishing Shark Attacks Jaws Mammals Topics Animal husbandry Fur farming Hunting In sport In professional wrestling Laboratory animal Livestock Pack animal Working animal Types Bat Bear Baiting Hunting Teddy bear Cattle Deer Elephant Dolphin Fox Horse Riding Worship Leopard Lion Primate Gorilla Gorilla suit Monkey Orangutan Seal hunting Sheep Whale Tay Whale Whaling Whale watching Wolf Werewolf Reptiles Crocodile Attacks Farming Crocodile tears Dinosaur Crystal Palace Dinosaurs Jurassic Park Stegosaurus Triceratops Tyrannosaurus rex Dragon Lizard Snake Caduceus In the Bible Rod of Asclepius Snakebite Snake charming Symbolism Worship Turtle Bixi World Turtle Other phyla Coral Jellyfish Starfish Other Aesop 's Fables Animal epithet Animal husbandry In heraldry Lists of legendary creatures Man - eater Zodiac Plants Agriculture History Botanical illustration Floral design Ikebana Gardening Herbalism Fictional plants Magical plants Mandrake Medicinal plants Pharmacognosy Plant epithet Sacred grove In India Sacred plants Bodhi Tree Lime tree Sacred lotus Sacred herb In mythology Barnacle tree Fig Trees Yggdrasil Fungi Medicinal fungi Amanita muscaria Edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus Psilocybin mushroom Microbes Biological warfare Fermentation In food processing List of microbes Microbial art Microbes and Man Pathogen Protein production Bacteria Economic importance Tuberculosis Protist Virus Yeast Bread Beer Wine Related Anthropomorphism Fossil Legendary creature Lists of fictional species Parasitoid Template : Insects in culture Taxon identifiers Wd : Q152 EoL : 4656086 ZooBank : E48F627B - CFB0 - 4C41 - 8B2B - 2DDA1EEF39D2 LCCN : sh85048726 GND : 4017269 - 7 BNF : cb11933179r ( data ) NDL : 00574027 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish&oldid=832785554 '' Categories : Fish Animals in religion Aquatic ecology Fisheries Ichthyology Seafood Obsolete vertebrate taxa Animals by common name Paraphyletic groups Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from October 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from December 2014 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Articles with German - language external links Webarchive template archiveis links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikiquote Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Aragonés Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiak Ирон IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino Лакку Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Picard Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ ತುಳು Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 180 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 00 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
true fish as per the biological system of classification
[ "\n\nFish\nFossil range: Mid Cambrian–Recent\n\nPreЄ\nЄ\nO\nS\nD\nC\nP\nT\nJ\nK\nPg\nN\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGiant grouper swimming among schools of other fish\n\nHead-on view of a red lionfish\n\n\n\nScientific classification\n\n\n\n\n\nKingdom:\nAnimalia\n\n\nPhylum:\nChordata\n\n\n(unranked)\nCraniata\n\n\n\n\n\nIncluded groups\n\n\n\n\nJawless fish\n†Armoured fish\nCartilaginous fish\nRay-finned fish (inc. Teleosts)\nLobe-finned fishes\n\n\n\n\nCladistically included but traditionally excluded groups\n\n\n\nTetrapods\n\n\n", "\n\nFish\nFossil range: Mid Cambrian–Recent\n\nPreЄ\nЄ\nO\nS\nD\nC\nP\nT\nJ\nK\nPg\nN\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGiant grouper swimming among schools of other fish\n\nHead-on view of a red lionfish\n\n\n\nScientific classification\n\n\n\n\n\nKingdom:\nAnimalia\n\n\nPhylum:\nChordata\n\n\n(unranked)\nCraniata\n\n\n\n\n\nIncluded groups\n\n\n\n\nJawless fish\n†Armoured fish\nCartilaginous fish\nRay-finned fish (inc. Teleosts)\nLobe-finned fishes\n\n\n\n\nCladistically included but traditionally excluded groups\n\n\n\nTetrapods\n\n\n", "\n\nFish\nFossil range: Mid Cambrian–Recent\n\nPreЄ\nЄ\nO\nS\nD\nC\nP\nT\nJ\nK\nPg\nN\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGiant grouper swimming among schools of other fish\n\nHead-on view of a red lionfish\n\n\n\nScientific classification\n\n\n\n\n\nKingdom:\nAnimalia\n\n\nPhylum:\nChordata\n\n\n(unranked)\nCraniata\n\n\n\n\n\nIncluded groups\n\n\n\n\nJawless fish\n†Armoured fish\nCartilaginous fish\nRay-finned fish (inc. Teleosts)\nLobe-finned fishes\n\n\n\n\nCladistically included but traditionally excluded groups\n\n\n\nTetrapods\n\n\n", "\n\nFish\nFossil range: Mid Cambrian–Recent\n\nPreЄ\nЄ\nO\nS\nD\nC\nP\nT\nJ\nK\nPg\nN\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGiant grouper swimming among schools of other fish\n\nHead-on view of a red lionfish\n\n\n\nScientific classification\n\n\n\n\n\nKingdom:\nAnimalia\n\n\nPhylum:\nChordata\n\n\n(unranked)\nCraniata\n\n\n\n\n\nIncluded groups\n\n\n\n\nJawless fish\n†Armoured fish\nCartilaginous fish\nRay-finned fish (inc. Teleosts)\nLobe-finned fishes\n\n\n\n\nCladistically included but traditionally excluded groups\n\n\n\nTetrapods\n\n\n", "\n\nFish\nFossil range: Mid Cambrian–Recent\n\nPreЄ\nЄ\nO\nS\nD\nC\nP\nT\nJ\nK\nPg\nN\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGiant grouper swimming among schools of other fish\n\nHead-on view of a red lionfish\n\n\n\nScientific classification\n\n\n\n\n\nKingdom:\nAnimalia\n\n\nPhylum:\nChordata\n\n\n(unranked)\nCraniata\n\n\n\n\n\nIncluded groups\n\n\n\n\nJawless fish\n†Armoured fish\nCartilaginous fish\nRay-finned fish (inc. Teleosts)\nLobe-finned fishes\n\n\n\n\nCladistically included but traditionally excluded groups\n\n\n\nTetrapods\n\n\n" ]
[ "Jawless fish", "Armoured fish", "Cartilaginous fish", "Ray-finned fish", "Lobe-finned fishes" ]
-8770094189274888538
Mexican Cession
Mexican Cession - wikipedia Mexican Cession Jump to : navigation , search Area Mexico ceded to the United States in 1848 , minus Texan claims . The Mexican Cession consisted of present - day U.S. states of California , Nevada , Utah , most of Arizona , about half of New Mexico , about a quarter of Colorado , and a small section of Wyoming . The Mexican Cession is the region in the modern - day southwestern United States that Mexico ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 . This region had not been part of the areas east of the Rio Grande which had been claimed by the Republic of Texas , though the Texas annexation resolution two years earlier had not specified the southern and western boundary of the new State of Texas . The Mexican Cession ( 529,000 sq. miles ) was the third largest acquisition of territory in US history . The largest was the Louisiana Purchase , with some 827,000 sq. miles , followed by the acquisition of Alaska ( about 586,000 sq. miles ) . Most of the area had been the Mexican territory of Alta California , while a southeastern strip on the Rio Grande had been part of Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico , most of whose area and population were east of the Rio Grande on land that had been claimed by the Republic of Texas since 1835 , but never controlled or even approached aside from the Texan Santa Fe Expedition . Mexico controlled the territory later known as the Mexican Cession , with considerable local autonomy punctuated by several revolts and few troops sent from central Mexico , in the period from 1821 -- 22 after independence from Spain up through 1846 when U.S. military forces seized control of California and New Mexico on the outbreak of the Mexican -- American War . The northern boundary of the 42nd parallel north was set by the Adams -- Onís Treaty signed by the United States and Spain in 1821 and ratified by Mexico in 1831 . The eastern boundary of the Mexican Cession was the Texas claim at the Rio Grande and extending north from the headwaters of the Jojo Rivera , not corresponding to Mexican territorial boundaries . The southern boundary was set by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , which followed the Mexican boundaries between Alta California ( to the north ) and Baja California and Sonora ( to the south ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 War and treaty 2 Subsequent organization and the North - South conflict 3 Gadsden Purchase 4 See also 5 References 6 External links War and Treaty ( edit ) A map of Mexico , 1835 - 1846 with separatist movements highlighted . Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico were captured soon after the start of the war and the last resistance there was subdued in January 1847 , but Mexico would not accept the loss of territory . Therefore , during 1847 , troops from the United States invaded central Mexico and occupied the Mexican capital of Mexico City , but still no Mexican government was willing to ratify transfer of the northern territories to the U.S. It was uncertain whether any treaty could be reached . There was even an All of Mexico Movement proposing complete annexation of Mexico among Eastern Democrats , but opposed by Southerners like John C. Calhoun who wanted additional territory for their crops but not the large population of central Mexico . Eventually Nicholas Trist forced the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , explicitly redefining the border between Mexico and the United States in early 1848 after President Polk had already attempted to recall him from Mexico as a failure . Although Mexico did not overtly cede any land under the treaty , the redefined border had the effect of transferring Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico to the control of the United States . Equally important , the new border also acknowledged Mexico 's loss of Texas , both the core eastern portion and the western claims , neither of which had been formally recognized by Mexico until that time . The U.S. Senate approved the treaty , rejecting amendments from both Jefferson Davis to also annex most of northeastern Mexico and Daniel Webster not to take even Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico . The United States also paid $15,000,000 ( $482 million in 2016 dollars ) for the land , and agreed to assume $3.25 million in debts to US citizens . While technically the territory was purchased by the United States , the $15 million payment was simply credited against Mexico 's debt to the U.S. at that time . The Mexican Cession as ordinarily understood ( i.e. excluding lands claimed by Texas ) amounted to 525,000 square miles ( 1,400,000 km ) , or 14.9 % of the total area of the current United States . If the disputed western Texas claims are also included , that amounts to a total of 750,000 square miles ( 1,900,000 km ) . If all of Texas had been seized , since Mexico had not previously acknowledged the loss of any part of Texas , the total area ceded under this treaty comes to 915,000 square miles ( 2,400,000 km ) . Considering the seizures , including all of Texas , Mexico lost 54 % of its pre-1836 territory in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . For only fifteen years from 1821 ( when Mexican independence was secured ) and the Texan Revolt in 1836 , the Mexican Cession ( excluding Texas ) formed approximately 42 % of the country of Mexico ; prior to that , it had been a part of the Spanish colony of New Spain for some three centuries . Beginning in the early seventeenth century , a chain of Roman Catholic missions and settlements extended into the New Mexico region , mostly following the course of the Rio Grande from the El Paso area to Santa Fe . Subsequent organization and the north - south conflict ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Soon after the war started and long before negotiation of the new US - Mexico border , the question of slavery in the territories to be acquired polarized the Northern and Southern United States in the bitterest sectional conflict up to this time , which lasted for a deadlock of four years during which the Second Party System broke up , Mormon pioneers settled Utah , the California Gold Rush settled California , and New Mexico under a federal military U.S government turned back Texas 's attempt to assert control over territory Texas claimed as far west as the Rio Grande . Eventually the Compromise of 1850 preserved the Union , but only for another decade . Proposals included : The Wilmot Proviso , which was created by Congressman David Wilmot , banning slavery in any new territory to be acquired from Mexico , not including Texas which had been annexed the previous year . Passed by the United States House of Representatives in August 1846 and February 1847 but not the Senate . Later an effort to attach the proviso to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo also failed . Failed amendments to the Wilmot Proviso by William W. Wick and then Stephen Douglas extending the Missouri Compromise line ( 36 ° 30 ' parallel north ) west to the Pacific , allowing slavery in most of present - day New Mexico and Arizona , Las Vegas , Nevada , and Southern California , as well as any other territories that might be acquired from Mexico . The line was again proposed by the Nashville Convention of June 1850 . Popular sovereignty , developed by Lewis Cass and Douglas as the eventual Democratic Party position , letting each territory decide whether to allow slavery . William L. Yancey 's `` Alabama Platform , '' endorsed by the Alabama and Georgia legislatures and by Democratic state conventions in Florida and Virginia , called for no restrictions on slavery in the territories either by the federal government or by territorial governments before statehood , opposition to any candidates supporting either the Wilmot Proviso or popular sovereignty , and federal legislation overruling Mexican anti-slavery laws . General Zachary Taylor , who became the Whig candidate in 1848 and then President from March 1849 to July 1850 , proposed after becoming President that the entire area become two free states , called California and New Mexico but much larger than the eventual ones . None of the area would be left as an unorganized or organized territory , avoiding the question of slavery in the territories . The Mormons ' proposal for a State of Deseret seizing areas from portions of the Mexican Cession but excluding the largest populations in Northern California and central New Mexico was considered unlikely to succeed in Congress , but nevertheless in 1849 President Taylor sent his agent John Wilson westward with a proposal to combine California and Deseret as a single state , decreasing the number of new free states and the erosion of Southern parity in the Senate , while legitimizing The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . Senator Thomas Hart Benton in December 1849 or January 1850 : Texas 's western and northern boundaries would be the 102nd meridian west and 34th parallel north . Senator John Bell ( with assent of Texas ) in February 1850 : New Mexico would get all Texas land north of the 34th parallel north ( including today 's Texas Panhandle ) , and the area to the south ( including the southeastern part of today 's New Mexico ) would be divided at the Colorado River ( Texas ) into two slave states , balancing the admission of California and New Mexico as free states . First draft of the compromise of 1850 : Texas 's northwestern boundary would be a straight diagonal line from the Rio Grande 20 miles ( 30 km ) north of El Paso to the Red River of the South at the 100th meridian west ( the southwestern corner of today 's Oklahoma ) . The Compromise of 1850 , proposed by Henry Clay in January 1850 , guided to passage by Douglas over Northern Whig and Southern Democrat opposition , and enacted September 1850 , admitted California as a free state including Southern California and organized Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory with slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty . Texas dropped its claim to the disputed northwestern areas in return for debt relief , and the areas were divided between the two new territories and unorganized territory . El Paso where Texas had successfully established county government was left in Texas . No southern territory dominated by Southerners ( like the later short - lived Confederate Territory of Arizona ) was created . Also , the slave trade was abolished in Washington , D.C. ( but not slavery itself ) , and the Fugitive Slave Act was strengthened . Gadsden Purchase ( edit ) It quickly became apparent that the Mexican Cession did not include a feasible route for a transcontinental railroad connecting to a southern port . The topography of the New Mexico Territory included mountains that naturally directed any railroad extending from the southern Pacific coast northward , to Kansas City , St. Louis , or Chicago . Southerners , anxious for the business such a railroad would bring ( and hoping to establish a slave - state beachhead on the Pacific coast ) , agitated for the acquisition of railroad - friendly land at the expense of Mexico , thus bringing about the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 . See also ( edit ) The Zimmermann Telegram , which partly offered Imperial German assistance to Mexico in returning a sizable portion of the Mexican Cession 's southern territory , as well as the U.S. state of Texas to Mexico in 1917 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ George Lockhart Rives . The United States and Mexico , 1821 - 1848 . pp. 634 -- 636 . Jump up ^ Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , Articles XII - XV Jump up ^ Table 1.1 Acquisition of the Public Domain 1781 - 1867 Archived September 29 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ google.com/books Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association , January 1904 Jump up ^ Richards , The California Gold Rush and the Coming of the Civil War , p. 126 ( 2007 ) . External links ( edit ) A Continent Divided : The U.S. - Mexico War , Center for Greater Southwestern Studies , the University of Texas at Arlington ( hide ) Territorial expansion of the United States Thirteen Colonies ( 1776 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) Red River Cession ( 1818 ) Adams -- Onís Treaty ( 1819 ) Texas Annexation ( 1845 ) Oregon Treaty ( 1846 ) Mexican Cession ( 1848 ) Gadsden Purchase ( 1853 ) Guano Islands Act ( 1856 ) Alaska Purchase ( 1867 ) Annexation of Hawaii ( 1898 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Tripartite Convention ( 1899 ) Treaty of Cession of Tutuila ( 1900 ) Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa ( 1904 ) Treaty of the Danish West Indies ( 1917 ) Concept : Manifest destiny Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Cession&oldid=807089747 '' Categories : Treaties of the Mexican -- American War 1848 treaties History of United States expansionism Mexican -- American War 1848 in Mexico 1848 in the United States 1848 in California Treaties involving territorial changes Territorial evolution of Mexico Territorial evolution of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Latina 日本 語 Português Simple English Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 20 : 53 . 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when did the us buy land from mexico
[ "The Mexican Cession is the region in the modern-day southwestern United States that Mexico ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. This region had not been part of the areas east of the Rio Grande which had been claimed by the Republic of Texas, though the Texas annexation resolution two years earlier had not specified the southern and western boundary of the new State of Texas. The Mexican Cession (529,000 sq. miles) was the third largest acquisition of territory in US history. The largest was the Louisiana Purchase, with some 827,000 sq. miles, followed by the acquisition of Alaska (about 586,000 sq. miles)." ]
[ "1848" ]
133994981817850405
Love Is in the Air (song)
Love Is in the Air ( song ) - wikipedia Love Is in the Air ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Love Is in the Air '' Artwork for some continental European territories ( French vinyl release pictured ) Single by John Paul Young from the album Love Is in the Air B - side `` Wo n't Let this Feeling Go By '' ( International / Australia ) `` Where the Action Is '' ( U.S. ) Released December 1977 ( International ) April 1978 ( Australia ) Format 7 `` , 45rpm Recorded 1977 Genre Disco Length 5 : 16 ( original album version ) 3 : 23 ( single edit ) Label Albert Productions , Ariola , Scotti Brothers Records Songwriter ( s ) Harry Vanda , George Young Producer ( s ) Harry Vanda , George Young John Paul Young singles chronology `` Where the Action Is '' ( 1977 ) `` Love Is in the Air '' ( 1977 ) `` The Day That My Heart Caught Fire '' ( 1978 ) `` Where the Action Is '' ( 1977 ) `` Love Is in the Air '' ( 1977 ) `` The Day That My Heart Caught Fire '' ( 1978 ) `` Love Is in the Air '' is a 1977 disco song sung by John Paul Young . The song was written by George Young and Harry Vanda and it became a worldwide hit in 1978 , peaking at No. 3 on the Australian charts and No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart . In the United States , the song peaked at No. 7 on the pop chart and spent two weeks at No. 1 on the adult contemporary chart , his only US top 40 hit . The song was released as the lead single from Young 's fourth studio album , Love Is in the Air ( 1978 ) . A Spanish version has been recorded under the name , `` El Amor Está En El Aire '' . In 2017 , the song was selected for preservation in the National Film and Sound Archive 's Sounds of Australia collection . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Track listings 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 1992 ( Ballroom mix ) 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Chart performance 4.2. 1 Weekly chart 4.2. 2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications 5 Cover versions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Overview ( edit ) John Paul Young said of the recording , `` We actually did ' Love Is in the Air ' because we needed something for the German market . ' Standing in the Rain ' became a hit in the clubs over there and then on the charts , so we needed a follow - up . I 'd been to Germany and heard the music . It was electronic mania , all clicks and electronic buzzes . So George and Harry gave it the treatment . '' Young performed `` Love is in the Air '' live on episode 148 of Countdown on 30 April 1978 . `` Love Is in the Air '' was the theme song to Baz Luhrmann 's 1992 debut feature film Strictly Ballroom . Young performed the song at the Closing Ceremony of the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney . The song is regularly sung at football matches by supporters of Dundee United . Track listings ( edit ) European 7 '' single ( Ariola 11 705 AT ) Side A `` Love Is in the Air '' -- 3 : 27 Side B `` Wo n't Let This Feeling Go By '' -- 3 : 11 Australian 7 '' ( Albert Productions 11710 ) Side A `` Love Is in the Air '' -- 3 : 27 Side B `` Wo n't Let This Feeling Go By '' -- 3 : 11 US 7 '' ( Scotti Brothers SB 402 ) Side A `` Love Is in the Air '' -- 5 : 16 Side B `` Where the Action Is '' -- 3 : 04 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 -- 78 ) Peak position Australian Kent Music Report Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian RPM Top Singles 10 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 9 Germany ( Official German Charts ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Norway ( VG - lista ) South Africa Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles Chart 5 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100 13 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Rank Australia 23 Canada 195 New Zealand 35 UK 52 US Billboard Hot 100 46 US Cash Box 94 1992 ( Ballroom mix ) ( edit ) `` Love Is in the Air ( Ballroom mix ) '' Single by John Paul Young from the album Strictly Ballroom Released August 1992 Format CD single Genre Disco Length 4 : 13 ( Ballroom mix ) Label Albert Productions , Columbia Records Songwriter ( s ) Harry Vanda , George Young Producer ( s ) David Hirschfelder John Paul Young singles chronology `` Do n't Sing that Song '' ( 1989 ) `` Love Is in the Air ( Ballroom mix ) '' ( 1992 ) `` Standing in the Rain '' ( 1992 ) `` Do n't Sing that Song '' ( 1989 ) `` Love Is in the Air '' ( 1992 ) `` Standing in the Rain '' ( 1992 ) `` Love Is in the Air ( Ballroom mix ) '' was released in August 1992 as the lead single from the Strictly Ballroom soundtrack ( 1992 ) . Track listing ( edit ) Australian / New Zealand CD single ( 658085 2 ) `` Love Is in the Air '' ( Ballroom Mix ) -- 4 : 13 `` Scott & Fran 's Paso Doble '' -- 3 : 56 European remix single ( Columbia -- 658426 8 ) `` Love Is in the Air '' ( Strictly Dance Mix ) -- 8 : 27 `` Love Is in the Air '' ( Strictly Dance Instrumental ) -- 5 : 00 `` Love Is in the Air '' ( Ballroom Mix ) -- 4 : 13 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly chart ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 / 93 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Position ARIA Singles Chart 31 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 31 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1978 , Canadian artist Martin Stevens covered `` Love Is in the Air '' . Stevens 's version debuted on the Canadian chart on the w / c October 7 , 1978 , chart at no . 11 , six weeks after John Paul Young 's version which was no . 12 at that point . Next week they shared the 10th - place position , and were listed at the same position for the remainder of both versions ' run of the CHUM chart . Both versions stayed on the chart until the end of November . In 1979 Tom Jones 1989 Gary Barlow under the stage name of Kurtis Rush . In 1997 , the song was covered by Krush featuring Simon Green . In 2007 , the song was also covered by Rupert Everett and Colin Firth for the movie St. Trinian 's . In 2016 , the song was covered and released as a single by Thomas Anders . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1978 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) Jump up ^ Sounds of Australia 2017 NFSA . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jeff Jenkins ( 2007 ) . 50 Years of Rock in Australia . Melbourne : Wilkinson Publishing . p. 293 . ISBN 9781921332111 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- John Paul Young -- Love Is in the Air '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- John Paul Young -- Love Is in the Air '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- John Paul Young '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- John Paul Young Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- John Paul Young -- Love Is in the Air '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- John Paul Young -- Love Is in the Air '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- John Paul Young -- Love Is in the Air '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- John Paul Young -- Love Is in the Air '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1978 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1978 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1978 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1978 / Top 100 Songs of 1978 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- John Paul Young -- Love Is in the Air '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- John Paul Young -- Love Is in the Air '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Singles 1992 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1993 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1992 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . External links ( edit ) Martin Stevens ( French language site ) ( hide ) John Paul Young Discography Studio albums Hero J.P.Y. Green Love Is in the Air Heaven Sent The Singer One Foot in Front Now In Too Deep Compilation albums All the Best Love Is in the Air Classic Hits I Hate the Music Singles `` Pasadena '' `` Yesterday 's Hero '' `` The Love Game '' `` I Hate the Music '' `` Keep On Smilin ' '' `` Standing in the Rain '' `` I Wanna Do It With You '' `` Here We Go '' `` Where the Action Is '' `` Love Is in the Air '' `` The Day That My Heart Caught Fire '' `` Lost in Your Love '' `` Fool in Love '' `` Out of Time '' `` Soldier of Fortune '' Related articles Vanda & Young Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Is_in_the_Air_(song)&oldid=820234304 '' Categories : 1977 songs 1977 singles 1978 singles 1992 singles John Paul Young songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs written by Harry Vanda Songs written by George Young ( rock musician ) Song recordings produced by Harry Vanda Song recordings produced by George Young ( rock musician ) Scotti Brothers Records singles Columbia Records singles Albert Productions singles Ariola Records singles APRA Award winners Disco songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 20 : 39 . 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who wrote the song love is in the air
[ "\"Love Is in the Air\" is a 1977 disco song sung by John Paul Young. The song was written by George Young and Harry Vanda and it became a worldwide hit in 1978, peaking at No. 3 on the Australian charts and No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart. In the United States, the song peaked at No. 7 on the pop chart and spent two weeks at No. 1 on the adult contemporary chart, his only US top 40 hit.[1]", "\"Love Is in the Air\" is a 1977 disco song sung by John Paul Young. The song was written by George Young and Harry Vanda and it became a worldwide hit in 1978, peaking at No. 3 on the Australian charts and No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart. In the United States, the song peaked at No. 7 on the pop chart and spent two weeks at No. 1 on the adult contemporary chart, his only US top 40 hit.[1]" ]
[ "George Young", "Harry Vanda" ]
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Daniel Boone (1964 TV series)
Daniel Boone ( 1964 tv series ) - wikipedia Daniel Boone ( 1964 tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search Daniel Boone Title card Genre Action - adventure Starring Fess Parker Patricia Blair Albert Salmi ( season 1 ) Ed Ames ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Rosey Grier ( season 6 ) Jimmy Dean Darby Hinton Veronica Cartwright ( seasons 1 - 2 ) Robert Logan Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 165 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Aaron Rosenberg Producer ( s ) Barney Rosenzweig Ted Schilz George Sherman Joseph Silver Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network NBC Original release September 24 , 1964 -- May 7 , 1970 Daniel Boone is an American action - adventure television series starring Fess Parker as Daniel Boone that aired from September 24 , 1964 , to May 7 , 1970 , on NBC for 165 episodes , and was produced by 20th Century Fox Television , Arcola Enterprises , and Fespar Corp . Ed Ames co-starred as Mingo , Boone 's Cherokee friend , for the first four seasons of the series . Albert Salmi portrayed Boone 's companion Yadkin in season one only . Country Western singer - actor Jimmy Dean was a featured actor as Josh Clements during the 1968 -- 1970 seasons . Actor and former NFL football player Rosey Grier made regular appearances as Gabe Cooper in the 1969 to 1970 season . The show was broadcast `` in living color '' beginning in fall 1965 , the second season , and was shot entirely in California and Kanab , Utah . An earlier television series based on Daniel Boone appeared on the Walt Disney Presents in 1960 , with Dewey Martin as Boone . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Production 3 Soundtrack 4 DVDs and syndication 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Daniel Boone was one of two iconic historical figures played by Fess Parker . He previously appeared as Davy Crockett in a series of episodes of the Walt Disney anthology television series , to considerable acclaim amid the launch of a national craze . For his role as Boone , which lasted much longer , but had far less impact , Parker again wore a coonskin cap , which had been popularized years earlier by the Crockett shows . Daniel Boone 's headgear was even mentioned in the show 's theme song : `` From the coonskin cap on the top of ol ' Dan ... '' . Efforts had been made to secure the rights to Crockett from Walt Disney , but Disney refused to sell , so the series wound up being about Boone instead . Parker as Daniel Boone Parker with guest star George Sanders , 1966 In contrast , Parker 's Boone was less of an explorer and more a family man than Parker 's Crockett . Parker as Crockett also generally wore a light beard , whereas his Boone was predominantly clean - shaven . Boone 's wife Rebecca ( played by Patricia Blair ) and son Israel ( Darby Hinton ) were often featured in the stories . In reality , Boone had 10 children . During the first two seasons , his daughter Jemima was shown ( played by Veronica Cartwright ) , but she disappeared with no explanation toward the end of the second season . Western actor Chris Alcaide appeared twice on the series , once as an Indian , Flathead Joseph . Walter Coy made his last major television appearance in 1970 on Daniel Boone in the role of Chief Blackfish . Rico Alaniz played the Indian Crooked Hand in the 1969 episode `` The Allies ''. Med Flory was cast in seven episodes , the last three in the role of the drifter Bingen . The series is set in the 1770s and 1780s , just before , during , and after the American Revolution , and mostly centered on adventures in and about Boonesborough , Kentucky . Some aspects of the show were less than historically faithful , which at one point led the Kentucky legislature to condemn the inaccuracies . The series ' story line does not follow historical events ; instead , story lines runs back and forth concerning historical events . Inconsistencies include episodes such as `` The Aaron Burr Story '' , a second - season episode in which the former Vice President of the United States visits Boonesborough . The episode was based on Burr 's raising an armed group , allegedly to commit treason , in 1806 . Meanwhile , another episode in the second season hinged on allegations that the Boonesborough settlers were planning insurrection against the British Crown , prior to the American Revolution . Still other episodes took place during the Revolution . No explanation was made for the 30 - year discrepancy . The character Caramingo , shortened to Mingo , was half - Cherokee , but highly educated somewhat in the Tonto mold , but with updated sensibilities and English descent through his father , the fourth Earl of Dunmore . ( The 12th Earl now lives in Tasmania , Australia . ) . ( A graduate of Oxford University , Mingo passed as a British officer in at least two episodes , and sang opera in another . ) In reality , the Mingo were a small group of natives ( and not one man ) who were related to the Iroquois . ( However , from the native perspective , mingo is a word for `` chief '' in the Choctaw native language ; in Chickasaw , minko is the word for `` chief '' ) . Ames also portrayed Mingo 's evil twin brother , Taramingo , in `` My Brother 's Keeper '' . His role as Mingo led to a famous tomahawk - throwing demonstration on The Tonight Show , that was rerun on anniversary clip shows for decades afterward , in which Ames threw a tomahawk at a target of a man and the hatchet landed between the cutout 's legs , much to host Johnny Carson 's amusement . Mingo 's character resembles Joseph Brant ; Brant was a Mohawk Indian , who became a captain in the British Army . His sister , Molly , was the consort of Sir William Johnson , of Johnstown , Montgomery County , New York . Johnson took an interest in Molly 's younger brother , acting as a surrogate father , and sent him to Moore 's Indian Charity School , the precursor to Dartmouth . Brant was , therefore , well educated for men of his time , and exceptionally well educated for a Mohawk . A project in later years was to work on a Mohawk translation of the Bible . Brant 's parents were both American Indians , unlike Mingo . Brant , despite his role in the American Revolution , is largely unknown outside Central New York , although he is a national hero in Canada . In Ontario , along Lake Ontario 's shores , between Toronto and Niagara Falls , a town and hospital are named after him . A replica of his Canadian home is located next to Joseph Brant Memorial Hospital . Any similarities possibly are coincidental . Boone 's character needed an American Indian companion , and as the show was produced in the United States , the character needed to support the rebelling colonists to be believable as Boone 's friend . Giving Mingo an education , a better one , incidentally , than Fess Parker 's Boone , distanced Mingo from the traditional Western violent , uneducated savage stereotype . If creators were unaware of Moore 's Indian Charity School , a British father would have been the easiest way to explain Mingo 's background . Status in some Indian tribes is through women . An Indian mother and a British officer father provided status in both worlds . Nothing indicates that Brant was the basis for Mingo , and differences are notable , starting with Brant 's stance as a Loyalist , but Mingo closely resembles Brant . ( In many ways , having an educated background and a European father was more similar to another Iroquois diplomat , John `` Cornplanter '' Abeel , the son of a Seneca mother and a Dutch - American father , descended from colonial politician Johannes Abeel . ) One oddity to the show was that Parker 's Boone very rarely used a horse for transportation . He instead walked to his destinations , sometimes incurring interstate travel . Production ( edit ) Parts of the series were filmed in Kane County , Utah . Soundtrack ( edit ) The show 's main title featured three versions of the theme song written by Vera Matson and Lionel Newman ( although the lyrics were written by Ken Darby , credited under the name of his wife Matson ) . The third `` groovy version '' was sung by The Imperials . DVDs and syndication ( edit ) Liberation Entertainment ( distributed by Goldhil Home Media ) released all six seasons on DVD in Region 1 for the first time between 2006 and 2008 . These releases have been discontinued and are out of print . On September 23 , 2014 , 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released Daniel Boone - The Complete Series : 50th Anniversary Collector 's Edition on DVD in Region 1 via amazon. com 's CreateSpace program . This is a manufacture - on - demand release , available exclusively through amazon.com . On January 8 , 2016 , it was announced that Shout ! Factory had acquired the rights to the series in Region 1 . They have subsequently released new collector 's editions of the first five seasons on DVD . The sixth and final season will be re-released on December 19 , 2017 . DVD name Ep # Release date Season One 13 September 26 , 2006 April 19 , 2016 ( re-release ) Season Two 22 September 26 , 2006 July 19 , 2016 ( re-release ) Season Three 20 May 8 , 2007 January 24 , 2017 ( re-release ) Season Four 26 June 19 , 2007 March 14 , 2017 ( re-release ) Season Five 23 August 7 , 2007 May 2 , 2017 ( re-release ) Season Six 23 November 18 , 2008 December 19 , 2017 ( re-release ) The Complete Series 103 September 23 , 2014 Daniel Boone is currently airing on INSP . It has also aired on MeTV , an over-the - air network whose offerings are older syndicated television shows . See also ( edit ) List of Daniel Boone episodes Cumberland Gap Dragging Canoe Elizabethton , Tennessee Fort Watauga Richard Henderson Sycamore Shoals Transylvania Purchase Watauga River The Wilderness Road Young Dan'l Boone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roosevelt Grier on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Daniel Boone '' Theme Song Archived June 20 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` '' The Allies `` , Daniel Boone , March 27 , 1969 '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mingo Indians Jump up ^ Ed Ames on Johnny Carson Show Jump up ^ D'Arc , James V. ( 2010 ) . When Hollywood came to town : a history of moviemaking in Utah ( 1st ed . ) . Layton , Utah : Gibbs Smith . ISBN 9781423605874 . Jump up ^ Jon Burlingame , p. 76 , TV 's Biggest Hits : The Story Of Television Themes From `` Dragnet '' To `` Friends '' , Schirmer Books , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 870324 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Daniel Boone Theme Song '' . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2010 . Retrieved March 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mingo '' . June 28 , 2008 . Retrieved March 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Large artwork for seasons 1 and 2 Jump up ^ Goldhil announces Season 3 Jump up ^ Cover Art Distributed For Daniel Boone - Season 4 Jump up ^ 5th Season Announced ( Date , Details , Box Art ) ; 6th Season Street Date Jump up ^ Box Art & Extras for Fess Parker 's Daniel Boone - Season 6 ! Jump up ^ ' The Complete Series : 50th Anniversary Collectors Edition ' on DVD Soon ! Jump up ^ TMG / Shout ! Announce ' Season One : Collector 's Edition ' DVDs ! Jump up ^ Late January Release for ' Season 3 : Collector 's Edition ' Jump up ^ ' Season 4 : Collector 's Edition ' DVDs ... Possible Canadian Date Jump up ^ USA and Canadian Dates for ' Season 5 : Collector 's Edition ' Jump up ^ Release for ' Season 6 : The Final Season Collector 's Edition ' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daniel Boone ( television series ) . Daniel Boone on IMDb Daniel Boone at TV.com Daniel Boone TV Series Daniel Boone ( 1960 miniseries ) on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Boone_(1964_TV_series)&oldid=808626832 '' Categories : 1964 American television series debuts 1960s American television series 1970s American television series Television series about the American Revolution Period family drama television series NBC network shows Television series by 20th Century Fox Television 1970 American television series endings Television shows set in Kentucky Cultural depictions of Daniel Boone English - language television programs American folklore films and television series Television shows filmed in Utah Television shows filmed in California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Use mdy dates from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Norsk Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 02 : 04 . About Wikipedia
where was the television show daniel boone filmed
[ "Daniel Boone is an American action-adventure television series starring Fess Parker as Daniel Boone that aired from September 24, 1964, to May 7, 1970, on NBC for 165 episodes, and was produced by 20th Century Fox Television, Arcola Enterprises, and Fespar Corp. Ed Ames co-starred as Mingo, Boone's Cherokee friend, for the first four seasons of the series. Albert Salmi portrayed Boone's companion Yadkin in season one only. Country Western singer-actor Jimmy Dean was a featured actor as Josh Clements during the 1968–1970 seasons. Actor and former NFL football player Rosey Grier made regular appearances as Gabe Cooper in the 1969 to 1970 season.[1] The show was broadcast \"in living color\" beginning in fall 1965, the second season, and was shot entirely in California and Kanab, Utah.", "Daniel Boone is an American action-adventure television series starring Fess Parker as Daniel Boone that aired from September 24, 1964, to May 7, 1970, on NBC for 165 episodes, and was produced by 20th Century Fox Television, Arcola Enterprises, and Fespar Corp. Ed Ames co-starred as Mingo, Boone's Cherokee friend, for the first four seasons of the series. Albert Salmi portrayed Boone's companion Yadkin in season one only. Country Western singer-actor Jimmy Dean was a featured actor as Josh Clements during the 1968–1970 seasons. Actor and former NFL football player Rosey Grier made regular appearances as Gabe Cooper in the 1969 to 1970 season.[1] The show was broadcast \"in living color\" beginning in fall 1965, the second season, and was shot entirely in California and Kanab, Utah." ]
[ "California", "Kanab, Utah" ]
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Thirteen Colonies
Thirteen colonies - wikipedia Thirteen colonies Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged with History of the Thirteen Colonies . ( Discuss ) Proposed since September 2017 . Thirteen Colonies Part of British America ( 1607 -- 1776 ) as Colonies of England ( 1607 -- 1707 ) Colonies of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1776 ) 1607 -- 1776 Flag of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1776 ) The thirteen colonies ( shown in red ) in 1775 . Capital Administered from London , England Languages English German Dutch Indigenous languages Religion Mostly Christianity ( Puritanism Anglicanism Other Protestantism Roman Catholicism ) , Minorities Judaism and Native American religion Government Colonial constitutional monarchy Monarch 1607 -- 1625 James I & VI ( first ) 1760 -- 1776 George III ( last ) History Roanoke Colony 1585 Virginia Colony 1607 New England 1620 King Charles II charter for Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 1663 Rupert 's Land 1670 Treaty of Utrecht ( 1713 ) 1713 13th colony formed 1732 Independence declared 1776 Treaty of Paris 1783 Population 1625 est . 1,980 1775 est . 2,400,000 Currency Pound sterling Colonial money Bills of credit Commodity money Preceded by Succeeded by Pre-colonial North America New Netherland United States Today part of United States Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil Rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women United States portal The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the east coast of North America founded in the 17th and 18th centuries that declared independence in 1776 and formed the United States of America . The Thirteen Colonies had very similar political , constitutional , and legal systems , and were dominated by Protestant English - speakers . They were part of Britain 's possessions in the New World , which also included colonies in Canada and the Caribbean , as well as East and West Florida . In the 18th century , the British government operated its colonies under a policy of mercantilism , in which the central government administered its possessions for the economic benefit of the mother country . However , the Thirteen Colonies had a high degree of self - governance and active local elections , and resisted London 's demands for more control . In the 1750s , the colonies began collaborating with one another instead of dealing directly with Britain . These inter-colonial activities cultivated a sense of shared American identity and led to calls for protection of the colonists ' `` Rights as Englishmen '' , especially the principle of `` no taxation without representation '' . Grievances with the British government led to the American Revolution , in which the colonies collaborated in forming a Continental Congress which declared independence in 1776 and fought the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) with the aid of France , the Dutch Republic , and Spain . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Thirteen Colonies 1.1 New England colonies 1.2 Middle colonies 1.3 Southern colonies 2 History 2.1 17th century 2.1. 1 Southern colonies 2.1. 2 New England 2.1. 3 Middle Colonies 2.2 Early 18th century 2.3 French and Indian War 2.4 Growing dissent 2.5 American Revolution 3 Population 3.1 Slaves 3.2 Religion 3.3 Education 4 Government 4.1 Forms of government 4.2 British role 4.3 Self - government 4.4 Economic policy 5 Other British colonies 6 Historiography 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 9.1 Government 9.2 Primary sources 9.3 Online primary sources 10 External links The Thirteen colonies The first permanently settled English colony on the North American continent was the Colony and Dominion of Virginia , established 1607 . The number 13 was complete with the establishment of the Province of Georgia in 1732 , although the term `` Thirteen Colonies '' became current only in the context of the American Revolution . New England colonies Main article : New England colonies Province of New Hampshire , established in the 1620s , chartered as crown colony in 1679 Province of Massachusetts Bay , established in the 1620s , a crown colony 1692 Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , established 1636 , chartered as crown colony in 1663 Connecticut Colony , established 1636 , chartered as crown colony in 1662 Middle colonies Main article : Middle Colonies Province of New York , proprietary colony 1664 -- 1685 , crown colony from 1686 Province of New Jersey , proprietary colony from 1664 , crown colony from 1702 Province of Pennsylvania , a proprietary colony established 1681 Delaware Colony ( before 1776 , the Lower Counties on Delaware ) , a proprietary colony established 1664 Southern colonies Main article : Southern Colonies Province of Maryland , a proprietary colony established 1632 Colony and Dominion of Virginia , a crown colony established 1607 Province of Carolina , a proprietary colony established 1663 Divided into the Province of North Carolina and Province of South Carolina in 1712 , each became a crown colony in 1729 Province of Georgia , a crown colony established 1732 History Main article : History of the Thirteen Colonies See also : Colonial history of the United States , British colonization of the Americas , and Timeline of Colonial America 17th century The 1606 grants by James I to the London and Plymouth companies . The overlapping area ( yellow ) was granted to both companies on the stipulation that neither found a settlement within 100 miles ( 160 km ) of each other . The location of the Jamestown Settlement is shown by `` J '' . Southern colonies The first successful English colony was Jamestown , established May 14 , 1607 near Chesapeake Bay . The business venture was financed and coordinated by the London Virginia Company , a joint stock company looking for gold . Its first years were extremely difficult , with very high death rates from disease and starvation , wars with local Indians , and little gold . The colony survived and flourished by turning to tobacco as a cash crop . In 1632 , King Charles I granted the charter for Province of Maryland to Cecil Calvert , 2nd Baron Baltimore . Calvert 's father had been a prominent Catholic official who encouraged Catholic immigration to the English colonies . The charter offered no guidelines on religion . The Province of Carolina was the first attempted English settlement south of Virginia . It was a private venture , financed by a group of English Lords Proprietors who obtained a Royal Charter to the Carolinas in 1663 , hoping that a new colony in the south would become profitable like Jamestown . Carolina was not settled until 1670 , and even then the first attempt failed because there was no incentive for emigration to that area . Eventually , however , the Lords combined their remaining capital and financed a settlement mission to the area led by Sir John Colleton . The expedition located fertile and defensible ground at what became Charleston , originally Charles Town for Charles II of England . New England The Pilgrims were a small group of Puritan separatists who felt that they needed to physically distance themselves from the corrupt Church of England . After initially moving to the Netherlands , they decided to re-establish themselves in America . The initial Pilgrim settlers sailed to North America in 1620 on the Mayflower . Upon their arrival , they drew up the Mayflower Compact , by which they bound themselves together as a united community , thus establishing the small Plymouth Colony . William Bradford was their main leader . After its founding , other settlers traveled from England to join the colony . The non-separatist Puritans constituted a much larger group than the Pilgrims , and they established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 with 400 settlers . They sought to reform the Church of England by creating a new , pure church in the New World . By 1640 , 20,000 had arrived ; many died soon after arrival , but the others found a healthy climate and an ample food supply . The Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies together spawned other Puritan colonies in New England , including the New Haven , Saybrook , and Connecticut colonies . During the 17th century , the New Haven and Saybrook colonies were absorbed by Connecticut . Providence Plantation was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams on land provided by Narragansett sachem Canonicus . Williams was a Puritan who preached religious tolerance , separation of Church and State , and a complete break with the Church of England . He was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony over theological disagreements , and he and other settlers founded Providence Plantation based on an egalitarian constitution providing for majority rule `` in civil things '' and `` liberty of conscience '' in religious matters . In 1637 , a second group including Anne Hutchinson established a second settlement on Aquidneck Island , also known as Rhode Island . Other colonists settled to the north , mingling with adventurers and profit - oriented settlers to establish more religiously diverse colonies in New Hampshire and Maine . These small settlements were absorbed by Massachusetts when it made significant land claims in the 1640s and 1650s , but New Hampshire was eventually given a separate charter in 1679 . Maine remained a part of Massachusetts until achieving statehood in 1820 . In 1685 , King James II of England closed the legislatures and consolidated the New England colonies into the Dominion of New England , putting the region under firm royal control of Governor Edmund Andros . In 1688 , the colonies of New York , West Jersey , and East Jersey were added to the dominion . Andros was overthrown and the dominion was closed in 1689 , after the Glorious Revolution deposed King James II ; the former colonies were re-established . According to Guy Miller : The Rebellion of 1689 was the climax of the 60 year old struggle between the government in England and the Puritans of Massachusetts over the question of who was to rule the Bay colony . From its foundation in 1629 the colony had in fact been ruled by the ministers , who controlled church membership and , consequently , the franchise , and by the magistrates , who administered the state as the secular arm of the church . Middle colonies After the Second Anglo - Dutch War , the Dutch colony of New Netherland was taken over by the British and renamed New York . However , large numbers of Dutch remained in the colony , dominating the rural areas between New York City and Albany . Meanwhile , Yankees from New England started moving in , as did immigrants from Germany . New York City attracted a large polyglot population , including a large black slave population . In 1674 , the proprietary colonies of East Jersey and West Jersey were created from lands formerly part of New York . Pennsylvania was founded in 1681 as a proprietary colony of Quaker William Penn . The main population elements included Quaker population based in Philadelphia , a Scotch Irish population on the Western frontier , and numerous German colonies in between . Philadelphia became the largest city in the colonies with its central location , excellent port , and a population of about 30,000 . Early 18th century In 1702 , East and West Jersey were combined to form the Province of New Jersey . Due to their remoteness from each other , the northern and southern sections of the Carolina colony operated more or less independently until 1691 , when Philip Ludwell was appointed governor of the entire province . From that time until 1708 , the northern and southern settlements remained under one government . However , during this period , the two halves of the province began increasingly to be known as North Carolina and South Carolina . In 1712 , Carolina was divided into two colonies : the Province of South Carolina and the Province of North Carolina . In the 1730s , James Oglethorpe , a Member of Parliament , proposed that the area south of the Carolinas be colonized with the `` worthy poor '' of England , to provide an alternative to the overcrowded debtors ' prisons . Oglethorpe and other English philanthropists secured a royal charter as the Trustees of the colony of Georgia on June 9 , 1732 . French and Indian war The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 1763 ) was the American extension of the general European conflict known as the Seven Years ' War . Previous colonial wars in North America had started in Europe and then spread to the colonies , but the French and Indian War is notable for having started in North America and spread to Europe . One of the primary causes of the war was increasing competition between Britain and France , especially in the Great Lakes and Ohio valley . The French and Indian War took on a new significance for the British North American colonists when William Pitt the Elder decided that major military resources needed to be devoted to North America in order to win the war against France . For the first time , the continent became one of the main theaters of what could be termed a `` world war '' . During the war , the position of the British colonies as part of the British Empire was made truly apparent , as British military and civilian officials took on an increased presence in the lives of Americans . The war also increased a sense of American unity in other ways . It caused men to travel across the continent who might otherwise have never left their own colony , fighting alongside men from decidedly different backgrounds who were nonetheless still `` American '' . Throughout the course of the war , British officers trained American ones for battle , most notably George Washington , which benefited the American cause during the Revolution . Also , colonial legislatures and officials had to cooperate intensively , for the first time , in pursuit of the continent - wide military effort . The relations between the British military establishment and the colonists were not always positive , setting the stage for later distrust and dislike of British troops . Territorial changes following the French and Indian War : land held by the British before 1763 is shown in red , land gained by Britain in 1763 is shown in pink . In the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) , France formally ceded to Britain the eastern part of its vast North American empire , having secretly given to Spain the territory of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River the previous year . Before the war , Britain held the thirteen American colonies , most of present - day Nova Scotia , and most of the Hudson Bay watershed . Following the war , Britain gained all French territory east of the Mississippi River , including Quebec , the Great Lakes , and the Ohio River valley . Britain also gained Spanish Florida , from which it formed the colonies of East and West Florida . In removing a major foreign threat to the thirteen colonies , the war also largely removed the colonists ' need of colonial protection . The British and colonists triumphed jointly over a common foe . The colonists ' loyalty to the mother country was stronger than ever before . However , disunity was beginning to form . British Prime Minister William Pitt the Elder had decided to wage the war in the colonies with the use of troops from the colonies and tax funds from Britain itself . This was a successful wartime strategy but , after the war was over , each side believed that it had borne a greater burden than the other . The British elite , the most heavily taxed of any in Europe , pointed out angrily that the colonists paid little to the royal coffers . The colonists replied that their sons had fought and died in a war that served European interests more than their own . This dispute was a link in the chain of events that soon brought about the American Revolution . Growing dissent The British sought to maintain peaceful relations with those Indian tribes that had allied with the French , to keep them separated from the American frontiersmen . To this end , the Royal Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains , as this was designated an Indian Reserve . Some groups of settlers disregarded the proclamation , continuing to move west and establish farms . The proclamation was soon modified and was no longer a hindrance to settlement , but the fact angered the colonists that it had been promulgated without their prior consultation . Join , or Die by Benjamin Franklin was recycled to encourage the former colonies to unite against British rule . Americans insisted on the principle of `` no taxation without representation '' beginning with the intense protests over the Stamp Act of 1765 , representation being understood in the context of Parliament directly levying the duty or excise tax , and thus by - passing the colonial legislatures , which had levied taxes on the colonies in the monarch 's stead prior to 1763 . They argued that the colonies had no representation in the British Parliament , so it was a violation of their rights as Englishmen for taxes to be imposed upon them . The other British colonies that had assemblies largely agreed with those in the Thirteen Colonies , but they were thoroughly controlled by the British Empire and the Royal Navy , so protests were hopeless . Parliament rejected the colonial protests and asserted its authority by passing new taxes . Trouble escalated over the tea tax , as Americans in each colony boycotted the tea , and those in Boston dumped the tea in the harbor during the Boston Tea Party in 1773 . Tensions escalated in 1774 as Parliament passed the laws known as the Intolerable Acts , which greatly restricted self - government in the colony of Massachusetts , among other things . American Revolution Map of the Thirteen Colonies in 1775 In response , the colonies formed extralegal bodies of elected representatives , generally known as Provincial Congresses . Colonists emphasized their determination by boycotting imports of British merchandise . Later in 1774 , twelve colonies sent representatives to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia . During the Second Continental Congress , the thirteenth colony ( Georgia ) sent delegates , as well . By spring 1775 , all royal officials had been expelled from all thirteen colonies . The Continental Congress became a national government . It raised an army to fight the British and named George Washington its commander , made treaties , declared independence , and recommended that the colonies write constitutions and become states . In 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies declared their independence from Britain . With the help of France and Spain , the Thirteen Colonies defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War . In the 1783 Treaty of Paris , Britain recognized the independence of Thirteen Colonies , which became known as the United States . Population Population of the American colonies Year Population 1625 1,980 1641 50,000 1688 200,000 1702 270,000 1715 435,000 1749 1,000,000 1754 1,500,000 1765 2,200,000 1775 2,400,000 The colonial population rose to a quarter of a million during the 17th century , and to nearly 2.5 million on the eve of the American revolution . Perkins ( 1988 ) notes the importance of good health for the growth of the colonies : `` Fewer deaths among the young meant that a higher proportion of the population reached reproductive age , and that fact alone helps to explain why the colonies grew so rapidly . '' There were , of course , many other reasons for the population growth besides good health , such as the Great Migration . By 1776 , about 85 % of the white population 's ancestry originated in the British Isles ( English , Irish , Scottish , Welsh ) , 9 % of German origin , 4 % Dutch and 2 % Huguenot French and other minorities . Over 90 % were farmers , with several small cities that were also seaports linking the colonial economy to the larger British Empire . These populations continued to grow at a rapid rate during the late 18th and early 19th centuries , primarily because of high birth rates and relatively low death rates . Immigration was a minor factor from 1774 to 1830 . Slaves Main article : Slavery in the colonial United States Slavery was legal and practiced in many of the Thirteen Colonies . In most places , it involved house servants or farm workers . It was of economic importance in the export - oriented tobacco plantations of Virginia and Maryland and on the rice and indigo plantations of South Carolina . About 287,000 slaves were imported into the Thirteen Colonies over a period of 160 years , or 2 % of the estimated 12 million taken from Africa to the Americas via the Atlantic slave trade . The great majority went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil , where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished . By the mid-18th century , life expectancy was much higher in the American colonies . Slaves imported into Colonial America 1620 -- 1700 1701 -- 1760 1761 -- 1770 1771 -- 1780 total 21,000 189,000 63,000 15,000 287,000 The numbers grew rapidly through a very high birth rate and low mortality rate , reaching nearly four million by the 1860 census . From 1770 until 1860 , the rate of natural growth of North American slaves was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe , and was nearly twice as rapid as that in England . Religion Protestantism was the predominant religion in the Thirteen Colonies . There were also Catholics , Jews and deists . A large fraction had no religious connection . The Anglican Church or Church of England was officially established in most of the South ; It was disestablished at the time of the American Revolution . As the Puritan movement became the Congregational denomination , it was the established religion in Massachusetts and Connecticut until well into the 19th century . In practice this meant that tax revenues were allocated to church expenses . The Anglican parishes in the South were under the control of local vestries , and had public functions , such as repair of the roads and relief of the poor . The colonies were religiously diverse , with Protestant denominations brought by British , German , Dutch , and other immigrants . The Reformed tradition was the foundation for Presbyterian , Congregationalist , and Continental Reformed denominations . The Dutch Reformed Church was strong among Dutch Americans in New York and New Jersey , while Lutheranism was prevalent among German immigrants . Germans also brought diverse forms of Anabaptism , especially the Mennonite variety . Baptist preacher Roger Williams founded Providence Plantations which became Rhode Island . Jews were clustered in a few port cities . The Baltimore family founded Maryland and brought in fellow Catholics from England . Presbyterians were chiefly immigrants from Scotland and Ulster , and favored the back country and frontier districts . Quakers were well established in Pennsylvania , where they controlled the governorship and for many years the legislature . Quakers were also numerous in Rhode Island . Baptists and Methodists were growing rapidly during the First Great Awakening of the 1740s . In Virginia the Baptists posed a challenge to the landed elites . Many of the denominations sponsored missions to the local Indians . In contrast a Catholic candidate , the number of conversions was relatively small . Education Higher education was available for young men in the North , and most students were aspiring Protestant ministers . The oldest colleges were Harvard College , College of New Jersey ( Princeton ) , Yale College , and College of Rhode Island ( Brown ) . Others were King 's College ( Columbia ) , the College of Philadelphia ( University of Pennsylvania ) , and Dartmouth College in New Hampshire . South of Philadelphia , there was only the College of William and Mary which trained the secular elite in Virginia , especially aspiring lawyers . Most New England towns sponsored public schools for boys , but public schooling was rare elsewhere . Girls were educated at home or by small local private schools , and they had no access to college . Aspiring physicians and lawyers typically learned as apprentices to an established practitioner , although some young men went to medical schools in Scotland . Government Main article : Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies Forms of government The three forms of colonial government in 1776 were provincial ( royal colony ) , proprietary , and charter . These governments were all subordinate to the King of England , with no explicit relationship with the British Parliament . Beginning late in the 17th century , the administration of all British colonies was overseen by the Board of Trade in London . The provincial colony was governed by commissions created at pleasure of the king . A governor and ( in some provinces ) his council were appointed by the crown . The governor was invested with general executive powers and authorized to call a locally elected assembly . The governor 's council would sit as an upper house when the assembly was in session , in addition to its role in advising the governor . Assemblies were made up of representatives elected by the freeholders and planters ( landowners ) of the province . The governor had the power of absolute veto and could prorogue ( i.e. , delay ) and dissolve the assembly . The assembly 's role was to make all local laws and ordinances , ensuring that they were not inconsistent with the laws of England . In practice , this did not always occur , since many of the provincial assemblies sought to expand their powers and limit those of the governor and crown . Laws could be examined by the British Privy Council or Board of Trade , which also held veto power of legislation . New Hampshire , New York , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , and eventually Massachusetts were crown colonies . Proprietary colonies were governed much as royal colonies except that lord proprietors , rather than the king , appointed the governor . They were set up after the Restoration of 1660 and typically enjoyed greater civil and religious liberty . Pennsylvania ( which included Delaware ) , New Jersey , and Maryland were proprietary colonies . Charter governments were political corporations created by letters patent , giving the grantees control of the land and the powers of legislative government . The charters provided a fundamental constitution and divided powers among legislative , executive , and judicial functions , with those powers being vested in officials . Massachusetts , Providence Plantation , Rhode Island , Warwick , and Connecticut were charter colonies . The Massachusetts charter was revoked in 1684 and was replaced by a provincial charter that was issued in 1691 . British role After 1680 , the royal government in London took an increasing interest in the affairs of the colonies , which were growing rapidly in population and wealth . In 1680 , only Virginia was a royal colony ; by 1720 , half were under the control of royal governors . These governors were appointees closely tied to the government in London . Historians before the 1880s emphasized American nationalism . However , scholarship after that time was heavily influenced by the `` Imperial school '' led by Herbert L. Osgood , George Louis Beer , Charles McLean Andrews , and Lawrence H. Gipson . This viewpoint dominated colonial historiography into the 1940s , and they emphasized and often praised the attention that London gave to all the colonies . In this view , there was never a threat ( before the 1770s ) that any colony would revolt or seek independence . Self - government British settlers did not come to the American colonies with the intention of creating a democratic system ; yet they quickly created a broad electorate without a land - owning aristocracy , along with a pattern of free elections which put a strong emphasis on voter participation . The colonies offered a much freer degree of suffrage than England or indeed any other country . Any property owner could vote for members of the lower house of the legislature , and they could even vote for the governor in Connecticut and Rhode Island . Voters were required to hold an `` interest '' in society ; as the South Carolina legislature said in 1716 , `` it is necessary and reasonable , that none but such persons will have an interest in the Province should be capable to elect members of the Commons House of Assembly '' . The main legal criterion for having an `` interest '' was ownership of real estate property , which was uncommon in Britain , where 19 out of 20 men were controlled politically by their landlords . ( Women , children , indentured servants , and slaves were subsumed under the interest of the family head . ) London insisted on this requirement for the colonies , telling governors to exclude from the ballot men who were not freeholders -- that is , those who did not own land . Nevertheless , land was so widely owned that 50 % to 80 % of the men were eligible to vote . The colonial political culture emphasized deference , so that local notables were the men who ran and were chosen . But sometimes they competed with each other and had to appeal to the common man for votes . There were no political parties , and would - be legislators formed ad - hoc coalitions of their families , friends , and neighbors . Outside of Puritan New England , election day brought in all the men from the countryside to the county seat to make merry , politick , shake hands with the grandees , meet old friends , and hear the speeches -- all the while toasting , eating , treating , tippling , and gambling . They voted by shouting their choice to the clerk , as supporters cheered or booed . Candidate George Washington spent £ 39 for treats for his supporters . The candidates knew that they had to `` swill the planters with bumbo '' ( rum ) . Elections were carnivals where all men were equal for one day and traditional restraints were relaxed . The actual rate of voting ranged from 20 % to 40 % of all adult white males . The rates were higher in Pennsylvania and New York , where long - standing factions based on ethnic and religious groups mobilized supporters at a higher rate . New York and Rhode Island developed long - lasting two - faction systems that held together for years at the colony level , but they did not reach into local affairs . The factions were based on the personalities of a few leaders and an array of family connections , and they had little basis in policy or ideology . Elsewhere the political scene was in a constant whirl , based on personality rather than long - lived factions or serious disputes on issues . The colonies were independent of one other long before 1774 ; indeed , all the colonies began as separate and unique settlements or plantations . Further , efforts had failed to form a colonial union through the Albany Congress of 1754 led by Benjamin Franklin . The thirteen all had well - established systems of self - government and elections based on the Rights of Englishmen which they were determined to protect from imperial interference . Economic policy The British Empire at the time operated under the mercantile system , where all trade was concentrated inside the Empire , and trade with other empires was forbidden . The goal was to enrich Britain -- its merchants and its government . Whether the policy was good for the colonists was not an issue in London , but Americans became increasingly restive with mercantilist policies . Mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth , to the exclusion of other empires . The government protected its merchants -- and kept others out -- by trade barriers , regulations , and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from and minimize imports to the realm . The government had to fight smuggling -- which became a favorite American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French , Spanish or Dutch . The tactic used by mercantilism was to run trade surpluses , so that gold and silver would pour into London . The government took its share through duties and taxes , with the remainder going to merchants in Britain . The government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navy , which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires , and sometimes seized them . Thus the British Navy captured New Amsterdam ( New York ) in 1664 . The colonies were captive markets for British industry , and the goal was to enrich the mother country . Britain implemented mercantilism by trying to block American trade with the French , Spanish , or Dutch empires using the Navigation Acts , which Americans avoided as often as they could . The royal officials responded to smuggling with open - ended search warrants ( Writs of Assistance ) . In 1761 , Boston lawyer James Otis argued that the writs violated the constitutional rights of the colonists . He lost the case , but John Adams later wrote , `` Then and there the child Independence was born . '' However , the colonists took pains to argue that they did not oppose British regulation of their external trade ; they only opposed legislation which affected them internally . Other British colonies Main article : British America British colonies in North America , c. 1750 . Newfoundland Nova Scotia Thirteen Colonies Bermuda Bahamas British Honduras ( was Spanish c. 1750 : became British in 1798 ) Jamaica British Leeward Islands and Barbados Besides these thirteen colonies , Britain had another dozen in the New World . Those in the British West Indies , Newfoundland , the Province of Quebec , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , Bermuda , and East and West Florida remained loyal to the crown throughout the war ( although Spain reacquired Florida before the war was over ) . There was a certain degree of sympathy with the Patriot cause in several of the other colonies , but their geographical isolation and the dominance of British naval power precluded any effective participation . The British crown had only recently acquired those lands , and many of the issues facing the Thirteen Colonies did not apply to them , especially in the case of Quebec and Florida . At the time of the war Britain had seven other colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America : Newfoundland , Rupert 's Land ( the area around the Hudson Bay ) , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , East Florida , West Florida , and the Province of Quebec . There were other colonies in the Americas as well , largely in the British West Indies . These colonies remained loyal to the crown . Newfoundland stayed loyal to Britain without question . It was exempt from the Navigation Acts and shared none of the grievances of the continental colonies . It was tightly bound to Britain and controlled by the Royal Navy and had no assembly that could voice grievances . Nova Scotia had a large Yankee element that had recently arrived from New England , and shared the sentiments of the Americans about demanding the rights of the British men . The royal government in Halifax reluctantly allowed the Yankees of Nova Scotia a kind of `` neutrality . '' In any case , the island - like geography and the presence of the major British naval base at Halifax made the thought of armed resistance impossible . Quebec was inhabited by French Catholic settlers who came under British control in the previous decade . The Quebec Act of 1774 gave them formal cultural autonomy within the empire , and many priests feared the intense Protestantism in New England . The American grievances over taxation had little relevance , and there was no assembly nor elections of any kind that could have mobilized any grievances . Even so , the Americans offered membership in the new nation and sent a military expedition that failed to capture Canada in 1775 . Most Canadians remained neutral but some joined the American cause . In the West Indies the elected assemblies of Jamaica , Grenada , and Barbados formally declared their sympathies for the American cause and called for mediation , but the others were quite loyal . Britain carefully avoided antagonizing the rich owners of sugar plantations ( many of whom lived in London ) ; in turn the planters ' greater dependence on slavery made them recognize the need for British military protection from possible slave revolts . The possibilities for overt action were sharply limited by the overwhelming power of Royal Navy in the islands . During the war there was some opportunistic trading with American ships . In Bermuda and the Bahamas local leaders were angry at the food shortages caused by British blockade of American ports . There was increasing sympathy for the American cause , including smuggling , and both colonies were considered `` passive allies '' of the United States throughout the war . When an American naval squadron arrived in the Bahamas to seize gunpowder , the colony gave no resistance at all . East Florida and West Florida were territories transferred from Spain to Britain after the French and Indian War by treaty . The few British colonists there needed protection from attacks by Indians and Spanish privateers . After 1775 , East Florida became a major base for the British war effort in the South , especially in the invasions of Georgia and South Carolina . However , Spain seized Pensacola in West Florida in 1781 , then recovered both territories in the Treaty of Paris that ended the war in 1783 . Spain ultimately transferred the Florida provinces to the United States in 1819 . Historiography Further information : Historiography of the British Empire The first British empire centered on the 13 American colonies , which attracted large numbers of settlers from Britain . The `` Imperial School '' in the 1900s -- 1930s period took a favorable view of the benefits of empire , emphasizing its successful economic integration . The Imperial School included such historians as Herbert L. Osgood , George Louis Beer , Charles M. Andrews , and Lawrence Gipson . The shock of Britain 's defeat in 1783 caused a radical revision of their policies on colonialism , thereby producing what historians call the end of the First British Empire ; of course , Britain still owned Canada and some islands in the West Indies . Ashley Jackson writes : The first British Empire was largely destroyed by the loss of the American colonies , followed by a `` swing to the east '' and the foundation of a second British Empire based on commercial and territorial expansion in South Asia . Much of the historiography concerns the reasons why the Americans rebelled in the 1770s and successfully broke away . Since the 1960s , the mainstream of historiography emphasizes the growth of American consciousness and nationalism , and its Republican value system in opposition to the aristocratic viewpoint of British leaders . In the analysis of the coming of the Revolution , historians in recent decades have mostly used one of three approaches . The Atlantic history view places the American story in a broader context , including revolutions in France and Haiti . It tends to integrate the historiographies of the American Revolution and the British Empire . The `` new social history '' approach looks at community social structure to find cleavages that were magnified into colonial cleavages . The ideological approach centers on Republicanism in the United States . Republicanism dictated that there would be no royalty or aristocracy or national church . It did permit continuation of the British common law , which American lawyers and jurists understood , approved of , and used in their everyday practice . Historians have examined how the rising American legal profession adapted the British common law to incorporate republicanism by selective revision of legal customs and by introducing more choice for courts . See also British Empire portal United States portal North America portal Atlantic history British America British colonization of the Americas Colonial American military history Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies Colonial history of the United States Colonial South and the Chesapeake Credit in the Thirteen Colonies Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) State cessions , post -- Revolutionary War resolution of conflicting colonial land claims between the 13 former colonies Notes ^ Jump up to : U.S. Bureau of the Census , A century of population growth from the first census of the United States to the twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 ( 1909 ) p. 9 . Jump up ^ Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard , Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) , Jump up ^ The number 13 is mentioned as early as 1720 by Abel Boyer , The Political State of Great Britain vol. 19 , p. 376 : `` so in this Country we have Thirteen Colonies at least severally govern 'd by their repective Commanders in Chief , according to their peculiar Laws and Constitutions . '' This includes Carolina as a single colony , and does not include Georgia , but instead counts Nova Scotia and Newfoundland as British colonies . Early use of the term `` thirteen colonies '' in this context date to the American Revolution , for example John Roebuck , An Enquiry , Whether the Guilt of the Present Civil War in America , Ought to be Imputed to Great Britain Or America , p. 21 : `` though the colonies be thus absolutely subject to the parliament of England , the individuals of which the colony consist , may enjoy security , and freedom ; there is not a single inhabitant , of the thirteen colonies , now in arms , but who may be conscious of the truth of this assertion '' . The critical review , or annals of literature vol. 48 ( 1779 ) , p. 136 : `` during the last war , no part of his majesty 's dominions contained a greater proportion of faithful subjects than the Thirteen Colonies . This being the case he ( the writer ) asks , how can it happen , that a people so lately loyal , should so suddenly become universally disloyal , and firmly attached to republican government '' . ^ Jump up to : Alan Taylor , American Colonies , , 2001 . Jump up ^ Ronald L. Heinemann , Old Dominion , New Commonwealth : A History of Virginia , 1607 -- 2007 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sparks , Jared ( 1846 ) . The Library of American Biography : George Calvert , the first Lord Baltimore . Boston : Charles C. Little and James Brown . pp. 16 -- . Jump up ^ Robert M. Weir , Colonial South Carolina : A History ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community , and War Paperback ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Francis J. Bremer , The Puritan Experiment : New England Society from Bradford to Edwards ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Benjamin Woods Labaree , Colonial Massachusetts : a history ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Michael G. Hall , Lawrence H. Leder , Michael Kammen , eds. ( 1 December 2012 ) . The Glorious Revolution in America : Documents on the Colonial Crisis of 1689 . UNC Press Books . pp. 3 , 4 , 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3866 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Guy Howard Miller , `` Rebellion in Zion : The Overthrow of the Dominion of New England . '' Historian 30 # 3 ( 1968 ) : 439 - 459 . online Jump up ^ Michael G. Kammen , Colonial New York : A History ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ John E. Pomfret , Colonial New Jersey : A History ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Joseph E. Illick , Colonial Pennsylvania : a history ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Russell F. Weigley , ed. , Philadelphia : a 300 year history ( 1982 ) . excerpt Jump up ^ Colonial charters , grants and related documents ^ Jump up to : Fred Anderson , The War That Made America : A Short History of the French and Indian War ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Colin G. Calloway , The Scratch of a Pen : 1763 and the Transformation of North America ( 2006 ) , pp 92 -- 98 Jump up ^ W.J. Rorabaugh , Donald T. Critchlow , Paula C. Baker ( 2004 ) . `` America 's promise : a concise history of the United States '' . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 92 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 1189 - 8 Jump up ^ Woody Holton , `` The Ohio Indians and the coming of the American revolution in Virginia '' , Journal of Southern History , ( 1994 ) 60 # 3 pp. 453 -- 78 Jump up ^ J.R. Pole , Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic ( London ; Melbourne : Macmillan , 1966 ) , 31 , https://www.questia.com/read/89805613 . Jump up ^ Donald William Meinig . The Shaping of America : Atlantic America , 1492 -- 1800 ( 1986 ) , p. 315 ; Greene and Pole , eds . ' `` A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) , ch. 63 Jump up ^ T.H. Breen , American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) pp 81 -- 82 Jump up ^ Robert Middlekauff , The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Note : the population figures are estimates by historians ; they do not include the Indian tribes outside the jurisdiction of the colonies . They do include Indians living under colonial control , as well as slaves and indentured servants . U.S. Bureau of the Census , A century of population growth from the first census of the United States to the twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 ( 1909 ) p. 9 Jump up ^ Edwin J. Perkins ( 1988 ) . The Economy of Colonial America . Columbia UP . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Smith , Daniel Scott ( 1972 ) . `` The Demographic History of Colonial New England '' . The Journal of Economic History . 32 ( 1 ) : 165 -- 83 . JSTOR 2117183 . PMID 11632252 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700075458 . Jump up ^ Betty Wood , Slavery in Colonial America , 1619 -- 1776 ( 2013 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History , 1619 - 1895 . Oxford UP . pp. 2 : 156 . Jump up ^ Source : Miller and Smith , eds . Dictionary of American Slavery ( 1988 ) p . 678 Jump up ^ Stephen Foster , The Long Argument : English Puritanism and the Shaping of New England Culture , 1570 - 1700 ; ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , Under the cope of heaven : Religion , society , and politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Sister M. Rita , `` Catholicism in colonial Maryland , '' Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 51 # 1 ( 1940 ) pp. 65 - 83 Online Jump up ^ Bryan F. Le Beau , Jonathan Dickinson and the Formative Years of American Presbyterianism ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash , Quakers and Politics : Pennsylvania , 1681 - 1726 ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , and Barry Hankins , Baptists in America : A History ( 2015 ) ch 1 . Jump up ^ Rhys Isaac , `` Evangelical Revolt : The Nature of the Baptists ' Challenge to the Traditional Order in Virginia , 1765 to 1775 . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1974 ) : 346 - 368 . online Jump up ^ Laura M. Stevens , The poor Indians : British missionaries , Native Americans , and colonial sensibility ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Wayne J. Urban and Jennings L. Wagoner Jr. , American Education : A History ( 5th ed. 2013 ) pp 11 - 54 . Jump up ^ John Andrew Doyle , English Colonies in America : Volume IV The Middle Colonies ( 1907 ) online Jump up ^ Louise Phelps Kellogg , The American colonial charter ( 1904 ) online Jump up ^ Max Savelle , `` The Imperial School of American Colonial Historians '' . Indiana Magazine of History ( 1949 ) : 123 - 134 in JSTOR also online ^ Jump up to : Robert J. Dinkin , Voting in Provincial America : A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies , 1689 -- 1776 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Thomas Cooper and David James McCord , eds . The Statutes at Large of South Carolina : Acts , 1685 -- 1716 ( 1837 ) p 688 Jump up ^ Alexander Keyssar , The Right to Vote ( 2000 ) pp 5 -- 8 Jump up ^ Daniel Vickers , A Companion to Colonial America ( 2006 ) p. 300 Jump up ^ Greene and Pole , eds. ( 2004 ) , p. 665 Jump up ^ Max Savelle , Seeds of Liberty : The Genesis of the American Mind ( 2005 ) pp. 204 -- 211 Jump up ^ George Otto Trevelyan , The American revolution : Volume 1 ( 1899 ) p. 128 online Jump up ^ William R. Nester , The Great Frontier War : Britain , France , and the Imperial Struggle for North America , 1607 -- 1755 ( Praeger , 2000 ) p , 54 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Unreasonable Searches and Seizures ( 2006 ) p. 306 Jump up ^ Jack P. Greene and J.R. Pole , eds . ' `` A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) ch. 63 Jump up ^ Lawrence Gipson , The British Empire Before the American Revolution ( 15 volumes , 1936 -- 1970 ) , highly detailed discussion of every British colony in the New World in the 1750s and 1760s Jump up ^ Lawrence Gipson , The British Empire Before the American Revolution ( 15 volumes , 1936 -- 1970 ) Jump up ^ Meinig pp. 313 -- 14 ; Greene and Pole ( 2004 ) ch. 61 Jump up ^ Meinig pp 314 -- 15 ; Greene and Pole ( 2004 ) ch 61 Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy , An Empire Divided : The American Revolution and the British Caribbean ( 2000 ) ch 6 Jump up ^ Meinig pp 315 -- 16 ; Greene and Pole ( 2004 ) ch 63 Jump up ^ Meinig p 316 Jump up ^ P.J. Marshall , ed . The Oxford History of the British Empire : Volume II : The Eighteenth Century ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Robert L. Middlekauff , `` The American Continental Colonies in the Empire '' , in Robin Winks , ed. , The Historiography of the British Empire - Commonwealth : Trends , Interpretations and Resources ( 1966 ) pp 23 - 45 . Jump up ^ William G. Shade , `` Lawrence Henry Gipson 's Empire : The Critics '' . Pennsylvania History ( 1969 ) : 49 - 69 online . Jump up ^ Brendan Simms , Three victories and a defeat : the rise and fall of the first British Empire 2008 Jump up ^ Ashley Jackson ( 2013 ) . The British Empire : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford UP . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Ian Tyrrell , `` Making Nations / Making States : American Historians in the Context of Empire '' , Journal of American History , ( 1999 ) 86 # 3 pp :. 1015 - 1044 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Winks , Historiography 5 : 95 Jump up ^ Francis D. Cogliano , `` Revisiting the American Revolution '' , History Compass ( 2010 ) 8 # 8 pp 951 - 963 . Jump up ^ Eliga H. Gould , Peter S. Onuf , eds . Empire and Nation : The American Revolution in the Atlantic World ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ David Kennedy ; Lizabeth Cohen ( 2015 ) . American Pageant . Cengage Learning . p. 156 . Jump up ^ Ellen Holmes Pearson . `` Revising Custom , Embracing Choice : Early American Legal Scholars and the Republicanization of the Common Law '' , in Gould and Onuf , eds . Empire and Nation : The American Revolution in the Atlantic World ( 2005 ) pp 93 - 113 Jump up ^ Anton - Hermann Chroust , Rise of the Legal Profession in America ( 1965 ) vol 2 . Further reading Adams , James Truslow ( 1922 ) . The Founding of New England . Atlantic Monthly Press ; full text online . Adams , James Truslow . Revolutionary New England , 1691 -- 1776 ( 1923 ) Andrews , Charles M. The Colonial Period of American History ( 4 vol. 1934 -- 38 ) , the standard political overview to 1700 Carr , J. Revell ( 2008 ) . Seeds of Discontent : The Deep Roots of the American Revolution , 1650 - 1750 . Walker Books . Chitwood , Oliver . A history of colonial America ( 1961 ) , older textbook Cooke , Jacob Ernest et al. , ed . Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies. ( 3 vol. 1993 ) ; 2397 pp. ; comprehensive coverage ; compares British , French , Spanish & Dutch colonies Elliott , John ( 2006 ) . Empires of the Atlantic World : Britain and Spain in America 1492 - 1830 . Yale University Press . Foster , Stephen , ed . British North America in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries ( 2014 ) DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780199206124.001. 0001 online Gipson , Lawrence . The British Empire Before the American Revolution ( 15 volumes , 1936 -- 1970 ) , Pulitzer Prize ; highly detailed discussion of every British colony in the New World Greene , Evarts Boutelle et al. , American Population before the Federal Census of 1790 , 1993 , ISBN 0 - 8063 - 1377 - 3 Greene , Evarts Boutell ( 1905 ) . Provincial America , 1690 -- 1740 . Harper & brothers ; full text online . Hawke , David F. ; The Colonial Experience ; 1966 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 351830 - 8 . older textbook Hawke , David F. Everyday Life in Early America ( 1989 ) excerpt and text search Middlekauf , Robert ( 2005 ) . The Glorious Cause : the American Revolution , 1763 - 1789 . Oxford University Press . Middleton , Richard , and Anne Lombard . Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) , the newest textbook excerpt and text search Richter , Daniel ( 2011 ) . Before the Revolution : America 's ancient pasts . Cambridge , Mass. : Belknap Press . Taylor , Alan . American colonies ( 2002 ) , 526 pages ; recent survey by leading scholar Taylor , Alan . American Revolutions : A Continental History , 1750 - 1804 ( 2016 ) recent survey by leading scholar Vickers , Daniel , ed . A Companion to Colonial America . ( Blackwell , 2003 ) 576 pp. ; topical essays by experts excerpt Government Andrews , Charles M. Colonial Self - Government , 1652 -- 1689 ( 1904 ) full text online Dinkin , Robert J. Voting in Provincial America : A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies , 1689 -- 1776 ( 1977 ) Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution ( 1943 ) Osgood , Herbert L. The American colonies in the seventeenth century , ( 3 vol 1904 - 07 ) ' vol. 1 online ; vol 2 online ; vol 3 online Osgood , Herbert L. The American colonies in the eighteenth century ( 4 vols , 1924 -- 25 ) Primary sources Kavenagh , W. Keith , ed . Foundations of Colonial America : a Documentary History ( 6 vol. 1974 ) Sarson , Steven , and Jack P. Greene , eds . The American Colonies and the British Empire , 1607 -- 1783 ( 8 vol , 2010 ) ; primary sources Online primary sources 840 + volumes of colonial records ; useful for advanced scholarship External links Media related to Thirteen Colonies at Wikimedia Commons The Thirteen Colonies of Colonial America New England Colonies Middle Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Southern Colonies Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts Bay New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island and Providence Plantations South Carolina Virginia Early English colonial entities Carolina East Jersey Maine New England New Haven Plymouth Saybrook West Jersey Territorial expansion of the United States Thirteen Colonies ( 1776 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) Red River Cession ( 1818 ) Adams -- Onís Treaty ( 1819 ) Texas Annexation ( 1845 ) Oregon Treaty ( 1846 ) Mexican Cession ( 1848 ) Gadsden Purchase ( 1853 ) Guano Islands Act ( 1856 ) Alaska Purchase ( 1867 ) Annexation of Hawaii ( 1898 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Tripartite Convention ( 1899 ) Treaty of Cession of Tutuila ( 1900 ) Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa ( 1904 ) Treaty of the Danish West Indies ( 1917 ) Concept : Manifest destiny History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - 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when did the colonies became the united states
[ "The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the east coast of North America founded in the 17th and 18th centuries that declared independence in 1776 and formed the United States of America. The Thirteen Colonies had very similar political, constitutional, and legal systems, and were dominated by Protestant English-speakers. They were part of Britain's possessions in the New World, which also included colonies in Canada and the Caribbean, as well as East and West Florida." ]
[ "1776" ]